rat

From Sanskrit रात्रि (rātri). Cognate with Hindi रात (rāt).


bi

From Sanskrit बीज (bīja), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bíHȷ́am. Cognate with Konkani बी (bī) and Parachi bīz (“seed-corn”).


ar

From Sanskrit आरा (ārā), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óleh₂ (“awl”). Cognate with German Ahle, English awl.


mos

From Sanskrit मांस (māṃsa), Proto-Indo-Iranian *māmsám, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗms.


bro

From Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhat, “lofty, high, tall”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰonts. Cognate with Persian بلند (boland), English borough.

inh

succession of peaks which make up a ridge


haw

From Sanskrit हल (hala), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₁ol-. Cognate with Lithuanian žúolis.


nom

From Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ma, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”). Compare Khowar نم (nam).

Tay nom kía?


krom

Inherited from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman). Compare Kashmiri کٲم (kạ̄m).


bruk

From Sanskrit वृक्क (vṛkka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wr̥tkás; compare Persian گرده (gorde).


grom

From Sanskrit ग्राम (grāma), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- (“to gather”). Compare Kashmiri گام (gām).


dur

From Sanskrit द्वार (dvāra), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“door”).


tari

From Sanskrit तारा (tārā, “fixed star”).


kuí

From Sanskrit कूप (kūpa, “well”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“hollow; water vessel”). Cognate with Hindi कुआँ (kuā̃).


moč

Tu bo pruṣṭ moč.


gok

Uncertain. Either from Sanskrit गवेधुक (gavēdhuka, “a kind of snake”), or Sanskrit गोधिका (godhikā, “kind of lizard”).


šok

the period of mourning following the death of one's close relative


uts

From Sanskrit उत्स (utsa). Cognate with Bengali উৎস (utś), Khowar اُڅ (uts).


eč

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši
Sanskrit अक्षि (akṣi)
Kalasha eč
Inherited from Sanskrit अक्षि (akṣi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs, from *h₃ekʷ- + *-s. Compare Khowar غیچ (ġeč), Hindi आँख (ā̃kh), Romani jakh.


grast

From Sanskrit ग्रस्तृ (grastṛ, “devourer, swallower”).


baš

From Sanskrit वंश (vaṃśa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wanćás. Cognate with Hindi बाँस (bā̃s), Shughni вис (vis).


uk

From Sanskrit उदक (udaka), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥.


ayá

From Sanskrit अयम् (ayám), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ayám, from Proto-Indo-European *éy.


kaw

From Sanskrit काल (kālá, “time, fixed point of time”).


mru

From Sanskrit मृग (mṛga), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥gás. Cognate with Persian مرغ (morğ).


oš

From Sanskrit अवश्या (avaśyā, “hoarfrost”).


báya

From Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.


žo

From Sanskrit यव (yáva), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwas (“barley, cereal”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”). Cognate with Khowar ژو (žo), Hindi जौ (jau), Persian جو (jow).


ǰuwári

From Sanskrit यवाकार (yavākāra, “barley-shaped”). Compare Hindi जवार (javār).


mútra

From Sanskrit मूत्र (mū́tra), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múHtram, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *múHtrom.


aṭhí

From Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁.


thum

Inherited from Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá). Cognate with Hindi धूआँ (dhūā̃), Lithuanian dū́mas, Spanish humo.


šọ̃́a

From Sanskrit श्वा (śvā́), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *śwā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.


putr

From Sanskrit पुत्र (putrá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás; compare Hindi पूत (pūt), Persian پسر (pesar).


dríga

From Sanskrit दीर्घ (dīrgha), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dr̥Hgʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dl̥h₁gʰós.

Se bo dríga istríža.


istríža

From Sanskrit स्त्री (strī́), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stríH. Compare Ossetian силӕ (silæ).


ónḍrak

From a form related to Sanskrit आण्ड (āṇḍá), अण्ड (aṇḍá).


bribó

From Sanskrit वृम्र (vṛmra, “globular fruit, walnut”).


č̣hir

Inherited from Sanskrit क्षीर (kṣīrá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám. Cognate with Khowar ݯھیر (c̣hír), Hindi खीर (khīr), Persian شیر (šir).


