кава

head

кава (k⁵-a⁴-[n²]-a⁰) (vt1 or v4 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *k-a (“cut”, verb base), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *k (thematic consonant) + Proto-Yeniseian *xaʌŋ ~ *xaej (“slice into”, infinitive verb). The full stem is found in Ket хаӷей (hákej, “cutting”, action nominal, verb), with a nominal element attached, *pʰadʲ (“flat surface”).

cog

хаӷей
<t:cutting><pos:action nominal, verb>

(transitive, iterative, momentane) subject cuts, subject slicees, cuts into pieces


ад

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ad ~ *aj (“I”, first person singular personal pronoun), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Ha- (generic personal pronoun base) + Proto-Yeniseian *-jʳ ~ *-xʷ (first person singular pronoun formant).

inh

*ad<t:I><pos:first person singular personal pronoun>

der+

I (first person singular personal pronoun)


ель

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *iˀλ ~ *ɯˀλ (“singing, song”, verb, noun). Alternatively, analyzable as the verbal form of Ket иʼль (iˀlʲ, “singing, the act of singing; song”, action nominal, noun).

inh

*iˀλ<t:singing, song><pos:verb, noun><alt:*iˀλ ~ *ɯˀλ>

cog

иʼль<t:singing, the act of singing; song><pos:action nominal, noun>

(transitive, iterative) subject sings (a song)


ля

head

plural ляаӈ or ляӈен

lā (romanization)
ляаӈ (plural)
ляӈен (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dˡa (“strand, tassel”).


си

head

си (sī) n (plural сига (síka) or сигэкӈ (síkekŋ))

sī (romanization)
сига (plural)
сигэкӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *sigʌ (“night”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *sīˑg (“dark”) + Proto-Yeniseian *iˀk (“day”).

inh+

Ат уська диимбес си.

c. 2001, E. G. Kotorova & T. I. Toporov, Кетские фольклорные и бытовые тексты page 89

Yeniseian entry guidelines § Historical bibliography


ай

Compound of а (ā, “heat”) + ай (àj, “sack, bag”).


тип

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲīˑp (“dog”), possibly from earlier *tɬīˑp.


лён

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dˡon (“lip”). Perhaps related to Ket лёсь (lōsʲ, “vulva”), itself from Proto-Yeniseian *dˡos ~ *dˡot (“vulva”).


эй

head

эй (èj, [s⁴]-[qo²]-ej⁰) (action nominal, vt2 or v4 type verb)

èj (romanization)
action nominal (romanization)
v4 type verb (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *eˀʌjʌ (“kill”, infinitive verb).

inh+

(intransitive, reflexive, momentane) subject kills oneself, subject commits suicide


ой

Derived from Proto-Ketic *ojtij (“take off, remove”, verb configuration), originally derived from Proto-Ketic *oj (“molt”, verb base).

der

*ojtij<t:take off, remove><pos:verb configuration>

der+

(intransitive, iterative, momentane) subject peels, subject sheds hair, subject molts; subject's hair comes out


им

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *im (“cedar nuts”).

inh+

nuts, nut kernels (specifically that those of Siberian cedar trees)


бик

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *be(k) ~ *bi(k) (“different, another; foreign”).

inh

*be(k)<t:different, another; foreign><alt:*be(k) ~ *bi(k)>


синь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *sīˑn (“once, one time”), with parallels seen in distantly related Kott, from earlier *sin (“one”), possibly from even earlier *t͡ɬin (“one”).


бит

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bitʲ (“loon”, Gavia stellata, Gavia arctica).

inh

*bitʲ<t:loon><pos:Gavia stellata, Gavia arctica>

inh+

loon, diver (bird; Gavia stellata, Gavia arctica)


ава

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *aba (“shelf used for storing kitchen utensils”), origin unknown.

inh

*aba<t:shelf used for storing kitchen utensils>

inh+

shelf in the household corner of a birchbark tent (used for storing kitchen utensils)


ит

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *īˑt (“smell”, verb). See also Ket дит (dīt, “smelling”), with third person inanimate prefix baked-in.

smelling, the act of smelling (not necessarily said of foul smell)


коска

head

plural коскан

Borrowed from Russian кошка (koška, “cat”).


има

head

im⁷-􂀿s⁴􂁀-􂀿l²􂁀-a⁰

Verbal compound of им (īm, “nuts, nut kernels”) + а (a, “eat”, verb base).

com+

(intransitive, iterative) subject eats nuts, subject eats nut kernels


инь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *iˀʌnʌ (“for a long time”, adverb).


уль

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ūˑlʲ (“handle”).

handle, grip (of an implement, pole attached at one end)


дуʼ

head

plural дунеӈ or дуняӈ

duˀ (romanization)
дунеӈ (plural)
дуняӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *duˀ (“smoke”), possibly from earlier *dug.


быт

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bɯ̄ˑd (“hard, firm”).


аӄӄут

áqqut (romanization)
áqqot (romanization)

Compound of екӈ (ēkŋ, “thunder”) + ӄоʼт (qoˀt, “road, way; winter trail”). Also compare Ket Аккът (ákkʌt, “Thunder-child”, mythological figure, also a given name).

cog

Аккът<t:Thunder-child><pos:mythological figure, also a given name>


аӈгаль

head

aŋkálʲ, àŋkélʲ

plural аӈгаляӈ

аӈгаль (aŋkálʲ, àŋkélʲ) inan (plural аӈгаляӈ)

aŋkálʲ (romanization)
àŋkélʲ (romanization)
аӈгаляӈ (plural)

[aŋ˩˧ɡal̥ʲ˧˩]

[aŋ˩˧ɡaɬʲ˧˩]


ӄаʼ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qaˀ (“word”), possibly from earlier *qag.


моратбок

Compound of *мора (*mora, “sea”) + боʼк (boˀk, “fire, light from a fire source”) with Proto-Ketic *-d (“her, its”, third person singular feminine- or inanimate-class possessive clitic) stitched in.
The first element of the compound, *мора, does not exist in Ket by itself, being directly borrowed from Russian море (more, “sea”) instead.

cog

*-d<t:her, its><pos:third person singular feminine- or inanimate-class possessive clitic>


боʼк

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bɔˀk (“fire”).


ут

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ɮuˀʌtʌ ~ *dʲuˤtʌ (“mouse”).


әт

head

әт or әтн (ə̄t or ə̄tn)

әт (canonical)
әтн (canonical)
ə̄t (romanization)
ə̄tn (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ʌdʌŋ (“we”, first person plural personal pronoun), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Ha- (generic personal pronoun base) + Proto-Yeniseian *-jʳ ~ *-xʷ (first person singular pronoun formant) + Proto-Yeniseian *-ʌŋ (animate-class plural suffix). Alternatively, analyzable as a reanalyzed plural form of Ket ад (ād, “I”, irst person singular personal pronoun).

inh

*ʌdʌŋ<t:we><pos:first person plural personal pronoun>

cog

ад<t:I><pos:irst person singular personal pronoun>

we (first person plural personal pronoun)


сик

head

сик (sʲīˑk) (counting forms anim сиеӈ (sʲīˑjɛŋ), inan сигам (sʲigam))

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *sekʌ ~ *segʌ ~ *sejʌ (“four”).

inh

*sekʌ<t:four><alt:*sekʌ ~ *segʌ ~ *sejʌ>

inh+

Бу огон сик булеӈась буда кеʼддаӈа.

c. 1981, T. I. Toporov, Сказки Народов Сибирского Севера page 49

He walked to his friend on all fours.
(literally, “...walked on with [his] four legs...”)


иӈӷусь

head

иӈӷусь (íŋqusʲ) n (plural эӈӈуӈ)

[iŋ˩˧.ɢus͉ʲ˧˩]

[iŋ˩˧.ŋus͉ʲ˧˩]

[i˩˧.ŋːus͉ʲ˧˩]

[i˩˧.ʁus͉ʲ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *iŋqus (“house”). Possibly a compound of и (ī, “sun”) + ӄуʼсь (quˀsʲ, “chum; traditional tent”), but this is cast into doubt by Stefan Georg.


тап

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰāˑpʰ (“hoop, ring, circle”).


бу

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bu (“he, she”, third person singular personal pronoun).

inh

*bu<t:he, she><pos:third person singular personal pronoun>

inh+

he, she, they (third person singular personal pronoun)


хъ

head

hə́ə̀ 􂀿n²􂁀-hə⁰

хъ (hə́ə̀ [n²]-hə⁰) (action nominal, vt1 or v1 type verb)

action nominal (romanization)
v1 type verb (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰʌː (“spin, wind, weave”, infinitive verb).

inh

*pʰʌː<t:spin, wind, weave><pos:infinitive verb>

inh+

(intransitive, momentane) subject is twisted, subject is turned, subject is spun


ааӈ

Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *apʰʌ (“heat”) with the addition of the adjectival suffix -aŋ, yielding *apʰʌŋ.


аббет

head

аббет (ábbet, a⁴-[l²]-bed⁰) (action nominal, vt1 type verb)

[a˩˧.bːɛt˧˩]

Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *kʷ (“off-, out-”, thematic consonant) + Proto-Ketic *-bet (“wipe”, verbal base). This verb is not related to бет ([n²]-bed⁰, “make, do”).

der+

cleaning, the act of cleaning; wiping, the act of wiping

(transitive, momentane or iterative) subject cleans, wipes something


десь

head

plural дэсь or дэсьтаӈ

десь (dēsʲ) n (plural дэсь or дэсьтаӈ)

dēsʲ (romanization)
дэсь (plural)
дэсьтаӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *des (“eye”).


