이

From Middle Korean 이〮 (í, “this”), from Old Korean 是, 利 (*i, “this”)

이 뭣고? (Zen Buddhist koan, Gyeongsang dialect)

대한민국 시민으로서 이는 납득할 수 없습니다.

As a citizen of the Republic of Korea, this is not something I can accept.

Daehanmin'guk simin-euroseo i-neun napdeukhal su eopseumnida.

(literary, formal or dialectal) this, this thing, this person


여

汝(여)는 其(기)處(처)를 未(미)知(지)하는가?

(archaic Literary Chinese-style Korean) you

the hanja entry at 汝 for Sino-Korean compounds of 여


날

(colloquial) Alternative form of 나를 (nareul, “me”, first-person singular pronoun used as a direct object)


제

Equivalent to a contraction of 저 (jeo, “I; me”, humble first-person pronoun) + 이 (-i, nominative particle). When the 가 (-ga) allomorph of the nominative particle was introduced, it was attached to the already marked form of 저 (jeo), producing this new allomorphy.

com

선생님, 제가 그랬습니다.

allomorph of 저 (jeo, humble first-person pronoun) before 가 (-ga, nominative suffix)


예

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 이ᅌᅦ (Yale: ìngèy), equivalent to a contraction of modern 여기 (yeogi, “here”).

ko-etym-native

예가 어디라고 감히 찾아와!

Where do you think this is, that you dare to show up!


네

; nominative
: Equivalent to a contraction of 너 (neo, “you”) + 이 (-i, nominative case marker), which is no longer grammatically accepted.
; genitive
: Equivalent to a contraction of 너 (neo, “you”) + 의 (-ui, genitive case marker).

compound

Only used in 네가 (nega): the nominative form of 너 (neo, “you”).

Form of 너 (neo, “you”):
your; genitive of 너 (neo, “you”).


네

Related to 누구 (nugu). Possibly descended from 뉘〯 (Yale: nwǔy).

야 너는 네 덕에 사는가?

2015 February 18, 신 크세이냐 본서너브나 [sin keuseinya bonseoneobeuna], “내 덕에 먹고 산다 [nae deoge meokgo sanda]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 우즈베키스탄 타쉬켄트 이크마을 [ujeubekiseutan taswikenteu ikeuma'eul]:

Hey, thanks to who is it that you live well?


신

아직 신에게는 열두 척의 배가 남아 있사옵니다.

2014, 명량／鳴梁 [The Admiral: Roaring Currents], spoken by Admiral Yi Sun-sin (Choi Min-sik):

Your humble servant still has command of no fewer than twelve ships.

Ajik sin-ege-neun yeoldu cheog-ui bae-ga nama itsaomnida.

(historical) Used by a man to refer to oneself when addressing a monarch; your servant, your humble servant

the hanja entry at 臣 for Sino-Korean compounds of 신


거

Contraction of 그것 (geugeot, “that, that thing”).


나

From Middle Korean 나 (Yale: nà, “I; me”). Presumably existed in Old Korean, but cannot be ascertained because Old Korean pronouns were written with Chinese logograms that obscure the pronunciation.
It has been suggested since the 1950s that the basic Korean pronouns 나 (na, “I; me”), 너 (neo, “you”), and 누 (nu, “who”) (> modern 누구 (nugu)) were all formed from the same etymon via ablaut, which appears to have once been an extremely productive process in Korean, at some very ancient stage. Given the very limited data on prehistoric Korean, this hypothesis cannot be proven for sure either way.
Possibly cognate with Old Japanese 己 (na, “I”, first-person singular plain (non-polite) pronoun); if so, generally assumed to be a Korean loan into Japanese given the scarcity of Ryukyuan cognates (Vovin 2010).

ruby

􂀿母􂁀(모)􂀿音􂁀(음)의 􂀿意􂁀(의)􂀿味􂁀(미)􂀿交􂁀(교)􂀿替􂁀(체)의 􂀿範􂁀(범)􂀿疇􂁀(주)-􂀿中􂁀(중)􂀿期􂁀(기)􂀿國􂁀(국)􂀿語􂁀(어)를 􂀿中􂁀(중)􂀿心􂁀(심)으로

母(모)音(음)의 意(의)味(미)交(교)替(체)의 範(범)疇(주)-中(중)期(기)國(국)語(어)를 中(중)心(심)으로

lang

母(모)音(음)의 意(의)味(미)交(교)替(체)의 範(범)疇(주)中(중)期(기)國(국)語(어)를 中(중)心(심)으로

ruby

􂀿硏􂁀(연)􂀿究􂁀(구)

cog

나는 하늘을 나는 자동차가 빨리 발명되기를 바란다.

I hope that flying cars will be invented soon.

Na-neun haneur-eul naneun jadongcha-ga ppalli balmyeong-doegi-reul baranda.

