te

From Sanskrit तद् (tád), from Proto-Indo-European *tód.

they, them (absent from speaker) (3rd-person plural personal pronoun)


rat

From Sanskrit रात्रि (rātri). Cognate with Hindi रात (rāt).


sat

From Sanskrit सप्त (sapta). Compare Hindi सात (sāt), Khowar سوت (sot).


bi

From Sanskrit बीज (bīja), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bíHȷ́am. Cognate with Konkani बी (bī) and Parachi bīz (“seed-corn”).


du

From Sanskrit द्व (dva), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Hindi दो (do), Bhojpuri दू (dū), Konkani दोन (don).


bo

From Sanskrit बहु (bahu), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰn̥ǵʰús. Cognate with Khowar بو (bo), Hindi बहुत (bahut).


tre

From Sanskrit त्रयः (trayaḥ), from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


ar

From Sanskrit आरा (ārā), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óleh₂ (“awl”). Cognate with German Ahle, English awl.


se

From Sanskrit स (sa), सा (sā), from Proto-Indo-European *só.

he/she/it (absent from speaker) (3rd-person personal pronoun)


mos

From Sanskrit मांस (māṃsa), Proto-Indo-Iranian *māmsám, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗms.


ek

From Sanskrit एक (eka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos. Compare Hindi एक (ek).


bro

From Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhat, “lofty, high, tall”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰonts. Cognate with Persian بلند (boland), English borough.

inh

succession of peaks which make up a ridge


haw

From Sanskrit हल (hala), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₁ol-. Cognate with Lithuanian žúolis.


aj

aj bason.


nom

From Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ma, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”). Compare Khowar نم (nam).

Tay nom kía?


mo

From Sanskrit मा (mā́), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Hindi मत (mat), Persian مـ (ma-), Albanian mo.


krom

Inherited from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman). Compare Kashmiri کٲم (kạ̄m).


bruk

From Sanskrit वृक्क (vṛkka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wr̥tkás; compare Persian گرده (gorde).


grom

From Sanskrit ग्राम (grāma), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- (“to gather”). Compare Kashmiri گام (gām).


dur

From Sanskrit द्वार (dvāra), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“door”).


tari

From Sanskrit तारा (tārā, “fixed star”).


kuí

From Sanskrit कूप (kūpa, “well”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“hollow; water vessel”). Cognate with Hindi कुआँ (kuā̃).


moč

Tu bo pruṣṭ moč.


gok

Uncertain. Either from Sanskrit गवेधुक (gavēdhuka, “a kind of snake”), or Sanskrit गोधिका (godhikā, “kind of lizard”).


že

From Sanskrit च (ca, “and”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe. Cognate with Northern Kurdish jî (“also, too”).


šok

the period of mourning following the death of one's close relative


uts

From Sanskrit उत्स (utsa). Cognate with Bengali উৎস (utś), Khowar اُڅ (uts).


آ

From Sanskrit अहम् (aham), from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂om.


ía

he/she/it (present, nearby) (3rd-person personal pronoun)


eč

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši
Sanskrit अक्षि (akṣi)
Kalasha ečInherited from Sanskrit अक्षि (akṣi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs, from *h₃ekʷ- + *-s. Compare Khowar غیچ (ġeč), Hindi आँख (ā̃kh), Romani jakh.


čir

From Sanskrit चिर (cirá, “long-lasting”).

Tay hátya čir háwaw.


grast

From Sanskrit ग्रस्तृ (grastṛ, “devourer, swallower”).


baš

From Sanskrit वंश (vaṃśa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wanćás. Cognate with Hindi बाँस (bā̃s), Shughni вис (vis).


uk

From Sanskrit उदक (udaka), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥.


yani

Ultimately from Arabic يَعْنِي (yaʕnī, “[he/she/it] means”).


yani

(adverbial, conjunctive, prepositional, or adjectival) in other words, actually, namely, to wit, kind of, somewhat, id est, that is, meaning, you know


ayá

From Sanskrit अयम् (ayám), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ayám, from Proto-Indo-European *éy.


kaw

From Sanskrit काल (kālá, “time, fixed point of time”).


mru

From Sanskrit मृग (mṛga), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥gás. Cognate with Persian مرغ (morğ).


oš

From Sanskrit अवश्या (avaśyā, “hoarfrost”).

