й

Cyrillic script
Appendix:Cyrillic script#English

The fourteenth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ы

The thirty-fifth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


э

The thirty-seventh letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ъ

The thirty-fourth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


д

The seventh letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


р

The twenty-third letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


щ

The thirty-third letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ь

The thirty-sixth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


п

The twenty-second letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


м

The seventeenth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


г

The fifth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


т

The twenty-fifth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


б

The third letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ж

The tenth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


н

The eighteenth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ш

The thirty-second letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ц

The thirtieth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ф

The twenty-eighth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


л

The sixteenth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


к

The fifteenth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


з

The twelfth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


х

The twenty-ninth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


в

The fourth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


с

The twenty-fourth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ч

The thirty-first letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


е

The eighth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


о

The twentieth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


а

The first letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ю

The thirty-eighth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


и

The thirteenth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


у

The twenty-sixth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


я

The thirty-ninth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


он

xal-noun

он • (on) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠨ (on))


ә

The second letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ё

The ninth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ном

ном • (nom) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡆᡏ (nom))

номин цол


һ

The sixth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


Г

The fifth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


Б

The third letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


бал

бал • (bal) (Clear script spelling ᡋᠠᠯ (bal))


сам

From Proto-Mongolic *sam, compare Mongolian сам (sam), Buryat һам (ham), Dongxiang san.


ад

Clear Script
Kalmyk Oirat#Alphabet matching table


та

you (subject pronoun: the person being addressed) (plural)


му

xal-adj

му • (mu) (Clear script spelling ᡏᡇᡇ (muu))

From Proto-Mongolic *maγu. Cognate with Mongolian муу (muu).


ү

The twenty-seventh letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


хар

хар • (xar) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᠷᠠ (xara))

From Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠷᠠ (xara), from Proto-Mongolic *kara, ultimately of Turkic origin; see Proto-Turkic *kara.


җил

From Written Oirat ᠴᡅᠯ (jil), from Proto-Mongolic *ǯil, from Proto-Turkic *yïl. Cognate with Mongolian жил (žil), Buryat жэл (žel).


дала

xal-noun

дала • (dala) (Clear script spelling ᡑᠠᠯᠠᡅ (dalai), plural далас)

From Proto-Mongolic *dalai, compare Mongolian далай (dalaj).


дала

xal-adj

дала • (dala) (Clear script spelling ᡑᠠᠯᠠᡅ (dalai))


зун

xal-noun

зун • (zun) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡇᠨ (zun))

From Written Oirat ᠴᡇᠨ (zun), from Proto-Mongolic *ǰun. Cognate with Mongolian зун (zun), Buryat зун (zun).


зун

xal-numeral

зун • (zun) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡇᡇᠨ)

From Written Oirat ᠴᡇᡇᠨ, from Proto-Mongolic *ǰaxun. Cognate with Mongolian зуун (zuun, “century”), зуу (zuu, “hundred”).


биш

From Written Oirat ᡋᡅᠱᡅ (biši). Cognate with Mongolian биш (biš).

Нәрн шинҗ һарһҗах күн хара күн биш.

1980, Эрнҗәнә Константин, Цецн булг, Элст: Хальмг дегтр һарһач, page 6:

The man who solves the riddle of the twelve horn rings is not a usual man.


эн

xal-noun

эн • (en) (Clear script spelling ᡄᠨᡄ (ene))

he/she/it (3rd person subject pronoun) (singular)


хальмг

хальмг • (xalʹmg) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᠯᡅᡏᠠᡎ (xalimag), plural хальмгуд)

From Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠯᡅᡏᠠᡎ (xalimag), an exonym ultimately from Proto-Turkic *kiāl-mak (“to stay behind”, literally “those who stayed behind”). Compare also Buryat хальмаг (xalʹmag), Mongolian халимаг (xalimag); Khakas халмах (xalmax), Siberian Tatar ҡалмаҡ (qalmaq), Kazakh қалмақ (qalmaq), Bashkir ҡалмаҡ (qalmaq), Turkish kalmak etc.

der

хальмг келн

Хальмг Таңһч ― Xalʹmg Tañğç ― Kalmykia


ик

xal-adj

ик • (ik) (Clear script spelling ᡕᡄᡍᡄ (yeke) or ᡅᡍᡅ (iki))

From Proto-Mongolic *yeke, compare Mongolian их (ix).


сар

xal-noun

сар • (sar) (Clear script spelling ᠰᠠᠷᠠ (sara))

From Proto-Mongolic *sara, compare Mongolian сар (sar), Buryat һара (hara). More distantly related to Khitan 賽咿児 (sair).

Coordinate term: нарн (narn, “sun”)


шар

xal-adj

шар • (şar) (Clear script spelling ᠱᠠᠷᠠ (šara))

From Proto-Mongolic *sïra, compare Buryat шара (šara).


болх

xal-verb

болх • (bolx) (Clear script spelling ᡋᡆᠯᡍᡇ (bolxu))

Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *bol-. Cognate with Mongolian болох (bolox).

Тернь мини багш болҗана


улс

From Written Oirat ᡇᠯᡇᠰ (ulus), from Common Turkic *uluš (“country; city”). Compare also Buryat улас (ulas), Mongolian улс (uls); Tuvan улус (ulus), Southern Altai улус (ulus), Shor улус (ulus), Khakas улус (ulus); etc.
The sense "country" is obsolete in spoken speech, although revived (probably by borrowing from Mongolian улс (uls)) by language revivalists.

people
people (of one nation or ethnic group)

population (people living within one geographical boundary)

талвңд хурсн улс

folk (a particular group of people); those who


чон

xal-noun

чон • (çon) (Clear script spelling ᡔᡅᠨᡆ (cino))

From Proto-Mongolic *cinua, compare Mongolian чоно (čono), Buryat шоно (šono).


сурх

xal-verb

сурх • (surx) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡇᠷᡍᡇ (surxu))

From Proto-Mongolic *sur-, compare Mongolian сурах (surax), Buryat һураха (huraxa).


би

From Written Oirat ᡋᡅ (bi), from Proto-Mongolic *b-i (*b- for first person and *-i for singularity). Cognate with Mongolian би (bi), Buryat би (bi), etc.


-та

xal-noun

-та • (-ta) (Clear script spelling ᡐᠠᡅ (tai))

Чи хойр машитач.

Энҗл би тавтав.

Мини эк сәәхн цаһан чирәтә, өндр нурһта, хар нүдтә, күрң ут биш үстә.

My father has a pretty white face, is tall, black-eyed, and has brown but not long hair.

Mini ek sääxn tsağan çirätä, öndr nurğta, xar nüdtä, kürñ ut biş üstä.


чи

you (subject pronoun: the person being addressed) (singular)


тег

тег • (teg) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡄᡃᡎ (tēg))


аю

аю • (ayu) (Clear script spelling ᠠᡕᡆᡇ (ayou), plural аюс)

From a Turkic language, perhaps Tatar аю (ayu) or Kazakh аю (aü).


хур

From Written Oirat ᡍᡇᠷᠠ (xura), from Proto-Mongolic *qura. Cognate with Buryat хура (xura), Mongolian хур (xur), etc.


зүрҗ

зүрҗ • (zürj)

Learned borrowing from Mongolian жүрж (žürž).


күн

xal-noun

күн • (kün) (plural күмс or улс or әмтн)

kün (romanization)
күмс (plural)
улс (plural)
әмтн (plural)

From күмн (kümn) with an irregular /m/ loss, itself from Proto-Mongolic *kümün. Cognate with Mongolian хүн (xün).


сө

From Proto-Mongolic *söni, compare Mongolian шөнө (šönö), Buryat һүни (hüni).


шикр

шикр • (şikr) (Clear script spelling ᠱᡅᡍᡅᠷ (šikir) or ᠱᡅᡍᡄᠷ (šiker))

→ Kalmyk: шикр-балта (şikr-balta)

→ Southern Altai: шикир (šikir)

From Proto-Mongolic *šiker, compare Mongolian чихэр (čixer), Buryat шэхэр (šexer).


үүл

үүл • (üül) (Clear script spelling ᡉᡅᠯᡄ (üile) or ᡉᡕᡅᠯᡄ (üyile))

From Proto-Mongolic *üile, compare Mongolian үйл (üjl), Buryat үйлэ (üjle).


нур

нур • (nur) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡇᡇᠷ (nuur))


ө

The twenty-first letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


ө

From Proto-Mongolic *hoï (“forest”), cognate with Mongolian ой (oj).


багш

багш • (bagş) (Clear script spelling ᡋᠠᡎᠱᡅ (baɣši), plural багшнр)

Ultimately from 博士 (MC pak dzriX, “scholar”). Cognate with Mongolian багш (bagš) and Buryat багша (bagša).


толь

толь • (tolʹ)

Inherited from Written Oirat ᡐᡆᠯᡅ (toli), from Proto-Mongolic *toli. Cognate with Buryat толи (toli), Mongolian толь (tolʹ), etc.
Sense ‘dictionary’ was a semantic loan from Literary Chinese 鑑 (jiàn, “mirror; dictionary”) via Classical Mongolian ᠲᠣᠯᠢ (toli, “mirror; dictionary”).


сүл

xal-noun

сүл • (sül) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡉᡉᠯ (süül))

From Proto-Mongolic *sexül; compare Mongolian сүүл (süül), Buryat һүүл (hüül).


сүл

сүл җилмүдт


салькн

салькн • (salʹkn)

From Written Oirat ᠰᠠᠯᡍᡅᠨ (salkin), from Proto-Mongolic *salqɨ-n. Cognate with Buryat һалхин (halxin), Mongolian салхин (salxin, oblique).


ут

xal-adj

ут • (ut) (Clear script spelling ᡇᡐᡇ (utu))

From Proto-Mongolic *urtu. Cognate with Mongolian урт (urt) and Buryat ута (uta)

Ут наслтха!

Тиим нер зүүсн күн ут наста, бат кишгтә үрн болҗана терчн.

2018, Хабунова Е.Э., editor, Хуучн үгд худл уга: кеерин хураңһу материал, Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар», page 116

The man who bears such a name is a long-living, happy offspring.

Tiim ner züüsn kün ut nasta, bat kişgtä ürn boljana terçn.


яман

xal-noun

яман • (yaman) (Clear script spelling ᡕᠠᡏᠠᡃᠨ (yamān))

From Proto-Mongolic *ïmaxan cognate with Khitan 𘱑𘯺 (*êm a), related through borrowing or inheritance with Proto-Turkic *ïmga.
Compare Mongolian ямаа (jamaa), Old Turkic 𐰢𐰍𐰀 ((a)mɣa).


нүдн

нүдн • (nüdn) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡅᡑᡉᠨ (nidün))

From Proto-Mongolic *nidün, compare Mongolian нүд (nüd), Buryat нюдэн (njuden), Dongxiang nudun.


дер

From Proto-Mongolic *dere, compare Mongolian дэр (der), Buryat дэрэ (dere).


залуу

залу залу#Kalmyk


церг

From Proto-Mongolic *cerig, compare Mongolian цэрэг (cereg), Buryat сэрэг (sereg).


сал

From Proto-Mongolic *sal, compare Mongolian сал (sal), Buryat һала (hala).


аав

Cognate with Mongolian аав (aav, “father”).


селән

селән • (selän) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡄᠯᡄᡃᠨ (selēn))


Әрәсә

head

Әрәсә • (Äräsä)

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Хальмг Таңһч

Хальмг Таңһч

Хальмг Таңһч • (Xalʹmg Tañğç)

/χalʲˈmək taŋˈχt͡ɕə/

From Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠯᡅᡏᠠᡎ
ᡐᠠᡊᡎᠠᡔᡅ (xalimag tangɣaci, “the Kalmyk people”).

inh

ᡍᠠᠯᡅᡏᠠᡎ ᡐᠠᡊᡎᠠᡔᡅ

xal:Хальмг Таңһч

the Republic of Kalmykia (subject of the Russian Federation)


келн

xal-noun

келн • (keln) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡄᠯᡄᠨ (kelen), plural келд)

From Written Oirat ᡍᡄᠯᡄᠨ (kelen), from Proto-Mongolic *kelen. Cognate with Buryat хэлэн (xelen), Mongolian хэлэн (xelen, oblique), etc.


махн

From Written Oirat ᡏᠠᡍᠠᠨ (maxan) or ᡏᡅᡍᠠᠨ (mixan), from Proto-Mongolic *miqa-n (“meat”). Cognate with and Buryat мяхан (mjaxan), Mongolian мах (max), etc.

мах цусни төрл


энд

Cognate with Mongolian энд (end), Buryat эндэ (ende), etc.