улан

head

plural уланэӈ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ullan (“switch, twig”), etymology unclear.


бет

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bet ~ *bat (“when”, particle marking completed action in the future).

inh

*bet<t:when><pos:particle marking completed action in the future><alt:*bet ~ *bat>

inh+

preverbal particle denoting completed action in future


бет

head

бет (bèd, [l²]-(i)bed⁰, [n²]-bed⁰) (action nominal, vt1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *beˤdʲʌ (“make, do”, infinitive verb) with parallels seen in distantly related Kott.

inh+

(transitive, momentane) subject makes, subject creates


кинь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰiˀʌnʌ (“top of a felt boot, stockings sewn on such a boot”), possibly derived from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰen (“shoulder, top of shoulder”).

inh

*kʰiˀʌnʌ<t:top of a felt boot, stockings sewn on such a boot>

der+

cloth stockings (sewn over the felt boots of the wearer, reminiscent but not exact equivalent of a jackboot)


тик

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tīˑk (“already fallen snow”).

inh+

fallen snow (snow that is on the ground, that has fallen already); snow (as a generic term)


сель

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *seˤλʌ (“reindeer”), possibly an old compound word.


дик

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dʲīˑk (“resin”).


колет

head

plural колераӈ

[kɔ˩˧.lʲɛt˧˩]

[kɔ˩˧.ɮʲɛt˧˩]

Borrowed from Russian город (gorod, “town, city”).


дынь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dɯ̄ˑn (“fir tree”, Abies sibirica).


дэʼ

head

дэʼ (deˀ) n (plural деӈ or more rarely деӈниӈ)

deˀ (romanization)
деӈ (plural)
more rarely деӈниӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *deˀgʌ (“lake”).


ассано

head

ассано (ássano, ássanno) (action nominal)

ássano (romanization)
ássanno (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ʌtsenqoː (“hunt”, infinitive verb), derived from Proto-Ketic *ʌtseˤλ (“wild animal”) + Proto-Yeniseian *qaɢʌ (“kill, hunt”, verb base). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of ассель (ásselʲ, “wild animal”) + ӄо (qóò, “hunting, killing”, action nominal)

com+

ӄо
<t:hunting, killing><pos:action nominal>


баат

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *báqat (“grandfather, old man”), further analyzable as a nominalized compound of аб (āb, “my”, first person singular possessive pronoun) with an unclear second formant. Compare Ket баам (báàm, “old woman”), formed identically.

com+

аб<t:my><pos:first person singular possessive pronoun>


баам

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *báqam (“grandmother, old woman”), further analyzable as a nominalized compound of аб (āb, “my”, first person singular possessive pronoun) + ӄима (qíma, “grandmother”). Compare Ket баат (báàt, “old man”), formed identically.


хыʼб

хыʼп хыʼп#Ket


ӄоʼт

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qoˀtʲ (“cry, weep”, verb).


ӄоʼт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qoˀt (“winter trail”).


хиссый

head

plural хиссеяӈ

хиссый (hìssɨj) n (plural хиссеяӈ)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *pʰissʌj (“forest”), with an unclear etymology.


тусяӈ

head

тусяӈ (tùsʲaŋ, tùsʲeŋ)

tùsʲaŋ (romanization)
tùsʲeŋ (romanization)

[tu˩˧.s͉ʲaŋ̥˥˩]

[tu˩˧.s͉ʲɛŋ̥˥˩]

Compound of ту (tū, “this”, proximate) + сеӈ (seŋ, seːŋ, “here”).

com+

here, right there, located in the area of the second-person, the listener


бись

head

plural бись экӈ

бись (bīsʲ) n (plural бись экӈ)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *bīˑs (“evening”).


тум

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰumaŋ (“black”, adjective), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰuˀ (“dry clay”) + Proto-Yeniseian *-aŋ (adjectival suffix). Alternatively, derived from Ket туʼ (tuˀ, “clay”).
Full form тумаӈ is retained only with plural nouns, due to reanalysis of the final -аӈ as a plural marker.


ӄобет

head

ӄобет (qóbet)

[qɔ˩˧.bɛt˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qobetʲ (“thoroughly, properly”, adverb).


кәӄт

head

plural къӄтань

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʌqtʌ (“neck”).


хуʼн

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰuˀn (“daughter”).


сукколь

head

plural сукколяӈ

сукколь (sukolʲ) n (plural сукколяӈ)

[suk˩˧.kɔɮʲ˧˩]

A compound of сюга (súka, “back, backwards”) + холь (hòlʲ, “appearance, exterior”).


хыль

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *pʰɯl (intensive particle used with demonstrative pronouns).

inh

*pʰɯl<pos:intensive particle used with demonstrative pronouns>


хыль

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰɯːλ (“colon”). Possibly related to Ket хый (hɨ̄j, “stomach”), from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰɯ̄ˑj (“stomach; lower front part of abdomen”).

cog

*pʰɯ̄ˑj<t:stomach; lower front part of abdomen>


баттат

head

plural баттатаӈ or баттареӈ

баттат (bátad, báttad) n (plural баттатаӈ or баттареӈ)

bátad (romanization)
báttad (romanization)
баттатаӈ (plural)
баттареӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *báttat (“face”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *baˀt (“out-facing part of body”) + Proto-Yeniseian *aˀd (“bone”). Alternatively analyzable as a compound of баʼт (baˀt, “out-facing surface or distal portion of body part”) + аʼт (aˀd, “bone”). Not related to Ket бат (bāt, “face; brow”).

com+

баʼт<t:out-facing surface or distal portion of body part>


ляӈат

head

plural ляӈатн

[ɮʲaŋ˩˧.at˧˩]

[lʲaŋ˩˧.ad̥˧˩]

Derived from Proto-Ketic *lāˑ (“strand, tassel; fishing hook”) + Proto-Yeniseian *-ŋ (inanimate-class plurality suffix) + Proto-Yeniseian *aˀd (“bone”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of ля (lā, “barb, fishing hook”) + аʼт (aˀd, “bone”)


ассель

head

plural ассень

[asʲ˩˧.sɛl̥ʲ˧˩]

[asʲ˩˧.sɛɬʲ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ʌtseˤλ (“wild animal”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *dˡɯkʌt (“upland forest, mountaineous forested plateau”) + Proto-Yeniseian *seˤλʌ (“reindeer”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of лыʼт (lɨˀt, “hillock, upland forest”) + сель (sèlʲ, “reindeer”).

der

*dˡɯk<t:upland forest, mountaineous forested plateau>

com+

wild animal, game; a copper plate shaped like an animal to be worn by shamans


къе

kə́je (romanization)
kə́e (romanization)
къен (plural)

[kʌ˩˧.j̥ɛ˧˩]

[kʌ˩˧.j̥a˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *kʌje (“head”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *kʌjga ~ *kʌlga (“head”). The full stem is found in Ket къйга (kə́jga, “head”).


ульгит

head

plural ульгераӈ

ульгит (úlʲkid) n (plural ульгераӈ)

[uɮʲ˩˧.ɣit˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ulʲgetʲ (“elbow”), derived from Proto-Ketic *ɯːlʲ (“hand?”) + Proto-Ketic *geːt (“bend”, verb base).


силюп хатәт

head

силюп хатәт (sìlub hátəd) ?

ket-noun

силюп хатәт (sìlub hátəd) ?


огдэ

head

огдэ (ókde) n (plural огдэн (ókden) or огдэӈ (ókdeŋ))

ókde (romanization)
огдэн (plural)
огдэӈ (plural)

[ˈɔɡ˩˧.dɛ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *oq (“ear”).

inh+

Баамт огдэ тыдовӷон.

c. 1966, A. P. Dulzon, Кетские сказки (sig. ксд) line 93


киʼсь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰiˀs (“leg”).


тыль

head

тыль (tɨ̄lʲ)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʰɯːλ- ~ *tʰɯ̄ˑλ- (“downriver, toward downriver”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰɯgal (“downriver”, on the Yenisei river), itself derived from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰɯx (“bottom”, noun) + Proto-Yeniseian *āˑl (“half, side”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of ты (tɨ̄, “concave portion of the riverbank”) + аль (ālʲ, “side, half”).

inh

*tʰɯ̄ˑλ-<alt:*tʰɯːλ- ~ *tʰɯ̄ˑλ-><t:downriver, toward downriver>

der

*tʰɯgal<t:downriver><pos:on the Yenisei river>

com+

from below, upward; reaching from below (from the lower reaches of a river, especially the Yenisei)


ху

hū (romanization)
хуу (plural)
хуун (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰu (“heart”).

inh+

heart (biological sense, internal organ)


сеӈ

Shortened from Ket кисеӈ (kìseŋ, “here, nearly here”).


сю

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *sūˑ (“hazel hen”, Bonasa bonasia).


сюй

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *suj (“mosquito”).


сюй

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *suˤjʌ (“swim”, infinitive verb), possibly from earlier *suj-, with parallels seen in distantly related Kott.