May oš thi šíu.


báya

From Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.


žo

From Sanskrit यव (yáva), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwas (“barley, cereal”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”). Cognate with Khowar ژو (žo), Hindi जौ (jau), Persian جو (jow).


ǰuwári

From Sanskrit यवाकार (yavākāra, “barley-shaped”). Compare Hindi जवार (javār).


aṭhí

From Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁.


mútra

From Sanskrit मूत्र (mū́tra), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múHtram, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *múHtrom.


dríga

From Sanskrit दीर्घ (dīrgha), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dr̥Hgʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dl̥h₁gʰós.

Se bo dríga istríža.


istríža

From Sanskrit स्त्री (strī́), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stríH. Compare Ossetian силӕ (silæ).


ónḍrak

From Old Indo-Aryan *āndrá-, compare Sanskrit आण्ड (āṇḍá), अण्ड (aṇḍá).


šọ̃́a

From Sanskrit श्वा (śvā́), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *śwā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.


aṣṭ

From Sanskrit अष्ट (aṣṭa), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw. Compare Hindi आठ (āṭh).


bribó

From Sanskrit वृम्र (vṛmra, “globular fruit, walnut”).


ádua

From Sanskrit अर्धदिवस (ardhadivasa, “noon”).


istrížagúạk

From istríža (“woman”) + kúạk (“child”).


hányak

From Sanskrit हयन (hayana, “covered palanquin”).


putr

From Sanskrit पुत्र (putrá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás; compare Hindi पूत (pūt), Persian پسر (pesar).


peč̣

Etymology unclear. Perhaps from Sanskrit पच् (pac). Cognate with Khowar پیݯ (peč̣).


bihík

Inherited from Sanskrit बिभेति (bibheti, “to be afraid, to fear”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to fear”). Cognate with Marathi भिणे (bhiṇe), Lithuanian bijóti.


gambúri

From Sanskrit गन्धपूरिका (gandhapūrikā).


khoday

Ultimately Proto-Indo-European origin through Proto-Indo-Iranian, possibly through an Iranian language intermediate; cf. Iranian Persian خدا (xodâ), Pashto خدای (xwdây), Proto-Iranian *hwatā́wā, Sanskrit स्वतवस् (svátavas).


nawáw

From Sanskrit नपात् (napāt), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nápāts, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts. Compare Marathi नातू (nātū), Konkani नाथु (nāthu), Persian نوه (nava).


áya

From Sanskrit आर्यिका (āryikā). Cognate with Marathi आई (āī, “mother”) and Konkani आवइ (āvai).


ǰa

Tu ásta may ǰa, ása ásta may ǰa.


č̣hir

Inherited from Sanskrit क्षीर (kṣīrá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám. Cognate with Khowar ݯھیر (c̣hír), Hindi खीर (khīr), Persian شیر (šir).


thum

Inherited from Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá). Cognate with Hindi धूआँ (dhūā̃), Lithuanian dū́mas, Spanish humo.


álu

From Sanskrit आलु (ālu), from Proto-Indo-European *eHlu-. Compare Hindi आलू (ālū).


čhu

From Sanskrit दुहितृ (duhitṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Pashto لور (lur), English daughter.


abe'

A fenced pen in a goat shed for the young goats and lambs.


abad'o'i

childless (whether married or unmarried)


ábi

you (plural) (2nd-person plural personal pronoun)


achardini

The wedge which holds the ploughshare in place.


achambi

A ceremony celebrating birth. This is performed five or six days after a birth. After purifying the mother with water and juniper smoke, girls take burning branches from the fire and run to the temple of Jestak, make a bonfire and jump over the flames shouting, "a'chambi a." It is called tus'ul'ek in Bumburet. It is known by this name only in Rumbur.


ása

his/her/its (present but far from speaker) (3rd-person possessive pronoun)

he/she/it (present but far from speaker) (3rd-person personal pronoun)


ac'u karik

To make a key (usually a wire key, for opening wooden latches).


ac'õki

A hook; among other things these are used to lift the griddle off the fire and hang it up. It is commonly made from a forked branch.


ac'uaga

The valley of Achuaga, between Rumbur and Bumboret.


ac'uik

To dry up, especially from evaporation and age.


adalat karik

To file a case against someone in court.


karik

From Sanskrit करोति (karóti), a corruption from Vedic Sanskrit कृणोति (kṛṇóti).