ádua

From Sanskrit अर्धदिवस (ardhadivasa, “noon”).


gambúri

From Sanskrit गन्धपूरिका (gandhapūrikā).


istrížagúạk

From istríža (“woman”) + kúạk (“child”).


khoday

Ultimately Proto-Indo-European origin through Proto-Indo-Iranian, possibly through an Iranian language intermediate; cf. Iranian Persian خدا (xodâ), Pashto خدای (xwdây), Proto-Iranian *hwatā́wā, Sanskrit स्वतवस् (svátavas).


nawáw

From Sanskrit नपात् (napāt), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nápāts, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts. Compare Marathi नातू (nātū), Konkani नाथु (nāthu), Persian نوه (nava).


hoṭól

hoṭél (alternative)
hot'ol (alternative)


hányak

From Sanskrit हयन (hayana, “covered palanquin”).


áya

From Sanskrit आर्यिका (āryikā). Cognate with Marathi आई (āī, “mother”) and Konkani आवइ (āvai).


ǰa

Tu ásta may ǰa, ása ásta may ǰa.


čhu

From Sanskrit दुहितृ (duhitṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Pashto لور (lur), English daughter.


álu

From Sanskrit आलु (ālu), from Proto-Indo-European *eHlu-. Compare Hindi आलू (ālū).


abe'

A fenced pen in a goat shed for the young goats and lambs.


achambi

A ceremony celebrating birth. This is performed five or six days after a birth. After purifying the mother with water and juniper smoke, girls take burning branches from the fire and run to the temple of Jestak, make a bonfire and jump over the flames shouting, "a'chambi a." It is called tus'ul'ek in Bumburet. It is known by this name only in Rumbur.


achardini

The wedge which holds the ploughshare in place.


ac'õki

A hook; among other things these are used to lift the griddle off the fire and hang it up. It is commonly made from a forked branch.


ac'uaga

The valley of Achuaga, between Rumbur and Bumboret.


phénu

From Sanskrit फेन (phéna, “foam, froth”).

foam, scum, bubbles on the surface of a liquid.


phúšak

Of onomatopoeic origin from the sound used to call a cat. Compare Khowar پوشی (púši).


príṣu

From Sanskrit प्लुषि (pluṣi), from Proto-Indo-European *plúsis.


kírik

From Sanskrit किरि (kiri, “scattering, heap”). Cognate with Phalura kir.


kuč

From Sanskrit कुक्षि (kukṣi, “belly”), from Proto-Indo-European *kuḱis.


kumbréyak

lamb, male or female, aged six to twelve months.


bashaleni

bashali (alternative)
bašáli (alternative)
bashleni (alternative)

The place where Kalasha women are relegated during menstruation and childbirth (because of 'impurity')


devalog

dewalok (alternative)
dewalók (alternative)


bhãgut

blind for hiding behind while hunting or fighting


ǰ̣ač̣

gak pe kúạk háwaw haw, katak č̣áṣa ni ǰ̣áč̣una sáras dyen

When a cow has a calf, the men take special cheese and burn juniper at the altar of the spirits


ǰu

From Sanskrit युग (yugá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yugám, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (“yoke”). Cognate with Hindi जूआ (jūā), Marathi जुंव (juuva), Konkani जु (zu).


ǰi

From Sanskrit ज्या (jyā), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷiH- (“bowstring”). Cognate with Persian زه (zeh, “bowstring”).


ạ́i

From Sanskrit आति (āti), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts.


žạ́ŋgu

From Sanskrit यकृत् (yakṛt), from Proto-Indo-European *Hyékʷr̥.


bíyak

From Sanskrit बीजक (bījaka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bíHȷ́akam.

kernel or pit of fruits like a peach or an almond


muṣk

From Sanskrit मुष्क (muṣka, “testicle”).


mrač̣

From Sanskrit मधुर-वृक्ष (madhura-vṛkṣa, “sweet tree”).


biṣ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wisós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás
Sanskrit विष (viṣa)
Kalasha biṣ
Inherited from Sanskrit विष (viṣa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós.


ič̣

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas
Sanskrit ऋक्ष (ṛkṣa)
Kalasha ič̣
Inherited from Sanskrit ऋक्ष (ṛkṣa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos.


pariḷóy

From Sanskrit परलोक (paraloka, “the other world”).

der

place where fairies and evil spirits live; a wild, forsaken place


diór

From Sanskrit देवर (devara), from Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂wḗr. Compare Marathi दीर (dīr) and Konkani देर (der).

husband's younger brother; a brother-in-law


púruṣ

پوُروُشؕ (Arabic)


žontr

From Sanskrit यन्त्र (yantra, “device”).


