月

⟨tuki₂⟩ → */tukɨ/ → */t͡sukɨ/ → /t͡suki/
From Old Japanese 月 (tuki₂), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tukui.
For the vowel alternation, see WT:AJPX#Standalone forms and combining forms.

(tarot) the Moon, the eighteenth trump or major arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks


青

Unknown. The reading might be an obscure term from Old Japanese or dialect. The use of the character 青 arises from its 宋音(そうおん) (sōon, “Song-dynasty pronunciation”).

ja-r

(rare, archaic, mythology) a beast that looks like a weasel, and is said to have lived in present-day Fukuoka and Yamaguchi prefectures

(rare, archaic, mythology) a beast that looks like a wolf, and is said to have appeared around Mount Yoshino


悪魔

From Middle Chinese 惡魔 (MC 'ak ma, literally “bad, evil + demon”).


送る

ja-verb

送(おく)る • (okuru) transitive godan (stem 送(おく)り (okuri), past 送(おく)った (okutta))

送る (canonical)
okuru (romanization)
送り (stem)
送った (past)
送ら
おくら
okura
送り
おくり
okuri
送る
おくる
okuru
送れ
おくれ
okure
送られる (passive)
おくられる (passive)
okurareru (passive)
送らせる (causative)
送らす (causative)
おくらせる (causative)
おくらす (causative)
okuraseru (causative)
okurasu (causative)
送れる (potential)
おくれる (potential)
okureru (potential)
送ろう (volitional)
おくろう (volitional)
okurō (volitional)
送らない (negative)
おくらない (negative)
okuranai (negative)
送らず (continuative negative)
おくらず (continuative negative)
okurazu (continuative negative)
送ります (formal)
おくります (formal)
okurimasu (formal)
送った (perfective)
おくった (perfective)
okutta (perfective)
送って (conjunctive)
おくって (conjunctive)
okutte (conjunctive)
送れば (conditional hypothetical)
おくれば (conditional hypothetical)
okureba (conditional hypothetical)


文

A later borrowing from Middle Chinese. Compare modern Min Nan reading bûn, Hakka vûn.


仙

From Middle Chinese 仙 (MC sjen, literally “immortal”). Compare modern Mandarin reading xiān and Cantonese reading sin¹.

(mythology) short for 仙人 (sennin): a wizard or mage; an immortal living as a hermit in the mountains


偽

/ŋui/ → /ɡwi/ → /ɡi/
From Middle Chinese 僞 (MC ngjweH).

(logic) a false statement (usually based without facts)


力

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) + 柄 (kara, “source, origin”).

com

the traditional sumo stomp at the beginning of a match

力合わせ: matching strength: a competition of strength

力軍

a test of strength, a competition of strength

力石

a large stone used as a dumbbell for purposes of test of strength


右

From Middle Chinese 右 (MC hjuwX).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

右衛門

右大臣

(history, government) "of the right", junior or subordinate to 左 (sa-, “of the left”)


品

(history) a type of rank for officials in East Asian courts


品

一品

三品


塔

[a̠ɾa̠ɾa̠ɡʲi]

First appears in the Engishiki compilation of laws created in the early 900s, spelled phonetically in kanji as 阿良良伎. Spelled as 蘭, araragi literally means “wild onion” and refers to the wild rocambole, possibly hardneck garlic, notable for its tall green stalk sticking straight up. Used as a euphemism for 塔 (tafu at the time), as that word's Buddhist connotations were viewed as taboo in contexts having to do with the religious center of Itsuki no Miya (斎宮, also known as Saikū).

(tarot) The Tower, the sixteenth trump or major arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks


子

From Middle Chinese 子 (MC tsiX), also used in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨si⟩. Compare modern Mandarin 子 (zǐ).
The goon reading of shi is likely the original borrowing:
: /t͡sɨ/ → /sɨ/ → */ɕɨ/ → /ɕi/
The tōon reading su appears later, and only shows up in certain set terms borrowed from Chinese, where it seems to serve as a kind of nominalizing suffix:
: /t͡sɨ/ → /sɨ/ → */sʉ/ → /su/

(Chinese astrology) Rat, the first of the twelve Earthly Branches


子

Contracted from 鼠 (nezumi, “mouse, rat”).

(Chinese astrology) Rat, the first of the twelve Earthly Branches:

the hours between 11:00 P.M./midnight and 1:00/2:00 A.M.

the eleventh month of the lunar calendar


宮

宮 (canonical)
kyū (romanization)
kyuu (romanization)
きゆう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 宮 (MC kjuwng, “dwelling; palace; note on a scale”). Compare literary reading of Hokkien 宮 /宫 (kiong).

ltc-l

黄道十二宮、宝瓶宮

the twelve signs of the zodiac, the house of Aquarius

(astronomy, astrology) a zodiac sign or house, defined as one-twelfth of the circle of the ecliptic


左

左衛門

左大臣

(history, government) "of the left", senior or superior to 右 (u-, “of the right”)


形

From Middle Chinese 形 (MC heng). Compare modern Mandarin 形 (xíng). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

過去形

将来形

連用形

命令形

(Japanese grammar) a conjugation form of a verb


従

従一位

従三位

従九位

(history) "junior" ranking for 位 (-i, “Japanese courtier rank”)


性

From Middle Chinese 性 (MC sjengH, “nature of something, inherent quality”).
The kan'on, so a later borrowing.


感

(grammar) Clipping of 感動詞 (kandōshi, “interjection”).


態

(grammar) voice - a particular mode of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses.


星

/posi/ → /ɸoɕi/ → /hoɕi/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pəsi.


格

何格を取るか？


桂

桂 (canonical)
桂 (canonical)
katsura (romanization)

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 香 (ka, “fragrance, good smell”) + 出 (zu, “to come out, to put something out”) + ら (ra, nominalizing suffix): "that which puts out a good smell", from the way the wood smells good.

桂男

the katsura man, a character in the Chinese legend who lives on the moon

containing only the Cercidiphyllum genus

containing only the two species Cercidiphyllum japonicum and Cercidiphyllum magnificum

広葉桂

broadleaf katsura, Cercidiphyllum magnificum

(Chinese mythology) a tree on the moon, from a Chinese legend that the phases of the moon were caused by Lauraceae trees budding, blossoming, then dropping their flowers and leaves again as if in accelerated seasons


正

正一位

正三位

正九位

(history) "senior" ranking for 位 (-i, “Japanese courtier rank”)


法

法 (canonical)
hō (romanization)
fafu (romanization)
はふ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 法 (MC pjop). Originally, the kan'on was はふ (fafu), and the goon was ほふ (fofu), although both became ほう (hō) in modern Japanese. It is suggested that the kan'on was used in the general senses, while the goon was used in Buddhist contexts.


狢

狢 (canonical)
狢 (canonical)
mujina (romanization)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Wakan Sansai Zue

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

(mythology) a yōkai that shapeshifts and deceives humans


相

相 (canonical)
sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese. Goon, so likely an earlier borrowing than the shō reading.


竜

ja-noun

竜(りゅう) • (ryū)

1999 July 22, “砦(とりで)を守(まも)る翼(よく)竜(りゅう) [Winged Dragon, Guardian of the Fortress]”, in Vol.4, Konami:

A dragon who guards a mountainous fortress. It strikes its enemies as it dives down from the sky.

山の砦を守る竜。天空から急降下して敵を攻撃。

Yama no toride o mamoru ryū. Tenkū kara kyūkōka shite teki o kōgeki.

2004 May 1, Izawa, Hiroshi with Yamada, Kotaro, “第(だい)26(にじゅうろく)話(わ) 賢(けん)者(じゃ)の試(し)問(もん) [Chapter 26: A Test with the Sage]”, in ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 70:

Dragons and humans ought to be able to coexist. Isn’t the world large enough for both? I’d love to see such a world.

竜も人も一緒に生きればいい そのくらいの広さは 世界にはあるだろ？オレはそんな世界を見たいんだ

Ryū mo hito mo issho ni ikireba ii Sono kurai no hirosa wa sekai ni wa aru daro? Ore wa sonna sekai o mitai n da

神と呼ばれし竜ファ ― Kami to Yobareshi Ryū Fa ― Fa, the Dragon Known as God

2007 October 20, Izawa, Hiroshi with Yamada, Kotaro, “最終話 それぞれの道へ [Final Chapter: Epilog]”, in ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], Jump Remix edition, volume 5 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, page 353

(mythology) Synonym of ドラゴン (doragon): a Western dragon


竜

竜 (canonical)
ryō (romanization)
ryou (romanization)
りよう (hiragana historical)

(mythology, rare or in Chinese contexts) a Chinese dragon


竜

From Old Japanese.
Possibly from the verb 立つ (tatsu, “to rise, stand”).


芝

Compound of し (shi, adjectival ending) + 様 (sama, “kind, type”). The sama changes to zama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 芝 was used as an ateji, probably based on its on'yomi of shi.

compound

This is the nomenclature used in the grammar devised by 富士谷成章 (Fujitani Nariakira), a classical Japanese scholar and grammarian in the middle Edo period. Modern i adjectives still had the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) ending in -shi in the mid-Edo period, hence Fujitani's description of these as the “shi-type” of adjective.

(grammar, obsolete) “shi-type”, referring to the i adjective in Japanese grammar, specifically the ク活用 (ku katsuyō, “ku inflection”), corresponding to modern Japanese adjectives ending in -i but not -shii


茸

ja-noun

茸(くさびら) or 茸(くさひら) • (kusabira or kusahira)

茸 (canonical)
茸 (canonical)
kusabira (romanization)
kusahira (romanization)

Extension of 草片 (kusabira, “edible plant or green”), a compound of 草 (kusa, “grass”) + 片 (hira, “something flat”). According to one theory, the historical reading of this word was kusahira, without rendaku, but it's now exclusively pronounced as kusabira.


言

From Middle Chinese 言 (MC ngjon, “speech”).


誓

誓 (canonical)
ukei (romanization)
ukefi (romanization)
うけひ (hiragana historical)

アマテラスとスサノオの誓約

(archaic, Shinto, Japanese mythology) an "oath", a ritual in which whether something is true or false, right or wrong, good or evil, etc. is judged based on whether the stated outcome of an act comes true as expected


逆

ja-adj

逆(ぎゃく) • (gyaku) -na (adnominal 逆(ぎゃく)な (gyaku na), adverbial 逆(ぎゃく)に (gyaku ni))

逆 (canonical)
gyaku (romanization)
逆な (adnominal)
逆に (adverbial)
逆だろ (imperfective stem)
ぎゃくだろ (imperfective stem)
gyaku daro (imperfective)
逆で (continuative stem)
ぎゃくで (continuative stem)
gyaku de (continuative)
逆だ (stem terminative)
ぎゃくだ (stem terminative)
gyaku da (terminative)
逆な (attributive stem)
ぎゃくな (attributive stem)
gyaku na (attributive)
逆なら (hypothetical stem)
ぎゃくなら (hypothetical stem)
gyaku nara (hypothetical)
逆であれ (imperative stem)
ぎゃくであれ (imperative stem)
gyaku de are (imperative)
逆ではない (informal negative)
逆じゃない (informal negative)
ぎゃくではない (informal negative)
ぎゃくじゃない (informal negative)
gyaku de wa nai (informal negative)
gyaku ja nai (informal negative)
逆だった (informal past)
ぎゃくだった (informal past)
gyaku datta (informal past)
逆ではなかった (informal negative past)
逆じゃなかった (informal negative past)
ぎゃくではなかった (informal negative past)
ぎゃくじゃなかった (informal negative past)
gyaku de wa nakatta (informal negative past)
gyaku ja nakatta (informal negative past)
逆です (formal)
ぎゃくです (formal)
gyaku desu (formal)
逆ではありません (formal negative)
逆じゃありません (formal negative)
ぎゃくではありません (formal negative)
ぎゃくじゃありません (formal negative)
gyaku de wa arimasen (formal negative)
gyaku ja arimasen (formal negative)
逆でした (formal past)
ぎゃくでした (formal past)
gyaku deshita (formal past)
逆ではありませんでした (formal negative past)
逆じゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
ぎゃくではありませんでした (formal negative past)
ぎゃくじゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
gyaku de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
gyaku ja arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
逆で (conjunctive)
ぎゃくで (conjunctive)
gyaku de (conjunctive)
逆なら（ば） (conditional)
ぎゃくなら（ば） (conditional)
gyaku nara (ba) (conditional)
逆だったら (conditional past)
ぎゃくだったら (conditional past)
gyaku dattara (conditional past)
逆だろう (volitional)
ぎゃくだろう (volitional)
gyaku darō (volitional)
逆に (adverbial)
ぎゃくに (adverbial)
gyaku ni (adverbial)
逆さ (noun-from-adj)
ぎゃくさ (noun-from-adj)
gyakusa (noun-from-adj)

ja-adj-infl

逆

. で は ありません でした

. じゃ ありません でした


量

量 (canonical)
ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 量 (MC ljangH, “measure”).

比量


音

*/ʔiəm/ → /əmʉ/ → /omʉ/ → /oɴ/
From Middle Chinese 音 (MC 'im).


韻

韻 (canonical)
in (romanization)
ゐん (hiragana historical)

(phonetics) a rhyme group in Chinese rhyme dictionaries, consisting of kanji sharing the same or similar finals


項

項 (canonical)
kō (romanization)
kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)


鬱

鬱を克服する


魂

ja-noun

魂(たましい) • (tamashī) ^(←たましひ (tamasifi)?)

魂 (canonical)
tamashī (romanization)
tamasifi (romanization)
たましひ (hiragana historical)

⟨tamasipi₁⟩ → */tamasipʲi/ → /tamaɕifi/ → /tamaɕiwi/ → /tamaɕiː/
From Old Japanese.
Compound of 魂 (tama, “soul, spirit”, see below) and an uncertain shii, possibly 強ひ (shihi → shii), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 強ふ (shifu → shiu), modern 強いる (shiiru, “to force, compel”).

多麻之比波安之多由布敝尓多麻布礼杼安我牟祢伊多之古非能之氣吉尓

安之多由布敝尓 あしたゆふへに

安我牟祢伊多之 あがむねいたし

古非能之氣吉尓 こひのしげきに

tamashī wa ashita-yūbe ni tamafuredo aga mune itashi koi no shigeki ni


魄

2004 June 15, Rumiko Takahashi, “第(だい)１話(わ) 試(し)作(さく) [Chapter 1: Prototypes]”, in 犬(いぬ)夜(や)叉(しゃ) [Inuyasha], volume 35 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 8:

Kon is the heart… in other words, the soul. And haku is the force that moves the body…

魂は心…つまり魂だ。そして魄は体を動かす力…

Kon wa kokoro… Tsumari tamashī da. Soshite haku wa karada o ugokasu chikara…

As long as it has this haku thing, even a soulless corpse can move.

