文

A later borrowing from Middle Chinese. Compare modern Min Nan reading bûn, Hakka vûn.


形

From Middle Chinese 形 (MC heng). Compare modern Mandarin 形 (xíng). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

連用形

命令形

(Japanese grammar) a conjugation form of a verb


性

From Middle Chinese 性 (MC sjengH, “nature of something, inherent quality”).
The kan'on, so a later borrowing.


感

(grammar) clipping of 感動詞 (kandōshi, “interjection”)


態

(grammar) voice - a particular mode of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses.


格

何格を取るか？


法

法 (canonical)
hō (romanization)
fafu (romanization)
はふ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 法 (MC pjop). Originally, the kan'on was はふ (fafu), and the goon was ほふ (fofu), although both became ほう (hō) in modern Japanese. It is suggested that the kan'on was used in the general senses, while the goon was used in Buddhist contexts.


相

相 (canonical)
sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese. Goon, so likely an earlier borrowing than the shō reading.


芝

Compound of し (shi, adjectival ending) + 様 (sama, “kind, type”). The sama changes to zama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 芝 was used as an ateji, probably based on its on'yomi of shi.

compound

This is the nomenclature used in the grammar devised by 富士谷成章 (Fujitani Nariakira), a classical Japanese scholar and grammarian in the middle Edo period. Modern i adjectives still had the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) ending in -shi in the mid-Edo period, hence Fujitani's description of these as the “shi-type” of adjective.

(grammar, obsolete) “shi-type”, referring to the i adjective in Japanese grammar, specifically the ク活用 (ku katsuyō, “ku inflection”), corresponding to modern Japanese adjectives ending in -i but not -shii


品詞

→ Korean: 품사 (pumsa)

Coined in Japanese as a compound of 品 (hin, “item, article”) + 詞 (shi, “word”). First appears in reference to Japanese grammar in the 1874 book 小学日本文典 (Shōgaku Nihon Bunten, “Elementary Japan Grammar Book”) by 田中義廉 (Tanaka Yoshikado). Influenced by, and possibly a partial calque of English part of speech, French partie du discours, or Dutch woordsoort (literally “word sort”).

cal

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Part of speech
ja:品詞
ja:田中義廉


用言

用言 (canonical)
yōgen (romanization)
yougen (romanization)
ようげん (hiragana historical)

用 (“use”) + 言 (“word”), literally “word that expresses function; functional word”. See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).

compound

(grammar) an inflected 自立語 (jiritsugo, “free word”) in Japanese or Korean grammar


冠詞

冠詞 (canonical)
kanshi (romanization)
kwansi (romanization)
くわんし (hiragana historical)


助詞

(grammar) Particle: a part of speech in Japanese grammar known as a particle or relational; a suffix indicating the part of speech of the previous element or the mode of the whole preceding sentence or clause.


形容詞

From 形容 (keiyō, “description; form”) + 詞 (-shi, “word; part of speech”).
First cited to 1870.

suf

(grammar) an -i adjective: specific to Japanese grammar, an adjective with an attributive form that ends in い (-i)

形容詞の格変化

所有形容詞

フランス語の形容詞及び名詞は、男性形と女性形がある。

Furansu-go no keiyōshi oyobi meishi wa, danseikei to joseikei ga aru.

French adjectives and nouns have masculine and feminine forms.

(grammar) (more generally, such as in another language) an adjective


名詞

一般名詞: common noun

一般名詞 いっぱんめいし


未来

From Middle Chinese 未來 (MC mj+jH loj). Originally a Buddhist calque of Sanskrit अनागत (anāgata, “not yet come; future”, past participle), from अन्- (an-, “not”) + आगत (āgata, “what has come”), from the verb root आगम् (āgam, “to come”).


形容動詞

形容動詞 (canonical)
keiyō dōshi (romanization)

Compound of 形容(けいよう) (keiyō, “description; form”) + 動詞(どうし) (dōshi, “verb”).

ja-com

(grammar) な-adjective: specific to Japanese grammar, an adjective with an attributive form that ends in な (-na)

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
ja:形容動詞


働く

ja-verb

働(はたら)く • (hataraku) intransitive godan (stem 働(はたら)き (hataraki), past 働(はたら)いた (hataraita))

