색

(onomatopoeia) Sound of air passing through a narrow crease

식

Similar onomatopoeia, considered; sik, softer"”


오늘

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 烏捺 (Yale: *wonol), from 온〮 (Yale: wón, “which has come”, adnominal form of "to come") + Proto-Koreanic *hoL (“day”), etymologically "day that has come". Cognate with Jeju 오널 (oneol).
In the hangul script, first attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 오ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: wònól).

ko-etym-native

오늘 뭐 했어요?


막

Contraction of 마구 (magu). See there for more.

Synonym of 마구 (magu, “carelessly, wildly”)


제

Contraction of 적에 (jeog-e): (literary, possibly dated) when


정

Sino-Korean word from 正 (“upright, correct”), from the Middle Korean reading 져ᇰ (Yale: cyeng).


아마도

아마 (ama, “probably, perhaps”) + 도 (-do).

그것이 아마도 진실일 것이다. 그러나 실질적으로 말하자면, 잘 작동하지는 않을 것이다.

That's probably true, but practically speaking, it wouldn't work.

geugeosi amado jinsiril geosida. geureona siljiljeogeuro malhajamyeon, jal jakdonghajineun aneul geosida.

좋아, 나중에 봐, 아마도. — 아마도, 나중에 봐.
joa, najung'e bwa, amado. - amado, najung'e bwa.
Okay. See you later, maybe. — Maybe I’ll see you later.
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)


多分

Hanja in this term 多 分 多分 (canonical)
dabun (romanization)
다분 (hangeul)


完全

hanja form of 완전 (“absolutely; completely; totally”)


매일

Sino-Korean word from 每日, from 每 (“every”) + 日 (“day”).

저는 매일 티비를 봐요.


같이

First attested in the Worin cheon'gangjigok (月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡), 1449, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞ티 (Yale: kothi), equivalent to 같 (gat-, “to be the same”) + 이 (-i, suffix deriving adverbs).

af

선생님과 같이 기념 사진을 찍었다.

We took a commemorative photo with our teacher.

Seonsaengnim-gwa gachi ginyeom sajin-eul jjigeotda.


더

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 더 (Yale: tè).
From Old Korean 加 (*TE).

ko-etym-native

좀만 더 기다리자.

한 번 더 해봐.

오늘이 어제보다 더 춥다.


잘

그림을 아주 잘 그린다.
geurimeul aju jal geurinda.
He draws pictures very well.
Audio (South Korea): (file)

잘 생각해 봐!
jal saenggakhae bwa!
Think carefully!
Audio (South Korea): (file)

그것 참 잘 되었네!
geugeot cham jal doeeonne!
That's wonderful.
Audio (South Korea): (file)

물어 볼 말이 있었는데 마침 잘 오셨어요.
mureo bol mar-i isseonneunde machim jal osyeosseoyo.
You have come at a good time, I have something to ask you.
Audio (South Korea): (file)


채

First attested in the Gyechuk ilgi (癸丑日記 / 계축일기), c. 1600 , as Early Modern Korean 채 (Yale: chay).

숙제를 채 마치기도 전에 잠이 들었다.
Sukje-reul chae machigi-do jeon-e jam-i deureotda.
He fell asleep before he finished the homework.


가득

바구니에 사과를 가득 담다.

이 식당은 점심에는 언제나 손님이 가득 찬다.

This dining hall is always full of guests at lunchtime.

i sikdang'eun jeomsimeneun eonjena sonnimi gadeuk chanda.


그릇

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean 그릇 (Yale: kùlùs). Related to 그르다 (geureuda).


언제

[ˈɘ(ː)ɲd͡ʑe̞]

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 언제 (Yale: encey). From 어느 (enu, “what”) + 적 (cek, “time”) + 의 (-uy, “at”), literally "at what time".
In Middle Korean the word was strictly a question word; the indefinite meaning developed in the eighteenth century.

언제 한번 만나 소주 한 잔 합시다.

Let's get together and have a glass of soju some time.

Eonje hanbeon manna soju han jan hapsida.

할머니 댁은 언제 가도 마음이 편하다.

Any time (whenever) I go to my grandmother's I feel comfortable.

Halmeoni daeg-eun eonje gado ma'eum-i pyeonhada.


다

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 다〯 (Yale: tǎ).
From Old Korean 悉良 (*Ta).

청소를 다 했다.

나는 다 먹을 생각이다.

집에 다 와 간다.

I'm basically home [e.g. outside the door].

이런 미친 놈이 다 있네.
Ireon michin nom-i da in-ne.
I can't believe this bastard is so crazy.

literally, “There's all a crazy bastard like this.”

used to express mild surprise or sarcasm

애들이 놀자니까 잠은 다 잤다.
Ae-deur-i nol-ja-nikka jam-eun da jatda.
The kids are asking me to play, so that's it for my plans for a nap.
(literally, “The kids are asking me to play, so I've slept all my sleep [when one has really not slept at all].)”)

with a verb in the past tense, used sarcastically to emphasize that the verb has not occurred


대단히

대단 (daedan, root) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

af

대단히 고맙습니다

언니는 대단히 부지런하다.

제삼극의 빙하는 베트남부터 아프가니스탄에 이르기까지 수십억명의 사람들에게 대단히 중요하다.
Jesamgeug-ui bingha-neun Beteunam-buteo Apeuganiseutan-e ireugi-kkaji susibeongmyeong-ui saram-deur-ege daedan-hi jung'yo-hada.
Third Pole glaciers are critical to billions of people from Vietnam to Afghanistan.
2018, VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns (The original sentence in English)

very (much), so (much), extremely, exceedingly


매

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean ᄆᆡ이〮 (Yale: mòyí), originally the adverbial form of Middle Korean ᄆᆡᆸ다〮 (Yale: mòyp-tá, “to be severe”) > modern 맵다 (maepda, “to be spicy”), but no longer perceivable as such due to sound and semantic shifts.

ko-etym-native

일을 매 해라.


가끔

First attested in the Eorokhae (語錄解 / 어록해), 1652, as Early Modern Korean ᄀᆞᆺ곰 (Yale: koskwom), equivalent to ᄀᆞᆺ (Yale: kos, “just now”) + 곰 (Yale: -kwom, “distributive suffix”).

아주 가끔

걘 가끔 언제 만나자면 나오곤 하던 애였는데
참 엊그저께 만난 것 같애

2021, 결 [gyeol] (lyrics and music), “가끔 연락하던 애 [gakkeum yeollakhadeon ae]”, in Things I Loved Most 2:

She was the girl who'd show up now and then when we agreed to meet
But really, it's like I met her just yesterday

occasionally, from time to time, not frequently or regularly


당근

(slang, humorous) Alternative form of 당연(當然) (dang'yeon, “of course”)


내

First attested in the Dongguk sinsok samgang haengsildo (東國新續三綱行實圖 / 동국신속삼강행실도), 1617, as Early Modern Korean 내 (Yale: nay).
See 내 (-nae, “through, throughout”), the suffix form.


내일

Sino-Korean word from 來日, from 來 (“coming”) + 日 (“day”). From Middle Korean ᄂᆡᅀᅵᆯ〮 (Yale: nòyzíl). Cognate with Jeju 늴 (nuil).

ko-etym-Sino

내일 뭐 할 거야?


하마

하마 왔나?

(dialectal, chiefly Gangwon, also northern Chungcheong, Gyeongsang) already


또

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄯᅩ〮 (Yale: stwó).
From Old Korean 又都 (*SItwo).

ko-etym-native

또 봐!


안

Contraction of 아니 (ani), ultimately from Old Korean 不知 (*ANti).

안 먹어?

안 먹어!


보다

From 보다 (-boda, “than”, used for comparisons); see -보다 for more. A colonial semantic loan from Japanese より, itself calqued from European constructions, not very common in colloquial speech.

보다 높게

보다 열심히
boda yeolsimhi
more enthusiastically
Audio: (file)


빨리

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 (Yale: spòllí), equivalent to modern 빠르— (ppareu-, “to be quick”) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).

suffix

가능한 한 빨리 우리에게 알려 주세요.

Ganeunghan han ppalli uri-ege allyeo juseyo.

과학자들은 그것이 세계에서 가장 빨리 녹고 있는 빙하 중 하나라고 말한다.
Gwahakja-deur-eun geugeos-i segye-eseo gajang ppalli nokgo inneun bingha jung hana-rago malhanda.
Scientists say it is one of the world’s fastest-melting glaciers.
2018, VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns (The original sentence in English)

quickly, without delay; often used when urging someone to hurry


勿論

hanja form of 물론 (“of course, certainly, naturally”)


자주

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄌᆞ조〮 (Yale: còcwó), originally a derived adverb of Middle Korean ᄌᆞᆽ다〮 (Yale: còc-tá) (whence also 잦다 (jatda)) with adverbial suffix 오 (Yale: -wo), but rarely perceived as such by modern speakers.

ko-etym-native

너가 너무 자주 아파서 엄마가 걱정돼.

I [as your mother] am worried because you get sick too often.

Neo-ga neomu jaju apaseo eomma-ga geokjeongdwae.


항상

Sino-Korean word from 恒常, from 恒 (“always”) + 常 (“always”).

ko-etym-Sino

이 도로는 항상 공사중이다.


갑자기

Of native Korean origin. 갑작 (gapjak, root) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).


突然

hanja form of 돌연 (“suddenly; unexpectedly; abruptly; all of a sudden”)


아니

From Middle Korean 아니〮 (aní), from Old Korean 不知 (*ANti).

아니 가다


아주

덕택에 저는 아주 잘 지내고 있습니다. 감사해요.

deoktaege jeoneun aju jal jinaego itseumnida. gamsahaeyo.

집이 아주 많이 부서졌다.

좋아, 아주 좋아!

2005, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, 5th Republic, episode 24, spoken by Chun Doo-hwan (Lee Deok-hwa)


못

From Middle Korean 몯〯 (mwǒt), from Old Korean 毛冬 (*mwotol).

나 오늘 못 가.

왜 이렇게 그림 못 그려?


너무

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 너무 (Yale: nèmwù), from Middle Korean 넘〯— (Yale: něm, “to surpass”, whence modern 넘다 (neomda)) + 우 (Yale: -wu, adverb-deriving suffix), but now perceived as a single morpheme.

okm-l

whence modern <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">넘다</i> (neomda)

너무도 예쁘다

(in positive contexts) so, very, extremely


노

(dated or dialectal) always, all the time


곧

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 곧 (Yale: kwot).

ko-etym-native

곧 야구 경기가 시작된다.

soon, at once, immediately, shortly, straightway


지금

Sino-Korean word from 只今, from 只 (“only”) + 今 (“now”)

ko-etym-Sino

너 지금 기분이 어떠니?

스튜디오 좀 봐도 되나요? — 음... 아마도 다음에요, 지금은 제가 바빠요.
seutyudio jom bwado doenayo? - eum... amado da'eumeyo, jigeumeun jega bappayo.
May I see the studio? — Um, maybe another time? Right now I am busy.
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

지금 누가 웁니까? ― Jigeum nuga umnikka? ― Who is crying now?


이리

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 이〮리〮 (Yale: ílí), from 이〮 (í, “this”) + 리〮 (-lí, suffix).

거기

thither, there, to/in that place of the dialogue partner


도시

Sino-Korean word from 都 (“all, the whole”) + 是 (“indeed, yes, right”)


그냥

Semantically compare Japanese ただ (tada, “simply; free”)


가장

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 (Yale: kòcáng). Original meaning: "very, extremely". Superlative meaning ("most") from sixteenth century onward. Displaced previous superlative adverbs 안〮직 (Yale: áncìk), ᄆᆞᆺ〮 (Yale: mós).

ko-etym-native

이 사전이 가장 좋아요.

우사인 볼트는 지구상에서 가장 빠른 사람이에요.

Usain Bolt is the fastest person on Earth.

Usain Bolteu-neun jigusang-eseo gajang ppareun saram-ie-yo.


왜

너는 이 가수를 왜 좋아해?

그것으로는 네가 왜 전화를 안 했는지 설명이 안 돼.

That doesn't explain why you didn't phone.

geugeos-euro-neun ne-ga wae jeonhwareul an haenneunji seolmyeong-i an dwae.


좀

좀 먹다

Contraction of 조금 (jogeum): a little, somewhat, quite, very

조금

좀 있다가 전화할께요.

좀만 더하면 끝나겠는데?

창문 좀 열어도 될까요?

Could I open the window, if you don't mind?

휴대전화를 잠시 좀 빌릴 수 있을까요?

Hyudaejeonhwa-reul jamsi jom billil su isseulkkayo?

(polite) (used to soften requests) please


다시

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 다시〮.
Ultimately, it may be related to an unattested root *닷 (*tas-), seen in 다ᄉᆞᆷ어미 (tasomemi, “stepmother”). See also 다음 (da'eum).

죄송한데 제가 잘 못 들었거든요, 다시 말씀해 주시겠어요?

Sorry, I didn't hear you. Can you say that again please?

joesonghande jega jal mot deureotgeodeunyo, dasi malsseumhae jusigesseoyo?


이미

First attested in the Beonyeok nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대), 1517, as Middle Korean 이믜 (Yale: imuy).


굳이

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 구디 (Yale: kwuti).


단지

A spelling pronunciation of 但只, the hunju eumjong Idu script spelling of Middle Korean 오직〮 (Yale: wòcík, “only”), which is still used in the language.

아버지도 단지 인간일 뿐입니다.


十分

hanja form of 십분 (“thoroughly; sufficiently”)


그저

그저 그래요


참

First attested in the Seokbong cheonjamun (石峰千字文 / 석봉천자문), 1583, as Middle Korean ᄎᆞᆷ (Yale: chom). From Old Korean 眞音 (*CHOm).


따라서

[t͈a̠ɾa̠sʰʌ̹]


많이

많 (man-, “to be many”) + 이 (-i, adverbial suffix).

affix

많이 드세요.


거의

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 거ᅀᅴ (Yale: kezuy).

ko-etym-native

거의 여섯시야.

그녀는 지갑에 돈이 거의 남지 않았다.

geunyeo-neun jigab-e don-i geoui namji anatda.

에세이에서 백퍼센트(100%)를 얻는다는 것은 거의 불가능하다.
eseieseo baekpeosenteu(100%)reul eonneundaneun geoseun geoui bulganeunghada.
It's practically impossible to get 100% on the essay.


물론

Sino-Korean word from 勿論, from 勿 (“don't”) + 論 (“discuss”)

ko-etym-sino

물론이지요, 바로 저기요. ― Mullonijiyo, baro jeogiyo. ― Sure, it’s over there.


오래

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 오래〮 (Yale: wòláy), originally a derived adverb of Middle Korean 오라〮다〮 (Yale: wòlá-tá, “to be a long time”) with adverbial suffix 이 (Yale: -i), but rarely perceived as such by modern speakers.

okm-l

상당히 오래 걸릴 겁니다.


원래

원래 그런 거야.

그 사람은 원래 싸우기를 싫어해요.

He doesn't like fighting [and it is his nature to be that way].

Geu saram-eun wollae ssaugi-reul sireohaeyo.

originally; naturally, inherently, innately


매우

First attested in the Sin'gan guhwang chwaryo (新刊救荒撮要 / 신간구황촬요), 1660, as Early Modern Korean ᄆᆡ오 (Yale: moywo), combination of ᄆᆡᆸ (moyp) + suffix -오 (o). After the mid-15th century, ㅸ (ㅸ) changed to ㅗ (o), ㅜ (u) before a vowel other than ㅣ (i). See also 맵다 (maepda) and ㅸ (ㅸ).

ko-etym-native

그는 그의 판촉 활동에 매우 들떠 있었다.

He was very excited about his promotion.

geuneun geuui panchok hwaldong'e mae'u deultteo isseotda.


조금

안녕, 아멜리아. 바빠? — 조금 바빠.
annyeong, amellia. bappa? - jogeum bappa.
Hi, Amelia! Are you busy? — I’m a little busy.
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)


시장

Possibly related to or a nativisation of 시방(時方) (sibang, “now”).

야, 시장 오겠으꾸마. (Koryo-mar)

(Hamgyong, Some dialects of Yanbian, Russia, Presumably also Yukjin) now

Some dialects of Yanbian; Presumably also Yukjin; Some dialects of Yanbian; Presumably also Yukjin


보통

Sino-Korean word from 普通, from 普 (“universal”) + 通 (“pass through”). Cognate with Japanese 普通(ふつう) (futsū, “common, ordinary”).

ko-etym-sino

typically, commonly, usually, generally, in general


직접

[t͡ɕik̚t͡ɕ͈ʌ̹p̚]

Sino-Korean word from 直接 (“immediateness; directness”)


어떻게

[ʌ̹t͈ʌ̹kʰe̞]

From 어떻 (eotteot-, “(to be) in what state; (to be) how”) + 게 (-ge, adverbial suffix).

affix

내가 그 시험에 어떻게 통과하지?

nae-ga geu siheom-e eotteoke tonggwa-haji?