魄ってやつがあれば、魂のない死骸でも動くんだな。

Haku tte yatsu ga areba, tamashī no nai shigai de mo ugoku n da na.

(religion, folklore) po (haku), the soul which does not leave the body after death, compared to hun (kon) which does.


鯤

(Chinese mythology) a mythological giant fish that is several thousand 里 (ri, “leagues”) long and that lives in the northern seas


鯱

鯱 (canonical)
鯱 (canonical)
shachi (romanization)

(Japanese mythology) a shachihoko, a carp with the head of a tiger


鳳

鳳(ほう) • (hō)

(Chinese mythology) feng: a fabled male fire-bird, thought to be a manifestation of a saint


鵬

鵬 (canonical)
鵬 (canonical)
hō (romanization)
bō (romanization)

Kyūjitai
Peng (mythology)
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:鵬

(Chinese mythology) peng: a fabled large bird thought to have wings measuring 3,000 li and can soar up to 90,000 li

鯤鵬

something extremely large; kun (large mythical fish) and peng (large mythical bird)


龗

⟨okami₁⟩ → */okamʲi/ → /okami/
From Old Japanese.

吾岡之於可美尓言而令落雪之摧之彼所尓塵家武

waga oka no okami ni iite furashimeshi yuki no kudakeshi soko ni chirikemu

(Japanese mythology) a dragon kami of water (rain, snow, etc.)


パン

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Πάν (Pán).


韓国

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

Shortened from 大韓民国(だいかんみんこく) (Daikan Minkoku, “Republic of Korea”), from Korean 대한민국 (Daehanmin'guk). The archaic sense may be from 大韓帝國(だいかんていこく) (Daikan Teikoku, “Korean Empire”).

ja-r

(history, archaic) Korea (former empire in East Asia) (1897–1910)


ADHD

ja-noun

ADHD(エーディーエッチディー) • (ēdīetchidī)

ADHD (canonical)
ēdīetchidī (romanization)

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


北京

ja-pos

北(ほっ)京(きょう) • (Hokkyō) ^(←ほくきやう (Fokukyau)?)

北京 (canonical)
Hokkyō (romanization)
Fokukyau (romanization)
ほくきやう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 北(ほく) (hoku, “north”) + 京(きょう) (kyō, “capital city”). Attested from the 13th century.

ja-compound

(history) Kyoto the "Northern Capital", as opposed to Nara the "Southern Capital"


品詞

→ Korean: 품사 (pumsa)

Coined in Japanese as a compound of 品 (hin, “item, article”) + 詞 (shi, “word”). First appears in reference to Japanese grammar in the 1874 book 小学日本文典 (Shōgaku Nihon Bunten, “Elementary Japan Grammar Book”) by 田中義廉 (Tanaka Yoshikado). Influenced by, and possibly a partial calque of English part of speech, French partie du discours, or Dutch woordsoort (literally “word sort”).

cal

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Part of speech
ja:品詞
ja:田中義廉


用言

用言 (canonical)
yōgen (romanization)
yougen (romanization)
ようげん (hiragana historical)

用 (“use”) + 言 (“word”), literally “word that expresses function; functional word”. See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).

compound

Coordinate term: 体言 (taigen)

(grammar) an inflected 自立語 (jiritsugo, “free word”) in Japanese or Korean grammar


狒々

狒々 (canonical)
狒々 (canonical)
hihi (romanization)

(Japanese mythology, folklore) a hihi (Japanese monkey-like yokai)


平板型

平板型 (canonical)
heiban-gata (romanization)

[he̞ːbã̠ŋɡa̠ta̠]

Compound of 平板 (heiban, “flat; monotone”) + 型 (gata, “type”)

(phonetics) monotone type: the most common pitch accent pattern in “standard” Japanese or 標(ひょう)準(じゅん)語(ご) (hyōjungo), as used in the mass media, where no syllable is accented: the first syllable has a low pitch and all subsequent syllables have a higher, gradually lowering pitch


平板式

平板式 (canonical)
heiban-shiki (romanization)

[he̞ːbã̠ɰ̃ɕikʲi]

Compound of 平板 (heiban, “flat; monotone”) + 式 (shiki, “style”)

The pitch accent pattern in Japanese where no syllable is accented: the first syllable has low pitch and all subsequent syllables have higher, gradually lowering pitch.


摩擦音

摩擦音 (canonical)
masatsuon (romanization)

摩擦音は、唇と唇、齒及び口蓋と舌との如く、副管の局部を甚しく狹窄して、息と聲とが、其の狹窄部に摩擦されるに由て生ずる音で、息と聲とが、持ち來られる間はつゞけられる續音である。無聲音では、フの父音サ行ハ行等の父音、有聲音では、ワ行ヤ行ザ行等が之に屬する。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第一節 父音の分類 [Section 1: Types of Consonants]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 78:

Fricatives are sounds generated by air and phonation friction caused by a tight constriction at places of articulation in the vocal tract, such as bilabial, dental and palatal. Such airflow and phonation is continuously sustained. There are voiceless fricatives, such as the consonant /ɸ/, and the consonants of the sa-row, fa-row, etc.; there are also voiced fricatives, such as those of the wa-row, ya-row, za-row, etc.

Masatuon fa, kutibiru to kutibiru, fa oyobi kougai to sita to no gotoku, fukukan no kyokubu wo itasiku kefusaku site, iki to kowe to ga, sono kefusakubu ni masatu sareru ni yotte syauzuru on de, iki to kowe to ga, motikorareru ma fa tudukerareru zokuon de aru. Museion de fa, fu no fuon sagyau fagyau tou no fuon, iuseion de fa, wagyau yagyau zagyau tou ga kore ni zokusuru.


破擦音

破擦音 (canonical)
hasatsuon (romanization)

Blend of 破裂音 (“plosive”) + 摩擦音 (“fricative”)


破裂音

破裂音 (canonical)
haretsuon (romanization)

[ha̠ɾe̞t͡sɨõ̞ɴ]


唇音

From 唇(しん) (shin, “lips”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


鼻音

(phonology) a mora that contains a nasal sound, such as に (ni), み (mi), ん (n) or the historically nasalized vowel う (u)


舌音

From 舌 (した (ゼツ), tongue) + 音 (おと (オン), sound)

舌端歯茎音

舌端歯茎音 ぜったんしけいおん

舌先歯茎音

舌先歯茎音 ぜっせんしけいおん

舌端裏後部歯茎音

舌端裏後部歯茎音 ぜったんりこうぶしけいおん


軟口蓋音

軟口蓋音 (canonical)
nankōgaion (romanization)

[nã̠ŋko̞ːɡa̠iõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 軟(なん)口(こう)蓋(がい) (nankōgai, “soft palate”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


世界

From Middle Chinese 世界 (MC syejH keajH), originally a translation of Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “region or part of the world”). Compare Hokkien 世界 (sè-kài).

世界遺産条約

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

世界一

best in the world, most (adjective) in the world

世界気象機関: the World Meteorological Organization

世界語

universal language, international language

世界自然保護基金: the World Wide Fund for Nature

世界中

throughout the world, all the world, worldwide

世界知的所有権機関: the World Intellectual Property Organization

世界連

in line with the rest of the world, normal

世界労働組合連盟: the World Federation of Trade Unions

there are no leftover women in the world; said particularly to women

世界に余った女は無い: → there is someone for everyone

世界に鬼は無い: → the world is not full of heartless people

and there are many kind souls who will lend a hand

世界は大戯場の如し

the world is just like a big theatre → all the world's a stage

世界は張り物

the world is starched clothes → it's all about appearances, clothes make the man

世界は回り持ち

the world comes in turns → all things come to those who wait, to everything there is a season

世界半分自惚れしっかり

of the world, only halfway, but full of conceit → being full of oneself without bothering to learn much about the world

世界我が物

the world is one's possession → acting as if one owns the world

万象

all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature


女帝

ja-noun

女(じょ)帝(てい) or 女(にょ)帝(たい) • (jotei or nyotai) ^(←ぢよてい (dyotei)?)

女帝 (canonical)
女帝 (canonical)
jotei (romanization)
nyotai (romanization)
dyotei (romanization)
ぢよてい (hiragana historical)

Jinnō Shōtōki
Kitabatake Chikafusa
ja:女帝


大和

Appears to be a borrowing from Middle Chinese 大和 (MC dajH|daH hwa|hwaH).

(Chinese history) an era during the Tang dynasty, from 827 through 835 CE

(Chinese history) an era during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, from 929 through 935 CE


謹賀新年

謹賀新年 (canonical)
kinga shinnen (romanization)

[kʲĩŋɡa̠ ɕĩnːẽ̞ɴ]


冠詞

冠詞 (canonical)
kanshi (romanization)
kwansi (romanization)
くわんし (hiragana historical)


小篆

小(しょう)篆(てん) • (shōten) ^(←せうてん (seuten)?)

小篆 (canonical)
shōten (romanization)
seuten (romanization)
せうてん (hiragana historical)


助詞

(grammar) Particle: a part of speech in Japanese grammar known as a particle or relational; a suffix indicating the part of speech of the previous element or the mode of the whole preceding sentence or clause.


無声

Compound of 無 (mu, “not, non-, without”) + 声 (sei, “voice”).

com

無声音

voiceless sound, voiceless pronunciation


形容詞

From 形容 (keiyō, “description; form”) + 詞 (-shi, “word; part of speech”).
First cited to 1870.

suf

(grammar) an -i adjective: specific to Japanese grammar, an adjective with an attributive form that ends in い (-i)

形容詞の格変化

所有形容詞

フランス語の形容詞及び名詞は、男性形と女性形がある。

Furansu-go no keiyōshi oyobi meishi wa, danseikei to joseikei ga aru.

French adjectives and nouns have masculine and feminine forms.

(grammar) (more generally, such as in another language) an adjective


ねほりはほり【根掘り葉掘り】（〜尋ねる）
ネ＼ホリ・ハ＼ホリ
ネホリハ＼ホリ

2016, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典, Tokyo: NHK出版, →ISBN, ね, page 1041:

(lexicography, linguistics) used to denote pitch accent drops (下(さ)がり目(め) (sagarime))


太陽

太陽 (canonical)
taiyō (romanization)
taiyau (romanization)
たいやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 太陽 (MC thajH yang, “sun”).

太陽電池

太陽電池 たいようでんち


少女

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 乙 (oto, “young, little”) + 女 (me, “female, girl”). Compare 男 (otoko, “man”), originally meaning "young boy".

少女さび

behavior appropriate to an adult unmarried woman

a type of sea vegetable in order Ectocarpales

young woman who dances kagura at a shrine

少女文楽

少女文楽 おとめぶんらく

a kind of one-person puppet show performed by girls or young women

(mythology) a celestial maiden, a fairy, a nymph


名詞

一般名詞: common noun

一般名詞 いっぱんめいし


外国語

外国語 (canonical)
gaikokugo (romanization)

外国 (gaikoku, “foreign country”) + 語 (-go, “language, -ese”).

suffix

外国語を知らない者は自分自身の言語について何も知らない。

Gaikokugo o shiranai mono wa jibun jishin no gengo ni tsuite nani mo shiranai .

Those who do not know foreign languages know nothing about their own language.


文字

From Middle Chinese 文字 (MC mjun dziH, literally “writing + character”). Compare modern Cantonese reading man⁴ zi⁶.


文字

/mond͡ʑi/ → /mod͡ʑi/
Sound shift from monji above.

transfer through an inappropriate character set


未来

From Middle Chinese 未來 (MC mj+jH loj). Originally a Buddhist calque of Sanskrit अनागत (anāgata, “not yet come; future”, past participle), from अन्- (an-, “not”) + आगत (āgata, “what has come”), from the verb root आगम् (āgam, “to come”).


外来語

ja-noun

外(がい)来(らい)語(ご) • (gairaigo) ^(←ぐわいらいご (gwairaigo)?)

外来語 (canonical)
gairaigo (romanization)
gwairaigo (romanization)
ぐわいらいご (hiragana historical)

Compound of 外来 (gairai, “foreign”) + 語 (-go, “morpheme; word; expression”). First used by Ueda Kazutoshi in 1895, likely as a calque of German Fremdwort.

suf

「ググる」とは外来語だ。

(linguistics) a "recent" loanword, a Japanese word that has been borrowed since the modernization of Japan during the Meiji era from a modern foreign language, especially a European one; compare 借用語 (shakuyōgo)

Gairaigo
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:上田萬年
ja:外来語


母語

Calque of French langue mère, or of German Ursprache.

(linguistics, uncommon) a proto-language, a mother language (from which later daughter languages evolve)


地下

(history) a common courtier (a courtier who didn't get access to the imperial palace)

地下に潜る

go underground (as in a political movement)


アクセント

Japanese pitch accent
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:アクセント

(linguistics) accent (stronger articulation)

大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉

京阪式アクセント

Kansai pitch accent, Kyoto-Osaka type accent

(linguistics) accent (regional pronunciation)


言語

言語 (canonical)
gengo (romanization)
げんご (hiragana historical)


天女

From Middle Chinese 天女 (MC then nrjoX|nrjoH, literally “heavenly female; deva female”).

ltc-l

(Chinese god, Japanese mythology) a female inhabitant of heaven; a heavenly female


地球

地球 (canonical)
Chikyū (romanization)
Tikiu (romanization)
ちきう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 地球 (Dìqiú), coined by Matteo Ricci.

地球は24時間で１回自転します。

Chikyū wa nijūyo-jikan de ikkai jiten shimasu.

地球は太陽系の第３惑星です。

Chikyū wa taiyōkei no dai-san wakusei desu.

The Earth is the third planet of the Solar System.

それでも地球は動く。

1988 July 30 [1984 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “世(せ)界(かい)名(めい)作(さく)童(どう)話(わ)第(だい)３(さん)巻(かん) うらしま太(た)郎(ろう) [World’s Renowned Fairy Tales Book 3: Urashima Tarō]”, in ポストの中の明日 [Post-Mid-Tomorrow] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 2), 10th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 117:

Meanwhile, Earth became the planet of the apes.

地球は、サルのわく星になっていましたとさ。

Chikyū wa, saru no wakusei ni natteimashita to sa.

1999 October 17, “異(い)次(じ)元(げん)からの侵(しん)略(りゃく)者(しゃ) [Invader from a Different Dimension]”, in Booster 5, Konami:

An alien that came to Earth from outside the Milky Way.