働く (canonical)
hataraku (romanization)
働き (stem)
働いた (past)
働か
はたらか
hataraka
働き
はたらき
hataraki
働く
はたらく
hataraku
働け
はたらけ
hatarake
働かれる (passive)
はたらかれる (passive)
hatarakareru (passive)
働かせる (causative)
働かす (causative)
はたらかせる (causative)
はたらかす (causative)
hatarakaseru (causative)
hatarakasu (causative)
働ける (potential)
はたらける (potential)
hatarakeru (potential)
働こう (volitional)
はたらこう (volitional)
hatarakō (volitional)
働かない (negative)
はたらかない (negative)
hatarakanai (negative)
働かず (continuative negative)
はたらかず (continuative negative)
hatarakazu (continuative negative)
働きます (formal)
はたらきます (formal)
hatarakimasu (formal)
働いた (perfective)
はたらいた (perfective)
hataraita (perfective)
働いて (conjunctive)
はたらいて (conjunctive)
hataraite (conjunctive)
働けば (conditional hypothetical)
はたらけば (conditional hypothetical)
hatarakeba (conditional hypothetical)
働き [hataraki]
働く [hataraku]
働いて [hataraite] (conjunctive)
働かないで [hatarakanai de] (conjunctive negative)
働かなくて [hatarakanakute] (conjunctive negative)
働かない [hatarakanai] (negative)
働きます [hatarakimasu] (polite)
働きません [hatarakimasen] (negative polite)
働いた [hataraita]
働かなかった [hatarakanakatta] (negative)
働きました [hatarakimashita] (polite)
働きませんでした [hatarakimasen deshita] (negative polite)
働かれ [hatarakare] (passive)
働かれる [hatarakareru] (passive)
働かれない [hatarakarenai] (negative passive)
働かれます [hatarakaremasu] (passive polite)
働かれません [hatarakaremasen] (negative passive polite)
働かれた [hatarakareta] (passive past)
働かれなかった [hatarakarenakatta] (negative passive past)
働かれました [hatarakaremashita] (passive)
働かれませんでした [hatarakaremasen deshita] (negative passive)
働かせ [hatarakase] (causative)
働かせる [hatarakaseru] (causative)
short form: 働かす [hatarakasu] (causative)
働かせない [hatarakasenai] (causative negative)
働かせます [hatarakasemasu] (causative polite)
働かせません [hatarakasemasen] (causative negative polite)
働かせた [hatarakaseta] (causative past)
働かせなかった [hatarakasenakatta] (causative negative past)
働かせました [hatarakasemashita] (causative)
働かせませんでした [hatarakasemasen deshita] (causative negative)
働け [hatarake] (potential)
働ける [hatarakeru] (potential)
働けない [hatarakenai] (negative potential)
働けます [hatarakemasu] (polite potential)
働けません [hatarakemasen] (negative polite potential)
働けた [hataraketa] (past potential)
働けなかった [hatarakenakatta] (negative past potential)
働けました [hatarakemashita] (potential)
働けませんでした [hatarakemasen deshita] (negative potential)
働け [hatarake] (imperative)
働いてください [hataraite kudasai] (imperative)
働かないでください [hatarakanai de kudasai] (imperative negative)
働きなさい [hatarakinasai] (imperative)
働くな [hataraku na] (imperative negative)
働こう [hatarakō] (imperative)
働きましょう [hatarakimashō] (imperative polite)
働けば [hatarakeba] (conditional)
働かなければ [hatarakanakereba] (conditional negative)
colloquial: 働かなきゃ [hatarakanakya] (conditional negative)
働いたら [hataraitara] (conditional)
働かなかったら [hatarakanakattara] (conditional negative)
standard: 働かせられ [hatarakaserare] (conditional)
colloquial: 働かされ [hatarakasare] (conditional)
働かせられる [hatarakaserareru] (conditional)
働かされる [hatarakasareru] (conditional)
働かせられない [hatarakaserarenai] (conditional negative)
働かされない [hatarakasarenai] (conditional negative)
働かせられます [hatarakaseraremasu] (conditional polite)
働かされます [hatarakasaremasu] (conditional polite)
働かせられません [hatarakaseraremasen] (conditional negative polite)
働かされません [hatarakasaremasen] (conditional negative polite)
働かせられた [hatarakaserareta] (conditional past)
働かされた [hatarakasareta] (conditional past)
働かせられなかった [hatarakaserarenakatta] (conditional negative past)
働かされなかった [hatarakasarenakatta] (conditional negative past)
働かせられました [hatarakaseraremashita] (conditional)
働かされました [hatarakasaremashita] (conditional)
働かされませんでした [hatarakasaremasen deshita] (conditional negative)
働きたい [hatarakitai] (desiderative)
働きたくない [hatarakitaku nai] (desiderative negative)
For other desiderative forms (desiderative)
働いている [hataraite iru] (desiderative)
contraction: 働いてる [hataraiteru] (desiderative)
働いていない [hataraite inai] (desiderative negative)
contraction: 働いてない [hataraitenai] (desiderative negative)
働いています [hataraite imasu] (desiderative polite)
働いていません [hataraite imasen] (desiderative negative polite)
働いていた [hataraite ita] (desiderative past)
働いていなかった [hataraite inakatta] (desiderative negative past)
働いていました [hataraite imashita] (desiderative)
働いていませんでした [hataraite imasen deshita] (desiderative negative)
働かぬ [hatarakanu]
働かん [hatarakan]
働かず [hatarakazu] (continuative negative)
働かず [hatarakazu]
働いたり [hataraitari]