안녕, 피트. 어떻게 지내? 안녕 아나. 좋아. 넌 어떻게 지내? 굉장히 잘 지내.
annyeong, piteu. eotteoke jinae? annyeong ana. joa. neon eotteoke jinae? goengjanghi jal jinae.
Oh, hi, Pete. How’s it going? — Hi, Anna. It’s going great. How’s it going with you? — Things are awesome!
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

성함이 어떻게 되세요?

나이가 어떻게 되세요?

이 컴퓨터는 가격이 어떻게 됩니까?

i keompyuteo-neun gagyeog-i eotteoke doemnikka?

이자율이 어떻게 되지요?

어떻게 오셨어요?

What brings you here? Why have you come?


방금

Sino-Korean word from 方今 (“at present”).

방금 왔어요.


그러나

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 그러〮나〮 (Yale: kùléná).

ko-etym-native

"like that, but;" contraction of 그러하나 (geureohana)


그리고

Of native Korean origin. From same root as 그 (geu, “that”) and 그렇다 (geureota).

and, also, in addition (often used at the beginning of a sentence)


즉

중동은 곧 라마단, 즉 금식 기간으로 접어든다.

The Middle East soon enters the month of Ramadan, that is, the time of the fast.

jungdong-eun got Ramadan, jeuk geumsik gigan-euro jeobeodeunda.


함께

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄒᆞᆫᄢᅴ〮 (Yale: hòn.pskúy).

우리는 함께 학교를 다녔어요.


특히

특(特) (teuk, “specialness”, Sino-Korean morpheme) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

af

나는 오늘날 조선 사람이 — 특히 젊은 조선 사람이 — 그 중에도 남녀 학생에게 고하고 싶은 것이 있다.

1933, 이광수／李光洙, chapter 1, in 흙 [The Soil]:

There is something within all that, which as a Korean person of today—and especially a young Korean person—I want to tell to male and female students.

Na-neun oneullal Joseon saram-i - teuk-hi jeolmeun Joseon saram-i - geu jung-e-do namnyeo haksaeng-ege go-hago sipeun geos-i itda.


그래서

Regular derivative of 그렇다 (geureota, “to be like that”), formed by joining the suffix -어서 (-eoseo) to the connective stem form 그래 (geurae).

데이지는 크로커 부인을 만나지 못하였다. 그래서 데이지는 그녀의 책을 사기로 했다.
Deijineun keurokeo bu'ineul mannaji mothayeotda. Geuraeseo deijineun geunyeoui chaegeul sagiro haetda.
Daisy didn't meet Mrs. Crocker. thus, Daisy decided to buy her book.

therefore, accordingly, because of that, because things are like that, thus.


바로

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 바ᄅᆞ (Yale: palo). Closely related to 바르다 (bareuda, “straight, direct”).

ko-etym-native

숨기지 말고 바로 말해라.

내 두 눈을 (똑)바로 쳐다보면서 말해라.
nae du nuneul (ttok)baro cheodabomyeonseo malhaera.
Look straight into my two eyes while you are talking.

지금 바로

바로 가보도록 하겠습니다.

지금 바로 시작합니다!


그런데

From the adjective 그렇— (geureot-, “to be like that”), through the addition of the adversative suffix —은데 (-eunde) to the stem.

그런데 왜 차를 가져 가지 않는 겁니까?

But how come you are not taking your car?

geureonde wae chareul gajeo gaji anneun geomnikka?


처음

Of native Korean origin. From Middle Korean 처〮ᅀᅥᆷ (chézèm), from Old Korean 初叱音 (*CHEsem). Related to 첫 (cheot, “first”).


모두

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 모도〮 (Yale: mwòtwó), analyzable as 몯 (mwòt-, “to gather”) + 오 (-wo, “adverbializer”) although rarely perceived as such by modern speakers. Compare 자주 (jaju), 너무 (neomu), 비로소 (biroso), et cetera.

suffix

그림은 모두 네 개입니다. ― Geurimeun modu ne gaeimnida. ― There are four pictures in total.

어떻게 생각해? 이것은 굉장한 소식이야. 우리 모두가 좋아하는 어떤 사람에 대한 중요한 소식이라구.

1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], chapter XVI, in Pride and Prejudice: A Novel. In Three Volumes, volume II, London: Printed [by George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 190

“What do you think? It is excellent news, capital news, and about a certain person we all like.”
(translated from the original English)

“eotteoke saenggakhae? igeoseun goengjanghan sosigiya. uri moduga joahaneun eotteon sarame daehan jung'yohan sosigiragu.”


없이

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 업〯시〮 (Yale: ěpsí).
없 (eop-, “to not be there”) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).

affix

여러분은 본 군사혁명위원회를 전폭적으로 신뢰하고, 동요 없이 각인의 직장과 생업을 평상과 다름 없이 유지하시기 바랍니다.

1961, Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, Coup announcement on 16 May 1961

We ask everyone to completely trust the Military Revolution Council without hesitation, and maintain normal businesses and a normal life without difference.

yeoreobun-eun bon Gunsahyeongmyeong'wiwonhoe-reul jeonpok-jeog-euro silloe-hago, dong'yo eopsi gagin-ui jikjang-gwa saeng'eob-eul pyeongsang-gwa dareum eopsi yujihasigi baramnida.

처음엔 그냥 친군줄만 알았어 아무 색깔없이 언제나 영원하길.

1994, Yoon Do-hyun, Im Juncheol, Lee Kyunghee, (lyrics and music), “사랑 Two [sarang Two]” (track 8), in 가을 우체국 앞에서 [ga'eul ucheguk apeseo], performed by Yoon Do-hyun:


결과

Sino-Korean word from 結果, from 結 (“produce”) + 果 (“fruit”)

ko-etym-Sino

2000, Korea Highway Corporation Act (ko:한국도로공사법), Article 14 Paragraph 1,
공사는 매 사업연도의 결산결과 이익이 생긴 때에는 다음 각호의 순으로 이를 처리한다.
gongsa-neun mae sa'eobyeondo-ui gyeolsan'gyeolgwa iig-i saenggin ttae-eneun da'eum gakho-ui sun-euro i-reul cheorihanda.
If the Corporation has a net profit as a result of the annual settlement of accounts, this shall be processed in the following sequence.


및

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 밋 (Yale: mìs). From Middle Korean 밋다〮 (Yale: mìstá, “to reach”) as a calque of 及 (“to reach, and”).
From Old Korean 及叱 (*MIs), 及只 (*MISk).
Compare Japanese 及び (oyobi).


또한

First attested in the Guhwang chwaryo (救荒撮要 / 구황촬요), 1554, as Middle Korean ᄯᅩᄒᆞᆫ (Yale: stwohon). Related to 또 (tto).


더욱

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 더욱 (Yale: tewuk).


또는

Of native Korean origin. From 또 (tto, “also”) + 는 (neun, “topic marker”)


먼저

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 몬져 (Yale: mwòncyè).

ko-etym-native

먼저 얘기부터 합시다.


얼마나

Of native Korean origin. From 얼마 (eolma, “how much”) + 나 (-na, “which”).

affix

여기에 계신 지 얼마나 되셨어요? —두달이요.
yeogie gyesin ji eolmana doesyeosseoyo? -dudariyo.
How long have you been here? ━ two months.

2018, Experts: Polio Could Again Spread Worldwide
그 집단이 직면하고 있는 어려움 중의 하나는 이 지역들의 사람들이 얼마나 자주 이동하는지라고 그는 말한다.
geu jipdani jingmyeonhago inneun eoryeoum jung'ui hananeun i jiyeokdeurui saramdeuri eolmana jaju idonghaneunjirago geuneun malhanda.
He says that one of the difficulties the group faces is how often people in these areas move.


서로

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 서르 (Yale: selu).

ko-etym-native

mutually, with each other, with one another


따로

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄠᆞ로 (Yale: ptolwo).


역시

Sino-Korean word from 亦 (“also”) + 是 (“correct”)


그대로

Of native Korean origin. Probably from 그 (geu, “that”) + 대로 (daero, “like, befitting”).

compound

just the way something is, without change


오히려

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 오히려 (Yale: wohilye).


결국

Sino-Korean word from 結局, from 結 (“final”) + 局 (“state”)


우선

Sino-Korean word from 于先, from 于 (“particle”) + 先 (“preceding”)


그동안

From 그 (geu, “that”) + 동안 (dong'an, “period of time”).

compound

그동안 잘 지내셨습니까?

geudongan jal jinaesyeosseumnikka?

the period of time just mentioned (= 그 동안)


그럼

Contraction of 그러면 (geureomyeon, “if so”)


전혀

한국어를 전혀 할 수 없어요.

han'gugeo-reul jeonhyeo hal su eopseoyo.


근데

Contraction of 그런데 (geureonde, “be that as it may”).


스스로

From Middle Korean 스싀〮로〮 (susúy-lwó, “by oneself”), from Old Korean 自衣以 (SUSuy-lwo), from 自衣 (SUSuy, “oneself”) + 以 (-lwo, “by”, instrumental marker). The independent noun survived into fifteenth-century Middle Korean but is now lost.

inh

by oneself, on one's own, without assistance


그렇지만

[kɯɾʌ̹t͡ɕʰima̠n]

From 그렇 (geureot-) + 지 (-ji) + 만 (-man).


별로

별(別) (byeol, “separate, other”) + 로 (-ro, particle). Compare Japanese 別に (betsu ni).

affix

별로 많이 기다리지 않았어요.

별로 많지 않아요.


설마

설마 비가 안 오겠어요.


한편

From 한 (han, “one”) + 편(便) (pyeon, “side”).


잠시

Sino-Korean word from 暫時, from 暫 (“moment”) + 時 (“time”).

ko-etym-sino

잠시 거기에 계세요.


새로

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본), 1446, as Middle Korean 새〮로〮 (Yale: sáy-lwó), from 새〮 (Yale: sáy, “something new”) + 로〮 (Yale: -lwó, “to, as”, instrumental or directional particle).
The etymology is no longer as transparent in Modern Korean because 새 (sae, “new”) has lost its noun sense.


제발

Sino-Korean word from 濟 (“to help”) + 拔 (“to pull”).

ko-etym-Sino

제발 좀 그만해요.

내일은 제발 비가 왔으면 좋겠다.

naeireun jebal biga wasseumyeon joketda.


어제

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 어제〮 (Yale: ècéy).

ko-etym-native

어제, 기차를 탔습니다. ― Eoje, gichareul tatseumnida. ― Yesterday, I took a train.


자세히

자세(仔細) (jase, root) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


혹시

공항까지 지하철을 타면 될 것 같은데 혹시 지하철이 어디 있는지 아세요?

I think I can take the subway to the airport. Do you know where the subway is?

gonghang-kkaji jihacheor-eul ta-myeon doel geot gateunde hoksi jihacheor-i eodi inneun-ji aseyo?


아직

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 아직〮 (Yale: àcík), also attested as 안ᄌᆞᆨ〮 (Yale: àncók), 안직〮 (Yale: àncík). All three MK forms are preserved in various dialects, but only the non-nasal one is accepted in the standard Seoul variety.

ko-etym-native

"아직도 한참 남은 일이라서, 지금은 그것에 대해서 생각하지 않고 있어요"라고 말했다.

"I'm not currently thinking about it because there's still a long way to go," he said.

Ajikdo hancham nameun iriraseo, jigeum-eun geugeos-e daehaeseo saenggakhaji anko isseoyorago malhaetda.

아이가 있습니까? — 아니요, 아직 없습니다.

Aiga itseumnikka? - Aniyo, ajik eopseumnida.

해 떴어? — 아직.

(with an explicit or implicit negative verb) yet, not yet


약

Sino-Korean word from 約 (“approximately; about”), from the Middle Korean reading 약〮 (Yale: yák).

ko-etym-Sino

그 경기는 약 두 시간 동안 진행되었다.

Geu gyeonggi-neun yak du sigan dong'an jinhaengdoeeotda.

the hanja entry at 約 for Sino-Korean compounds of 약


일찍

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean 일즉 (Yale: ilcuk). From 이르— (ilu-, “early”) + —즉 (-cuk, adverbial suffix).

ko-etym-native

그날 저녁 일찍


가위

Sino-Korean word from 可謂 (“as can be said”).


어서

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 어셔 (Yale: èsyè).

ko-etym-native

어서 일어나! 학교에 지각할 거야.

Get up quickly! You'll be late for school.

어서 오세요.

어서 들어와.

an expression hard to translate in English; usually used with 오다 (oda) and its compounds to show one is welcome somewhere.


제일

Sino-Korean word from 第一, from 第 (“-th”) + 一 (“one”).

ko-etym-sino

그는 팀에서 제일 빠른 선수면서 제일 힘이 센 선수다.

He is the fastest and strongest player in [his] team.

Geu-neun tim-eseo jeil ppareun seonsu-myeonseo jeil him-i sen seonsu-da.

저는 한국어 사전 중에서는 이 사전이 제일 좋습니다.

For Korean, I like this dictionary the most.

Jeo-neun han'gugeo sajeon jung-eseo-neun i sajeon-i jeil joseumnida.

most, -est; forms superlatives of adjectives


그러면

[kɯɾʌ̹mjʌ̹n]

From 그러 (geureo-, “to do or be thus”) + 면 (-myeon, a conditional suffix).


주로

From 주(主) (ju, “master”) + 로 (-ro, adverbial particle).


훨씬

much more or less (than normal); a lot; long (before or after); far more


열심히

[jʌ̹ɭɕ͈imʝi]

From 열심(熱心) (yeolsim, “enthusiasm”) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

enthusiastically, fervently, with dedication


약간

Sino-Korean word from 若干, from 若 (“seeming”) + 干 (“how much”)

ko-etym-Sino

다리가 아직도 아픈가요? 지금은 아주 약간이요.

Does your leg still hurt? - Just a bit now.

dari-ga ajik-do apeun'gayo? - Jigeum-eun aju yakganiyo.


현재

[ˈçɘ(ː)ɲd͡ʑɛ]

[ˈçɘ(ː)ɲd͡ʑe̞]

Sino-Korean word from 現在, from 現 (“appear, manifest”) + 在 (“be at, in, on”).


영

영 별로다.

영 어렵다.

일을 영 못한다.

총알이 영 좋지 않은 곳에 맞았어요.

2003 March 4, 야인시대／野人時代 [Rustic Period], episode 64, spoken by Doctor (Kang Seung-won):

The bullet hit a rather unfortunate spot.

Chong'ar-i yeong jochi aneun gos-e majasseoyo.

(of negative or undesirable things) quite


영

Sino-Korean word from 永 (“long; perpetual; eternal; forever”)

ko-etym-Sino

the hanja entry at 永 for Sino-Korean compounds of 영


其實

hanja form of 기실 (“actually; as a matter of fact; in fact”)


사실

[ˈsʰa̠(ː)ɕʰiɭ]

Sino-Korean word from 事實, from 事 (“affair”) + 實 (“fact”).


벌써

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄇᆞᆯ쎠〮 (Yale: pòlssyé).


달리

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 달이〮 (Yale: tàlGí), equivalent to modern 다르— (dareu-, “to be different”) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).


아무리

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본), 1446, as Middle Korean 아〯ᄆᆞ〮리 (Yale: ǎmólì).

ko-etym-native

however much/many; no matter how much/many


다만

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 다〯ᄆᆞᆫ〮 (Yale: tǎmón).
Beyond Korean, compare Manchu ᡩᠠᠮᡠ (damu, “merely, however”).


그만

그만 먹어!

this much only; no more. often used in imperatives.


어쩌다

[ʌ̹t͡ɕ͈ʌ̹da̠]


각각

각각의 금액이 매도인 측 은행에서 수령된 때에

when the respective sums due have been received by the Seller’s bank

gakgagui geumaegi maedoin cheuk eunhaeng'eseo suryeongdoen ttaee


결코

From 결(決) (gyeol, “decision”, Sino-Korean morpheme) + 코 (-ko, adverb-deriving suffix).


언제나

[ˈɘ(ː)ɲd͡ʑe̞na̠]

언제 (eonje, “some time”) + 나 (-na, “whatever”).