銀河系の外から地球にやってきた宇宙人。

Gingakei no soto kara Chikyū ni yattekita uchūjin.

地球昭

earthshine, illuminating the dark part of the Moon

地球環境モニタリングシステム: Global Environment Monitoring System

地球型惑星

terrestrial planet, an Earth-like planet

地球周回衛星

satellite orbiting the Earth, an Earth orbiter

planets of the Solar System: 太陽系の惑星: 水星 · 金星 · 地球 · 火星 · 木星 · 土星 · 天王星 · 海王星 [edit]

ガイア

Gaia or Gaea, the Greek goddess of the Earth


語彙素

語彙 (goi, “vocabulary”) + 素 (so, “element”)


形態素

Compound of 形態 (keitai, “form”) + 素 (so, “element”).


恒河沙

[ɡo̞ːɡa̠ɕa̠]

From Middle Chinese 恆河沙 (MC hong ha srae), calque of Sanskrit गंगानदी वालुका (gaṃgānadī vālukā, “sand of the Ganges River”).
The current usage as the number 10⁵² was first fixed by the Jinkōki (塵劫記), 1634.

cog

गंगानदी वालुका

(etymology, Buddhism) a metaphor of the extremely large number


容認発音

容認発音 (canonical)
yōnin hatsuon (romanization)

Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation


妨げ音

妨げ音 (canonical)
samatageon (romanization)


共鳴音

[kʲo̞ːme̞ːõ̞ɴ]

From 共鳴(きょうめい) (kyōmei, “resonance”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


ドイツ民主共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ みんしゅ きょうわこく

ドイツ民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ民主共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”), a calque of German Deutsche Demokratische Republik.

cal

German Democratic Republic
German Democratic Republic

(history) the German Democratic Republic


ドイツ連邦共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ れんぽう きょうわこく

ドイツ連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ連邦共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Calque of German Bundesrepublik Deutschland, equivalent to ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Republic of Germany

(history) the Federal Republic of Germany (official name of former West Germany)


太極

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 太極 (MC thajH gik).
First cited to a text from roughly 1060, with the spelling 大極.
The main spelling in Japanese is 太極. The alternative with 大 instead of 太 appears to be largely obsolete, and is not listed in many dictionaries.

太極図

an image of the absolute, most commonly the yin-yang symbol

太極図門

a seal or crest using an image of the absolute

(Chinese philosophy) the Absolute: the condition as it existed before the creation of the world


神通力

ja-noun

神(じん)通(つう)力(りき) or 神(じん)通(ずう)力(りき) • (jintsūriki or jinzūriki)

神通力 (canonical)
神通力 (canonical)
jintsūriki (romanization)
jinzūriki (romanization)

[d͡ʑĩnt͡sɨːɾʲikʲi]

[d͡ʑĩnd͡zɨːɾʲikʲi]

Compound of 神通 (jintsū, “superpower, divine or occult power or talent”, where jintsū is the older reading for modern jinzū) + 力 (riki, “power”).

compound

(by extension, occult) a superpower, a supernatural, divine, or occult power


戦車

戦車 (canonical)
sensha (romanization)
台 (counter)


音読み

[õ̞ɰ̃jo̞mʲi]

Compound of 音 (on, “sound”) + 読み (yomi, “reading”). Originally referred to the sounds (i.e. pronunciations) to use when reading Chinese text, as opposed to the meanings of these Chinese words in Japanese (called 訓読み (kun'yomi) or 訓読 (kundoku)).

(linguistics) the reading of a Japanese word written in kanji that is roughly based on the pronunciation of the kanji characters in the originating Chinese lect at the time the word was introduced into Japanese

漢文

Chinese writing, Chinese literature, Chinese classic

as opposed to more recent borrowings, usually classified as gairaigo

漢語: a Chinese-derived word borrowed into Japanese generally before the 1300s

外来語

a foreign word borrowed into Japanese generally in the 1300s or later


形容動詞

形容動詞 (canonical)
keiyō dōshi (romanization)

Compound of 形容(けいよう) (keiyō, “description; form”) + 動詞(どうし) (dōshi, “verb”).

ja-com

(grammar) な-adjective: specific to Japanese grammar, an adjective with an attributive form that ends in な (na-)

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
ja:形容動詞


受ける

ja-verb

受(う)ける • (ukeru) transitive ichidan (stem 受(う)け (uke), past 受(う)けた (uketa))

受(う)ける • (ukeru) intransitive ichidan (stem 受(う)け (uke), past 受(う)けた (uketa))

受ける (canonical)
ukeru (romanization)
受け (stem)
受けた (past)
受ける (canonical)
ukeru (romanization)
受け (stem)
受けた (past)
受け
うけ
uke
受ける
うける
ukeru
受けれ
うけれ
ukere
受けよ (imperative literary)
受けろ (colloquial imperative)
うけよ (imperative literary)
うけろ (colloquial imperative)
ukeyo (imperative literary)
ukero (colloquial imperative)
受けられる (passive)
うけられる (passive)
ukerareru (passive)
受けさせる (causative)
受けさす (causative)
うけさせる (causative)
うけさす (causative)
ukesaseru (causative)
ukesasu (causative)
受けられる (potential)
受けれる (colloquial potential)
うけられる (potential)
うけれる (colloquial potential)
ukerareru (potential)
ukereru (colloquial potential)
受けよう (volitional)
うけよう (volitional)
ukeyō (volitional)
受けない (negative)
受けぬ (negative)
受けん (negative)
うけない (negative)
うけぬ (negative)
うけん (negative)
ukenai (negative)
ukenu (negative)
uken (negative)
受けず (continuative negative)
うけず (continuative negative)
ukezu (continuative negative)
受けます (formal)
うけます (formal)
ukemasu (formal)
受けた (perfective)
うけた (perfective)
uketa (perfective)
受けて (conjunctive)
うけて (conjunctive)
ukete (conjunctive)
受ければ (conditional hypothetical)
うければ (conditional hypothetical)
ukereba (conditional hypothetical)

連体修飾語を受けて

連体修飾語 れんたいしゅうしょくご


働く

働(はたら)く • (hataraku) intransitive godan (stem 働(はたら)き (hataraki), past 働(はたら)いた (hataraita))

働く (canonical)
hataraku (romanization)
働き (stem)
働いた (past)
働か
はたらか
hataraka
働き
はたらき
hataraki
働く
はたらく
hataraku
働け
はたらけ
hatarake
働かれる (passive)
はたらかれる (passive)
hatarakareru (passive)
働かせる (causative)
働かす (causative)
はたらかせる (causative)
はたらかす (causative)
hatarakaseru (causative)
hatarakasu (causative)
働ける (potential)
はたらける (potential)
hatarakeru (potential)
働こう (volitional)
はたらこう (volitional)
hatarakō (volitional)
働かない (negative)
はたらかない (negative)
hatarakanai (negative)
働かず (continuative negative)
はたらかず (continuative negative)
hatarakazu (continuative negative)
働きます (formal)
はたらきます (formal)
hatarakimasu (formal)
働いた (perfective)
はたらいた (perfective)
hataraita (perfective)
働いて (conjunctive)
はたらいて (conjunctive)
hataraite (conjunctive)
働けば (conditional hypothetical)
はたらけば (conditional hypothetical)
hatarakeba (conditional hypothetical)

Most likely derived ultimately from a mimetic word はた (hata, adverb, referring to the sound of objects bumping together), in turn possibly cognate with 旗 (hata, “flag”, from the sound of a flag flapping) and 機 (hata, “a loom”, from the sound of the shuttle or the workings of the batten).
Compare also adverb はたはた (hatahata, “working diligently”), verb はためく (hatameku, “to flutter, flap, flicker, whip”).
First cited in the late 900s, with the sense of "to move one's body".

ja-r

(grammar) to conjugate; to inflect; to decline


連語

Possibly coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 連 (ren, “linking, joining”) + 語 (go, “word”).

compound

(linguistics) a compound word: a multiple-word term used as a set phrase or single term


連用形

連用形 (canonical)
ren'yōkei (romanization)

[ɾẽ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːke̞ː]

Compound of 連用 (ren'yō, “attaching to an inflecting word”, where 用 (yō) is short for 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”)) + 形 (kei, “form”).

This is the base form after which various conjugational endings are added, such as て (te) or ます (masu). See Appendix:Japanese verbs for more details.

(grammar) an inflectional category: the continuative or stem form for verbs, the adverbial form for adjectives


未然形

Compound of 未然 (mizen, literally “not yet occurred”) + 形 (kei, “form”). Historically called 将然言(しょうぜんげん) (shōzengen), 未然段(みぜんだん) (mizendan).

Indicates that something has not yet happened, or not yet begun.

(grammar) a Japanese verbal inflectional category: the irrealis form

ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ


普通名詞

普通名詞 (canonical)
futsū meishi (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟̊t͡sɨː me̞ːɕi]

普通 (futsū, “common”) + 名詞 (meishi, “noun”)


男性

男性経験

男性経験 だんせいけいけん

男性社会

男性社会 だんせいしゃかい

独身男性

独身男性 どくしんだんせい


女性

ja-noun

女(じょ)性(せい) • (josei) ^(←ぢよせい (dyosei)?) (counter 人)

女性 (canonical)
josei (romanization)
dyosei (romanization)
人 (counter)
ぢよせい (hiragana historical)

Spelling repurposed from nyoshō below during the Meiji period (1868–1912), using the relatively newer kan'on readings of the characters.


助数詞

[d͡ʑo̞sɨːɕi]

(grammar) counter word, a Japanese part of speech


連濁

[ɾẽ̞nda̠kɯ̟]

From 連 (ren, “continuous, sequential”) + 濁 (daku, “voicing”).

compound

(linguistics) a morphological change of an initial syllable of the second word of a compound in Japanese from an unvoiced sound to a corresponding voiced one (more precisely, a change to the sound of corresponding kana with a 濁点).


離合詞

(Chinese grammar) (grammar) separable verb


朝鮮語

ja-noun

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)語(ご) • (chōsengo) ^(←てうせんご (teusengo)?)

朝鮮語 (canonical)
chōsengo (romanization)
teusengo (romanization)
てうせんご (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”)

suf

(linguistics) the Korean language (academically or about the North Korean standard)


活用

活用する (canonical)
katsuyō suru (romanization)
kwatuyou (romanization)
活用し (stem)
活用した (past)
活用し
かつようし
katsuyō shi
活用する
かつようする
katsuyō suru
活用すれ
かつようすれ
katsuyō sure
活用せよ (imperative literary)
活用しろ (colloquial imperative)
かつようせよ (imperative literary)
かつようしろ (colloquial imperative)
katsuyō seyo (imperative literary)
katsuyō shiro (colloquial imperative)
活用される (passive)
かつようされる (passive)
katsuyō sareru (passive)
活用させる (causative)
活用さす (causative)
かつようさせる (causative)
かつようさす (causative)
katsuyō saseru (causative)
katsuyō sasu (causative)
活用できる (potential)
かつようできる (potential)
katsuyō dekiru (potential)
活用しよう (volitional)
かつようしよう (volitional)
katsuyō shiyō (volitional)
活用しない (negative)
かつようしない (negative)
katsuyō shinai (negative)
活用せず (continuative negative)
かつようせず (continuative negative)
katsuyō sezu (continuative negative)
活用します (formal)
かつようします (formal)
katsuyō shimasu (formal)
活用した (perfective)
かつようした (perfective)
katsuyō shita (perfective)
活用して (conjunctive)
かつようして (conjunctive)
katsuyō shite (conjunctive)
活用すれば (conditional hypothetical)
かつようすれば (conditional hypothetical)
katsuyō sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(intransitive, grammar) to inflect, to conjugate


水神

Probably from Middle Chinese 水神 (MC sywijX zyin, literally “water god”).

ltc-l

There are numerous such kami.

(mythology, Shinto): a Japanese god of water


対語

ja-noun

対(つい)語(ご) or 対(たい)語(ご) • (tsuigo or taigo)

対語 (canonical)
対語 (canonical)
tsuigo (romanization)
taigo (romanization)


天皇

ja-pos

天(てん)皇(こう) • (Tenkō) ^(←てんくわう (Tenkwau)?)

天皇 (canonical)
Tenkō (romanization)
Tenkwau (romanization)
てんくわう (hiragana historical)

/ten kʷau/ → /tenkʷɔː/ → /tenkɔː/ → /tenkoː/
From Middle Chinese 天皇 (MC then hwang).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

(Chinese mythology) the first of the Three Sovereigns, possibly 伏羲 (Fukki, “Fu Xi”)


大宇宙

[da̠iɯ̟t͡ɕɨː]

A calque of German Makrokosmos, equivalent to 大(だい) (dai) + 宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (uchū).


複数

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟sɨː]


複数形

複数形 (canonical)
fukusūkei (romanization)


火車

火車 (canonical)
kasha (romanization)
kwasya (romanization)
くわしや (hiragana historical)

/kua t͡ɕia/ → /kʷaɕʲa/ → /kaɕa/
From Middle Chinese compound 火車 (MC xwaX tsyhae).
The "steam locomotive" sense is a semantic loan from modern Chinese 火車 /火车 (huǒchē).

(folklore) a yōkai that steals the corpses of those who have died as a result of accumulating evil deeds


自動

(grammar) intransitive verb (Abbreviation of 自動詞.)


接続詞

接続詞 (canonical)
setsuzokushi (romanization)


連体詞

連体詞 (canonical)
rentaishi (romanization)

Compound of 連体 (rentai, “attribution”, of a noun; limited to grammatical contexts, literally “accompanying an uninflecting word”) + 詞 (-shi, “word; part of speech”).
First cited to a text from 1937.

suf

(grammar) an adnominal (attributive word: cannot be used predicatively and must precede a 体言 (taigen, “uninflecting word”) in Japanese grammar; examples are この (kono, “this”), 所謂 (iwayuru, “so-called”), 主たる (shu-taru, “main”), 単なる (tan-naru, “mere”), etc.)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Japanese adjectives#Attributives
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:連体詞


固有名詞

ja-noun

固(こ)有(ゆう)名(めい)詞(し) • (koyū meishi) ^(←こいうめいし (koiumeisi)?)

固有名詞 (canonical)
koyū meishi (romanization)
koiumeisi (romanization)
こいうめいし (hiragana historical)

固有 (koyū, “characteristic”) + 名詞 (meishi, “noun”)


代名詞

代名詞 (canonical)
daimeishi (romanization)

From 代 (dai, “replacement”) + 名詞 (meishi, “noun”), as it stands in for a noun.