суух

From Proto-Mongolic *saxu-, compare Mongolian суух (suux), Buryat һууха (huuxa), Dongxiang sao, Daur saugw.


дулаан

дулан дулан#Kalmyk


Төвд

head

Төвд • (Tövd)

Inherited from Written Oirat ᡐᡈᡋᡈᡑ (töböd).

inh+

Buryat language
Kalmyk Oirat
Khalkha Mongolian


мөр

мөрн мөрн#Kalmyk


үр

xal-noun

үр • (ür) (Clear script spelling ᡉᡉᠷ (üür))


дел

дел • (del) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡄᠯ (del))


сур

From Proto-Mongolic *sur, compare Mongolian сур (sur).


ң

The nineteenth letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


цөл

head

цөл • (tsöl)


җ

The eleventh letter of the Kalmyk alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.


Улан Баатр

Ulaanbaatar (the capital city of Mongolia)


бичкндк цагнь

бичкндк цагнь

бичкндк цагнь • (biçkndk tsagnʹ)


улан

From Written Oirat ᡇᠯᠠᡃᠨ (ulān), Proto-Mongolic *hulaxan. Cognate with Buryat улаан (ulaan), Mongolian улаан (ulaan), etc.


арвн

From Proto-Mongolic *arban, compare Mongolian арав (arav), Buryat арбан (arban).


одн

From Proto-Mongolic *odun, compare Mongolian од (od), Buryat одон (odon).

Теңгрт олн оддуд үзгднә.


гүрвлһ

гүрвлһ • (gürvlğ)

gürvlğ (romanization)
gürvlhçüd (romanization)

From Proto-Mongolic *gölbür, *görbel, compare Mongolian гүрвэл (gürvel), Buryat гүрбэл (gürbel).


көк

From Written Oirat ᡍᡈᡍᡈ (kökö), from Proto-Mongolic *köke. Cognate with Mongolian хөх (xöx), Buryat хүхэ (xüxe), etc.


көк

xal-noun

көк • (kök) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡈᡍᡈ (kökö))


зөг

зөг • (zög) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡈᡎ (zög) or ᠴᡈᡎᡉᡅ (zögüi), plural зөгмүд)

From Proto-Mongolic *jöge, compare Mongolian зөгий (zögii), Buryat зүгы (zügy).


хавр

From Proto-Mongolic *kabur, compare Mongolian хавар (xavar), Buryat хабар (xabar).


намр

намр • (namr) (Clear script spelling ᠨᠠᡏᡇᠷ (namur))

From Proto-Mongolic *namur, compare Mongolian намар (namar).


үвл

үвл • (üvl) (Clear script spelling ᡉᡋᡉᠯ (übül))

From Written Oirat ᡉᡋᡉᠯ (übül), from Proto-Mongolic *ebül. Cognate with Mongolian өвөл (övöl), Buryat үбэл (übel).


тошл

head

тошл • (toşl)


төмрлг

төмрлг • (tömrlg)


цагдач

цагдач • (tsagdaç)


дүүрән

дүүрән • (düürän)


шатр

шатр • (şatr)


шилүсн

шилүсн • (şilüsn)


өдмг

өдмг • (ödmg)


бадм

xal-noun

бадм • (badm) (Clear script spelling ᡋᠠᡑᡏᠠ (badma), plural бадмс)

Ultimately derived from Sanskrit पद्म (padma).


анр

анр • (anr) (Clear script spelling ᠠᠨᠠᠷ (anar), plural анрмуд)

Ultimately from Persian انار (anâr), compare Mongolian анар (anar).


бө

бө • (bö) (Clear script spelling ᡋᡈᡃ (bȫ), plural бөөнр)

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *bögü (“wizard”).


сорнц

Akin to Mongolian соронз (soronz) and Buryat суранзан (suranzan).


хорта

хорта моһа


гөрәсн

гөрәсн • (göräsn) (plural гөрәсд)

(obsolete) a wild animal (especially a grazing one)


хәәч

хәәч • (xääç) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᡅᡔᡅ)

From Proto-Mongolic *kaïčï, compare Mongolian хайч (xajč), Buryat хайша (xajša).


сүлд

сүлд • (süld) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡉᠯᡑᡄ (sülde))


таңһч

таңһч • (tañğç) (Clear script spelling ᡐᠠᡊᡎᠠᡔᡅ (tangɣaci))


харада

From the adjective хар, compare Mongolian хараацай (xaraacaj), Buryat хараасгай (xaraasgaj).


ханях

From Proto-Mongolic *kaniya-, compare Mongolian ханиах (xaniax), Buryat ханяха (xanjaxa).


терз

From a Turkic language, ultimately from Persian دریچه. Compare Kazakh терезе (tereze).


җомба

From Tibetan རྩམ་པ (rtsam pa, “roasted barley porridge”).

der

type of Kalmyk butter tea, especially one that is potent or nicely brewed, jomba


көл

From Proto-Mongolic *köl, compare Mongolian хөл (xöl), Buryat хүл (xül).


юн

xal-pronoun

юн • (yun) (Clear script spelling ᡕᡇᡇᠨ (yuun))

From Proto-Mongolic *yaxun. Cognate with Mongolian юу (juu).


ирх

xal-verb

ирх • (irx) (Clear script spelling ᡅᠷᡄᡍᡉ (irekü))

From Proto-Mongolic *ire-, compare Mongolian ирэх (irex), Buryat ерэхэ (jerexe).


залу

xal-noun

залу • (zalu) (Clear script spelling ᠴᠠᠯᡇᡇ (zaluu), plural залус)


долах

xal-verb

долах • (dolax) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡆᠯᡆᡃᡍᡇ (dolōxu))

From Proto-Mongolic *doluxa-, compare Mongolian долоох (doloox), Buryat долёохо (doljooxo).


төрх

head

төрх • (törx)

From Proto-Mongolic *töre-, compare Mongolian төрөх (töröx), Buryat түрэхэ (türexe).


-тә

xal-noun

-тә • (-tä) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡄᡅ (tei))


зузаан

зузан зузан#Kalmyk


зараа

зара зара#Kalmyk


гер

гер • (ger) (Clear script spelling ᡎᡄᠷ (ger), plural гермүд)

Compare Buryat гэр (ger); Mongolian ᠭᠡᠷ (ger), гэр (ger).


усн

усн • (usn) (Clear script spelling ᡇᠰᡇᠨ (usun))

From Written Oirat ᡇᠰᡇᠨ (usun), from Proto-Mongolic *usu-n. Cognate with Buryat уһан (uhan), Mongolian усан (usan, oblique form).

ус уух

ус теех

Ардаһарнь усн орҗ йовна гидг эн!

1989, Бембин Тимофей, Көк теңгсин көвәһәр, volume 2, Элст: Хальмг дегтр һарһач, page 59:

Барун өмн күрә тус бәәсн шатта худгин өөр хойр далһа суулһта усн мелмлзәд бәәнә.

1963, Эрнҗәнә Константин, Һалан хадһл, volume 1, Элст: Хальмг госиздат, page 136:

Near a framed well opposite to the western monastery, water inside two buckets is shining.

Barun ömn kürä tus bääsn şatta xudgin öör xoyr dalğa suulğta usn melmlzäd bäänä.

Уньд кесн модд ац уга һо болх йоста. Уньд һо болхла герин урһц өндр, шовһр бәәдл һарна. Тиим болхла деерәс орсн цасн, хурин усн һооҗхд чигн сән болна.

1980, Эрнҗәнә Константин, Цецн булг, Элст: Хальмг дегтр һарһач, page 41:

The poles must be flat and straight. This way, the yurt has a beautiful, slender appearance. Thanks to that, snow and water do not linger on it, rolling down.

Unʹd kesn modd ats uga ğo bolx yosta. Unʹd ğo bolxla gerin urğts öndr, şovğr bäädl ğarna. Tiim bolxla deeräs orsn tsasn, xurin usn ğoojxd çign sän bolna.

хальмг келнь усн


һал

һал • (ğal) (Clear script spelling ᡎᠠᠯ (ɣal), plural һалмуд)

From Proto-Mongolic *gal, compare Mongolian гал (gal), Buryat гал (gal).


-в

From Written Oirat ᠊ᡋᠠ (-ba) and ᠊ᡋᡄ (-be). Compare Mongolian -в (-v); Buryat -ба (-ba), -бо (-bo), -бэ (-be); etc.

Used to form the perfect preterite tense of a verb.


-в

From Written Oirat ᡋᡅ (bi). Doublet of би (bi, “I”, first-person singular subject pronoun). Compare also Buryat -б (-b, after a vowel including a hidden epenthesis) and -би (-bi, after a consonant).

nc

Бив.

Хальмгв.

(predicative) Used as a first-person singular copula, meaning ‘I am …’

Киитнл булгиннь уснаснь / Киилгән уһаһад суулав

“Ээҗин дун”:

From the water of a cold spring / I sat down after washing clothes

Kiitnl bulginnʹ usnasnʹ / Kiilgän uğağad suulav

(predicative) A first-person singular verbal suffix.


эмч

xal-noun

эмч • (emç) (Clear script spelling ᡄᡏᡔᡅ (emci))

From эм (em) + -ч (-ç). Cognate with Mongolian эмч (emč).

Шартуһас культармейцнрла ирсн эмч орс күүкн, студентнрт гем бичә хәлдтхә гиһәд спирт бичҗ авхулад сурһуль төгсснә хөн һаринь уһалһдг болв.

1963, Эрнҗәнә Константин, Һалан хадһл, volume 1, Элст: Хальмг госиздат, page 155:

The Russian physician lady who came with Kultarmeytsi from Saratov prescribed to students some alcohol so that they don't catch a disease; after the school was over, she made them wash their hands.

Şartuğas kulʹtarmeytsnrla irsn emç ors küükn, studentnrt gem biçä xäldtxä giğäd spirt biçj avxulad surğulʹ tögssnä xön ğarinʹ uğalğdg bolv.

— Учр уга, үр матрос,— болҗ эмч бас хансар гекв.

1989, Бембин Тимофей, Көк теңгсин көвәһәр, volume 2, Элст: Хальмг дегтр һарһач, page 242:

"No problem, comrade sailor", the physician nodded in gratitude..

— Uçr uga, ür matros,— bolj emç bas xansar gekv.

Тиф гидг гем ирхлә, арh уга. Улм дәкәд үклдх, эмч хәләҗәхш.

2018, Хабунова Е.Э., editor, Хуучн үгд худл уга: кеерин хураңһу материал, Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар», page 146:

When the disease called typhus came, there was no help. Even more died, they didn't see the doctor.

Tif gidg gem irxlä, arh uga. Ulm däkäd ükldx, emç xäläjäxş.


бүр

From Written Oirat ᡋᡉᠷᡅ (büri), cognate with Mongolian бүр (bür).


алх

xal-verb

алх • (alx) (Clear script spelling ᠠᠯᠠᡍᡇ (alaxu))


сән

xal-adj

сән • (sän) (Clear script spelling ᠰᠠᡕᡅᠨ (sayin))

From Proto-Mongolic *sayin, compare Mongolian сайн (sajn), Buryat һайн (hajn).


сольх

head

сольх • (solʹx)

From Proto-Mongolic *soli-, compare Mongolian солих (solix), Buryat һолихо (holixo).


ширәлх

xal-verb

ширәлх • (şirälx)


цекә

xal-noun

цекә • (tsekä)


ширә

ширә • (şirä)

From Proto-Mongolic *sirexe, compare Mongolian ширээ (širee).

ширәлх

to put on the table, to sit at the table


һарх

xal-verb

һарх • (ğarx) (Clear script spelling ᡎᠠᠷᡍᡇ (ɣarxu))

From Proto-Mongolic *gar-, compare Mongolian гарах (garax).


хумсн

From Proto-Mongolic *kïmusun, compare Mongolian хумс (xums), Buryat хюмһан (xjumhan).


медх

медх • (medx) (Clear script spelling ᡏᡄᡑᡄᡍᡉ (medekü))

From Proto-Mongolic *mede-, compare Mongolian мэдэх (medex), Buryat мэдэхэ (medexe).

to know (an information, how to do something)


үзх

From Proto-Mongolic *üǰe-; compare Mongolian үзэх (üzex), Buryat үзэхэ (üzexe).


-лх

From Proto-Mongolic *-la-.
Unclear relationship (if any) with Proto-Turkic *-lā- and Proto-Tungusic *-la-.
Compare Mongolian -лах (-lax).


торһа

xal-noun

торһа • (torğa)

From a Turkic language, perhaps Nogai боз торгай (boz torgay) or Kazakh бозторғай (boztorğai).


суль

суль • (sulʹ)

From a Turkic language, perhaps Kazakh сұлы (sūly) or Nogai сулы (sulı).