반드시

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 반ᄃᆞ시〮 (Yale: pàntòsí).


얼른

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 어른 (Yale: elun).

얼른 가 봐!


완전히

[wa̠ɲd͡ʑʌ̹nʝi]

From 완전(完全) (wanjeon, “completeness”) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


여전히

[jʌ̹d͡ʑʌ̹nʝi]

여전(如前) (yeojeon, root) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


한번

From 한 (han, “one”) + 번(番) (beon, “time”).

(used primarily with 어/아 보다 (-eo/-a boda)) sometime (when there is a chance)


정말

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)ŋma̠ɭ]

From 정(正) (jeong, “something that is correct”) + 말 (mal, “word”).

com

새 하인들은 일을 정말 잘 해.

Those new servants really do a splendid job.

Sae hain-deur-eun ir-eul jeongmal jal hae.


계속

비가 계속 오네요.


제대로

[t͡ɕe̞dɛɾo̞]


일단

Sino-Korean word from 一旦, from 一 (“one”) + 旦 (“morning”)


주장

Sino-Korean word from 主掌, from 主 (“chief”) + 掌 (“palm”)

[t͡ɕud͡ʑa̠ŋ]

1977, Arduous March(gonanui haenggun), Chosŏn rodongdang ch'ulp'ansa
하루에도 10여차례씩 진행하는 전투를 주장 그들이 감당해야 하였다.
Haruedo 10yeocharyessik jinhaenghaneun jeontureul jujang geudeuri gamdanghaeya hayeotda.

They mostly had to endure the battles that happened 10 times a day.

(chiefly North Korea) mostly, mainly, principally, primarily


실제로

[ɕʰiʎt͡ɕ͈e̞ɾo̞]

From 실제(實際) (silje, “actuality”) + 로 (-ro, adverbial particle).


과연

Sino-Korean word from 果然, from 果 (“result”) + 然 (“thus”)

ko-etym-Sino

과연 그럴까.


혹은

From 혹(或) (hok, “perhaps”) + 은 (-eun, focus particle).


멀리

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 머리〮 (Yale: mèlí). From 멀 (meol-) + 이 (-i).

ko-etym-native

너무 멀리 가지 마라. 다시 돌아오기 힘들어.

Don't go too far. It will be difficult to find your way back.

Neomu meolli gaji mara. Dasi doraogi himdeureo.


一旦

hanja form of 일단 (“once; for the moment”)


흔히

흔 (heun, root) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


함

Probably originally dialectal or alternately a fairly recent contraction, since it is not found in dictionaries of the standard language. Nowadays used in Seoul as well.

함 봐봐.

(slang) Contraction of 한번 (hanbeon, “sometime; when you have the chance”).


漸漸

hanja form of 점점 (“gradually, bit by bit”)


즉시

Sino-Korean word from 卽時 (“immediately”)

ko-etym-sino

즉시 이용가능한 자금의 형태로

jeuksi iyongganeunghan jageumui hyeongtaero


인제

stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn 인재 (injae, “skilled person”)

I have arrived at Rod’s house now (but I am late).

나는 인제 Rod 집에 도착했다. (Naneun inje Rod jibe dochakhaetda.)


그러므로

[kɯɾʌ̹mɯɾo̞]

First attested in the Sohak eonhae (小學諺解 / 소학언해), 1586, as Middle Korean 그러모로 (Yale: kulemwolwo).
Analyzable as 그렇 (geureot-, “so, such, like that”) + 므로 (-meuro, “on account of, owing to”).


만약

Sino-Korean word from 萬若, from 萬 (“ten thousand”) + 若 (“as if”).

ko-etym-Sino

오늘 저녁에 호텔에 갈 겁니까? 만약 그렇다면 저를 태워 줄 수 있습니까?

Are you going to the hotel this evening? If so, can you give me a lift?

Oneul jeonyeog-e hoter-e gal geomnikka? Manyak geureotamyeon jeo-reul taewo jul su itseumnikka?


마침내

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본), 1446, as Middle Korean ᄆᆞᄎᆞᆷ〮내〯 (Yale: mòchómnǎy).


그만큼

Of native Korean origin. From 그 (geu, “that”) + 만큼 (-mankeum, “degree, extent”).


비로소

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 비르〮서〮 (Yale: pìlúsé), likely from 비릇〮 (pìlús-, “to begin”) + 어〮 (-é, “infinitive suffix”).
Also attested in the Mongsanhwasang beobeo yangnok eonhae (蒙山和尙法語略錄諺解 / 몽산화상법어약록언해), 1459~1467, as Middle Korean 비르〮소〮 (Yale: pìlúswó). Also attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 비르〮수〮 (Yale: pìlúswú). These forms are likely from 비릇〮 (pìlús-, “to begin”) + 오/우 (-wo/wu, “adverbializer”); compare 자주 (jaju), 너무 (neomu), 바투 (batu), et cetera.
From Old Korean 始叱 (*PILUs).


어찌

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 엇뎨 (Yale: es.tyey).

ko-etym-native

아나: 피트 안녕. 안녕. 우리 여기 있어. — 피트: 안녕, 아나. 안녕. 마샤. —아나: 안녕. —피트: 너희 둘은 어찌 지내? —마샤: 난 좋아.
ana: piteu annyeong. annyeong. uri yeogi isseo. - piteu: annyeong, ana. annyeong. masya. -ana: annyeong. -piteu: neohui dureun eojji jinae? -masya: nan joa.
Anna: Pete, hi! Hi, we are here! —Pete: Hi, Anna! Hi, Marsha! —Anna: Hi! —Pete: How are you two? —Marsha: I am great!
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)


아예

From Middle Korean 아ᅀᅵ (Yale: azi, “beginning”) + 에 (Yale: ey, “at”).


금방

Sino-Korean word from 今方, from 今 (“now”) + 方 (“at the point of”)

ko-etym-Sino

금방 돌아올게요.


꽤

To a more than ordinary degree; rather, fairly.


상당히

From 상당(相當) (sangdang, “an appropriate amount”) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

affix

상당히 어려웠어요.


무척

[mut͡ɕʰʌ̹k̚]

그는 무척이나 노력하였고 잠시 레버에 매달렸다. 그리고 천천히 엔진은 다시 앞으로 나아갔다.
geuneun mucheogina noryeokhayeotgo jamsi rebeo'e maedallyeotda. geurigo cheoncheonhi enjineun dasi apeuro naagatda.
He made a huge effort, hung for a moment on the levers, and slowly the engine came forward again.
1921, H. G. Wells, The Sleeper Awakes, Chapter XXIV (The original sentence in English)

very, extremely, extraordinarily, exceedingly


너무나

From 너무 (neomu, “too”) + 나 (-na, intensifying particle).


도대체

Sino-Korean word from 都大體, from 都 (“all”) + 大體 (“on earth”).

ko-etym-Sino

도대체 왜 그러는 거냐? (casual)


다소

Sino-Korean word from 多 (“many”) + 小 (“few”)


그리하여

[kɯɾiɦa̠jʌ̹]

Infinitive of 그리하다 (geurihada, “to be thus”).


미리

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 미리 (Yale: mili).

ko-etym-native

미리 보기


앞서

Possibly 앞 (ap, “before”) + 서 (-seo, “at”).


더불어

Of native Korean origin. Infinitive of the defective verb 더불— (deobul-, “to be together”), which is otherwise attested only in the gerund 더불고 (deobulgo, “whilst bringing along or entailing”).


점차

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)mt͡ɕʰa̠]

Sino-Korean word from 漸次, from 漸 (“gradual”) + 次 (“turn”).


왜냐하면

Literally "if you want to know why." From 왜 (wae, “why”) + 이 (i-, “be”, copula, elided) + 냐 (-nya, interrogative suffix) + 하 (ha-, “say”) + 면 (-myeon, conditional conjunctive suffix).

affix

오늘 집에 일찍 가야 한다. 왜냐하면 아내가 아프기 때문이다.

[I] have to go home early today. It's because [my] wife is sick.

oneul jibe iljjik gaya handa. waenyahamyeon anaega apeugi ttaemunida.


당장

Sino-Korean word from 當場, from 當 (“proper”) + 場 (“place”), or from 當 (“just at”) + 場 (“place”)

ko-etym-Sino

[ta̠ŋd͡ʑa̠ŋ]

당장 우리 자리를 예약할께요.

At once; immediately thereafter; right now


어쩌면

[ʌ̹t͡ɕ͈ʌ̹mjʌ̹n]


아까

First attested in the Beonyeok nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대), 1517, as Middle Korean 앗가 (Yale: as.ka).


잘못

Of native Korean origin. Possibly from 잘 (jal, “well”) + 못 (mot, “not”).

죄송합니다만, 전화 잘못 거셨네요. — 아… 5558986(오오오에 팔구팔육) 맞나요? — 아니요. 여기는 5558689(오오오에 팔육팔구)입니다. — 아 죄송합니다. — 괜찮아요.
joesonghamnidaman, jeonhwa jalmot geosyeonneyo. - a… 555-8986(ooo'e palguparyuk) mannayo? - aniyo. yeogineun 555-8689(ooo'e paryukpalgu)imnida. - a joesonghamnida. - gwaenchanayo.
I am sorry. You have the wrong number. — Oh. Is this 555-8986? — No. This is 555-8689. — Oh. Excuse me! — Okay. Bye.
Original English texts from 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)


자꾸

First attested in the Dictionnaire Coréen-Français (Korean-French Dictionary), 1880, as Early Modern Korean 잡고 (Yale: capkwo), originally a connective form of 잡다 (japda, “to grab”), etymologically "grabs, and […] ".

먹지 말라 해도 자꾸 먹는다.

Even when I tell him to not eat it, he keeps eating.


그리

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 그리〮 (Yale: kùlí).


널리

너르— (neoreu-, “to be wide”) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).


적어도

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)ɡʌ̹do̞]

From 적어 (jeogeo), infinitive of 적다 (jeokda, “to be few”), and the particle 도 (do, “even”).


진짜

[t͡ɕiɲt͡ɕ͈a̠]

진(眞) (jin, “truth”) + 짜 (-jja) of unclear origin, perhaps nativisation of 자(字) (ja, “character”, Sino-Korean).
Presumably replaced Middle Korean 진딧 (cintis), from the same Chinese etymon and with the same meaning.


어쨌든

[ʌ̹t͡ɕ͈ɛt̚t͈ɯn]

[ʌ̹t͡ɕ͈e̞t̚t͈ɯn]

Possibly a contracted form of 어찌하였든 (eojjihayeotdeun, “whatever has been done”), from 어찌하다 (eojjihada).


분명히

From 분명(分明) (bunmyeong, “obviously”) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


더구나

First attested in the Eonhae duchang jibyo (諺解痘瘡集要 / 언해두창집요), 1608, as Early Modern Korean 더고나 (Yale: tekwona).


참으로

[t͡ɕʰa̠mɯɾo̞]

Of native Korean origin. From 참 (cham, “true”) + 으로 (-euro, adverbial particle).


깊이

First attested in the Worin cheon'gangjigok (月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡), 1449, as Middle Korean 기피 (Yale: kiphi). From 깊 (gip-, “deep”) + 이 (-i, nominalisation/adverbial suffix).


겨우

First attested in the Beonyeok nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대), 1517, as Middle Korean 계우 (Yale: kyeywu).


가까이

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 갓가ᄫᅵ〮 (Yale: kàskàWí), equivalent to 가깝 (gakkap-) + 이 (-i).


천천히

[ˈt͡ɕʰɘ(ː)ɲt͡ɕʰʌ̹nʝi]

First attested in the Gyechuk ilgi (癸丑日記 / 계축일기), c. 1600 , as Early Modern Korean 쳔쳔이 (Yale: chyenchyen-i).
천천 (cheoncheon, root) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

af

좀만 천천히 해줄래?


대체로

[ˈtɛ(ː)t͡ɕʰe̞ɾo̞]

[ˈte̞(ː)t͡ɕʰe̞ɾo̞]

From 대체(大體) (daeche, “outline, whole”) + 로 (-ro, adverbial particle).


몹시

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 모〯ᄢᅴ〮. Ultimately from Middle Korean 몯〯 (mwǒt, “not”) + ᄡᅳ〮 (psú, “to use”) + 긔〮 (-kúy, adverbial suffix).

compound

Exceedingly; to the greatest possible extent.


가만히

From Middle Korean ᄀᆞᄆᆞ니 (Yale: kòmònì), ᄀᆞ마니 (Yale: kòmànì).
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᄆᆞ니 (Yale: kòmònì).
가만 (gaman) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


대개

Sino-Korean word from 大槪, from 大 (“large”) + 槪 (“largely”).

ko-etym-sino

그 여자는 대개 걸어서 학교에 간다.

Geu yeoja-neun daegae georeoseo hakgyo-e ganda.


언젠가

[ˈɘ(ː)ɲd͡ʑe̞nɡa̠]


죄

First attested in the Iryun haengsildo (二倫行實圖 / 이륜행실도), 1518 (Oksan Seowon ed.), as Middle Korean 죄 (Yale: cwoy).


조금씩

[t͡ɕo̞ɡɯmɕ͈ik̚]

From 조금 (jogeum, “a little”) + 씩 (-ssik, “each”).


맨

First attested in the Beonyeok nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대), 1517, as Middle Korean ᄆᆡᆫ (Yale: mòyn). Most likely a yang-vowel ablaut variant of 믠 (Yale: mùyn), whence modern 민 (min-, “bare; naked; unadorned”). See there for more.

ruby

􂀿具􂁀(구)􂀿本􂁀(본)􂀿寬􂁀(관)

具(구)本(본)寬(관)

lang

具(구)本(본)寬(관)

우리 회사에는 맨 남자들밖에 없다.

Uri hoesa-e-neun maen namja-deul-bakke eopda.


단순히

From 단순(單純) (dansun, “simplicity”) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


실제

[ɕʰiʎt͡ɕ͈e̞]

Sino-Korean word from 實際, from 實 (“praxis”) + 際 (“time”)


끊임없이

Univerbation of 끊임 (kkeunim, “cessation”) + 없이 (eopsi, “without”).

univerbation

이 텔레비전 프로그램은 나를 끊임없이 웃게 만든다.

This television program makes me continuously laugh.

i tellebijeon peurogeuraem-eun na-reul kkeunimeopsi utge mandeunda.


사실상

[ˈsʰa̠(ː)ɕʰiɭs͈a̠ŋ]

Sino-Korean word from 事實上, from 事實 (“actual fact”) + 上 (“from the standpoint of”).

ko-etym-sino

우리는 사실상 매일 본다.

We see each other practically every day.


차라리

[t͡ɕʰa̠ɾa̠ɾi]

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄎᆞᆯ히 (Yale: cholhi).


가령

[ˈka̠(ː)ɾjʌ̹ŋ]

Sino-Korean word from 假令, from 假 (“supposing”) + 令 (“supposing”)


깨끗이

[k͈e̞k͈ɯɕʰi]

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᆺᄀᆞ지 (Yale: koskoci).


아무래도

First attested in the Eorokhae (語錄解 / 어록해), 1652, as Early Modern Korean 아므려도 (Yale: amulyetwo).


희한히

From 희한(稀罕) (huihan, “rarity”) + 히 (-hi).


가만가만

First attested in the Eonhae taesan jibyo (諺解胎産集要 / 언해태산집요), 1608, as Early Modern Korean ᄀᆞ만ᄀᆞ만 (Yale: komankoman).


가로

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᄅᆞ (Yale: kolo).


가히

From 가(可) (ga) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


갸웃

Of native Korean origin. Related to 갸울다 (gyaulda, “to tilt”).

Cocking or tilting one's head to one side.


건강히

From 건강(健康) (geon'gang, “health”) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


고루

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 골오〮 (Yale: kwòlGwó).


곧바로

From 곧 (got, “at once”) + 바로 (baro, “exactly”).


그다지

그의 방은 그다지 따뜻하지 않다.

geuui bang'eun geudaji ttatteuthaji anta.


實際

hanja form of 실제 (“practically; in fact”)


그렇게

나는 그렇게 생각하지 않아.

난 정말 그렇게 하기는 원하지 않아.

nan jeongmal geureoke hagineun wonhaji ana.


方今

hanja form of 방금 (“just a moment ago; just now”)


봉

hissingly. Used to express the hiss of escaping gas or wind.

buzzingly. Used to express the buzz of a flying insect.


써

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄡᅥ (Yale: pse).


드디어

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean 드듸여 (Yale: tutuyye).