Most likely derived ultimately from a mimetic word はた (hata, adverb, referring to the sound of objects bumping together), in turn possibly cognate with 旗 (hata, “flag”, from the sound of a flag flapping) and 機 (hata, “a loom”, from the sound of the shuttle or the workings of the batten).
Compare also adverb はたはた (hatahata, “working diligently”), verb はためく (hatameku, “to flutter, flap, flicker, whip”).
First cited in the late 900s, with the sense of "to move one's body".

ja-r

(grammar) to conjugate; to inflect; to decline


連用形

連用形 (canonical)
ren'yōkei (romanization)

[ɾẽ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːke̞ː]

Compound of 連用 (ren'yō, “attaching to an inflecting word”, where 用 (yō) is short for 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”)) + 形 (kei, “form”).

compound

This is the base form after which various conjugational endings are added, such as て (te) or ます (masu). See Appendix:Japanese verbs for more details.

(grammar) an inflectional category: the continuative or stem form for verbs, the adverbial form for adjectives


未然形

Compound of 未然 (mizen, literally “not yet occurred”) + 形 (kei, “form”). Historically called 将然言(しょうぜんげん) (shōzengen), 未然段(みぜんだん) (mizendan).

Indicates that something has not yet happened, or not yet begun.

(grammar) a Japanese verbal inflectional category: the irrealis form

ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ


普通名詞

普通名詞 (canonical)
futsū meishi (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟̊t͡sɨː me̞ːɕi]

普通 (futsū, “common”) + 名詞 (meishi, “noun”)


男性

男性経験

男性経験 だんせいけいけん

男性社会

男性社会 だんせいしゃかい

独身男性

独身男性 どくしんだんせい


女性

ja-noun

女(じょ)性(せい) • (josei) ^(←ぢよせい (dyosei)?) (counter 人)

女性 (canonical)
josei (romanization)
dyosei (romanization)
人 (counter)
ぢよせい (hiragana historical)

Spelling repurposed from nyoshō below during the Meiji period (1868–1912), using the relatively newer kan'on readings of the characters.


助数詞

[d͡ʑo̞sɨːɕi]

(grammar) counter word, a Japanese part of speech


離合詞

(Chinese grammar) (grammar) separable verb


活用

ja-verb-suru

活(かつ)用(よう)する • (katsuyō suru) ^(←くわつよう (kwatuyou)?)transitive or intransitive suru (stem 活(かつ)用(よう)し (katsuyō shi), past 活(かつ)用(よう)した (katsuyō shita))

活用する (canonical)
katsuyō suru (romanization)
kwatuyou (romanization)
活用し (stem)
活用した (past)
活用し
かつようし
katsuyō shi
活用する
かつようする
katsuyō suru
活用すれ
かつようすれ
katsuyō sure
活用せよ (imperative literary)
活用しろ (colloquial imperative)
かつようせよ (imperative literary)
かつようしろ (colloquial imperative)
katsuyō seyo (imperative literary)
katsuyō shiro (colloquial imperative)
活用される (passive)
かつようされる (passive)
katsuyō sareru (passive)
活用させる (causative)
活用さす (causative)
かつようさせる (causative)
かつようさす (causative)
katsuyō saseru (causative)
katsuyō sasu (causative)
活用できる (potential)
かつようできる (potential)
katsuyō dekiru (potential)
活用しよう (volitional)
かつようしよう (volitional)
katsuyō shiyō (volitional)
活用しない (negative)
かつようしない (negative)
katsuyō shinai (negative)
活用せず (continuative negative)
かつようせず (continuative negative)
katsuyō sezu (continuative negative)
活用します (formal)
かつようします (formal)
katsuyō shimasu (formal)
活用した (perfective)
かつようした (perfective)
katsuyō shita (perfective)
活用して (conjunctive)
かつようして (conjunctive)
katsuyō shite (conjunctive)
活用すれば (conditional hypothetical)
かつようすれば (conditional hypothetical)
katsuyō sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(intransitive, grammar) to inflect, to conjugate


複数

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟sɨː]


複数形

複数形 (canonical)
fukusūkei (romanization)


自動

(grammar) intransitive verb (abbreviation of 自動詞)


接続詞

接続詞 (canonical)
setsuzokushi (romanization)


連体詞

連体詞 (canonical)
rentaishi (romanization)

Compound of 連体 (rentai, “attribution”, of a noun; limited to grammatical contexts, literally “accompanying an uninflecting word”) + 詞 (-shi, “word; part of speech”).
First cited to a text from 1937.

suf

(grammar) an adnominal (attributive word: cannot be used predicatively and must precede a 体言 (taigen, “uninflecting word”) in Japanese grammar)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Japanese adjectives#Attributives
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:連体詞


固有名詞

ja-noun

固(こ)有(ゆう)名(めい)詞(し) • (koyū meishi) ^(←こいうめいし (koiumeisi)?)