күзүн

күзүн • (küzün) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡉᠴᡉᡉᠨ (küzüün))

From Proto-Mongolic *küǰüxün, compare Mongolian хүзүү (xüzüü), Buryat хүзүүн (xüzüün), Dongxiang ghuzhun.


цаңһх

xal-verb

цаңһх • (tsañğx)

# From Proto-Mongolic *caŋga-, compare Mongolian цангах (cangax), Buryat сангаха (sangaxa).
# Perhaps arising as an alliteration of Proto-Mongolic *haŋga-.


ооль

xal-noun

ооль • (oolʹ) (plural оольмуд or оольс)

oolʹ (romanization)
оольмуд (plural)
оольс (plural)

desc

→ Russian: Оля́ (Oljá, “a port and rural locality in Russia”)

From Proto-Mongolic *oxalï, cognate with Mongolian ооль (oolʹ).


дун

kilometre (literally, "the distance at which a human voice or cry can be heard")

(dated) verst (Imperial Russian unit of length equal to 1,066.8 m)


хальмг келн

head

хальмг келн • (xalʹmg keln)

Cognate with Khalkha халимаг хэл (khalimag khel) and Buryat хальмаг хэлэн (khalmag khelen)


солңһ

xal-noun

солңһ • (solñğ) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡆᠯᡆᡊᡎᡆ (solongɣo))

From Proto-Mongolic *solaŋga, compare Mongolian солонго (solongo), Buryat һолонго (holongo).


эгч

эгч • (egç) (Clear script spelling ᡄᡎᡄᡔᡅ (egeci))


Эркү

head

Эркү • (Erkü)

Compare Buryat Эрхүү (Erxüü) and Mongolian Эрхүү (Erxüü).

Иркут Иркут#Kalmyk

alternative form of Иркут (Irkut, “Irkut [river]”)

Иркутск Иркутск#Kalmyk

alternative form of Иркутск (Irkutsk, “Irkutsk [city]”)


өөлд

өөлд • (ööld)


өөлд

xal-noun

өөлд • (ööld) (Clear script spelling ᡈᡅᠯᡈᡑ)


From the fact that no true third person pronoun existed, so it was not put word-finally like other personal markers such as -в (-v), -ч (-ç), etc.

(predicative) Used as a third-person copula, meaning ‘He/she/it/they is/are …’

Эн келнә

(predicative) A third-person singular verbal suffix.


Root form of the verb (without the -х (-x) suffix in the dictionary form).

Кел!


Көк теңгс

head

Көк теңгс • (Kök teñgs)

From Written Oirat ᡍᡈᡍᡈ
ᡐᡄᡊᡎᡄᠰ (Kökö tengges).

inh

^ᡍᡈᡍᡈ ᡐᡄᡊᡎᡄᠰ


өөрд

head

өөрд • (öörd)


өөрд

xal-noun

өөрд • (öörd) (Clear script spelling ᡆᡅᠷᠠᡑ)


хасг

From Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠰᠠᡎ (xasag). Compare Mongolian хасаг (xasag), Buryat хасаг (xasag).


хазг

From Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠴᠠᡎ (xazag), from Russian каза́к (kazák).


Хар теңгс

head

Хар теңгс • (Xar teñgs)

From Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠷᠠ
ᡐᡄᡊᡎᡄᠰ (Xara tengges). Compare Mongolian Хар тэнгис (Xar tengis), Buryat Хара тэнгис (Xara tengis).

inh

^ᡍᠠᠷᠠ ᡐᡄᡊᡎᡄᠰ


баатр

From Written Oirat ᡋᠠᡃᡐᡇᠷ (bātur), from Proto-Mongolic *baɣatur, from Proto-Turkic *bagatur. Cognate with Mongolian баатар (baatar).


моһа

From Written Oirat ᡏᡆᡎᡆᡅ (moɣoi), from Proto-Mongolic *moγai. Cognate with Buryat могой (mogoj), Mongolian могой (mogoj), etc.


киитн

From Written Oirat ᡍᡅᡕᡅᡐᡄᠨ (kiyiten), from Proto-Mongolic *küyitün.
Cognate with Buryat хүйтэн (xüjten), Mongolian хүйтэн (xüjten), etc.


зах

xal-noun

зах • (zax) (Clear script spelling ᠴᠠᡍᠠ (zaxa), plural захс)

from Proto-Turkic *yaka (“collar; edge”).


аһар

аһар • (ağar)

From Proto-Mongolic *agar, compare Mongolian агаар (agaar), Buryat агаар (agaar), Tuvan агаар (agaar).


дуун

дуун • (duun) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡇᡇᠨ (duun))


дуулх

From Proto-Mongolic *duxulga, compare Mongolian дуулга (duulga).


дуулх

From Written Oirat ᡑᡇᡇᠯᠠᡍᡇ, from Proto-Mongolic *dawu-la-. Cognate with Mongolian дуулах (duulax), Buryat дуулаха (duulaxa), etc.


зүн

From Written Oirat ᠴᡈᡉᠨ (zöün), from Proto-Mongolic *ǰä-gün. Cognate with Buryat зүүн (züün), Mongolian зүүн (züün), etc. Compare also Tuvan чөөн (çöön).


зүн

From Written Oirat ᠴᡈᡉᠨ (zöün), from Proto-Mongolic *ǰe-gü-n. Cognate with Buryat зүүн (züün), Mongolian зүүн (züün, oblique), etc.


-м

Compare also Buryat -м (-m, after a vowel), -мни (-mni, after a vowel), -ни (-ni, after a consonant); Mongolian минь (minʹ).

Киилгән уһаһад суух чигн / Килмҗтәл ээҗм сангдна

“Ээҗин дун”:

Although I am sitting washing my shirt / My caring mother comes to mind

Kiilgän uğağad suux çign / Kilmjtäl eejm sangdna


-ән

From Written Oirat ᡅᡄᡃᠨ (-iēn). Compare Mongolian -ээ (-ee), Buryat -ээ (-ee), etc.

келнән

герән

impersonal (reflexive) possessive suffix, used after a consonant-ended front-vowel syllable


дән

дән • (dän) (Clear script spelling ᡑᠠᡕᡅᠨ (dayin))

From Proto-Mongolic *dayin, compare Mongolian дайн (dajn).


симфонь

симфонь • (simfonʹ)

From Russian симфо́ния (simfónija), from Latin symphōnia, from Ancient Greek σῠμφωνῐ́ᾱ (sŭmphōnĭ́ā).


моңһл

моңһл • (moñğl)

From Written Oirat ᡏᡆᡊᡎᡆᠯ (mongɣol), from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠬᠣᠯ (mongqol). Compare Buryat монгол (mongol), Mongolian монгол (mongol), etc.

моңһл келн


хувцн

хувцн • (xuvtsn) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡇᡋᡔᠠᠨ (xubcan))


хөөн

head

хөөн • (xöön)

From Written Oirat ᡍᡆᡕᡅᠨᡆ (xoyino), cognate with Mongolian хойно (xojno).


эмнлһн

эмнлһн • (emnlğn)

Compare Buryat эмнэлгэ (emnelge, “treatment”) and Mongolian эмнэлэг (emneleg, “treatment, hospital”).


цаһан

xal-noun

цаһан • (tsağan)

From Written Oirat ᡔᠠᡎᠠᠨ (caɣan), from Proto-Mongolic *cagaxan. Cognate with Mongolian цагаан (cagaan), Buryat сагаан (sagaan).


шода

head

шода • (şoda)


баһ

xal-adj

баһ • (bağ) (Clear script spelling ᡋᠠᡎᠠ (baɣa))

From Written Oirat ᡋᠠᡎᠠ (baɣa), from Proto-Mongolic *baga, compare Mongolian бага (baga).


телңгүд

xal-noun

телңгүд • (telñgüd)

a subgroup of the Kalmyks, who were migrated from the north of the Altai Mountains during the mid-18th century


барун

xal-adj

барун • (barun) (Clear script spelling ᡋᠠᠷᡇᡇᠨ (baruun))

From Written Oirat ᡋᠠᠷᡇᡇᠨ (baruun). Cognate with Mongolian баруун (baruun).


кевс

xal-noun

кевс • (kevs) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡄᡋᡄᠰ (kebes), plural кевсмүд)

# From Proto-Mongolic *kebis, compare Mongolian хивс (xivs).
# See description under Chechen куз (kuz).


негн

From Proto-Mongolic *nigen, *niken, compare Mongolian нэг (neg), Buryat нэгэн (negen).


гүрвлдә

гүрвлдә • (gürvldä) (plural гүрвлдәс)

gürvldä (romanization)
гүрвлдәс (plural)


хойр

xal-numeral

хойр • (xoyr) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡆᡕᡆᠷ (xoyor))

From Proto-Mongolic *koyar, compare Mongolian хоёр (xojor), Buryat хоёр (xojor).


тавн

From Proto-Mongolic *tabun, compare Mongolian тав (tav), Buryat табан (taban).


йисн

From Proto-Mongolic *yisün, *yersü(n), compare Mongolian ес (jes), Buryat юһэн (juhen).


хөрн

head

хөрн • (xörn)

From Proto-Mongolic *korin, compare Mongolian хорь (xorʹ), Buryat хорин (xorin).


нәәмн

нәәмн • (näämn)

From Proto-Mongolic *nayiman, compare Mongolian найм (najm), Buryat найман (najman).


миңһн

миңһн • (miñğn)

From Proto-Mongolic *miŋgan, compare Mongolian мянга (mjanga), Buryat мянган (mjangan).


зурһан

зурһан • (zurğan)

From Proto-Mongolic *jirxuxan, compare Mongolian зургаа (zurgaa), Buryat зургаан (zurgaan).


нерн

xal-noun

нерн • (nern) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡄᠷᡄᠨ (neren))

From Proto-Mongolic *nere, compare Mongolian нэр (ner), Buryat нэрэ (nere).


теңгр

head

теңгр • (teñgr)

From Proto-Mongolic *teŋri, compare Mongolian тэнгэр (tenger), Buryat тэнгэри (tengeri).


һурвн

xal-numeral

һурвн • (ğurvn) (Clear script spelling ᡎᡇᠷᡋᠠᠨ (ɣurban))

From Proto-Mongolic *gurban, compare Mongolian гурав (gurav), Buryat гурбан (gurban).


һурвн

triad (a type of Kalmyk poem that consists of three lines)


модн

From Proto-Mongolic *modun, compare Mongolian мод (mod), Buryat модон (modon).

герин модн

stick (a prolonged wooden object)
wooden post

stick (a prolonged wooden object)
wooden pole

stick (a prolonged wooden object)
walking stick

(by extension) forest (any collection of trees)


ноха

xal-noun

ноха • (noxa) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡆᡍᡆᡅ (noxoi) or ᠨᡆᡍᠠᡃ (noxā))


төмр

төмр • (tömr) (plural төмрмүд)

From Proto-Mongolic *temür, compare Mongolian төмөр (tömör), Buryat түмэр (tümer).


төмр

xal-adj

төмр • (tömr)


һол

xal-noun

һол • (ğol) (Clear script spelling ᡎᡆᠯ (ɣol), plural һолмуд)


әрәс

head

әрәс • (äräs)

From Turkic, compare Kazakh орыс (orys).


давсн

From Proto-Mongolic *dabusun, compare Mongolian давс (davs), Buryat дабһан (dabhan).


татх

# From Proto-Mongolic *tata-, compare Mongolian татах (tatax), Buryat татаха (tataxa).


һар

xal-noun

һар • (ğar) (Clear script spelling ᡎᠠᠷ (ɣar), plural һармуд)


дөрвн

xal-numeral

дөрвн • (dörvn) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡈᠷᡋᡉᠨ (dörbün))

From Proto-Mongolic *dörben, compare Mongolian дөрөв (döröv), Buryat дүрбэн (dürben).


шүдн

xal-noun

шүдн • (şüdn) (Clear script spelling ᠱᡅᡑᡉᠨ (šidün))

From Proto-Mongolic *sidün, compare Mongolian шүд (šüd), Buryat шүдэ (šüde).


мөсн

head

мөсн • (mösn)

From Proto-Mongolic *mölsün, compare Mongolian мөс (mös), Buryat мүльһэн (mülʹhen).


шүлсн

шүлсн • (şülsn)

From Proto-Mongolic *silüsün, compare Mongolian шүлс (šüls), Buryat шүлһэн (šülhen).


һаха

xal-noun

һаха • (ğaxa) (Clear script spelling ᡎᠠᡍᠠᡅ (ɣaxai), plural һахас)

From Proto-Mongolic *gakai, compare Mongolian гахай (gaxaj).