接尾辞

接尾辞 (canonical)
setsubiji (romanization)


五十音

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん) • (gojūon) ^(←ごじふおん (gozifuon)?)

五十音 (canonical)
gojūon (romanization)
gozifuon (romanization)
ごじふおん (hiragana historical)

From 五十 (gojū, “fifty”) + 音 (on, “sound”).

(phonology, orthography, grammar) all Japanese morae that can be spelled with 45 single modern kana and 2 historical kana (ゐ/ヰ and ゑ/ヱ) customarily without diacritical marks (゛ and ゜), excluding っ and ん, arranged in a 5x10 table (五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “table of the fifty sounds”)), used for phonological and grammatical analysis


国際音声記号

ja-pos

こくさい おんせい きごう

こくさい おんせい きがう

国(こく)際(さい)音(おん)声(せい)記(き)号(ごう) • (Kokusai Onsei Kigō) ^(←こくさいおんせいきがう (Kokusai Onsei Kigau)?)

国際音声記号 (canonical)
Kokusai Onsei Kigō (romanization)
Kokusai Onsei Kigau (romanization)
こくさいおんせいきがう (hiragana historical)

[ko̞kɯ̟sa̠i õ̞ɰ̃se̞ː kʲiɡo̞ː]

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) International Phonetic Alphabet


音声記号

音声記号 (canonical)
onseikigō (romanization)

[õ̞ɰ̃se̞ːkʲiɡo̞ː]

From 音(おん)声(せい) (onsei, “speech”) + 記(き)号(ごう) (kigō, “symbol”).

ja-compound

発音記号

発音記号 はつおんきごう


発音記号

ja-noun

発(はつ)音(おん)記(き)号(ごう) • (hatsuonkigō) ^(←はつおんきがう (fatuonkigau)?)

発音記号 (canonical)
hatsuonkigō (romanization)
fatuonkigau (romanization)
はつおんきがう (hiragana historical)

[ha̠t͡sɨõ̞ŋʲkʲiɡo̞ː]

From 発(はつ)音(おん) (hatsuon, “pronunciation”) + 記(き)号(ごう) (kigō, “symbol”).

ja-compound

音声記号

音声記号 おんせいきごう


音声器官

ja-noun

音(おん)声(せい)器(き)官(かん) • (onsei kikan) ^(←おんせいきくわん (onsei kikwan)?)

音声器官 (canonical)
onsei kikan (romanization)
onsei kikwan (romanization)
おんせいきくわん (hiragana historical)

[õ̞ɰ̃se̞ː kʲikã̠ɴ]

Compound of 音(おん)声(せい) (onsei, “speech sound, voice”) + 器(き)官(かん) (kikan, “organ”)。


調音音声学

ja-noun

ちょうおん おんせいがく

調(ちょう)音(おん)音(おん)声(せい)学(がく) • (chōon onseigaku) ^(←てうおんおんせいがく (teuon onseigaku)?)

調音音声学 (canonical)
chōon onseigaku (romanization)
teuon onseigaku (romanization)
てうおんおんせいがく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːo̞ɰ̃ õ̞ɰ̃se̞ːɡa̠kɯ̟]


音響音声学

おんきょう おんせいがく

おんきゃう おんせいがく

音(おん)響(きょう)音(おん)声(せい)学(がく) • (onkyō onseigaku) ^(←おんきゃうおんせいがく (onkyau onseigaku)?)

音響音声学 (canonical)
onkyō onseigaku (romanization)
onkyau onseigaku (romanization)
おんきゃうおんせいがく (hiragana historical)

[õ̞ŋʲkʲo̞ː õ̞ɰ̃se̞ːɡa̠kɯ̟]


調音部位

調音部位 (canonical)
chōon bui (romanization)

place of articulation
place of articulation

調音位置

調音位置 ちょうおんいち


調音位置

調音位置 (canonical)
chōon ichi (romanization)

From 調音(ちょうおん) (chōon, “articulation”) + 位置(いち) (ichi, “position”).

調音部位

調音部位 ちょうおんぶい


恋人

恋(こい)人(びと) • (koibito) ^(←こひびと (kofibito)?)

恋人 (canonical)
koibito (romanization)
kofibito (romanization)
こひびと (hiragana historical)

From 恋(こい) (koi, “love”) + 人(ひと) (hito, “person”). The hito changes to bito as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

ja:恋人
ja:恋人 (タロット)

(tarot) The Lovers, the sixth trump or major arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks


有声音

Compound of 有声 (yūsei, “voiced”) + 音 (on, “sound”).


有声

Compound of 有 (yū, “to have, possess, own”) + 声 (sei, “voice”).

com

(phonetics) sonant, vocal, phonic; the quality of being voiced

有声子音

有声子音 ゆうせいしいん


有声子音

有声子音 (canonical)
yūsei shiin (romanization)

From 有声(ゆうせい) (yūsei, “voiced”) + 子音(しいん) (shiin, “consonant”).


無声子音

無声子音 (canonical)
musei shiin (romanization)

有声子音

有声子音 ゆうせいしいん

From 無声(むせい) (musei, “voiceless”) + 子音(しいん) (shiin, “consonant”).


子音

ja-noun

子(し)音(いん) or 子(し)音(おん) • (shiin or shion)

子音 (canonical)
子音 (canonical)
shiin (romanization)
shion (romanization)

→ Chinese: 子音 (zǐyīn)

→ Korean: 자음 (ja'eum)

子 (“child”) + 音 (“sound”). From the notion of a mothering vowel mating with a fathering consonant and giving birth to an onsetted mora, according to Meiji-era linguists, as in father /k/ + mother あ (/a/) = child か (/ka/).

Meronyms: 父音 (fuon), 母音 (boon)

子音とは、五十音の中より、五個の母音を除きたる、他の四十五音をいふ。こは、父母兩音の配合して成れるものなれば、その音聲單純ならず。故に、（か……ア）、（き……イ）の如く、聲を長く延くときは、その韻必ず母音に歸するなり。今、こゝに父音と母音と配合して、子音を生ずる順序を示さむ。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第二章 母音 父音 子音 [Chapter 2: Mother Sounds, Father Sounds and Child Sounds]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 6:

Excluding the five mother sounds from the fifty sounds, the forty-five remaining sounds are called ‘child sounds’. Since they result from combining father and mother sounds, their quality is not simple. Thus, if the voicing is prolonged, as in (ka……a) or (ki……i), the rhymes always turn back into mother sounds. Now, I shall demonstrate the order in which father sounds and mother sounds combine and bear child sounds.

Shion to wa, gojūon no naka yori, goko no boon o nozoki taru, hoka no shijūgoon o iu. Kowa, fubo ryōon no haigō shite nareru mono nare ba, sono onsei tanjun narazu. Yue ni, (ka……a), (ki……i) no gotoku, koe o nagaku hiku toki wa, sono in kanarazu boon ni kisuru nari. Ima, koko ni fuon to boon to haigō shite, shion o shōzuru junjo o shimesamu.

五十音中、母音外の四十五音を、子音といふ。子音は、母音と、他の一種幽微なる音との、配合して生じたるものにして、その音純ならず。故に、之を長く引きて呼べば、皆、母音にかへらむ。卽ち、カ—ア、キ—イの如し。

1897 March, “〇子音 [〇Child Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Among the fifty sounds, the forty-five ones other than the mother sounds are called child sounds. Child sounds are born by mother sounds combined with a sort of subtle sound, and their quality is not pure. That is, if you prolong them, they should turn back into mother sounds, as in, for example ka—a or ki—i.

Gojūonchū, boongai no shijūgoon o, SHION to iu. Shion wa, boon to, hoka no isshu yūbi naru on to no, haigō shite shōji taru mono ni shite, sono on jun narazu. Yue ni, kore o nagaku hikite yobe ba, mina, boon ni kaeramu. Sunawachi, ka—a, ki—i no gotoshi.

故に、此の四十五音を、子音と稱し、其のクスツヌフムユル𛄢の如き九音を、父音と稱す。此の父音は、極めて隱微なるものにて、明に聲に發する能はざれど、やゝ、これ等に似たる故に、此の九個の音の文字にて、これを示せるなり。

1897 November, Shioi, Ukō, “第二 子音 [Number 2: Child Sounds]”, in 中學日本文典 [A Middle-School Japanese Grammar], 六盟館, page 3:

Thus, the forty-five sounds are called ‘child sounds’, and the nine sounds such as ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru and wu are called ‘father sounds’. The father sounds are highly obscure, and even though they can be clearly uttered, they can only be approximated by these nine phonetic characters that sound close to them.

Yue ni, kono shijūgoon o, shion to shōshi, sono ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru wu no gotoki kuon o, fuon to shōsu. Kono fuon wa, kiwamete inbi naru mono ni te, saya ni koe ni hassuru nō wa zaredo, yaya, korera ni ni taru ni, kono kuko no on no moji ni te, kore o shimeseru nari.

子音は、父音と母音と相合して、生するなり、左の如し

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “子音 [Child Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 14:

‘Child sounds’ are born by combining father sounds and mother sounds, as shown on the left page

Shion wa, fuon to boon to aiai site, shōzuru nari, hidari no gotoshi

子(し)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはカ行(ぎやう)のキクケコ、サ行(ぎやう)のシスセソのやうなものであります。子(し)音(おん)が父(ふ)音(おん)と母(ぼ)音(おん)との爲(た)めに生(う)まれると云(い)ふ事(こと)は既(すで)に說(と)いて置(お)いた通(とほ)りでありますが、左(さ)の表(へう)に依(よ)つて明(あきら)かになるであらうと思(おも)ひます。但(ただ)し表(へう)は母(ぼ)音(おん)のアだけは省(はぶ)きます。

1912, 淸 榊原, “⑷ 子音 [⑷ Child Sounds]”, in 自習速記術 [Self-Taught Stenography], 以文館, pages 15–16:

‘Child sounds’ are letters such as ki, ku, ke and ko of the ka-row or shi, su, se and so of the sa-row. Child sounds are said to be born by father sounds and mother sounds, which I have already explained, so I assume the demonstration on the left chart should be easily understood. Note that the mother sound a is left out of the chart.

Shion to iu mono fa kagyō no ki ku ke ko, sagyō no shi su se so no yō na mono de arimasu. Shion ga fuon to boon to no tame ni umareru to iu koto wa sude ni toite oita tōri de arimasu ga, sa no hō ni yotte akiraka ni naru de arau to omoimasu. Tadashi hō wa boon no a dake wa habukimasu.

(obsolete, phonology) any of the morae with an onset consonant listed on the 五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “chart of the fifty sounds”), such as か (ka) or し (shi), but not あ (a) or い (i), and not が (ga), じ (ji) or ぱ (pa)

Coordinate term: 母音 (boin)


母音

→ Chinese: 母音 (mǔyīn)

→ Korean: 모음 (mo'eum)

→ Vietnamese: mẫu âm

母 (“mother”) + 音 (“sound”). From the notion of a mothering vowel mating with a fathering consonant and giving birth to an onsetted mora, according to Meiji-era linguists, as in father /k/ + mother あ (/a/) = child か (/ka/). Compare 字母 (jibo, “letter”, literally “character mother”), 声母 (seibo, “onset”, literally “sound mother”) and 韻母 (inbo, “rhyme”, literally “rime mother”), all of which compare the process of generating words, syllables, etc. from a basic set of segments to motherhood.

Holonym: 子音 (shion)

Coordinate term: 父音 (fuon)

五十音の中、阿行の五音を母音といふ。こは、單純なる音にして、いかに延長して發音するも、（あ……ア）、（い……イ）の如く、その音聲の變ずることなきものなり。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第二章 母音 父音 子音 [Chapter 2: Mother Sounds, Father Sounds and Child Sounds]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, pages 5–6:

Among the fifty sounds, the five sounds of the a-row are called ‘mother sounds’. They are simple sounds, and however long they are pronounced, as in (a……a) or (i……i), their quality does not change.

Gojūon no naka, agyō no goon o boon to iu. Kowa, tanjun naru on ni shite, ika ni enchō shite hatsuon suru mo, (a……a), (i……i) no gotoku, sono onsei no henzuru koto naki mono nari.

五十音を分ちて、母音と、子音との二となす。母音は、單純なる喉音にして、その數五あり、アイウエオ是なり。

1897 March, “〇母音 [〇Mother Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Dividing the fifty sounds into two groups, there are mother sounds and child sounds. Mother sounds are simple guttural sounds, and there are five of them, namely a, i, u, e and o.

Gojūon o wakachite, BOON to, SHION to no ni to nasu. Boon wa, tanjun naru kōon ni shite, sono kazu go ari, a i u e o kore nari.

この五音は、最も單一なる淸める音にて、これを母音と稱す。

1897 November, Shioi, Ukō, “第一 母音 [Number 1: Mother Sounds]”, in 中學日本文典 [A Middle-School Japanese Grammar], 六盟館, pages 2–3:

These five sounds are the simplest clear sounds, and they are called ‘mother sounds’.

Kono goon wa, motto mo tan'itsu kiyomeru on ni te, kore o boon to shōsu.

母音は、吾國語音では、唯一なる喉音である。聲門帶で規律ある顫動を受けたる音が、副管部に共鳴せられて、吾人の耳に聞ゆるものを母音と云ふ。母音は、種々の音色を得るために、口腔內に共鳴されるが、決して或る局部に於て、吾等の聽き得られ、感じ得られる樣の摩擦を生ずるが如きことは無い。若し、有つたならば、其は母音では無くて父音である。此の區別法は、極めて重大おる要件である。後のヤ行ワ行が、頗る母音に近い音であるけれども、父音たることを免れないのは是が爲である。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十二章 母 音 [Chapter 12: Vowels]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, pages 53–54:

Vowels are the only guttural sounds among the sounds of our language. What are known as vowels are sounds that undergo systematic vibrations at the vocal folds, resonate in the vocal tract, and wind up being heard by our ears. A vowel resonates in the oral cavity in order to achieve its diverse tonal quality, but there must be no such thing as friction that can be heard or felt by us at certain places of articulation. Otherwise, it will not be a vowel, but a consonant. This distinction is of utmost importance. Later when we discuss the ya-row and wa-row, which sound very similar to vowels, this point must be noticed in order to explain the fact that they still contain consonants.