ǰamów

From Sanskrit जामातृ (jā́mātṛ), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́ā́mātā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ā́mātā, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”). Cognate with Kashmiri zamaturu, Romani zhamutro, Hindi जमाई (jamāī), Persian داماد (dâmâd), Baluchi زامات (zāmat).


meṣ

From Sanskrit मेष (meṣá), from Proto-Indo-European *moysós (“sheep”). Cognate with Persian میش (meš).

a ram, male sheep (one and a half years old and older)


pọ̃

From Sanskrit पर्ण (parṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *pornóm; compare Hindi पन्ना (pannā) and Marathi पान (pān).


išpášur

From Sanskrit श्वशुर (śváśura), from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros (“father-in-law”). Cognate with Khowar اشپاشور (išpašúr), Hindi ससुर (sasur), Northern Kurdish xezûr, Catalan sogre, German Schwäher.


isprés

From Sanskrit श्वश्रू (śvaśrū), from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂. Cognate with Spanish suegra.


čhom

From Sanskrit क्षम् (kṣam), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm. Cognate with Persian زمین (zamin), Albanian dhe.


ǰhip

From Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā́, “tongue”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue”). Cognate with Hindi जीभ (jībh), Persian زبان (zabân), French langue, German Zunge.


paṣní

From Sanskrit पार्ष्णि (pārṣṇi), from Proto-Indo-European *tpḗrsneh₂ (“heel”). Cognate with Persian پاشنه (pâšne), German Ferse.


kohów

From Sanskrit कपोत (kapóta, “dove, pigeon”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kapáwtas (“pigeon, dove”). Cognate with Baluchi کپوت (kapōt, “pigeon”).


siw

From Sanskrit सेतु (sétu), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sHáytuš (“bridge, dam”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-tu-s ~ *sh₂i-téw-s, from *sh₂ey- (“to bind”).


ṣiŋ

From Sanskrit शृङ्ग (śṛṅga), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“horn”). Cognate with Hindi सींग (sīṅg).


č̣hetr

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *tḱey-
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-trom
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáytram
Sanskrit क्षेत्र॑ (kṣétra)
Kalasha č̣hetr
Inherited from Sanskrit क्षेत्र॑ (kṣétra), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáytram, from Proto-Indo-European *tḱey- + *-trom. Cognate with Hindi खेत (khet).

etymon

sa>क्षेत्र॑>land


ḷawák

From Sanskrit लोपाक (lopāka), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p- (“fox, jackal”). Cognate with Persian روباه (rubâh), Lithuanian lãpė, Italian volpe.


uṭ

Inherited from Sanskrit उष्ट्र (uṣṭra). Cognate with Hindi ऊँट (ū̃ṭ).


bhum

From Sanskrit भूमि (bhūmi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHmiš (“Earth”). Cognate with Persian بوم (bum).


indóčik

Inherited from Sanskrit इन्द्रद्युत्य (indradyutya, “lightning”).

इन्द्रद्युत्य

inh+

इन्द्रद्युत्य


ǰuk

From Sanskrit यूका (yūkā). Cognate with Hindi जूं (jū̃), Marathi ऊ (ū), Konkani उइ (ui).


donmós

(anatomy) gum: the flesh around the teeth.


básond

From Sanskrit वसन्त (vasanta), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥, from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥. Cognate with Persian بهار (bahâr), Russian весна́ (vesná).


bumphalí

بوُمپهالی (Arabic)

From Sanskrit भूमि (bhūmi, “earth, ground”) + फल (phala, “fruit”).


hị́a

From Sanskrit हृदय (hṛdaya), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥d- (“heart”). Cognate with Khowar ہردی (hardí).