To do (used as a verbal compound maker).

To say (used as a verbal compound maker).

To make, build (used as a verbal compound maker).


adap karik

To be hospitable to someone, to treat with respect.


phénu

From Sanskrit फेन (phéna, “foam, froth”).

foam, scum, bubbles on the surface of a liquid.


ráik

From Sanskrit रायति (rā́yati), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂- (“to bark”).


príṣu

From Sanskrit प्लुषि (pluṣi), from Proto-Indo-European *plúsis.


kumbréyak

lamb, male or female, aged six to twelve months.


kírik

From Sanskrit किरि (kiri, “scattering, heap”). Cognate with Phalura kir.


kuč

From Sanskrit कुक्षि (kukṣi, “belly”), from Proto-Indo-European *kuḱis.


phúšak

Of onomatopoeic origin from the sound used to call a cat. Compare Khowar پوشی (púši).


adat hik

To become accustomed to, used to, habitual.


adat karik

To cause something, an act, to become habitual.


adhe

From Sanskrit अर्ध (ardha, “half”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hárdʰas.


harik

From Sanskrit हरति (harati, “to take, seize”).


pruṣṭ

Tay súda pruṣṭ thi ásan.


nisík

From Sanskrit निषीदति (niṣīdati), from नि (ni, “down”) + सीदति (sīdati, “to sit”), from Proto-Indo-European *ni and *sed- respectively.


šíau

third-person singular inanimate of šik: it is


áau

he/she is (3rd-person singular present-tense form of ásik, "to be")

a paši áam

tu paši áas

se paši áau

ábi paši áik

ábi paši áa

te paši áan


ásik

From Sanskrit अस्ति (asti), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.


émi

they (present, nearby) (3rd-person plural personal pronoun)

them (present, nearby) (3rd-person plural personal pronoun)


Tsiyam

The mythical homeland of the Kalash people.


bashaleni

The place where Kalasha women are relegated during menstruation and childbirth (because of 'impurity')


Jeṣṭan

The demon-like counterpart of Indra in Kalasha mythology. He appears on earth as a dog; the devalog throw stones at him (shooting stars).


bhãgut

blind for hiding behind while hunting or fighting


ǰ̣ač̣

gak pe kúạk háwaw haw, katak č̣áṣa ni ǰ̣áč̣una sáras dyen

When a cow has a calf, the men take special cheese and burn juniper at the altar of the spirits


-yak

From Sanskrit -क (-ka, diminutive suffix).


yas'i parik

To take a walk to stop the excessive rain.


yas'i pariik

To walk for rain. When it does not stop raining, the women may get together and walk to Tsiam. They do this to stop the rain without serious intention of going to Tsiam (where this is they are not sure).


éļi

they (present but far from speaker) (3rd-person plural personal pronoun)


ǰu

From Sanskrit युग (yugá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yugám, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (“yoke”). Cognate with Hindi जूआ (jūā), Marathi जुंव (juuva), Konkani जु (zu).


ǰi

From Sanskrit ज्या (jyā), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷiH- (“bowstring”). Cognate with Persian زه (zeh, “bowstring”).


ạ́i

From Sanskrit आति (āti), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts.


žạ́ŋgu

From Sanskrit यकृत् (yakṛt), from Proto-Indo-European *Hyékʷr̥.


muṣk

From Sanskrit मुष्क (muṣka, “testicle”).


bíyak

From Sanskrit बीजक (bījaka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bíHȷ́akam.

kernel or pit of fruits like a peach or an almond


mrač̣

From Sanskrit मधुर-वृक्ष (madhura-vṛkṣa, “sweet tree”).


ič̣

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas
Sanskrit ऋक्ष (ṛkṣa)
Kalasha ič̣Inherited from Sanskrit ऋक्ष (ṛkṣa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos.


biṣ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wisós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás
Sanskrit विष (viṣa)
Kalasha biṣInherited from Sanskrit विष (viṣa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós.


pariḷóy

From Sanskrit परलोक (paraloka, “the other world”).

der

place where fairies and evil spirits live; a wild, forsaken place


púruṣ

پوُروُشؕ (Arabic)


diór

From Sanskrit देवर (devara), from Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂wḗr. Compare Marathi दीर (dīr) and Konkani देर (der).

husband's younger brother; a brother-in-law


prasúik

From Sanskrit प्र-स्वपिति (pra-svapiti), from Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to sleep”).