ань

Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Hinʲʌ (“here, now”).

der+

preverbal particle denoting continuous and habitual action


аль

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *aˤλʌ (“far away”), further analyzable as *ak (“hinter”) + *āˑl (“side, half”).

inh+

in the forest, in the woods; a little farther away


әк

head

әк or әкӈ (ə̄k or ə̄kŋ)

әк (canonical)
әкӈ (canonical)
ə̄k (romanization)
ə̄kŋ (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ʌkʌŋ (“you”, second person plural personal pronoun), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Ha- (generic personal pronoun base) + Proto-Yeniseian *-w (second person singular pronoun formant) + Proto-Yeniseian *-ʌŋ (animate-class plural suffix). Alternatively, analyzable as a reanalyzed plural form of Ket у (ū, “you”, second person singular personal pronoun).

inh

*ʌkʌŋ<t:you><pos:second person plural personal pronoun>

cog

у<t:you><pos:second person singular personal pronoun>

you (second person plural personal pronoun)


ӄип

Semantically derived from Proto-Yeniseian *qibʌ ~ *qebʌ (“grandfather; the eldest male person of a tribe, clan or family”), viz. from Etymology 1. In Ket mythological material, moon is often portrayed as a male figure.
This semantic shift however is only seen in Ket, Yug and Pumpokol. Kott, Assan and Arin use a different root to refer to 'moon'.

der

*qibʌ<t:grandfather; the eldest male person of a tribe, clan or family>


тъга

head

plural тъгень or тъгаань

тъга (tə́ka) n (plural тъгень or тъгаань)

tə́ka (romanization)
тъгень (plural)
тъгаань (plural)

[tʌ˩˧.k͉a˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʰʌgʌ with parallels in distantly related Pumpokol.


аӄ

аӄ (áq, [l²]-aq⁰) (action nominal, v1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *aˤqʌ (“rot, go sour”, verb base) with parallels seen in distantly related Kott and Arin.

inh+

(intransitive, momentane) subject rots, subject goes bad, subject turns sour


аӄ

head

аӄ ([l²]-aq⁰) (v1 type, second degree momentaneous motion verb)

type (v1)
v1 type (romanization)
second degree momentaneous motion verb (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *-aq (verb base in numerous verbs of motion involving a single round trip) with a conflation of Proto-Ketic *aˤqʌ (“leave”, transitive verb). The abundance of phonetically identical forms makes a proper etymologizing difficult.
Perhaps related to Ket таваӄ (t⁵-a⁴-b³-[j²]-aq⁰, “subject leaves behind, subject lets drop”, transitive verb) and Ket таӄ (t⁵-[l²]-aq⁰, “subject pursues, hunts”, transitive verb). If that is correct, this root has parallels in distantly related Kott.

inh

*-aq<pos:verb base in numerous verbs of motion involving a single round trip>

cog

таваӄ<t:subject leaves behind, subject lets drop><pos:transitive verb>

таӄ<t:subject pursues, hunts><pos:transitive verb>

(intransitive, momentane) subject goes out and comes back, subject takes a walk


ааль

Possibly derived from Proto-Yeniseian *āˑl (“runny or mushy substance”).

der+

soup, broth; soup made from meat or fish


иʼнь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *iˀn (“needle”).


ӄоӄпунь

head

plural ӄоӄпунь (qoqbúnʲ) or ӄоӄпунень

ӄоӄпунь (qóqbunʲ) f (plural ӄоӄпунь (qoqbúnʲ) or ӄоӄпунень)

qóqbunʲ (romanization)
ӄоӄпунь (plural)
ӄоӄпунень (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qoqpʰʌnʲ (“cuckoo bird”).


сюлем

súlem (romanization)
súlam (romanization)

[sʲu˩˧.lʲɛm˧˩]

[sʲu˩˧.ɮʲɛm˧˩]

[sʲu˩˧.ɮʲam˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *suλem (“red”, adjective), possibly from earlier *sūˑλwesʌŋ, derived from Proto-Yeniseian *sūˑλ (“blood”) + Proto-Yeniseian *-wes (“like”) + Proto-Yeniseian *-ʌŋ (adjectival suffix), with parallels seen in distantly related Assan and Kott, and possibly also Arin and Pumpokol. Alternatively, analyzable as derived from Ket сюль (sūlʲ, “blood”).


сюлемла

súlemla (romanization)
súlamla (romanization)

[sʲu˩˧.ɮʲɛm.ɬa˧˩]

Derived from Ket сюлем (súlem, súlam, “red”) with the addition of Proto-Ketic *-la (augmentative suffix).


тумла

head

тумла (túmla)

Derived from Ket тум (tūm, “black”) with the addition of Proto-Ketic *-la (augmentative suffix).


сюль

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *sugpʰɯl (“tangle; tangle up, confuse”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *sug (“back, backwards”) + Proto-Yeniseian *pʰɯl (“twist”, base verb). Alternatively, analyzable as derived from Ket сюга (súka, “back, backwards”).

der+

confusing, the act of confusing (someone); disturbing, the act of disturbing


сюʼль

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *suˀl (“Siberian white salmon”, Stenodus leucichytus).

inh

*suˀl<t:Siberian white salmon><pos:Stenodus leucichytus>

inh+

Siberian white salmon; nelma, inconnu, sheefish (Stenodus leucichytus)


сюуль

head

сюуль (súùlʲ) n (plural сюляӈ)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *sogʌλ ~ *čogʌλ (“snow sled”).

inh

*sogʌλ<t:snow sled><alt:*sogʌλ ~ *čogʌλ>


эӈӈуӈ

[ɛŋ˩˧.ŋuŋ̥˧˩]

[ɛ˩˧.ŋːuŋ̥˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ɛŋɢuŋ (“village”, plural form of *íŋqus). Most likely shares an origin with or a nominalized inflection of Ket иӈӷусь (íŋqusʲ, “house”).

inh

*ɛŋɢuŋ<t:village><pos:plural form of *íŋqus>


баа

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bágʌ (“snipe”, type of bird).


тыʼсь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲɯˀs (“stone”).


аӈ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *aˤŋʌ (“rope”), with parallels seen in distantly related Kott, derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Haŋ (“hang, tie”, verb).


кунь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kuˀʌnʌ (“wolverine”).


ъъ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ʌˤpʰʌ (“leaf”), possibly from earlier *ɮɯˀʌpʰʌ.


өксь

head

plural <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="ket">аʼӄ</i> (aˀq)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *Hoksʌ (“tree”).

inh+

Эдь өксьда дивесь тӄауяӄ.

c. 1976, T. I. Toporov, Сказки Народов Сибирского Севера page 5

Ӄа бокдотдит хай бэʼк аʼӄ нара.

c. 1999, H. K. Werner, Песнь о моём брате page 206

(woodworking) n firewood, kindling, timber

Ат комна донул өксьдиӈаль, доньдиӈт ат донулильбет.

c. 1972, T. I. Toporov, Сказки Народов Сибирского Севера page 127

I cut off a handle from a stick and made myself a knife handle.

Āt tkomna donul ōksʲdiŋalʲ, donʲdiŋt āt tdonulilʲbet.


ӄим

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qim ~ *qem (“woman”).


хиг

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰīˑgʌ (“man”), conceivably an ancient Uralic loanword.


тирь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʰiˤdʲʌ (“root”) with parallels seen in distantly related Arin, Assan, Kott and Pumpokol, possibly from earlier *tɬixʷ (“long, flexible item”, string, root, et cetera) with variant suffixation.


ӄоʼ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qagʌ ~ *qaˀk (“edible bulb of a forest lily”).

inh+

Turk's cap lily (a flower with edible bulbs, Lilium superbum)


диʼ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dʲiˀ (“base of tree, lower portion of tree trunk”).

inh

*dʲiˀ<t:base of tree, lower portion of tree trunk>

inh+

root, portion of tree trunk near ground level


ӄа

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qa (“that”, distal demonstrative pronoun).


ӄа

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qāˑ (“inside of a dwelling”), derived from Proto-Ketic *qapʰʌ (“home, at home”).


ӄа

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qapʰʌ (“commerce, trade”, verb).

inh+

(intransitive, iterative) subject buys and sells (as a vendor or merchant)


доӈ

доʼӈ доʼӈ#Ket


Кънӄоʼ

head

Кънӄоʼ (Kə́nqoˀ) f

[kʌn˩˧.qɔ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *kʌnqoˀʌɢʌ (“Venus”). Alternatively, a compound of къʼн (kəˀn, “light, bright”, adjective) + ӄоʼ (qoˀ, “star”).


каль

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰaˀʌλʌ (“war, wage war”, noun and action nominal).

inh

*kʰaˀʌλʌ<t:war, wage war><pos:noun and action nominal>

inh+

warring, the act of warring; fighting, the act of fighting


ӄань

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qan (“be, become”, verb base).

inh+

(intransitive, inchoative) subject is, subject becomes


ӄой

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qoˀʌjʌ (“bear”).


буль

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *būˑl (“foot”).

support nubs on the sides of polar sleds, sled-runner braces


ась

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *as (future particle).

preverbal particle denoting future tense in verbs


тиг

head

plural тигинь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲigʌ (“swan”).


саʼӄ

head

plural <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="ket">саан</i> (sáàn, sâːn)

саʼӄ (saˀq) f (plural саан (sáàn, sâːn))

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *saˀq ~ *saga (“squirrel”).

inh+

Саʼӄ каститнам дээгәтдиитнаӄ, туль саʼӄ даӄӄитна.

c. 1966, A. P. Dulzon, Кетские сказки page 37

He caught the squirrel, skinned it, and then he roasted the squirrel.

Saˀq t-kastitnam dɛ́ɛ̀ɣətdíːtnaq, tulʲ saˀq daqqitna.

Саан илиӈись дувэн дынна им, больбан датоӷойиӈӄаӈадян.

c. 1981, T. I. Toporov, Сказки Народов Сибирского Севера page 27

Squirrels eat nuts of fir trees and dried mushrooms for sustenance.

