발갛다

ko-adj

발갛다 • (balgata) (irregular, infinitive 발개, sequential 발가니)

balgata (romanization)
발개 (infinitive)
발가니 (sequential)
발갛다 (formal indicative non-past)
발개 (indicative informal non-past)
발개요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
발갛습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
발갰다 (formal indicative past)
발갰어 (indicative informal past)
발갰어요 (indicative informal past polite)
발갰습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
발가냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
발개 (informal interrogative non-past)
발개요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
발갛습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
발갰냐 (formal interrogative past)
발갰어 (informal interrogative past)
발갰어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
발갰습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
발갛겠다 (assertive formal)
발갛겠어 (assertive informal)
발갛겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
발갛겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
발개 (causative formal)
발개서 (causative informal)
발가니 (causative informal polite)
발가니까 (causative formal polite)
발갛지만 (contrastive formal)
발간데 (contrastive informal)
발갛더니 (contrastive informal polite)
발갛고 (conjunctive formal)
발가면 (conditional formal)
발개야 (conditional informal)
발감 (formal noun-from-verb)
발갛기 (informal noun-from-verb)
발갰음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
발갰기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
발간 (determiner informal present)
발갈 (determiner future informal)
발가시다 (indicative non-past)
발가셔 (indicative informal non-past)
발가세요 (indicative non-past polite)
발가셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
발가십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
발가셨다 (indicative past)
발가셨어 (indicative informal past)
발가셨어요 (indicative past polite)
발가셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
발가시냐 (interrogative non-past)
발가셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
발가세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
발가셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
발가십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
발가셨냐 (interrogative past)
발가셨어 (informal interrogative past)
발가셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
발가셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
발가시겠다 (assertive)
발가시겠어 (assertive informal)
발가시겠어요 (assertive polite)
발가시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
발가셔 (causative)
발가셔서 (causative informal)
발가시니 (causative polite)
발가시니까 (causative formal)
발가시지만 (contrastive)
발가신데 (contrastive informal)
발가시더니 (contrastive polite)
발가시고 (conjunctive)
발가시면 (conditional)
발가셔야 (conditional informal)
발가심 (noun-from-verb)
발가시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
발가셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
발가셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
발가신 (determiner informal present)
발가실 (determiner future informal)

발갛다:


누리

Stem of 누리다 (nurida, “to be foul-smelling”)


신

present adnominal of 시다 (sida, “to be sour”): sour, acid, tart


길

irrealis adnominal of 길다 (gilda, “to be long”)


넓다

넓다 • (neolda) (infinitive 넓어, sequential 넓으니)

neolda (romanization)
넓어 (infinitive)
넓으니 (sequential)
넓다 (formal indicative non-past)
넓어 (indicative informal non-past)
넓어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
넓습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
넓었다 (formal indicative past)
넓었어 (indicative informal past)
넓었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
넓었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
넓으냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
넓어 (informal interrogative non-past)
넓어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
넓습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
넓었냐 (formal interrogative past)
넓었어 (informal interrogative past)
넓었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
넓었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
넓겠다 (assertive formal)
넓겠어 (assertive informal)
넓겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
넓겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
넓어 (causative formal)
넓어서 (causative informal)
넓으니 (causative informal polite)
넓으니까 (causative formal polite)
넓지만 (contrastive formal)
넓은데 (contrastive informal)
넓더니 (contrastive informal polite)
넓고 (conjunctive formal)
넓으면 (conditional formal)
넓어야 (conditional informal)
넓음 (formal noun-from-verb)
넓기 (informal noun-from-verb)
넓었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
넓었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
넓은 (determiner informal present)
넓을 (determiner future informal)
넓으시다 (indicative non-past)
넓으셔 (indicative informal non-past)
넓으세요 (indicative non-past polite)
넓으셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
넓으십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
넓으셨다 (indicative past)
넓으셨어 (indicative informal past)
넓으셨어요 (indicative past polite)
넓으셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
넓으시냐 (interrogative non-past)
넓으셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
넓으세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
넓으셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
넓으십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
넓으셨냐 (interrogative past)
넓으셨어 (informal interrogative past)
넓으셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
넓으셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
넓으시겠다 (assertive)
넓으시겠어 (assertive informal)
넓으시겠어요 (assertive polite)
넓으시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
넓으셔 (causative)
넓으셔서 (causative informal)
넓으시니 (causative polite)
넓으시니까 (causative formal)
넓으시지만 (contrastive)
넓으신데 (contrastive informal)
넓으시더니 (contrastive polite)
넓으시고 (conjunctive)
넓으시면 (conditional)
넓으셔야 (conditional informal)
넓으심 (noun-from-verb)
넓으시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
넓으셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
넓으셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
넓으신 (determiner informal present)
넓으실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 넙다 (Yale: nep-ta).


없다

ko-adj

없다 • (eopda) (infinitive 없어, sequential 없으니)

eopda (romanization)
없어 (infinitive)
없으니 (sequential)
없다 (formal indicative non-past)
없어 (indicative informal non-past)
없어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
없습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
없었다 (formal indicative past)
없었어 (indicative informal past)
없었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
없었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
없느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
없어 (informal interrogative non-past)
없어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
없습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
없었느냐 (formal interrogative past)
없었어 (informal interrogative past)
없었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
없었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
없겠다 (assertive formal)
없겠어 (assertive informal)
없겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
없겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
없어 (causative formal)
없어서 (causative informal)
없으니 (causative informal polite)
없으니까 (causative formal polite)
없지만 (contrastive formal)
없는데 (contrastive informal)
없더니 (contrastive informal polite)
없고 (conjunctive formal)
없으면 (conditional formal)
없어야 (conditional informal)
없음 (formal noun-from-verb)
없기 (informal noun-from-verb)
없었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
없었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
없는 (determiner informal present)
없을 (determiner future informal)
없으시다 (indicative non-past)
없으셔 (indicative informal non-past)
없으세요 (indicative non-past polite)
없으셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
없으십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
없으셨다 (indicative past)
없으셨어 (indicative informal past)
없으셨어요 (indicative past polite)
없으셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
없으시냐 (interrogative non-past)
없으셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
없으세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
없으셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
없으십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
없으셨냐 (interrogative past)
없으셨어 (informal interrogative past)
없으셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
없으셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
없으시겠다 (assertive)
없으시겠어 (assertive informal)
없으시겠어요 (assertive polite)
없으시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
없으셔 (causative)
없으셔서 (causative informal)
없으시니 (causative polite)
없으시니까 (causative formal)
없으시지만 (contrastive)
없으신데 (contrastive informal)
없으시더니 (contrastive polite)
없으시고 (conjunctive)
없으시면 (conditional)
없으셔야 (conditional informal)
없으심 (noun-from-verb)
없으시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
없으셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
없으셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
없으신 (determiner informal present)
없으실 (determiner future informal)

In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 없〯다〮 (Yale: ěps-tá), from Old Korean 無叱 (*EPUs-). Cognate with Jeju 읏다 (eutda).

ko-etym-native

전 은행 계좌가 없어요.

하나도 없다.

없어 보인다.

같이 어울릴 만한 친구가 한 명도 없다.

Gachi eoullil manhan chin'gu-ga han myeong-do eopda.

나랑 수준이 맞는 친구가 한 명도 없다.

Na-rang sujun-i manneun chin'gu-ga han myeong-do eopda.

I don't have a friend who's up to my level.

to have none; (to be) lacking; (to be) nonexistent


가깝다

ko-adj

가깝다 • (gakkapda) (irregular, infinitive 가까워, sequential 가까우니)

gakkapda (romanization)
가까워 (infinitive)
가까우니 (sequential)
Formal non polite
해라체
Informal non polite
해체
가깝다 (indicative)
past: 가까웠다 (indicative)
가까워 (indicative)
past: 가까웠어 (indicative)
가까워요 (indicative informal polite)
past: 가까웠어요 (indicative informal polite)
가깝습니다 (formal indicative polite)
past: 가까웠습니다 (formal indicative polite)
interrogative (indicative)
가까우냐
past: 가까웠냐
가까워
past: 가까웠어
가까워요 (informal polite)
past: 가까웠어요 (informal polite)
가깝습니까 (formal polite)
past: 가까웠습니까 (formal polite)
assertive (indicative)
가깝겠다
가깝겠어
가깝겠어요 (informal polite)
가깝겠습니다 (formal polite)
cause (connective)
reason (connective)
가까워서
가까우니 (informal polite)
가까우니까 (formal polite)
contrast (connective)
가깝지만
가까운데
가깝더니 (informal polite)
conjunction가깝고 (formal polite)
condition (connective)
가까우면
가까워야
가까움 (noun-from-verb)
가깝기 (informal noun-from-verb polite)
가까웠음 (noun-from-verb past)
가까웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past polite)
present 가까운 (determiner informal polite)
future 가까울 (determiner formal polite)
가까우시다 (indicative)
past: 가까우셨다 (indicative)
가까우셔 (indicative informal)
past: 가까우셨어 (indicative informal)
가까우세요 (indicative polite)
가까우셔요 (indicative polite)
past: 가까우셨어요 (indicative polite)
가까우십니다 (formal indicative)
past: 가까우셨습니다 (formal indicative)
interrogative (indicative)
가까우시냐
past: 가까우셨냐
가까우셔 (informal)
past: 가까우셨어 (informal)
가까우세요 (polite)
가까우셔요 (polite)
past: 가까우셨어요 (polite)
가까우십니까 (formal)
past: 가까우셨습니까 (formal)
assertive (indicative)
가까우시겠다
가까우시겠어 (informal)
가까우시겠어요 (polite)
가까우시겠습니다 (formal)
cause (connective honorific)
reason (connective honorific)
가까우셔
가까우셔서 (informal)
가까우시니 (polite)
가까우시니까 (formal)
contrast (connective honorific)
가까우시지만
가까우신데 (informal)
가까우시더니 (polite)
conjunction가까우시고 (formal)
condition (connective honorific)
가까우시면
가까우셔야 (informal)
가까우심 (informal noun-from-verb)
가까우시기 (noun-from-verb polite)
가까우셨음 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가까우셨기 (noun-from-verb past polite)
present 가까우신 (determiner polite)
future 가까우실 (determiner formal)
가깝다 (formal indicative non-past)
가까워 (indicative informal non-past)
가까워요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
가깝습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
가까웠다 (formal indicative past)
가까웠어 (indicative informal past)
가까웠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
가까웠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
가까우냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
가까워 (informal interrogative non-past)
가까워요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
가깝습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
가까웠냐 (formal interrogative past)
가까웠어 (informal interrogative past)
가까웠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
가까웠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
가깝겠다 (assertive formal)
가깝겠어 (assertive informal)
가깝겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
가깝겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
가까워 (causative formal)
가까워서 (causative informal)
가까우니 (causative informal polite)
가까우니까 (causative formal polite)
가깝지만 (contrastive formal)
가까운데 (contrastive informal)
가깝더니 (contrastive informal polite)
가깝고 (conjunctive formal)
가까우면 (conditional formal)
가까워야 (conditional informal)
가까움 (formal noun-from-verb)
가깝기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가까웠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
가까웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가까운 (determiner informal present)
가까울 (determiner future informal)
가까우시다 (indicative non-past)
가까우셔 (indicative informal non-past)
가까우세요 (indicative non-past polite)
가까우셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
가까우십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
가까우셨다 (indicative past)
가까우셨어 (indicative informal past)
가까우셨어요 (indicative past polite)
가까우셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
가까우시냐 (interrogative non-past)
가까우셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
가까우세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가까우셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가까우십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
가까우셨냐 (interrogative past)
가까우셨어 (informal interrogative past)
가까우셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
가까우셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
가까우시겠다 (assertive)
가까우시겠어 (assertive informal)
가까우시겠어요 (assertive polite)
가까우시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
가까우셔 (causative)
가까우셔서 (causative informal)
가까우시니 (causative polite)
가까우시니까 (causative formal)
가까우시지만 (contrastive)
가까우신데 (contrastive informal)
가까우시더니 (contrastive polite)
가까우시고 (conjunctive)
가까우시면 (conditional)
가까우셔야 (conditional informal)
가까우심 (noun-from-verb)
가까우시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가까우셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
가까우셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가까우신 (determiner informal present)
가까우실 (determiner future informal)
가찹다 (alternative)
가직다 (alternative)
가적다 (alternative)
가죽다 (alternative)
개직다 (alternative)
개작다 (alternative)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 갓갑〯다〮 (Yale: kàskǎp-tá), most plausibly from the unattested verbal root *가ᄌᆞᆨ- (Yale: *kacok-, probably "to approach") + 아ᇦ〯 (Yale: -ǎW, adjective-deriving suffix). Dialects commonly preserve the original root.

okm-l

가까운 친척

새로 이사한 집은 학교와 가깝다.