드디어 남북통일이 되었다.

수년 동안의 노력 끝에 드디어 고시에 합격하였다.

After years of effort, [I] finally passed the civil service exam.

Sunyeon dong'an-ui noryeok kkeut-e deudieo gosi-e hapgyeokhayeotda.


절대로

[t͡ɕʌ̹ɭt͈ɛɾo̞]

[t͡ɕʌ̹ɭt͈e̞ɾo̞]


작작

[t͡ɕa̠k̚t͡ɕ͈a̠k̚]


마이

그 너무 사람들이 마이 와서 인자 이 뭐 상당히 그 귀찬는 기라.

2012 February 3, 하기호 [hagiho], “못된 부자 혼내 준 스님 [motdoen buja honnae jun seunim]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 고성군 고성읍 [gyeongsangnamdo goseonggun goseong'eup]:

But because so many people were coming now it was becoming a quite a hassle for her.

Gyeongsang, Gangwon, and Chungcheong form of 많이 (mani, “many, a lot”)


等等

hanja form of 등등 (“et cetera, etc.; and so on”)


더욱이

besides, further, moreover, furthermore (in addition to what has been said)


어느새

Of native Korean origin. 어느 (eoneu) + 새 (sae).


此後

hanja form of 차후 (“in the future, at some future point”)


예컨대

From 예(例) (ye, “example”) + 컨대 (-keondae, literary conditional suffix).


응당

[ˈɯ(ː)ŋda̠ŋ]

ought to, should, must (treat as an adverb)


비단

Sino-Korean word from 非但, from 非 (“not be”) + 但 (“only”).


미주알고주알

Possibly from assonance of 미주알 (mijual, "sphincter muscles of the anus").

inquisitively, to the last details, thoroughly


차례차례

charyecharye (romanization)
次例次例 (hanja)

[t͡ɕʰa̠ɾje̞t͡ɕʰa̠ɾje̞]

Reduplication of 차례 (次例, charye, “sequence, turn”).


代代

hanja form of 대대 (“from generation to generation; down through the generations”)


조용히

Nativisation of the Sino-Korean term 종용히 (從容—, jong'yonghi, “calmly”). Equivalent to 조용 (joyong) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

ko-etym-nativised

조용히 해주세요.


매번

Sino-Korean word from 每 (“every”) + 番 (“time”)


멍멍

Of native Korean origin. Onomatopoeia for the sound of a dog barking.

그 개는 멍멍 짖었다.


살짝

[sʰa̠ʎt͡ɕ͈a̠k̚]

고개를 살짝 들었다.

너희 엄마한테 살짝 말해줘.


괜히

괜 (gwaen, nativized form of 공연 (空然, gong'yeon, “in vain, unnecessariness”)) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


叮嚀

hanja form of 정녕 (“certainly, definitively, really”)


徹頭徹尾

cheolducheolmi (romanization)
철두철미 (hangeul)

철두철미 철두철미#Korean


모조리

all, without exception, altogether, completely


철저히

[t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎt͡ɕ͈ʌ̹ʝi]

From 철저(徹底) (cheoljeo, “thoroughness”) + 히 (-hi, adverb suffix).


뜻밖에

From 뜻밖 (tteutbak, “unexpectedness”) + 에 (-e, locative particle).


말없이

[ˈma̠(ː)ɾʌ̹pɕ͈i]

Univerbation of 말 (mal, “word, speech”) + 없이 (eopsi, “without”).


똑같이

Univerbation of 똑 (ttok, “exactly, just”) + 같이 (gachi, “together, same”).


어렴풋이

[ʌ̹ɾjʌ̹mpʰuɕʰi]

From root 어렴풋 (eoryeomput, “vagueness, indistinctness”) + 이 (-i, adverbial suffix).


목청껏

[mo̞k̚t͡ɕʰʌ̹ŋk͈ʌ̹t̚]

From 목청 (mokcheong, “voice”) + 껏 (-kkeot, “to the utmost of”).


가끔씩

From 가끔 (gakkeum, “often, sometimes”) + 씩 (-ssik, “every, bit (by bit)”).


다정히

[ta̠d͡ʑʌ̹ŋʝi]

From 다정(多情) (dajeong, “humaneness”) + 히 (-hi).


완전

[wa̠ɲd͡ʑʌ̹n]


왜케

왜케 진지해?

(colloquial) Contraction of 왜 이렇게 (wae ireoke, “Why so? Why .... like this?”).


샅샅이

From 샅 (sat, “gap”) + 샅 (sat, “gap”) + 이 (-i, adverbial suffix), literally "gap by gap; everywhere". Compare similar derivations of 낱낱이 (nannachi, “one by one”), 곳곳이 (gotgosi, “everywhere”), 몫몫이 (mongmoksi, “share by share; every share”), 앞앞이 (apapi, “before each person; each”), 집집이 (jipjibi, “house by house”).
th-final of the second syllable undergoes regular palatalisation when followed by suffix 이 (-i); compare 같이 (gachi).

2014, 팔달산 '토막 시신' 혈액형 A형 확인…목장갑 출처 파악 주력
경찰들이 수색견과 함께 눈 쌓인 팔달산 주변과 골목길을 샅샅이 살핍니다.
gyeongchaldeuri susaekgyeon'gwa hamkke nun ssain Paldalsan jubyeon'gwa golmokgireul satsachi salpimnida.
The policemen and their police dogs searched the snow-covered Paldalsan Mountain and its side roads thoroughly.

thoroughly, in every nook and corner, everywhere


쏜살같이

[s͈o̞nsʰa̠ɭɡa̠t͡ɕʰi]

쏘— (sso-) + —ㄴ (-n) + 살 (sal) + 같— (gat-) + —이 (-i)


씻은듯이

[ɕ͈isʰɯndɯɕʰi]

Of native Korean origin. From 씻 (ssit-, “to wash clean”) + 은 (-eun) + 듯이 (deusi).

cleanly (as if washed); completely, thoroughly, entirely


잠깐

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 자ᇝ〯간 (Yale: cǎm-s-kàn), from 暫 (cam, “temporary”) + ㅅ (-s-) + 間 (kan, “moment”).

ko-etym-native

잠깐 기다리세요.

for a short time, for a moment, awhile, briefly


이따가

이따가 만나자.

이따가 전화할게요.

a little later; after a while; a short time later


아무튼

in any case, anyway, anyhow, at any rate


곧장

[ko̞t̚t͡ɕ͈a̠ŋ]

오른쪽으로 돌아 곧장 가세요.


여기저기

[jʌ̹ɡid͡ʑʌ̹ɡi]

Univerbation of 여기 (yeogi, “here”) + 저기 (jeogi, “over there”).
Compare Japanese あちらこちら (achirakochira, literally “over there + here”).


매주

Sino-Korean word from 每週, from 每 (“every”) + 週 (“week”)

ko-etym-sino

매주 우리는 당신들을 생각하게 만드는 소소한 퀴즈 시간을 가질 겁니다.

Every week we’ll have a little quiz to get you thinking.

maeju urineun dangsindeureul saenggakhage mandeuneun sosohan kwijeu siganeul gajil geomnida.


于先

hanja form of 우선 (“first, first of all”)


틀림없이

[tʰɯʎʎimʌ̹pɕ͈i]


몫몫이

share by share; each share/portion; into shares


어렵사리

[ʌ̹ɾjʌ̹ps͈a̠ɾi]


쉽사리

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 쉽〯사리〮 (Yale: swǐpsàlí).
From 쉽— (swip-).


설사

설사 자기 것이 아니더라도 물자를 낭비해서는 안 된다. (formal non-polite style)

You should not waste things even if they are not yours.

Seolsa jagi geos-i ani-deorado mulja-reul nangbihae-seo-neun an doenda.


송두리째

[sʰo̞ŋduɾit͡ɕ͈ɛ]


갑작스레

[ka̠p̚t͡ɕ͈a̠ks͈ɯɾe̞]

갑작 (gapjak) + 스레 (-seure). Adverb form of 갑작스럽다 (gapjakseureopda).


엉겁결에

[ʌ̹ŋɡʌ̹p̚k͈jʌ̹ɾe̞]


관계없이

성패에 관계없이

성별, 연령에 관계없이 응모할 수 있음.

Anyone may apply irrespective of sex or age.

seongbyeol, yeollyeong'e gwan'gyeeopsi eungmohal su isseum.


대략

관측 가능한 우주 안에는 대략 수백억개의 은하수가 있습니다.

2011, 00:48 from the start, in Distant time and the hint of a multiverse, Sean Carroll (actor), TED

There are approximately a hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe.

gwancheuk ganeunghan uju an-eneun daeryak subaegeokgae-ui eunhasu-ga itseumnida.


때문에

Analyzable as an elision of the first word, e.g. 이 (i, “this”), in the phrase 이 때문에 (i ttaemun-e, “because of this”) or an equivalent construction.

때문에 미중 관계는 하루가 다르게 악화되고 있습니다.

Due to this, China-United States relations are deteriorating with rapidity.

ttaemune Mijung gwan'gye-neun haruga dareuge akhwadoego itseumnida.

(proscribed, nonstandard) because of this, because of the aforementioned


한꺼번에

한 (han, “one”) + ? + 번(番) (beon, “time”) + 에 (-e, “at”).


낱낱이

From 낱 (nat) + 낱 (nat) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).


오직

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 오직〮 (Yale: wòcík).
From Old Korean 唯只 (*WOCIk).


이렇게

이렇게도 아름다운 세상 잊지 않으리 내가 사랑한 얘기.

1988, Lee Moon-sae, Lee Yeong Hoon (lyrics and music), “가로수 그늘 아래 서면” (track 1, Side B), in 이문세 5, performed by Lee Moon-sae:

Ireokedo areumdaun sesang itji aneuri naega saranghan yaegi.


입빠이

(uncommon) Alternative form of 이빠이 (ippai, “to a great extent”)


덜

First attested in the Gugeupganibang eonhae (救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해), 1489, as Middle Korean 덜〯 (Yale: těl). Related to 덜다 (deolda, “to lessen, to reduce”).

오늘은 어제보다 덜 추워요.


잔뜩

잔뜩 먹다


今方

hanja form of 금방 (“soon, shortly; just now, just”)


굉장히

[kø̞ŋd͡ʑa̠ŋʝi]


맨날

Alternation of 만날 (萬—, mannal), possibly via association with 맨 (maen, “extreme, most; nothing but, full of”).


등등

[ˈtɯ(ː)ŋdɯŋ]


똑바로

From 똑 (ttok, “stitch, line”) + 바로 (baro, “straight, upright, honestly, truly, correctly”).

com

똑바로 서다

똑바로 앉라!

똑바로 앉다

세상을 똑바로 살다


서서히

[ˈsʰɘ(ː)sʰʌ̹ʝi]

From 서서(徐徐) (seoseo) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


최소한

[ˈt͡ɕʰø̞(ː)sʰo̞ɦa̠n]


아울러

First attested in the Myobeomnyeonhwagyeong eonhae (妙法蓮華經諺解 / 묘법연화경언해), 1463, as Middle Korean 아오로 (Yale: awolwo). From 아우르— (aureu-, “to combine, to join”) + —어— (-eo-).


정확히

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)ŋβwa̠cçi]

From 정확(正確) (jeonghwak) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

affix

exactly, accurately, correctly, precisely


마주

마주 보다

마주 팔로우하다


몰래

[ˈmo̞(ː)ɭɭɛ]

몰래 만나다

to have a secret meeting, to meet in secret


다들

다들 잘 들어갔어?


매달

From 매(每) (mae, “each, every”) + 달 (dal, “moon”).

com

매달 1일에


나란히

나란 (naran, root) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


워낙

우리는 워낙 졸아서 잠을 더 자야 한다.

We are so tired that we need more sleep.

Uri-neun wonak jor-aseo jam-eul deo jaya handa.

철수는 워낙 감기에 잘 걸려서 문제지.

Cheol-su usually catches a cold so easily, so it is a problem.

Cheolsu-neun wonak gamgi-e jal geollyeoseo munje-ji.

영희는 워낙에 목소리가 아름답지.

Yeonghui-neun wonag-e moksori-ga areumdapji.


끝내

나는 끝내 다리를 다쳤다.

I hurt my leg. (emphasizing a conclusion of a certain event that ended with hurting one's own leg)


확실히

확실히 조사하다

surely, certainly, definitely, unquestionably, for certain, for sure, without doubt


내내

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 내〯내〯 (Yale: năynăy). Reduplication of 내 (nae).


이자

그 다음 이자 평북도는 돼지 키우고...

2020 September 28, 최태선 [choetaeseon], “평안도 사투리와 각 지방 별명 [pyeong'ando saturiwa gak jibang byeolmyeong]”, in 김길선's 평양만사 [gimgilseon s pyeong'yangmansa], 자강도 송원군 [jagangdo song'won'gun]:

Next, now in northern Pyongan province they raise pigs...

그래 주인은 마 술을 취해가주 이자 깨나서 보니...

1979 December 1, 이수영 [isuyeong], “개무덤 [gaemudeom]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView1_html5.asp?ur10no=tsu_1653&ur20no=Q_1653_2_03A&dbkind=1&hilight=%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9)), 경상북도 경주시 황오동 [gyeongsangbukdo gyeongjusi hwang'odong]:

Then the house owners, who had been drunk from alchohol, had now woken up and saw...

(dialectal, Pyongan, Jeolla dialect, Gyeongsang) now


매년

[ˈmɛ(ː)ɲʌ̹n]


정말로

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)ŋma̠ɭɭo̞]

하지만 정말로 미안해.


도저히

[ˈto̞(ː)d͡ʑʌ̹ʝi]

not at all, (with negative verb) possibly (as in "couldn't possibly")


마구

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 마고〮 (Yale: màkwó), derived from 막다〮 (Yale: màk-tá, “to block”). Original meaning: "blocking; stopping up; intending to block or stop up". The etymology is no longer transparent.

carelessly, recklessly, indiscriminately, at random


내지

컴퓨터 프로그래머 열 명 내지 스무 명이 이 앱을 제작했다.

Around 10 or 20 computer programmers created this (smartphone) app.

keompyuteo peurogeuraemeo yeol myeong naeji seumu myeong'i i aeb-eul jejakhaetda.

from how many to how many (Sino-Korean manifestation of 얼마에서 얼마까지)

우리가 가야 할 피시지는 산 내지 바다다.

The summer vacation spot that we will go is the mountains or the sea.

uri-ga gaya hal pisiji-neun san naeji badada.


곳곳

Reduplication of 곳 (got, “place”). Compare Japanese 所(ところ)々(どころ) (tokorodokoro).


ㅇㄱㄹㅇ

igeoreal (romanization)
igeorieol (romanization)

이거레알 이거레알#Korean

(Internet slang, text messaging) Initialism of 이거레알 (igeoreal, “for real”).


유난히

particularly, especially, exceptionally, unusually


특별히

[tʰɯk̚p͈jʌ̹ɾʝi]

특별(特別) (teukbyeol, “being special”) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

af

especially, in particular, special, specially


하여튼

anyway, anyhow, in any case, at any rate


적당히

[t͡ɕʌ̹k̚t͈a̠ŋʝi]


대충

Nativisation of the Sino-Korean term 대총 (大總, daechong).


꾸준히

꾸준— (kkujun-) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


마음대로

From 마음 (ma'eum, “mind; heart”) + 대로 (daero, “in the same way as”).

affix

제 마음대로 할 거예요


직전

[t͡ɕik̚t͡ɕ͈ʌ̹n]

Sino-Korean word from 直前, from 直 (“directly”) + 前 (“before”)


거꾸로

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 갓ᄀᆞ로. Cognate to Jeju 거꾸로 (geokkuro)


좆나

Of native Korean origin. Contraction of earlier 좆 나게 (jot na-ge, “so the penis comes out”), implying an erection. Not even the uncontracted form is attested before the 1980s. Some scholars have suggested that this originated in South Korean army slang (Cho Hang-beom 2019, pp. 354–356).

겨울 되니까 좆나 춥네.

It's so fucking cold now that it's winter.

내가 너 좆나 좋아하는 거 알지?

(vulgar, slang) as fuck, fucking (vulgar intensifying adverb) [since 1980s]


되게

[ˈtø̞(ː)ɡe̞]


거듭

First attested in the Gugeupganibang eonhae (救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해), 1489, as Middle Korean 거듧 (Yale: ketulp).


저절로

[t͡ɕʌ̹d͡ʑʌ̹ɭɭo̞]


줄곧

[t͡ɕuɭɡo̞t̚]

Of native Korean origin. From 줄 (jul) + 곧 (got).