Sáàn iliŋisʲ duvɛn dɨnna īˑm, bɔlʲban datɔʁɔjiŋqaŋaɾʲan.


ӄай

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qaˀʌjʌ (“elk”).


аня

[a˩˧.n̥ʲa˧˩]

[a˩˧.n̥ʲæt͉˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ana (“who”, generic interrogative pronoun), alternatively derived from Ket ань (an, “what, why”, interrogative particle).

der+

who, which person (generic interrogative pronoun)


банна

head

plural баннан or баннанаӈ

банна (bánna, bána) n (plural баннан or баннанаӈ)

bánna (romanization)
bána (romanization)
баннан (plural)
баннанаӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *bángu (“sleeve”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *ban (“sleeve”) with the addition of Ket ку (kū, “opening of a sack, container or sleeve”).

cog

ку<t:opening of a sack, container or sleeve>


хъллаӄ

head

plural хъллаӄӈ

хъллаӄ (hə́laq) n (plural хъллаӄӈ)

[hʌɮ˩˧.ɮaq˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *pʰʌllaq (“palm”), etymology unclear.


хыʼль

head

plural хыʼляӈ

хыʼль (hɨˀlʲ) n (plural хыʼляӈ)

greaves, crackling (unmeltable residue left after animal fat has been rendered)


бъсль

бъсль (bə́slʲ)

[bʌsʲ˩˧l̩ʲ˥˩]

[bʌsʲ˩˧ɮ̩ʲ˥˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *bʌsʌλ (“thick (said of flat surfaces)”).


кәт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʌdʌ (“weasel, mink”).


кәт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʌtʌ (“winter”).


ырь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ɯˤdʲʌ (“spring (season)”).


ӄогди

ӄогдь ӄогдь#Ket


силь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *sinuλ (“unfrozen part of a river in winter”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *sen (“flow, movement”) + Proto-Yeniseian *Huλ (“water”).

inh

*sinuλ<t:unfrozen part of a river in winter>

inh+

ice hole (which is covered by a thin crust of ice), unfrozen part of a river in winter


элым

head

plural элымын

[ɛ˩˧.lɯm̥˧˩]

[ɛ˩˧.ɮɯm̥˧˩]

[ɛl˩˧.lɯm̥˧˩]

[ɛɮː˩˧.ɯm̥˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ɛllɯm (“spider”), perhaps a compound in part derived from Ket ӄим (qīm, “woman”).


ӄооль

head

ӄооль (qóòlʲ, [n²]-qol⁰) (action nominal, v1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qogʌλ (“heal”, action nominal), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *qogʌ (“thick, viscous; hard”) + Proto-Yeniseian *ɔˀl (“cover”, noun).

der+

(intransitive, momentane) subject heals, ameliorates


усь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *Huˀʌtʲʌ (“birch tree”).


къӷын

къън къън#Ket


ӄыт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qɯtʰe ~ *qɤtʰe (“wolf”).


куʼ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰuˀ (“coal”). Other Yeniseian languages are attested using a compound term, reflecting Proto-Yeniseian *kʰupʰʌλ (“coal”), of which Ket also inherited from as Ket куульт (kúùlʲt, “glowing embers, fire-brand”).


баʼӈ

head

plural баӈэн or баӈын

баʼӈ (baˀŋ) n (plural баӈэн or баӈын)

baˀŋ (romanization)
баӈэн (plural)
баӈын (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *baˀŋ (“earth, place, ground, land, region”).

inh

*baˀŋ<t:earth, place, ground, land, region>

inh+

time, -time (in set expressions, not as a concept itself)


енӄоӈ

head

енӄоӈ (énqoŋ)

[eˑnʲ˩˧.ɢɔŋ̥˧˩]

[eˑnʲ˩˧.ʁɔŋ̥˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *enqoˀʌŋʌ (“today”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Hinʲʌ (“here”, adverb) + Proto-Yeniseian *qoˀʌŋʌ (“day”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of ень (ēnʲ, “now, currently”, adverb) + ӄоӈ (qòŋ, “during the day”, adverb).


ын

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ɯ̄ˑn (“lift, raise”, verb). Perhaps also related to Proto-Yeniseian *ɯt (“take, carry away”, verb base). Most likely also related to Ket ынь (ɨ̄nʲ, “sled runner”).


оʼн

head

counting form <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="ket">онсь</i> (ōnsʲ)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ɔˀn (“seven, 7”).

inh+

Оʼн итаӈын бат оӈон.

c. 1972, T. I. Toporov, Сказки Народов Сибирского Севера (sig. снсс) line 168


эʼк

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ɛˀk (“twenty”).


аʼт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *aˀdʲ (“soon, so early, again”, adverb).

inh

*aˀdʲ<t:soon, so early, again><pos:adverb>


улет

head

plural улераӈ

[uɮʲ˩˧.at˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ulʲat (“rib”), Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *ūˑlʲ (“smooth”, adjective) or Proto-Yeniseian *ūˑlʲ (“handle”) + Proto-Yeniseian *aˀd (“bone”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of уль (ūlʲ, “handle”) or ууль (úùlʲ, “smooth”, adjective) + аʼт (aˀd, “bone”).


больба

head

plural больбан, больбаан

больба (bólʲba) f (plural больбан, больбаан)

bólʲba (romanization)
больбан (plural)
больбаан (plural)

[bɔɮʲ˩˧.ba˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bólba (“mushroom”), origin unclear.


Ӄук

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *Quk (“Yenisei river”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *quk (“hole in ground or snow”). In Ket and Yug myths, the legendary hero Alba cut through a hole in rocks so that the Yenisei could flow northwards, hence the name. Alternatively, analyzable as derived from Ket ӄук (qūk, “hole”).


аньбок

head

plural аньбокӈ

аньбок (ánʲbok) n (plural аньбокӈ)

[anʲ˩˧.bɔk͉˧˩]

Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *an (“heavy wave”) with the addition of Ket бак (-bak, “subject pulls”, base verb).


аӷусь

[a˩˧.ʁusʲ˧˩]

[a˩˧.ɣ̠usʲ˧˩]

Most likely derived from Proto-Yeniseian *aˤqʌ (“rot, go sour”, verb base), analogous to Ket аӄ ([l²]-aq⁰, “subject rots, turns sour, goes bad”, verb base).

cog

аӄ<t:subject rots, turns sour, goes bad><pos:verb base>


ильтъп

head

plural ильтааӈ, эльтааӈ

ильтъп (ílʲtʌb) n (plural ильтааӈ, эльтааӈ)

ílʲtʌb (romanization)
ильтааӈ (plural)
эльтааӈ (plural)

[iɮʲ˩˧.tʌp˧˩]

Compound of ильбет (ilbed, “break, smash; become puny, small”, intransitive verb) + тап (tāb, “circle, hoop”).

com+

ильбет<t:break, smash; become puny, small><pos:intransitive verb>


ыын

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ɯgʌn (“tree bark”).


беʼсь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *beˀs (“rabbit”).


бъʼн

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *bʌˀn (“duck”).


тъʼ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰʌˀg (“perch”, fish).


төк

tōk (romanization)
тог (plural)
тох (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʲōˑk (“axe”).


даʼль

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *daˀλ (“tendon”).


доʼӈ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *doˀŋ (“pus”), possibly derived from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰo (“water, liquid”) with the addition of Proto-Yeniseian *-ŋ (inanimate-class plural and/or collective noun suffix). The 'brain' sense is a semantic shift from the first sense.

cog

*-ŋ<pos:inanimate-class plural and/or collective noun suffix>


дуʼт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *duˀt (“awl”).


кеʼй

head

plural кеӈ, кеӈян

keˀj (romanization)
кеӈ (plural)
кеӈян (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *keˀj (“wing”).


кыʼт

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *kɯˀt (“fat, oil”).


куʼт

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *kuˀt (“belt”).
Despite phonetic and semantic similarities, Kott and Assan words for 'rope' (Proto-Kottic *kura (“rope”)) are not related to Ket and Yug words for 'belt', the former of which comes most likely from an Old Turkic source.


кеʼт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰeˀt (“person”).

human being, person (not necessarily but often for male referents)


кентибуль

head

plural кентибуляӈ

кентибуль (kéntibulʲ) (plural кентибуляӈ)

kéntibulʲ (romanization)
кентибуляӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *kʰentʌbul (“shoulder blade”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰen (“shoulder, top of shoulder”) + Proto-Ketic *-d (“her, its”, third person singular feminine- or inanimate-class possessive clitic) + Proto-Yeniseian *būˑl (“foot”).
First element of the compound did not survive on its own in Ket, found only as a part in terms for body parts (for example Ket баткентъ (bátkentə, “hand, forearm”)), but the second element can be found as Ket буль (būlʲ, “foot”).


киʼ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰiˀ (“yarn”).


куʼсь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰuˀs (“horse”). The sense 'cow' seen in Ket is secondary, in light of the data from other Yeniseian languages.
Also compared to Xiongnu 駃騠 (*kʷeːd.deː /*kuti/, “horse”) by Alexander Vovin.


кулеп

head

plural куляан or куляӈ

кулеп (kúleb) m (plural куляан or куляӈ)

kúleb (romanization)
куляан (plural)
куляӈ (plural)

[kuɮʲ˩˧.ɛp˧˩]

[ku˩˧.l̥ʲɛp˧˩]

[ku˩˧.ɬʲɛp˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰulep (“ermine”).


хаʼй

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰaˀj (“pine tree”, Pinus sibirica).


хъʼӈ

head

хъʼӈ (həˀŋ) n (plural хъӈан)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰʌˀŋ (“net”).