내 — allomorph before the nominative marker 가

I, me; the first-person singular plain (non-polite) pronoun


이것

이것은 탁자야. ― Igeoseun takjaya. ― This is a table.

이것들은 무엇입니까? 프랑스 잡지입니다.

What are these? - They are French magazines.

igeotdeureun mueosimnikka? peurangseu japjiimnida.

어느 것이 그의 집인가요? 이것인가요, 저것인가요?

Which is his house, this one or that one?

eoneu geosi geuui jibin'gayo? igeosin'gayo, jeogeosin'gayo?


저

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 뎌〮 (Yale: tyé).
From Old Korean 彼 (*TYE).


저

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 저 (Yale: cè), originally a reflexive pronoun ("my/your/it/him/herself").

어제, 저는 기차를 탔습니다. ― Eoje, jeo-neun gicha-reul tatseumnida. ― Yesterday, I took a train.

(humble) I, me; the first-person singular polite pronoun


나의

From 나 (na, “I”) + 의 (-ui, possessive marker).

affix

매리는 나의 친구다.


전

Contraction of 저는 (jeoneun, “I (as the topic of the sentence); as for me”).


그녀

Calque from Japanese 彼女(かのじょ) (kanojo), coined by Kim Dong-in. 그 (geu) + 녀(女) (nyeo). The noun meaning was created due to the literary overtones of the pronoun, possibly with influence from Japanese 彼女(かのじょ) (kanojo).

lang

뜻도 모르고 자주 쓰는 우리말 어원 500가지

뜻도 모르고 자주 쓰는 우리말 어원 500가지

그녀는 힘으로는 그를 이길 수 없기에 다른 방법을 강구해야 했다.

She couldn't beat him with her strength, so she had to figure out another way.

Geunyeo-neun him-euro-neun geu-reul igil su eopgi-e dareun bangbeob-eul gangguhaeya haetda.

그녀는 나에게 어떻게 수영하는지를 가르쳤다.

Geunyeo-neun na-ege eotteoke suyeonghaneunji-reul gareucheotda.

그녀의 추억은 슬픔을 띤 것이었다.

Geunyeoui chueog-eun seulpeum-eul ttin geos-ieotda.


언제

[ˈɘ(ː)ɲd͡ʑe̞]

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 언제 (Yale: encey). From 어느 (enu, “what”) + 적 (cek, “time”) + 의 (-uy, “at”), literally "at what time".
In Middle Korean the word was strictly a question word; the indefinite meaning developed in the eighteenth century.

ko-etym-native

언제가 네 생일이니?


너

From Middle Korean 너 (nè, “you”). Presumably existed in Old Korean, but cannot be ascertained because Old Korean pronouns were written with Chinese logograms that obscure the pronunciation.
It has been suggested since the 1950s that the basic Korean pronouns 나 (na, “I; me”), 너 (neo, “you”), and 누 (nu, “who”) (> modern 누구 (nugu)) were all formed from the same etymon via ablaut, which appears to have once been an extremely productive process in Korean, at some very ancient stage. Given the very limited data on prehistoric Korean, this hypothesis cannot be proven for sure either way.
Possibly cognate with Old Japanese 汝 (na, “you”, second-person singular informal pronoun); if so, generally assumed to be a Koreanic loan into Japanese, given the paucity of Ryukyuan cognates (Vovin 2010).

ruby

􂀿硏􂁀(연)􂀿究􂁀(구)

cog

너를 사랑해.

너 언제부터 담배 피우기 시작하였니?

Neo eonje-buteo dambae piugi sijak-hayeonni?

너는 왜 말하지 않니?

너는 아까 빨래 너는 사람 봤어?

Did you see someone spreading out the laundry earlier?

Neo-neun akka ppallae neoneun saram bwasseo?

(informal) second-person singular informal pronoun; you


아무

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 아〯모〮 (Yale: ǎmwó).


내

From Middle Korean 내〮 (ná-y).
Equivalent to a contraction of 나 (na, “I; me”, plain first-person pronoun) + 이 (-i, nominative particle). When the 가 (-ga) allomorph of the nominative particle was introduced, it was attached to the already marked form of 나 (na), producing this new allomorphy. This doubly nominative-marked form was first attested in the Ineo daebang (隣語大方 / 인어대방), a 1790 Korean–Japanese textbook (Lee and Ramsey 2011, p. 273).

lang

(隣語大方 / 인어대방)

(隣語大方 / 인어대방)

allomorph of 나 (na, plain first-person pronoun) before 가 (-ga, nominative suffix)


내

내한테 도라


무엇

Originally a contraction of Middle Korean 므스〮 (mùsú, “what”) + 것 (kès, “thing”).
First attested in the Sok samgang haengsildo jungganbon (續三綱行實圖 重刊本 / 속삼강행실도 중간본), 1581, as Middle Korean 므엇 (Yale: mues), also given as 무엇 (Yale: mwues) in the same work.
Also attested in the Sohak eonhae (小學諺解 / 소학언해), 1586, as Middle Korean 므섯 (Yale: muses). This is the more conservative form, although it happens to be attested slightly later.
Displaced equivalent Middle Korean pronouns 므스〮 (Yale: mùsú), 므슴〮 (Yale: mùsúm), 므슥〮 (Yale: mùsúk).