Saero isahan jib-eun hakgyo-wa gakkapda.

to be close, to be near (in distance, time, emotional rapport, kinship, etc.)


좋다

ko-adj

좋다 • (jota) (infinitive 좋아, sequential 좋으니)

jota (romanization)
좋아 (infinitive)
좋으니 (sequential)
좋다 (formal indicative non-past)
좋아 (indicative informal non-past)
좋아요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
좋습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
좋았다 (formal indicative past)
좋았어 (indicative informal past)
좋았어요 (indicative informal past polite)
좋았습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
좋으냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
좋아 (informal interrogative non-past)
좋아요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
좋습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
좋았냐 (formal interrogative past)
좋았어 (informal interrogative past)
좋았어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
좋았습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
좋겠다 (assertive formal)
좋겠어 (assertive informal)
좋겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
좋겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
좋아 (causative formal)
좋아서 (causative informal)
좋으니 (causative informal polite)
좋으니까 (causative formal polite)
좋지만 (contrastive formal)
좋은데 (contrastive informal)
좋더니 (contrastive informal polite)
좋고 (conjunctive formal)
좋으면 (conditional formal)
좋아야 (conditional informal)
좋음 (formal noun-from-verb)
좋기 (informal noun-from-verb)
좋았음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
좋았기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
좋은 (determiner informal present)
좋을 (determiner future informal)
좋으시다 (indicative non-past)
좋으셔 (indicative informal non-past)
좋으세요 (indicative non-past polite)
좋으셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
좋으십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
좋으셨다 (indicative past)
좋으셨어 (indicative informal past)
좋으셨어요 (indicative past polite)
좋으셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
좋으시냐 (interrogative non-past)
좋으셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
좋으세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
좋으셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
좋으십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
좋으셨냐 (interrogative past)
좋으셨어 (informal interrogative past)
좋으셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
좋으셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
좋으시겠다 (assertive)
좋으시겠어 (assertive informal)
좋으시겠어요 (assertive polite)
좋으시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
좋으셔 (causative)
좋으셔서 (causative informal)
좋으시니 (causative polite)
좋으시니까 (causative formal)
좋으시지만 (contrastive)
좋으신데 (contrastive informal)
좋으시더니 (contrastive polite)
좋으시고 (conjunctive)
좋으시면 (conditional)
좋으셔야 (conditional informal)
좋으심 (noun-from-verb)
좋으시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
좋으셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
좋으셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
좋으신 (determiner informal present)
좋으실 (determiner future informal)
돟다 (alternative)

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 둏〯다〮 (Yale: tyǒhtá). Also attested in the Beonyeok nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대), 1517, as Middle Korean 됴〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: tyǒ-hòtá).
See the Middle Korean entry for more information.

ko-etym-native

그거 좋은 생각입니다.

그리고, 오늘 어떻습니까? 아주 좋아요, 감사합니다. 마크.

Geurigo, oneul eotteoseumnikka? - aju joayo, gamsahamnida. Makeu.

And how are you today? - Very well, thank you, Mark.

오늘 오후에 들러요. — 좋아요.

to be good; great; excellent (excellent and satisfactory in features and content)

to be good; nice (well-rounded and kind in personality)

to be good; kind (kind and gentle in speech and act)

to be good (above average in physical condition or health)

to have a lot of nerve (not caring about saving face or being shameless)

to be good (having a lot of hair in good condition)

to be good; right (for a day or opportunity to be appropriate)

좋으시면 그걸로 예약해 드릴 수 있습니다.

Jo'eusimyeon geugeollo yeyakhae deuril su itseumnida.

새 아파트로 왔구나! 좋아!

2016, VOA Learning English, archived from the original on 2017-09-18:

to be fond of; in love with (happy about and satisfied with a thing or object)

난 축구보다 농구가 더 좋구나.

To me basketball is preferable to football.

한국말을 더 잘 했으면 좋겠다.

Han'gungmar-eul deo jal haesseumyeon joketda.

It would be nice if I spoke Korean better.

to be good (having a feeling, etc., of happiness and satisfaction)

to be happy; okay (having no problems with behavior, work, etc.)

to be good; easy; convenient (easy or convenient to do something)

아침에 일찍 일어나는 것은 건강에 좋다.

Achime iljjik ireonaneun geoseun geon'gang'e jota.

Getting up early in the morning is good for one's health.

to be good (having qualities that are good for the body or health)

to be better (higher in quality or level compared to others)

to be good (close and friendly with each other)

to be favorable; positive (interpreting something in a way that is favorable to one side)

to be good; nice (the word used to express negation of, dissatisfaction with, a situation which has just been mentioned)

to be suitable; fit (appropriate for using as a material or doing something)


되다

ko-adj

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니)

doeda (romanization)
돼 (infinitive)
되어 (infinitive)
되니 (sequential)
되다 (formal indicative non-past)
돼 (indicative informal non-past)
돼요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
되어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
됩니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
됐다 (formal indicative past)
됐어 (indicative informal past)
됐어요 (indicative informal past polite)
됐습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
되냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
돼 (informal interrogative non-past)
돼요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
되어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
됩니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
됐냐 (formal interrogative past)
됐어 (informal interrogative past)
됐어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
됐습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
되겠다 (assertive formal)
되겠어 (assertive informal)
되겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
되겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
돼 (causative formal)
돼서 (causative informal)
되어서 (causative informal)
되니 (causative informal polite)
되니까 (causative formal polite)
되지만 (contrastive formal)
된데 (contrastive informal)
되더니 (contrastive informal polite)
되고 (conjunctive formal)
되면 (conditional formal)
돼야 (conditional informal)
되어야 (conditional informal)
됨 (formal noun-from-verb)
되기 (informal noun-from-verb)
됐음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
되었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
됐기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
되었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
된 (determiner informal present)
될 (determiner future informal)
되시다 (indicative non-past)
되셔 (indicative informal non-past)
되세요 (indicative non-past polite)
되셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
되십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
되셨다 (indicative past)
되셨어 (indicative informal past)
되셨어요 (indicative past polite)
되셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
되시냐 (interrogative non-past)
되셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
되세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
되셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
되십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
되셨냐 (interrogative past)
되셨어 (informal interrogative past)
되셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
되셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
되시겠다 (assertive)
되시겠어 (assertive informal)
되시겠어요 (assertive polite)
되시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
되셔 (causative)
되셔서 (causative informal)
되시니 (causative polite)
되시니까 (causative formal)
되시지만 (contrastive)
되신데 (contrastive informal)
되시더니 (contrastive polite)
되시고 (conjunctive)
되시면 (conditional)
되셔야 (conditional informal)
되심 (noun-from-verb)
되시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
되셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
되셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
되신 (determiner informal present)
되실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 되〯다〮 (Yale: twǒytá).
Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

ko-etym-native

(of paste or rice) (to be) hard, (to be) thick


있다

ko-adj

있다 • (itda) (infinitive 있어, sequential 있으니)

itda (romanization)
있어 (infinitive)
있으니 (sequential)
있다 (formal indicative non-past)
있어 (indicative informal non-past)
있어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
있습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
있었다 (formal indicative past)
있었어 (indicative informal past)
있었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
있었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
있느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
있어 (informal interrogative non-past)
있어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
있습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
있었느냐 (formal interrogative past)
있었어 (informal interrogative past)
있었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
있었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
있겠다 (assertive formal)
있겠어 (assertive informal)
있겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
있겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
있어 (causative formal)
있어서 (causative informal)
있으니 (causative informal polite)
있으니까 (causative formal polite)
있지만 (contrastive formal)
있는데 (contrastive informal)
있더니 (contrastive informal polite)
있고 (conjunctive formal)
있으면 (conditional formal)
있어야 (conditional informal)
있음 (formal noun-from-verb)
있기 (informal noun-from-verb)
있었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
있었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
있는 (determiner informal present)
있을 (determiner future informal)

From Middle Korean 잇다 (ista), from Old Korean 有叱 (*Is-). Related to the past tense marker -었 (-eot). Cognate with Jeju 잇다 (itda), 이시다 (isida), 싯다 (sitda).

재미있다

to be amusing, interesting, entertaining

뉴욕은 미국에 있다.

물속에 물고기가 있다.

그녀는 남자친구가 있다.

저는 집도 있고 차도 있어요.

to be (in a place); to exist
(by extension) to have


낮다

낮다 • (natda) (infinitive 낮아, sequential 낮으니)

natda (romanization)
낮아 (infinitive)
낮으니 (sequential)
낮다 (formal indicative non-past)
낮아 (indicative informal non-past)
낮아요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
낮습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
낮았다 (formal indicative past)
낮았어 (indicative informal past)
낮았어요 (indicative informal past polite)
낮았습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
낮으냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
낮아 (informal interrogative non-past)
낮아요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
낮습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
낮았냐 (formal interrogative past)
낮았어 (informal interrogative past)
낮았어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
낮았습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
낮겠다 (assertive formal)
낮겠어 (assertive informal)
낮겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
낮겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
낮아 (causative formal)
낮아서 (causative informal)
낮으니 (causative informal polite)
낮으니까 (causative formal polite)
낮지만 (contrastive formal)
낮은데 (contrastive informal)
낮더니 (contrastive informal polite)
낮고 (conjunctive formal)
낮으면 (conditional formal)
낮아야 (conditional informal)
낮음 (formal noun-from-verb)
낮기 (informal noun-from-verb)
낮았음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
낮았기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
낮은 (determiner informal present)
낮을 (determiner future informal)
낮으시다 (indicative non-past)
낮으셔 (indicative informal non-past)
낮으세요 (indicative non-past polite)
낮으셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
낮으십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
낮으셨다 (indicative past)
낮으셨어 (indicative informal past)
낮으셨어요 (indicative past polite)
낮으셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
낮으시냐 (interrogative non-past)
낮으셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
낮으세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
낮으셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
낮으십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
낮으셨냐 (interrogative past)
낮으셨어 (informal interrogative past)
낮으셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
낮으셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
낮으시겠다 (assertive)
낮으시겠어 (assertive informal)
낮으시겠어요 (assertive polite)
낮으시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
낮으셔 (causative)
낮으셔서 (causative informal)
낮으시니 (causative polite)
낮으시니까 (causative formal)
낮으시지만 (contrastive)
낮으신데 (contrastive informal)
낮으시더니 (contrastive polite)
낮으시고 (conjunctive)
낮으시면 (conditional)
낮으셔야 (conditional informal)
낮으심 (noun-from-verb)
낮으시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
낮으셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
낮으셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
낮으신 (determiner informal present)
낮으실 (determiner future informal)

First attested as Late Old Korean 捺則 in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103. First attested in the Gugeupbang eonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해), 1466, as Middle Korean ᄂᆞᆽ다〮 (Yale: nòc-tá).
However, 15th century attestations of ᄂᆞᆽ다 (nocta) only appear in the sense "to subside (of a swelling)". The sense "to be low" only appears since the 1570s, which suggests that it is a back-formation from ᄂᆞᄌᆞᆨᄒᆞ다 (nocokhota, “to be low”) or ᄂᆞᆺ갑다 (noskapta, “to be low”).

ko-etym-native

낮은 울타리

합격 가능성이 낮다.

The chance of passing the examination is low.