хиʼн

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *pʰiˀn (“ladle”) with potential parallels in distantly related Arin, Kott and Pumpokol.


хиʼт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰiˀt (“glue”).


хуʼсь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *pʰuˀs (“bilberry”).

bilberry, whortleberry (lowbush berries from species Vaccinium myrtillus)


ӄарь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qadʌ (“hair, wool”).


ӄам

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qam (“soon”).


ӄокӈ

head

plural ӄокӈен

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qokŋ (“pine tree forest”).


ӄогдаӈ

[qɔɣ˩˧.daŋ̥˧˩]

[qɔk͉˩˧.daŋ̥˧˩]

Compound of ӄог (qòk, “ice”) + Proto-Ketic *-d (“her, its”, third person singular feminine- or inanimate-class possessive clitic) with an unclear second formant, аӈ.


ӄоӈ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qoˀŋ (“appearance, build, shape”).


ӄоӈ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qogʌŋʌ (“day, daylight”).


ӄатөп

head

plural ӄатунь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qatop (“riverbank”), with potential parallels seen in distantly related Kott and Arin.


сеʼсь

head

plural <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="ket">сей</i> (sʲēˑj)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *seˀs ~ *čeˀt (“larch tree”).

inh+

Баат сеʼсьта котбесь ъне өксь ӄыʼт бэдесяӈ дескебинтет, уська дионбесь.

c. 1964, A. P. Dulzon, Оречки по грамматике кетского языка page 209

The old man chopped off a chunk from the rear part of a larch tree to make a bow out of it, and brought it home.

Báàt sʲɛˀsʲta kɔtbɛsʲ ʌnɛ ōˑksʲ qɨˀt bɛ̀dɛsʲaŋ dɛskɛbintɛt, usʲka dijɔnbɛsʲ.

Ат коного сеʼсь, дусьнольтет текӈесяӈ.

c. 1972, T. I. Toporov, Сказки Народов Сибирского Севера page 136

I chopped down a larch tree, splitting it into sticks.

Āˑt t-kɔnɔɣɔ sʲɛˀsʲ, dusʲnɔlʲtɛt tʲɛkŋɛsʲaŋ.


тааль

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʲapuλ (“dog food”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲīˑp (“dog”) + Proto-Yeniseian *Huλ (“water”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of таʼп (taˀb, “dogs”, plural) + уль (ūlʲ, “water”).


тъля

[tʌ˩˧.lʲa˥˩]

[tʌ˩˧.ɮʲa˥˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʰʌlap (“bread crust”), derived from Proto-Ketic *tʲʌˀg (“salt, hardened crust”) + Proto-Ketic *laˀpʰ (“piece”). Alternatively, analyzable as a Compound of тъʼ (təˀ, “salt”) + *лаʼп (laˀp, “piece”), the latter not found by itself but in Ket ламт (lámt, “piece, chunk”).


тъʼӄ

head

plural тъӷын or тән

təˀq (romanization)
тъӷын (plural)
тән (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰʌˀq (“finger”).


тиʼ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰiˀk (“string”), possibly from earlier *tɬixʷ.

bowstring; gunwale rope, border strip of a boat; net rope


тыӈаль

head

тыӈаль (tɨ́ŋalʲ)

[tɯŋ˩˧.alʲ˧˩]

[tɯŋ˩˧.aɮʲ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʰɯŋʌl ~ *tʰɯŋgʌl (“high”, adjective, adverb).

inh

*tʰɯŋʌl<t:high><pos:adjective, adverb><alt:*tʰɯŋʌl ~ *tʰɯŋgʌl>


тыӈаль

head

тыӈаль (tɨ́ŋalʲ)

[tɯŋ˩˧.alʲ˧˩]

[tɯŋ˩˧.aɮʲ˧˩]


тугун

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰugʌ (“fish”).

inh+

tugun (a species of fish, Coregonus tugun)


ӄыʼй

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qɯˀj (“birchbark”).

birchbark; a sheet of boiled birchbark used as a tent-cover


ӄыʼт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qɯˀtʲ (“bow”).


ӄолеп

head

plural ӄолерень or ӄолемся

ӄолеп (qólep) n (plural ӄолерень or ӄолемся)

qólep (romanization)
ӄолерень (plural)
ӄолемся (plural)

[qɔ˩˧.lʲɛb̥˧˩]

[qɔ˩˧.ɮʲɛp˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qalʌp (“half, side”, noun).


дит

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *dīˑtʲ (“wood grouse, capercaillie”).


ӄурь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *quˀgʌdʲʌ (“pike”, fish).


ӄурь

head

ӄурь (qùdʲ, [l²]-qud⁰) (action nominal, v1 or v4 type verb)

qùdʲ (romanization)
action nominal (romanization)
v4 type verb (romanization)
v4 type verb (v1)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *quˀʌdʲʌ (“make magic, shamanize”, infinitive verb).

inh

*quˀʌdʲʌ<t:make magic, shamanize><pos:infinitive verb>

inh+

performing shamanistic rituals, the act of shamanizing


ӄъъль

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qʌɢaλ ~ *ʌɢaλ (“gall”), possibly derived from Proto-Yeniseian *qʌɢ (“bile?”) + Proto-Yeniseian *ɔˀl (“cover, bladder”).

inh

*qʌɢaλ ~ *ʌɢaλ

inh+

*qʌɢaλ ~ *ʌɢaλ


даӄпуль

head

plural даӄпуляӈ

даӄпуль (dáqbulʲ) n (plural даӄпуляӈ)

dáqbulʲ (romanization)
даӄпуляӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *dʲaqpʰɯl (“heap”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *dʲaq (“put, place down”, verb base) + Proto-Yeniseian *pʰɯl (“growth, accumulation, mass”).


ӄотль

head

plural ӄотляӈ

[qɔt˩˧l̩ʲ˥˩]

[qɔt˩˧ɮ̩ʲ˥˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qatʌλ (“cloth, felt”).


әӷ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ʌ̄ˑqʌ (“tree branch”).


ына

Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *ɯnpʰa (“twice”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Hɯn (“two”) + Proto-Yeniseian *pʰa (“once, ...times; often”). Alternatively, analyzable as a numerical compound of ын (ɨ̄n, “two”) + ха (hā, “...times”).


алеӈ

[a˩˧.laŋ̥˧˩]

[a˩˧.ɬaŋ̥˧˩]

Derived from Ket аль (“half, pair; split”) with the addition of the pluralizing suffix -(a)ŋ.


альгит

head

plural альгераӈ

альгит (álʲkid) n (plural альгераӈ)

[alʲ˩˧.ɡit̺˧˩]

[aɮʲ˩˧.ɡit̺˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *aλkiˀtʲ (“debt”), a compound whose second element survived as Ket киʼт (kiˀt, “price”).


еиӈ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *Hejiŋ (“going, moving”, action nominal). A back voweled doublet is found in Ket къʼй (kəˀj, “walking, the act of walking”, action nominal).

cog

къʼй<t:walking, the act of walking><pos:action nominal>


ӄя

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qaˀ ~ *qaˀʌ (“big, large, great”).

inh+

older, elder, senior (for interpersonal relations)


лёсь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dˡos ~ *dˡot (“vulva”). Perhaps related to Ket лён (lōn, “lip”), itself from Proto-Yeniseian *dˡon (“lip”).


быʼсь

head

быʼсь (bɨˀsʲ) m (plural бысаӈ)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *bɯˀs (“penis”).


буӈ

Derived from Proto-Ketic *bu (“he, she”, third person singular personal pronoun) with the addition of the pluralizing -ŋ, yielding *buʌŋ. Alternatively analyzable as a derivation from Ket бу (“he, she”, third person singular personal pronoun).

der

*bu<t:he, she><pos:third person singular personal pronoun>

cog

бу<t:he, she><pos:third person singular personal pronoun>

they (third person plural personal pronoun)


баʼт

Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *baˀt (“out-facing surface or distal portion of body part”), referencing objects tossed during divination landing on their foreside signifying an affirmative answer.

der

*baˀt<t:out-facing surface or distal portion of body part>


бисьдован

head

бисьдован (bis⁷-d⁵-a⁴-b³-qan⁰) (vk type verb)

Verbal compound of бись (bīsʲ, “evening”, action nominal) + ӄань (-qan, “begin”, verb base).

com+

(intransitive, inchoative) it gets dark, it becomes evening


беʼт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *beˀtʲ (“falling snow”).

inh+

falling snow (snow that is actively falling on the ground); flock snow


доӈкатий

head

доӈкатий (doŋ⁷-k⁵-a⁴-[n²]-tij⁰) (vt2 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *doŋtij (“discharge pus”, verb). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of доʼӈ (doˀŋ, “pus”) + Proto-Ketic *tʰij (base in compound stems denoting a development of an undesirable quality).

cog

*tʰij<pos:base in compound stems denoting a development of an undesirable quality>

(intransitive, momentane) subject suppurates


дэрь

head

дэрь (dēdʲ, [n²]-ded⁰) (action nominal, vt1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dʲeˤdʲʌ (“count”, infinitive verb). The verb sense 'read' is a semantic shift from the primary verb sense 'count'.

inh+

reading, the act of reading; counting, the act of counting

(transitive, momentane) subject reads, subject counts


ень

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *en (“wooden wedge”).

wedge (usually made of wood, used for splitting logs into chunks)


доʼнь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *doˀn (“knife”).