續三綱行實圖 重刊本 / 속삼강행실도 중간본

續三綱行實圖 重刊本 / 속삼강행실도 중간본

ko-etym-native

이게 뭐예요?

뭐라고 했어요?

(interrogative pronoun) what - used in questions

무엇인가가 실제와 다른 것처럼 주장하거나 행동하다.

to claim that or act as if something is different from what it actually is

mueosin'ga-ga silje-wa dareun geotcheoreom jujanghageona haengdonghada.

뭐 먹었어요?


그

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 그 (Yale: kù).
The 3rd-person pronoun sense is widely believed to be introduced together with 그녀 (geunyeo) by Kim Dong-in in the early 20th century, probably calque of Japanese 彼(かれ) (kare), which became a personal pronoun in addition to a demonstrative pronoun due to the influence of European languages.
However, the demonstratives 이〮 (í), 그 (ku), and 뎌〮 (tyé) were all used occasionally in Middle Korean as 3rd person pronouns as well.

lang

뜻도 모르고 자주 쓰는 우리말 어원 500가지

뜻도 모르고 자주 쓰는 우리말 어원 500가지

그는 아무런 말도 없이 가버렸다.

geuneun amureon maldo eopsi gabeoryeotda.


낼

Contraction of 내를 (naereul, “Dialectal form of 나를 (nareul, “me (first person direct object pronoun)”)”)


널

(colloquial) Alternative form of 너를 (neo-reul, “you”, in the accusative case)


지

지는 할 거 다 하고 살면서 맨날 나보고 뭐라 그래.

He does whatever he wants and still tells me off every day.

Ji-neun hal geo da hago salmyeonseo maennal na-bogo mwo-ra geurae.

Colloquial form of 자기(自己) (jagi, “oneself, the person just mentioned”).


우리

From Middle Korean 우〮리〮 (wúlí), from Old Korean 吾里 (*WUli), from Old Korean 又 (*wu) + unknown suffix *-li. The root is different from the singular first-person pronoun, 나 (na).
In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 우〮리〮 (Yale: wúlí).

ko-etym-native

우리 어머니는 이번 주에 마을에 계십니다.

Uri eomeoni-neun ibeon ju-e ma'eur-e gyesimnida.

(when referring to one's own family members) my


나는

topic-marked form of 나 (na): see 은 (-eun)


뭐

이게 뭐예요?

뭐라고 했어요?

존슨 씨, 뭐 좀 마시고 싶으세요?

Mr. Johnson, would you like something to drink?

뭐라카노?

What did you say? (casual; Gyeongsang-do dialect)

Contraction of 무어 (mueo).: (interrogative) what


너는

topic-marked form of 너 (neo): see 은 (-eun)


얘

Contraction of 이 (i, “this”) + 애 (ae, “kid; person”). Compare Jeju 야이 (yai).

얘들아!

얘가 항상 문제야.

(colloquial) he, she, it, you (who is near the speaker)


당신

우리는 당신밖에 모른다
Uri-neun dangsin-bakke Moreunda
We Will Follow You Only (North Korean propaganda song)
(literally, “We Know No One but You”)

second person singular plain pronoun; you


갸

갸들은 고향에서 그낭 헤어졋어요

1983 September 18, 김복래 [gimbongnae], 이산가족을 찾습니다 [isan'gajogeul chatseumnida], 황해도 (현 황해북도) 황주군 흑교면 [hwanghaedo (hyeon hwanghaebukdo) hwangjugun heukgyomyeon]:

[I was] separated with them in my hometown.

Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, and Hwanghae form of 걔 (gyae, “that kid, person”)


게

From Middle Korean 그ᅌᅦ (Yale: ku.ngey), contraction of 그ᅌᅥ긔 (Yale: ku.ngekuy).

게 누구 있느냐? ― Ge nugu in-neunya? ― Is someone there?/Who's there?

(archaic) Contraction of 거기 (geogi, “there”).


걔

Contraction of 그 애 (geu ae, “that kid”). Cognate with Jeju 가이 (gai).

걔는 학교에서 늘 우등생이었어.

That kid was always on the honor roll in school.

gyaeneun hakgyoeseo neul udeungsaeng'ieosseo.


니

이거 니 꺼야?

니가 나를 어떻게 생각하는데?

Ni-ga na-reul eotteoke saenggakha-neunde?

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of 네 (ne, form of 너 (neo, “you”)).

니는 이름이 뭣고? (Gyeongsang dialect)

(Gyeongsang, southern Jeolla dialect) Alternative form of 너 (neo, “you”).


