"갈고닦다" meaning in Korean

See 갈고닦다 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: [ˈka̠(ː)ɭɡo̞da̠k̚t͈a̠] [SK-Standard, Seoul]
Etymology: 갈 (gal-, “to hone”)+ 고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”). Etymology templates: {{ko-compound-verb|갈|to hone|닦다|to polish|con=y}} 갈 (gal-, “to hone”)+ 고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”). Head templates: {{ko-verb}} 갈고닦다 • (galgodakda) (infinitive 갈고닦아, sequential 갈고닦으니) Forms: galgodakda [romanization], 갈고닦아 [infinitive], 갈고닦으니 [sequential], no-table-tags [table-tags], 갈고닦는다 [formal, indicative, non-past], 갈고닦아 [indicative, informal, non-past], 갈고닦아요 [indicative, informal, non-past, polite], 갈고닦습니다 [formal, indicative, non-past, polite], 갈고닦았다 [formal, indicative, past], 갈고닦았어 [indicative, informal, past], 갈고닦았어요 [indicative, informal, past, polite], 갈고닦았습니다 [formal, indicative, past, polite], 갈고닦느냐 [formal, interrogative, non-past], 갈고닦아 [informal, interrogative, non-past], 갈고닦아요 [informal, interrogative, non-past, polite], 갈고닦습니까 [formal, interrogative, non-past, polite], 갈고닦았느냐 [formal, interrogative, past], 갈고닦았어 [informal, interrogative, past], 갈고닦았어요 [informal, interrogative, past, polite], 갈고닦았습니까 [formal, interrogative, past, polite], 갈고닦자 [formal, hortative], 갈고닦아 [hortative, informal], 갈고닦아요 [hortative, informal, polite], 갈고닦으십시다 [formal, hortative, polite], 갈고닦아라 [formal, imperative], 갈고닦아 [imperative, informal], 갈고닦아요 [imperative, informal, polite], 갈고닦읍시오 [formal, imperative, polite], 갈고닦겠다 [assertive, formal], 갈고닦겠어 [assertive, informal], 갈고닦겠어요 [assertive, informal, polite], 갈고닦겠습니다 [assertive, formal, polite], 갈고닦아 [causative, formal], 갈고닦아서 [causative, informal], 갈고닦으니 [causative, informal, polite], 갈고닦으니까 [causative, formal, polite], 갈고닦지만 [contrastive, formal], 갈고닦는데 [contrastive, informal], 갈고닦더니 [contrastive, informal, polite], 갈고닦고 [conjunctive, formal], 갈고닦으면 [conditional, formal], 갈고닦아야 [conditional, informal], 갈고닦으려고 [formal, motive-form], 갈고닦음 [formal, noun-from-verb], 갈고닦기 [informal, noun-from-verb], 갈고닦았음 [formal, noun-from-verb, past], 갈고닦았기 [informal, noun-from-verb, past], 갈고닦은 [determiner, formal, past], 갈고닦는 [determiner, formal, present], 갈고닦을 [determiner, formal, future], no-table-tags [table-tags], 갈고닦으신다 [formal, indicative, non-past], 갈고닦으셔 [indicative, informal, non-past], 갈고닦으세요 [indicative, informal, non-past, polite], 갈고닦으셔요 [indicative, informal, non-past, polite], 갈고닦으십니다 [formal, indicative, non-past, polite], 갈고닦으셨다 [formal, indicative, past], 갈고닦으셨어 [indicative, informal, past], 갈고닦으셨어요 [indicative, informal, past, polite], 갈고닦으셨습니다 [formal, indicative, past, polite], 갈고닦으시느냐 [formal, interrogative, non-past], 갈고닦으셔 [informal, interrogative, non-past], 갈고닦으세요 [informal, interrogative, non-past, polite], 갈고닦으셔요 [informal, interrogative, non-past, polite], 갈고닦으십니까 [formal, interrogative, non-past, polite], 갈고닦으셨느냐 [formal, interrogative, past], 갈고닦으셨어 [informal, interrogative, past], 갈고닦으셨어요 [informal, interrogative, past, polite], 갈고닦으셨습니까 [formal, interrogative, past, polite], 갈고닦으시라 [formal, imperative], 갈고닦으셔 [imperative, informal], 갈고닦으세요 [imperative, informal, polite], 갈고닦으십시오 [formal, imperative, polite], 갈고닦으시겠다 [assertive, formal], 갈고닦으시겠어 [assertive, informal], 갈고닦으시겠어요 [assertive, informal, polite], 갈고닦으시겠습니다 [assertive, formal, polite], 갈고닦으셔 [causative, formal], 갈고닦으셔서 [causative, informal], 갈고닦으시니 [causative, informal, polite], 갈고닦으시니까 [causative, formal, polite], 갈고닦으시지만 [contrastive, formal], 갈고닦으시는데 [contrastive, informal], 갈고닦으시더니 [contrastive, informal, polite], 갈고닦으시고 [conjunctive, formal], 갈고닦으시면 [conditional, formal], 갈고닦으셔야 [conditional, informal], 갈고닦으시려고 [formal, motive-form], 갈고닦으심 [formal, noun-from-verb], 갈고닦으시기 [informal, noun-from-verb], 갈고닦으셨음 [formal, noun-from-verb, past], 갈고닦으셨기 [informal, noun-from-verb, past], 갈고닦으신 [determiner, formal, past], 갈고닦으시는 [determiner, formal, present], 갈고닦으실 [determiner, formal, future]
  1. (transitive) to hone, to cultivate, to develop, to improve (a skill, talent, ability, etc.) Tags: transitive Synonyms: 갈닦다

Download JSON data for 갈고닦다 meaning in Korean (13.8kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "갈",
        "2": "to hone",
        "3": "닦다",
        "4": "to polish",
        "con": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "갈 (gal-, “to hone”)+ 고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”).",
      "name": "ko-compound-verb"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "갈 (gal-, “to hone”)+ 고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "galgodakda",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으니",
      "tags": [
        "sequential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ko-conj/verb",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "consonant-stem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦는다",
      "roman": "galgodangneunda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아요",
      "roman": "galgodakkayo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았다",
      "roman": "galgodakkatda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았어",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakkatseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦느냐",
      "roman": "galgodangneunya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아요",
      "roman": "galgodakkayo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦습니까",
      "roman": "galgodakseumnikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았느냐",
      "roman": "galgodakkanneunya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았어",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았습니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkatseumnikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦자",
      "roman": "galgodakja",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "hortative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "hortative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아요",
      "roman": "galgodakkayo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "hortative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으십시다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusipsida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "hortative",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아라",
      "roman": "galgodakkara",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아요",
      "roman": "galgodakkayo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦읍시오",
      "roman": "galgodakkeupsio",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "imperative",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦겠다",