固有名詞 (canonical)
koyū meishi (romanization)
koiumeisi (romanization)
こいうめいし (hiragana historical)

固有 (koyū, “characteristic”) + 名詞 (meishi, “noun”)


代名詞

代名詞 (canonical)
daimeishi (romanization)

From 代 (dai, “replacement”) + 名詞 (meishi, “noun”), as it stands in for a noun.


五十音

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん) • (gojūon) ^(←ごじふおん (gozifuon)?)

五十音 (canonical)
gojūon (romanization)
gozifuon (romanization)
ごじふおん (hiragana historical)

From 五十 (gojū, “fifty”) + 音 (on, “sound”).

(phonology, orthography, grammar) all Japanese morae that can be spelled with 45 single modern kana and 2 historical kana (ゐ/ヰ and ゑ/ヱ) customarily without diacritical marks (゛ and ゜), excluding っ and ん, arranged in a 5x10 table (五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “table of the fifty sounds”)), used for phonological and grammatical analysis


終止形

終(しゅう)止(し)形(けい) • (shūshikei) ^(←しゆうしけい (syuusikei)?)

終止形 (canonical)
shūshikei (romanization)
syuusikei (romanization)
しゆうしけい (hiragana historical)

[ɕɨːɕi̥ke̞ː]

(grammar) an inflectional category; the conclusive form (the form used at the ends of clauses in predicate positions)


連体形

連体形 (canonical)
rentaikei (romanization)

Compound of 連体 (rentai, “connecting to an uninflectable word”, where 体 is short for 体言 (taigen, “uninflectable word”)) + 形 (kei, “form”).

compound

(grammar) the attributive form; an inflectional category


仮定形

(grammar) a verbal inflectional category; the conditional form. Evolved from the 已然形 (realis form).


命令形

命令形 (canonical)
meireikei (romanization)

[me̞ːɾe̞ːke̞ː]

(grammar) the imperative form; an inflectional category


自動詞

Compound of 自動 (jidō, “self-moving, self-acting”) + 詞 (shi, “word; part of speech”).

Daijirin
Daijisen
Intransitive verb
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明
ja:自動詞


他動詞

Compound of 他動 (tadō, “other-moving, other-acting”) + 詞 (shi, “word; part of speech”).

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Transitive verb
ja:他動詞
ja:松村明


擬音語

(grammar) an onomatopoeic word, a word that sounds like the sound that it represents; onomatopoeia


擬態語

(grammar) an ideophone; a word the sound of which represents something inaudible, a non-auditory sensation, or a psychological state, phenomime


一人称

一人称 (canonical)
ichininshō (romanization)


三人称

三人称 (canonical)
sanninshō (romanization)


人称代名詞

ja-noun

人(にん)称(しょう)代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) • (ninshō daimeishi) ^(←にんしようだいめいし (ninsyou daimeisi)?)

人称代名詞 (canonical)
ninshō daimeishi (romanization)
ninsyou daimeisi (romanization)
にんしようだいめいし (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟ĩɰ̃ɕo̞ː da̠ime̞ːɕi]

From 人(にん)称(しょう) (ninshō, “person”) + 代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) (daimeishi, “pronoun”).


指示代名詞

ja-noun

指(し)示(じ)代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) • (shiji daimeishi)

指示代名詞 (canonical)
shiji daimeishi (romanization)

From 指示(しじ) (shiji, “demonstrative”): + 代名詞(だいめいし) (daimeishi, “pronoun”).

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun

あれ: that

are; Mostly in Japanese, the thing is far from the speaker physically

これ: this

Mostly in Japanese, the thing is near to the speaker physically

that

Mostly in Japanese, the thing is pointed by a gesture or the previous sentences


体言

Coinage in Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 体 (tai, “body”) + 言 (gen, “word”), literally “substantive word”. Compare English substantive.
In Japanese grammar, contrasts with 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”, literally “function word”). See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).
First cited in 1851.

compound

(grammar) a Japanese or Korean word that does not inflect and can be used as a grammatical subject


時制

From 時 (ジ, ji, time) + 制 (セイ, sei, control)

現在時制: present tense

現在時制 げんざいじせい

現在完了時制: present perfect tense

現在完了時制 げんざいかんりょうじせい

過去完了時制

過去完了時制 かこかんりょうじせい

未来完了時制: future perfect tense

未来完了時制 みらいかんりょうじせい

完了時制: perfect tense

完了時制 かんりょうじせい

未完了時制

未完了時制 みかんりょうじせい

条件時制

条件時制 じょうけんじせい


過去時制

過去時制 (canonical)
kako jisei (romanization)

From 過去(かこ) (kako, “past”) + 時制(じせい) (jisei, “tense”).

現在時制

現在時制 げんざいじせい


定冠詞

ja-noun

定(てい)冠(かん)詞(し) • (teikanshi) ^(←ていくわんし (teikwansi)?)

定冠詞 (canonical)
teikanshi (romanization)
teikwansi (romanization)
ていくわんし (hiragana historical)

[te̞ːkã̠ɰ̃ɕi]

Compound of 定 (tei, “definite”) + 冠詞 (kanshi, “article, as in grammar”).