заһсн

заһсн • (zağsn) (Clear script spelling ᠴᠠᡎᠠᠰᡇᠨ (zaɣasun), plural заһсд)

From Proto-Mongolic *ǰïgasun; compare Mongolian загас (zagas), Buryat загаһан (zagahan).


толһа

head

толһа • (tolğa)

From Proto-Mongolic *tolagaï, compare Mongolian толгой (tolgoj), Buryat толгай (tolgaj).


даләә

даләә • (dalää)

From Proto-Mongolic *dalai, compare Mongolian далай (dalaj).

дала дала#Kalmyk


мөңгн

xal-noun

мөңгн • (möñgn) (Clear script spelling ᡏᡈᡊᡎᡈᠨ (mönggön))

From Proto-Mongolic *meŋgün, compare Mongolian мөнгө (möngö), Buryat мүнгэн (müngen).

Чамд мөңгн бәәни?


алтн

алтн • (altn) (Clear script spelling ᠠᠯᡐᠠᠨ (altan))

From Proto-Mongolic *altan, compare Mongolian алт (alt), Buryat алтан (altan).


өдр

From Proto-Mongolic *edür, compare Mongolian өдөр (ödör), Buryat үдэр (üder).


үсн

үсн • (üsn) (Clear script spelling ᡉᠰᡉᠨ (üsün))

From Proto-Mongolic *hüsün, compare Mongolian үс (üs), Buryat үһэн (ühen).


үсн

From Proto-Mongolic *sün, *üsün, compare Mongolian сүү (süü), Buryat һүн (hün).


мөрн

мөрн • (mörn) (Clear script spelling ᡏᡈᠷᡄᠨ (mören))

From Proto-Mongolic *mören (“river, sea”). Cognate with Mongolian мөрөн (mörön), Buryat мүрэн (müren).

Иҗл мөрн һол


мөрн

мөрн • (mörn) (Clear script spelling ᡏᡆᠷᡅᠨ (morin))

From Proto-Mongolic *morin (“horse”). Cognate with Buryat морин (morin), Mongolian морь (morʹ).


өндгн

head

өндгн • (öndgn)

From Proto-Mongolic *öndegen, compare Mongolian өндөг (öndög), Buryat үндэгэн (ündegen).


келх

xal-verb

келх • (kelx) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡄᠯᡄᡍᡉ (kelekü))

From Proto-Mongolic *kele-, compare Mongolian хэлэх (xelex), Buryat хэлэхэ (xelexe).


чикн

xal-noun

чикн • (çikn) (Clear script spelling ᡔᡅᡍᡅᠨ (cikin))

From Proto-Mongolic *cïkïn, compare Mongolian чих (čix), Buryat шэхэн (šexen).


үүлн

head

үүлн • (üüln)

From Proto-Mongolic *exülen, compare Mongolian үүл (üül), Buryat үүлэн (üülen).


меклә

From Proto-Mongolic *menekei, compare Mongolian мэлхий (melxii).

меклә кевтә мөлкх


эцк

From Proto-Mongolic *ecige, compare Mongolian эцэг (eceg), Buryat эсэгэ (esege).


темән

темән • (temän)

From Proto-Mongolic *temexen, compare Mongolian тэмээ (temee), Buryat тэмээн (temeen).


делкә

xal-noun

делкә • (delkä)

From Proto-Mongolic *dele-kei, compare Mongolian дэлхий (delxii), Buryat дэлхэй (delxej).


идх

xal-verb

идх • (idx) (Clear script spelling ᡅᡑᡄᡍᡉ (idekü))

From Proto-Mongolic *ide-, compare Mongolian идэх (idex), Buryat эдихэ (edixe).


теңгс

head

теңгс • (teñgs)

From Proto-Mongolic *teŋgis, compare Mongolian тэнгэс (tenges).


нарн

From Proto-Mongolic *naran, compare Mongolian нар (nar), Buryat наран (naran).

Coordinate term: сар (sar, “moon”)


үүдн

xal-noun

үүдн • (üüdn) (Clear script spelling ᡈᡉᡑᡄᠨ (öüden))

From Proto-Mongolic *exüden, compare Mongolian үүд (üüd), Buryat үүдэн (üüden).

Бер үүдн тал суух зөвтә.

2018, Хабунова Е.Э., editor, Хуучн үгд худл уга: кеерин хураңһу материал, Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар», page 103:

Spouse must sit near the door (of a yurt).


эк

From Proto-Mongolic *eke, compare Mongolian эх (ex), Buryat эхэ (exe).


зара

зара • (zara) (Clear script spelling ᠴᠠᠷᠠᡃ (zarā), plural зарас)


саад

From Proto-Mongolic *saxa-, compare Buryat һаад (haad).


савң

head

савң • (savñ)


селм

From Proto-Mongolic *seleme, compare Mongolian сэлэм (selem), Buryat һэлмэ (helme).


мәңгрсн

мәңгрсн • (mäñgrsn)


сохр

xal-adj

сохр • (soxr) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡆᡍᡆᠷ (soxor))

From Written Oirat ᠰᡆᡍᡆᠷ (soxor), from Proto-Mongolic *sokar, compare Mongolian сохор (soxor), Buryat һохор (hoxor).


сувсн

From Proto-Mongolic *subusun, *subud, compare Mongolian сувд (suvd), Buryat субад (subad).


цөсн

head

цөсн • (tsösn)

From Proto-Mongolic *cösün, *sölsün, compare Mongolian цөс (cös).


сәән

сәән • (sään)


сандл

xal-noun

сандл • (sandl) (Clear script spelling ᠰᠠᠨᡑᠠᠯᡅ (sandali))

From Proto-Mongolic *sandali, compare Mongolian сандал (sandal), Buryat һандали (handali).


сүүдр

head

сүүдр • (süüdr)

From Proto-Mongolic *seγüder, compare Mongolian сүүдэр (süüder), Buryat һүүдэр (hüüder).


сурһуль

xal-noun

сурһуль • (surğulʹ) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡇᠷᡎᡇᡇᠯᡅ (surɣuuli))


гуйр

һуйр һуйр#Kalmyk


хатн

From Proto-Mongolic *qatun, compare Mongolian хатан (xatan), Buryat хатaн (xatan).


сүк

From Proto-Mongolic *süke, compare Mongolian сүх (süx).


цасн

From Proto-Mongolic *časun; compare Mongolian цас (cas), Buryat саһан (sahan).


цаасн

цаасн • (tsaasn) (Clear script spelling ᡔᠠᡃᠰᡇᠨ (cāsun))

From Proto-Mongolic *caxasun, *carxasun, compare Mongolian цаас (caas), Buryat саарһан (saarhan).


цусн

From Proto-Mongolic *cïsun. Compare Mongolian цус (cus), Buryat шуһан (šuhan).


чолун

head

чолун • (çolun)

From Proto-Mongolic *čïlaxun; compare Mongolian чулуу (čuluu), Buryat шулуун (šuluun).


цецг

From Proto-Mongolic *ceceg, compare Mongolian цэцэг (ceceg), Buryat сэсэг (seseg).


уһах

уһах • (uğax)

From Proto-Mongolic *ugiya-, compare Mongolian угаах (ugaax), Buryat угааха (ugaaxa).


зурх

From Proto-Mongolic *jïru-, compare Mongolian зурах (zurax), Buryat зураха (zuraxa).


зуурх

From Proto-Mongolic *juxura-, compare Mongolian зуурах (zuurax), Buryat зуураха (zuuraxa).


оошк

xal-noun

оошк • (ooşk) (Clear script spelling ᡆᡃᠱᡍᡅ (ōški))

From Proto-Mongolic *axuskï, compare Mongolian уушиг (uušig), Buryat уушхан (uušxan).


ямаан

яман яман#Kalmyk


зүркн

From Proto-Mongolic *ǰirüken, compare Mongolian зүрх (zürx), Buryat зүрхэн (zürxen).


орн

орн • (orn) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠷᡆᠨ (oron))

From Proto-Mongolic *orun, compare Mongolian ор (or), Buryat орон (oron).


хурһн

head

хурһн • (xurğn)

From Proto-Mongolic *kuruxun, compare Mongolian хуруу (xuruu), Buryat хурган (xurgan).


хурһн

хурһн • (xurğn)

From Proto-Mongolic *kurïgan, compare Mongolian хурга (xurga), Buryat хурьган (xurʹgan).


өндр

өндр • (öndr)

From Proto-Mongolic *öndü-r, compare Mongolian өндөр (öndör), Buryat үндэр (ünder).


авх

From Proto-Mongolic *ab-, compare Mongolian авах (avax), Buryat абаха (abaxa).


һазр

xal-noun

һазр • (ğazr) (Clear script spelling ᡎᠠᠴᠠᠷ (ɣazar), plural һазрмуд)

From Proto-Mongolic *xajar, compare Mongolian газар (gazar), Buryat газар (gazar).


долаан

долан долан#Kalmyk


долаах

долах долах#Kalmyk


әмтн

ämtn (romanization)
әмтс (plural)
әмтд (plural)

From Proto-Mongolic *amitan, compare Mongolian амьтан (amʹtan), Buryat амитан (amitan).

(Buddhism, obsolete) living things, animals


үнн

үнн • (ünn) (Clear script spelling ᡉᠨᡄᠨ (ünen))

From Proto-Mongolic *ünen, compare Mongolian үнэн (ünen).


күүкн

күүкн • (küükn) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡉᡉᡍᡄᠨ (küüken), plural күүкд or күүкс)

küükn (romanization)
күүкд (plural)
күүкс (plural)

From Proto-Mongolic *keü-ken, compare Mongolian хүүхэд (xüüxed), Buryat хүүгэд (xüüged).


өвдг

head

өвдг • (övdg)

From Proto-Mongolic *ebüdüg. Compare Mongolian өвдөг (övdög), Buryat үвдэг (üvdeg).


ясн

xal-noun

ясн • (yasn) (Clear script spelling ᡕᠠᠰᡇᠨ (yasun))

From Proto-Mongolic *yasun, compare Mongolian яс (jas), Buryat яһан (jahan).


хамр

хамр • (xamr) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᡏᠠᠷ (xamar))

From Proto-Mongolic *kamar, compare Mongolian хамар (xamar), Buryat хамар (xamar).


кен

xal-pronoun

кен • (ken) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡄᠨ (ken))

From Proto-Mongolic *ken, compare Mongolian хэн (xen).


җид

xal-noun

җид • (jid) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡅᡑᠠ (jida), plural җидмүд)

From Proto-Mongolic *ǰïda; compare Mongolian жад (žad), Buryat жада (žada).


унх

From Proto-Mongolic *hunu-, compare Mongolian унах (unax), Buryat унаха (unaxa).


элкн

From Proto-Mongolic *heligen, compare Mongolian элэг (eleg), Buryat эльгэн (elʹgen).


элҗги

From Proto-Mongolic *elǰigen, compare Mongolian илжиг (ilžig), Buryat элжэгэн (elžegen).


хүүрә

head

хүүрә • (xüürä)

Ablaut from earlier *хуура (*xuura), from Proto-Mongolic *kuxu-, compare Mongolian хуурай (xuuraj), Buryat хуурай (xuuraj).


харх

From Kalmyk *kara-, compare Mongolian харах (xarax), Buryat хараха (xaraxa).


күрх

күрх • (kürx)

From Proto-Mongolic *kür-, compare Mongolian хүрэх (xürex), Buryat хүрэхэ (xürexe).


тергн

From Proto-Mongolic *tergen, compare Mongolian тэрэг (tereg), Buryat тэргэн (tergen).


нүүрсн

нүүрсн • (nüürsn)

From Proto-Mongolic *nexürsün, compare Mongolian нүүр (nüür), Buryat нүүрһэн (nüürhen).


сонсх

From Proto-Mongolic *sonas-, compare Mongolian сонсох (sonsox), Buryat соносохо (sonosoxo).


дурлх

By surface analysis, дурн (durn, “love, desire”) + -л (-l, verbalizing suffix) + -х (-x, infinitive or future participle suffix).

surf

сәәхнднь дурлнав


шүлүсн

head

шүлүсн • (şülüsn)

From Proto-Mongolic *silexüsün, compare Mongolian шилүүс (šilüüs), Buryat шэлүүһэн (šelüühen).


бичх

бичх • (biçx)

From Proto-Mongolic *bici-, compare Mongolian бичих (bičix), Buryat бэшэхэ (bešexe).


дурн

From Proto-Mongolic *dura, compare Mongolian дур (dur), Buryat дуран (duran).


ухх

From Proto-Mongolic *uka-, compare Mongolian ухах (uxax).


орх

xal-verb

орх • (orx) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠷᡆᡍᡇ (oroxu))

From Written Oirat ᡆᠷᡆᡍᡇ (oroxu), from Proto-Mongolic *oru-. Compare Mongolian орох (orox), Buryat орохо (oroxo).


