See 호호 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hohogeorida",
"word": "호호거리다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hohodaeda",
"word": "호호대다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hohohada",
"word": "호호하다"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Of native Korean origin.",
"name": "ko-etym-native"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of native Korean origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "interjection"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean onomatopoeias",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "39 9 15 6 11 8 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 3 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean ideophones",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 10 17 7 13 10 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 10 17 7 12 10 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 7 16 4 12 14 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 4 10 3 7 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 8 21 11 16 10 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sino-Korean words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
12,
20
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
]
],
"english": "smiling and laughing",
"roman": "hoho utda",
"text": "호호 웃다",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"teehee, hoho, haw-haw"
],
"id": "en-호호-ko-intj-Oidl2NWr",
"links": [
[
"teehee",
"teehee"
],
[
"hoho",
"hoho"
],
[
"haw-haw",
"haw-haw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(onomatopoeia) teehee, hoho, haw-haw"
],
"tags": [
"onomatopoeic"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"whoa!; wow!; huh!"
],
"id": "en-호호-ko-intj-6-F4MoB4",
"links": [
[
"whoa",
"whoa"
],
[
"wow",
"wow"
],
[
"huh",
"huh"
]
],
"qualifier": "expressing surprise or shock",
"raw_glosses": [
"(expressing surprise or shock) whoa!; wow!; huh!"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɸʷo̞βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호호"
},
{
"other": "[호호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hohogeorida",
"word": "호호거리다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hohodaeda",
"word": "호호대다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "hohohada",
"word": "호호하다"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Of native Korean origin.",
"name": "ko-etym-native"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of native Korean origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ideophone"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 14 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Native Korean words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 8 21 11 16 10 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sino-Korean words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
0,
7
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
20,
24
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
11
]
],
"english": "blowing on one's frozen hands",
"roman": "eon son-e ipgim-eul hoho bulda",
"text": "언 손에 입김을 호호 불다",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"puffing, blowing, huffing"
],
"id": "en-호호-ko-noun-IeRFpK3o",
"links": [
[
"puffing",
"puffing"
],
[
"blowing",
"blowing"
],
[
"huffing",
"huffing"
]
],
"raw_tags": [
"ideophone"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɸʷo̞βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호호"
},
{
"other": "[호호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "戶戶"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "戶戶"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Korean word from 戶戶",
"name": "ko-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean word from 戶戶.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "戶戶",
"tags": [
"hanja"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hanja": "戶戶"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho) (hanja 戶戶)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 8 21 11 16 10 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sino-Korean words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"every household/family, each house"
],
"id": "en-호호-ko-noun-YciBz8Tf",
"links": [
[
"every",
"every"
],
[
"household",
"household"
],
[
"family",
"family"
],
[
"each",
"each"
],
[
"house",
"house"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɸʷo̞(ː)βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호(ː)호"
},
{
"other": "[호(ː)호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "浩浩"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "浩浩"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Korean word from 浩浩",
"name": "ko-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean word from 浩浩.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "浩浩",
"tags": [
"hanja"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "root",
"hanja": "浩浩"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho) (hanja 浩浩)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "hohomangmak",
"word": "호호막막(浩浩漠漠)"
},
{
"roman": "hohotangtang",
"word": "호호탕탕(浩浩蕩蕩)"
},
{
"roman": "hohomangmang",
"word": "호호망망(浩浩茫茫)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Root of 호호(浩浩)하다 (hohohada). Rarely used alone."
],
"id": "en-호호-ko-root-bmpI6KFH",
"links": [
[
"호호(浩浩)하다",
"호호하다#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɸʷo̞(ː)βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호(ː)호"
},
{
"other": "[호(ː)호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "皓皓"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "皓皓"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Korean word from 皓皓",
"name": "ko-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean word from 皓皓.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "皓皓",
"tags": [
"hanja"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "root",
"hanja": "皓皓"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho) (hanja 皓皓)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 8 21 11 16 10 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sino-Korean words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "hohonoin",
"word": "호호노인(皓皓老人)"
},
{
"roman": "hohohalmeoni",
"word": "호호(皓皓)할머니"
},
{
"roman": "hohoharabeoji",
"word": "호호(皓皓)할아버지"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Root of 호호(皓皓)하다 (hohohada). Rarely used alone."