不定冠詞

ja-noun

不(ふ)定(てい)冠(かん)詞(し) • (futeikanshi) ^(←ふていくわんし (futeikwansi)?)

不定冠詞 (canonical)
futeikanshi (romanization)
futeikwansi (romanization)
ふていくわんし (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟te̞ːkã̠ɰ̃ɕi]

Compound of 不定 (futei, “indefinite”) + 冠詞 (kanshi, “article, as in grammar”).


前置詞

前置詞 (canonical)
zenchishi (romanization)

[d͡zẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕiɕi]


疑問詞

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun

interrogative adverb
interrogative adverb

interrogative adjective
interrogative adjective

(grammar) interrogative, including the interrogative pronoun, interrogative adverb, and interrogative adjective.

疑問代名詞: interrogative pronoun

疑問代名詞 ぎもんだいめいし

疑問形容詞: interrogative adjective

疑問形容詞 ぎもんけいようし


現在分詞

現在分詞 (canonical)
genzai bunshi (romanization)


過去分詞

過去分詞 (canonical)
kakobunshi (romanization)

[ka̠ko̞bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕi]

現在分詞: present participle

現在分詞 げんざいぶんし


分詞

現在分詞: present participle

現在分詞 げんざいぶんし


文章

ja-noun

文(ぶん)章(しょう) • (bunshō) ^(←ぶんしやう (bunsyau)?)

文章 (canonical)
bunshō (romanization)
bunsyau (romanization)
ぶんしやう (hiragana historical)

[bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕo̞ː]


最上級

最(さい)上(じょう)級(きゅう) • (saijōkyū)

[sa̠iʑo̞ːkʲɨː]

最上級生 senior

最上級生 さいじょうきゅうせい


比較級

比較級(ひかっきゅう) • (hikakkyū)

比較級 (canonical)
hikakukyū (romanization)
比較級 (canonical)
hikakkyū (romanization)

最上級: superlative

最上級 さいじょうきゅう


絶対格

絶対格 (canonical)
zettaikaku (romanization)


連体格

連体格 (canonical)
rentaikaku (romanization)


前置格

前置格 (canonical)
zenchikaku (romanization)


現在時制

現在時制 (canonical)
genzai jisei (romanization)

Compound of 現在 (genzai, “present, now”) + 時制 (jisei, “grammatical tense”).


未来時制

未来時制 (canonical)
mirai jisei (romanization)

From 未来(みらい) (mirai, “future”) + 時制(じせい) (jisei, “tense”).

現在時制

現在時制 げんざいじせい


打ち消し

打ち消し (canonical)
uchikeshi (romanization)

(grammar) negative (for instance, negative verb forms in Japanese)


已然形

(grammar) a verbal inflectional category; the realis form as used in classical Japanese, which indicates that something is already the case, or in the process of happening. This form has evolved into the conditional form in modern Japanese without phonemic change.


感嘆詞

感嘆詞 (canonical)
kantanshi (romanization)


変格

[hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟]

変 (“change/strange”) + 格 (“grammatical case”)


分離動詞

分離動詞 (canonical)
bunridōshi (romanization)


四段活用

ja-noun

四(よ)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (yodan katsuyō) ^(←よだんくわつよう (yodan kwatuyou)?)

四段活用 (canonical)
yodan katsuyō (romanization)
yodan kwatuyou (romanization)
よだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 四段 (yodan, “quadrigrade, four-grade”) + 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of four alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, and -e


五段活用

ja-noun

五(ご)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (godan katsuyō) ^(←ごだんくわつよう (godan kwatuyou)?)

五段活用 (canonical)
godan katsuyō (romanization)
godan kwatuyou (romanization)
ごだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 五段 (godan, “pentagrade; five-grade”) + 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).
Literally, 五段 (godan, “five grades”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. It means five vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "five-voweled conjugation".

com

An extension of the earlier 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) class.

The fifth base, -o, is a pseudo-base derived from the suffix う (-u) attaching to the irrealis conjugation stem that ends in -a, resulting in あう (-au), which phonologically regularly elides into [oː].

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of five alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, -e, and -o


下一段活用

ja-noun

しも いちだん かつよう

しも いちだん くわつよう

下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (shimo ichidan katsuyō) ^(←しもいちだんくわつよう (simo itidan kwatuyou)?)

下一段活用 (canonical)
shimo ichidan katsuyō (romanization)
simo itidan kwatuyou (romanization)
しもいちだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).
Literally, 下一段 (shimo ichidan) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 下 (shimo) means the vowel e, which is written beneath the vowel i, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "one-voweled conjugation in e".

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the stem ends in -e:


下二段活用

ja-noun

しも にだん くわつよう

下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (shimo nidan katsuyō) ^(←しもにだんくわつよう (simo nidan kwatuyou)?)