올해 물가지수가 작년에 비해 낮은 편이다.

Olhae mulgajisu-ga jangnyeon-e bi-hae najeun pyeon-ida.

This year the price index is lower than last year.


많다

ko-adj

많다 • (manta) (infinitive 많아, sequential 많으니)

manta (romanization)
많아 (infinitive)
많으니 (sequential)
많다 (formal indicative non-past)
많아 (indicative informal non-past)
많아요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
많습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
많았다 (formal indicative past)
많았어 (indicative informal past)
많았어요 (indicative informal past polite)
많았습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
많으냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
많아 (informal interrogative non-past)
많아요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
많습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
많았냐 (formal interrogative past)
많았어 (informal interrogative past)
많았어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
많았습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
많겠다 (assertive formal)
많겠어 (assertive informal)
많겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
많겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
많아 (causative formal)
많아서 (causative informal)
많으니 (causative informal polite)
많으니까 (causative formal polite)
많지만 (contrastive formal)
많은데 (contrastive informal)
많더니 (contrastive informal polite)
많고 (conjunctive formal)
많으면 (conditional formal)
많아야 (conditional informal)
많음 (formal noun-from-verb)
많기 (informal noun-from-verb)
많았음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
많았기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
많은 (determiner informal present)
많을 (determiner future informal)
많으시다 (indicative non-past)
많으셔 (indicative informal non-past)
많으세요 (indicative non-past polite)
많으셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
많으십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
많으셨다 (indicative past)
많으셨어 (indicative informal past)
많으셨어요 (indicative past polite)
많으셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
많으시냐 (interrogative non-past)
많으셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
많으세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
많으셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
많으십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
많으셨냐 (interrogative past)
많으셨어 (informal interrogative past)
많으셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
많으셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
많으시겠다 (assertive)
많으시겠어 (assertive informal)
많으시겠어요 (assertive polite)
많으시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
많으셔 (causative)
많으셔서 (causative informal)
많으시니 (causative polite)
많으시니까 (causative formal)
많으시지만 (contrastive)
많으신데 (contrastive informal)
많으시더니 (contrastive polite)
많으시고 (conjunctive)
많으시면 (conditional)
많으셔야 (conditional informal)
많으심 (noun-from-verb)
많으시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
많으셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
많으셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
많으신 (determiner informal present)
많으실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 만〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: mǎn-hòtá), equivalent to 만〯 (Yale: mǎn) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hòtá, > modern 하다 (hada)).
The first element is usually, though somewhat speculatively, connected to Sino-Korean 萬 (mǎn, “ten thousand; myriad; (figuratively) countless”). Displaced native 하다〮 (Yale: hàtá, “to be many”).

okm-l

> modern <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">하다</i> (hada)

돈이 많은 사람

someone who has a lot of money; a rich person (lit. "a person whose money is plentiful")

오늘 전시회 방문자가 많다.

Today there are many visitors at the exhibition.

할 일이 너무 많다.

나는 많은 노력을 기울였다.


보다

ko-adj

보다 • (boda) (infinitive 봐 or 보아, sequential 보니)

boda (romanization)
봐 (infinitive)
보아 (infinitive)
보니 (sequential)

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 보다〮 (Yale: pwòtá). Cognate with Jeju 보다 (boda).

ko-etym-native

겨울도 끝나가나 봐.

It looks like winter is coming to an end too.

(after the interrogatives -은가 (-eun'ga), -는가 (-neun'ga), -나 (-na)) to seem (only in the present declarative conjugations)

너가 계속 이러면 확 죽어버릴까 보다.

Neoga gyesok ireomyeon hwak jugeobeorilkka boda.

If you keep being like this, I'm going to kill myself.

(after the interrogative 을까 (eulkka)) to intend to; generally used to make a threat that one does not really intend on carrying out (only in the present declarative conjugations)

더울까봐 나시를 입었어.

I wore a sleeveless shirt because I was worried it might be hot.

(after the interrogative -을까 (-eulkka)) to be out of the fear that (only in the conjugations 봐 (bwa) and 봐서 (bwaseo); the latter is rare)

(after -다 (-da), -고 (-go)) to be given that (only in the conjugation 보니 (boni))


어렵다

ko-adj

어렵다 • (eoryeopda) (irregular, infinitive 어려워, sequential 어려우니)

eoryeopda (romanization)
어려워 (infinitive)
어려우니 (sequential)
어렵다 (formal indicative non-past)
어려워 (indicative informal non-past)
어려워요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
어렵습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
어려웠다 (formal indicative past)
어려웠어 (indicative informal past)
어려웠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
어려웠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
어려우냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
어려워 (informal interrogative non-past)
어려워요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
어렵습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
어려웠냐 (formal interrogative past)
어려웠어 (informal interrogative past)
어려웠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
어려웠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
어렵겠다 (assertive formal)
어렵겠어 (assertive informal)
어렵겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
어렵겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
어려워 (causative formal)
어려워서 (causative informal)
어려우니 (causative informal polite)
어려우니까 (causative formal polite)
어렵지만 (contrastive formal)
어려운데 (contrastive informal)
어렵더니 (contrastive informal polite)
어렵고 (conjunctive formal)
어려우면 (conditional formal)
어려워야 (conditional informal)
어려움 (formal noun-from-verb)
어렵기 (informal noun-from-verb)
어려웠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
어려웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
어려운 (determiner informal present)
어려울 (determiner future informal)
어려우시다 (indicative non-past)
어려우셔 (indicative informal non-past)
어려우세요 (indicative non-past polite)
어려우셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
어려우십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
어려우셨다 (indicative past)
어려우셨어 (indicative informal past)
어려우셨어요 (indicative past polite)
어려우셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
어려우시냐 (interrogative non-past)
어려우셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
어려우세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
어려우셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
어려우십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
어려우셨냐 (interrogative past)
어려우셨어 (informal interrogative past)
어려우셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
어려우셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
어려우시겠다 (assertive)
어려우시겠어 (assertive informal)
어려우시겠어요 (assertive polite)
어려우시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
어려우셔 (causative)
어려우셔서 (causative informal)
어려우시니 (causative polite)
어려우시니까 (causative formal)
어려우시지만 (contrastive)
어려우신데 (contrastive informal)
어려우시더니 (contrastive polite)
어려우시고 (conjunctive)
어려우시면 (conditional)
어려우셔야 (conditional informal)
어려우심 (noun-from-verb)
어려우시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
어려우셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
어려우셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
어려우신 (determiner informal present)
어려우실 (determiner future informal)

[ʌ̹ɾjʌ̹p̚t͈a̠]

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 어렵〮다〮 (Yale: èlyép-tá).

ko-etym-native

시험이 어려웠니?

to be difficult, to be awkward, to be particular (e.g. a person's taste in food)

to be poor, to be suffering from poverty


크다

ko-adj

크다 • (keuda) (infinitive 커, sequential 크니)

keuda (romanization)
커 (infinitive)
크니 (sequential)
크다 (formal indicative non-past)
커 (indicative informal non-past)
커요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
큽니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
컸다 (formal indicative past)
컸어 (indicative informal past)
컸어요 (indicative informal past polite)
컸습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
크냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
커 (informal interrogative non-past)
커요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
큽니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
컸냐 (formal interrogative past)
컸어 (informal interrogative past)
컸어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
컸습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
크겠다 (assertive formal)
크겠어 (assertive informal)
크겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
크겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
커 (causative formal)
커서 (causative informal)
크니 (causative informal polite)
크니까 (causative formal polite)
크지만 (contrastive formal)
큰데 (contrastive informal)
크더니 (contrastive informal polite)
크고 (conjunctive formal)
크면 (conditional formal)
커야 (conditional informal)
큼 (formal noun-from-verb)
크기 (informal noun-from-verb)
컸음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
컸기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
큰 (determiner informal present)
클 (determiner future informal)
크시다 (indicative non-past)
크셔 (indicative informal non-past)
크세요 (indicative non-past polite)
크셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
크십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
크셨다 (indicative past)
크셨어 (indicative informal past)
크셨어요 (indicative past polite)
크셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
크시냐 (interrogative non-past)
크셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
크세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
크셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
크십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
크셨냐 (interrogative past)
크셨어 (informal interrogative past)
크셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
크셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
크시겠다 (assertive)
크시겠어 (assertive informal)
크시겠어요 (assertive polite)
크시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
크셔 (causative)
크셔서 (causative informal)
크시니 (causative polite)
크시니까 (causative formal)
크시지만 (contrastive)
크신데 (contrastive informal)
크시더니 (contrastive polite)
크시고 (conjunctive)
크시면 (conditional)
크셔야 (conditional informal)
크심 (noun-from-verb)
크시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
크셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
크셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
크신 (determiner informal present)
크실 (determiner future informal)

First attested as Late Old Korean 黑根 (*huku-n) in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, reflecting the realis gerundive form with Old Korean 隱 (*-n). Hence, the Old Korean verbal stem would have been *huku-. Beyond Old Korean, also connected to Baekje 鞬 (*ke-n).

ko-attest

큰 문제

키가 크다

to be big, large (both physical and figurative)

큰 사람


걸다

ko-adj

걸다 • (geolda) (infinitive 걸어, sequential 거니)

geolda (romanization)
걸어 (infinitive)
거니 (sequential)
걸다 (formal indicative non-past)
걸어 (indicative informal non-past)
걸어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
겁니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
걸었다 (formal indicative past)
걸었어 (indicative informal past)
걸었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
걸었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
거냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
걸어 (informal interrogative non-past)
걸어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
겁니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
걸었냐 (formal interrogative past)
걸었어 (informal interrogative past)
걸었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
걸었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
걸겠다 (assertive formal)
걸겠어 (assertive informal)
걸겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
걸겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
걸어 (causative formal)
걸어서 (causative informal)
거니 (causative informal polite)
거니까 (causative formal polite)
걸지만 (contrastive formal)
건데 (contrastive informal)
걸더니 (contrastive informal polite)
걸고 (conjunctive formal)
걸면 (conditional formal)
걸어야 (conditional informal)
걺 (formal noun-from-verb)
걸기 (informal noun-from-verb)
걸었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
걸었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
건 (determiner informal present)
걸 (determiner future informal)
거시다 (indicative non-past)
거셔 (indicative informal non-past)
거세요 (indicative non-past polite)
거셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
거십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
거셨다 (indicative past)
거셨어 (indicative informal past)
거셨어요 (indicative past polite)
거셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
거시냐 (interrogative non-past)
거셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
거세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
거셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
거십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
거셨냐 (interrogative past)
거셨어 (informal interrogative past)
거셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
거셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
거시겠다 (assertive)
거시겠어 (assertive informal)
거시겠어요 (assertive polite)
거시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
거셔 (causative)
거셔서 (causative informal)
거시니 (causative polite)
거시니까 (causative formal)
거시지만 (contrastive)
거신데 (contrastive informal)
거시더니 (contrastive polite)
거시고 (conjunctive)
거시면 (conditional)
거셔야 (conditional informal)
거심 (noun-from-verb)
거시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
거셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
거셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
거신 (determiner informal present)
거실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Gugeupbang eonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해), 1466, as Middle Korean 걸〯다〮 (Yale: kěl-tá).

ko-etym-native

건 논밭

건 국물


가난하다

ko-adj

가난하다 • (gananhada) (infinitive 가난해 or 가난하여, sequential 가난하니)

gananhada (romanization)
가난해 (infinitive)
가난하여 (infinitive)
가난하니 (sequential)
가난하다 (formal indicative non-past)
가난해 (indicative informal non-past)
가난해요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
가난합니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
가난했다 (formal indicative past)
가난했어 (indicative informal past)
가난했어요 (indicative informal past polite)
가난했습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
가난하냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
가난해 (informal interrogative non-past)
가난해요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
가난합니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
가난했냐 (formal interrogative past)
가난했어 (informal interrogative past)
가난했어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
가난했습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
가난하겠다 (assertive formal)
가난하겠어 (assertive informal)
가난하겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
가난하겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
가난해 (causative formal)
가난해서 (causative informal)
가난하여서 (causative informal)
가난하니 (causative informal polite)
가난하니까 (causative formal polite)
가난하지만 (contrastive formal)
가난한데 (contrastive informal)
가난하더니 (contrastive informal polite)
가난하고 (conjunctive formal)
가난하면 (conditional formal)
가난해야 (conditional informal)
가난하여야 (conditional informal)
가난함 (formal noun-from-verb)
가난하기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가난했음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
가난하였음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
가난했기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가난하였기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가난한 (determiner informal present)
가난할 (determiner future informal)
가난하시다 (indicative non-past)
가난하셔 (indicative informal non-past)
가난하세요 (indicative non-past polite)
가난하셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
가난하십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
가난하셨다 (indicative past)
가난하셨어 (indicative informal past)
가난하셨어요 (indicative past polite)
가난하셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
가난하시냐 (interrogative non-past)
가난하셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
가난하세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가난하셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가난하십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
가난하셨냐 (interrogative past)
가난하셨어 (informal interrogative past)
가난하셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
가난하셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
가난하시겠다 (assertive)
가난하시겠어 (assertive informal)
가난하시겠어요 (assertive polite)
가난하시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
가난하셔 (causative)
가난하셔서 (causative informal)
가난하시니 (causative polite)
가난하시니까 (causative formal)
가난하시지만 (contrastive)
가난하신데 (contrastive informal)
가난하시더니 (contrastive polite)
가난하시고 (conjunctive)
가난하시면 (conditional)
가난하셔야 (conditional informal)
가난하심 (noun-from-verb)
가난하시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가난하셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
가난하셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가난하신 (determiner informal present)
가난하실 (determiner future informal)

가난 (ganan) + -하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).
First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 가난ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: kànànhòtá).

ko-etym-native

가난한 사람이 부자한테 대든다.