지금까지 줄곧 어디 계셨습니까?

jigeumkkaji julgot eodi gyesyeotseumnikka?


최대한

[ˈt͡ɕʰø̞(ː)dɛɦa̠n]

[ˈt͡ɕʰø̞(ː)de̞ɦa̠n]


각기

Sino-Korean word from 各其, from 各 (“each”) + 其 (“therein”)

ko-etym-sino

그들에게 사과를 각기 두 개씩 주어라.

geudeur-ege sagwa-reul gakgi du gae-ssik jueora.

화장실이 방마다 각기 따로 있습니다.

Each room has its own separate bathroom.

hwajangsir-i bang-mada gakgi ttaro itseumnida.


고대

Of native Korean origin. 곧 (got, “soon”) + 애 (-ae, suffix).


젤

제일(第一) 제일#第一

Contraction of 제일(第一) (jeil, “first, number one”).


제법

[t͡ɕe̞bʌ̹p̚]

비가 제법 온다.


미처

내가 미처 두부를 살 생각해지 못했다.

nae-ga micheo dubu-reul sal saenggakhaeji mothaetda.

yet (up to a certain point of event or a certain phase; usually for denoting a consequence of a failed act)


무려

Sino-Korean word from 無慮, from 無 (“without”) + 慮 (“worry”).

ko-etym-Sino

오늘 운이 좋은 이 어부는 오징어를 무려 열 마리 잡았다.

This lucky fisherman caught as many as ten squids today.

Oneul un-i jo'eun i eobu-neun ojing'eo-reul muryeo yeol mari jabatda.

최근 사천성 삼성퇴 유적지에서 무려 3000년 전의 황금 가면이 발굴되었다.

Recently, in the archaeological site of Sanxingdui, Sichuan Province, a golden mask from no less than three thousand years ago was discovered.

Choegeun Sacheonseong Samseongtoe yujeokji-eseo muryeo samcheonnyeon jeon-ui hwanggeum gamyeon-i balguldoeeotda.

내가 그 집을 찾는 데 무려 두 시간이나 걸린 것은 오로지 비 탓이었다.

1962, Kim Seung'ok, 생명연습 [saengmyeong'yeonseup, Operation]:

It was solely because of the rain that it took me no less than two hours to find that house.

as many as, as much as, no less than (denoting an unexpectedly large number)

그는 무려 적국에게 개입을 요청했다.

He requested the intervention of no other than the enemy country.

Geu-neun muryeo jeokgug-ege gaeib-eul yocheonghaetda.

(proscribed) none other than, no other than (denoting an unexpected occurrence or entity)


하긴

하긴 결과가 잘 나와서 다행이다.

Honestly, (I'm) relieved that the result turned out fine.

hagin gyeolgwa-ga jal nawaseo dahaeng'ida.

honestly, in fact, really, indeed (used as a positive feedback for an aforementioned topic in a conversation)


죄다

[ˈt͡ɕø̞(ː)da̠]


접때

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)p̚t͈ɛ]

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)p̚t͈e̞]


그렇지

[kɯɾʌ̹t͡ɕʰi]

농담이지, 그렇지?

isn't it? aren't you?, etc. (seeking confirmation)


모처럼

[mo̞t͡ɕʰʌ̹ɾʌ̹m]

모처럼의 좋은 날씨


절대

[t͡ɕʌ̹ɭt͈e̞]

나는 절대 그런 말을 한 적이 없다.

na-neun jeoldae geureon mar-eul han jeog-i eopda.


달마다

Of native Korean origin. From 달 (dal, “moon”) + 마다 (-mada, “each, every”).


아련히

아련 (aryeon, root) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


차츰

[t͡ɕʰa̠t͡ɕʰɯm]


감히

제가 감히 한 말씀 드리겠습니다.

If I may, I would like to say one thing.

je-ga gamhi han malsseum deurigetseumnida.


이내

해가 들자 이내 잠이 깼다.

When the sun came in, he woke up right away.

문을 나가면 이내 정자가 보인다.

When you exit the door, you can see a pavilion right away.

Mun-eul nagamyeon inae jeongja-ga boinda.


금세

Contraction of 금시(今時) (geumsi, “present moment”) + 에 (-e, locative particle). No longer perceived as such by most modern speakers.


온종일

[ˈo̞(ː)ɲd͡ʑo̞ŋiɭ]

From 온 (on-, “all; entire”) + 종일(終日) (jong'il, “the whole day”).


갈수록

가— (ga-, “to go”) + —ᆯ수록 (-lsurok, “the more ...”).

소득 수준이 높아지면서 대형 가전제품의 수요가 갈수록 늘어나고 있다.

As income level is raised, the demand for large-sized household electrical appliances is also increasing.

Sodeuk sujun-i nopaji-myeonseo daehyeong gajeonjepum-ui suyo-ga galsurok neureonago itda.

as time goes by, the more ... the more ...


하도

하도 바빠서 화장실 갈 시간조차 없으셨어요.

I was too busy even to go to the toilet.

hado bappaseo hwajangsil gal sigan-jocha eopseusyeosseoyo.


無機化學

mugihwahak (romanization)
무기화학 (hangeul)

무기화학 무기화학#Korean

hanja form of 무기화학 (“inorganic chemistry”)


有機化學

yugihwahak (romanization)
유기화학 (hangeul)

유기화학 유기화학#Korean

hanja form of 유기화학 (“organic chemistry”)


쌀쌀히

[s͈a̠ɭs͈a̠ɾʝi]


無盡

hanja form of 무진 (“endlessly; inexhaustibly”)


멀찌감치

[mʌ̹ʎt͡ɕ͈iɡa̠mt͡ɕʰi]

멀 (meol-, “far”) + 찍 (-jjik) + 암치 (-amchi).


시나브로

Bit by bit, little by little, slowly and slowly without recognizing.


저렇게

[t͡ɕʌ̹ɾʌ̹kʰe̞]


재빨리

[t͡ɕɛp͈a̠ʎʎi]

[t͡ɕe̞p͈a̠ʎʎi]

가능한 한 재빨리!


가득가득

(ideophonic) packed full; teeming with; full of (people or objects)


하여간

Sino-Korean word from 何如間, from 何 (“what”) + 如 (“to be like”) + 間 (“space”).


어차피

[ʌ̹t͡ɕʰa̠pʰi]

Sino-Korean word from 於此彼, from 於 (“at”) + 此 (“this”) + 彼 (“that”).

갔어도 어차피 못 봤을 거야.

You wouldn't have seen it anyway even if you'd gone.


급기야

Sino-Korean word from 及其也, from 及 (“reach”) + 其 (“that”) + 也 (“to be”).

급기야 그는 실패하고 말았다


풍

문풍지(門風紙) 문풍지#Korean

Describing a dull, muffled sound of something such as a 문풍지(門風紙) (munpungji, “door paper”) torn through

Describing a sound of blocked air bursting through a gap


풍

바위가 호수에 풍 빠졌다.

Describing the sound of a large heavy object falling into deep water: with a thud


실컷

[ɕʰiɭkʰʌ̹t̚]

First attested in the Gyechuk ilgi (癸丑日記 / 계축일기), c. 1600 , as Early Modern Korean 슬컷 (Yale: sulkhes).
Possibly a compound of (if analyzed with modern equivalents) 싫 (sil-, “to be unpleasant”) + 껏 (-kkeot, “to the utmost of”).

affix

to one's heart's content
to one's heart's content


조만간

soon, shortly, sooner or later, in the near future


기꺼이

그는 제안을 기꺼이 받아들였다.
Geu-neun jean-eul gikkeoi badadeuryeotda.
He accepted the offer with alacrity.


어저께

[ʌ̹d͡ʑʌ̹k͈e̞]


바리

그 산 바리 밑에 구암사라 카는 기 있었습니다.

1983 October 10, 변수철 [byeonsucheol], “구암사 유래 [guamsa yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 대구광역시 달성군 유가면 [daegugwang'yeoksi dalseonggun yugamyeon]:

Right beneath the mountain was a temple called Guamsa.

Jeolla dialect, Gyeongsang, Hamgyong, and Yukjin form of 바로 (baro, “straight, right now”)


왈

Sino-Korean word from 曰, Classical Chinese quotative marker.

공자 왈, "배우고 때때로 익히면 즐겁지 아니한가?"

Confucius said: "Is it not a pleasure to study, and to practice what you have learned?"

Gongja wal, bae'ugo ttaettaero ikhimyeon jeulgeopji anihan'ga?"

선생님 왈, 글자 수만 맞추면 내용이 헛소리라도 무조건 만점이라 그랬다.

According to the teacher, you'd get a full mark just by meeting the length requirements, even if everything you wrote was nonsense.

Seonsaengnim wal, geulja su-man matchumyeon naeyong-i heotsori-rado mujogeon manjeom-ira geuraetda.

said, according to; intervenes between a quoted speaker and the quote.


반듯이

From 반듯 (bandeut, “upright, straight”) + 이 (-i).


몸소

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 몸〮ᅀᅩ (Yale: mwómzwò).

ko-etym-native

몸소 시범을 보여주다.


배불리

배불리 먹다

(eating one's fill) heartily, to one's heart content; having full stomach


외로

Of native Korean origin. From Middle Korean 외오 (Yale: woywo).

외로 지나 바로 지나

to bear a load either on one's left or right shoulder; implying that both are the same in terms of carrying it on one's back.

외로 틀다

to turn to the left, indicating a state of divergence without consent to work or opinion.

tilted to one side or upside down and not right


갓

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᆺ (Yale: kos).

갓 다녀갔어요.

갓난아기

newborn (literally, “baby just now born”)

갓 스무 살

just, barely; used to emphasize the newness of the state


빨리 (ppalli, “quickly”) is similar in sound to 팔 이 (八二, pal i, “8 2”).

(informal) Alternative spelling of 빨리 빨리 (ppalli ppalli, “quickly, quickly”)


요사이

From Middle Korean 요ᄉᆞ이 (yoso.i). First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 요ᄉᆞᅀᅵ (Yale: yosozi), a compound of 요 (yo, “this”) + ᄉᆞᅀᅵ (sozi, “space between”).

요ᄉᆞ이 아ᄂᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᆷ이 이셔 와 니ᄅᆞ되 / ᄆᆞᆯ 갑-시 요ᄉᆞ이 죠하

after 1795, 李洙 (I Su) [Lee Soo] et al., chapter 7, in 重刊老乞大諺解 (Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae) [Reprinted Nogeoldae, with Korean Interpretation]^(Ogura Coll. Asami Coll.), volume 1, page 15:

Recently a man I know has come and said, / the price of horses has been good recently

yosoi anon salom-i isye wa nilotwoy / mol kaps-i yosoi cyoha


이빠이

밥 이빠이 주이소. (Gyeongsang dialect)

맥주 이빠이 채워 줄래?

Would you mind fully filling [my glass] with beer?


매매

낯을 매매 안 씪나? (Gyeongsang dialect, Changwon)

Could it be that you don't wash your face carefullly?

(especially dialectal) meticulously, with much effort


이대로

I Believe 그댄 곁에 없지만
이대로 이별은 아니겠죠
I Believe 나에게 오는 길은
조금 멀리 돌아올 뿐이겠죠
I Believe geudaen gyeot-e eopjiman
idaero ibyeor-eun anigetjo
I Believe na'ege o-neun gir-eun

2001, “I Believe (I Believe)”, 양재선 (Yang Jaeseon) [Yang Jae-sun] (lyrics), performed by 신승훈 (Sin Seunghun) [Shin Seung-hun]


돌연

suddenly; unexpectedly; abruptly; all of a sudden


구로나

Cognate with standard Korean 그러나 (geureona)


종종

[ˈt͡ɕo̞(ː)ŋd͡ʑo̞ŋ]


똑

내 얼굴과 네 얼굴은 똑같죠?

Our faces are the exact same, aren't they?

exactly in the same way; having no differences


한데

한 (han, “one”) + 데 (de, “place”). Calque of Chinese 一起 (yīqǐ)


제우

Cognate with 겨우 (gyeou). Compare dialectal 재우 (jae'u), 제오 (je'o).

힘이 제워서 제우 가는 소를, 약하다고 하면 더 듣기 나쁘니, 그러지 말라고.

2009 February 27, 유재헌 [yujaeheon], “농부 말을 듣고 정치 잘한 이태조 [nongbu mareul deutgo jeongchi jalhan itaejo]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 강원도 평창군 진부면 [gang'wondo pyeongchanggun jinbumyeon]:

If you say that the cow that is overwhelmed and can barely move is weak, it might hear you and take offense so don't say that.

(Gyeongsang, Gangwon, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Hamgyong) Dialectal form of 겨우 (gyeou, “barely, with difficulty”)


웆제서

[ut̚t͡ɕ͈e̞sʰʌ̹]

Jeolla dialect form of 어째서 (eojjaeseo, “how is it that...”)


인자

전 인자 밥 먹을라고.

(dialectal, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong) now


어시

어느 산고개를 넘어가 어시 멀리 가뿠단 말이라.

1983 August 17, 정기호 [jeonggiho], “어느 과부와 귀가하던 과객 [eoneu gwabuwa gwigahadeon gwagaek]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 대구직할시 수성구 범어동 [daegujikhalsi suseonggu beomeodong]:

They had to go a very long distance to cross a certain mountain pass.


무릇

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 믈읫 (Yale: mùlGùys).


기실

Sino-Korean word from 其實, from 其 (“its”) + 實 (“truth”).

ko-etym-sino

내가 듣기에는 그의 장광설에는 영, 불, 독, 일 4개 국어가 적당히 혼용되어 있는 것 같았다. 기실 그는 어느 것 하나 능통하지는 못하지만 어느 것이든, 이를테면 우리말까지 합한 5개 국어를 적당히 구사할 줄 알았다.

1967, 송병수 [songbyeongsu, Song Byeong-su], “정광호 군 [jeonggwangho gun, Mr. Jeong Gwang-ho]”, in 현대문학 [Hyeondae munhak]:

To my ears, it seemed that four languages—English, French, German, and Japanese—were appropriately mixed into his long-winded yarn. In truth, he was not fluent in any of them, but he could speak any about well enough: five languages, so to speak, counting Korean.

(somewhat literary) actually; as a matter of fact; in fact


은근히

From 은근(慇懃) (eun'geun, “politeness; implicitness”) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

affix

그는 은근히 비관적인 태도를 보였다.

He implicitly showed a pessimistic attitude.

geuneun eun'geunhi bigwanjeogin taedoreul boyeotda.


혹여나

[ɸʷo̞ɡjʌ̹na̠]

From 혹여(或如) (hogyeo, “by any chance”) + 나 (-na).


혹시나

From 혹시(或是) (hoksi, “by chance”) + 나 (-na).


가차이

옛날에는 화염... 우리 증조부니까 한 백년, 백년 가차이, 한 팔십년?

2018 March 6, 정충갑 [jeongchunggap], “가교리 염전 [gagyori yeomjeon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 완도군 고금면 [jeollanamdo wandogun gogeummyeon]:

Back then [we used] fire fields [to make salt]... since it was the time of my great grandparents, maybe [it was about] a hundred years, close to a hundred years, [like] eighty years?

Jeolla dialect, Gangwon, and Gyeongsang form of 가까이 (gakkai, “closely, near”)


眞짜

Hanja-Hangul mixed script form of 진짜, “really; actually”.


正말

Hanja-Hangul mixed script form of 정말, “really; truly”.


無慮

hanja form of 무려 (“as many as, no less than”)


왜서

[ˈwɛ(ː)sʰʌ̹]


강력히

[ka̠ŋɲʌ̹cçi]


차마

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄎᆞ〮마〮 (Yale: chóm-á), simply equivalent to the infinitive of 참다 (chamda, “to bear; to stand; to endure”). The infinitive is now spelled differently, as 참아 (chama) rather than 차마 (chama), but the pronunciation is the same.

ko-etym-native

그 시체는 차마 못 보겠더라.

That corpse was one I couldn't possibly stand seeing.

possibly stand, possibly bear; used in a negated sentence to emphasize the emotional impossibility of the negated act


좀처럼

[ˈt͡ɕo̞(ː)mt͡ɕʰʌ̹ɾʌ̹m]

(used with negatives such as 않다 (anta) and 없다 (eopda)) seldom; rarely


슬쩍슬쩍

[sʰɯʎt͡ɕ͈ʌ̹ks͈ɯʎt͡ɕ͈ʌ̹k̚]

repeatedly somewhat subtly; repeatedly somewhat slightly

repeatedly discreetly, repeatedly secretly (often in a sly or negative way)

repeatedly lazily, repeatedly carelessly


살짝살짝

[sʰa̠ʎt͡ɕ͈a̠ks͈a̠ʎt͡ɕ͈a̠k̚]

고개를 살짝살짝 들었다.