뉘

From Middle Korean 뉘〯 (Yale: nwǔy), equivalent to 누〮 (Yale: nwú, “who”) + 의〮 (Yale: úy, genitive case marker).

(possibly dated) genitive of 누구 (nugu, “who; somebody”): whose, somebody's


뉘

From Middle Korean 뉘〮 (Yale: nwúy), equivalent to 누〮 (Yale: nwú, “who”) + 이〮 (Yale: í, nominative case marker).

젊은이 / 저리로 가다가 / 뉘 나를 보았느냐 묻거든[…]

2014 March 30, 고현수 [gohyeonsu, Go Hyeonsu], 껍질에 묻다 [kkeopjire mutda, Asking the Shell], Dacheung, →ISBN:

Young man / while going yonder / if somebody should ask you if you have seen me […]

(archaic or poetic) nominative of 누구 (nugu, “who; somebody”).

(archaic or dialectal) Synonym of 누구 (nugu, “who; somebody”).


아

Sino-Korean word from 我, from the Middle Korean reading 아〯 (Yale: ǎ), from Middle Chinese 我 (MC ngaX).

the hanja entry at 我 for Sino-Korean compounds of 아

(archaic Literary Chinese-style Korean) I; me

吾(오)等(등)은 玆(자)에 我(아) 朝(조)鮮(선)의 獨(독)立(립)國(국)임과 朝(조)鮮(선)人(인)의 自(자)主(주)民(민)임을 宣(선)言(언)하노라 […]

1919, 己(기)未(미)獨(독)立(립)宣(선)言(언)書(서) (Gimi dongnip seoneonseo) [Proclamation of Korean Independence]:

We herewith proclaim the independence of our Korea and the liberty of the Korean people.

odeung-eun ja-e a Joseon-ui dongnipgugim-gwa joseonin-ui jajuminim-eul seoneon-hanora […]

(archaic Literary Chinese-style Korean) we; us; our


누

대감님, 이 주먹이 누 주먹이니껴?

2012 April 20, 이돈 [idon], “대추나무를 되찾은 오성의 재치 [daechunamureul doechajeun oseong'ui jaechi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 영양군 석보면 [gyeongsangbukdo yeong'yanggun seokbomyeon]:

(archaic or regional, including Gangwon, Gyeongsang) Synonym of 누구 (nugu, “who, someone”)


저희

저희는 오늘 고객 여러분께서 즐겁게 쇼핑하셨기를 바랍니다.

We hope you enjoyed your shopping experience today.

jeohuineun oneul gogaek yeoreobunkkeseo jeulgeopge syopinghasyeotgireul baramnida.

the first person plural polite pronoun; we

너희: second-person plural informal pronoun


그녀들

(third person plural feminine pronoun); they


저것

[t͡ɕʌ̹ɡʌ̹t̚]

From 저 (jeo, “that”) + 것 (geot, “thing”).

that (far away from the speaker and the listener)


그것

Univerbation of 그 (geu, “that”) + 것 (geot, “thing”).

univerbation

그것은 펜이 아니야. 그것은 책이야.
geugeoseun peni aniya. geugeoseun chaegiya.
It is not a pen. It is a book.
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

that (thing that has already been mentioned)


님

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 님〯 (Yale: nǐm), from Old Korean *nirim, transcribed in the eighth-century Japanese history Nihon Shoki as Baekje 二林 (“lord”) and variants.
Per the Japanese sources, the original meaning of the word was "lord; ruler"; thus Middle Korean 님〯금〮 (Yale: nǐmkúm, “monarch”) and 님〯잫 (Yale: nǐmcàh, “owner”) are almost certainly related. The semantic shift from "ruler" to "beloved" is also found in Japanese 君 (kimi).
The development of a noun for "lord" into an honorific marker is also common; see, for instance, Spanish señor. The development of the Internet slang pronoun arises from speakers adding -nim to the usernames of anonymous addressees in polite speech, leading to nim becoming used as a generic second-person pronoun.

ko-etym-native

(Internet slang) you (second-person pronoun)


뭘

Contraction of 무엇을 (mueos-eul); contraction of 뭐를 (mwo-reul).

what (interrogative direct object pronoun, mostly in spoken Korean)


경

In the Joseon Dynasty (14th-19th centuries), the term used by the king to refer to any official above the second rank.


저게

that thing (as the subject of the sentence or clause)


이게

this thing (as the subject of the sentence or clause)


그게

Of native Korean origin. Contraction of 그것 + 이 (geugeot + i).


즉

(Parts of south Jeolla dialect) Alternative form of 저거 (jeogeo, “we; us (humble, dialectal)”)


누구

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 누〮 (Yale: nwú). From Old Korean 誰支 (*NWUk). Found in 17th-century sources as 누고 (Yale: nukwo).

누구든 그 여자가 동의하지 않았다고 생각할까 봐서 그 여자는 아무 말도 하지 않았다.