Boon wa, waga kuni goon de wa, yuiitsu naru kōon de aru. Seimontai de kiritsu aru sendō o uke taru on ga, fukukanbu ni kyōmei serarete, gojin no mimi ni kikoyuru mono o boon to iu. Boon wa, shuju no onshoku o eru tame ni, kōkōnai ni kyōmei sareru ga, kesshite aru kyokubu ni oite, warera no kikierare, kanjierareru yō no masatsu o shōzuru ga gotoki koto wa nai. Moshi, atta nara ba, sore wa boon de wa nakute fuon de aru. Kono kubetsuhō wa, kiwamete jūdai oru yōken de aru. Ato no yagyō wagyō ga, sukoburu boon ni chikai on de aru kere do mo, fuon taru koto o manukarenai no wa kore ga tame de aru.

ア、イ、ウ、エ、オの五文字を、母音と云ふ、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “母音 [Mother Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 14:

The five letters a, i, u, e and o are called ‘mother sounds’

母(ぼ)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはアイウエオの五字(じ)、半(はん)母(ぼ)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはワヰウヱヲの五字(じ)を云(い)ふのであります。

1912, 淸 榊原, “⑵ 母音と半母音 [⑵ Mother Sounds and Semi-Mother Sounds]”, in 自習速記術 [Self-Taught Stenography], 以文館, pages 11–12:

‘Mother sounds’ are the five letters a, i, u, e and o. ‘Semi-mother sounds’ are the five letters wa, wi, u, we and wo.

Boon to iu mono wa a i u e o no goji, hanboon to iu mono wa wa wi u we wo no goji o iu no de arimasu.

(obsolete, phonology) one of the five morae of the あ行 (agyō, “a-row”), that consists solely of a vowel

Coordinate term: 子音 (shiin)


両唇音

両(りょう)唇(しん)音(おん) • (ryōshin'on) ^(←りやうしんおん (ryausin'on)?)

両唇音 (canonical)
ryōshin'on (romanization)
ryausin'on (romanization)
りやうしんおん (hiragana historical)

[ɾʲo̞ːɕĩɰ̃õ̞ɴ]

両 (ryō, “both”) + 唇音 (shin'on, “labial”)


統語論

[to̞ːɡo̞ɾõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 統語 (tōgo, “syntax”, less common on its own than synonym 構文 kōbun) + 論 (ron, “theory”).

less common on its own than synonym <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">構文</i> kōbun

(linguistics) syntax (as a field of study), syntactics

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Syntax
ja:松村明
ja:統語論


ケンタウルス

[kẽ̞nta̠ɯ̟ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Learned borrowing from Latin centaurus, from Ancient Greek κένταυρος (kéntauros)

ケンタウロス ケンタウロス#Japanese

(Roman mythology) Alternative form of ケンタウロス (kentaurosu, “centaur”)


終止形

ja-noun

終(しゅう)止(し)形(けい) • (shūshikei) ^(←しゆうしけい (syuusikei)?)

終止形 (canonical)
shūshikei (romanization)
syuusikei (romanization)
しゆうしけい (hiragana historical)

[ɕɨːɕi̥ke̞ː]

(grammar) an inflectional category; the conclusive form (the form used at the ends of clauses in predicate positions)


連体形

連体形 (canonical)
rentaikei (romanization)

Compound of 連体 (rentai, “connecting to an uninflectable word”, where 体 is short for 体言 (taigen, “uninflectable word”)) + 形 (kei, “form”).

compound

(grammar) the attributive form; an inflectional category


仮定形

(grammar) a verbal inflectional category; the conditional form. Evolved from the 已然形 (realis form).


命令形

命令形 (canonical)
meireikei (romanization)

[me̞ːɾe̞ːke̞ː]

(grammar) the imperative form; an inflectional category


自動詞

Compound of 自動 (jidō, “self-moving, self-acting”) + 詞 (shi, “word; part of speech”).

Daijirin
Daijisen
Intransitive verb
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明
ja:自動詞


他動詞

Compound of 他動 (tadō, “other-moving, other-acting”) + 詞 (shi, “word; part of speech”).

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Transitive verb
ja:他動詞
ja:松村明


擬音語

(grammar) an onomatopoeic word, a word that sounds like the sound that it represents; onomatopoeia


擬態語

(grammar) an ideophone; a word the sound of which represents something inaudible, a non-auditory sensation, or a psychological state, phenomime


天の川

ja-pos

天(あま)の川(がわ) • (Amanogawa) ^(←あまのがは (Amanogafa)?)

天の川 (canonical)
Amanogawa (romanization)
Amanogafa (romanization)
あまのがは (hiragana historical)

From 天 (ama, “heaven”) + の (no, possessive/attributive particle) + 川 (kawa, “river”).

af

(folklore) the Milky Way (where Orihime could meet Hikoboshi on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month)


同義語

[do̞ːɡʲiɡo̞]


形態学

形態学 (canonical)
keitaigaku (romanization)

(geology, biology, linguistics) morphology


遺物

遺物 (canonical)
ibutsu (romanization)
wibutu (romanization)
ゐぶつ (hiragana historical)

(archaeology) relic (artifact left behind by a culture)


一人称

一人称 (canonical)
ichininshō (romanization)


三人称

三人称 (canonical)
sanninshō (romanization)


人称代名詞

ja-noun

人(にん)称(しょう)代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) • (ninshō daimeishi) ^(←にんしようだいめいし (ninsyou daimeisi)?)

人称代名詞 (canonical)
ninshō daimeishi (romanization)
ninsyou daimeisi (romanization)
にんしようだいめいし (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟ĩɰ̃ɕo̞ː da̠ime̞ːɕi]

From 人(にん)称(しょう) (ninshō, “person”) + 代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) (daimeishi, “pronoun”).


指示代名詞

ja-noun

指(し)示(じ)代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) • (shiji daimeishi)

指示代名詞 (canonical)
shiji daimeishi (romanization)

From 指示(しじ) (shiji, “demonstrative”): + 代名詞(だいめいし) (daimeishi, “pronoun”).

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun

あれ: that

are; Mostly in Japanese, the thing is far from the speaker physically

これ: this

Mostly in Japanese, the thing is near to the speaker physically

that

Mostly in Japanese, the thing is pointed by a gesture or the previous sentences


体言

Coinage in Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 体 (tai, “body”) + 言 (gen, “word”), literally “substantive word”. Compare English substantive.
In Japanese grammar, contrasts with 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”, literally “function word”). See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).
First cited in 1851.

compound

Coordinate term: 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”)

(grammar) a Japanese or Korean word that does not inflect and can be used as a grammatical subject


時制

From 時 (ジ, ji, time) + 制 (セイ, sei, control)

現在時制: present tense

現在時制 げんざいじせい

現在完了時制: present perfect tense

現在完了時制 げんざいかんりょうじせい

過去完了時制

過去完了時制 かこかんりょうじせい

未来完了時制: future perfect tense

未来完了時制 みらいかんりょうじせい

完了時制: perfect tense

完了時制 かんりょうじせい

未完了時制

未完了時制 みかんりょうじせい

条件時制

条件時制 じょうけんじせい


過去時制

過去時制 (canonical)
kako jisei (romanization)

From 過去(かこ) (kako, “past”) + 時制(じせい) (jisei, “tense”).

現在時制

現在時制 げんざいじせい


定冠詞

ja-noun

定(てい)冠(かん)詞(し) • (teikanshi) ^(←ていくわんし (teikwansi)?)

定冠詞 (canonical)
teikanshi (romanization)
teikwansi (romanization)
ていくわんし (hiragana historical)

[te̞ːkã̠ɰ̃ɕi]

Compound of 定 (tei, “definite”) + 冠詞 (kanshi, “article, as in grammar”).


不定冠詞

ja-noun

不(ふ)定(てい)冠(かん)詞(し) • (futeikanshi) ^(←ふていくわんし (futeikwansi)?)

不定冠詞 (canonical)
futeikanshi (romanization)
futeikwansi (romanization)
ふていくわんし (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟te̞ːkã̠ɰ̃ɕi]

Compound of 不定 (futei, “indefinite”) + 冠詞 (kanshi, “article, as in grammar”).


前置詞

前置詞 (canonical)
zenchishi (romanization)

[d͡zẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕiɕi]


疑問詞

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun

interrogative adverb
interrogative adverb

interrogative adjective
interrogative adjective

(grammar) interrogative, including the interrogative pronoun, interrogative adverb, and interrogative adjective.

疑問代名詞: interrogative pronoun

疑問代名詞 ぎもんだいめいし

疑問形容詞: interrogative adjective

疑問形容詞 ぎもんけいようし


現在分詞

現在分詞 (canonical)
genzai bunshi (romanization)


過去分詞

過去分詞 (canonical)
kakobunshi (romanization)

[ka̠ko̞bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕi]

現在分詞: present participle

現在分詞 げんざいぶんし


分詞

現在分詞: present participle

現在分詞 げんざいぶんし


(lexicography) used to separate furigana from okurigana when giving kanji readings in some dictionaries

ねほりはほり【根掘り葉掘り】（〜尋ねる）
ネ＼ホリ・ハ＼ホリ
ネホリハ＼ホリ

アクセント句(く) アクセント句#Japanese

(lexicography, linguistics) used to denote accent phrase boundaries (アクセント句(く) (akusento-ku))


共産主義

共産主義 (canonical)
kyōsanshugi (romanization)

[kʲo̞ːsã̠ɰ̃ɕɨɡʲi]

共産主義者

共産主義者 きょうさんしゅぎしゃ

民主主義

民主主義 みんしゅしゅぎ

社会主義

社会主義 しゃかいしゅぎ


文章

ja-noun

文(ぶん)章(しょう) • (bunshō) ^(←ぶんしやう (bunsyau)?)

文章 (canonical)
bunshō (romanization)
bunsyau (romanization)
ぶんしやう (hiragana historical)

[bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕo̞ː]


最上級

最(さい)上(じょう)級(きゅう) • (saijōkyū)

[sa̠iʑo̞ːkʲɨː]

最上級生 senior

最上級生 さいじょうきゅうせい


比較級

比較級(ひかっきゅう) • (hikakkyū)

比較級 (canonical)
hikakukyū (romanization)
比較級 (canonical)
hikakkyū (romanization)

最上級: superlative

最上級 さいじょうきゅう


絶対格

絶対格 (canonical)
zettaikaku (romanization)


連体格

連体格 (canonical)
rentaikaku (romanization)


前置格

前置格 (canonical)
zenchikaku (romanization)


促音

Coordinate term: 撥音

(Japanese phonology and phonetics) a moraic obstruent (the first half of a Japanese geminate obstruent, such as the first [k] in [kk], usually phonologically noted as /Q/, bearing one mora as the coda of a syllable)


現在時制

現在時制 (canonical)
genzai jisei (romanization)

Compound of 現在 (genzai, “present, now”) + 時制 (jisei, “grammatical tense”).


未来時制

未来時制 (canonical)
mirai jisei (romanization)

From 未来(みらい) (mirai, “future”) + 時制(じせい) (jisei, “tense”).

現在時制

現在時制 げんざいじせい


博士

→ Kanakanabu: hakasi

→ Paiwan: hakasi

→ Saaroa: hakasi

→ Sakizaya: hakasi

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 博士 (pak dzri^X). Unattested in extant Old Japanese texts, but likely borrowed in the Old Japanese period, being an official title in the ritsuryō system.


形而上学

ja-noun

形(けい)而(じ)上(じょう)学(がく) • (keijijōgaku) ^(←けいじじやうがく (keizizyaugaku)?)

形而上学 (canonical)
keijijōgaku (romanization)
keizizyaugaku (romanization)
けいじじやうがく (hiragana historical)

[ke̞ːʑiʑo̞ːɡa̠kɯ̟]

From 形(けい)而(じ)上(じょう) (keijijō, “metaphysical”) + 学(がく) (-gaku, “-logy; -graphy”).
Coined by Japanese philosopher Inoue Tetsujirō in 1881 in his work 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Dictionary of Philosophy”) as a translation of English metaphysics, based on the phrase 形而上者謂之道，形而下者謂之器 in the Book of Changes (《易經》).

lw

Book of Changes
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
University of Tokyo
ja:形而上学


正体字

(Chinese language) regular form of Chinese character, traditional form of Chinese characters


打ち消し

打ち消し (canonical)
uchikeshi (romanization)

(grammar) negative (for instance, negative verb forms in Japanese)


ペルシア

[pe̞ɾɯ̟ɕia̠]

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 280:

My name is Sarc! Servant of Cambyses!! The King of Kings of Persia, son of Cyrus, celebrated by Ahura Mazda!!

わが名はサルク！主はカンビュセス‼キュロスの子アフラ・マズダのよみし給う者ペルシア王にして諸王の王‼

Waga na wa Saruku! Aruji wa Kanbyusesu‼ Kyurosu no ko Afura Mazuda no yomishitamau mono Perushia Ō ni shite Shōō no Ō‼


明治

明治 (canonical)
Meiji (romanization)
Meidi (romanization)
めいぢ (hiragana historical)

明治二年

the second year of Meiji (1869 in the Gregorian calendar)


注意

注意 (canonical)
chūi (romanization)
tyuui (romanization)
ちゆうい (hiragana historical)


条件

Chinese: 條件／条件 (tiáojiàn)

Korean: 조건 (jogeon)

Vietnamese: điều kiện

[d͡ʑo̞ːkẽ̞ɴ]

発生条件


死語

From 死 (shi, “death, dead”) + 語 (go, “language”).
The first sense is a calque of English dead language.

com

(linguistics) a dead language (language that no longer has native speakers)

(lexicography) an obsolete word, paleologism


皇帝

ja-noun

皇(こう)帝(てい) • (kōtei) ^(←くわうてい (kwautei)?)

皇帝 (canonical)
kōtei (romanization)
kwautei (romanization)
くわうてい (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 皇帝 (ɦwɑŋ teiᴴ). See also 三皇五帝 (Sankō Gotei) and 始皇帝 (Shikōtei).


濁音

Literary Chinese 濁音 (zhuóyīn, literally “muddy sound”)

der

(traditional Chinese phonology) a voiced onset obstruent

五十音の外に、また、一種の熟音あり。これを濁音、及び、半濁音といふ。濁音とは、本音を濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、加、佐、多、波、の四行の諸音をいふ。この音を示すには別に、その文字なく、本音の假字の肩に、二個の小點を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 10:

Outside the fifty sounds, there is yet another class of complex sounds. These are called ‘muddy sounds’ and ‘semi-muddy sounds’. Muddy sounds are the base child sounds of the four rows ka, sa, ta and ha, being muddied up when they are pronounced. There are no letters to specifically note these sounds, so two small dots are added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Gojūon no soto ni, mata, isshu no jukuon ari. Kore o dakuon, oyobi, handakuon to iu. Dakuon to wa, hon’on o nigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, ka, sa, ta, ha, no shigyō no shoon o iu. Kono on o shimesu ni wa betsu ni, sono moji naku, hon’on no kana no kata ni, niko no shōten o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

舊來の音韻では濁音といふものがあって、
が ぎ ぐ げ ご
ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
だ ぢ づ で ど
ば び ぶ べ ぼ
の四行二十音を之に充てゝ居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 151:

In traditional phonology, ‘muddy sounds’ are the twenty sounds arranged in four rows as follows:
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo

Kyūrai no on’in de wa dakuon to iu mono ga atte,
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo
no shigyō nijūon o kore ni atete iru.