He raised his head slightly a number of times.

쟤는 우리 비밀을 쌤한테 살짝살짝 이른다.

That guy tells our secrets to the teacher again and again in secret.

jae-neun uri bimir-eul ssaem-hante saljjaksaljjak ireunda.

repeatedly discreetly, repeatedly secretly


살며시

[sʰa̠ɭmjʌ̹ɕʰi]

(of an emotion) while slowly emerging in the mind


살포시

[sʰa̠ɭpʰo̞ɕʰi]

Of native Korean origin. The second element is perhaps connected to 포근하다 (pogeunhada, “to be cozy”).

손에 참새를 살포시 담았다.

He gently placed the sparrow inside his hand.


살푸시

(nonstandard) somewhat subtly and gently


슬며시

[sʰɯɭmjʌ̹ɕʰi]

그는 슬며시 눈치를 보며 또 음식을 담아 왔다.

He took a sneaky look and brought food again.

Geuneun seulmyeosi nunchireul bomyeo tto eumsigeul dama watda.

늘 그렇듯이 봄은 슬며시 왔다가 간다.

As always, spring comes and goes quietly.

Neul geureoteusi bomeun seulmyeosi watdaga ganda.

subtly as to not draw attention (often of a negative action)

찌가 수면 아래로 슬며시 잠긴다.

Jjiga sumyeon araero seulmyeosi jamginda.

나는 슬며시 화가 났다.

(of an emotion, often a negative one) while slowly emerging in the mind


절로

靑山도절노절노綠水ㅣ라도절노절노 / 山절노절노水절노절노山水間에나도절노절노 / 그中에절노ᄌᆞᄅᆡᆫ몸이늙기도절노절노늙으리라

c. 1790, 樂學拾零 (Akhak Seumnyeong) [Tidbits of the Musical Sciences]:

Verdant hills all naturally, clear waters all naturally / Hills all naturally, waters all naturally: between hill and water, I too all naturally / this body of mine, raised naturally between those two, even in growing old will age all naturally.

Cheongsan-do jeollo jeollo noksu-irado jeollo jeollo / san jeollo jeollo su jeollo jeollo sansugan-e na-do jeollo jeollo / geu jung-e jeollo jaraen mom-i neulkki-do jeollo jeollo neulgeurira

Short for 저절로 (jeojeollo, “by oneself; naturally”).


살그머니

[sʰa̠ɭɡɯmʌ̹ni]


슬쩍

[sʰɯʎt͡ɕ͈ʌ̹k̚]

discreetly; furtively (often in a cunning or negative way)


자기절로

[t͡ɕa̠ɡid͡ʑʌ̹ɭɭo̞]

(standard in North Korea) by oneself, on one's own, without assistance


하필

Sino-Korean word from 何必, from 何 (“how; why”) + 必 (“necessarily”)

ko-etym-sino

왜 하필 나야?

of all things, why... (used to emphasize the question of why it must specifically be so)


각설

Sino-Korean word from 却 (“doing away with”) + 說 (“discussion”).

(literary) marks a change of topic in the passage


힘껏

From 힘 (him, “strength”) + 껏 (-kkeot, “to the utmost of”).


대저

[ˈtɛ(ː)d͡ʑʌ̹]

[ˈte̞(ː)d͡ʑʌ̹]


빨리빨리

[p͈a̠ʎʎip͈a̠ʎʎi]

빨리빨리 걷다.


부리나케

부리나케 뛰어나가다.


요컨대

요(要)하 (yoha-, “to necessitate”) + 건대 (-geondae, subjective subordinating suffix). Literally "it being necessary [to say]".

affix

요컨대 사랑은 참으로 대단한 일이지요.

I should say, love is truly an amazing thing.

yokeondae sarang-eun cham-euro daedanhan ir-ijiyo.


하루빨리

나는 당신과 령부인이 하루빨리 완쾌되기를 진심으로 기원합니다.

2020, Korean Central News Agency, Uriminzokkiri, 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장 김정은동지께서 미합중국 대통령에게 위문전문을 보내시였다 (Comrade Kim Jong-un, Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of DPRK, sent a message of sympathy to the US President)

I sincerely wish that you and your wife recover as soon as possible.

naneun dangsin'gwa ryeongbu'ini haruppalli wankwaedoegireul jinsimeuro giwonhamnida.


그치만

제 차는 작아요. 그치만 예쁘고 새 거예요.

My car is small. But it's pretty and new.

je cha-neun jagayo. geuchiman yeppeugo sae geoyeyo.

그렇지만 그렇지만#Korean

contraction of 그렇지만 (geureochiman, “nonetheless; however; but”).


아니면

아니 (ani-, “to not be”) + 면 (-myeon, “if”).

맥주 먹을래, 아니면 위스키 먹을래?
Maekju meogeullae, animyeon wiseuki meogeullae?
Do you want to drink beer, or whisky?

literally, “Do [you] want to drink beer? If not, do [you] want to drink whisky?”


간간이

간간(間間) (gan'gan) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).

2 주 만에, 한 달 만에 간간이 답장 드리는 나이지만 선생님께서는 항상 당일에 답장하신다.

Even though I was someone who would respond just occasionally—once every two weeks, once every month—the teacher would always respond the very same day.

2 ju mane, han dal man-e gan'gani dapjang deurineun na-iji-man seonsaengnim-kkeseo-neun hangsang dang'ir-e dapjanghasinda.


정녕

[t͡ɕʌ̹ŋɲʌ̹ŋ]

사랑은 정녕 무엇인가?

정녕 내가 미쳤구나 생각했다.

I thought that I had gone definitively insane.

jeongnyeong nae-ga micheotguna saenggakhaetda.

certainly, definitively, really, for sure


용케

Contraction of 용하게 (yonghage), adverbial form of 용하다 (yonghada).

(of a positive event or situation) despite difficulty


能히

Hanja-Hangul mixed script form of 능히, “easily; competently”.


도리어

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 도ᄅᆞᅘᅧ〮 (Yale: twòlòhhyé), the infinitive form of the compound verb 도ᄅᆞᅘᅧ〮다〮 (twòlòhhyétá) from 도ᄅᆞ (twòlò–, “to turn, to change”) + ᅘᅧ〮다〮 (hhyétá, “to pull; emphatic auxiliary”).
In the seventeenth century, the infinitive form and the verb began to diverge. The former evolved into the modern adverb 도리어, while the verb itself has become modern 돌이키다 (dorikida), whose own infinitive is now 돌이켜 (dorikyeo).

ko-etym-native

범죄를 저지른 사람이 사과는 못 할망정 도리어 화를 냈다.

The criminal became angry rather than apologizing.

beomjoe-reul jeojireun saram-i sagwa-neun mot halmangjeong dorieo hwa-reul naetda.


엄청

[ʌ̹mt͡ɕʰʌ̹ŋ]


억수로

[ɤ̘k̚ʃɘ̝ɾo̞]

Related to 억세다 (eokseda, “to be firm, to be strong”). Reshaped by folk etymology as 억수 (eoksu, “heavy rain”) + 로 (-ro, instrumental particle).

affix

내는 니가 억수로 좋다.


혹자

[ɸʷo̞k̚t͡ɕ͈a̠]

(rare) Synonym of 혹시 (hoksi, “possibly, by chance”)


심지어

[ˈɕʰi(ː)md͡ʑiʌ̹]


앞에서

[a̠pʰe̞sʰʌ̹]

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 앞 (ap), 에서 (eseo).


앞으로

공격 공격 공격앞으로, 장군님의 혁명방식은!

2010, “공격전이다 (This is an Attack)”, 윤두근 (Yun Du-geun) (lyrics), 안정호 (An Jeong-ho) (music)

Attack, attack, attack towards the front! This is the way of revolution by the General (Kim Jong-il)!

gonggyeok gonggyeok gonggyeogap-euro, janggun-nim-ui hyeongmyeongbangsig-eun!

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 앞 (ap), 으로 (-euro).


아롱아롱

[a̠ɾo̞ŋa̠ɾo̞ŋ]


잠자코

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄌᆞᆷᄌᆞᆷ코〮 (Yale: còmcòm-khó), the connective form of the Sino-Korean adjective ᄌᆞᆷᄌᆞᆷᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: còmcòm-hòtá, “to be calm, to be still”) > modern 잠잠하다 (潛潛—, jamjamhada). Doublet of 잠잠히 (jamjamhi, “quietly, calmly, stilly”).

doublet

친구는 내 말을 잠자코 들어주었다.

chin'gu-neun nae mar-eul jamjako deureojueotda.

quietly, implicitly, stilly, without speech or movement


존나

Alternative spelling of 좆나 (jonna, “as fuck, fucking (vulgar intensifying adverb)”)


떼지어

[t͈e̞d͡ʑiʌ̹]


씩

씩 웃는다.


엊그제

[ʌ̹t̚k͈ɯd͡ʑe̞]


hoxy

Apparently from a meme on the DC Inside forum.

(Internet slang, humorous, neologism) Alternative form of 혹시(或是) (“maybe, possibly, by any chance”).


쉽게

[ʃʰɥip̚k͈e̞]

adverbial form of 쉽다 (swipda, “to be easy”): easily


卽時

hanja form of 즉시 (“immediately, promptly”)


卽刻

hanja form of 즉각 (“immediately; at once”)


즉각

[t͡ɕɯk̚k͈a̠k̚]


정작

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)ŋd͡ʑa̠k̚]


막상

막상 닥쳐봐야 안다.

You need to actually face it to understand.

아무리 마음을 먹어도 막상 시작하려 하니 막막하다.

No matter how much you've made up your mind, you feel lost when you get around to trying to start doing it.

amuri ma'eum-eul meogeo-do maksang sijakharyeo hani mangmakhada.

ᄲᆡᆼ덕어미도 ᄉᆡᆼ각ᄒᆞᆫ직, 막상 ᄂᆡ가 ᄯᅡ러 가드ᄅᆡ도 잔ᄎᆡ의 참예ᄒᆞ 기 젼이 업고 도라온들 셩셰도 젼만 못ᄒᆞ고[…]

Bbaengdeokeomi thought too: "Even if I were to get around to following them there, there would be no way for me to be part of the celebrations; and even if I were to come back, my fortune would not be what it was before […] "

Bbaengdeogeomido saenggakhanjik, maksang naega ttareo gadeuraedo janchaeui chamyeha[l] gi[l] jyeoni eopgo doraondeul syeongsyedo jyeonman mothago […]

緊(긴)張(장)味(미)를 示(시)하얏는데 막상 開(개)幕(막)이 되자 尾(미)崎(기)氏(씨)의 質(질)問(문)도 平(평)平(평)凡(범)凡(범)한 것이오

1929 January 24, “期(기)待(대)를 背(배)反(반) 平(평)凡(범)한 問(문)答(답) [Against Expectations, A Normal Questioning]”, in The Dong-a Ilbo:

A tense atmosphere could be seen, but in reality when the questioning session opened, Mr. Ozaki's question was most exceedingly normal.

Ginjangmireul sihayanneunde maksang gaemaki doeja Migissiui jilmundo pyeongpyeongbeombeomhan geosio

지금 매장으로 옮길 때는 출퇴근이 얼마나 걸리든 돈을 더 받는 게 무조건 낫다고 생각했다. 막상 다녀보니 꼭 그렇지만은 않았다.

2017 March 5, “손톱 [sontop, Fingernail]”, in Munhak-gwa Sahoe:

When she had moved to her current store, she had thought that it was unconditionally better to have a higher pay, no matter how long the commute might take. Now that she was going there, that proved to not necessarily be the case.

really, actually, when you get around to doing it (often in opposition to a prior preconceived notion)


마음껏

From 마음 (ma'eum, “mind; heart”) + 껏 (-kkeot, “to the utmost of”).


가다가

가— (ga-, “to go”) + 다가 (-daga, “while; and then”).

suffix

가끔 가다가 이상한 기분이 들 때가 있다.

Sometimes now and then, I get a weird feeling.

Gakkeum gadaga isanghan gibun-i deul ttae-ga itda.


기필코

From 기필(期必) (gipil) + 코 (-ko, adverb-deriving suffix).


적절히

[t͡ɕʌ̹k̚t͡ɕ͈ʌ̹ɾʝi]

From 적절(適切) (jeokjeol, “appropriate”) + 히 (-hi).


문 닫고

문(問) (mun, “door”) + 닫고 (datgo, connective form of 닫다 (datda, “to close”)), from the notion of closing the door behind oneself.

compound

connective form of <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">닫다</i> (datda, “to close”)

난 서울대를 진짜 문 닫고 들어갔어.

I was really just barely accepted into Seoul National University.

Nan Seouldae-reul jinjja mun datgo deureogasseo.

(idiomatic, colloquial) just barely making the cut

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 문 (mun), 닫다 (datda).


날래

우리 날래 갑세다.

(Pyongan, Hamgyong, Gangwon) quickly, without delay


都大體

hanja form of 도대체 (“on earth, the hell; not at all, unfortunately”)


드뎌

Alternative form of 드디어 (deudieo, “finally; at last”)


씨엄히

[ˈɕ͈i(ː)ʌ̹mʝi]

굴 쪼믄서 쪼은 굴 야금야금 먹는 재미가 씨엄하니 좋은데...

2009 June 10, cjs백령, “백령도 사투리 모음 [baengnyeongdo saturi mo'eum]”, in 백령NamPo13동창카페 [baengnyeongNamPo13dongchangkape], 인천광역시 옹진군 백령면 [incheon'gwang'yeoksi ongjin'gun baengnyeongmyeon]:

But I enjoy the great fun of eating oysters bit by bit while digging them up.

(Pyongan, Hamgyong, Hwanghae) very, greatly


남이사

The Gyeongsang dialect form of Standard Central Korean 남이야 (nam-iya, “as for other people”), which apparently spread into Seoul Korean in the late twentieth century with South Korean modernization.

cog

남이사 뭘 하든 니가 뭔 상관인데?

Why do you even care about what other people are doing?

Nam-isa mwol hadeun niga mwon sanggwan-inde?

none of your business
none of your business#English

(colloquial, derogatory) Used in place of 남이야 (nam-iya, “as for other people”) when dismissing people who are too nosy, with a connotation of "none of your business".

(Gyeongsang or slang) Alternative form of 남이야 (nam-iya, “as for other people”)


짜다라

[t͡ɕ͈ɐdɐɾɐ(k̚)~t͡ɕ͈ɐdəɾɐ(k̚)~t͡ɕ͈ɐdɤɾɐ(k̚)~t͡ɕ͈ɐduɾɐ(k̚)]

짜다라 알지도 못하는 사람 (Gyeongsang dialect, Changwon)


두루

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 두루 (Yale: twùlwù).


상구

From a compound involving 상 (常, sang, “constant”), perhaps specifically a Sino-Korean word from 常久.

자기가 전처 부인을 생각해서 상구 기가 막히네

1981 August 4, 신동식 [sindongsik], “사명당의 후처와 누명 쓴 며느리 [samyeongdang'ui hucheowa numyeong sseun myeoneuri]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 안동시 예안면 [gyeongsangbukdo andongsi yeanmyeon]:

Because he kept thinking about his ex-wife he became continuously flustered.

(Gyeongsang) constantly, continuously, keep... ing

(western Gyeongsang, eastern Jeolla dialect) very, extremely


어케

이거이 어케합니꺄? (dialectal)

(slang or northern dialectal) Contraction of 어떻게 (eotteoke, “how”).


유달시리

유달 (yudal) + 시리 (-siri, adverb-deriving suffix).
유달 (yudal) is perhaps Sino-Korean 有達 (yudal, “possessing attainment”), or perhaps Sino-Korean 有 (yu) + the adjectival stem 다르 (dareu-, “to be different”), or alternatively a merger of 유독(惟獨) (yudok, “uniquely, especially”) and 유별(有別) (yubyeol, “especial”).

af

오늘 낯이 유달시리 뽀얗다. (Gyeongsang dialect, Changwon)

(southern Gyeongsang) especially, unusually


변함없이

Univerbation of 변(變)함 (byeonham, “changing, change”) + 없이 (eopsi, “not having”).

univerbation

숲이 울창했던 그곳에 공장이 들어선지 이미 오래지만 그 시절 소나무들을 밝히던 달빛은 변함없이 밝다.