(euphemistic) to engage in sexual intercourse with


žontr

From Sanskrit यन्त्र (yantra, “device”).


kríṣna

کریِشؕنا (Arabic)

From Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá), from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥snós. Cognate with Czech černý (“black”).


ǰamów

From Sanskrit जामातृ (jā́mātṛ), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́ā́mātā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ā́mātā, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”). Cognate with Kashmiri zamaturu, Romani zhamutro, Hindi जमाई (jamāī), Persian داماد (dâmâd), Baluchi زامات (zāmat).


meṣ

From Sanskrit मेष (meṣá), from Proto-Indo-European *moysós (“sheep”). Cognate with Persian میش (meš).

a ram, male sheep (one and a half years old and older)


pọ̃

From Sanskrit पर्ण (parṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *pornóm; compare Hindi पन्ना (pannā) and Marathi पान (pān).


žạ́wik

From Sanskrit यभति (yabhati), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃yébʰeti. Cognate with Marathi झवणे (jhavṇe) and Konkani झव्चे (zhavce), Punjabi ਜੱਢਣਾ (jaḍḍhaṇā).

(of a man) to copulate with, have sexual intercourse with


išpášur

From Sanskrit श्वशुर (śváśura), from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros (“father-in-law”). Cognate with Khowar اشپاشور (išpašúr), Hindi ससुर (sasur), Northern Kurdish xezûr, Catalan sogre, German Schwäher.


isprés

From Sanskrit श्वश्रू (śvaśrū), from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂. Cognate with Spanish suegra.


čhom

From Sanskrit क्षम् (kṣam), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm. Cognate with Persian زمین (zamin), Albanian dhe.


ǰhip

From Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā́, “tongue”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue”). Cognate with Hindi जीभ (jībh), Persian زبان (zabân), French langue, German Zunge.


paṣní

From Sanskrit पार्ष्णि (pārṣṇi), from Proto-Indo-European *tpḗrsneh₂ (“heel”). Cognate with Persian پاشنه (pâšne), German Ferse.


kohów

From Sanskrit कपोत (kapóta, “dove, pigeon”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kapáwtas (“pigeon, dove”). Cognate with Baluchi کپوت (kapōt, “pigeon”).


úǰak

From Sanskrit ऋजु (ṛju, “straight, upright, frank, honest”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥ǵéws.


práṣmik

From Sanskrit प्र-मृषति (pra-mṛṣati) (= प्र- (pra-) + मृष्यति (mṛṣyati)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pramr̥šati, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European roots *pro- (“toward, for, before”) + *mer-s- (“to forget, neglect; to confuse, trouble”).


ḷíik

From Sanskrit लिहति (lihati), from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵʰ-. Cognate with Khowar لیئک (liík), Konkani लेंव्चे (leuvce), Persian لیسیدن (lisidan), Russian лиза́ть (lizátʹ), English lick.


pačék

From Sanskrit पाचयति (pācayati, “to cook”), from Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ-. Cognate with Hindi पकाना (pakānā), Czech péci, French cuire. Compare also English cook, a Latin borrowing.


siw

From Sanskrit सेतु (sétu), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sHáytuš (“bridge, dam”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-tu-s ~ *sh₂i-téw-s, from *sh₂ey- (“to bind”).


dyek

From Sanskrit दधाति (dadhāti), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to place, set”). Cognate with English do, French faire.


ṣiŋ

From Sanskrit शृङ्ग (śṛṅga), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“horn”). Cognate with Hindi सींग (sīṅg).


búǰik

From Sanskrit बुध्यते (budhyate, “to awaken”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ-. Cognate with Russian буди́ть (budítʹ, “to awaken”).


bómik

From Sanskrit वमति (vámati), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *wámati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wámati, from Proto-Indo-European *wémh₁-e-ti, from *wemh₁- (“to spew, vomit”). Cognate with Latin vomō (“I vomit”) (whence French vomir, and via its frequentative, Spanish vomitar and English vomit).