濁音は假字の右肩に二箇の點（゛）を附して濁音符とおす、次ぎの例を見るべし、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “濁音の符 [Noting Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 22:

A ‘muddy sound’ is noted by attaching two dots (゛) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

Dakuon wa kana no migikata ni niko no ten (゛) o fushite dakuonpu to osu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora with a voiced onset obstruent


半濁音

半濁音 (canonical)
handakuon (romanization)

[hã̠nda̠kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

半濁音とは、本音を半濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、波行の五音のみに限れり。この音を示すには、本音の假字の肩に、圈點一個を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 11:

Semi-muddy sounds are the five base child sounds of, specifically, the ha-row, being partially muddied up when they are pronounced. To note these sounds, a circle is added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Handakuon to wa, hon’on o hannigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, hagyō no goon nomi ni kagireri. Kono on o shimesu ni wa, hon’on no kana no kata ni, kenten ikko o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

濁音がある故に、之に對して淸音をも作らねばならず、半濁音（次淸音）と云ふものもあることになる。
ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
の一行五音の半濁音（一名次淸音）として、アカサタナハマヤラワ十行五十音が淸音と云はれて居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 152:

Since there are muddy sounds, it follows that there must also be the opposite, ‘clear sounds’, and additionally what are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (‘quasi-clear sounds’). These five sounds, arranged in one row, are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (i.e. ‘quasi-clear sounds’):
pa pi pu pe po
Then, the fifty sounds arranged in ten rows, a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, ya, ra and wa, are called ‘clear sounds’.

Dakuon ga aru yue ni, kore ni taishite seion o mo tsukarane ba narazu, handakuon (jiseion) to iu mono mo aru koto ni naru.
pa pi pu pe po
no ichigyō goon no handakuon (ichimei jiseion) to shite, a ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra wa jūgyō gojūon ga seion to iwarete iru.

半濁音は、假字の右肩に一箇の圈點（゜）を附して、半濁音の符となす、次ぎの例を見る可し、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “半濁音の符 [Noting Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 26:

A ‘semi-muddy sound’ is noted by attaching a circle (゜) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

handakuon wa, kana no migikata ni ikko no kenten (゜) o fushite, handakuon no fu to nasu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora of the ぱ行 (pagyō, “pa-row”), with the onset obstruent /p/


実在論

実在論 (canonical)
jitsuzairon (romanization)

[d͡ʑit͡sɨza̠iɾõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 実在 (jitsuzai, “actual existence, reality”) + 論 (ron, “theory, philosophy, argument”).


天狗

desc

→ Chinese: 天狗 (tiāngǒu) (reborrowed for the Japanese sense)

→ English: tengu

→ French: tengu

→ Korean: 텐구 (ten'gu)

→ Russian: тэ́нгу (tɛ́ngu)

Nihon Shoki
Shugendō
Tengu
Tiangou
ja:天狗

From Middle Chinese 天狗 (MC then kuwX, “heaven + dog”). First appears in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
The Chinese version of tengu (Tiangou) was originally more of a dog-like spirit or falling star. As the term and idea were imported into Japanese, the character became associated with 修験道 (“Shugendō, a kind of syncretism of Buddhist and native Japanese elements”), and the Japanese tengu changed to resemble either a long-nosed 山伏 (yamabushi, “mountain monk”, a practitioner of Shugendō) with bright-red skin, or a crow.

天狗蝙蝠: Murina hilgendorfi

天狗蝙蝠 てんぐこうもり

天狗星

a kind of shooting star, one that includes a loud sound and a bright light

a place on a tree where many small branch grow

a microbial infection of cherry and other trees that causes a cluster of many small branch and knot

1999 September 23, “カラス天(てん)狗(ぐ) [Crow Tengu]”, in Vol.5, Konami:

An omniscient tengu. They say it uses divine power.

様々なことを知っている天狗。神通力が使えるという。

Samazama na koto o shitte iru tengu. Jintsūriki ga tsukaeru to iu.

(Japanese mythology, Shinto, folklore) a tengu, a mythical Japanese creature, typically birdlike and having a long nose


撥音

[ha̠t͡sɨõ̞ɴ]

From 撥(はつ) (hatsu, “pick”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

ja-compound

Coordinate term: 促音

(Japanese phonology and phonetics) a moraic nasal (usually phonologically noted as /N/, variously realized as [m], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ] or a nasalized vowel, bearing one mora as the coda of a syllable)


已然形

(grammar) a verbal inflectional category; the realis form as used in classical Japanese, which indicates that something is already the case, or in the process of happening. This form has evolved into the conditional form in modern Japanese without phonemic change.


劣等感

[ɾe̞t̚to̞ːkã̠ɴ]

Compound of 劣等(れっとう) (rettō, “inferiority”) + 感(かん) (kan, “feeling”).


拗音

拗音 (canonical)
yōon (romanization)
euon (romanization)
えうおん (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 拗音 (ǎoyīn)

(Japanese orthography and phonology) in 和語 (wago, “native words”) and 漢語 (kango, “Classical Chinese words”), a mora that is spelt with:

one of the full-sized kana, き (ki), ぎ (gi), し (shi), じ (ji), ち (chi), ぢ (ji), に (ni), ひ (hi), び (bi), ぴ (pi), み (mi) and り (ri), followed by one the small kana, ゃ, ゅ and ょ, to represent the palatalization of the mora

one of the full-sized kana, く (ku) and ぐ (gu), followed by the small kana ゎ, to represent the historical labialization of the mora


優越感

ja-noun

優(ゆう)越(えつ)感(かん) • (yūetsukan) ^(←いうゑつかん (iuwetukan)?)

優越感 (canonical)
yūetsukan (romanization)
iuwetukan (romanization)
いうゑつかん (hiragana historical)

[jɯ̟ːe̞t͡sɨ̥kã̠ɴ]

Compound of 優越(ゆうえつ) (yūetsu, “superior”) + 感(かん) (kan, “feeling”).


高祖

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 高祖 (MC kaw tsuX).
First cited in Japanese in 1120.

玄孫: a descendant four generations down: a great-great-grandchild

(Chinese history) the founder of a dynasty


更衣

ja-noun

更(こう)衣(い) or 更衣(ころもがえ) • (kōi or koromogae)

更衣 (canonical)
更衣 (canonical)
kōi (romanization)
koromogae (romanization)

(history) court's attendant in charge of clothes


天人

(Buddhism, mythology) heavenly spirits from Buddhist heaven


感嘆詞

感嘆詞 (canonical)
kantanshi (romanization)


無限

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
University of Tokyo
ja:哲学字彙

May be a learned borrowing from Chinese 無限 /无限 (wúxiàn, literally “without + limit”). First cited to 1881 in the 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Philosophical Vocabulary”) as a translation of English infinite.

lbor

無限に廻るもの、ウラモグ

(philosophy, general) infinity, unlimitedness, endlessness


声母

Chinese 声母 (shēngmǔ, literally “sound mother”)

bor

Coordinate term: 韻母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the onset of a Chinese syllable


韻母

韻母 (canonical)
inbo (romanization)
winbo (romanization)
ゐんぼ (hiragana historical)

Chinese 韻母 /韵母 (yùnmǔ, literally “rime mother”)

Meronyms: 韻尾, 介音, 主母音

Coordinate term: 声母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the rhyme of a Chinese syllable


韻尾

韻尾 (canonical)
inbi (romanization)
winbi (romanization)
ゐんび (hiragana historical)


変格

[hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟]

変 (“change/strange”) + 格 (“grammatical case”)


アキレス

アキレウス アキレウス#Japanese

(Roman mythology) Alternative form of アキレウス (Akireusu, “Achilles”)


アキレウス

[a̠kʲiɾe̞ɯ̟sɨ]

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἀχιλλεύς (Akhilleús)


呪い

呪い (canonical)
noroi (romanization)
norofi (romanization)
のろひ (hiragana historical)
詛い (alternative)
咒い (alternative)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 呪う (norou, “to curse someone or something”).

(fantasy, occult) a curse (supernatural detriment)


呪い

ja-noun

呪(まじな)い • (majinai) ^(←まじなひ (mazinafi)?)

呪い (canonical)
majinai (romanization)
mazinafi (romanization)
まじなひ (hiragana historical)
まじない (alternative)
咒い (alternative)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 呪う (majinau, “to use a charm, to use magic”).

2007, 新時代日漢辭典 /新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局 /大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:

呪いで病気を治す

(fantasy, occult) incantation, magic spell


ギルガメッシュ

[ɡʲiɾɯ̟ɡa̠me̞ɕːɨ]


セルビア・モンテネグロ

ja-pos

^セルビア・^モンテネグロ

セルビア (Serubia, “Serbia”) + モンテネグロ (Monteneguro, “Montenegro”)

compound

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro

ja:セルビア・モンテネグロ


鳳凰

鳳凰 (canonical)
hōō (romanization)
fouwau (romanization)
ほうわう (hiragana historical)

Daijisen
Fenghuang
Peng (mythology)
Vermilion Bird
ja:松村明
ja:鳳凰
ja:鳳凰 (曖昧さ回避)

/pouwau/ → /ɸoːwɔː/ → /hoːɔː/ → /hoːoː/
Borrowing from Chinese 鳳凰 /凤凰 (fènghuáng, literally “male fire-bird + female fire-bird”), date of borrowing unknown.

bor

(Chinese mythology) fenghuang: a fabled Chinese fire-bird


放火魔

(firefighting, criminology, psychology) pyromaniac


ケンタウロス

[kẽ̞nta̠ɯ̟ɾo̞sɨ]

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κένταυρος (kéntauros).


メタ言語

メタ言語 (canonical)
meta-gengo (romanization)

[me̞ta̠ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

From メタ (meta, “meta”) + 言(げん)語(ご) (gengo, “language”).


連接

[ɾẽ̞ɰ̃se̞t͡sɨ]


清音

Literary Chinese 清音 (qīngyīn, literally “clear sound”)

der

(traditional Chinese phonology) a voiceless and unaspirated onset obstruent, including the glottal stop

五十音中、加・佐・多・波の四行に、濁れる音あり。淸音文字の肩に、゛點を附して、その標とせり。

1897 March, “〇濁音 [〇Muddy Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Among the fifty sounds, those of the ka, sa, ta and ha-rows can be muddied up. They are written by attaching the dots ゛ on the shoulders of the letters for the clear sounds.

Gojūonchū, ka sa ta ha no shigyō ni, nigoreru on ari. Seion moji no kata ni, ゛ ten o fushite, sono shirushi to seri.

五十音中、波行に、半濁の音あり。淸音文字の肩に゜點を附して、その標とせり。

1897 March, “〇半濁音 [〇Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Among the fifty sounds, those of the ha-row can be partially muddied up. They are written by attaching the dot ゜ on the shoulders of the letters for the clear sounds.

Gojūonchū, hagyō ni, handaku no on ari. Seion moji no kata ni, ゜ ten o fushite, sono shirushi to seri.

(traditional Japanese phonology) any mora listed on the 五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “chart of the fifty sounds”), without a voiced onset obstruent or /p/


訓読み

[kɯ̟̃ɰ̃jo̞mʲi]

Compound of 訓 (kun, “meaning”) + 読み (yomi, “reading”). Originally referred to the meanings of Chinese words as expressed in native Japanese words or 大和(やまと)言(こと)葉(ば) (Yamato kotoba), as opposed to the sounds (i.e. pronunciations) to use when reading Chinese text (called 音読み (on'yomi) or 音読 (ondoku), literally “sound reading”).

compound

(linguistics) kun'yomi: a reading of a kanji that is not derived from the kanji's original pronunciation borrowed from Chinese

名乗り

used for the readings of names: given names and sometimes place names


オスマン帝国

オスマン帝国 (canonical)
Osuman Teikoku (romanization)

オスマン (Osuman, “Osman”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)


GHQ

ja-pos

GHQ(ジーエイチキュー) or GHQ(ジーエッチキュー) • (Jī-eichi-kyū or Jī-etchi-kyū)

GHQ (canonical)
GHQ (canonical)
Jī-eichi-kyū (romanization)
Jī-etchi-kyū (romanization)

[d͡ʑiːe̞ːt͡ɕikʲɨː]

Borrowed from English GHQ (“General Headquarters”).

bor+

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers


原理

From 原 (gen, “principle”) + 理 (ri, “theory”).

(philosophy) A basic fact which explains why something exists.


黄帝

ja-pos

黄(こう)帝(てい) • (Kōtei) ^(←くわうてい (Kwautei)?)

黄帝 (canonical)
Kōtei (romanization)
Kwautei (romanization)
くわうてい (hiragana historical)


分離動詞

分離動詞 (canonical)
bunridōshi (romanization)


民俗誌学

民俗誌学 (canonical)
minzokushigaku (romanization)

(anthropology) ethnography - the branch of anthropology that scientifically describes specific human cultures and societies.


竜王

ja-noun

竜(りゅう)王(おう) • (ryūō) ^(←りゆうわう (ryuuwau)?)

竜王 (canonical)
ryūō (romanization)
ryuuwau (romanization)
りゆうわう (hiragana historical)

/rʲuː wau/ → /rʲuːwɔː/ → /rʲuːɔː/ → /ɾʲɯᵝːoː/
From Middle Chinese 龍王 (MC ljowng hjwang).

*These 3 abbreviations are only used as a typographical convention. They are pronounced the same as their full names.

(mythology) a dragon king, especially in esoteric Buddhist contexts


同音異義語

同音異義語 (canonical)
dōon igigo (romanization)

[do̞ːo̞ɰ̃ iɡʲiɡo̞]

From 同音 (dōon, “homophonous”) + 異義 (igi, “different in meaning”) + 語 (-go, “utterance”).

af

(linguistics) a homophone (words with the same pronunciation)


唯心論

唯心論 (canonical)
yuishinron (romanization)

[jɯ̟iɕĩn̺ɾõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 唯(ゆい)心(しん) (yuishin, “spiritualism”) + 論(ろん) (-ron, “theory”).
Coined by Japanese philosopher Inoue Tetsujirō in 1881 in his work 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Dictionary of Philosophy”) as a translation of English idealism and immaterialism.