доньтэт

head

доньтэт (don⁷-h⁵-a⁴-[l²]-ted⁰) (vt2 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *dontetʲ (“knife, stab”, verb). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of доʼнь (doˀnʲ, “knife”) + тэть (tetʲ, “hit”, transitive verb).

com+

(transitive, momentane) subject stabs with a knife, subject knifes


донвет

Derived from Ket доʼнь (doˀnʲ, “knife”) with the addition of the Proto-Yeniseian *jʌ- (resultative/stative verb prefix) and Ket бет (bed, “make, create”, transitive verb), with stative prefix being often dropped in habeo-type conjugations.


иньтэт

head

иньтэт (in⁷-a⁴-[l²]-ted⁰) (vt2 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *intetʲ (“prick with a needle”, verb). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of иʼнь (iˀnʲ, “needle”) + тэть (tetʲ, “hit”, transitive verb).

inh

*intetʲ<t:prick with a needle><pos:verb>

com+

(transitive, momentane) subject pokes with a needle


ынь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ɯˀn (“sled-runner”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *kʰen (“base, unberside”). Most likely also related to Ket ын (ɨ̄n, “lift, raise”, action nominal).

cog

sled runner (smooth and flat surface used for sliding on ice)


ынь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ɯ̄ˑn (“guess, feel, suspect”, verb).

inh+

guessing, the act of guessing; supposing, the act of supposing

having a presentiment, the act of having a presentiment (that something will happen)


екӈ

head

plural эккень

[eˑk͈˩˧.ŋ̩˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *eˀk (“thunder”).


дэ’ӈ

head

дэ’ӈ (deˀŋ) gender unspecified (no plural)

дэ’ӈ gender unspecified (canonical)
deˀŋ (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dʲeˀŋ (“people”). According to Stefan Georg, дэ’ӈ reflects a historical re-analysis and reduction of once a regular plural inflection of Ket кеʼт (keˀd, “human being”), *kedeŋ, with second tone (laryngealization) preserved. Most likely not related to the autonym of many Athabascan peoples, for example Dene or Diné.


кавет

head

кавет (ka⁷-k⁵-a⁴-[l²]-bed⁰) (vt2 type verb)

A verbal compound of киʼ (kiˀ, “yarn”) + бет (bed, “make, create”, transitive verb).

com+

(transitive, iterative) subject weaves, braids, knits


къън

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *kʌɢʌn (“fox”).


къйга

head

plural къйген or къйганиӈ

къйга (kə́jga) n (plural къйген or къйганиӈ)

kə́jga (romanization)
къйген (plural)
къйганиӈ (plural)

[kʌj˩˧.ɡa˧˩]

inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kʌjga ~ *kʌlga (“head”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *kog ~ *koˀ (“marrow”) + Proto-Yeniseian *-ka (locative case suffix).


авий

head

авий (ábij, a⁴-[n²]-ij⁰) (vt1 type verb)

[a˩˧.βij̥˧˩]

Derived from Proto-Ketic *a-b-iˀ (“subject is whetted, sharpened”, transitive verb configuration), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *jʌ- (resultative/stative verb prefix) + Proto-Yeniseian *-b- (inanimate-class subject marker) + Proto-Ketic *iː (“whet”, infinitive verb).

der

*a-b-iˀ<t:subject is whetted, sharpened><pos:transitive verb configuration>

der

(transitive, iterative, momentane) subject whets, sharpens


ававет

Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *kʷ (“off-, out-”, thematic consonant) + Proto-Ketic *-bet (“wipe”, verbal base).

der+

(intransitive, resultative) subject is cleaned, subject is wiped


ӄима

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qima ~ *qema (“grandmother, the eldest female person of a tribe, clan or family”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of ӄя (qà, “big, elder-”) + ам (ām, “mother”).

inh

*qima<t:grandmother, the eldest female person of a tribe, clan or family>


өп

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *obʌ (“father”).


ӄо

head

qóò, 􂀿l²􂁀-qo⁰

ӄо (qóò, [l²]-qo⁰) (action nominal, vt1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qoː (“lick”, verb base), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *qo (“mouth, lip”). Alternatively, analyzable as derived from Ket ӄө (qō, “mouth”).


ӄо

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qaɢʌ (“die”, verb base).
Etymologically, all of the listed forms below feature the same lexeme utilizing different conjugation paradigms, which is also called a labile operation. The primary semantic shift is seen with the root for the sense 'die' adapting the sense 'kill' in transitive conjugations, which evolved into 'hunt', 'chase', and then 'capture', 'catch' (wild game.)

inh+

(transitive, iterative) subject captures, subject catches (wild game)


ӄо

head

qóò, 􂀿s⁴􂁀-􂀿l²􂁀-qo⁰

ӄо (qóò, [s⁴]-[l²]-qo⁰) (action nominal, v1 type verb)

hunting, the act of hunting; catching, the act of catching (wild game)

(intransitive, iterative) subject hunts, subject chases, subject kills (wild game)


ӄырь

qɨ̀dʲ, 􂀿l²􂁀-qɨd⁰

ӄырь (qɨ̀dʲ, [l²]-qɨd⁰) (action nominal, vt1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qɯˀʌdʲʌ (“shave, plane, scratch, scrape”, infinitive verb).

inh

*qɯˀʌdʲʌ<t:shave, plane, scratch, scrape><pos:infinitive verb>

inh+

shaving, the act of shaving; planing, the act of planing; tilling, the act of tilling (...)

(transitive, iterative) subject shaves, planes, digs, tills, scrapes, ploughs


ӄук

head

plural ӄуксень

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *quk (“hole in ground or snow”).


каʼӈ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *kaˀŋ (“hole in paper, textile, et cetera”).

inh

*kaˀŋ<t:hole in paper, textile, et cetera>

inh+

hole (in flat material, like cloth, paper, leather, et cetera)


ӄык

head

plural ӄыксеӈ or ӄынеӈ

ӄык (qɨ̄k) n (plural ӄыксеӈ or ӄынеӈ)

qɨ̄k (romanization)
ӄыксеӈ (plural)
ӄынеӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qɯk ~ *qʌk (“summer trail”).


ӄогдь

head

ӄогдь (qokdʲ)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qogdʌ (“winter”) with a potential yet tentative parallel seen in distantly related Kott.


ӄөй

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qaj (“class of younger relatives on the mother's side”).

inh

*qaj<t:class of younger relatives on the mother's side>

inh+

aunt, uncle (younger sibling on the mother's side)


ӄөй

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qoj (“thick”, adjective).


ӄоʼй

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qoˀj (“desire, wish”).


ӄоой

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qogʌj (“neighbour”).


ляʼм

head

plural лемыӈ or лямен

laˀm (romanization)
лемыӈ (plural)
лямен (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *laˀm (“board table; side, half”).


ляль

head

ляль (làlʲ, [l²]-lal⁰) (action nominal, vt1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dˡaˀʌlʌ (“speak, chat”, infinitive verb).

inh+

chatting, the act of chatting; chattering, the act of chattering

(transitive, iterative) subject chats, chatters, blabbers


оой

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *oːpʰɯj (“bosom, space between torso and clothing”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *oq (“surface”) + Proto-Yeniseian *pʰɯ̄ˑj (“stomach”).

inh

*oːpʰɯj<t:bosom, space between torso and clothing>


ооӈ

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *opʰʌŋ (“healthy”, adjective).


лыʼт

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *dˡɯkʌtʲ (“upland forest, mountaineous forested plateau”), later simplified to *dˡɯˀʌtʲ.

inh

*dˡɯkʌtʲ<t:upland forest, mountaineous forested plateau>

inh+

hillock, hummock; upland forest, wooded plateau


хигвет

Derived from Ket хиг (hīk, “man, husband”) with the addition of the Proto-Yeniseian *jʌ- (resultative/stative verb prefix) and Ket бет (bed, “make, create; have”, transitive verb), with stative prefix being often dropped in habeo-type conjugations.

cog

бет<t:make, create; have><pos:transitive verb>

(intransitive) subject has a husband, subject is married to a man


хыʼп

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰɯˀb (“son”).


хый

Derived from Proto-Yeniseian *pʰɯ̄ˑj (“stomach; lower front part of abdomen”), see the second sense and the etymology above.

der

*pʰɯ̄ˑj<t:stomach; lower front part of abdomen>


тъг

head

plural тәкӈ or тәкӈан

тъг (tə̀k) n (plural тәкӈ or тәкӈан)

tə̀k (romanization)
тәкӈ (plural)
тәкӈан (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʰʌˤgʌ (“moccasin”).

inh+

moccasins, leather topboot, leather boots


тъъль

head

tə́ə̀lʲ, 􂀿n²􂁀-təːl⁰

тъъль (tə́ə̀lʲ, [n²]-təːl⁰) (action nominal, v1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *tʰʌːλ ~ *tʰʌːλiŋ (“freeze”, infinitive verb), originally an adjective (*tʰʌːλʌŋ (“frozen”)), derived from Proto-Ketic *tʲʌˀg (“salt, hardened crust”) + Proto-Yeniseian *-tɬ (“with”, instrumental-case suffix) + Proto-Yeniseian *-ʌŋ (adjectival suffix).

inh

*tʰʌːλ<t:freeze><pos:infinitive verb><alt:*tʰʌːλ ~ *tʰʌːλiŋ>

der+

(intransitive, momentane) subject freezes


силюп хаттат

head

plural силюп хаттатаӈ

силюп хаттат (sìlub hátad) (plural силюп хаттатаӈ)

sìlub hátad (romanization)
силюп хаттатаӈ (plural)

A compound of силюп (sìlub, “tuft, wisp, crown”, of hair) + хаттат (hátad, “top, top of one's head; roof, ceiling”).

com+

хаттат<t:top, top of one's head; roof, ceiling>


кусь

No etymological connection has yet been made.