She said nothing, lest anyone think she didn't agree.

nugu-deun geu Yeoja-ga dong'uihaji Anatda-go saenggakhalkka bwaseo geu Yeoja-neun amu Mal-do haji anatda.

누군가가 문을 두드리고 있습니다.

Nugun'ga-ga Mun-eul dudeurigo itseumnida.

자유당때는 최인규나 곽영주가 발포명령을 해 사형을 당했지만 내가 발포명령을 하면은 대통령인 나를 누가 사형시키겠어.
Jayudangttae-neun Choein'gyu-na Gwagyeongju-ga balpomyeongnyeong-eul hae sahyeong-eul danghaetjiman nae-ga balpomyeongnyeong-eul hamyeon-eun daetongnyeong-in nareul nuga sahyeongsikigesseo.
When the Liberal Party was in power, Choi In-gyu and Kwak Young-joo gave the order to open fire and were sentenced to death, but if I give the order to open fire, who could execute me as the president?

2005, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, 5th Republic, episode 1, spoken by Park Chung-hee (Lee Chang-hwan)


여기

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 이ᅌᅥ긔〮 (Yale: ì.ngè.kúy).

그래, 나 여기 있어. — 좋아, 너 거기 있구나.
geurae, na yeogi isseo. - joa, neo geogi itguna.
Oh, yes. I am here! — Good. You are there.
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)


거기

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 그ᅌᅥ긔〮 (Yale: kù.ngèkúy). Later attested as 거긔 (Yale: kekuy).


어디

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 어듸〮 (Yale: ètúy).

공항까지 지하철을 타면 될 것 같은데 혹시 지하철이 어디 있는지 아세요?

I think I can take the subway to the airport. Do you know where the subway is?

gonghangkkaji jihacheoreul tamyeon doel geot gateunde hoksi jihacheori eodi inneunji aseyo?

헬스클럽이 어디 맞은편이라고? — 헬스클럽은 라운지 맞은 편이야. — 라운지 맞은편이라… 알겠어. 고마워.
helseukeulleobi eodi majeunpyeonirago? - helseukeulleobeun raunji majeun pyeoniya. - raunji majeunpyeonira… algesseo. gomawo.
The gym is across from … what? — The gym is across from the lounge. — Across from the lounge. Right. Thanks!
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

somewhere (to refer to a place without saying exactly where you mean)

somewhere (to refer to an unfixed place)

somehow, some way, something (to refer to a something that is hard to express)


서로

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 서르 (Yale: selu).

서로의 가치


스스로

From Middle Korean 스싀〮로〮 (susúy-lwó, “by oneself”), from Old Korean 自衣以 (SUSuy-lwo), from 自衣 (SUSuy, “oneself”) + 以 (-lwo, “by”, instrumental marker). The independent noun survived into fifteenth-century Middle Korean but is now lost.


군

Sino-Korean word from 君 (“prince; (polite) you”).

ko-etym-sino

(dated, polite) you; used chiefly when addressing younger men.


그거

Contraction of 그것 (geugeot, “that thing”).


너희

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 너희 (Yale: nèhùy), probably from 너 (Yale: nè, “you”, singular) + Old Korean 中 (*-KUY, locative suffix). "Your place" > "you guys, you all". Compare Gyeongsang Korean 너거 (neogeo) preserving the velar, perhaps from unattested *너ᄀᆡ (Yale: nekoy)?

lang

『녀사쇼햑』의 종합적 연구

『녀사쇼햑』의 종합적 연구

2022년 여름 국어사학회 전국 학술대회—국어 음운체계의 연구 성과와 전망—

너희 이름이 뭐니?

(plural, of equal or lower social status) you; you guys; you all


자네

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 자〯내〮 (Yale: cǎnáy), originally a reflexive pronoun meaning “oneself; personally”.

ko-etym-native

you, second person pronoun, used generally in addressing a person of distinctly lower status.


저기

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 뎌ᇰ어긔〮 (Yale: tyèng.èkúy).


댁

A respectful term of address for someone of equal or lower status


이쪽

Univerbation of 이 (i, “this”) + 쪽 (jjok, “side”). Compare Japanese 此方 (kochira, konata).

univ

이쪽으로 오세요.

Third-person pronoun to refer to someone next to or close to oneself.


짐

(imperial) I, me (similar to the royal we)


쟤

Contraction of 저 애 (jeo ae, “that kid”).


동무

First attested in the Beonyeok nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대), 1517, as Middle Korean 도ᇰ모〮 (Yale: twòngmwó). May be ultimately of Sino-Korean origin, from 동모 (同謀, dongmo, “planning together; complotting; collusion”).
Alternatively, it could be of native origin and influenced by 동 (同, dong, “together”); compare Japanese 友(とも) (tomo, “friend, pal”).

ko-l

동무의 이름은 무엇입니까?