下二段活用 (canonical)
shimo nidan katsuyō (romanization)
simo nidan kwatuyou (romanization)
しもにだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 二段活用 (nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”).
Literally, 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 下 (shimo, “lower”) means the vowel e, which is written “below” the vowel i, the other inflection-related vowel. 二段 (nidan, “two grades”) means two vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “two-voweled conjugation in e”.

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class with the following inflections: -e/-e/-u/-uru/-ure/-e[yo]


上二段活用

ja-noun

かみ にだん くわつよう

上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (kami nidan katsuyō) ^(←かみにだんくわつよう (kami nidan kwatuyou)?)

上二段活用 (canonical)
kami nidan katsuyō (romanization)
kami nidan kwatuyou (romanization)
かみにだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) + 二段活用 (nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”).
Literally, 上二段 (kami nidan, “upper bigrade”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 上 (kami, “upper”) means the vowel イ (i), which is written above the vowel エ (e), the other inflection-related vowel. 二段 (nidan, “two grades”) means two vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “two-voweled conjugation in i”.

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class which has the following inflections: -i/-i/-u/-uru/-ure/-i[yo]


上一段活用

ja-noun

かみ いちだん かつよう

かみ いちだん くわつよう

上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (kami ichidan katsuyō) ^(←かみいちだんくわつよう (kami itidan kwatuyou)?)

上一段活用 (canonical)
kami ichidan katsuyō (romanization)
kami itidan kwatuyou (romanization)
かみいちだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) + 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).
Literally, 上一段 (kami ichidan, “upper monograde”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 上 (kami, “upper”) means the vowel i, which is written above the vowel e, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “one-voweled conjugation in i”.

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in -i and consists of four alternating bases: -i, -iru, -ire, and -iyo/-iro


カ行変格活用

ja-noun

か-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

か-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

カ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←かぎやうへんかくくわつよう (ka-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

カ行変格活用 (canonical)
ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
ka-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
かぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

カぎょー・へんかくかつよー

カぎょーへんかくかつよー

[ka̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of カ行 (kagyō, “ka-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in k-, with minor historical changes

サ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう

ナ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう

ラ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう


ナ行変格活用

ja-noun

な-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

な-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

ナ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←なぎやうへんかくくわつよう (na-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

ナ行変格活用 (canonical)
na-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
na-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
なぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

ナぎょー・へんかくかつよー

ナぎょーへんかくかつよー

[na̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of ナ行 (na-gyō, “na-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in n-


ラ行変格活用

ja-noun

ら-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

ら-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

ラ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←らぎやうへんかくくわつよう (ra-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

ラ行変格活用 (canonical)
ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
ra-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
らぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

ラぎょー・へんかくかつよー

ラぎょーへんかくかつよー

[ɾa̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of ラ行 (ra-gyō, “ra-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in r- with four irregular bases: -a, -i, -u, and -e


サ行変格活用

ja-noun

さ-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

さ-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

サ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←さぎやうへんかくくわつよう (sa-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

サ行変格活用 (canonical)
sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
sa-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
さぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

サぎょー・へんかくかつよー

[sa̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of サ行 (sa-gyō, “sa-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in s-

上一段活用

一段活用 いちだんかつよう


目的語

目的語 (canonical)
mokutekigo (romanization)

Sino-Japanese word from 目的 (mokuteki, “purpose; goal”) + 語 (go, “language”).


上二段

上二段 (canonical)
kami nidan (romanization)

(grammar) an abbreviation for 上二段活用; upper dual grade conjugation


上一段

上一段 (canonical)
kami ichidan (romanization)

上一段活用 上一段活用#Japanese

(grammar) short for 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō): upper monograde conjugation


四段

(grammar) short for 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō): quadrigrade conjugation


五段

(grammar) Clipping of 五段活用 (godan katsuyō): pentagrade conjugation


下一段

下一段 (canonical)
shimo ichidan (romanization)

(grammar) an abbreviation for 下一段活用; lower monograde conjugation


下二段

下二段 (canonical)
shimo nidan (romanization)

下二段活用 下二段活用#Japanese

(grammar) short for 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō): lower bigrade conjugation


サ変

サ行変格活用 サ行変格活用

(grammar) an abbreviation for サ行変格活用; s-irregular conjugation


ラ変

ラ行変格活用 ラ行変格活用#Japanese

(grammar) Clipping of ラ行変格活用 (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō): r-irregular conjugation


ケース

ja-noun

ケース • (kēsu)


再帰動詞

再帰動詞 (canonical)
saiki dōshi (romanization)

Compound of 再帰 (saiki, “reflexive”) + 動詞 (dōshi, “verb”).