A poor person is being uppity towards a rich person.


가볍다

ko-adj

가볍다 • (gabyeopda) (irregular, infinitive 가벼워, sequential 가벼우니)

gabyeopda (romanization)
가벼워 (infinitive)
가벼우니 (sequential)
가볍다 (formal indicative non-past)
가벼워 (indicative informal non-past)
가벼워요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
가볍습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
가벼웠다 (formal indicative past)
가벼웠어 (indicative informal past)
가벼웠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
가벼웠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
가벼우냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
가벼워 (informal interrogative non-past)
가벼워요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
가볍습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
가벼웠냐 (formal interrogative past)
가벼웠어 (informal interrogative past)
가벼웠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
가벼웠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
가볍겠다 (assertive formal)
가볍겠어 (assertive informal)
가볍겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
가볍겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
가벼워 (causative formal)
가벼워서 (causative informal)
가벼우니 (causative informal polite)
가벼우니까 (causative formal polite)
가볍지만 (contrastive formal)
가벼운데 (contrastive informal)
가볍더니 (contrastive informal polite)
가볍고 (conjunctive formal)
가벼우면 (conditional formal)
가벼워야 (conditional informal)
가벼움 (formal noun-from-verb)
가볍기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가벼웠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
가벼웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가벼운 (determiner informal present)
가벼울 (determiner future informal)
가벼우시다 (indicative non-past)
가벼우셔 (indicative informal non-past)
가벼우세요 (indicative non-past polite)
가벼우셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
가벼우십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
가벼우셨다 (indicative past)
가벼우셨어 (indicative informal past)
가벼우셨어요 (indicative past polite)
가벼우셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
가벼우시냐 (interrogative non-past)
가벼우셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
가벼우세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가벼우셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가벼우십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
가벼우셨냐 (interrogative past)
가벼우셨어 (informal interrogative past)
가벼우셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
가벼우셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
가벼우시겠다 (assertive)
가벼우시겠어 (assertive informal)
가벼우시겠어요 (assertive polite)
가벼우시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
가벼우셔 (causative)
가벼우셔서 (causative informal)
가벼우시니 (causative polite)
가벼우시니까 (causative formal)
가벼우시지만 (contrastive)
가벼우신데 (contrastive informal)
가벼우시더니 (contrastive polite)
가벼우시고 (conjunctive)
가벼우시면 (conditional)
가벼우셔야 (conditional informal)
가벼우심 (noun-from-verb)
가벼우시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가벼우셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
가벼우셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가벼우신 (determiner informal present)
가벼우실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본), 1446, as Middle Korean 가ᄇᆡ〮얍다〮 (Yale: kàpóyyàptá). Also attested in the Beonyeok sohak (飜譯小學 / 번역소학), 1517, as Middle Korean 가븨얍다 (Yale: kapuyyapta).


가늘다

ko-adj

가늘다 • (ganeulda) (infinitive 가늘어, sequential 가느니)

ganeulda (romanization)
가늘어 (infinitive)
가느니 (sequential)
가늘다 (formal indicative non-past)
가늘어 (indicative informal non-past)
가늘어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
가늡니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
가늘었다 (formal indicative past)
가늘었어 (indicative informal past)
가늘었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
가늘었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
가느냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
가늘어 (informal interrogative non-past)
가늘어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
가늡니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
가늘었냐 (formal interrogative past)
가늘었어 (informal interrogative past)
가늘었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
가늘었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
가늘겠다 (assertive formal)
가늘겠어 (assertive informal)
가늘겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
가늘겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
가늘어 (causative formal)
가늘어서 (causative informal)
가느니 (causative informal polite)
가느니까 (causative formal polite)
가늘지만 (contrastive formal)
가는데 (contrastive informal)
가늘더니 (contrastive informal polite)
가늘고 (conjunctive formal)
가늘면 (conditional formal)
가늘어야 (conditional informal)
가늚 (formal noun-from-verb)
가늘기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가늘었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
가늘었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가는 (determiner informal present)
가늘 (determiner future informal)
가느시다 (indicative non-past)
가느셔 (indicative informal non-past)
가느세요 (indicative non-past polite)
가느셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
가느십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
가느셨다 (indicative past)
가느셨어 (indicative informal past)
가느셨어요 (indicative past polite)
가느셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
가느시냐 (interrogative non-past)
가느셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
가느세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가느셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가느십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
가느셨냐 (interrogative past)
가느셨어 (informal interrogative past)
가느셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
가느셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
가느시겠다 (assertive)
가느시겠어 (assertive informal)
가느시겠어요 (assertive polite)
가느시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
가느셔 (causative)
가느셔서 (causative informal)
가느시니 (causative polite)
가느시니까 (causative formal)
가느시지만 (contrastive)
가느신데 (contrastive informal)
가느시더니 (contrastive polite)
가느시고 (conjunctive)
가느시면 (conditional)
가느셔야 (conditional informal)
가느심 (noun-from-verb)
가느시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가느셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
가느셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가느신 (determiner informal present)
가느실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆯ다〮 (Yale: kónòl-tá).

ko-etym-native

(of something long and thin) to be thin, to be slender

가는 목소리

(of a voice or sound) to be weak, to be soft


배고프다

ko-adj

배고프다 • (baegopeuda) (infinitive 배고파, sequential 배고프니)

baegopeuda (romanization)
배고파 (infinitive)
배고프니 (sequential)
배고프다 (formal indicative non-past)
배고파 (indicative informal non-past)
배고파요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
배고픕니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
배고팠다 (formal indicative past)
배고팠어 (indicative informal past)
배고팠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
배고팠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
배고프냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
배고파 (informal interrogative non-past)
배고파요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
배고픕니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
배고팠냐 (formal interrogative past)
배고팠어 (informal interrogative past)
배고팠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
배고팠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
배고프겠다 (assertive formal)
배고프겠어 (assertive informal)
배고프겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
배고프겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
배고파 (causative formal)
배고파서 (causative informal)
배고프니 (causative informal polite)
배고프니까 (causative formal polite)
배고프지만 (contrastive formal)
배고픈데 (contrastive informal)
배고프더니 (contrastive informal polite)
배고프고 (conjunctive formal)
배고프면 (conditional formal)
배고파야 (conditional informal)
배고픔 (formal noun-from-verb)
배고프기 (informal noun-from-verb)
배고팠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
배고팠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
배고픈 (determiner informal present)
배고플 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄇᆡ〮골ᄑᆞ다〮 (Yale: póy-kwòlphò-tá). 배 (bae, “belly”) + 고프다 (gopeuda, “to be hungry”).

com

난 배고파 지네, 넌 어때?


쓰다

ko-adj

쓰다 • (sseuda) (infinitive 써, sequential 쓰니)

sseuda (romanization)
써 (infinitive)
쓰니 (sequential)
쓰다 (formal indicative non-past)
써 (indicative informal non-past)
써요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
씁니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
썼다 (formal indicative past)
썼어 (indicative informal past)
썼어요 (indicative informal past polite)
썼습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
쓰냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
써 (informal interrogative non-past)
써요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
씁니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
썼냐 (formal interrogative past)
썼어 (informal interrogative past)
썼어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
썼습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
쓰겠다 (assertive formal)
쓰겠어 (assertive informal)
쓰겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
쓰겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
써 (causative formal)
써서 (causative informal)
쓰니 (causative informal polite)
쓰니까 (causative formal polite)
쓰지만 (contrastive formal)
쓴데 (contrastive informal)
쓰더니 (contrastive informal polite)
쓰고 (conjunctive formal)
쓰면 (conditional formal)
써야 (conditional informal)
씀 (formal noun-from-verb)
쓰기 (informal noun-from-verb)
썼음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
썼기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
쓴 (determiner informal present)
쓸 (determiner future informal)
쓰시다 (indicative non-past)
쓰셔 (indicative informal non-past)
쓰세요 (indicative non-past polite)
쓰셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
쓰십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
쓰셨다 (indicative past)
쓰셨어 (indicative informal past)
쓰셨어요 (indicative past polite)
쓰셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
쓰시냐 (interrogative non-past)
쓰셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
쓰세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
쓰셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
쓰십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
쓰셨냐 (interrogative past)
쓰셨어 (informal interrogative past)
쓰셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
쓰셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
쓰시겠다 (assertive)
쓰시겠어 (assertive informal)
쓰시겠어요 (assertive polite)
쓰시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
쓰셔 (causative)
쓰셔서 (causative informal)
쓰시니 (causative polite)
쓰시니까 (causative formal)
쓰시지만 (contrastive)
쓰신데 (contrastive informal)
쓰시더니 (contrastive polite)
쓰시고 (conjunctive)
쓰시면 (conditional)
쓰셔야 (conditional informal)
쓰심 (noun-from-verb)
쓰시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
쓰셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
쓰셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
쓰신 (determiner informal present)
쓰실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄡᅳ〮다〮 (Yale: psú-tá).

ko-etym-native

몸에 좋은 약은 쓰다.

Medicine that is good for the body is bitter.


시다

ko-adj

시다 • (sida) (infinitive 셔 or 시어, sequential 시니)

sida (romanization)
셔 (infinitive)
시어 (infinitive)
시니 (sequential)
시다 (formal indicative non-past)
셔 (indicative informal non-past)
셔요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
시어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
십니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
셨다 (formal indicative past)
셨어 (indicative informal past)
셨어요 (indicative informal past polite)
셨습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
시냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
셔요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
시어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
십니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
셨냐 (formal interrogative past)
셨어 (informal interrogative past)
셨어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
셨습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
시겠다 (assertive formal)
시겠어 (assertive informal)
시겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
시겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
셔 (causative formal)
셔서 (causative informal)
시어서 (causative informal)
시니 (causative informal polite)
시니까 (causative formal polite)
시지만 (contrastive formal)
신데 (contrastive informal)
시더니 (contrastive informal polite)
시고 (conjunctive formal)
시면 (conditional formal)
셔야 (conditional informal)
시어야 (conditional informal)
심 (formal noun-from-verb)
시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
셨음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
시었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
시었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
신 (determiner informal present)
실 (determiner future informal)
시시다 (indicative non-past)
시셔 (indicative informal non-past)
시세요 (indicative non-past polite)
시셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
시십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
시셨다 (indicative past)
시셨어 (indicative informal past)
시셨어요 (indicative past polite)
시셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
시시냐 (interrogative non-past)
시셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
시세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
시셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
시십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
시셨냐 (interrogative past)
시셨어 (informal interrogative past)
시셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
시셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
시시겠다 (assertive)
시시겠어 (assertive informal)
시시겠어요 (assertive polite)
시시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
시셔 (causative)
시셔서 (causative informal)
시시니 (causative polite)
시시니까 (causative formal)
시시지만 (contrastive)
시신데 (contrastive informal)
시시더니 (contrastive polite)
시시고 (conjunctive)
시시면 (conditional)
시셔야 (conditional informal)
시심 (noun-from-verb)
시시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
시셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
시셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
시신 (determiner informal present)
시실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean 싀다〮 (Yale: sùy-tá).
Cognate with 쉬다 (swida, “to go bad, to turn sour”). Possibly related to Japanese 酢 (su, “vinegar”), 酸い (sui, “sour”).