ḷúi

From Sanskrit लोहित (lohita), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hráwdʰitas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Compare Khowar لیے (ley), Urdu لہو (lahu).


muṣṭí

head

muṣṭí (Arabic موُشؕٹی)

kls-noun

muṣṭí (Arabic موُشؕٹی)

From Sanskrit मुष्टि (muṣṭí), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *muštíš.


موُشؕٹی

head

موُشؕٹی (Latin muṣṭí)

kls-noun

موُشؕٹی (Latin muṣṭí)

From Sanskrit मुष्टि (muṣṭí), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *muštíš. Compare Urdu مُٹّھی (muṭṭhī).

cog

Urdu مُٹّھی (muṭṭhī)


héman

From Sanskrit हेमन् (héman), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰáyman, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéy-mn̥. Cognate with Khowar ىومون (yomún).


آنپاࣇ

head

آنپاࣇ (ānpāḷ)


بارما

بارما (bārmā)


پوُروُشؕ

پوُروُشؕ (Latin púruṣ)

kls-noun

پوُروُشؕ (Latin púruṣ)


mizók

From Sanskrit मूष (mūṣa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múHs, from Proto-Indo-European *múHs. Compare Hindi मूस (mūs).


Čawmós

English: Chawmos

Chawmos, the most important Kalash festival, celebrated for two weeks at the winter solstice.


abádi

Tanté abádi sawzél pútraso.


ǰeṣṭ ạ́ŋgu

/ˈd͡ʑeʂʈ a˞ŋˈɡu/

From ǰeṣṭ (“first, chief”) + ạ́ŋgu (“finger”).


aẓạ́i

From Sanskrit आषाढीय (āṣāḍhīya, “pertaining to the month Āṣāḍha”).


uhúk

From Sanskrit उलूक (úlūka, “owl”). Cognate with Hindi उल्लू (ullū).


báṣik

From Sanskrit वर्षति (varṣati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwáršati, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wers- (“to rain”).

Doṣ bo báṣik.

báṣik dyek


mastrúk

From Sanskrit मास (māsa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Hasas (“moon, month”), from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“moon; month”).


pinḍór

From Sanskrit पिण्डर (piṇḍara, “round like a lump”).

Tay pinḍór bo ghóna.


maḍrák

From Sanskrit मण्ट्रक्क (maṇṭrakka, “frog”).


ispráp

May ispráp káriu day.


mač̣hí

From Sanskrit माक्षिक (mākṣiká, “pertaining to a bee”). Compare Khowar مَݯھی (mac̣hí).

Mač̣hí istríža ne žun, ónǰeṣṭa.

Women do not eat honey because it is ritually pure (ónǰeṣṭa).


mọ̃

From Sanskrit मान (māna, “house, dwelling”).

mač̣hérik mọ̃́


mač̣hérik

From Sanskrit माक्षिककर (mākṣikakara, “bee”).


čigéri

Bo kaḷáṣa moč čigéri áau.


yarák

From a Turkic language; cognate with Turkish yarak, Azerbaijani yaraq, and Kazakh жарақ (jaraq).


sụ̃́a

From Sanskrit सुवर्ण (suvárṇa). Compare Hindi सोना (sonā) and Nepali सुन (suna).


idrọ̃́

head

idrọ̃́ (Arabic اِیدروؕں)

kls-noun

idrọ̃́ (Arabic اِیدروؕں)

Inherited from Sanskrit इन्द्रधनुस् (indradhanus, “rainbow”, literally “Indra's bow”). Compare Torwali ایِنان (inhān).


bazá

From Sanskrit बाहु (bāhú), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaHȷ́ʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”).


áṣiṣa

From Sanskrit अशीर्षान् (aśīrṣān, “headless”). Calque of Khowar ویسورُو (vesóru).


uč̣hár

From Sanskrit उदकक्षार (udakakṣāra, “waterfall”), or alternatively from Sanskrit अवक्षार (avakṣāra, “downward flow”).


neḷá

Inherited from Sanskrit निदाघ (nidāgha, “heat, summer”).


mẽ́wa

Borrowed from Classical Persian میوه (mēwa, “fruit”).