清濁

(phonetics) voiced and unvoiced consonants


オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国

ja-pos

オーストリア゠ハンガリー ていこく

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝(てい)国(こく) • (Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku)

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国 (canonical)
Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku (romanization)

[o̞ːsɨto̞ɾʲia̠hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː te̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

オーストリア゠ハンガリー (Ōsutoria-Hangarī, “Austria-Hungary”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)

af

オーストリア゠ハンガリー

Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire

ja:オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国


メルクリウス

[me̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟ɾʲiɯ̟sɨ]

神

ローマ神話のオリュンポス十二神 (Rōma shinwa no Oryunposu jūnishin)


平上去入

ja-noun

平(ひょう)上(じょう)去(きょ)入(にゅう) • (hyōjōkyonyū) ^(←ひやうじやうきよにふ (fyauzyaukyonifu)?)

平上去入 (canonical)
hyōjōkyonyū (romanization)
fyauzyaukyonifu (romanization)
ひやうじやうきよにふ (hiragana historical)

[ço̞ːʑo̞ːkʲo̞ɲ̟ɨː]

From Middle Chinese 平上去入 (píngshǎngqùrù).

(Chinese phonetics) the four tones of Middle Chinese:

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
平声 (hyōshō, “level tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
上声 (jōshō, “rising tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
去声 (kyoshō, “departing tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
入声 (nisshō, “checked tone”)


原語

原語 (canonical)
gengo (romanization)
げんご (hiragana historical)

(linguistics, translation studies) the original language, source language


道徳

道(どう)徳(とく) • (dōtoku) ^(←だうとく (dautoku)?)

道徳 (canonical)
dōtoku (romanization)
dautoku (romanization)
だうとく (hiragana historical)

要するに道徳の元は父に対する孝である。

1908, 新渡戸稲造, イエスキリストの友誼

In short, the foundation of morality is filial piety towards one's father.

Yōsuru ni dōtoku no moto wa chichi ni taisuru kō de aru.

道徳問題じゃない、事実問題である。

1911, 夏目漱石, 道楽と職業

It is not an ethical matter but a factual matter.

Dōtoku mondai ja nai, jijitsu mondai de aru.


イシス

(Egyptian mythology) Isis - the ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility.


四字熟語

四字熟語 (canonical)
yoji jukugo (romanization)

[jo̞ʑi d͡ʑɨkɯ̟ɡo̞]

Yojijukugo (四字熟語), from 四 (yo, “four”) + 字 (ji, “character”) + 熟語 (jukugo, “kanji compound”)


入声

ja-noun

入(にっ)声(しょう) or 入(にっ)声(せい) • (nisshō or nissei)

入声 (canonical)
入声 (canonical)
nisshō (romanization)
nissei (romanization)

Middle Chinese 入聲.
/nipusjau/ → /nipsjau/ → /nisshoː/

(Chinese phonetics) the entering tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


機制

防衛機制


巨人

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 巨人 (MC gjoX nyin).
The professional baseball team is an abbreviation of one of its original names, the 東京巨人軍 (Tōkyō Kyojin-gun, “Tokyo Giants”).

小さな巨人

small giant → someone who has a small physique but having a great talent

進撃の巨人

Attack on Titan (literally, “the Advancing Giants”)

(mythology) a human of very great size, titan

a giant:
a human of very great size, titan


使い魔

1999 September 23, “ポット・ザ・トリック [Pot the Trick]”, in Vol.5, Konami:

A familiar that serves a mage. It is not very strong.

魔術師の命令通りに動く使い魔。あまり強くない。

Majutsushi no meirei-dōri ni ugoku tsukaima. Amari tsuyoku nai.

(mythology, folklore, fantasy) a familiar spirit


扶桑

扶桑 (canonical)
Fusō (romanization)
Fusau (romanization)
ふさう (hiragana historical)

(Chinese mythology) a sacred tree said to exist in Japan

(Chinese mythology) a land to the east, often identified with Japan


渡来人

[to̞ɾa̠iʑĩɴ]

渡来 (“crossing into a country from overseas”) + 人 (“person”)

suffix

(history of Japan) foreigners who crossed the sea from China and Korea to Japan in between Kofun period (古(こ)墳(ふん)時(じ)代(だい) (Kofun jidai)) and Nara period (奈(な)良(ら)時(じ)代(だい) (Nara jidai))


棺槨

ja-noun

棺(かん)槨(かく) • (kankaku) ^(←くわんくわく (kwankwaku)?)

棺槨 (canonical)
kankaku (romanization)
kwankwaku (romanization)
くわんくわく (hiragana historical)

[kã̠ŋka̠kɯ̟]


共産党

日本共産党


異形態

(linguistics) a variant form of a morpheme; an allomorph


稲荷

/inanari/ → /inari/
Originally a compound of 稲 (ina, “rice plant”) + 生り (nari), the stem form of verb 生る (naru, “to fruit, to go to seed”).
The 荷 character is ateji, in reference to "bearing".

稲荷大神: God Inari

稲荷大神 いなりおおかみ

稲荷神社

稲荷神社 いなりじんじゃ

a shrine dedicated to the god Inari, usually with a statue of a fox in front

稲荷講: an Inari shrine association in Kyōto

(Japanese mythology): god of harvests, fertility, rice, agriculture, foxes, industry, and worldly success


新語

(linguistics) neologism, new word, word of recent origin


名乗り

Likely a compound of 名(な) (na) and 乗(の)り (nori).

(linguistics) nanori, Japanese readings of kanji characters that are used for names of people or places


射干

From Middle Chinese 射干 (MC yaeH kan), from Sanskrit सृगाल (sṛgāla, “jackal”).
Doublet of ジャッカル (jakkaru, “jackal”), via English jackal, Turkish çakal and Persian شغال (šağâl).

(Chinese mythology) a legendary evil beast similar to a fox


品位

品位 (canonical)
hon'i (romanization)
fon'wi (romanization)
ほんゐ (hiragana historical)

(history) a 律令 (ritsuryō) ranking system for 親王 (shinnō, “princes”) and 内親王 (naishinnō, “princesses”)


刀子

刀子 (canonical)
tōsu (romanization)
tausu (romanization)
たうす (hiragana historical)


ソウル

(religion, folklore) Synonym of 魂 (tamashī, “soul”)


ミーム学

ミーム学 (canonical)
mīmugaku (romanization)


四段活用

四(よ)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (yodan katsuyō) ^(←よだんくわつよう (yodan kwatuyou)?)

四段活用 (canonical)
yodan katsuyō (romanization)
yodan kwatuyou (romanization)
よだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 四段 (yodan, “quadrigrade, four-grade”) + 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of four alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, and -e


五段活用

ja-noun

五(ご)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (godan katsuyō) ^(←ごだんくわつよう (godan kwatuyou)?)

五段活用 (canonical)
godan katsuyō (romanization)
godan kwatuyou (romanization)
ごだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 五段 (godan, “pentagrade; five-grade”) + 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).
Literally, 五段 (godan, “five grades”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. It means five vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "five-voweled conjugation".

com

An extension of the earlier 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) class.

The fifth base, -o, is a pseudo-base derived from the suffix う (-u) attaching to the irrealis conjugation stem that ends in -a, resulting in あう (-au), which phonologically regularly elides into [oː].

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of five alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, -e, and -o


下一段活用

ja-noun

しも いちだん かつよう

しも いちだん くわつよう

下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (shimo ichidan katsuyō) ^(←しもいちだんくわつよう (simo itidan kwatuyou)?)

下一段活用 (canonical)
shimo ichidan katsuyō (romanization)
simo itidan kwatuyou (romanization)
しもいちだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).
Literally, 下一段 (shimo ichidan) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 下 (shimo) means the vowel e, which is written beneath the vowel i, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "one-voweled conjugation in e".

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the stem ends in -e:


下二段活用

ja-noun

しも にだん くわつよう

下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (shimo nidan katsuyō) ^(←しもにだんくわつよう (simo nidan kwatuyou)?)

下二段活用 (canonical)
shimo nidan katsuyō (romanization)
simo nidan kwatuyou (romanization)
しもにだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 二段活用 (nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”).
Literally, 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 下 (shimo, “lower”) means the vowel e, which is written “below” the vowel i, the other inflection-related vowel. 二段 (nidan, “two grades”) means two vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “two-voweled conjugation in e”.

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class with the following inflections: -e/-e/-u/-uru/-ure/-e[yo]


上二段活用

ja-noun

かみ にだん くわつよう

上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (kami nidan katsuyō) ^(←かみにだんくわつよう (kami nidan kwatuyou)?)

上二段活用 (canonical)
kami nidan katsuyō (romanization)
kami nidan kwatuyou (romanization)
かみにだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) + 二段活用 (nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”).
Literally, 上二段 (kami nidan, “upper bigrade”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 上 (kami, “upper”) means the vowel イ (i), which is written above the vowel エ (e), the other inflection-related vowel. 二段 (nidan, “two grades”) means two vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “two-voweled conjugation in i”.

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class which has the following inflections: -i/-i/-u/-uru/-ure/-i[yo]


上一段活用

ja-noun

かみ いちだん かつよう

かみ いちだん くわつよう

上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (kami ichidan katsuyō) ^(←かみいちだんくわつよう (kami itidan kwatuyou)?)

上一段活用 (canonical)
kami ichidan katsuyō (romanization)
kami itidan kwatuyou (romanization)
かみいちだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) + 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).
Literally, 上一段 (kami ichidan, “upper monograde”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 上 (kami, “upper”) means the vowel i, which is written above the vowel e, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “one-voweled conjugation in i”.

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in -i and consists of four alternating bases: -i, -iru, -ire, and -iyo/-iro


カ行変格活用

ja-noun

か-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

か-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

カ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←かぎやうへんかくくわつよう (ka-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

カ行変格活用 (canonical)
ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
ka-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
かぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

カぎょー・へんかくかつよー

カぎょーへんかくかつよー

[ka̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of カ行 (kagyō, “ka-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in k-, with minor historical changes

サ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう

ナ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう

ラ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう


ナ行変格活用

ja-noun

な-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

な-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

ナ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←なぎやうへんかくくわつよう (na-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

ナ行変格活用 (canonical)
na-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
na-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
なぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

ナぎょー・へんかくかつよー

ナぎょーへんかくかつよー

[na̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of ナ行 (na-gyō, “na-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in n-


ラ行変格活用

ja-noun

ら-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

ら-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

ラ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←らぎやうへんかくくわつよう (ra-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

ラ行変格活用 (canonical)
ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
ra-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
らぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

ラぎょー・へんかくかつよー

ラぎょーへんかくかつよー

[ɾa̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of ラ行 (ra-gyō, “ra-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in r- with four irregular bases: -a, -i, -u, and -e


サ行変格活用

ja-noun

さ-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

さ-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

サ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←さぎやうへんかくくわつよう (sa-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

サ行変格活用 (canonical)
sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
sa-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
さぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

サぎょー・へんかくかつよー

[sa̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of サ行 (sa-gyō, “sa-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in s-

上一段活用

一段活用 いちだんかつよう


馬頭

馬頭 (canonical)
Mezu (romanization)
Medu (romanization)
めづ (hiragana historical)

Calque of Sanskrit अश्वशीर्ष (aśvaśīrṣa).

cal

(Buddhism, Chinese mythology, Japanese mythology) Horse-Head, one of the two guardians of hell


吸血鬼

ja-noun

吸(きゅう)血(けつ)鬼(き) • (kyūketsuki) ^(←きふけつき (kifuketuki)?)

吸血鬼 (canonical)
kyūketsuki (romanization)
kifuketuki (romanization)
きふけつき (hiragana historical)


一角獣

一(いっ)角(かく)獣(じゅう) • (ikkakujū) ^(←いつかくじう (itukakuziu)?)

一角獣 (canonical)
ikkakujū (romanization)
itukakuziu (romanization)
いつかくじう (hiragana historical)

[ik̚ka̠kɯ̟ʑɨː]

一角 (ikkaku, “one horn”) + 獣 (jū, “beast”).
/ikkakuziu/ → /ikkakuzjuː/

af

ユニコーン ユニコーン#Japanese

(mythology) Synonym of ユニコーン (yunikōn, “unicorn”)

(rare, mythology, Chinese mythology) Synonym of 麒麟 (kirin, “qilin”)


ユニコーン

[jɯ̟ɲ̟ikõ̞ːɴ]


激音

(phonetics) an aspirated sound in the Korean language


平音

(phonetics) an unaspirated sound in the Korean language


濃音

(phonetics) a tense or fortis sound in the Korean language


有声音化

有声音化する (canonical)
yūseionka suru (romanization)
有声音化し (stem)
有声音化した (past)
有声音化し
ゆうせいおんかし
yūseionka shi
有声音化する
ゆうせいおんかする
yūseionka suru
有声音化すれ
ゆうせいおんかすれ
yūseionka sure
有声音化せよ (imperative literary)
有声音化しろ (colloquial imperative)
ゆうせいおんかせよ (imperative literary)
ゆうせいおんかしろ (colloquial imperative)
yūseionka seyo (imperative literary)
yūseionka shiro (colloquial imperative)
有声音化される (passive)
ゆうせいおんかされる (passive)
yūseionka sareru (passive)
有声音化させる (causative)
有声音化さす (causative)
ゆうせいおんかさせる (causative)
ゆうせいおんかさす (causative)
yūseionka saseru (causative)
yūseionka sasu (causative)
有声音化できる (potential)
ゆうせいおんかできる (potential)
yūseionka dekiru (potential)
有声音化しよう (volitional)
ゆうせいおんかしよう (volitional)
yūseionka shiyō (volitional)
有声音化しない (negative)
ゆうせいおんかしない (negative)
yūseionka shinai (negative)
有声音化せず (continuative negative)
ゆうせいおんかせず (continuative negative)
yūseionka sezu (continuative negative)
有声音化します (formal)
ゆうせいおんかします (formal)
yūseionka shimasu (formal)
有声音化した (perfective)
ゆうせいおんかした (perfective)
yūseionka shita (perfective)
有声音化して (conjunctive)
ゆうせいおんかして (conjunctive)
yūseionka shite (conjunctive)
有声音化すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ゆうせいおんかすれば (conditional hypothetical)
yūseionka sureba (conditional hypothetical)

[jɯ̟ːse̞ːõ̞ŋka̠]


口蓋音化

口蓋音化 (canonical)
kōgai onka (romanization)

[ko̞ːɡa̠i õ̞ŋka̠]

(phonetics) palatalization (the process by which a sound becomes palatal)


閉塞音

閉塞音 (canonical)
heisokuon (romanization)

[he̞ːso̞kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

Compound of 閉塞(へいそく) (heisoku, “blockade”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


閉鎖音

[he̞ːsa̠õ̞ɴ]

Compound of 閉鎖 (heisa, “closing”) + 音 (on, “sound”).