Though it has been a long time since factories were established in that place where the forest had been lush, the moonlight which illuminated the pine trees in those times are as bright as ever.

Sup-i ulchanghaetdeon geugos-e gongjang-i deureoseonji imi orae-jiman geu sijeol sonamu-deur-eul balkideon dalbich-eun byeonhameopsi bakda.


글고

(informal, slang) Contraction of 그리고 (geurigo).


인저

그래 인저 편지를 이도령 춘향이 겉이 편지를 주소를 갖구 간겨.

2009 February 12, 최분례 [choebullye], “6년 만에 찾아 나선 남편 [6nyeon mane chaja naseon nampyeon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청남도 금산군 군북면 [chungcheongnamdo geumsan'gun gunbungmyeon]:

So now Chunhyang and master Lee went to bring the letter to the address.

(dialectal, Chungcheong, Southern Seoul) now


오명가명

[o̞mjʌ̹ŋɡa̠mjʌ̹ŋ]

From Early Modern Korean 오명가명 (womyengkamyeng), from Middle Korean 오명〮 가명〮 (Yale: wòmyéng kàmyéng), using the emphatic verb-final particle ㅇ (Yale: -ng) after the connective forms of 오다〮 (Yale: wòtá, “to come”) and 가다〮 (Yale: kàtá, “to go”).

inh

晋(진)州(주) 南(남)江(강) 맑다 해도 오명가명 신새벽이나 밤빛에 보는 것을, 울엄매의 마음은 어떠했을꼬.

1983, 박재삼 [bakjaesam, Park Jae-sam], 추억에서 [chueogeseo, In Memories]:

Even though the Nam River in Jinju is pure, she could only have seen it at the break of dawn or by the light of night, while rushing back and forth; I wonder what my mother felt at those times.

(nonstandard, uncommon) while coming and going


저토록

[t͡ɕʌ̹tʰo̞ɾo̞k̚]


그치

(colloquial) Contraction of 그렇지 (geureochi).


결단코

From 결단(決斷) (gyeoldan, “decision”) + 코 (-ko, adverb-deriving suffix).

suffix

나는 결단코 해낼 거라고 내 자신에게 다짐했다.

I have promised to myself that I will succeed no matter what.

Na-neun gyeoldanko haenael geo-rago nae jasin-ege dajimhaetda.

결단코 실패하지 않을 것이다

(in negative constructions) never (in any case)


혼쾌히

Misspelling of 흔쾌히 (heunkwaehi, “readily; gladly; willingly”).


흔쾌히

흔쾌(欣快) (heunkwae) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).

af

그는 제안을 흔쾌히 받아드렸다.
Geu-neun jean-eul heunkwaehi badadeuryeotda.
He accepted the offer with alacrity.


그러자

[kɯɾʌ̹d͡ʑa̠]


본디

First attested in the Eoje naehun, (御製內訓 / 어제내훈), 1475 , as Middle Korean 본ᄃᆡ〮 (Yale: pwòntóy), from 본 (Yale: pwòn, “origin”, 本) + ᄃᆡ〮 (Yale: -tóy, adverbial suffix).


크게

adverbial form of 크다 (keuda, “to be big, to be great”): greatly


넌즈시

[nʌ̹ɲd͡ʑɯɕʰi]

Alternative form of 넌지시 (neonjisi, “discreetly”).


넌지시

[nʌ̹ɲd͡ʑiɕʰi]

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 넌즈시 (Yale: nèncùsì), equivalent to modern 넌짓 (neonjit, “discreetly”) + 이 (-i, adverb-attaching suffix).

af

衣(의)冠(관)이 整(졍)齊(졔)하고 거동이 非(비)凡(범)커ᄂᆞᆯ / 넌지시 向(향)問(문)하되 어ᄃᆡ서 오시온고

1759, 한석지/韓錫地 [Han Seok-ji], 吉(길)夢(몽)歌(가) [Song of the Auspicious Dream]:

His robes and cap were tidied, and his movements out of the ordinary / I discreetly asked him, "Whence do you come?"

uigwan-i jeongjehago geodong-i bibeomkeoneul / neonjisi hyangmunhadoe eodui-seo osion'go

무셕현 노인이 세말을 당ᄒᆞ여 잠업시 누엇더니 도적이 벽을 ᄯᅮᆯ코 방의 드러오거ᄂᆞᆯ 잡아본ᄌᆞᆨ 고인의 ᄋᆞ들이라 노인이 아므 소ᄅᆡ 아니ᄒᆞ고 넌즈시 닐너 왈[…]

c. 1890, “無(무)錫(셕)老(노)人(인)”, in 閒(한)談(담)消(쇼)夏(하)錄(록) [Korean translation of the Xiantan xiaoxia lu]:

On the last night of the year, an old man in Wuxi prefecture lay down without falling asleep when a thief tore through the wall and entered the room. When [the old man] had apprehended him, he found that he was the son of the deceased [friend]. Without making any shout, the old man discreetly said […]

musyeokhyeon noin-i semar-eul danghayeo jameopsi nueotdeoni dojeog-i byeog-eul ttulko bang-ui deureoogeoneul jababonjeuk goin-ui adeur-ira noin-i ameu sorui anihago neonjeusi nilleo wal[…]

문득 물어 고향이 어데냐 한다 / 평안도 정주라는 곳이라 한즉 / 그러면 아무개 씨 고향이란다. / 그러면 아무개 씨 아느나 한즉 / 의원은 빙긋이 웃음을 띠고 / 막역지간이라며 수염을 쓸는다. / 나는 아버지로 섬기는 이라 한즉 / 의원은 또다시 넌즈시 웃고[…]

1936, Baek Seok, “故(고)鄕(향)”, in 사슴 [saseum, Deer]:

He suddenly asks me where my hometown is. / I say it is a place called Chŏngju, in Pyŏng'an Province. / Then it is the hometown of Mr. So-and-so. / Then, I ask, does he know Mr. So-and-so? / The doctor, with a winsome smile on his face / sweeping his beard, says "We're very close friends". / I say that he's my father / and the doctor once more smiles implicitly […]

中(중) 언론들 한미 회담 담담히 보도…'내정간섭' 비판은 '넌지시'

2021 May 23, “中(중) 언론들 한미 회담 담담히 보도…'내정간섭' 비판은 '넌지시'”, in Money Today:

Chinese media reports US-Korea summit calmly... "interference in internal affairs" criticism "discreet"

Jung eollondeul hanmi hoedam damdamhi bodo… naejeongganseop bipaneun neonjisi

(of speech, of a look, etc.) discreetly, implicitly


피차

Sino-Korean word from 彼此 (“this and that”)

ko-etym-sino

알고 보면 사람은 피차 도와가면서 사는 것이다

2018 November 12, 김광태 [gimgwangtae], 달콤한 제안 [dalkomhan jean, A Sweet Suggestion], →ISBN:

In the end, people live through helping each other.

여기 상황도 피차 마찬가지에요.

The situation here is just about the same.

Yeogi sanghwang-do picha machan'gaji-e-yo.


냅다

swiftly, with force, forcefully, right away


안직

From Middle Korean 안직〮 (Yale: àncík); see the main entry for more.

안직 안 끝났냐?

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Hwanghae, Seoul) Dialectal form of 아직 (ajik, “still; not yet”).


차근차근

[t͡ɕʰa̠ɡɯɲt͡ɕʰa̠ɡɯn]


백지

According to the Standard Korean Language Dictionary, a Sino-Korean word from 白地, same as "uncultivated land; unevidenced state". Given the rather unnatural semantics, speculatively compare Mandarin 白白地 (báibái de) with the Mandarin adverbalizing sense of 地 (de), not usual in Sino-Korean.
According to Gyeongnam Bangeon Sajeon, nativisation of the Sino-Korean term 백주 (白晝, baekju, “daytime”), contracted from 백주(白晝)에 (baekjue, “blatantly forcing [that which would not naturally happen]”, literally “in broad daylight”)

ko-etym-nativised

백지 갔다 아이가. (Gyeongsang dialect, Changwon)

(now usually dialectal) in vain, to no avail, pointlessly


간신히

From 간신(艱辛) (gansin) + 히 (-hi, adverbial suffix).


점점점

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)md͡ʑʌ̹md͡ʑʌ̹m]

Sino-Korean word from 漸漸漸, extended form of 점점(漸漸) (jeomjeom).

little by little by little, step by step by step


대대

Sino-Korean word from 代代, from 代 (“generation”) + 代 (“generation”).

ko-etym-sino

from generation to generation, down through the generations


먼점

[mʌ̹ɲd͡ʑʌ̹m]

제가 집을 먼점 나왔걸랑

(dialectal, Chungcheong, Jeolla dialect, Seoul) Dialectal form of 먼저 (meonjeo, “first”)


안즉

From Middle Korean 안ᄌᆞᆨ〮 (Yale: àncók), variant of 안직〮 (Yale: àncík).

안즉 아이 먹었다

(Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Gangwon, Hamgyong, Yukjin) Dialectal form of 아직 (ajik, “still; not yet”).


차후

Sino-Korean word from 此後 (“henceforth”).

(formal) in the future, at some future point


추후

Sino-Korean word from 追後 (“after pursuing”). Possibly coined in Korea.

이 문제는 추후 다시 논하겠습니다.

We will discuss this problem again at some later time.

I munje-neun chuhu dasi nonhagetseumnida.

(formal) later on, at a later time (with reference to some earlier event)


명백히

이젼에 ᄡᅳᆫ 盤纏(반젼) 젹은 거-슬 / 다 明白(명ᄇᆡᆨ)히 혜쟈

after 1795, 李洙 (I Su) [Lee Soo] et al., chapter 111, in 重刊老乞大諺解 (Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae) [Reprinted Nogeoldae, with Korean Interpretation]^(Ogura Coll. Asami Coll.), volume 2:

icyen-ey psun PAN.CYEN cyekun kes-ul / ta .MYENG.POYKhi hyeycya


좋이

좋 (jot-) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix).

affix

너희 죠히 도라가라


밤낮없이

Univerbation of 밤 (bam, “nighttime”) + 낮 (nat, “daytime”) + 없이 (eopsi, “without”, adverbial of 없다 (eopda)).

univerbation

adverbial of <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">없다</i> (eopda)


와리가리

왔다리 갔다리
왔다리 갔다리#Korean

Short for 왔다리 갔다리 (watdari gatdari, “back and forth”).


왔다리 갔다리

From Japanese 行(い)ったり来(き)たり (ittari kitari, “back and forth”, literally “going and coming”), but with the Japanese verb stems replaced by Korean 오다 (oda, “to come”) and 가다 (gada, “to go”). The past tense forms with 었 (-eot-) were chosen to better match the Japanese pronunciation.


괴이히

六指 뉵가락은 괴이히 ᄉᆡᆼ겻ᄉᆞᆸᄂᆡ

1930, 아메노모리 호슈(雨森芳洲) [Amenomori Hōshū], “疾病”, in 교린수지(交隣須知) (Gyorinsuji), 小倉文庫 edition, volume 1:

Six fingers: Six fingers strangely occur.

nyukca nyukkalak-un kwoyihi soyngkyessopnoy


설령

설령 죽더라도 후회는 없습니다.

Seollyeong juk-deo-rado huhoe-neun eopseumnida.

설령 이 전투에서 승리한다 해도 전쟁에서 이길 길은 없습니다.

Even if [we say that] we triumph in this battle, there is no way for us to win the war.

Seollyeong i jeontu-eseo seungnihanda haedo jeonjaeng-eseo igil gir-eun eopseumnida.


왤케

왤케 진지해?

(colloquial) Contraction of 왜 이렇게 (wae ireoke, “Why so? Why .... like this?”).


톰빨리

톰빨리 가시라구요! (Hwanghae, Jaeryong)


참말로

[t͡ɕʰa̠mma̠ɭɭo̞]

참말 (chammal, “true words; truth”) + 로 (-ro, “by”).


하나또

Alternative spelling of 하낱도 (hanatdo, “(Gyeongsang) even a little”).


벅벅이

[pʌ̹k̚p͈ʌ̹ɡi]


하낱도

Univerbation of 한 (han, “one”) + 낱 (nat, “piece”) + 도 (-do, “even”).

univerbation

하낱도 안 부꾸럽다. (Gyeongsang dialect, Changwon)

(Gyeongsang, with a negated sentence) even a little


덜커덕

[tʌ̹ɭkʰʌ̹dʌ̹k̚]


싸게

Excerpt from a folk story about a poet who played a game involving matching chinese characters to a poetic lyric and was gifted a wife for his victory:
그 인제 불르면서 막 싸게싸게 맞추라는 거여. (Chungcheong, Yeongdong)
Geu inje bulleumyeonseo mak ssagessage matchuraneun geoyeo.
Now as they were reciting they quickly matched (Chinese Characters).

(Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Gangwon) quickly


난데없이

Univerbation of 난 (nan, “which has appeared”, past adnominal form of 나다 (nada, “to appear”)) + 데 (de, “place”) + 없이 (eopsi, “without”): "without place to appear".

past adnominal form of <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">나다</i> (nada, “to appear”)

Coordinate term: 간데없이 (gandeeopsi)

난데없이 나타나다

난데없이 들려오다

(of something that appears or approaches) out of the blue, out of thin air, all of a sudden


간데없이

Univerbation of 간 (gan, “which has gone”, past adnominal form of 가다 (gada, “to go”)) + 데 (de, “place”) + 없이 (eopsi, “without”): "without place where it went".

past adnominal form of <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">가다</i> (gada, “to go”)

Coordinate term: 난데없이 (nandeeopsi)

간데없이 사라지다

어제의 행복은 간데없이 침울해 있었다.

He was morose, with no trace of yesterday's happiness.

Eoje-ui haengbog-eun gandeeopsi chimul-hae isseotda.

(of something that disappears or fades) without a trace


얼핑

저낙때 댓으니까데 얼핑 집으르 가서 밥하구 장물으 끓에 아덜으 멕에야 합구마. (Hamgyong)

Since it's now time for dinner quickly go home and make rice and soup to feed to the children.

Jeonakttae daeseunikkade eolping jibeureu gaseo baphagu jangmureu kkeure adeoreu megeya hapguma.

Hamgyong form of 얼른 (eolleun, “quickly, at once”)


야옹

Of native Korean origin. Onomatopoeia for the sound of a cat meowing.

고양이가 야옹 하고 울었다.


이거레알

[iɡʌ̹ɾe̞a̠ɭ]

Originally from a set phrase 이거레알 반박불가, literally meaning "this is for real, there's no contradiction."


여차저차

yeochajeocha (romanization)
如此저차 (hanja)

[jʌ̹t͡ɕʰa̠d͡ʑʌ̹t͡ɕʰa̠]


언제든지

[ʌ̹ɲd͡ʑe̞dɯɲd͡ʑi]


잠간

Sino-Korean word from 暫間. See 잠깐 (jamkkan) for more.

North Korea standard spelling of 잠깐 (jamkkan, “for a moment”).


내리

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄂᆞ리〮 (Yale: nòlí), equivalent to 내리 (naeri-, “to move downwards”) + 이 (-i, adverb-deriving suffix), cf. Middle Korean ᄂᆞ리〮다〮 (Yale: nòlí-tá), older form of 내리다 (naerida).

af

당시 이경은 추석 연휴 기간에 연차까지 덧붙여 열흘을 내리 쉬었다.

2018, 박선우 [bakseonu], “휘는 빛 [hwineun bit, Curving light]”, in Changjak-gwa bipyeong, volume 46, number 4, pages 135—150:

At the time, Yi Gyeong had taken a break for ten days in a row, adding her annual leave to the Chuseok holidays.

continuously; in a row; without a break (especially of time)


사실은

[sʰa̠ɕʰiɾɯn]

사실(事實) (sasil) + 은 (-eun). Compare Japanese 実は (jitsu wa).


漸漸漸

jeomjeomjeom (romanization)
점점점 (hangeul)

hanja form of 점점점 (“little by little by little, bit by bit by bit”)


방긋

정든 님이 오셨는데 인사를 못해
행주치마 입에 물고 입만 방긋
jeongdeun nim-i osyeonneunde insa-reul mothae

My beloved has arrived; yet I cannot greet them;
so I hold my apron in my mouth and smile only with my mouth


기따가

Presumably related to standard Korean 이따가 (ittaga).

(Gangwon, Yeongseo) Dialectal form of 이따가 (ittaga, “later, a short while”).


여태

여태까지 뭐하고 있었니?