малтх

From Proto-Mongolic *malta-, compare Mongolian малтах (maltax), Buryat малтаха (maltaxa).


өвр

From Proto-Mongolic *ebür. Cognate with Mongolian өвөр (övör) and Buryat үбэр (über).

Сәәхн заӊгта ээҗиннь, // Өвр деернь өсләв.

“Мордсн күүкнд нерәдсн дун”:

I grew up in the bosom of my good-tempered mother.

(rare) southern or sunny side of a slope


өвр

From Proto-Mongolic *eber. Cognate with Mongolian эвэр (ever), Buryat эбэр (eber).


ноһаан

head

ноһаан • (noğaan)

ноһан ноһан#Kalmyk


элсн

From Proto-Mongolic *elesün, compare Mongolian элс (els), Buryat элһэн (elhen).


бички

бички • (biçki)

бичкн бичкн#Kalmyk


аһр

аһр зандн модн


дуураан

дууран дууран#Kalmyk


күнд

күнд • (künd)

From Proto-Mongolic *kündü, compare Mongolian хүнд (xünd), Buryat хүндэ (xünde).


шорһлҗн

шорһлҗн • (şorğljn)

From Proto-Mongolic *sirguljin, compare Mongolian шоргоолж (šorgoolž), Buryat шоргоолзон (šorgoolzon).


сахл

From Proto-Mongolic *sakal, compare Mongolian сахал (saxal), Buryat һахал (haxal).


нохаа

ноха ноха#Kalmyk


таньх

таньх • (tanʹx)

From Proto-Mongolic *tani-, compare Mongolian таних (tanix), Buryat таниха (tanixa).


түльх

түльх • (tülʹx)

From Proto-Mongolic *tülki-, compare Mongolian түлхэх (tülxex), Buryat түлхихэ (tülxixe).


дәән

дәән • (dään)


серх

From Proto-Mongolic *seri-, compare Mongolian сэрэх (serex), Buryat һэрихэ (herixe).


шатх

шатх • (şatx)

From Proto-Mongolic *sïta-, compare Mongolian шатах (šatax), Buryat шатаха (šataxa).


дәәсн

xal-noun

дәәсн • (dääsn) (Clear script spelling ᡑᠠᡅᠰᡇᠨ (daisun), plural дәәсд)

From Proto-Mongolic *dayisun, compare Mongolian дайсан (dajsan).


шовун

head

шовун • (şovun)

From Proto-Mongolic *sïbaxun, compare Mongolian шувуу (šuvuu), Buryat шубуун (šubuun).


тоосн

From Proto-Mongolic *toxusun, compare Mongolian тоос (toos), Buryat тооһон (toohon).


дольһаан

дольһаан • (dolʹğaan)

дольган дольган#Kalmyk

Alternative spelling of дольган (dolʹgan)


сумн

From Proto-Mongolic *sumun, compare Mongolian сум (sum).


нуһсн

нуһсн • (nuğsn)

From Proto-Mongolic *nuxusun, compare Mongolian нугас (nugas), Buryat нугаһан (nugahan).


ноосн

From Proto-Mongolic *nuxasun, compare Mongolian ноос (noos), Buryat нооһон (noohon).


хулха

From Proto-Mongolic *kulux-, compare Mongolian хулгах (xulgax).


нумн

From Proto-Mongolic *numun, compare Mongolian нум (num), Buryat номо (nomo).


тосн

From Proto-Mongolic *tosun, compare Mongolian тос (tos), Buryat тоһон (tohon).


түлх

түлх • (tülx)


туула

xal-noun

туула • (tuula) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡇᡇᠯᠠᡅ (tuulai))

From Written Oirat ᡐᡆᡇᠯᠠᡅ (toulai), from Proto-Mongolic *taxulai, compare Mongolian туулай (tuulaj).


үндсн

head

үндсн • (ündsn)

From Proto-Mongolic *ündüsün, compare Mongolian үндэс (ündes), Buryat үндэһэн (ündehen).


нульмсн

нульмсн • (nulʹmsn)

From Proto-Mongolic *nïlbusun, compare Mongolian нулимс (nulims), Buryat нёлбоһон (njolbohon).


һашун

һашун • (ğaşun)

From Proto-Mongolic *gasixun, compare Mongolian гашуун (gašuun).


амтн

xal-noun

амтн • (amtn) (Clear script spelling ᠠᡏᡐᠠᠨ (amtan))


андн

андн • (andn) (Clear script spelling ᠠᠨᡑᠠᠨ (andan), plural андд)


даран

даран • (daran) (Clear script spelling ᡑᠠᠷᠠᡃᠨ (darān))

Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *daraγa. Cognate with Mongolian дараа (daraa).


арл

арл • (arl) (Clear script spelling ᠠᠷᠠᠯ (aral), plural арлмуд)

From Proto-Mongolic *aral, compare Mongolian арал (aral).


дуң

Compare Buryat дун (dun), Mongolian дун (dun).


делн

делң делң#Kalmyk


делүн

делүн • (delün)

From Proto-Mongolic *delixün, compare Mongolian дэлүү (delüü).


делң

делң • (delñ)

From Proto-Mongolic *deleŋ, compare Mongolian дэлэн (delen).


хадх

From Proto-Mongolic *kada-, compare Mongolian хадах (xadax), Buryat хадаха (xadaxa).


хадх

From Proto-Mongolic *kadu-, compare Mongolian хадах (xadax), Buryat хадаха (xadaxa), Daur xad-.


хурдн

From Proto-Mongolic *xurdun, compare Mongolian хурдан (xurdan).


эзн

From Proto-Mongolic *ejen, compare Mongolian эзэн (ezen).


тер

тер • (ter) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡄᠷᡄ (tere))


сиик

сиик • (siik) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡅᡅᡍᡅ (siiki))


күчтә

xal-adj

күчтә • (küçtä) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡉᡔᡉᡐᡄᡅ (kücütei))


тод

xal-noun

тод • (tod) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡆᡑᡆ (todo))


тод бичг

тод бичг • (tod biçg) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡆᡑᡆ
ᡋᡅᡔᡅᡎ (todo bicig))


орн-нутг

орн-нутг • (orn-nutg) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠷᡆᠨ
ᠨᡇᡐᡇᡎ (oron nutug))


сойл

сойл • (soyl) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡆᡕᡆᠯ (soyol))

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ (soyul, “civilisation, the act of civilising”). Compare Mongolian соёл (sojol, “culture”) and Buryat соёл (sojol, “culture”).


бичг

xal-noun

бичг • (biçg) (Clear script spelling ᡋᡅᡔᡅᡎ (bicig), plural бичгүд or бичгс)

biçg (romanization)
бичгүд (plural)
бичгс (plural)

From Written Oirat ᡋᡅᡔᡅᡎ (bicig), ultimately from a Turkic language, compare Old Turkic 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏 (b²it²g /bitig/, “inscription, book”). Synchronically analyzeable as a form of the verb бичх (biçx).


олн

xal-adj

олн • (oln) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠯᡆᠨ (olon))


дегтр

xal-noun

дегтр • (degtr) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡄᡎᡐᡄᠷ (deɣter))


дулан

xal-adj

дулан • (dulan) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡇᠯᠠᡃᠨ (dulān))


келн-улс

xal-noun

келн-улс • (keln-uls) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡄᠯᡄᠨ
ᡇᠯᡇᠰ (kelen ulus), plural келн-улсмуд)

keln-uls (romanization)
келн-улсмуд (plural)

Келн-улс хоорндк иньгллт менд болтха!


зузан

xal-adj

зузан • (zuzan) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡇᠴᠠᡃᠨ (zuzān))

From Proto-Mongolic *ǰuǰaxan. Cognate with Mongolian зузаан (zuzaan).


үзг

xal-noun

үзг • (üzg) (Clear script spelling ᡉᠴᡉᡎ (üzüg))

ар үзг

тод үзг

letter (a symbol in an alphabet); writing, script


девтр

девтр • (devtr) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡄᡋᡐᡄᠷ (debter))


ноһан

ноһан • (noğan) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡆᡎᡆᡃᠨ (noɣōn))

From Proto-Mongolic *noguxan, compare Mongolian ногоон (nogoon), Dongxiang nogvon.


дольган

дольган • (dolʹgan) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡆᠯᡅᡎᡅᡃᠨ (doligīn), plural дольгад)

From Proto-Mongolic *dolxiyan, compare Mongolian долгион (dolgion), Buryat долгин (dolgin).


долан

xal-numeral

долан • (dolan) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡆᠯᡆᡃᠨ (dolōn))

From Proto-Mongolic *doluxan, compare Mongolian долоо (doloo), Buryat долоон (doloon).


пөө

Пөө, һәәвһә хурдн мөрмб!


яһсн

xal-adj

яһсн • (yağsn) (Clear script spelling ᡕᠠᡎᠰᠠᠨ (yaɣsan))

past participle of яах (yaax, “what to do”).

Пөө, яһсн сәәхн эдв!


һуйр

xal-noun

һуйр • (ğuyr) (Clear script spelling ᡎᡇᠯᡅᠷ (ɣulir) or ᡎᡆᠯᡅᠷ (ɣolir) or ᡎᡆᠷᡅᠯ (ɣoril))

From Proto-Mongolic *gulïr, compare Mongolian гурил (guril), Buryat гурил (guril), Dongxiang ghurun.


оютн

оютн • (oyutn) (Clear script spelling ᡆᡕᡆᡇᡐᠠᠨ (oyoutan))


менд

менд • (mend) (Clear script spelling ᡏᡄᠨᡑᡉ (mendü) or ᡏᡄᠨᡑᡄ (mende))


бичкн

xal-adj

бичкн • (biçkn) (Clear script spelling ᡋᡅᡔᡅᡍᡄᠨ (biciken))

From Proto-Mongolic *biciken, compare Buryat бишыхан (bišyxan).


шикр-балта

xal-noun

ᠱᡅᡍᡅᠷ ᡋᠠᠯᡐᠠᡅ

шикр-балта • (şikr-balta) (Clear script spelling ᠱᡅᡍᡅᠷ
ᡋᠠᠯᡐᠠᡅ (šikir baltai))

From шикр (şikr) + бал (bal) + -та (-ta)


шеех

шеех • (şeex) (Clear script spelling ᠱᡄᡃᡍᡉ (šēkü))

Зурхачин көвүнд шеех һазр уга.
Zurxaçin kövünd şeex ğazr uga.
Astrologist's son hasn't even anywhere to pee.


мендвт

From Written Oirat ᡏᡄᠨᡑᡄ
ᡋᡇᡅ
ᡐᠠ (mende bui ta).

inh

ᡏᡄᠨᡑᡄ ᡋᡇᡅ ᡐᠠ


йовдл

xal-noun

йовдл • (yovdl) (Clear script spelling ᡕᠠᡋᡇᡑᠠᠯ (yabudal), plural йовдлмуд)

Inherited from Written Oirat ᡕᠠᡋᡇᡑᠠᠯ (yabudal), from ᡕᠠᡋᡇᡍᡇ (yabuxu, “to go, to act”). By surface analysis, йовх (yovx) + -дл (-dl).


цуһар

xal-noun

цуһар • (tsuğar) (Clear script spelling ᡔᡇᡎᠠᡃᠷ (cuɣār))

Мендвт, цуһар!


бөкүн

бөкүн • (bökün) (Clear script spelling ᡋᡈᡍᡉᡉᠨᡄ (böküüne), plural бөкүнс)


ик гидгәр ханҗанав

head

ик гидгәр ханҗанав • (ik gidgär xanjanav)


ханҗанав

first-person singular present progressive of ханх (xanx).


орм

xal-noun

орм • (orm) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠷᡆᡏ (orom))


ахр

From Written Oirat ᠠᡍᠠᠷ (axar). Cognate with Mongolian ахар (axar).


ханх

xal-verb

ханх • (xanx) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᠨᡇᡍᡇ (xanuxu))


амн

xal-noun

амн • (amn) (Clear script spelling ᠠᡏᠠᠨ (aman))

Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *aman. Cognate with Mongolian ам (am).


өгх

xal-verb

өгх • (ögx) (Clear script spelling ᡈᡎᡍᡉ (öɣxü))

From Written Oirat ᡈᡎᡍᡉ (öɣxü), from Proto-Mongolic *ög-, compare Mongolian өгөх (ögöx), Buryat үгэхэ (ügexe).


халх

xal-noun

халх • (xalx) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᠯᡍᠠ (xalxa))


урл

урл • (url) (Clear script spelling ᡇᠷᡇᡇᠯ (uruul))

From Proto-Mongolic *hurul. Cognate with Mongolian уруул (uruul) and Buryat урал (ural).