アイオーン

ja-noun

アイオーン • (aiōn)


目的語

目的語 (canonical)
mokutekigo (romanization)

Sino-Japanese word from 目的 (mokuteki, “purpose; goal”) + 語 (go, “language”).


貔貅

貔貅 (canonical)
hikyū (romanization)
fikiu (romanization)
ひきう (hiragana historical)

(Chinese mythology) pixiu, a mythical horned animal that is believed to bring luck


グリフォン

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲiɸõ̞ɴ]


多義

(linguistics, semantics) polysemy, multiple meanings, multiplicity of meaning


上二段

上二段 (canonical)
kami nidan (romanization)

(grammar) an abbreviation for 上二段活用; upper dual grade conjugation


上一段

上一段 (canonical)
kami ichidan (romanization)

上一段活用 上一段活用#Japanese

(grammar) Short for 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō): upper monograde conjugation


四段

(grammar) Short for 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō): quadrigrade conjugation


五段

(grammar) Clipping of 五段活用 (godan katsuyō): pentagrade conjugation


下一段

下一段 (canonical)
shimo ichidan (romanization)

(grammar) an abbreviation for 下一段活用; lower monograde conjugation


下二段

下二段 (canonical)
shimo nidan (romanization)

下二段活用 下二段活用#Japanese

(grammar) Short for 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō): lower bigrade conjugation


サ変

サ行変格活用 サ行変格活用

(grammar) an abbreviation for サ行変格活用; s-irregular conjugation


ラ変

ラ行変格活用 ラ行変格活用#Japanese

(grammar) Clipping of ラ行変格活用 (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō): r-irregular conjugation


古文書

[ko̞mõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞]

(palaeography) historical documents written to convey a specific intention between a sender and receiver; generally inclusive of written material through the mid-19th century


正義

ja:正義
ja:正義 (タロット)


ウィザード

ウィザード • (wizādo)


概括

概(がい)括(かつ) • (gaikatsu) ^(←がいくわつ (gaikwatu)?)

概括 (canonical)
gaikatsu (romanization)
gaikwatu (romanization)
がいくわつ (hiragana historical)


概括

概括する (canonical)
gaikatsu suru (romanization)
gaikwatu (romanization)
概括し (stem)
概括した (past)
概括し
がいかつし
gaikatsu shi
概括する
がいかつする
gaikatsu suru
概括すれ
がいかつすれ
gaikatsu sure
概括せよ (imperative literary)
概括しろ (colloquial imperative)
がいかつせよ (imperative literary)
がいかつしろ (colloquial imperative)
gaikatsu seyo (imperative literary)
gaikatsu shiro (colloquial imperative)
概括される (passive)
がいかつされる (passive)
gaikatsu sareru (passive)
概括させる (causative)
概括さす (causative)
がいかつさせる (causative)
がいかつさす (causative)
gaikatsu saseru (causative)
gaikatsu sasu (causative)
概括できる (potential)
がいかつできる (potential)
gaikatsu dekiru (potential)
概括しよう (volitional)
がいかつしよう (volitional)
gaikatsu shiyō (volitional)
概括しない (negative)
がいかつしない (negative)
gaikatsu shinai (negative)
概括せず (continuative negative)
がいかつせず (continuative negative)
gaikatsu sezu (continuative negative)
概括します (formal)
がいかつします (formal)
gaikatsu shimasu (formal)
概括した (perfective)
がいかつした (perfective)
gaikatsu shita (perfective)
概括して (conjunctive)
がいかつして (conjunctive)
gaikatsu shite (conjunctive)
概括すれば (conditional hypothetical)
がいかつすれば (conditional hypothetical)
gaikatsu sureba (conditional hypothetical)


ケース

ケース • (kēsu)


一元論

一元論 (canonical)
ichigenron (romanization)

[it͡ɕiɡẽ̞n̺ɾõ̞ɴ]


投射

投射 (canonical)
tōsha (romanization)
tousya (romanization)
とうしや (hiragana historical)


投射

投射する (canonical)
tōsha suru (romanization)
tousya (romanization)
投射し (stem)
投射した (past)
投射し
とうしゃし
tōsha shi
投射する
とうしゃする
tōsha suru
投射すれ
とうしゃすれ
tōsha sure
投射せよ (imperative literary)
投射しろ (colloquial imperative)
とうしゃせよ (imperative literary)
とうしゃしろ (colloquial imperative)
tōsha seyo (imperative literary)
tōsha shiro (colloquial imperative)
投射される (passive)
とうしゃされる (passive)
tōsha sareru (passive)
投射させる (causative)
投射さす (causative)
とうしゃさせる (causative)
とうしゃさす (causative)
tōsha saseru (causative)
tōsha sasu (causative)
投射できる (potential)
とうしゃできる (potential)
tōsha dekiru (potential)
投射しよう (volitional)
とうしゃしよう (volitional)
tōsha shiyō (volitional)
投射しない (negative)
とうしゃしない (negative)
tōsha shinai (negative)
投射せず (continuative negative)
とうしゃせず (continuative negative)
tōsha sezu (continuative negative)
投射します (formal)
とうしゃします (formal)
tōsha shimasu (formal)
投射した (perfective)
とうしゃした (perfective)
tōsha shita (perfective)
投射して (conjunctive)
とうしゃして (conjunctive)
tōsha shite (conjunctive)
投射すれば (conditional hypothetical)
とうしゃすれば (conditional hypothetical)
tōsha sureba (conditional hypothetical)


超人

超(ちょう)人(じん) • (chōjin) ^(←てうじん (teuzin)?)

超人 (canonical)
chōjin (romanization)
teuzin (romanization)
てうじん (hiragana historical)


中庸

ja:中庸 (ギリシア哲学)

中(ちゅう)庸(よう) • (chūyō)


嫦娥

嫦娥 (canonical)
Jōga (romanization)
Zyauga (romanization)
じやうが (hiragana historical)

/d͡ʑjauɡa/ → /d͡ʑɔːɡa/ → /d͡ʑoːɡa/
From Middle Chinese 嫦娥 (MC dzyang nga, “Chang'e, the Chinese goddess of the moon”).
The 呉音 (goon) pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.
First cited in Japanese to a text from 827.

ltc-l

(Chinese mythology) Chang'e, the Chinese goddess of the moon


敬語

2003 August 12, CLAMP, “Chapitre(シャピトル).1 始(はじ)まりの世(せ)界(かい) [Chapitre.1 The World Where It Began]”, in ツバサ ＲＥＳＥＲＶｏｉｒ ＣＨＲｏＮｉＣＬＥ [Tsubasa: RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 14:

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

(linguistics) respectful or honorific language


三内

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a general term for the three places of articulation that consonants are grouped into: dorsal (/k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/), coronal (/t/, /d/, /n/), and labial (/p/, /b/, /m/)


三内音

[sã̠nːa̠iõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 三内(さんない) (sannai) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a consonant produced using one of the three places of articulation: dorsal (/k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/), coronal (/t/, /d/, /n/), or labial (/p/, /b/, /m/)


喉内

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, consonants made with the throat; the dorsal (/k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/) consonants


舌内

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, consonants made with the tongue; the coronal (/t/, /d/, /n/) consonants


唇内

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, consonants made with the lips; the labial (/p/, /b/, /m/) consonants


舌内音

舌内音 (canonical)
zetsunaion (romanization)

Compound of 舌内(ぜつない) (zetsunai) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

ja-compound

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a consonant made with the tongue; a coronal (/t, d, n/) consonant


喉内音

Compound of 喉内(こうない) (kōnai) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a consonant made with the throat; a dorsal (/k, g, ŋ/) consonant


唇内音

唇内音 (canonical)
shinnaion (romanization)

[ɕĩnːa̠iõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 唇内(しんない) (shinnai, “labial”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a consonant made with the lips; a labial (/p, b, m/) consonant


高天原

高天原 (canonical)
takama no hara (romanization)

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Compound of 高 (taka, “high”) + 天の原 (ama no hara, “plains of heaven”), with the final -a of taka dropped due to haplology.

com

(Japanese mythology, Shinto) Takamagahara (the realm of the gods, as opposed to the realm of mortals and the realm of the dead)


音節

[õ̞ɰ̃se̞t͡sɨ]

音 (“sound”) + 節 (“segment”) Not related to English onset despite similarity.

音節文字

(loosely, phonology, poetry) Synonym of モーラ (mōra, “a mora”)


犯罪学者

ja-noun

犯(はん)罪(ざい)学(がく)者(しゃ) • (hanzaigakusha) (counter 人)

犯罪学者 (canonical)
hanzaigakusha (romanization)
人 (counter)


犯罪行為

犯罪行為 (canonical)
hanzaikōi (romanization)

(criminology, law) criminal act, criminal offense


犯罪心理

犯罪心理 (canonical)
hanzaishinri (romanization)

(criminology, psychology) criminal psychology, that is the criminal mind itself, not the study of it

犯罪心理学

犯罪心理学 はんざいしんりがく


犯罪心理学

犯罪心理学 (canonical)
hanzaishinrigaku (romanization)

(criminology, psychology) criminal psychology; the study of the criminal mind


完了

[kã̠n̺ɾʲo̞ː]


自然言語

自然言語 (canonical)
shizen gengo (romanization)

[ɕize̞ŋ ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

Compound of 自然(しぜん) (shizen, “natural”) + 言語(げんご) (gengo, “language”).

ja-compound

Daijirin
Daijisen
Natural language
ja:松村明
ja:自然言語


テラ

(Roman mythology) Terra, the Roman counterpart of Gaia/Gaea, Greek goddess of the earth.


天狐

(mythology, Shinto): A heavenly/celestial fox; a nine-tail fox said to be the most powerful form of the kitsune: Once they turn 1,000-years-old, they gain all nine of their tails, turn a golden color, and ascend to the heavens, where they become celestial foxes.


河童

/kapawarapa/ → /kawawappa/ → /kawappa/ → /kappa/
Originally a compound of 川 (kapa → kawa, “river”) + 童 (warapa → wappa, “child”).

com

1999 September 23, “ひょうすべ [Hyōsube]”, in Vol.5, Konami:

A kappa boss with low defense strength, but surprisingly high attack strength.

カッパの親分。攻撃力は意外と高い。守備力は低め。

Kappa no oyabun. Kōgekiryoku wa igai to takai. Shubiryoku wa hikume.

2000 July 13, “サイコ・カッパー [Psycho Kappar]”, in Pharaoh’s Servant －ファラオのしもべ－, Konami:

This kappa evades attack damage with his ESP.

いろいろな超能力を使い、攻撃のダメージを防ぐカッパ。

Iroiro na chōnōryoku o tsukai, kōgeki no damēji o fusegu kappa.

(Japanese mythology, folklore) a river-dwelling imp or monster from Japanese folklore


詰まる

ja-verb

詰(つ)まる • (tsumaru) intransitive godan (stem 詰(つ)まり (tsumari), past 詰(つ)まった (tsumatta))

詰まる (canonical)
tsumaru (romanization)
詰まり (stem)
詰まった (past)
詰まら
つまら
tsumara
詰まり
つまり
tsumari
詰まる
つまる
tsumaru
詰まれ
つまれ
tsumare
詰まられる (passive)
つまられる (passive)
tsumarareru (passive)
詰まらせる (causative)
詰まらす (causative)
つまらせる (causative)
つまらす (causative)
tsumaraseru (causative)
tsumarasu (causative)
詰まれる (potential)
つまれる (potential)
tsumareru (potential)
詰まろう (volitional)
つまろう (volitional)
tsumarō (volitional)
詰まらない (negative)
つまらない (negative)
tsumaranai (negative)
詰まらず (continuative negative)
つまらず (continuative negative)
tsumarazu (continuative negative)
詰まります (formal)
つまります (formal)
tsumarimasu (formal)
詰まった (perfective)
つまった (perfective)
tsumatta (perfective)
詰まって (conjunctive)
つまって (conjunctive)
tsumatte (conjunctive)
詰まれば (conditional hypothetical)
つまれば (conditional hypothetical)
tsumareba (conditional hypothetical)
詰まら (irrealis stem)
つまら (irrealis stem)
tumara (irrealis)
詰まり (continuative stem)
つまり (continuative stem)
tumari (continuative)
詰まる (stem terminative)
つまる (stem terminative)
tumaru (terminative)
詰まる (attributive stem)
つまる (attributive stem)
tumaru (attributive)
詰まれ (realis stem)
つまれ (realis stem)
tumare (realis)
詰まれ (imperative stem)
つまれ (imperative stem)
tumare (imperative)
詰まらず (negative)
つまらず (negative)
tumarazu (negative)
詰まれど (contrastive)
つまれど (contrastive)
tumaredo (contrastive)
詰まれば (causative)
つまれば (causative)
tumareba (causative)
詰まらば (conditional)
つまらば (conditional)
tumaraba (conditional)
詰まりき (past)
つまりき (past)
tumariki (past)
詰まりけり (past)
つまりけり (past)
tumarikeri (past)
詰まりつ (perfect)
つまりつ (perfect)
tumaritu (perfect)
詰まりぬ (perfect)
つまりぬ (perfect)
tumarinu (perfect)
詰まれり (continuative perfect)
詰まりたり (continuative perfect)
つまれり (continuative perfect)
つまりたり (continuative perfect)
tumareri (continuative perfect)
tumaritari (continuative perfect)
詰まらむ (volitional)
つまらむ (volitional)
tumaramu (volitional)

[t͡sɨma̠ɾɯ̟]

(phonetics, phonology) pronounce with a geminate consonant


信夫

信夫 (canonical)
Shinobu (romanization)
信夫 (canonical)
Nobuo (romanization)

(history) A district of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan


唯物論

唯物論 (canonical)
yuibutsuron (romanization)

[jɯ̟ibɯ̟t͡sɨɾõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 唯(ゆい)物(ぶつ) (yuibutsu) + 論(ろん) (-ron, “theory”).
Coined by Japanese philosopher Inoue Tetsujirō in 1881 in his work 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Dictionary of Philosophy”) as a translation of English materialism.