두껍다

ko-adj

두껍다 • (dukkeopda) (irregular, infinitive 두꺼워, sequential 두꺼우니)

dukkeopda (romanization)
두꺼워 (infinitive)
두꺼우니 (sequential)
두껍다 (formal indicative non-past)
두꺼워 (indicative informal non-past)
두꺼워요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
두껍습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
두꺼웠다 (formal indicative past)
두꺼웠어 (indicative informal past)
두꺼웠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
두꺼웠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
두꺼우냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
두꺼워 (informal interrogative non-past)
두꺼워요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
두껍습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
두꺼웠냐 (formal interrogative past)
두꺼웠어 (informal interrogative past)
두꺼웠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
두꺼웠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
두껍겠다 (assertive formal)
두껍겠어 (assertive informal)
두껍겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
두껍겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
두꺼워 (causative formal)
두꺼워서 (causative informal)
두꺼우니 (causative informal polite)
두꺼우니까 (causative formal polite)
두껍지만 (contrastive formal)
두꺼운데 (contrastive informal)
두껍더니 (contrastive informal polite)
두껍고 (conjunctive formal)
두꺼우면 (conditional formal)
두꺼워야 (conditional informal)
두꺼움 (formal noun-from-verb)
두껍기 (informal noun-from-verb)
두꺼웠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
두꺼웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
두꺼운 (determiner informal present)
두꺼울 (determiner future informal)
두꺼우시다 (indicative non-past)
두꺼우셔 (indicative informal non-past)
두꺼우세요 (indicative non-past polite)
두꺼우셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
두꺼우십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
두꺼우셨다 (indicative past)
두꺼우셨어 (indicative informal past)
두꺼우셨어요 (indicative past polite)
두꺼우셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
두꺼우시냐 (interrogative non-past)
두꺼우셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
두꺼우세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
두꺼우셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
두꺼우십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
두꺼우셨냐 (interrogative past)
두꺼우셨어 (informal interrogative past)
두꺼우셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
두꺼우셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
두꺼우시겠다 (assertive)
두꺼우시겠어 (assertive informal)
두꺼우시겠어요 (assertive polite)
두꺼우시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
두꺼우셔 (causative)
두꺼우셔서 (causative informal)
두꺼우시니 (causative polite)
두꺼우시니까 (causative formal)
두꺼우시지만 (contrastive)
두꺼우신데 (contrastive informal)
두꺼우시더니 (contrastive polite)
두꺼우시고 (conjunctive)
두꺼우시면 (conditional)
두꺼우셔야 (conditional informal)
두꺼우심 (noun-from-verb)
두꺼우시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
두꺼우셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
두꺼우셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
두꺼우신 (determiner informal present)
두꺼우실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 둗겁다 (Yale: twutkepta).


아니다

ko-adj

아니다 • (anida) (infinitive 아녀 or 아니어, sequential 아니니)

anida (romanization)
아녀 (infinitive)
아니어 (infinitive)
아니니 (sequential)
아니다 (formal indicative non-past)
아니야 (indicative informal non-past)
아니에요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
아닙니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
아니었다 (formal indicative past)
아니었어 (indicative informal past)
아니었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
아니었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
아니냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
아니야 (informal interrogative non-past)
아니에요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
아닙니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
아니었느냐 (formal interrogative past)
아니었어 (informal interrogative past)
아니었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
아니었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
아니겠다 (assertive formal)
아니겠어 (assertive informal)
아니겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
아니겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
아니에 (causative formal)
아니어서 (causative informal)
아니니 (causative informal polite)
아니니까 (causative formal polite)
아니지만 (contrastive formal)
아닌데 (contrastive informal)
아니더니 (contrastive informal polite)
아니고 (conjunctive formal)
아니면 (conditional formal)
아니어야 (conditional informal)
아님 (formal noun-from-verb)
아니기 (informal noun-from-verb)
아니었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
아니었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
아닌 (determiner informal present)
아닐 (determiner future informal)
아니시다 (indicative non-past)
아니셔 (indicative informal non-past)
아니세요 (indicative non-past polite)
아니셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
아니십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
아니셨다 (indicative past)
아니셨어 (indicative informal past)
아니셨어요 (indicative past polite)
아니셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
아니시냐 (interrogative non-past)
아니셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
아니세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
아니셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
아니십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
아니셨냐 (interrogative past)
아니셨어 (informal interrogative past)
아니셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
아니셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
아니시겠다 (assertive)
아니시겠어 (assertive informal)
아니시겠어요 (assertive polite)
아니시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
아니셔 (causative)
아니셔서 (causative informal)
아니시니 (causative polite)
아니시니까 (causative formal)
아니시지만 (contrastive)
아니신데 (contrastive informal)
아니시더니 (contrastive polite)
아니시고 (conjunctive)
아니시면 (conditional)
아니셔야 (conditional informal)
아니심 (noun-from-verb)
아니시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
아니셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
아니셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
아니신 (determiner informal present)
아니실 (determiner future informal)

Native Korean word, first recorded in the Seokbo sangjeol, 1447, as Middle Korean 아니〮다〮 (ànítá), a contraction of 아니〮 (àní, “that which is not”) and 이다〮 (ìtá, “to be”).

사람은 짐승이 아니다.


고프다

고프다 • (gopeuda) (infinitive 고파, sequential 고프니)

gopeuda (romanization)
고파 (infinitive)
고프니 (sequential)
고프다 (formal indicative non-past)
고파 (indicative informal non-past)
고파요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
고픕니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
고팠다 (formal indicative past)
고팠어 (indicative informal past)
고팠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
고팠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
고프냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
고파 (informal interrogative non-past)
고파요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
고픕니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
고팠냐 (formal interrogative past)
고팠어 (informal interrogative past)
고팠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
고팠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
고프겠다 (assertive formal)
고프겠어 (assertive informal)
고프겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
고프겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
고파 (causative formal)
고파서 (causative informal)
고프니 (causative informal polite)
고프니까 (causative formal polite)
고프지만 (contrastive formal)
고픈데 (contrastive informal)
고프더니 (contrastive informal polite)
고프고 (conjunctive formal)
고프면 (conditional formal)
고파야 (conditional informal)
고픔 (formal noun-from-verb)
고프기 (informal noun-from-verb)
고팠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
고팠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
고픈 (determiner informal present)
고플 (determiner future informal)
고프시다 (indicative non-past)
고프셔 (indicative informal non-past)
고프세요 (indicative non-past polite)
고프셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
고프십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
고프셨다 (indicative past)
고프셨어 (indicative informal past)
고프셨어요 (indicative past polite)
고프셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
고프시냐 (interrogative non-past)
고프셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
고프세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
고프셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
고프십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
고프셨냐 (interrogative past)
고프셨어 (informal interrogative past)
고프셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
고프셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
고프시겠다 (assertive)
고프시겠어 (assertive informal)
고프시겠어요 (assertive polite)
고프시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
고프셔 (causative)
고프셔서 (causative informal)
고프시니 (causative polite)
고프시니까 (causative formal)
고프시지만 (contrastive)
고프신데 (contrastive informal)
고프시더니 (contrastive polite)
고프시고 (conjunctive)
고프시면 (conditional)
고프셔야 (conditional informal)
고프심 (noun-from-verb)
고프시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
고프셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
고프셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
고프신 (determiner informal present)
고프실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 골ᄑᆞ다〮 (Yale: kòlphò-tá), from 곯 (kolh-, “to hunger”) + -ᄇᆞ- (-po, adjective-deriving suffix).

ko-etym-native

배가 고프다

(of the stomach, intransitive) to be hungry, empty, starved

사랑이 고프다

사람이 고프다

(figurative, intransitive) to thirst for, to desire (desired being is subject)


푸르다

ko-adj

푸르다 • (pureuda) (infinitive 푸르러, sequential 푸르니)

pureuda (romanization)
푸르러 (infinitive)
푸르니 (sequential)
푸르다 (formal indicative non-past)
푸르러 (indicative informal non-past)
푸르러요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
푸릅니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
푸르렀다 (formal indicative past)
푸르렀어 (indicative informal past)
푸르렀어요 (indicative informal past polite)
푸르렀습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
푸르냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
푸르러 (informal interrogative non-past)
푸르러요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
푸릅니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
푸르렀냐 (formal interrogative past)
푸르렀어 (informal interrogative past)
푸르렀어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
푸르렀습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
푸르겠다 (assertive formal)
푸르겠어 (assertive informal)
푸르겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
푸르겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
푸르러 (causative formal)
푸르러서 (causative informal)
푸르니 (causative informal polite)
푸르니까 (causative formal polite)
푸르지만 (contrastive formal)
푸른데 (contrastive informal)
푸르더니 (contrastive informal polite)
푸르고 (conjunctive formal)
푸르면 (conditional formal)
푸르러야 (conditional informal)
푸름 (formal noun-from-verb)
푸르기 (informal noun-from-verb)
푸르렀음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
푸르렀기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
푸른 (determiner informal present)
푸를 (determiner future informal)
푸르시다 (indicative non-past)
푸르셔 (indicative informal non-past)
푸르세요 (indicative non-past polite)
푸르셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
푸르십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
푸르셨다 (indicative past)
푸르셨어 (indicative informal past)
푸르셨어요 (indicative past polite)
푸르셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
푸르시냐 (interrogative non-past)
푸르셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
푸르세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
푸르셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
푸르십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
푸르셨냐 (interrogative past)
푸르셨어 (informal interrogative past)
푸르셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
푸르셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
푸르시겠다 (assertive)
푸르시겠어 (assertive informal)
푸르시겠어요 (assertive polite)
푸르시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
푸르셔 (causative)
푸르셔서 (causative informal)
푸르시니 (causative polite)
푸르시니까 (causative formal)
푸르시지만 (contrastive)
푸르신데 (contrastive informal)
푸르시더니 (contrastive polite)
푸르시고 (conjunctive)
푸르시면 (conditional)
푸르셔야 (conditional informal)
푸르심 (noun-from-verb)
푸르시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
푸르셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
푸르셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
푸르신 (determiner informal present)
푸르실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 프르〮다〮 (Yale: phùlú-tá). Derived from 풀 (pul, “grass”).

ko-etym-native

(of the sky, of the sea, etc.) to be blue, to be azure

(of vegetation) to be green, to be verdant

(figurative, of a person) to be fresh, to be young


짚다

ko-adj

짚다 • (jipda) (infinitive 짚어, sequential 짚으니)

jipda (romanization)
짚어 (infinitive)
짚으니 (sequential)

Palatalized form of 깊다 (gipda). See 길 (gil) for more information regarding the palatalization of /ki-/ in certain Korean dialects.

근데 그거 (뿌리) 하나가 다 (연못) 들어간다고 그랬으니까 짚죠.

2015 May 3, 이종호 [ijongho], “6개월 된 송아지를 잡아먹은 메기 [6gaewol doen song'ajireul jabameogeun megi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 강원도 양구군 방산면 [gang'wondo yanggugun bangsanmyeon]:

But because the root had gotten into the pond, it went deeper.