маңна

маңна • (mañna) (Clear script spelling ᡏᠠᡊᠨᠠᡅ (mangnai))

Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *maŋlaï. Cognate with Mongolian магнай (magnaj).


нүр

нүр • (nür) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡉᡉᠷ (nüür))

From Proto-Mongolic *nixür (“face”). Cognate with Mongolian нүүр (nüür).


өргнә

head

өргнә • (örgnä)

өргн өргн#Kalmyk


гиҗг

xal-noun

гиҗг • (gijg) (Clear script spelling ᡎᡄᠴᡅᡎᡄ (gejige))

From Proto-Mongolic *gejige. Cognate with Mongolian гэзэг (gezeg) and Buryat гэзэгэ (gezege).


өргн

өргн • (örgn) (Clear script spelling ᡈᠷᡎᡄᠨ (örgen))

From Proto-Mongolic *erexün. Cognate with Mongolian эрүү (erüü) and Buryat үргэн (ürgen).


өргн

xal-adj

өргн • (örgn) (Clear script spelling ᡈᠷᡎᡉᠨ (örgün))

From Written Oirat ᡈᠷᡎᡉᠨ (örgün), from Proto-Mongolic *örgen. Cognate with Mongolian өргөн (örgön).


хөн

xal-noun

хөн • (xön) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡆᠨᡅ (xoni))

From Proto-Mongolic *konïn, compare Mongolian хонь (xonʹ), Buryat хонин (xonin).


хадур

хадур • (xadur) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᡑᡇᡇᠷ (xaduur))

From Proto-Mongolic *kaduxur, cognate with Mongolian хадуур (xaduur) and Buryat хажуур (xažuur).


киилг

киилг • (kiilg) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡅᡅᠯᡅᡊ (kiiling), plural киилгүд)


номт

номт • (nomt) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡆᡏᡐᡇ (nomtu) or ᠨᡆᡏᡐᡆ (nomto))


гесн

гесн • (gesn) (Clear script spelling ᡎᡄᠰᡄᠨ (gesen))

Cognate with Mongolian гэдэс (gedes) and Buryat гэдэһэн (gedehen).

гесн өлсх

to be hungry (lit. to have a hungry stomach)


харнда

харнда • (xarnda) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᠷᠠᠨᡑᠠᡃ (xarandā))

Learned borrowing from Mongolian харандаа (xarandaa), itself from Russian карандаш (karandaš).


көкн

xal-noun

көкн • (kökn) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡈᡍᡉᠨ (kökün))

From Proto-Mongolic *kökün. Cognagte with Mongolian хөх (xöx) and Buryat хүхэн (xüxen).


цегдг

цегдг • (tsegdg) (Clear script spelling ᡔᡄᡎᡄᡑᡄᡎ (cegedeg))

Хадрис, авад од. // Цегдгинчн алтн, гинә, // Хурһнанчн нәрхн, гинә, // Хурвчнанчн алтн, гинә.

Come on, bring it on! // Your overdress is golden, // Your fingers are slim, // Your thimble is golden.

Xadris, avad od. // Tsegdginçn altn, ginä, // Xurğnançn närxn, ginä, // Xurvçnançn altn, ginä.

a kind of a pinafore traditionally worn as an overdress


нурһн

нурһн • (nurğn) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡇᠷᡎᡇᠨ (nurɣun))

From Proto-Mongolic *nïruxun. Cognate with Mongolian нуруу (nuruu) and Buryat нюрган (njurgan).


киисн

киисн • (kiisn) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡅᡅᠰᡉᠨ (kiisün))

From Proto-Mongolic *küyisün. Cognate with Mongolian хүйс (xüjs) and Buryat хүйһэн (xüjhen).


солң

солң • (solñ)

солңһ солңһ#Kalmyk


билцг

билцг • (biltsg) (Clear script spelling ᡋᡅᠯᡔᡄᡎ (bilceg), plural билцгүд)


би чамд дуртав

head

би чамд дуртав • (bi çamd durtav)


сурһульч

xal-noun

сурһульч • (surğulʹç) (Clear script spelling ᠰᡇᠷᡎᡇᡇᠯᡅᡔᡅ (surɣuulici), plural сурһульчнр)

surğulʹç (romanization)
сурһульчнр (plural)


бүшмүд

бүшмүд • (büşmüd) (Clear script spelling ᡋᡅᠱᡏᡉᡉᡑ (bišmüüd), plural бүшмүдмүд)

büşmüd (romanization)
бүшмүдмүд (plural)

Ultimately from a Turkic language, probably via Russian бешмет (bešmet). Compare Tatar бишмәт (bişmät).


зарһч

зарһч • (zarğç) (Clear script spelling ᠴᠠᠷᡎᠠᡔᡅ (zarɣaci), plural зарһчнр)


бичәч

бичәч • (biçäç) (plural бичәчнр)

/bit͡ɕæːˈt͡ɕə/

From Proto-Mongolic *bičigeči. By surface analysis, бичх (biçx) + -ч (-ç)

surf

Бичәч йовсн болвзач?

1989, Бембин Тимофей, Көк теңгсин көвәһәр, volume 2, Элст: Хальмг дегтр һарһач, page 8:

Нутгтан тоомсрта улс: Манҗин Боова, энүнә тускар мана Хальмг Таңһчд нер туурсн бичәч Бадмин Алексей «Усна экн – булг» гидг дегтртән бичсмн.
Nutgtan toomsrta uls: Manjin Boova, enünä tuskar mana Xalʹmg Tañğçd ner tuursn biçäç Badmin Aleksey «Usna ekn – bulg» gidg degtrtän biçsmn.
An honorable man for us – Mandzhin Boova – about which our famous Kalmyk writer, Badmin Aleksei, wrote a book called "Усна экн – булг".

2018, Хабунова Е.Э., editor, Хуучн үгд худл уга: кеерин хураңһу материал, Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар», page 86

Тегәдчн, Җимбин Андрейиг бичәч болн журналист гиҗ келҗ чаднавидн.

2022 January 29, Савр Лощинин, Центр по развитию калмыцкого языка, archived from the original on 2023-02-07:

As such, we may call Andrey Dzhimbinov a writer and a journalist.

Tegädçn, Jimbin Andreyig biçäç boln zhurnalist gij kelj çadnavidn.


тосхач

xal-noun

тосхач • (tosxaç) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡆᠰᡍᡆᡃᡔᡅ (tosxōci))

Күч-көлсч хальмг чадмг, өөдән серлтә, социалистическ эдл-ахун культурн тосхач болҗ һарх зөвтә.

Working Kalmyk must come out as a cunning, straightforward-thinking builder of socialist economical culture.

Küç-kölsç xalʹmg çadmg, öödän serltä, sotsialistiçesk edl-axun kulʹturn tosxaç bolj ğarx zövtä.

Ода тосхачнр хойр зун минһн тоон төмр конструкц углҗ тәвлһнә көдлмш күцәҗәнә.

2013 October 16, Вести Калмыкия, archived from the original on 2023-02-07:

Now the builders are carrying out the job of placing down two hundred thousand metal structures.

Oda tosxaçnr xoyr zun minğn toon tömr konstrukts uglj tävlğnä ködlmş kütsäjänä.

Артезиан селәнд болн Элстд тосхачнрт нерәдсн бумб бәәнә.

2022 August 31, Kalmyk State University, archived from the original on 2023-02-07:

In Artezian and Elista there is a monument dedicated to the builders.

Artezian seländ boln Elstd tosxaçnrt nerädsn bumb bäänä.


тәмрч

тәмрч • (tämrç) (Clear script spelling ᡐᠠᡏᡅᠷᡔᡅ (tamirci))

Learned borrowing from Mongolian тамирчи (tamirči).


көвүн

xal-noun

көвүн • (kövün) (plural көвүд or көвүс)

kövün (romanization)
көвүд (plural)
көвүс (plural)

From Proto-Mongolic *köbegün. Cognate with Buryat хүбүүн (xübüün) and Mongolian хөвүүн (xövüün).


альчур

альчур • (alʹçur) (Clear script spelling ᠠᠯᡔᡅᡇᠷ (alciur))

From Proto-Mongolic *arčiγul. Cognate with Mongolian алчуур (alčuur), Buryat аршуул (aršuul) and Khamnigan Mongol арчуул (arčuul). Note the metathesis.


һосн

һосн • (ğosn) (Clear script spelling ᡎᡆᠰᡇᠨ (ɣosun), plural һосд)

From Proto-Mongolic *γosun, itself from the root *γotu-.


девл

Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *debel. Cognate with Buryat дэгэл (degel) and Mongolian дээл (deel).

Зун күн әркән ууһад, зун хөөнә мах идәд, зун хөөнә арсар девл кенә. Негчн согтсн күн уга.

2018, Хабунова Е.Э., editor, Хуучн үгд худл уга: кеерин хураңһу материал, Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар», page 69

A hundred men drank liquor; having eaten meat of a hundred sheep, they made fur coats out of their fur. There was not one man who got drunk.

Zun kün ärkän uuğad, zun xöönä max idäd, zun xöönä arsar devl kenä. Negçn sogtsn kün uga.

deel (type of traditional Mongolian cloak)


махла

махла • (maxla) (Clear script spelling ᡏᠠᡍᠠᠯᠠᡅ (maxalai))

From Proto-Mongolic *malaγai. Cognate with Mongolian малгай (malgaj) and Buryat малгай (malgaj).


хадрис

хәдрис хәдрис#Kalmyk


зурач

зурач • (zuraç) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡇᠷᠠᡃᡔᡅ (zurāci), plural зурачнр)

By surface analysis, зурх (zurx) + -ч (-ç). Cognate with Mongolian зураач (zuraač).


хәдрис

head

хәдрис • (xädris)

Uncertain. Probably from хәрс (xärs), itself from хәрх (xärx, “to return”) + -с (-s, optative suffix).

suffix

Хәдрис, авад од! (a phrase usually used when cheering up dancing people)

Bring it on! (literally, “return and take it”)

Хәдрис, хәдрис! гилдәд көвүд, күүкд альхан ташлдад, шаваш хайлдад, шууглдад дөгәҗ өгәд бәәцхана.

"Come on, come on!", chanted boys and girls, applauding, cheering up and making a big noise.

Xädris, xädris! gildäd kövüd, küükd alʹxan taşldad, şavaş xayldad, şuugldad dögäj ögäd bäätsxana.


хаша

xal-noun

хаша • (xaşa) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᠱᠠ (xaša))

Ик гидг хаша бәрәд, малнь дала, элчнрнь бас дала.

2018, Хабунова Е.Э., editor, Хуучн үгд худл уга: кеерин хураңһу материал, Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар», page 63:

They owned an enormous homestead, had a lot of livestock; they had many messengers, as well.

Ik gidg xaşa bäräd, malnʹ dala, elçnrnʹ bas dala.


ямаран

xal-pronoun

ямаран • (yamaran) (Clear script spelling ᡕᠠᡏᠠᡃᠷᠠᡃᠨ (yamārān))

From Proto-Mongolic *yambar. Cognate with Mongolian ямар (jamar).

Чи ямаран күмбч ?

(interrogative) what, which, what kind of


булһн

From Proto-Mongolic *bulaγan. Cognate with Mongolian булга (bulga).

Орс хатн Анна Иоановна Дондуг Омбог сәәнәр церглснд булһн девләр болн ик үнтә үлдәр ачлсмн, цергчнр-хальмгуд болхла улан эдин әңгс авсн бәәҗ.

2018, Хабунова Е.Э., editor, Хуучн үгд худл уга: кеерин хураңһу материал, Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар», page 99

Russian empress Anna Ioanovna awarded Donduk Ombo with a sable furcoat and an expensive sword for his war service, while Kalmyk soldiers got some things made of red fabric.

Ors xatn Anna Ioanovna Dondug Ombog säänär tserglsnd bulğn devlär boln ik üntä üldär açlsmn, tsergçnr-xalʹmgud bolxla ulan edin äñgs avsn bääj.

Martes zibellina
Martes zibellina#Translingual


ээҗ

xal-noun

ээҗ • (eej) (Clear script spelling ᡄᡃᠴᡅ (ēji))

From Proto-Mongolic *eji. Cognate with Mongolian ээж (eež) and Buryat эжы (ežy).

Эңкрлдгнь олн болвчнь, // Хәәртә-лә ээҗләм әдлцхш.