(North Korea) second person singular plain pronoun; you


저쪽

[t͡ɕʌ̹t͡ɕ͈o̞k̚]

Univerbation of 저 (jeo, “over there”) + 쪽 (jjok, “side”). Compare Japanese 彼方 (achira, kanata, anata).


절

(colloquial) Alternative form of 저를 (jeo-reul, “me”, first-person singular polite pronoun used as a direct object)


저자

[t͡ɕʌ̹d͡ʑa̠]

Univerbation of 저 (jeo, “that”) + 자(者) (ja, “person”)


그대

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 그듸 (Yale: kùtùy), originally equivalent to 그 (Yale: ku, “that/there”, i.e. the direction of the addressee) + 듸 (Yale: tuy, “place”).


當身

hanja form of 당신 (“second person singular plain (non-polite) pronoun; you”)


그들

Of native Korean origin. From 그 (geu) + 들 (-deul).

그들은 들판 한복판에 있다.

They are in the center of the open field.

그들 중에서 누가 예쁜가요?


저거

Contracted form of 저것 (jeogeot, “that thing”).


그쪽

[kɯt͡ɕ͈o̞k̚]

Univerbation of 그 (geu, “that”) + 쪽 (jjok, “side”). Compare Japanese 其方 (sochira, sonata).

univ

헬스클럽은 라운지 건너편에 있어. 우편실 옆이야. 저쪽으로 가렴. 고마워 피트. 아냐, 안나, 그쪽이 아냐. 저쪽으로 가렴.
Helseukeulleob-eun raunji geonneopyeon-e isseo. Upyeonsil yeop-i-ya. Jeojjog-euro garyeom. Gomawo Piteu. Anya, Anna, geujjog-i anya. Jeojjog-euro garyeom.
The gym is across from the lounge. It’s next to the mailroom. Go that way. — Thanks, Pete! — No, Anna! Not that way! Go that way!
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

어떻게 지내세요?
네, 좋아요. 그쪽은요?
Eotteoke jinaeseyo?
Ne, joayo. Geujjog-eun-yo?
How are you?
I'm fine, thanks. And you?


오등

odeung-eun ja-e a Joseon-ui dongnipgug-imgwa joseonin-ui jajuminim-eul seoneonhanora […]

(archaic Literary Chinese-style Korean) we; us


내가

allomorph of 나 (na, “(informal) I”) before 가 (-ga, “nominative case marker”)


어딘가

어딘가에 있겠죠?


와타시

From Japanese 私 (watashi); see 한본어 (hanboneo).

(Internet slang, humorous, neologism) I, me (first-person pronoun)


영게

Cognate with standard Korean 여기 (yeogi).

걔 영게서부터느 이러게 폭이 좀 깊, 너르기 한단 말이오

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 99:


너네

Alternative form of 너희 (neohui, “you (plural)”)

이거 너네 아들 축구팀 사진이지?

This is a picture of your son's soccer team, isn't it?

Alternative form of 너의 (neoui, “your; yours (singular)”)


지줌

지줌 거 지줌 자리에 놔다야지. (Gyeongsang dialect, Changwon)

You should put each thing in its proper place.


귀하

dear; Sir; Madam; you (a polite form of address in letter addresses or similar)


貴下

hanja form of 귀하 (“dear; Sir; Madam; you (a polite form of address in letter addresses or similar)”)


그女

Hanja-Hangul mixed script form of 그녀, “she”.


궐녀

응, 부지럽지 그적게 져녁에 궐녀를 다리고 갈 ᄯᆡ에, 내 얼골 본 사ᄅᆞᆷ이 만흔 걸

1907, Lee Injik, 이인직(李人稙) (I Injik), 鬼(귀)의 聲(셩) (Gwi-ui seong) [The Sound of the Ghost]:

"Well, It's useless. Many have [already] seen my face that evening when I went to take her back two days ago."

eung, bujireopji geujeokge jeonyeog-e gwollyeo-reul darigo gal ttae-e, nae eolgol bon saram-i manheun geol

厥(궐)女(녀)의 상판은 피로 물들인 것가티 새빨개 젓다. 厥(궐)女(녀)는 억지로 그런 氣(기)色(색)을 감추랴고 애를 쓰며 […]

1922, Hyun Jin-geon, 현진건(玄鎭健), “피아노 (piano) [The Piano]”, in 開(개)闢(벽), number 29:

Her face blushed bright red as if it was doused in blood. As she tried her best to conceal those expressions […]

Gwollyeo-ui sangpan-eun pi-ro muldeurin geotgati saeppalgae jeotda. Gwollyeo-neun eokji-ro geureon gisaeg-eul gamchuryago ae-reul sseumyeo […]

궐녀는 아들이 밥을 먹는 동안 아무 말도 하지 않았다.

1989, Moon Soon-tae, 문순태(文淳太) (Mun Suntae), “義(의)兵(병) [The Righteous Soldier]”, in 타오르는 江(강) [The Burning River], volume 6:

She said nothing while her son was eating.