(Gangwon, Seoul, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Hamgyong, Russia) dialectal form of 깊다 (gipda, “to be deep, profound”)


없었다

[ˈɘ(ː)ps͈ʌ̹t̚t͈a̠]

Past tense of 없다 (eopda, “to not be there”) in the plain style. Formed from the combination of the stem 없 with the regular past tense suffix -었-.


바르다

바르다 • (bareuda) (infinitive 발라, sequential 바르니)

bareuda (romanization)
발라 (infinitive)
바르니 (sequential)
바르다 (formal indicative non-past)
발라 (indicative informal non-past)
발라요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
바릅니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
발랐다 (formal indicative past)
발랐어 (indicative informal past)
발랐어요 (indicative informal past polite)
발랐습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
바르냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
발라 (informal interrogative non-past)
발라요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
바릅니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
발랐냐 (formal interrogative past)
발랐어 (informal interrogative past)
발랐어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
발랐습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
바르겠다 (assertive formal)
바르겠어 (assertive informal)
바르겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
바르겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
발라 (causative formal)
발라서 (causative informal)
바르니 (causative informal polite)
바르니까 (causative formal polite)
바르지만 (contrastive formal)
바른데 (contrastive informal)
바르더니 (contrastive informal polite)
바르고 (conjunctive formal)
바르면 (conditional formal)
발라야 (conditional informal)
바름 (formal noun-from-verb)
바르기 (informal noun-from-verb)
발랐음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
발랐기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
바른 (determiner informal present)
바를 (determiner future informal)
바르시다 (indicative non-past)
바르셔 (indicative informal non-past)
바르세요 (indicative non-past polite)
바르셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
바르십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
바르셨다 (indicative past)
바르셨어 (indicative informal past)
바르셨어요 (indicative past polite)
바르셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
바르시냐 (interrogative non-past)
바르셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
바르세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
바르셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
바르십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
바르셨냐 (interrogative past)
바르셨어 (informal interrogative past)
바르셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
바르셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
바르시겠다 (assertive)
바르시겠어 (assertive informal)
바르시겠어요 (assertive polite)
바르시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
바르셔 (causative)
바르셔서 (causative informal)
바르시니 (causative polite)
바르시니까 (causative formal)
바르시지만 (contrastive)
바르신데 (contrastive informal)
바르시더니 (contrastive polite)
바르시고 (conjunctive)
바르시면 (conditional)
바르셔야 (conditional informal)
바르심 (noun-from-verb)
바르시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
바르셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
바르셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
바르신 (determiner informal present)
바르실 (determiner future informal)

First attested as Middle Korean ᄇᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (pòlòtá) in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 6:10b, 1447.
Compare dialectal forms 보리다 (borida), 볼라다 (bollada).

꾀바르다

to have plenty of tricks to avoid or deal with difficult or embarrassing situations

맛바르다

a situation in which all the delicious food is gone and the amount is not enough

싸바르다

to seal off the outside of the opponent's stone in baduk

애바르다

to the extent that one cares too much about others

적바르다

a condition of barely reaching a certain limit and hence in an unaffordable condition

(obsolete) to be hardened; to be solidified


바르다

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 바ᄅᆞ다 (Yale: palota).
: 1459, 《월인석보》 서:18ㄱ
::
直ᄋᆞᆫ 바ᄅᆞᆯ 씨라
Also attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean 바ᄅᆞ다 (Yale: palota).
: 1481, 《능엄경언해》 9:62ㄴ
::
街ᄂᆞᆫ 바ᄅᆞᆫ 길히오 巷은 구븐 길히라

quote

直ᄋᆞᆫ 바ᄅᆞᆯ 씨라

直ᄋᆞᆫ 바ᄅᆞᆯ 씨라

quote

街ᄂᆞᆫ 바ᄅᆞᆫ 길히오 巷은 구븐 길히라

街ᄂᆞᆫ 바ᄅᆞᆫ 길히오 巷은 구븐 길히라

길이 바르다.

줄을 바르게 서다

선을 바르게 긋다

옷매무새를 바르게 하다

to adjust one's dress to become straight (without creases)

의자에 바르게 앉아라

장롱에 이불을 바르게 개 넣어라.

jangnong-e ibur-eul bareuge gae neo'eora.

to fold and put the bed erect in the wardrobe.

to be straight, upright, erect; without bends or curvature

예의가 바르다

생각이 바른 사람

마음가짐이 바르다.

행실이 바르다.

그는 몸가짐을 늘 바르게 한다.

geu-neun momgajim-eul neul bareuge handa.

그는 회사에서 가장 인사성이 바른 사람이다.

geu-neun hoesa-eseo gajang insaseong-i bareun saram-ida.

He is the most polite person in the company.

to be right; to comply with the social norm in one's words or behavior

역사를 바르게 이해하다.

숨기지 말고 바르게 대답하시오.

Don't hide (the truth), answer honestly.

to be right, correct, honest, frank; to be consistent with the facts

바른손 (bareunson, “right hand”)

정답을 아는 학생은 바른 손을 들어라

1999, “국립국어원 [Gungnipgugeowon, The National Institute of The Korean Language]”, in 표준국어대사전 [Pyojun'gugeodaesajeon, Standard Korean Dictionary]:

Raise your right hand if you know the answer.

바른손잡이 (bareunsonjabi, “right hander”)

바른손을 오른손의 뜻으로 쓰는건 왼손잡이들에 대한 차별을 담은 말이라는 주장이 오래전부터 제기됐다.

2017 May, 박일환, 미친 국어사전 [A Mad Korean Dictionary], PURIWA IPARI, →ISBN:

It has long been argued that using the right hand as the 'right hand' is a term that includes discrimination against left-handed people.

Bareunson-eul oreunson-ui tteus-euro sseuneun'geon oensonjabi-deur-e daehan chabyeor-eul dameun mar-ira-neun jujang-i oraejeon-buteo jegidwaetda.

기르던 잉꼬가 죽자 아이들은 양지가 바른 곳에 묻어 주었다.

gireudeon ingkko-ga jukja ai-deur-eun yangji-ga bareun gos-e mudeo jueotda.

When the parakeet died, the children buried it in a sunny place.

양지바르다

해바르다

볕바르다 (byeotbareuda)

(dialectal) 벳바르다 (betbareuda)

(dialectal) 양기바르다 (yanggibareuda)


바르다

in [Joseonmaldaesajeon, ]:해에 걸어 검붉은 그 얼굴에는 로력과 창조의 기쁨이 흘렀다.Hae-e georeo geombulgeun geu eolgur-e-neun roryeok-gwa changjo-ui gippeum-i heulleotda.The face

was flowing with joy of effort and creation

사랑채는 동향으로 앉아서 여름에는 해가 발랐다.

1992, “두만강 (Duman'gang) [Tumen River]”, in 조선말대사전 [Joseonmaldaesajeon, Dictionary of Korean language]:

Sarangchae sits in the east, and the sun was insufficient in the summer.

(North Korea) uncommon, insufficient; rarely encountered


바르다

재바르다 ― jaebareuda ― to be quick in action

fast, takes a short amount of time to do something

ahead of the baseline or comparison in a chronological order

(North Korea) 재바르다 ― jaebareuda ― in short supply, poor condition

in [Joseonmaldaesajeon, ]:재바른 살림살이에서 벗어나지 못하다.Jaebareun sallimsari-eseo beoseonaji mothada.to be unable to escape from the scanty livelihood


참되다

ko-adj

참되다 • (chamdoeda) (infinitive 참돼 or 참되어, sequential 참되니)

chamdoeda (romanization)
참돼 (infinitive)
참되어 (infinitive)
참되니 (sequential)
참되다 (formal indicative non-past)
참돼 (indicative informal non-past)
참돼요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
참되어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
참됩니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
참됐다 (formal indicative past)
참됐어 (indicative informal past)
참됐어요 (indicative informal past polite)
참됐습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
참되냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
참돼 (informal interrogative non-past)
참돼요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
참되어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
참됩니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
참됐냐 (formal interrogative past)
참됐어 (informal interrogative past)
참됐어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
참됐습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
참되겠다 (assertive formal)
참되겠어 (assertive informal)
참되겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
참되겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
참돼 (causative formal)
참돼서 (causative informal)
참되어서 (causative informal)
참되니 (causative informal polite)
참되니까 (causative formal polite)
참되지만 (contrastive formal)
참된데 (contrastive informal)
참되더니 (contrastive informal polite)
참되고 (conjunctive formal)
참되면 (conditional formal)
참돼야 (conditional informal)
참되어야 (conditional informal)
참됨 (formal noun-from-verb)
참되기 (informal noun-from-verb)
참됐음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
참되었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
참됐기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
참되었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
참된 (determiner informal present)
참될 (determiner future informal)
참되시다 (indicative non-past)
참되셔 (indicative informal non-past)
참되세요 (indicative non-past polite)
참되셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
참되십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
참되셨다 (indicative past)
참되셨어 (indicative informal past)
참되셨어요 (indicative past polite)
참되셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
참되시냐 (interrogative non-past)
참되셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
참되세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
참되셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
참되십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
참되셨냐 (interrogative past)
참되셨어 (informal interrogative past)
참되셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
참되셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
참되시겠다 (assertive)
참되시겠어 (assertive informal)
참되시겠어요 (assertive polite)
참되시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
참되셔 (causative)
참되셔서 (causative informal)
참되시니 (causative polite)
참되시니까 (causative formal)
참되시지만 (contrastive)
참되신데 (contrastive informal)
참되시더니 (contrastive polite)
참되시고 (conjunctive)
참되시면 (conditional)
참되셔야 (conditional informal)
참되심 (noun-from-verb)
참되시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
참되셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
참되셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
참되신 (determiner informal present)
참되실 (determiner future informal)

[t͡ɕʰa̠mt͈ø̞da̠]

First attested in the Seokbong cheonjamun (石峰千字文 / 석봉천자문), 1583, as Middle Korean ᄎᆞᆷ되다 (Yale: chom-twoyta).
참 (cham, “truth”) + -되다 (-doeda, “to become”, light verb deriving adjectives).

af

to be real, to be sincere, to be truthful


옳다

ko-adj

옳다 • (olta) (infinitive 옳아, sequential 옳으니)

olta (romanization)
옳아 (infinitive)
옳으니 (sequential)
옳다 (formal indicative non-past)
옳아 (indicative informal non-past)
옳아요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
옳습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
옳았다 (formal indicative past)
옳았어 (indicative informal past)
옳았어요 (indicative informal past polite)
옳았습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
옳으냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
옳아 (informal interrogative non-past)
옳아요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
옳습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
옳았냐 (formal interrogative past)
옳았어 (informal interrogative past)
옳았어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
옳았습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
옳겠다 (assertive formal)
옳겠어 (assertive informal)
옳겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
옳겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
옳아 (causative formal)
옳아서 (causative informal)
옳으니 (causative informal polite)
옳으니까 (causative formal polite)
옳지만 (contrastive formal)
옳은데 (contrastive informal)
옳더니 (contrastive informal polite)
옳고 (conjunctive formal)
옳으면 (conditional formal)
옳아야 (conditional informal)
옳음 (formal noun-from-verb)
옳기 (informal noun-from-verb)
옳았음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
옳았기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
옳은 (determiner informal present)
옳을 (determiner future informal)
옳으시다 (indicative non-past)
옳으셔 (indicative informal non-past)
옳으세요 (indicative non-past polite)
옳으셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
옳으십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
옳으셨다 (indicative past)
옳으셨어 (indicative informal past)
옳으셨어요 (indicative past polite)
옳으셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
옳으시냐 (interrogative non-past)
옳으셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
옳으세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
옳으셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
옳으십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
옳으셨냐 (interrogative past)
옳으셨어 (informal interrogative past)
옳으셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
옳으셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
옳으시겠다 (assertive)
옳으시겠어 (assertive informal)
옳으시겠어요 (assertive polite)
옳으시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
옳으셔 (causative)
옳으셔서 (causative informal)
옳으시니 (causative polite)
옳으시니까 (causative formal)
옳으시지만 (contrastive)
옳으신데 (contrastive informal)
옳으시더니 (contrastive polite)
옳으시고 (conjunctive)
옳으시면 (conditional)
옳으셔야 (conditional informal)
옳으심 (noun-from-verb)
옳으시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
옳으셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
옳으셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
옳으신 (determiner informal present)
옳으실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 옳다 (Yale: wolhta). Compared with Mongolian ортой (ortoj), ᠣᠷᠤᠲᠠᠢ (orutai, “right, true”), Manchu ᡠᡵᡠ (uru, “truth, true”), Nivkh урдь (urd̦, “to be good”), Tamil உள் (uḷ, “to be, to have”) > உள்ள (uḷḷa, “real, true”) by Gang (2010). The h in the stem may be from 하— (ha-, “to do”), akin to 많— (man-, “many”).