“Ээҗин дун”:

Although there will be many loving, // no one will match my beloved mother

Eñkrldgnʹ oln bolvçnʹ, // Xäärtä-lä eejläm ädltsxş.

paternal grandmother
paternal grandmother


пөөгр

пөөгр • (pöögr) (Clear script spelling ᡌᡈᡃᡎᡈᠷ (pȫgör))


чирә

чирә • (çirä) (Clear script spelling ᡔᡅᠷᠠᡅ (cirai))

From Proto-Mongolic *cïraï. Cognate with Mongolian царай (caraj) and Buryat шарай (šaraj).


шалвр

шалвр • (şalvr) (plural шалврмуд)


нимгн

нимгн • (nimgn) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡅᡏᡎᡄᠨ (nimgen))

From Proto-Mongolic *nimgen. Cognate with Mongolian нимгэн (nimgen).

Нимгн шар залу


торһн

торһн • (torğn) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡆᠷᡎᡆᠨ (torɣon))

Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *torga, from Proto-Turkic *torku. Cognate with Mongolian торго (torgo).

Намчта торһнь кииснә.

“Ээҗин дун”:

The ornamented silky handkerchief is flying.

(by extension) handkerchief made out of silk

piece of silky fabric
handkerchief made out of silk


хөөч

хөөч • (xööç) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡆᠨᡅᡔᡅ (xonici))


үкрч

үкрч • (ükrç) (Clear script spelling ᡉᡍᡉᠷᡔᡅ (ükürci))


килң

килң • (kilñ) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡅᠯᡅᡊ (kiling))


сәәхн

сәәхн • (sääxn) (Clear script spelling ᠰᠠᡕᡅᡍᠠᠨ (sayixan))

From Proto-Mongolic *sayiqan. By surface analysis, сән (sän, “good”) + -хн (-xn, diminutive suffix). Cognate with Mongolian сайхан (sajxan) and Buryat һайхан (hajxan).


ке

xal-adj

ке • (ke) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡄᡃ (kē))


шеемг

шеемг • (şeemg) (Clear script spelling ᠱᡄᡃᡏᡄᡎ (šēmeg))


бәәх

xal-verb

бәәх • (bääx) (Clear script spelling ᡋᠠᡕᡅᡍᡇ (bayixu))

From Proto-Mongolic *baγï- (“to stand”). Cognate with Mongolian байх (bajx).


зарһ

xal-noun

зарһ • (zarğ) (Clear script spelling ᠴᠠᠷᡎᡇ (zarɣu), plural зарһс)

From Proto-Mongolic *jarγu. Cognate with Mongolian зарга (zarga).


кампать

кампать • (kampatʹ) (plural кампатьмуд)

kampatʹ (romanization)
кампатьмуд (plural)

Эн кампать кедү күрнә?


гелң

гелң • (gelñ) (plural гелңгүд)


бавуха

Cognate with Mongolian сарьсан багваахай (sarʹsan bagvaaxaj).

cog

сарьсан багваахай


өмн

xal-noun

өмн • (ömn) (Clear script spelling ᡈᡏᡈᠨᡈ (ömönö))


элмр

From элх (elx, “to get worn-out”) + -мр (-mr, potentiality suffix).


шугшх

xal-noun

шугшх • (şugşx)

Onomatopoetic. Compare шуг-шуг (şug-şug).


геңгә

геңгә • (geñgä)

From гелң (gelñ), itself from Tibetan དགེ་སློང (dge slong).

Used as a flattering or honorific term to address a lama or a gelong.


некән идән

некән идән • (nekän idän)

From некә (nekä, “sheepskin”) + идән (idän, “solution, mixture”).


некән идән

head

некән идән • (nekän idän)

— Кен? — Некән идән!
— Ken? — Nekän idän!
"Who?" "None of your business!"

none of someone's business
none of someone's business

(idiomatic) used as an answer to a statement one does not want to respond to, none of someone's business


һучн

һучн • (ğuçn)

From Proto-Mongolic *gucin, compare Mongolian гуч (guč), Buryat гушан (gušan).


дөчн

дөчн • (döçn)

From Proto-Mongolic *döcin, compare Mongolian дөч (döč), Buryat дүшэн (düšen).


тәвн

тәвн • (tävn)

From Proto-Mongolic *tabin, compare Mongolian тави (tavi), Buryat табин (tabin).


зег

xal-noun

зег • (zeg) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡄᡎ (zeg), plural зегмүд)


күүкд

күүкд • (küükd) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡉᡉᡍᡄᡑ (küüked), plural күүкд)

Plural of күүкн (küükn), compare Mongolian хүүхэд (xüüxed) for analogical use in singular.

нилх күүкд


намтр

намтр • (namtr) (Clear script spelling ᠨᠠᡏᡐᠠᠷ (namtar))

From Tibetan རྣམ་ཐར (rnam thar). Compare Mongolian намтар (namtar).

Зая-Пандитын намтр


намтр

намтр һазр ― namtr ğazr ― lowland


уга

Inherited from Written Oirat ᡉᡎᡄᡅ (ügei), from Proto-Mongolic *ügei Cognate with Mongolian үгүй (ügüj). Word's vowel shift from front to back ones is an irregular one.

inh+

Нанд хот уга.

өдр сө уга

ик баһ уга


уга

Би юм келсн угав.

(after past participle) Marks the past negative, wasn't

Used to negate verbs.
Marks the past negative, wasn't

Чоныг сурhвчн – келш уга. ― Çonyg surhvçn – kelş uga. ― Even if you train a dog, it won't talk.

(after future participle) Marks the future negative, won't

Used to negate verbs.
Marks the future negative, won't

(after future participle) Negates the statment, doesn't

Used to negate verbs.
Negates the statment, doesn't

Алтн шорад дардг уга.

(after habitual participle) Marks the habitual negative, usually doesn't

Адһл уга йовх

(after modal converb) without doing something

Used to negate verbs.
without doing something

Танд ачнр-зеенр дала болхгов?


теңгрин ки

xal-noun

ᡐᡄᡊᡎᡄᠷᡅᡅᠨ ᡍᡅᡅ

теңгрин ки • (teñgrin ki) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡄᡊᡎᡄᠷᡅᡅᠨ
ᡍᡅᡅ (tenggeriin kii))


чееҗ

чееҗ • (çeej) (Clear script spelling ᡔᡄᡃᠴᡅ (cēji) or ᡒᡄᡃᡓᡅ (čēǰi))

/t͡ɕeːˈd͡ʑə/

From Proto-Mongolic *čexeǰi; cognate with Mongolian цээж (ceež) and Buryat сээж (seež).


олзлх

xal-verb

олзлх • (olzlx) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠯᠴᡆᠯᡆᡍᡇ (olzoloxu) or ᡆᠯᠴᠠᠯᠠᡍᡇ (olzalaxu))

(transitive) to use, to employ (for profit)


невчкн

xal-noun

невчкн • (nevçkn)

Contraction of нег бичкн (neg biçkn, literally “one small”)


тиим

xal-adj

тиим • (tiim) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡄᡕᡅᡏᡉ (teyimü))


ниигм

xal-noun

ниигм • (niigm) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡄᡅᡎᡄᡏ (neigem) or ᠨᡄᡕᡅᡎᡄᡏ (neyigem))

Learned borrowing from Mongolian нийгэм (niigem) or inherited from Written Oirat ᠨᡄᡅᡎᡄᡏ (neigem).

lbor

Ниигм дотр бәәсн күн


орчулвр

xal-noun

орчулвр • (orçulvr) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠷᡒᡅᡇᠯᡋᠠᠷ (orčiulbar))


өрк-бүл

өрк-бүл • (örk-bül) (Clear script spelling ᡈᠷᡍᡈ
ᡋᡉᠯᡉ (örkö bülü))


йосн

йосн • (yosn) (Clear script spelling ᡕᡆᠰᡆᠨ (yoson), plural йосд)

Хүүвин йосн


чиирг

чиирг • (çiirg) (Clear script spelling ᡒᡅᡅᠷᡄᡎ (čiireg))

From Written Oirat ᡔᡅᡕᡅᠷᡄᡎ (ciyireg), from Proto-Mongolic *čigiraγ. Cognate with Mongolian чийрэг (čiireg).


долан хонг

долан хонгуд

долан хонг • (dolan xong) (plural долан хонгуд)

dolan xong (romanization)
долан хонгуд (plural)


хонг

From Proto-Mongolic *qonuγ, from *qonu (to spend the night) + *-γ. By surface analysis, хонх (xonx, “to spend the night”) + -г (-g, verbalizing suffix). Cognate with Mongolian хоног (xonog).


нигүлскү

xal-noun

нигүлскү • (nigülskü)

Learned borrowing from Written Oirat ᠨᡅᡎᡉᡉᠯᡄᠰᡍᡉᡅ (nigüülesküi).


тәкл

xal-noun

тәкл • (täkl) (Clear script spelling ᡐᠠᡍᡅᠯ (takil))

From Written Oirat ᡐᠠᡍᡅᠯ (takil), from Proto-Mongolic *takil.


марһан

марһан • (marğan) (Clear script spelling ᡏᠠᠷᡎᠠᡃᠨ (marɣān), plural марһас or марһад)

marğan (romanization)
марһас (plural)
марһад (plural)

contest, competition; Olympiad (for students)


йовх

xal-verb

йовх • (yovx) (Clear script spelling ᡕᠠᡋᡇᡍᡇ (yabuxu))

From Written Oirat ᡕᠠᡋᡇᡍᡇ (yabuxu), from Proto-Mongolic *yabu-. Cognate with Mongolian явах (javax).


цәкм

xal-adj

цәкм • (tsäkm) (Clear script spelling ᡔᠠᡍᡅᡏ (cakim))

Learned borrowing from Mongolian цахим (caxim, “electronic”).

lbor

цәкм кем

Pertaining to computer science and electronics; electronic, digital


һазр-усн

ğazr-usn (romanization)
һазр-усд (plural)

From һазр (ğazr) + усн (usn).
For similar semantic development, compare Vietnamese đất nước (country, literally “land and water”).


хәрх

xal-verb

хәрх • (xärx) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᠷᡅᡍᡇ (xarixu))

From Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠷᡅᡍᡇ (xarixu), cognate with Mongolian харих (xarix).

урмд хәрх

to become disappointed, to lose interest

гертән хәрх


одх

одх • (odx) (Clear script spelling ᡆᡑᡍᡇ (odxu))

From Written Oirat ᡆᡔᡅᡍᡇ (ocixu), cognate with Mongolian очих (očix).


кех

xal-noun

кех • (kex) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡄᡍᡉ (kekü))

From Written Oirat ᡍᡄᡍᡉ (kekü), from Proto-Mongolic [Term?]. Cognate with Mongolian хийх (xiix), Buryat хэхэ (xexe).

организовывать кех

(auxiliary, after Russian verbs) Used to form verbs.


зусн

зусн • (zusn) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡇᠰᡇᠨ (zusun))


маштг

маштг • (maştg) (Clear script spelling ᡏᠠᠱᡐᠠᡎ (maštag))


түлкүр

түлкүр • (tülkür) (Clear script spelling ᡐᡉᠯᡍᡅᡉᠷ (tülkiür))

Inherited from Written Oirat ᡐᡉᠯᡍᡅᡉᠷ (tülkiür). By surface analysis, түлкх (tülkx, “to push”) + үр (ür, nominalizing suffix).


хәәр

xal-noun

хәәр • (xäär) (Clear script spelling ᡍᠠᡕᡅᠷᠠ (xayira))

Inherited from Proto-Mongolic *kaïran, cognate with Mongolian хайр (xajr).


зүсн

зүсн • (züsn) (Clear script spelling ᠴᡉᠰᡉᠨ (züsün))

Inherited from Proto-Mongolic *jisün (“face”). Cognate with Mongolian зүс (züs).


күүкд күн

xal-noun

күүкд күн • (küükd kün) (Clear script spelling ᡍᡉᡉᡍᡄᡑ
ᡍᡉᡉᠨ (küüked küün))


көглҗрһн

көглҗрһн • (kögljrğn) (plural көглҗрһнс)

kögljrğn (romanization)
көглҗрһнс (plural)

/kø.ɡəlʲ.d͡ʑərˈʁnə/

/kø.ɡəlʲ.d͡ʑərˈʁən/

Uncertain. Probably a borrowing from a Turkic language; see Ottoman Turkish گوگرجین (güğercin) for list of possible cognates. The final schwa is unpredictable and possibly arose from analogy of words denoting agricultural pests usually ending in schwa, compare бөкүн (bökün), батхн (batxn), чон (çon), all of which end in schwa.


ууһр

ууһр • (uuğr) (plural ууһрмуд)


амар

Хаалhин амар урhсн цецгәс

(after a noun in genitive) along, nearby


орс

орс • (ors) (Clear script spelling ᡆᠷᡆᠰ (oros), plural орсмуд)

From Written Oirat ᡆᠷᡆᠰ (oros), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus), itself from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ).