      "roman": "galgodakgetda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦겠어",
      "roman": "galgodakgesseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦겠어요",
      "roman": "galgodakgesseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦겠습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakgetseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "formal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아서",
      "roman": "galgodakkaseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으니",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkeunikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "formal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦지만",
      "roman": "galgodakjiman",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦는데",
      "roman": "galgodangneunde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦더니",
      "roman": "galgodakdeoni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦고",
      "roman": "galgodakgo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으면",
      "roman": "galgodakkeumyeon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아야",
      "roman": "galgodakkaya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으려고",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuryeogo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "motive-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦음",
      "roman": "galgodakkeum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦기",
      "roman": "galgodakgi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았음",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "noun-from-verb",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았기",
      "roman": "galgodakkatgi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "noun-from-verb",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦은",
      "roman": "galgodakkeun",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦는",
      "roman": "galgodangneun",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦을",
      "roman": "galgodakkeul",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ko-conj/verb",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "consonant-stem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으신다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusinda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으세요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuseyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으십니다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusimnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeotda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨어",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeotseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시느냐",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusineunya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으세요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuseyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으십니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusimnikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨느냐",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeonneunya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨어",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨습니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeotseumnikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시라",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusira",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으세요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuseyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으십시오",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusipsio",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "imperative",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시겠다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigetda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시겠어",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigesseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시겠어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigesseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시겠습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigetseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "formal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔서",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeoseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시니",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusini",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusinikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "formal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시지만",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusijiman",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시는데",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusineunde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시더니",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusideoni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시고",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시면",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusimyeon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔야",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeoya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시려고",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusiryeogo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "motive-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으심",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시기",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨음",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "noun-from-verb",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨기",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeotgi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "noun-from-verb",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으신",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusin",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시는",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusineun",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으실",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusil",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "future"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "갈고닦다 • (galgodakda) (infinitive 갈고닦아, sequential 갈고닦으니)",
      "name": "ko-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean verbs compounded by -고",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to hone, to cultivate, to develop, to improve (a skill, talent, ability, etc.)"