ko-etym-native

옳은 일을 하다

바르다

to be straight, upright, right, correct, true


바른

realis adnominal of 바르다 (bareuda, “to be right, to be proper”); which is right, which is proper


빨다

ko-adj

빨다 • (ppalda) (infinitive 빨아, sequential 빠니)

ppalda (romanization)
빨아 (infinitive)
빠니 (sequential)
빨다 (formal indicative non-past)
빨아 (indicative informal non-past)
빨아요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
빱니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
빨았다 (formal indicative past)
빨았어 (indicative informal past)
빨았어요 (indicative informal past polite)
빨았습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
빠냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
빨아 (informal interrogative non-past)
빨아요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
빱니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
빨았냐 (formal interrogative past)
빨았어 (informal interrogative past)
빨았어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
빨았습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
빨겠다 (assertive formal)
빨겠어 (assertive informal)
빨겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
빨겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
빨아 (causative formal)
빨아서 (causative informal)
빠니 (causative informal polite)
빠니까 (causative formal polite)
빨지만 (contrastive formal)
빤데 (contrastive informal)
빨더니 (contrastive informal polite)
빨고 (conjunctive formal)
빨면 (conditional formal)
빨아야 (conditional informal)
빪 (formal noun-from-verb)
빨기 (informal noun-from-verb)
빨았음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
빨았기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
빤 (determiner informal present)
빨 (determiner future informal)
빠시다 (indicative non-past)
빠셔 (indicative informal non-past)
빠세요 (indicative non-past polite)
빠셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
빠십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
빠셨다 (indicative past)
빠셨어 (indicative informal past)
빠셨어요 (indicative past polite)
빠셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
빠시냐 (interrogative non-past)
빠셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
빠세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
빠셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
빠십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
빠셨냐 (interrogative past)
빠셨어 (informal interrogative past)
빠셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
빠셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
빠시겠다 (assertive)
빠시겠어 (assertive informal)
빠시겠어요 (assertive polite)
빠시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
빠셔 (causative)
빠셔서 (causative informal)
빠시니 (causative polite)
빠시니까 (causative formal)
빠시지만 (contrastive)
빠신데 (contrastive informal)
빠시더니 (contrastive polite)
빠시고 (conjunctive)
빠시면 (conditional)
빠셔야 (conditional informal)
빠심 (noun-from-verb)
빠시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
빠셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
빠셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
빠신 (determiner informal present)
빠실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄲᆞᆯ〮다〮 (Yale: spól-tá).

ko-etym-native

to be pointed, to be tapered, to be hollow (as of cheeks)


가능하다

ko-adj

가능하다 • (ganeunghada) (infinitive 가능해 or 가능하여, sequential 가능하니)

ganeunghada (romanization)
가능해 (infinitive)
가능하여 (infinitive)
가능하니 (sequential)
가능하다 (formal indicative non-past)
가능해 (indicative informal non-past)
가능해요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
가능합니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
가능했다 (formal indicative past)
가능했어 (indicative informal past)
가능했어요 (indicative informal past polite)
가능했습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
가능하냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
가능해 (informal interrogative non-past)
가능해요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
가능합니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
가능했냐 (formal interrogative past)
가능했어 (informal interrogative past)
가능했어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
가능했습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
가능하겠다 (assertive formal)
가능하겠어 (assertive informal)
가능하겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
가능하겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
가능해 (causative formal)
가능해서 (causative informal)
가능하여서 (causative informal)
가능하니 (causative informal polite)
가능하니까 (causative formal polite)
가능하지만 (contrastive formal)
가능한데 (contrastive informal)
가능하더니 (contrastive informal polite)
가능하고 (conjunctive formal)
가능하면 (conditional formal)
가능해야 (conditional informal)
가능하여야 (conditional informal)
가능함 (formal noun-from-verb)
가능하기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가능했음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
가능하였음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
가능했기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가능하였기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가능한 (determiner informal present)
가능할 (determiner future informal)
가능하시다 (indicative non-past)
가능하셔 (indicative informal non-past)
가능하세요 (indicative non-past polite)
가능하셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
가능하십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
가능하셨다 (indicative past)
가능하셨어 (indicative informal past)
가능하셨어요 (indicative past polite)
가능하셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
가능하시냐 (interrogative non-past)
가능하셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
가능하세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가능하셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
가능하십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
가능하셨냐 (interrogative past)
가능하셨어 (informal interrogative past)
가능하셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
가능하셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
가능하시겠다 (assertive)
가능하시겠어 (assertive informal)
가능하시겠어요 (assertive polite)
가능하시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
가능하셔 (causative)
가능하셔서 (causative informal)
가능하시니 (causative polite)
가능하시니까 (causative formal)
가능하시지만 (contrastive)
가능하신데 (contrastive informal)
가능하시더니 (contrastive polite)
가능하시고 (conjunctive)
가능하시면 (conditional)
가능하셔야 (conditional informal)
가능하심 (noun-from-verb)
가능하시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
가능하셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
가능하셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
가능하신 (determiner informal present)
가능하실 (determiner future informal)

가능(可能) (ganeung) + -하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).

af

나는 가능한 한 빨리 왔다.


부드럽다

ko-adj

부드럽다 • (budeureopda) (irregular, infinitive 부드러워, sequential 부드러우니)

budeureopda (romanization)
부드러워 (infinitive)
부드러우니 (sequential)
부드럽다 (formal indicative non-past)
부드러워 (indicative informal non-past)
부드러워요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
부드럽습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
부드러웠다 (formal indicative past)
부드러웠어 (indicative informal past)
부드러웠어요 (indicative informal past polite)
부드러웠습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
부드러우냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
부드러워 (informal interrogative non-past)
부드러워요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
부드럽습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
부드러웠냐 (formal interrogative past)
부드러웠어 (informal interrogative past)
부드러웠어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
부드러웠습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
부드럽겠다 (assertive formal)
부드럽겠어 (assertive informal)
부드럽겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
부드럽겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
부드러워 (causative formal)
부드러워서 (causative informal)
부드러우니 (causative informal polite)
부드러우니까 (causative formal polite)
부드럽지만 (contrastive formal)
부드러운데 (contrastive informal)
부드럽더니 (contrastive informal polite)
부드럽고 (conjunctive formal)
부드러우면 (conditional formal)
부드러워야 (conditional informal)
부드러움 (formal noun-from-verb)
부드럽기 (informal noun-from-verb)
부드러웠음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
부드러웠기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
부드러운 (determiner informal present)
부드러울 (determiner future informal)
부드러우시다 (indicative non-past)
부드러우셔 (indicative informal non-past)
부드러우세요 (indicative non-past polite)
부드러우셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
부드러우십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
부드러우셨다 (indicative past)
부드러우셨어 (indicative informal past)
부드러우셨어요 (indicative past polite)
부드러우셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
부드러우시냐 (interrogative non-past)
부드러우셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
부드러우세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
부드러우셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
부드러우십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
부드러우셨냐 (interrogative past)
부드러우셨어 (informal interrogative past)
부드러우셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
부드러우셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
부드러우시겠다 (assertive)
부드러우시겠어 (assertive informal)
부드러우시겠어요 (assertive polite)
부드러우시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
부드러우셔 (causative)
부드러우셔서 (causative informal)
부드러우시니 (causative polite)
부드러우시니까 (causative formal)
부드러우시지만 (contrastive)
부드러우신데 (contrastive informal)
부드러우시더니 (contrastive polite)
부드러우시고 (conjunctive)
부드러우시면 (conditional)
부드러우셔야 (conditional informal)
부드러우심 (noun-from-verb)
부드러우시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
부드러우셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
부드러우셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
부드러우신 (determiner informal present)
부드러우실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 부드럽다 (Yale: pwutulepta).


나쁘다

ko-adj

나쁘다 • (nappeuda) (infinitive 나빠, sequential 나쁘니)

nappeuda (romanization)
나빠 (infinitive)
나쁘니 (sequential)
나쁘다 (formal indicative non-past)
나빠 (indicative informal non-past)
나빠요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
나쁩니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
나빴다 (formal indicative past)
나빴어 (indicative informal past)
나빴어요 (indicative informal past polite)
나빴습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
나쁘냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
나빠 (informal interrogative non-past)
나빠요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
나쁩니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
나빴냐 (formal interrogative past)
나빴어 (informal interrogative past)
나빴어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
나빴습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
나쁘겠다 (assertive formal)
나쁘겠어 (assertive informal)
나쁘겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
나쁘겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
나빠 (causative formal)
나빠서 (causative informal)
나쁘니 (causative informal polite)
나쁘니까 (causative formal polite)
나쁘지만 (contrastive formal)
나쁜데 (contrastive informal)
나쁘더니 (contrastive informal polite)
나쁘고 (conjunctive formal)
나쁘면 (conditional formal)
나빠야 (conditional informal)
나쁨 (formal noun-from-verb)
나쁘기 (informal noun-from-verb)
나빴음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
나빴기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
나쁜 (determiner informal present)
나쁠 (determiner future informal)
나쁘시다 (indicative non-past)
나쁘셔 (indicative informal non-past)
나쁘세요 (indicative non-past polite)
나쁘셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
나쁘십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
나쁘셨다 (indicative past)
나쁘셨어 (indicative informal past)
나쁘셨어요 (indicative past polite)
나쁘셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
나쁘시냐 (interrogative non-past)
나쁘셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
나쁘세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
나쁘셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
나쁘십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
나쁘셨냐 (interrogative past)
나쁘셨어 (informal interrogative past)
나쁘셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
나쁘셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
나쁘시겠다 (assertive)
나쁘시겠어 (assertive informal)
나쁘시겠어요 (assertive polite)
나쁘시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
나쁘셔 (causative)
나쁘셔서 (causative informal)
나쁘시니 (causative polite)
나쁘시니까 (causative formal)
나쁘시지만 (contrastive)
나쁘신데 (contrastive informal)
나쁘시더니 (contrastive polite)
나쁘시고 (conjunctive)
나쁘시면 (conditional)
나쁘셔야 (conditional informal)
나쁘심 (noun-from-verb)
나쁘시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
나쁘셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
나쁘셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
나쁘신 (determiner informal present)
나쁘실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 낟ᄇᆞ다〮 (Yale: nàt-pò-tá), equivalent to unattested verb *낟다〮 (Yale: *nàt-tá) + ᄫᆞ (Yale: -Wo-, adjective-deriving suffix). Middle Korean meaning: "to be insufficient".
Later largely displaced 궂다〮 (Yale: kwùc-tá), the Middle Korean generic word for "bad", nowadays used mainly in reference to the weather and in idiomatic expressions. The original meaning was replaced by Sino-Korean 부족(不足)하다 (bujokhada, “to be insufficient”).

okm-l

기분 나쁜 날

이 나라는 살기 나쁜 나라다.