Gwollyeo-neun adeur-i bab-eul meongneun dong'an amu mal-do haji anatda.


오인

(archaic Literary Chinese-style Korean) I; we


본좌

Sino-Korean word from 本座, from 本 (“this”) + 座 (“seat”)

ko-etym-sino

(wuxia or Internet slang) the honorable I, the honorable me


本座

hanja form of 본좌 (“the honorable I; the honorable me”)


잉게

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 이ᅌᅥ긔〮 (Yale: ì.ngè.kúy). See the main entry for more.

ko-etym-native

잉게 무슨 숨궜는지 좀 이애길 하오.

1993, Лаврентий Сон [Lavrentij Son, Lavrenti Son], “Коре сарам [Kore saram, Koryo-Saram]”, in Song Cinema inc., 카자흐스탄 우슈토베 [kajaheuseutan usyutobe]:

Can you please talk about what is planted here?

(Northern Hamgyong, Yukjin, Russia) Dialectal form of 여기 (yeogi, “here”)


본인

(rather polite, usually by a superior to an inferior) you

rather polite; usually by a superior to an inferior; rather polite; usually by a superior to an inferior


은제

[ˈɯ(ː)ɲd͡ʑe̞]

Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, and Seoul form of 언제 (eonje, “when”).


어디메

어디메서 있시꺄? (Hwanghae)

Pyongan, Hwanghae, Yanbian dialectal, Hamgyong, and Seoul form of 어디 (eodi, “where”).


어데

Abbreviation of 어디에 (eodi-e, “where at, where to”).


누가

누 (nu, “who”) + 가 (-ga, nominative case marker).


그대들

(poetic, literary, formal) you people, you guys (plural "you")


긍게

긍게서 개는 그양 짖었지. (Koryo-mar, Uzbekistan)

(Northern Hamgyong, Yukjin, Russia, parts of Yanbian) Dialectal form of 거기 (geogi, “there”)


어드메

어느 날 평북도 어드메서 생활총화 모여시오.

2020 September 28, 최태선 [choetaeseon], “평안도 사투리와 각 지방 별명 [pyeong'ando saturiwa gak jibang byeolmyeong]”, in 김길선's 평양만사 [gimgilseon s pyeong'yangmansa], 자강도 송원군 [jagangdo song'won'gun]:

One day, somewhere in northern Pyongan province people gathered for a self criticism session.

(archaic, otherwise northern dialectal, Russia) where


데거

Related to standard Korean 저것 (jeogeot).

김일성 보고두 데거이 이렇게 말해.

2020 September 28, 김길선 [gimgilseon], “평안도 사투리와 각 지방 별명 [pyeong'ando saturiwa gak jibang byeolmyeong]”, in 김길선's 평양만사 [gimgilseon s pyeong'yangmansa], 평양직할시 [pyeong'yangjikhalsi]:

Even for people like Kim Il Sung, [people in Pyongyang] refer to him as that.

Pyongan form of 저것 (jeogeot, “that, that thing”).


정게

정게가서 쪼금 쉬질 하우.

2016 February 26, 노 스떼뜨리나 순하꼬브나 [no seuttetteurina sunhakkobeuna], “돈보다 마음을 택한 아들 [donboda ma'eumeul taekhan adeul]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView2_html5.asp?datacode=11_02_FOT_20160226_KKT_NSS_0001&dbkind=2&hilight=%EC%A0%95%EA%B2%8C&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EC%A0%95%EA%B2%8C(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9)), 카자흐스탄 아스타나 [kajaheuseutan aseutana]:

(Northern Hamgyong, Yukjin, Russia) Dialectal form of 저기 (jeogi, “there”)


무스그

See 무엇 (mueot). Like northern dialectal 무스거 (museugeo), it appears to be a more conservative descendant from the original term.

아니, 무스그 보는가?”

2016 February 26, 황문자 [hwangmunja], “춘향전 [chunhyangjeon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView2_html5.asp?datacode=03_11_FOT_20110318_KDH_JOH_0003&dbkind=2&hilight=%EC%95%BC%EC%9A%94&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EC%95%BC%EC%9A%94(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9)), 카자흐스탄 아스타나 [kajaheuseutan aseutana]:

(Hamgyong, Yukjin, Yanbian, Russia) Dialectal form of 무엇 (mueot, “what, something, anything”)


무스거

아바니 그럼 옛날에, 넷날에 고기 잡으러 나갈 때 무스거 들구 무스거 타구 엏드게 멫 명이서 모다서 가서 엇드게 쟙았는지 얘기를 죰 쭉 해 쥬웁소

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고서 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogoseo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 27:

Sir, could you please explain in a little more depth what you carried and rode, how you gathered people and how you caught fish when you went out fishing long ago?


저는

topic-marked form of 저 (jeo): see 은 (-eun)


저의

From 저 (jeo, “I”) + 의 (-ui, possessive marker).

affix

저의 이름이 무엇인지 궁금하신가요?