여적지

여적지 허재비를 사연 동안 모셌다.

1982 July 21, 김수진 [gimsujin], “가짜에게 쫓겨난 부자 [gajja'ege jjotgyeonan buja]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView1_html5.asp?ur10no=tsu_1968&ur20no=Q_1968_2_01A&dbkind=1&hilight=%EC%97%AC%EC%A0%81%EC%A7%80&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EC%97%AC%EC%A0%81%EC%A7%80(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9)), 경상북도 봉화군 춘양면 [gyeongsangbukdo bonghwagun chunyangmyeon]:

Until now the scarecrow had served you for four years.

(Gangwon, Northern Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, to a lesser extent in, Seoul, Jeolla dialect) until now


지끔

옛날에 딸만 많이 낳으믄 얼마나 구박했어? 지끔은 좋아했지만 그럼.

2015 January 26, 인명자 [inmyeongja], “부모를 살린 버림받은 딸 [bumoreul sallin beorimbadeun ttal]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경기도 하남시 하산곡동 [gyeonggido hanamsi hasan'gokdong]:

How distressing was it to give birth to many daughters back then? Though now it is a good thing.

(Gangwon, Seoul, Jeolla dialect, Pyongan, Hamgyong, Chungcheong, Hwanghae, dialectal Yanbian, Liaoning) Dialectal form of 지금 (jigeum, “now”)


상기

Compare Pyongan dialectal 상게 (sangge), 상구 (sanggu)

영철이는 상기두 안왔냐?

1996 January 2, 이영로 [iyeongno], “연평도의 방언 [yeonpyeongdoui bang'eon]”, in 연평도 이야기 [yeonpyeongdo iyagi], 인천광역시 옹진군 연평면 [incheon'gwang'yeoksi ongjin'gun yeonpyeongmyeon]:

(Gangwon, Hamgyong, Hwanghae, Seoul) still, not yet


게냥

그래서 그 섬뚝에다가 파 묻구 나설라무니 게냥 흉년이 자꾸 드는 거야.

1982 August 17, 노정봉 [nojeongbong], “고시레 유래 [gosire yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView1.asp?ur10no=tsu_0274&ur20no=Q_0274_1_F_033&dbkind=1&hilight=%EA%B2%8C%EB%83%A5&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EA%B2%8C%EB%83%A5(%EB%82%B4%EC%9A%A9)), 인천광역시 북구 [incheon'gwang'yeoksi bukgu]:

So they dug and buried him at the embankment of the island but still the years of famine continued.

Hwanghae and Seoul form of 그냥 (geunyang, “simply, for no reason”)


기냥

그땐 냉장고두 읎어서 기냥 땅 밑에서 넣었지. (Gyeonggi, Gimpo)

Back then we didn't even have fridges so we just put it underground.

Geuttaen naengjanggo-du eupseoseo ginyang ttang mit-eseo neo'eot-ji.

칠복이네 사정이 있으니께니 기냥 우리끼리 하자우요.

1980 February 10, 동아방송 [dong'abangsong], “달구놀이 [dalgunori]”, in 풍물삼천리 [pungmulsamcheolli], 자강도 중강군 [jagangdo jungganggun]:

There's something going on at Chilbok's so let's just do it amongst ourselves.

(Gangwon, Seoul, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Hwanghae, Pyongan) Dialectal form of 그냥 (geunyang, “simply, for no reason”)


각중에

그래 서울 사는 사람이, 아버지는 세상을 일찍 뜨고 어머니캉 사는데, 어머니가 각중에 눈이 어덥어 캄캄해.

1982 July 27, 사공용 [sagong'yong], “명의 이영춘 [myeong'ui iyeongchun]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 군위군 효령면 [gyeongsangbukdo gunwigun hyoryeongmyeon]:

So this person living in Seoul, his father had passed away early on and while he lived with his mother, her eyes suddenly faltered and became dim.

(Chungcheong, Gyeongsang) suddenly, unexpectedly


워찌

복은 많은 나는 워찌 그 그 거시기를 몹보나.

1982 November 9, 황필녀 [hwangpillyeo], “구렁덩덩 신선비 [gureongdeongdeong sinseonbi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView1_html5.asp?ur10no=tsu_0492&ur20no=Q_0492_1_F_050&dbkind=1&hilight=%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%9C%20%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%B8%EB%85%B8%EB%A6%87%20%ED%95%9C%20%EC%A5%90&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%9C%20%20%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%B8%EB%85%B8%EB%A6%87%20%20%ED%95%9C%20%20%EC%A5%90(%EC%A0%9C%EB%AA%A9)), 충청남도 부여군 은산면 [chungcheongnamdo buyeogun eunsanmyeon]:

How could me, with much luck, not have seen that thing?

(Southern Chungcheong, Northern Jeolla dialect) Dialectal form of 어찌 (eojji, “how”)


기래

고저 이 아주마니 웃기시는구만 기래!

1980 February 17, “평남 베짜기 놀이 [pyeongnam bejjagi nori]”, in 동아방송 DBS [dong'abangsong DBS], 평안남도 남포시 [pyeong'annamdo namposi]:

(Pyongan, Hwanghae, Hamgyong, Yukjin, Russia, dialectal, Yanbian) Dialectal form of 그래 (geurae, “like this, that”)


무새

Reported to be used only in Jaegaseung communities of Northern Hamgyong, who are speculated to be the descendants of Jurchens. Perhaps compare Jeju 무사 (musa).


아깨

아깨 말하지 않아요.

2015 February 19, 맹창범 [maengchangbeom], “빨찌산 운동을 하였던 홍범도 [ppaljjisan undong'eul hayeotdeon hongbeomdo]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 우즈베키스탄 누쿠스 [ujeubekiseutan nukuseu]:

Gangwon, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and Russia form of 아까 (akka, “just then”)


자꼬

인자 자꼬만 만지만 보는거여.

2010 January 28, 이정임 [ijeong'im], “개고기 먹고 호랑이 만나다 [gaegogi meokgo horang'i mannada]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라남도 광양시 다압면 [jeollanamdo gwang'yangsi daammyeon]:

Gangwon, Jeolla dialect, and Gyeongsang form of 자꾸 (jakku, “repeatedly, incessantly”)


마카

Compare northern Gyeongsang and Gangwon dialectal 마커 (makeo), 마캉 (makang), or Pyongan dialectal 말캐 (malkae).

가가 아 그러이 논도 마카 판다고 마 풍문을 내놓고

1979 May 19, 이돈규 [idon'gyu], “낳은 불효자와 얻은 효자 [na'eun bulhyojawa eodeun hyoja]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 월성군 (현 경주시) 안강읍 [gyeongsangbukdo wolseonggun (hyeon gyeongjusi) an'gang'eup]:

They put out the rumour that they had dug all the paddy fields.

Gangwon and Gyeongsang form of 모두 (modu, “all, wholly, altogether”)


가꾸로

Same origin as 거꾸로 (geokkuro). Although also accepted as a standard form, it appears to be less common than 거꾸로 (geokkuro).

말하라는데 말을 안 하게 되믄 가꾸로 세우구 주전자루 코에다 물을 부어

2020 October 8, 승병일 [seungbyeong'il], “17세에 독립운동을 시작했던 승병일 독립 애국지사님 [17see dongnibundong'eul sijakhaetdeon seungbyeong'il dongnip aegukjisanim]”, in 유퀴즈온더블럭 [yukwijeuondeobeulleok], 평안북도 정주군 신안면 [pyeong'anbukdo jeongjugun sinanmyeon]

If you didn't say what you were told to they would flip you upside down and pour water from a kettle on your nose.
As the speaker moved to South Korean prior to or during the Korean war, his speech is not completely reflective of the local Pyongan dialect.

malharaneunde mareul an hage doemeun gakkuro se'ugu jujeonjaru ko'eda mureul bueo

Alternative form of 거꾸로 (geokkuro, “upside down, inside out, backward”)


포도시

아이 포도시 아무 것도 모르고 인자 따라왔어.

1984 November 3, 김권태 [gimgwontae], “해남 연동 윤씨 [haenam yeondong yunssi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]^(https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView1_html5.asp?ur10no=tsu_1130&ur20no=Q_1130_1_F_018&dbkind=1&hilight=%ED%95%B4%EB%82%A8%20%EC%97%B0%EB%8F%99%20%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%20%EF%A6%99%E6%B4%9E%20%20%EC%9C%A4%EC%94%A8&navi=%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89;%ED%95%B4%EB%82%A8%20%20%EC%97%B0%EB%8F%99%20%20%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%20%20%EF%A6%99%E6%B4%9E%20%20%EC%9C%A4%EC%94%A8(%EC%A0%9C%EB%AA%A9)), 전라남도 해남군 화산면 [jeollanamdo haenamgun hwasanmyeon]:

Barely knowing anything he now followed.

(Jeolla dialect) barely, with difficulty


땔싹

Unknown, compare Jeolla dialectal 때락 (ttaerak)

우게 마지막 올라가는 길갓에 간께 어뜬 땔싹 큰 사람이 지게를 짊어지고 잠을 자 쌓거든.

So she went up the final stretch of the roadside and there was a very tall man carrying a frame and sleeping.


진종일

[ˈt͡ɕi(ː)ɲd͡ʑo̞ŋiɭ]

Synonym of 온종일 (onjong'il, “all day (long)”)


어슬렁어슬렁

[ʌ̹sʰɯɭɭʌ̹ŋʌ̹sʰɯɭɭʌ̹ŋ]


덜덜

덜덜 떨다


향후

[ˈça̠(ː)ŋβu]


다분

to be full of, highly likely, very strong possibility of something


비록

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 비록 (Yale: pilok).


적연

Sino-Korean word from 的 (“certain”) + 然 (“adverb-deriving suffix”).

ko-etym-sino

[t͡ɕʌ̹ɡjʌ̹n]


허투루

From Early Modern Korean 허틀 (heoteul-, “to be scattered”) + 우 (-u, adverb-deriving suffix). Compare 흐트러지다 (heuteureojida, “to be scattered”).

af

일을 허투루 하다


연신

The first element is likely Sino-Korean 연 (連, yeon, “to stretch; successive, continuous”). Compare 연거푸 (yeon'geopu).

ko-l

연신 눈물을 떨구다


선낫

Compare dialectal 선나 (seonna), which is recorded as having the same meaning.

(Northern Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, Southern Jeolla dialect) a little; a bit


아매

전부 다해야 칠십냥 될꺼야 아매?

1982 July 22, 김성문 [gimseongmun], “두 킁킁이 속여 돈 뺏은 건달놈 [du keungkeung'i sogyeo don ppaeseun geondallom]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청북도 영동군 [chungcheongbukdo yeongdonggun]:

Maybe if you do it all then it'll become 70 liang?

(Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Hamgyong, Russia) Dialectal form of 아마 (ama, “perhaps, maybe”)


모지리

긔래 그때 우리네 한어머니랑 모지리 울엇댔어.

2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2009년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2009nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 2, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 13:

Yes, back then we cried with our grandmother a lot.


다부

업고 다부 주막에 가이 내가 아를 반다시 업었는데 주막주인이 아 업었다 소리를 안 해.

1979 May 5, 김상태 [gimsangtae], “등금장사가 업은 업 [deunggeumjangsaga eobeun eop]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 성주군 벽진면 [gyeongsangbukdo seongjugun byeokjinmyeon]:

Although I definitely carried the child on my back to the tavern again, the tavern owner didn't mention that I was carrying the child.


마커

Compare northern Gyeongsang and Gangwon dialectal 마카 (maka).

...반뜻하게 마커 이래가지고 문을 짰잖아 그전에?

2015 January 5, 박창근 [bakchanggeun], “도둑을 쫓아낸 노부부 [dodugeul jjochanaen nobubu]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 강원도 동해시 망상동 [gang'wondo donghaesi mangsangdong]:

...back then [you would cut] it all upright then construct the door right?


야중

그래 야중에, 철판, ‘만고충신 김덕령’이라구 새긴 철판을 그냥 씨처두 꺼먹꺼먹 되살아나구...

1980 January 31, 이순근 [isun'geun], “떡 하나 주면 안 잡아 먹지 [tteok hana jumyeon an jaba meokji]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라북도 완주군 운주면 [jeollabukdo wanjugun unjumyeon]:

So later even if they washed off the iron plate with "Eternal loyal subject Kim Deok-Ryeong" on it, it kept on coming back...

Seoul, Chungcheong, and Jeolla dialect form of 나중 (najung, “later”)


마캉

Compare northern Gyeongsang and Gangwon dialectal 마커 (makeo), 마카 (maka).

마캉 눈이 동그랗지요. 그래서 그래 어른들이 시어마님이 가서르 언나를 데루 와요.

1984 February 18, 이옥녀 [iongnyeo], “김치둑이 아들을 낳고 오해 받은 며느리 [gimchidugi adeureul nako ohae badeun myeoneuri]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 예천군 호명면 [gyeongsangbukdo yecheon'gun homyeongmyeon]:

The snow was all round, so among the adults mother-in-law went and brought the children out.


재우

손발은 재우 움직였다.


재우

Probably from a palatalized form of 겨우 (gyeou). Compare dialectal 제우 (je'u), 제오 (je'o).

그때 뭐 말도 재우 떰뻑떰벅 해도 무슨 소린고도 못 알아 듣고 했는데...

2009 July 25, 하종희 [hajonghui], “실수로 뱀을 찌른 스님과 인간으로 환생하여 원한 갚으려 한 뱀 [silsuro baemeul jjireun seunimgwa in'ganeuro hwansaenghayeo wonhan gapeuryeo han baem]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 함양군 함양읍 [gyeongsangnamdo hamyanggun hamyang'eup]:

It was hard to understand even if they were barely talking mindlessly...

(Gyeongsang, Chungcheong, Jeolla dialect) barely, with difficulty


재우

그런 좋은 약임메? 재우 재우 먹여 줍쎄.

1979, unknown, “북청사자춤 대사본 [bukcheongsajachum daesabon]”, in 함남북청민속예술보존회 [hamnambukcheongminsogyesulbojonhoe], 함경남도 북청군 [hamgyeongnamdo bukcheonggun], archived from the original on 2004-10-23:

Is the medicine really that good? Feed it [to the lion] at once.


거진

개성 장안에 거진 다 빨간 띠 신돈의 아들이래는 거요 다.

2010 March 27, 봉수길 [bongsugil], “고려요승 신돈 [goryeoyoseung sindon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경기도 파주시 적성면 [gyeonggido pajusi jeokseongmyeon]:

So they say in Kaeseong almost all the red belts were the sons of Shindon.

(Chungcheong, Gangwon, Seoul, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Pyongan) Alternative form of 거의 (geoui, “almost, nearly”)


홉빡

[ɸʷo̞p̚p͈a̠k̚]

Compare 홉박 (hopbak), which is a non-standard term for the term 함씬 (hamssin).

그리서 이 술을 홉빡 멕여가지고 뭣을 하냐면은...

2010 March 13, 김동준 [gimdongjun], “김응서 장군과 계월향 [gimeungseo janggun'gwa gyewolhyang]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라북도 임실군 삼계면 [jeollabukdo imsilgun samgyemyeon]:

So after feeding much alcohol to him, what happened next was...


무사히

기지에 무사히 귀환하다


뽀끈

눈을 뽀끈 막고 있었디마는 뭐가 몰고 갔니더.

1982 July 27, 정익원 [jeong'igwon], “위기를 역전시킨 닫거리 [wigireul yeokjeonsikin datgeori]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 봉화군 명호면 [gyeongsangbukdo bonghwagun myeonghomyeon]:

I had blocked the snow with all my strength but the thing had just driven away [with the horse] and gone.

(Northern Gyeongsang) with all one's strength


그꾸

야들아 뭐하로 그꾸 너 삼동세가 그꾸 싸우노?

1984 April 14, 안희경 [anhuigyeong], “삼동서의 가문 자랑과 세 사돈 [samdongseoui gamun jaranggwa se sadon]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상북도 예천군 보문면 [gyeongsangbukdo yecheon'gun bomunmyeon]:

Hey, what are you doing that makes you three sisters-in-law fight in that way?

(Northern Gyeongsang) to that extent, in that way


단디

내가 오민시로 니 가라고 표시를 단디 해놨다.

2010 January 21, 김소돌 [gimsodol], “고려장이 없어진 유래 [goryeojang'i eopseojin yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 부산광역시 금정구 청룡동 [busan'gwang'yeoksi geumjeonggu cheongnyongdong]:

On the way here I clearly expressed that you should go.

(Gyeongsang) thoroughly, properly, clearly