格助詞

格助詞 (canonical)
kakujoshi (romanization)

Compound of 格 (kaku, “grammatical case”) + 助詞 (joshi, “grammatical particle”).
Coined by linguist 山田孝雄 (Yamada Yoshio) in his work 日本文法論 (Nihon Bunpō-ron, “Treatise on Japanese Grammar”), published starting in 1902.

compound

(grammar) a case particle (non-free particle following an uninflected word, with grammatical functions akin to noun or pronoun cases in other languages)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
Yamada Yoshio
ja:山田孝雄
ja:格助詞


接助

(grammar) abbreviation of 接続助詞 (“conjunctive particle”)


接続助詞

接続助詞 (canonical)
setsuzokujoshi (romanization)

(grammar) conjunctive particle (abbr. 接助)


単複同形

単複同形 (canonical)
tanpuku dōkei (romanization)

[tã̠mpɯ̟kɯ̟ do̞ːke̞ː]

単複 (“singular and plural”) + 同形 (“same form”)

(grammar) noun with the same form in plural and singular, as in English


部分冠詞

部分冠詞 (canonical)
bubunkanshi (romanization)

[bɯ̟bɯ̟ŋ kã̠ɰ̃ɕi]

From 部分 (bubun, “part”) + 冠詞 (kanshi, “article”).


双数

双数 (canonical)
sōsū (romanization)
sausuu (romanization)
さうすう (hiragana historical)


ムード

ja-noun

ムード • (mūdo)


述語

述語 (canonical)
述語 (canonical)
jutsugo (romanization)

[d͡ʑɨt͡sɨɡo̞]


修飾

ja-verb-suru

修(しゅう)飾(しょく)する • (shūshoku suru) ^(←しうしよく (siusyoku)?)transitive suru (stem 修(しゅう)飾(しょく)し (shūshoku shi), past 修(しゅう)飾(しょく)した (shūshoku shita))

修飾する (canonical)
shūshoku suru (romanization)
siusyoku (romanization)
修飾し (stem)
修飾した (past)
修飾し
しゅうしょくし
shūshoku shi
修飾する
しゅうしょくする
shūshoku suru
修飾すれ
しゅうしょくすれ
shūshoku sure
修飾せよ (imperative literary)
修飾しろ (colloquial imperative)
しゅうしょくせよ (imperative literary)
しゅうしょくしろ (colloquial imperative)
shūshoku seyo (imperative literary)
shūshoku shiro (colloquial imperative)
修飾される (passive)
しゅうしょくされる (passive)
shūshoku sareru (passive)
修飾させる (causative)
修飾さす (causative)
しゅうしょくさせる (causative)
しゅうしょくさす (causative)
shūshoku saseru (causative)
shūshoku sasu (causative)
修飾できる (potential)
しゅうしょくできる (potential)
shūshoku dekiru (potential)
修飾しよう (volitional)
しゅうしょくしよう (volitional)
shūshoku shiyō (volitional)
修飾しない (negative)
しゅうしょくしない (negative)
shūshoku shinai (negative)
修飾せず (continuative negative)
しゅうしょくせず (continuative negative)
shūshoku sezu (continuative negative)
修飾します (formal)
しゅうしょくします (formal)
shūshoku shimasu (formal)
修飾した (perfective)
しゅうしょくした (perfective)
shūshoku shita (perfective)
修飾して (conjunctive)
しゅうしょくして (conjunctive)
shūshoku shite (conjunctive)
修飾すれば (conditional hypothetical)
しゅうしょくすれば (conditional hypothetical)
shūshoku sureba (conditional hypothetical)


欠格

(grammar) abessive case (case used to express the lack of something)


抽象名詞

ja-noun

抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)名(めい)詞(し) • (chūshō meishi) ^(←ちうしやうめいし (tiusyaumeisi)?)

抽象名詞 (canonical)
chūshō meishi (romanization)
tiusyaumeisi (romanization)
ちうしやうめいし (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːɕo̞ː me̞ːɕi]

Compound of 抽象 (chūshō, “abstract”) + 名詞 (meishi, “noun”).

compound

(grammar) abstract noun (a noun that denotes an abstract concept)


こそあど

こそあど (canonical)
コソアド (canonical)
kosoado (romanization)

From こ (ko) + そ (so) + あ (a) + ど (do), the initial kana of each series of demonstratives; see below.


限定詞

限定詞 (canonical)
genteishi (romanization)

[ɡẽ̞nte̞ːɕi]


自立語

自立語 (canonical)
jiritsugo (romanization)

[d͡ʑiɾʲit͡sɨɡo̞]

自立 (“autonomous”) + 語 (“morpheme; expression”)

suf

(grammar) an autonomous/independent/free morpheme or word in Japanese, marked by its independence from other words and its distinct pitch accent


働き詞

働き詞 (canonical)
hataraki kotoba (romanization)

Compound of 働き (hataraki, “working, functioning”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 働く hataraku、 “to work, to function”) + 詞 (kotoba, “word”).

compound

(archaic, grammar) any word that declines or conjugates

(archaic, grammar) more specifically, a verb


詠嘆

(grammar) The use of particles or jodōshi to show an admirative tone


修飾語

ja-noun

修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) • (shūshokugo) ^(←しうしよくご (siusyokugo)?)