č̣hetr

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *tḱey-
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-trom
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáytram
Sanskrit क्षेत्र॑ (kṣétra)
Kalasha č̣hetrInherited from Sanskrit क्षेत्र॑ (kṣétra), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáytram, from Proto-Indo-European *tḱey- + *-trom. Cognate with Hindi खेत (khet).

etymon

sa>क्षेत्र॑>land


phúčik

Inherited from Sanskrit पृच्छति (pṛccháti, “to ask”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥šćáti, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱéti (“to ask”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pər^əsaⁱti), Hindi पूछना (pūchnā), Gujarati પૂછવું (pūchvũ), Persian پرسیدن (porsidan), German forschen, Old English friġnan, Old Armenian հարցանեմ (harcʻanem), Latin poscō, Belarusian прасі́ць (prasícʹ), Russian проси́ть (prosítʹ).


ḷawák

From Sanskrit लोपाक (lopāka), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p- (“fox, jackal”). Cognate with Persian روباه (rubâh), Lithuanian lãpė, Italian volpe.


uṭ

Inherited from Sanskrit उष्ट्र (uṣṭra). Cognate with Hindi ऊँट (ū̃ṭ).


č̣íč̣hik

From Sanskrit शिक्षति (śikṣati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćíkšati (“to learn”). Cognate with Hindi सीखना (sīkhnā).


bhum

From Sanskrit भूमि (bhūmi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHmiš (“Earth”). Cognate with Persian بوم (bum).


ǰuk

From Sanskrit यूका (yūkā). Cognate with Hindi जूं (jū̃), Marathi ऊ (ū), Konkani उइ (ui).


drã́č̣ụi

head

drã́č̣ụi (Arabic درانچوی)

kls-adj

drã́č̣ụi (Arabic درانچوی)

From Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right”). Cognate with Hindi दाहिना (dāhinā), Italian destro.


indóčik

Inherited from Sanskrit इन्द्रद्युत्य (indradyutya, “lightning”).

inh

इन्द्रद्युत्य

inh+

इन्द्रद्युत्य


ghóna

From Sanskrit घन (ghaná). Compare Hindi घना (ghanā).


donmós

(anatomy) gum: the flesh around the teeth.


črúka

From Sanskrit चुक्र (cukra, “vinegar”). Compare Torwali چُک (čuk).


básond

From Sanskrit वसन्त (vasanta), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥, from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥. Cognate with Persian بهار (bahâr), Russian весна́ (vesná).


bumphalí

بوُمپهالی (Arabic)

From Sanskrit भूमि (bhūmi, “earth, ground”) + फल (phala, “fruit”).


ࣇ

A letter in the Kalasha Arabic Alphabet, which is a combination of Lām and Diacritic Tāh (لؕ), used to represent a velarized alveolar lateral approximant


hị́a

From Sanskrit हृदय (hṛdaya), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥d- (“heart”). Cognate with Khowar ہردی (hardí).


ṣo

From Sanskrit षष् (ṣaṣ), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *šwáćš, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs.


daš

From Sanskrit दश (daśa). Compare Hindi दस (das).


ḷúi

From Sanskrit लोहित (lohita), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hráwdʰitas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Compare Khowar لیے (ley), Urdu لہو (lahu).


موُشؕٹی

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موُشؕٹی (Latin muṣṭí)

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موُشؕٹی (Latin muṣṭí)

From Sanskrit मुष्टि (muṣṭí), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *muštíš. Compare Urdu مُٹّھی (muṭṭhī).

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Urdu مُٹّھی (muṭṭhī)


muṣṭí

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muṣṭí (Arabic موُشؕٹی)

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muṣṭí (Arabic موُشؕٹی)

From Sanskrit मुष्टि (muṣṭí), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *muštíš.


héman

From Sanskrit हेमन् (héman), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰáyman, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéy-mn̥. Cognate with Khowar ىومون (yomún).


آنپاࣇ

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آنپاࣇ (ānpāḷ)


بارما

بارما (bārmā)


پوُروُشؕ

پوُروُشؕ (Latin púruṣ)

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پوُروُشؕ (Latin púruṣ)


ponǰ

From Sanskrit पञ्चन् (pañcan), from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe. Compare Khowar پونج (ponǰ).


šišóyak

From Sanskrit सुशोभा (suśobhā, “splendid”).

Se bo šišóyak moč.


mizók

From Sanskrit मूष (mūṣa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múHs, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s. Compare Hindi मूस (mūs).