(attributive) Russian (people, language, etc.)


өөкн

өөкн • (öökn) (Clear script spelling ᡈᡃᡍᡉᠨ (ȫkün))

From Proto-Mongolic *ögükün, cognate with Mongolian өөх (ööx) and Buryat өөхэн (ööxen).

хәәлсн өөкн


дараһар

head

дараһар • (darağar)

(after a noun in nominative) in succession, one by one, one after another


дараһар

дараһар • (darağar)

даран даран#Kalmyk


деегүр

xal-noun

деегүр • (deegür) (Clear script spelling ᡑᡄᡃᡎᡉᡉᠷ (dēgüür))

From Proto-Mongolic *degegür, from the root *dege-, which is cognate to деер (deer), дегд (degd). Compare Mongolian дээгүүр (deegüür).

деегүр нисх


деегүр

head

деегүр • (deegür)

мөсн деегүр йовх

эркн деегүр алхад һарх

дала деегүр нисх

(after a noun in nominative) over, on, through, upon


охх

(vulgar, transitive) to fuck, to have sex


болн

Compare Mongolian болон (bolon) and Buryat болон (bolon).


эс гиҗ

/eˌsə ɡiˈd͡ʑə/


оштрм

xal-noun

оштрм • (oştrm)

From Russian шторм (štorm), from a Germanic language, compare Dutch storm.


өнр-өсклң

xal-adj

өнр-өсклң • (önr-ösklñ)

From өнр (önr, “abundant, having many children”) + өсклң (ösklñ, “one who fosters”). In media, it is used as a translation of Russian многоде́тный (mnogodétnyj).

m+

многоде́тный


циигн

xal-noun

циигн • (tsiign) (plural циигд or циигдүд)

tsiign (romanization)
циигд (plural)
циигдүд (plural)

From Russian цыган (cygan), ultimately from Byzantine Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos, “untouchable”).

der

циигн улс


бадмшх

xal-verb

бадмшх • (badmşx)


дүрклх

дүрклх • (dürklx)

to celebrate; to rejoice; to triumph over


маальг

xal-noun

маальг • (maalʹg)


байрлх

By surface analysis, байр (bayr, “joy”) + -л (-l, verbalizing suffix) + -х (-x, future participle suffix). Cognate with Mongolian баярлах (bajarlax).


шалтан

xal-noun

шалтан • (şaltan)


байрлҗанав

first-person singular present progressive of байрлх (bayrlx, “to be glad”). Probably a semantic loan from Mongolian баярлалаа (bajarlalaa), modeled after ханҗанав (xanjanav).


эркшлтә

xal-noun

эркшлтә • (erkşltä)

From Middle Mongol ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯ (erkesiyel, “power, privilege”) + ᠲᠡᠢ (tei, commitative suffix). By surface analysis, эркшл (erkşl) + тә (tä). The root is ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *erke (“power, might”); the second part of the word is of unknown origin.

surf

despotic, autocratic, absolute (monarch)


йөрәл

xal-noun

йөрәл • (yöräl) (plural йөрәлмүд)

By surface analysis, йөрәх (yöräx, “to congratulate”) + -л (-l, nominalizing suffix). Cognate with Mongolian ерөөл (jörööl).

surf

A type of traditional well-wish uttered before or during important events and rituals.


арслң

xal-noun

арслң • (arslñ)

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *arsïlan (“lion”).


арслң

арслң • (arslñ)

Uncertain. If the same as Etymology 1, then the original coin or currency (that supposedly depicted a lion) is unknown. A folk etymology suggests it is a compound of орс (ors, “Russian”) + Chinese 兩／两 (liǎng), but the shift /o/ > /a/ is not expected.


буйн болтха

From буйн (buyn, “virtue”) + болх (bolx, “to become”). Literally "let there be a virtue".


буйн

Ultimately from Sanskrit पुण्य (puṇya); compare Mongolian буян (bujan).


зүүдн

зүүдн • (züüdn) (plural зүүдд)

Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *jexüdün, from the root *jexü-. Cognate with Mongolian зүүд (züüd).

dream (imaginary events seen while asleep)


тәәҗ

тәәҗ • (tääj) (plural тәәҗнр)

Ultimately from Chinese 太子 (tàizǐ), compare Mongolian тайж (tajž). Not to confuse with тәәш (tääş), derived from 太師／太师 (tàishī).

zh-m

太師／太师 (tàishī)

taiji (a historical Mongolian aristocratic title)


хорһлҗн

xal-noun

хорһлҗн • (xorğljn)

/χor.ʁəlʲˈd͡ʑən/


өршәңгү

xal-adj

өршәңгү • (örşäñgü)

By surface analysis, өршәх (örşäx, “to be merciful”) + ңгү (ñgü, nominalizing suffix).

surf

(Buddhism) merciful, compassionate (towards living things)


өршәңгү седкл

xal-noun

өршәңгү седкл • (örşäñgü sedkl)

өршәңгү (örşäñgü) + седкл (sedkl), literally “merciful thoughts/wishes”. For similar religious term used in the Sinosphere, compare 慈悲. Also compare Sanskrit करुणा (karuṇā) as well as Tibetan སྙིང་རྗེ (snying rje). The corresponding Mongolian term is өршөөл (öršööl). The synonymous term, нигүлскү (nigülskü), although more used in religious texts in the past, is now obscure.

com

Тер [шовуна] дууг соңссн улс байрлҗ, өршәңгү седкл үүскв.

2011, V. O. Imejev, R. P. Xarčevnikova, D. B. Gedejeva, L. A. Lidžijeva, Практический курс калмыцкого языка, Elista: Издательство калмыцкого университета, page 153:

People who listened to that [bird's] singing rejoiced, and brought about compassionate [thoughts].

Ter [şovuna] duug soñssn uls bayrlj, örşäñgü sedkl üüskv.

(Buddhism, folklore) benevolence, compassion (the wish to save all living things), metta, karuṇā


утх

From Proto-Mongolic *kïtuga. Cognate with Mongolian хутга (xutga). The reason for the loss of initial consonant is unclear.


утх

Connected to утан (utan, “smoke”), the root of which comes from Proto-Mongolic *hutuxa. Compare Mongolian утаа (utaa).


учр уга

xal-noun

учр уга • (uçr uga)


учр уга

head

учр уга • (uçr uga)


хар һуйр

xal-noun

хар һуйр • (xar ğuyr) (plural хар һуйрмуд)

xar ğuyr (romanization)
хар һуйрмуд (plural)

Literally, "black flour", which is probably a folk etymology. Instead, it may be a corruption of хар (xar) + ууһр (uuğr), "black Uyghur".


хар һуйр

хар һуйр • (xar ğuyr)


бүдүн

xal-adj

бүдүн • (büdün)

Inherited from Proto-Mongolic *büdügün. Cognate with Mongolian бүдүүн (büdüün).

бүдүн күзүн

(of people; of cylindrical objects) thick; large

бүдүн күн


гергн

xal-noun

гергн • (gergn) (plural гергд or гергчуд)

gergn (romanization)
гергд (plural)
гергчуд (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Mongolic *gergen; by surface analysis, *ger (“wife”) + *-gen (a nominal suffix). Cognate with Mongolian гэргэн (gergen).


кимзә

Uncertain. By surface analysis, кем (kem, “measure”) + зә (zä, a nominal suffix); /e/ > /i/ shift is thus unexpected. Probably related to кемҗән (kemjän), which is a cognate of Mongolian хэмжээ (xemžee).

термометрин кимзә

scale (a system of measurements)
scale (a line on a measuring device)


биллүр

xal-noun

биллүр • (billür) (plural биллүрмүд)

billür (romanization)
биллүрмүд (plural)

By surface analysis, биллх (billx, “to erase”) + үр (ür, a nominal suffix).


уйһр

xal-noun

уйһр • (uyğr) (plural уйһрмуд)

Learned borrowing from Mongolian Уйгар (Ujgar). Compare to native ууһр (uuğr), which developed several other meanings.


эләд

xal-adj

эләд • (eläd)

From currently obscure неләд (neläd), which is inherited from Proto-Mongolic *neliyed, plural of *neliyen. Cognate with Mongolian нилээд (nileed). The word must have been borrowed from an Oirat dialect into Tuvan; see элээн (eleen, “considerable”), which demonstrates both the unexpected deletion of /n/ as well as the original singular form.

эләд көвүн


сертхр

By surface analysis, сертәх (sertäx) + -хр (-xr, adjectivizing suffix).

surf

сертхр чикн


сарсхр

By surface analysis, сарсах (sarsax) + -хр (-xr, adjectivizing suffix).

сарсхр хамр


бү

Inherited from Written Oirat [Term?], from Middle Mongol ᠪᠤᠤ (pww /buu/) / ꡎꡟ (bu /buu/). Cognate with Buryat бү (bü), Khamnigan Mongol бү (bü), бүү (büü), Mongolian бүү (büü).

(obsolete) Forms the negative polarity of verbs in optative moods.


айлһ

xal-noun

айлһ • (aylğ) (plural айлһд or айлһс)

aylğ (romanization)
айлһд (plural)
айлһс (plural)

From Written Oirat ᠠᡕᠠᠯᡎᠠ (ayalɣa), from Middle Mongol ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠠ (ayalg-a). Cognate with Mongolian аялга (ajalga), аялгуу (ajalguu).

dialect (specific version of a language)


цецгә

Inherited from Proto-Mongolic *čečegei. Cognate with Mongolian цэцгий (cecgii), Buryat сэсэгы (sesegy). The meaning "flower" is due to taboo on the word цецг (tsetsg).


хөрг

By surface analysis, хөрх (xörx, “to prohibit”) + -г (-g, nominalizing suffix). Cognate with Mongolian хориг (xorig).

surf

Тертн ода бузр үгән келх, туух, хөрг уга күн болҗана тертн, икл әәмшгтә күн гиҗ санҗанав.

2018, Хабунова Е.Э., editor, Хуучн үгд худл уга: кеерин хураңһу материал, Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар», page 205:

Now they say dirty words, know no taboos, I think they are a very dangerous person.

Tertn oda buzr ügän kelx, tuux, xörg uga kün boljana tertn, ikl äämşgtä kün gij sanjanav.

хөрг уга


хөрг

xal-adj

хөрг • (xörg)


эрмәль

xal-noun

эрмәль • (ermälʹ) (plural эрмәлмүд)

Uncertain. For the similar /n/ > /l/ shift, compare Chechen Эрмалойчоь (Ermalojčö). Ultimately from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/).


эрмәль

xal-adj

эрмәль • (ermälʹ)

pertaining to Ermeli (a settlement in Russia)


уульнц

head

уульнц • (uulʹnts)


харҗахар

Might be related to хар (xar, literally “in vain”)

[…] намаг ардаснь харҗахар гиһәд эс тәвлт?

didn't you entrust me with this just for the sake of it (after you had failed)?

[…] namag ardasnʹ xarjaxar giğäd es tävlt?

just because, just for the sake of it, for no reason, for the hell of it


хунтәҗ

xal-noun

хунтәҗ • (xuntäj) (plural хунтәҗнр)

Derived from Chinese 皇太子 (huángtàizǐ). Compare тәәҗ (tääj), which does not have a meaning "crown prince". Alveolar /n/ in modern pronunciation might be a result of regressive assimilation.

Khong Tayiji (a Mongolian aristocratic title)

prince (son of a monarch); crown prince (a future monarch)


яах

ода яахмб?

(with negation of the previous verb) how can it not be so?


зос

A type of clay slip paint, usually red, used to paint wooden parts of a yurt.


шишлң цергә керг-үүлдвр

шишлң цергә керг-үүлдвр • (şişlñ tsergä kerg-üüldvr)

Calque of Russian специальная военная операция (specialʹnaja vojennaja operacija).

calque

специальная военная операция

Шишлң цергә керг-үүлдврт зөргәрн ончрсн мана ветеранмуд авсн шаван мартад, өдр болһн бийән чанһаһад, цогц-махмудан батлҗ белдв.

2024 August 27, “Ветеранмуд Сарпульд ончрв”, in Хальмг үнн:

Distinguished for their bravery during the special military operation, our veterans forget the wounds they received by strengthening themselves, preparing and strengthening their bodies every day.

Şişlñ tsergä kerg-üüldvrt zörgärn onçrsn mana veteranmud avsn şavan martad, ödr bolğn biyän çanğağad, tsogts-maxmudan batlj beldv.

special military operation
special military operation

2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine
w:Russian Invasion of Ukraine

(neologism, euphemistic) special military operation (in context of 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine)

en-шишлң_цергә_керг-үүлдвр-xal-noun-m6v8E8Tl