Jeo-ui ireum-i mueos-inji gunggeumhasin'gayo?


너희들

(colloquial) you all, you people, you folks, you guys


겅게

난 겅게 말으 도무지 모르겠스꾸마

2000, 황대화 [hwangdaehwa], 조선어 방언 연구 [joseoneo bang'eon yeon'gu, Study on the Korean dialects], 한국 문화사, →ISBN:

I can't understand what they speak there at all.

(Northern Pyongan, Yukjin, Russia) there


이기

Compare 여기 (yeogi), and Yukjin Korean 잉게 (ingge).

우리 이기서 이래 물고기가 있으면, 이거 이 말을 그냥 해요, “밥도독이, 밥도독이”

2016 February 25, 최 류드밀라 상현예브나 [choe ryudeumilla sanghyeonyebeuna], “자린고비 [jarin'gobi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 카자흐스탄 아스타나 [kajaheuseutan aseutana]:

Over here if there is a fish then we just say this, "rice-stealer, rice-stealer"

(Northern Hamgyong, Yukjin, Russia) here


데게

Related to standard Korean 저거 (jeogeo). Compare Pyongan dialect 데거 (degeo).

데게 어디메 사램이우?

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 55:

Pyongan and Yukjin form of 저거 (jeogeo, “that thing”).


저짝

[t͡ɕʌ̹t͡ɕ͈a̠k̚]

저 (jeo, “over there”) + 짝 (jjak, “(dialectal), side”). Compare 이짝 (ijjak, “this side, here”), 그짝 (geujjak, “there”), which are often also used by dialect speakers that use this form.

나는 강 건너 저짝에 아무 아무 디까지를 가야되는디...

2011 January 28, 강진구 [gangjin'gu], “강감찬장군의 출생 [ganggamchanjanggunui chulsaeng]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경기도 이천시 부발면 [gyeonggido icheonsi bubalmyeon]:

I was crossing the river and had to go anywhere over there...

(Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Seoul, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Yukjin) Dialectal form of 저쪽 (jeojjok, “over there”)


원제

[ˈwɘ(ː)ɲd͡ʑe̞]

근데 그 양반이 원제구 무슨 짐승이구 만내기만 하면 활루 쏴 가지고 잡았어.

1980 September 9, 이화옥 [ihwaok], “며느리 지혜로 한 환갑 잔치 [myeoneuri jihyero han hwan'gap janchi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청북도 청주시 모충동 [chungcheongbukdo cheongjusi mochungdong]:

But whenever he met a sort of beast then using his bow he would shoot and catch it.

Chungcheong, Seoul, Gangwon, and Pyongan form of 언제 (eonje, “when”).


느그

Compare 너희 (neohui), Southeastern Korean 너거 (neogeo).

느그들 뭣들고 왔냐?

1982 January 14, 임묘금 [immyogeum], “수수대가 빨간 유래 [susudaega ppalgan yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 장성군 남면 [jeollanamdo jangseonggun nammyeon]:

(Jeolla dialect, Gyeongsang) (plural, when talking to someone of the same age or younger) you


네가

allomorph of 너 (neo, “(informal) you”) before 가 (-ga, “nominative case marker”)


이이

(formal, moderately deferential) this person

(used primarily by female speakers to indicate one's husband or boyfriend) he, his

(formal, slightly addressee-raising) the listener


얼마큼

얼마만큼 얼마만큼#Korean


저이

저이들


얼마만큼

Of native Korean origin. From 얼마 (eolma, “what amount”) + 만큼 (-mankeum, “degree, extent”).

suffix

당신 결정이 우리에게 얼마만큼 영향을 미치게 될까요?

How much of an effect will your decision have on us?

Dangsin gyeoljeong-i uri-ege eolmamankeum yeonghyang-eul michige doelkkayo?

how much, how many, how often, how far, to what extent


그자

From 그 (geu, “that”) + 자(者) (ja, “person; one who”).

com

그자는 믿을 수가 없다


어느 곳

Of native Korean origin. From 어느 (eoneu, “which, certain, any”) + 곳 (got, “place, spot, location”).

거리 양쪽 어느 곳에 주차해도 된다.

You can part on whichever side of the street.

Geori yangjjok eoneu gos-e juchahaedo doenda.


걜

(colloquial) (accusative) that kid; he or she


즈

Presumably an abbreviation of the standard form.

즈 시숙이 시아재비가 고 나가 딴 집에 있는데, 두 내외 딴 집에 있는데 그 어머니 아침으로 인젠, 문안드리러 오너라고 온단 말이야.

1981 April 13, 김동기 [gimdonggi], “남편의 기지 [nampyeonui giji]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 강원도 양양군 현남면 [gang'wondo yang'yanggun hyeonnammyeon]:

They said Our older brother-in-law and father-in-law left to go to another house, and so have the two spouses but mother must not come through the door in the morning.