      ],
      "id": "en-갈고닦다-ko-verb-psLAcMgh",
      "links": [
        [
          "hone",
          "hone"
        ],
        [
          "cultivate",
          "cultivate"
        ],
        [
          "develop",
          "develop"
        ],
        [
          "improve",
          "improve"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to hone, to cultivate, to develop, to improve (a skill, talent, ability, etc.)"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "갈닦다"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈka̠(ː)ɭɡo̞da̠k̚t͈a̠]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "[갈(ː)고닥따]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "갈고닦다"
}
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "갈",
        "2": "to hone",
        "3": "닦다",
        "4": "to polish",
        "con": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "갈 (gal-, “to hone”)+ 고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”).",
      "name": "ko-compound-verb"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "갈 (gal-, “to hone”)+ 고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "galgodakda",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으니",
      "tags": [
        "sequential"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ko-conj/verb",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "consonant-stem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦는다",
      "roman": "galgodangneunda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아요",
      "roman": "galgodakkayo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았다",
      "roman": "galgodakkatda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았어",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakkatseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦느냐",
      "roman": "galgodangneunya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아요",
      "roman": "galgodakkayo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦습니까",
      "roman": "galgodakseumnikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았느냐",
      "roman": "galgodakkanneunya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았어",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았습니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkatseumnikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦자",
      "roman": "galgodakja",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "hortative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "hortative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아요",
      "roman": "galgodakkayo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "hortative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으십시다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusipsida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "hortative",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아라",
      "roman": "galgodakkara",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아요",
      "roman": "galgodakkayo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦읍시오",
      "roman": "galgodakkeupsio",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "imperative",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦겠다",
      "roman": "galgodakgetda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦겠어",
      "roman": "galgodakgesseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦겠어요",
      "roman": "galgodakgesseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦겠습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakgetseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "formal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아",
      "roman": "galgodakka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아서",
      "roman": "galgodakkaseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으니",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkeunikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "formal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦지만",
      "roman": "galgodakjiman",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦는데",
      "roman": "galgodangneunde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦더니",
      "roman": "galgodakdeoni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦고",
      "roman": "galgodakgo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으면",
      "roman": "galgodakkeumyeon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦아야",
      "roman": "galgodakkaya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으려고",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuryeogo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "motive-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦음",
      "roman": "galgodakkeum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦기",
      "roman": "galgodakgi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았음",
      "roman": "galgodakkasseum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "noun-from-verb",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦았기",
      "roman": "galgodakkatgi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "noun-from-verb",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦은",
      "roman": "galgodakkeun",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦는",
      "roman": "galgodangneun",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦을",
      "roman": "galgodakkeul",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ko-conj/verb",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "consonant-stem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으신다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusinda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으세요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuseyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으십니다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusimnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeotda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨어",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "informal",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeotseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시느냐",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusineunya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으세요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuseyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으십니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusimnikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "non-past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨느냐",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeonneunya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨어",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "interrogative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨습니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeotseumnikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "interrogative",
        "past",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시라",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusira",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으세요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeuseyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으십시오",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusipsio",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "imperative",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시겠다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigetda",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시겠어",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigesseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시겠어요",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigesseoyo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시겠습니다",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigetseumnida",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "assertive",
        "formal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔서",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeoseo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시니",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusini",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시니까",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusinikka",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "formal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시지만",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusijiman",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시는데",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusineunde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시더니",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusideoni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "contrastive",
        "informal",
        "polite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시고",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시면",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusimyeon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "formal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셔야",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeoya",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시려고",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusiryeogo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "motive-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으심",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시기",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusigi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨음",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeosseum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "noun-from-verb",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으셨기",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusyeotgi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "noun-from-verb",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으신",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusin",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으시는",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusineun",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "갈고닦으실",
      "roman": "galgodakkeusil",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "determiner",
        "formal",
        "future"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "갈고닦다 • (galgodakda) (infinitive 갈고닦아, sequential 갈고닦으니)",
      "name": "ko-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean compound verbs",
        "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
        "Korean lemmas",
        "Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
        "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
        "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
        "Korean transitive verbs",
        "Korean verbs",
        "Korean verbs compounded by -고"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to hone, to cultivate, to develop, to improve (a skill, talent, ability, etc.)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hone",
          "hone"
        ],
        [
          "cultivate",
          "cultivate"
        ],
        [
          "develop",
          "develop"
        ],
        [
          "improve",
          "improve"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to hone, to cultivate, to develop, to improve (a skill, talent, ability, etc.)"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "갈닦다"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈka̠(ː)ɭɡo̞da̠k̚t͈a̠]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "[갈(ː)고닥따]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "갈고닦다"
}
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  "title": "갈고닦다",
  "trace": ""
}

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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Korean dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (bb24e0f and c7ea76d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.