Čawmós

English: Chawmos

Chawmos, the most important Kalash festival, celebrated for two weeks at the winter solstice.


ónǰeṣṭa

/ˈoɲd͡ʑeʂʈa/

A ónǰeṣṭa thi áam sučaun pará.
I have become ónǰeṣṭa, I have been purified.


abádi

Tanté abádi sawzél pútraso.


ǰeṣṭ ạ́ŋgu

/ˈd͡ʑeʂʈ a˞ŋˈɡu/

From ǰeṣṭ (“first, chief”) + ạ́ŋgu (“finger”).


aẓạ́i

From Sanskrit आषाढीय (āṣāḍhīya, “pertaining to the month Āṣāḍha”).


uhúk

From Sanskrit उलूक (úlūka, “owl”). Cognate with Hindi उल्लू (ullū).


báṣik

From Sanskrit वर्षति (varṣati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwáršati, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wers- (“to rain”).

Doṣ bo báṣik.

báṣik dyek


doṣ

From Sanskrit दोषा (doṣā, “darkness, night”). Cognate with Khowar دوݰ (doṣ, “yesterday”), Persian دوش (duš, “last night”).


oṣ

Áu oṣ thi šíau.


bíši

From Sanskrit विंशति (viṃśati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwiHćati, from Proto-Indo-European *dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti. Compare Khowar بیشیر (bíšir).


mastrúk

From Sanskrit मास (māsa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Hasas (“moon, month”), from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“moon; month”).


gáḍa

gáḍa istríža


pinḍór

From Sanskrit पिण्डर (piṇḍara, “round like a lump”).

Tay pinḍór bo ghóna.


maḍrák

From Sanskrit मण्ट्रक्क (maṇṭrakka, “frog”).


ispráp

May ispráp káriu day.


mač̣hérik

From Sanskrit माक्षिककर (mākṣikakara, “bee”).


mač̣hí

From Sanskrit माक्षिक (mākṣiká, “pertaining to a bee”). Compare Khowar مَݯھی (mac̣hí).

Mač̣hí istríža ne žun, ónǰeṣṭa.
Women do not eat honey because it is ritually pure (ónǰeṣṭa).


mọ̃

From Sanskrit मान (māna, “house, dwelling”).

mač̣hérik mọ̃́


harílak

From Sanskrit हरित (harita). Cognate with Hindi हरा (harā).


čigéri

Bo kaḷáṣa moč čigéri áau.


yarák

From a Turkic language; cognate with Turkish yarak, Azerbaijani yaraq, and Kazakh жарақ (jaraq).


sụ̃́a

From Sanskrit सुवर्ण (suvárṇa). Compare Hindi सोना (sonā) and Nepali सुन (suna).


čalák

Borrowed from Classical Persian چَالَاک (čālāk).


bazá

From Sanskrit बाहु (bāhú), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaHȷ́ʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”).


idrọ̃́

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idrọ̃́ (Arabic اِیدروؕں)

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idrọ̃́ (Arabic اِیدروؕں)

اِیدروؕں (Arabic)

Inherited from Sanskrit इन्द्रधनुस् (indradhanus, “rainbow”, literally “Indra's bow”). Compare Torwali ایِنان (inhān).


ṣéa

From Sanskrit श्रेड (śreḍa, “slanting, squinting”).


áṣiṣa

From Sanskrit अशीर्षान् (aśīrṣān, “headless”). Calque of Khowar ویسورُو (vesóru).


uč̣hár

From Sanskrit उदकक्षार (udakakṣāra, “waterfall”), or alternatively from Sanskrit अवक्षार (avakṣāra, “downward flow”).


họ̃́ik

From Sanskrit हनति (hanati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰánti, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰénti (“to strike; slay, kill”). Cognate with Gujarati હણવું (haṇvũ).


چیتیک

Etymology tree
Sanskrit चित्त (citta)der.
Proto-Indo-European *kʷeyt-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-Iranian *čítˢtiš
Sanskrit चित्ति (citti)der.
Kalasha چیتیک
Derived from Sanskrit चित्त (citta, “visible, thinking”) or चित्ति (citti, “thought”).


چھوتیاک

Perhaps from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀙𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝 (*choṭṭa, “small”).


neḷá

Inherited from Sanskrit निदाघ (nidāgha, “heat, summer”).