ӄусь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qus ~ *qut (“one”, inanimate-class numeral).

inh

*qus<t:one><pos:inanimate-class numeral><alt:*qus ~ *qut>


ӄоʼӄ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qoˀq (“alluvial mull on the riverbank in the spring season”).

inh

*qoˀq<t:alluvial mull on the riverbank in the spring season>


ӄоʼк

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qaˀg (“one”, animate-class numeral).


ӄак

head

ӄак (qāk) (counting form ӄагэаӈ anim, ӄагам inan)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *qak (“five”). Perhaps related to Proto-Yeniseian *qal ~ *qel ~ *qol (“thumb, five”), origin of the word for 'five' in other Yeniseian languages, which would make Ket ӄъъль (qə́ə̀lʲ, “thumb”) a cognate.

cog

*qal<t:thumb, five><alt:*qal ~ *qel ~ *qol>


ынам бәньсяӈ ӄө

head

counting form ынам бәньсяӈ ӄөсь

ынам бәньсяӈ ӄө (ɨ́nam-bə́nʲsaŋ-qō) (counting form ынам бәньсяӈ ӄөсь)

[ɯn˩˧.am̥˧˩ bɤnʲ˩˧.sʲaŋ̥˧˩ qoˑ˧]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ɯnam-bʌnsaŋ-qo (“eight”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Hɯnʌ-bʌnsʌ (“eight”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Hɯn (“two”) + Proto-Ketic *bʌnsʌ ~ *bʌnsaŋ (“does not exist”, non-agreeing predicate element) (Proto-Yeniseian *bʌ ~ *bʌ̄ˑn (“no, not”)) + Proto-Yeniseian *qagʌ (“ten”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of ын (ɨ̄n, “two”) + бәньсяӈ (bə́nʲsaŋ, “no, not, does not exist”) + ӄө (qō, “ten”) (two, ын, is found in its inanimate-class counting form, ынам, in this compound.)

cog

*bʌnsʌ<t:does not exist><pos:non-agreeing predicate element><alt:*bʌnsʌ ~ *bʌnsaŋ>


ӄусям бәньсяӈ ӄө

head

counting form кусям бәньсяӈ ӄөсь

ӄусям бәньсяӈ ӄө (qúsʲam-bə́nʲsaŋ-qō) (counting form кусям бәньсяӈ ӄөсь)

[qus͉ʲ˩˧.am̥˧˩ bɤnʲ˩˧.sʲaŋ̥˧˩ qoˑ˧]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *qusam-bʌnsaŋ-qo (“nine”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *qusʌ-bʌnsʌ (“nine”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *qus ~ *qut (“one”, inanimate class) + Proto-Ketic *bʌnsʌ ~ *bʌnsaŋ (“does not exist”, non-agreeing predicate element) + Proto-Yeniseian *qagʌ (“ten”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of ӄусь (qūsʲ, “one”) + бәньсяӈ (bə́nʲsaŋ, “no, not, does not exist”) + ӄө (qō, “ten”) (one, ӄусь, is found in its inanimate-class counting form, ӄусям, in this compound.)

der

*qus<t:one><pos:inanimate class><alt:*qus ~ *qut>


бәньсяӈ

[bɤnʲ˩˧.sʲaŋ̥˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *bʌnsʌ ~ *bʌnsaŋ (“does not exist”, non-agreeing predicate element) with parallels seen in distantly related Kott, possibly from earlier *wʌnsaŋ, derived from Proto-Yeniseian *bʌ ~ *bʌ̄ˑn (“no, not”) + Proto-Ketic *sʌ ~ *saŋ (“be”, composite base verb). Alternatively, analyzable as a predicative compound of бәнь (bə̄nʲ, “no, not”, negatory particle) with the composite verb ending -сяӈ (composite verb base expressing existence or transition into some mental or emotional state), more commonly found as -бесяӈ (“[verb] starts to happen” morpheme combination in verbs denoting inception of a state), as in Ket бимбасаӈ (bin⁷-b³-a¹-saŋ⁰, “it begins”).

inh

*bʌnsʌ<t:does not exist><pos:non-agreeing predicate element><alt:*bʌnsʌ ~ *bʌnsaŋ>

cog

*sʌ<t:be><pos:composite base verb><alt:*sʌ ~ *saŋ>

cog

there is not, there are not; non-agreeing predicate element, negative predicate verb


иʼль

head

plural эляӈ or элиӈ

иʼль (iˀlʲ) f or n (plural эляӈ or элиӈ)

iˀlʲ (romanization)
эляӈ (plural)
элиӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *iˀλ (“breathing”).


иʼль

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plural иляӈ or эляӈ

iˀlʲ (romanization)
иляӈ (plural)
эляӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *iˀλ ~ *ɯˀλ (“singing, song”, verb, noun). Alternatively, analyzable as the nominal form of Ket ель ([l²]-il⁰, “subject sings”, transitive verb).

inh

*iˀλ<t:singing, song><pos:verb, noun><alt:*iˀλ ~ *ɯˀλ>


абыль

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plural абыляӈ

абыль (ábɨlʲ) n (plural абыляӈ)

[aˑ˩˧.bɯlʲ˧˩]

[aˑ˩˧.bɯɮʲ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *abʌl (“stick”). Perhaps an old compound word with Ket уль (ūlʲ, “handle”) as its second formant.


арень

[aˑ˩˧.ɾʲɛnʲ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *aden (“forest”), etymology unknown.


арь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *aˤdʲʌ (“illness; be ill”, noun, action nominal).

inh

*aˤdʲʌ<t:illness; be ill><pos:noun, action nominal>


аруӈу

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аруӈу (áduŋu)

[aˑ˩˧.ɾuŋ.u˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *adeŋ ~ *adʌŋoj (“strong; very”, adjective), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *aˀd (“bone”). Alternatively, analyzable as derived from Ket аʼт (aˀd, “bone”).

inh

*adeŋ<t:strong; very><pos:adjective><alt:*adeŋ ~ *adʌŋoj>


аресь

head

plural аресьн

[a˩˧.ɾʲɛs͉ʲ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ades ~ *adis (“iron nail”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *aˀd (“bone; strong”) + Proto-Yeniseian *iˀs (“spindle”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of аʼт (aˀd, “bone”) + иʼсь (iˀsʲ, “spindle; wooden peg, wooden pin”).

com+

nails (construction implement, specifically made of iron)


арятн

Derived from Proto-Ketic *aˤdʲʌ (“illness; be ill”, noun, action nominal) with the addition of Proto-Ketic *-den (“subject goes away”, verb base, auxiliary verb base). Alternatively, analyzable as a verbal compound of арь (“ill; being ill, the act of being ill”, noun, action nominal) + боготнь ([ba⁶]-k⁵-a⁴-[n²]-den⁰, “I go out”), where боготнь stands for the verb base *-тнь, not attested on its own in Ket, with the meaning (“subject goes away, subject walks”).

cog

*-den<t:subject goes away><pos:verb base, auxiliary verb base>

com+

арь<t:ill; being ill, the act of being ill><pos:noun, action nominal>

(intransitive, momentane) subject falls ill, gets sick (subject is momentarily in a state of illness, using non-stative configuration)


арятн

(intransitive, iterative) subject falls ill, is sick (subject is currently in a state of illness, using stative configuration)


ароӈ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *adokoŋ (“bite, be prone to biting”, infinitive verb).

inh

*adokoŋ<t:bite, be prone to biting><pos:infinitive verb>


иʼсь

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *iˀs (“spindle”).

spindle; bolt, peg, nail, pin (specifically made of wood)


ись

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ись (i⁷-[l²]-s⁰, or [l²]-(i)s⁰) (vt2 or v4 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *sɯˀŋ (“dress”, infinitive verb), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *sɯˀŋ (“tie up, fasten”, infinitive verb), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *aŋ (“hang, tie”, verb) with Proto-Yeniseian *si- (infinitive prefix) appended. The original meaning of this verb was 'tie, lace up', referring to the leather thongs on articles of Ket traditional clothing.
Also compare Ket сыыӈ (sɨ́ɨ̀ŋ, “binding, the act of binding; tying up, the act of tying up”, action nominal) and Ket иксиӈ (íksiŋ, “binding, the act of binding; tying up, the act of tying up”, action nominal), where the original meaning is preserved. It can also be observed that the original ending -sɨŋ⁰ is reduced to -s⁰, possibly via reanalysis.

der

*sɯˀŋ<t:tie up, fasten><pos:infinitive verb>

cog

сыыӈ<t:binding, the act of binding; tying up, the act of tying up><pos:action nominal>

иксиӈ<t:binding, the act of binding; tying up, the act of tying up><pos:action nominal>

(intransitive, reflexive, momentane) subject dresses up (oneself)


аʼӈ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *aˀŋ (“taste”), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *Haŋ (“nose”). See also Ket даʼӈ (daˀŋ, “flavor, taste”), with third person inanimate prefix baked-in.

der+

taste, sense of taste (gustative-olfactive stimulation of senses)


тагым

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тагым (tákɨm)

[taɣ˩˧.ɯm˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *tʰekam (“white”, adjective), derived from Proto-Yeniseian *tīˑk (“fallen snow”) + Proto-Yeniseian *-aŋ (adjectival suffix). Alternatively, analyzable as derived from Ket тик (tīk, “fallen snow”).