This country is a bad country to live in.

to be bad; to be unpleasant; to be disagreeable; to be of inferior quality

나쁜 인간

to be bad; to be evil; to be ill-natured

나쁜 짓을 하다

to be bad (various meanings)
to be bad, to be immoral

내가 나빴어.

to be in the wrong; to be (morally) blamable

이 날씨는 농작물에 나쁘다.

to be bad (various meanings)
to be bad, to be harmful

심장이 나쁘다

to be bad (various meanings)
to be bad; to be frail; to be weak

(archaic, original meaning) to be insufficient; to be inadequate


누르다

ko-adj

누르다 • (nureuda) (infinitive 누르러, sequential 누르니)

nureuda (romanization)
누르러 (infinitive)
누르니 (sequential)
누르다 (formal indicative non-past)
누르러 (indicative informal non-past)
누르러요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
누릅니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
누르렀다 (formal indicative past)
누르렀어 (indicative informal past)
누르렀어요 (indicative informal past polite)
누르렀습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
누르냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
누르러 (informal interrogative non-past)
누르러요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
누릅니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
누르렀냐 (formal interrogative past)
누르렀어 (informal interrogative past)
누르렀어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
누르렀습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
누르겠다 (assertive formal)
누르겠어 (assertive informal)
누르겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
누르겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
누르러 (causative formal)
누르러서 (causative informal)
누르니 (causative informal polite)
누르니까 (causative formal polite)
누르지만 (contrastive formal)
누른데 (contrastive informal)
누르더니 (contrastive informal polite)
누르고 (conjunctive formal)
누르면 (conditional formal)
누르러야 (conditional informal)
누름 (formal noun-from-verb)
누르기 (informal noun-from-verb)
누르렀음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
누르렀기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
누른 (determiner informal present)
누를 (determiner future informal)
누르시다 (indicative non-past)
누르셔 (indicative informal non-past)
누르세요 (indicative non-past polite)
누르셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
누르십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
누르셨다 (indicative past)
누르셨어 (indicative informal past)
누르셨어요 (indicative past polite)
누르셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
누르시냐 (interrogative non-past)
누르셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
누르세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
누르셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
누르십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
누르셨냐 (interrogative past)
누르셨어 (informal interrogative past)
누르셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
누르셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
누르시겠다 (assertive)
누르시겠어 (assertive informal)
누르시겠어요 (assertive polite)
누르시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
누르셔 (causative)
누르셔서 (causative informal)
누르시니 (causative polite)
누르시니까 (causative formal)
누르시지만 (contrastive)
누르신데 (contrastive informal)
누르시더니 (contrastive polite)
누르시고 (conjunctive)
누르시면 (conditional)
누르셔야 (conditional informal)
누르심 (noun-from-verb)
누르시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
누르셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
누르셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
누르신 (determiner informal present)
누르실 (determiner future informal)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 누르〮다〮 (Yale: nwùlú-tá).
From Old Korean 黃等 (*NWOtol).
Possibly ultimately from 눋- (nwut-, “to get a bit burnt”) + *을- (*-ul-, verbal suffix). However, the existence and function of the hypothetical suffix is unclear.


굽다

ko-adj

굽다 • (gupda) (infinitive 굽어, sequential 굽으니)

gupda (romanization)
굽어 (infinitive)
굽으니 (sequential)
굽다 (formal indicative non-past)
굽어 (indicative informal non-past)
굽어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
굽습니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
굽었다 (formal indicative past)
굽었어 (indicative informal past)
굽었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
굽었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
굽으냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
굽어 (informal interrogative non-past)
굽어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
굽습니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
굽었냐 (formal interrogative past)
굽었어 (informal interrogative past)
굽었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
굽었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
굽겠다 (assertive formal)
굽겠어 (assertive informal)
굽겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
굽겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
굽어 (causative formal)
굽어서 (causative informal)
굽으니 (causative informal polite)
굽으니까 (causative formal polite)
굽지만 (contrastive formal)
굽은데 (contrastive informal)
굽더니 (contrastive informal polite)
굽고 (conjunctive formal)
굽으면 (conditional formal)
굽어야 (conditional informal)
굽음 (formal noun-from-verb)
굽기 (informal noun-from-verb)
굽었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
굽었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
굽은 (determiner informal present)
굽을 (determiner future informal)
굽으시다 (indicative non-past)
굽으셔 (indicative informal non-past)
굽으세요 (indicative non-past polite)
굽으셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
굽으십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
굽으셨다 (indicative past)
굽으셨어 (indicative informal past)
굽으셨어요 (indicative past polite)
굽으셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
굽으시냐 (interrogative non-past)
굽으셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
굽으세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
굽으셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
굽으십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
굽으셨냐 (interrogative past)
굽으셨어 (informal interrogative past)
굽으셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
굽으셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
굽으시겠다 (assertive)
굽으시겠어 (assertive informal)
굽으시겠어요 (assertive polite)
굽으시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
굽으셔 (causative)
굽으셔서 (causative informal)
굽으시니 (causative polite)
굽으시니까 (causative formal)
굽으시지만 (contrastive)
굽으신데 (contrastive informal)
굽으시더니 (contrastive polite)
굽으시고 (conjunctive)
굽으시면 (conditional)
굽으셔야 (conditional informal)
굽으심 (noun-from-verb)
굽으시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
굽으셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
굽으셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
굽으신 (determiner informal present)
굽으실 (determiner future informal)

To be bent, curved, crooked, humped, hunched

굽실거리다

To bow the neck repeatedly, humble oneself

고부라지다

To be bent, curved, humped, humpbacked, hunched

to a lesser degree than 구부러지다 (gubureojida)


해쓱하다

해쓱하다 • (haesseukhada) (infinitive 해쓱해 or 해쓱하여, sequential 해쓱하니)

haesseukhada (romanization)
해쓱해 (infinitive)
해쓱하여 (infinitive)
해쓱하니 (sequential)
해쓱하다 (formal indicative non-past)
해쓱해 (indicative informal non-past)
해쓱해요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
해쓱합니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
해쓱했다 (formal indicative past)
해쓱했어 (indicative informal past)
해쓱했어요 (indicative informal past polite)
해쓱했습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
해쓱하냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
해쓱해 (informal interrogative non-past)
해쓱해요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
해쓱합니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
해쓱했냐 (formal interrogative past)
해쓱했어 (informal interrogative past)
해쓱했어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
해쓱했습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
해쓱하겠다 (assertive formal)
해쓱하겠어 (assertive informal)
해쓱하겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
해쓱하겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
해쓱해 (causative formal)
해쓱해서 (causative informal)
해쓱하여서 (causative informal)
해쓱하니 (causative informal polite)
해쓱하니까 (causative formal polite)
해쓱하지만 (contrastive formal)
해쓱한데 (contrastive informal)
해쓱하더니 (contrastive informal polite)
해쓱하고 (conjunctive formal)
해쓱하면 (conditional formal)
해쓱해야 (conditional informal)
해쓱하여야 (conditional informal)
해쓱함 (formal noun-from-verb)
해쓱하기 (informal noun-from-verb)
해쓱했음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
해쓱하였음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
해쓱했기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
해쓱하였기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
해쓱한 (determiner informal present)
해쓱할 (determiner future informal)
해쓱하시다 (indicative non-past)
해쓱하셔 (indicative informal non-past)
해쓱하세요 (indicative non-past polite)
해쓱하셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
해쓱하십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
해쓱하셨다 (indicative past)
해쓱하셨어 (indicative informal past)
해쓱하셨어요 (indicative past polite)
해쓱하셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
해쓱하시냐 (interrogative non-past)
해쓱하셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
해쓱하세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
해쓱하셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
해쓱하십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
해쓱하셨냐 (interrogative past)
해쓱하셨어 (informal interrogative past)
해쓱하셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
해쓱하셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
해쓱하시겠다 (assertive)
해쓱하시겠어 (assertive informal)
해쓱하시겠어요 (assertive polite)
해쓱하시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
해쓱하셔 (causative)
해쓱하셔서 (causative informal)
해쓱하시니 (causative polite)
해쓱하시니까 (causative formal)
해쓱하시지만 (contrastive)
해쓱하신데 (contrastive informal)
해쓱하시더니 (contrastive polite)
해쓱하시고 (conjunctive)
해쓱하시면 (conditional)
해쓱하셔야 (conditional informal)
해쓱하심 (noun-from-verb)
해쓱하시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
해쓱하셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
해쓱하셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
해쓱하신 (determiner informal present)
해쓱하실 (determiner future informal)

해쓱 (haesseuk, root) + -하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).

af

푸르스름할 만큼 해쓱하다


파리하다

ko-adj

파리하다 • (parihada) (infinitive 파리해 or 파리하여, sequential 파리하니)

parihada (romanization)
파리해 (infinitive)
파리하여 (infinitive)
파리하니 (sequential)
파리하다 (formal indicative non-past)
파리해 (indicative informal non-past)
파리해요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
파리합니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
파리했다 (formal indicative past)
파리했어 (indicative informal past)
파리했어요 (indicative informal past polite)
파리했습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
파리하냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
파리해 (informal interrogative non-past)
파리해요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
파리합니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
파리했냐 (formal interrogative past)
파리했어 (informal interrogative past)
파리했어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
파리했습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
파리하겠다 (assertive formal)
파리하겠어 (assertive informal)
파리하겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
파리하겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
파리해 (causative formal)
파리해서 (causative informal)
파리하여서 (causative informal)
파리하니 (causative informal polite)
파리하니까 (causative formal polite)
파리하지만 (contrastive formal)
파리한데 (contrastive informal)
파리하더니 (contrastive informal polite)
파리하고 (conjunctive formal)
파리하면 (conditional formal)
파리해야 (conditional informal)
파리하여야 (conditional informal)
파리함 (formal noun-from-verb)
파리하기 (informal noun-from-verb)
파리했음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
파리하였음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
파리했기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
파리하였기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
파리한 (determiner informal present)
파리할 (determiner future informal)
파리하시다 (indicative non-past)
파리하셔 (indicative informal non-past)
파리하세요 (indicative non-past polite)
파리하셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
파리하십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
파리하셨다 (indicative past)
파리하셨어 (indicative informal past)
파리하셨어요 (indicative past polite)
파리하셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
파리하시냐 (interrogative non-past)
파리하셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
파리하세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
파리하셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
파리하십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
파리하셨냐 (interrogative past)
파리하셨어 (informal interrogative past)
파리하셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
파리하셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
파리하시겠다 (assertive)
파리하시겠어 (assertive informal)
파리하시겠어요 (assertive polite)
파리하시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
파리하셔 (causative)
파리하셔서 (causative informal)
파리하시니 (causative polite)
파리하시니까 (causative formal)
파리하시지만 (contrastive)
파리하신데 (contrastive informal)
파리하시더니 (contrastive polite)
파리하시고 (conjunctive)
파리하시면 (conditional)
파리하셔야 (conditional informal)
파리하심 (noun-from-verb)
파리하시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
파리하셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
파리하셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
파리하신 (determiner informal present)
파리하실 (determiner future informal)

파리 (pari, root not used in isolation, probably related to Middle Korean 파〮라 (phálà, “blue; green”)) + -하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives). Some dialects have 패룹다 (paerupda), equivalent to 파리 (pari) + -롭다 (-ropda, “-like”, adjective-deriving suffix).

af

root not used in isolation, probably related to Middle Korean <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">파〮라</i> (phálà, “blue; green”)

이틀을 굶은 소녀는 나를 파리한 얼굴로 바라보았다.

Iteur-eul gulmeun sonyeo-neun na-reul parihan eolgul-lo baraboatda.

The girl who had starved for two days stared at me with a thin, pallid face.

힘이 계으르고 말이 파리ᄒᆞ고 칼이 무듼지라

1883, 關(관)聖(셩)帝(뎨)君(군)應(응)驗(험)明(명)聖(셩)經(경)諺(언)解(ᄒᆡ) [Korean translation of the Bright Sacred Scripture of the Omens of the Imperial Lord, the Sage Guan]:

His strength was depleted, his horse was sickly, and his sword was blunted.

him-i gyeeureugo mar-i parihago kar-i muduinjira

대학 시절, 그 가난했던 자취방에서 창백하고 파리했던 한 처녀[…]

2002, 한홍 [hanhong, Han Hong], 칼과 칼집 [kalgwa kaljip, The Sword and the Sheath], Duranno, →ISBN:

[…] one young woman who had been so pale and pallid in that impoverished boarding house in their college days