],
"id": "en-호호-ko-root-FR09MsTo",
"links": [
[
"호호(皓皓)하다",
"호호하다#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɸʷo̞βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호호"
},
{
"other": "[호호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "呼號"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "呼號",
"2": "to wail, cry out in distress"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Korean word from 呼號 (“to wail, cry out in distress”)",
"name": "ko-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean word from 呼號 (“to wail, cry out in distress”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "呼號",
"tags": [
"hanja"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hanja": "呼號"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho) (hanja 呼號)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 8 21 11 16 10 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sino-Korean words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "hohohada",
"word": "호호(呼號)하다"
}
],
"glosses": [
"crying loudly"
],
"id": "en-호호-ko-noun-ewUoOUYh",
"links": [
[
"crying",
"crying"
],
[
"loudly",
"loudly"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɸʷo̞βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호호"
},
{
"other": "[호호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean ideophones",
"Korean interjections",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Korean yang-vowel forms",
"Native Korean words",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Korean words"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "hohogeorida",
"word": "호호거리다"
},
{
"roman": "hohodaeda",
"word": "호호대다"
},
{
"roman": "hohohada",
"word": "호호하다"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Of native Korean origin.",
"name": "ko-etym-native"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of native Korean origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "interjection"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean onomatopoeias",
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
12,
20
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
]
],
"english": "smiling and laughing",
"roman": "hoho utda",
"text": "호호 웃다",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"teehee, hoho, haw-haw"
],
"links": [
[
"teehee",
"teehee"
],
[
"hoho",
"hoho"
],
[
"haw-haw",
"haw-haw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(onomatopoeia) teehee, hoho, haw-haw"
],
"tags": [
"onomatopoeic"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"whoa!; wow!; huh!"
],
"links": [
[
"whoa",
"whoa"
],
[
"wow",
"wow"
],
[
"huh",
"huh"
]
],
"qualifier": "expressing surprise or shock",
"raw_glosses": [
"(expressing surprise or shock) whoa!; wow!; huh!"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɸʷo̞βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호호"
},
{
"other": "[호호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean ideophones",
"Korean interjections",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Korean yang-vowel forms",
"Native Korean words",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Korean words"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "hohogeorida",
"word": "호호거리다"
},
{
"roman": "hohodaeda",
"word": "호호대다"
},
{
"roman": "hohohada",
"word": "호호하다"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Of native Korean origin.",
"name": "ko-etym-native"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of native Korean origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ideophone"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
0,
7
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
20,
24
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
11
]
],
"english": "blowing on one's frozen hands",
"roman": "eon son-e ipgim-eul hoho bulda",
"text": "언 손에 입김을 호호 불다",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"puffing, blowing, huffing"
],
"links": [
[
"puffing",
"puffing"
],
[
"blowing",
"blowing"
],
[
"huffing",
"huffing"
]
],
"raw_tags": [
"ideophone"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɸʷo̞βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호호"
},
{
"other": "[호호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Korean words"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "戶戶"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "戶戶"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Korean word from 戶戶",
"name": "ko-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean word from 戶戶.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "戶戶",
"tags": [
"hanja"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hanja": "戶戶"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho) (hanja 戶戶)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"every household/family, each house"
],
"links": [
[
"every",
"every"
],
[
"household",
"household"
],
[
"family",
"family"
],
[
"each",
"each"
],
[
"house",
"house"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɸʷo̞(ː)βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호(ː)호"
},
{
"other": "[호(ː)호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean roots",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Korean words"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "hohomangmak",
"word": "호호막막(浩浩漠漠)"
},
{
"roman": "hohotangtang",
"word": "호호탕탕(浩浩蕩蕩)"
},
{
"roman": "hohomangmang",
"word": "호호망망(浩浩茫茫)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "浩浩"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "浩浩"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Korean word from 浩浩",
"name": "ko-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean word from 浩浩.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "浩浩",
"tags": [
"hanja"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "root",
"hanja": "浩浩"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho) (hanja 浩浩)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Root of 호호(浩浩)하다 (hohohada). Rarely used alone."
],
"links": [
[
"호호(浩浩)하다",
"호호하다#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɸʷo̞(ː)βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호(ː)호"
},
{
"other": "[호(ː)호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean roots",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Korean words"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "hohonoin",
"word": "호호노인(皓皓老人)"
},
{
"roman": "hohohalmeoni",
"word": "호호(皓皓)할머니"
},
{
"roman": "hohoharabeoji",
"word": "호호(皓皓)할아버지"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "皓皓"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "皓皓"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Korean word from 皓皓",
"name": "ko-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean word from 皓皓.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "皓皓",
"tags": [
"hanja"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "root",
"hanja": "皓皓"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho) (hanja 皓皓)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Root of 호호(皓皓)하다 (hohohada). Rarely used alone."
],
"links": [
[
"호호(皓皓)하다",
"호호하다#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɸʷo̞βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호호"
},
{
"other": "[호호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Korean words"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "hohohada",
"word": "호호(呼號)하다"
}
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "呼號"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "呼號",
"2": "to wail, cry out in distress"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Korean word from 呼號 (“to wail, cry out in distress”)",
"name": "ko-etym-sino"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean word from 呼號 (“to wail, cry out in distress”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoho",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "呼號",
"tags": [
"hanja"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hanja": "呼號"
},
"expansion": "호호 • (hoho) (hanja 呼號)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"crying loudly"
],
"links": [
[
"crying",
"crying"
],
[
"loudly",
"loudly"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɸʷo̞βo̞]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "호호"
},
{
"other": "[호호]"
}
],
"word": "호호"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 호호 meaning in Korean (8.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Korean dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (58c391d and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.