съʼнь

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съʼнь (səˀnʲ)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *sʌˀn (“dark colored”) with potential parallels in distantly related Kott, derived from Proto-Yeniseian *sigʌ (“night”) (from earlier *sīˑg (“dark”)) + Proto-Yeniseian *-ʌŋ (adjective suffix). Alternatively, analyzable as derived from Ket си (sī, “night”).

der+

blue, green; brown, gray (these colors are not distinguished in Ket)


ӄъляй

[qʌɮʲ˩˧.aj˧˩]

A reanalysis of the sense under the first etymology (ӄъляй “yellow”), resulting in a compound of ӄъъль (qə́ə̀lʲ, “bile, gall bladder”) + Proto-Yeniseian *-ej (derivational verb suffix, 'transitioning to a new state').

cog

*-ej<pos:derivational verb suffix, 'transitioning to a new state'>

turning yellow, the act of turning yellow; sallowing, the act of sallowing


байбуль

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байбуль (bájbulʲ) f (plural байбуляӈ)

bájbulʲ (romanization)
байбуляӈ (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bájbul (“kidney”), with parallels seein distantly related Kott, perhaps derived from Proto-Yeniseian **bajb (“kidney?”) + Proto-Yeniseian *āˑl (“half, one of a pair”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of аль (ālʲ, “half, one of a pair”) with an unknown/extinct first formant.
An alternative etymological theory featured both by VWdJS and CHYD is a compound word, with Proto-Yeniseian *pʰɯːλ (“colon, entrails”) (Ket хыль (hɨ̄lʲ, “colon, entrails, internal organs”)) as its second formant, proposed by Sergej A. Starostin.

cog

хыль<t:colon, entrails, internal organs>


бък

head

bə̀k, 􂀿n²􂁀-bək⁰

бък (bə̀k, [n²]-bək⁰) (action nominal, vt1 type verb)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bʌˤkʌ (“find”, infinitive verb), with parallels seen in distantly related Kott, possibly from earlier *wʌk.


аниӈ

[aˑnʲ˩˧.iŋ˧˩]

[aˑnʲ˧.iŋ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *apʰʌnʌŋ (“play”, infinitive verb), derived from Proto-Ketic *apʰʌn (“game”) with the addition of *-ʌŋ (infinitive marker).
The original unappended stem (*anʲ, not found on its own) can be found as a verb incorporate in the verb configuration Ket аньтэ (an⁷-[s⁴]-[l²]-da⁰, an⁷-k⁵-[s⁴]-[l²]-da⁰, “subject plays”, intransitive, transitive).


аньтэ

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аньтэ (an⁷-[s⁴]-[l²]-da⁰) (v1 type verb)

Derived from Proto-Ketic *apʰʌn (“game”) + Proto-Ketic *-da (“be; become, happen to”, verb base). Alternatively analyzable as a verbal compound of аниӈ (āniŋ, “playing, the act of playing”) + авря (a⁴-b³-da⁰, “it is”), constituted with more specifically their isolated counterparts, *ān- + *-da⁰.
(Proto-Ketic verb template: *[S.]-apʰʌn-[conj.]-de)

cog

*-da<t:be; become, happen to><pos:verb base>

italic

(Proto-Ketic verb template: *􂀿S.􂁀-apʰʌn-􂀿conj.􂁀-de)

(intransitive, iterative) subject plays (by themselves)


аньтэ

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аньтэ (an⁷-k⁵-[s⁴]-[l²]-da⁰) (vt2 type verb)

(transitive, iterative) subject plays (with something, or someone)


ък

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *ʌˤgʌ (“louse”), possibly from earlier *ɮʌgʌ.


ъʼк

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *ʌˀk (“loop snare”, for catching small animals).

inh

*ʌˀk<t:loop snare><pos:for catching small animals>

inh+

snare, noose, loop (for catching small animals)


баʼль

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *baˀλ (“space between objects”).


бальн

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plural бальнеӈ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *báλʌn ~ *bánʌλ (“bird cherry tree”, Prunus padus), perhaps related to Khakas палан (palan, “snowball tree”, Viburnum opulus) and Southern Altai балан (balan, “snowball tree, highbush cranberry”, Viburnum opulus).

inh

*báλʌn<t:bird cherry tree><pos:Prunus padus><alt:*báλʌn ~ *bánʌλ>

cog

балан<t:snowball tree, highbush cranberry><pos:Viburnum opulus>


беʼп

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *beˀp (“uncle, aunt”).

inh+

uncle, aunt (elder sibling of either parent)

sister-in-law, daughter-in-law; brother-in-law, son-in-law (spouse of an elder sibling)


беʼль

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беʼль (beˀlʲ)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *beˀl (“different, separate”). Perhaps related to Ket биль (bìlʲ, “far”), itself from Proto-Yeniseian *biˤλʌ (“far”).


бинь

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bin (“piece of fish”). Perhaps related to Ket бенэ (béne, “different; separated in two parts, into equal parts, into halves, apart; open, undone”), itself from Proto-Ketic *béne (“in different places or direction; open, undone; apart, in two”).

cog

бенэ<t:different; separated in two parts, into equal parts, into halves, apart; open, undone>

*béne<t:in different places or direction; open, undone; apart, in two>


бенэ

[bɛn˩˧.ʔɛ˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *béne (“in different places or direction; open, undone; apart, in two”). Perhaps related to Ket бинь (bīnʲ, “piece of fish, fish cutlets”), itself from Proto-Ketic *bin (“piece of fish”).

inh

*béne<t:in different places or direction; open, undone; apart, in two>

cog

separated in two parts, into equal parts, into halves


богдөт

head

plural богдөтн or богдотаӈ

богдөт (bókdot) f or n (plural богдөтн or богдотаӈ)

bókdot (romanization)
богдөтн (plural)
богдотаӈ (plural)

[bɔɡ˩˧.doˑt˧˩]

[bɔɣ˩˧.doˑt˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bókdod (“campfire site”), derived from Proto-Ketic *bɔˀk (“fire”) + Proto-Ketic *-d (“her, its”, third person singular feminine- or inanimate-class possessive clitic) + Proto-Yeniseian *qaˀt (“fire, burning fire”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of боʼк (boˀk, “fire, light from a fire source”) + *ӄоʼт (*qoˀt, “*fire, burning fire”) with the second formant extinct on its own but found in words like Ket даӄӄот (dáqqot, “frying, the act of frying”, action nominal) and Ket ӄотет (qot⁷-a⁴-[l²]-t⁰, “subject sets fire, subject kindles”, transitive verb).

cog

*-d<t:her, its><pos:third person singular feminine- or inanimate-class possessive clitic>

cog

даӄӄот<t:frying, the act of frying><pos:action nominal>

ӄотет<t:subject sets fire, subject kindles><pos:transitive verb>


богдом

head

plural богдомн

[bɔk͉˩˧.dɔm˧˩]

[bɔɡ˩˧.dɔm˧˩]

[bɔɣ˩˧.dɔm˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bokdom ~ *bogdam (“gun”), derived from Proto-Ketic *bɔˀk (“fire”) + Proto-Ketic *-d (“her, its”, third person singular feminine- or inanimate-class possessive clitic) + Proto-Yeniseian *qam (“arrow”). Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of боʼк (boˀk, “fire, light from a fire source”) + ӄам (qām, “arrow”)


боʼль

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боʼль (boˀlʲ)

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bɔˀl (“thick”).
Perhaps reconstructible back into Proto-Yeniseian stage (given by H. Werner as *boˀλ ~ *bəˀλ), if comparable to Arin bírka (“big, large; great”).


бөӈ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bōˑŋ (“dead person”).


бөӄ

head

plural бөн, боон

bōq (romanization)
бөн (plural)
боон (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *bāˑɢ (“mitten”).


боʼӄ

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bɔˀq (“fish trap”).

fish trap (made of small twigs and rods, fishing implement)


бъʼй

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бъʼй (bəˀj) m (see usage notes for plural forms)

Etymology ambiguous, possibly derived from Proto-Ketic *bʌs ~ *bʌj (“other, left, remaining”) with parallels seen in distantly related Kott, Assan and Arin. The Proto-Ketic term did not survive on its own, but is found in terms relating to step-relations, widowers, orphans and in general nonconsanguineous relationships, also seen in words like Ket бъссем (bə́ssem, “widow”) and Ket бъйб (bə́jb, bə̄jb, “orphan”).

der

*bʌs<t:other, left, remaining><alt:*bʌs ~ *bʌj>

der+

friend, companion, comrade (only used among men)


къля

[kʌ˩˧.lʲa˧˩]

[kʌ˩˧.ɮʲa˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *kʌlʲʌ (“female friend”).

inh+

friend, companion, comrade (only used among women)


бәнь

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бәнь (bə̄nʲ)

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *bʌ ~ *bʌ̄ˑn (“no, not”, negatory particle).

inh

*bʌ<t:no, not><pos:negatory particle><alt:*bʌ ~ *bʌ̄ˑn>


бъссем

head

plural бъссемн

[bʌs˩˧.s͉ʲɛm˧˩]

Inherited from Proto-Ketic *bʌsqim (“widow”), derived from Proto-Ketic *bʌs ~ *bʌj (“other, left, remaining”) with parallels seen in distantly related Kott, Assan and Arin, + Proto-Yeniseian *qim ~ *qem (“woman”). Alternatively, analyzable as a nominal compound of ӄим (qīm, “woman, wife”) featuring an extinct word *бъс (bəs, “*other, left, remaining”) as its first formant, supposedly reflected in Ket бъʼй (bəˀj, “friend, companion, comrade”).