修飾語 (canonical)
shūshokugo (romanization)
siusyokugo (romanization)
しうしよくご (hiragana historical)

[ɕɨːɕo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

Compound of 修(しゅう)飾(しょく) (shūshoku, “to modify”) + 語(ご) (-go, “word; expression”).


トークン

ja-noun

トークン • (tōkun)


疑問文

[ɡʲimõ̞mbɯ̟̃ɴ]

(grammar) interrogative sentence; question


直接話法

直(ちょく)接(せつ)話(わ)法(ほう) • (chokusetsu wahō)

直接話法 (canonical)
chokusetsu wahō (romanization)

[t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟se̞t͡sɨβ̞a̠ho̞ː]

(grammar) direct speech (the writing of speech)

間接話法

間接話法 かんせつわほう


間接話法

間接話法 (canonical)
kansetsu wahō (romanization)

[kã̠ɰ̃se̞t͡sɨβ̞a̠ho̞ː]

(grammar) reported speech, indirect speech (a form of speech used to express what another has said)

直接話法

直接話法 ちょくせつわほう


倒置

倒置 (canonical)
tōchi (romanization)
tauti (romanization)
たうち (hiragana historical)


倒置

ja-verb-suru

倒(とう)置(ち)する • (tōchi suru) ^(←たうち (tauti)?)suru (stem 倒(とう)置(ち)し (tōchi shi), past 倒(とう)置(ち)した (tōchi shita))

倒置する (canonical)
tōchi suru (romanization)
tauti (romanization)
倒置し (stem)
倒置した (past)
倒置し
とうちし
tōchi shi
倒置する
とうちする
tōchi suru
倒置すれ
とうちすれ
tōchi sure
倒置せよ (imperative literary)
倒置しろ (colloquial imperative)
とうちせよ (imperative literary)
とうちしろ (colloquial imperative)
tōchi seyo (imperative literary)
tōchi shiro (colloquial imperative)
倒置される (passive)
とうちされる (passive)
tōchi sareru (passive)
倒置させる (causative)
倒置さす (causative)
とうちさせる (causative)
とうちさす (causative)
tōchi saseru (causative)
tōchi sasu (causative)
倒置できる (potential)
とうちできる (potential)
tōchi dekiru (potential)
倒置しよう (volitional)
とうちしよう (volitional)
tōchi shiyō (volitional)
倒置しない (negative)
とうちしない (negative)
tōchi shinai (negative)
倒置せず (continuative negative)
とうちせず (continuative negative)
tōchi sezu (continuative negative)
倒置します (formal)
とうちします (formal)
tōchi shimasu (formal)
倒置した (perfective)
とうちした (perfective)
tōchi shita (perfective)
倒置して (conjunctive)
とうちして (conjunctive)
tōchi shite (conjunctive)
倒置すれば (conditional hypothetical)
とうちすれば (conditional hypothetical)
tōchi sureba (conditional hypothetical)


センテンス

[sẽ̞ntẽ̞ɰ̃sɨ]


指小辞

ja-noun

指(し)小(しょう)辞(じ) • (shishōji) ^(←しせうじ (siseuzi)?)

指小辞 (canonical)
shishōji (romanization)
siseuzi (romanization)
しせうじ (hiragana historical)


助辞

(grammar) an auxiliary word or affix, a function word

(grammar) synonym of 助詞 (joshi): a particle


ら抜き言葉

ら抜き言葉 (canonical)
ra-nuki kotoba (romanization)

(Japanese grammar) dropping the ら (ra) in the potential form of verbs formed with られる (-rareru)


ら抜き

ら抜き言葉 ら抜き言葉#Japanese

(grammar) synonym of ら抜き言葉 (ra-nuki kotoba)


可能動詞

可能動詞 (canonical)
kanō dōshi (romanization)

Compound of 可能 (kanō, “capable, potential, possible”) + 動詞 (dōshi, “verb”).

compound

(grammar) a potential verb (indicates that something is possible)


活用形

ja-noun

活(かつ)用(よう)形(けい) • (katsuyōkei) ^(←くわつようけい (kwatuyoukei)?)

活用形 (canonical)
katsuyōkei (romanization)
kwatuyoukei (romanization)
くわつようけい (hiragana historical)

Compound of 活(かつ)用(よう) (katsuyō, “inflection”) + 形(けい) (-kei, “form”).


推量形

ja-noun

推(すい)量(りょう)形(けい) • (suiryōkei) ^(←すいりやうけい (suiryaukei)?)

推量形 (canonical)
suiryōkei (romanization)
suiryaukei (romanization)
すいりやうけい (hiragana historical)

[sɨiɾʲo̞ːke̞ː]


命令法

[me̞ːɾe̞ːho̞ː]

By surface analysis, 命令 (meirei, “order, command”) + 法 (hō, “mood”).


否定形

From 否定(ひてい) (hitei, “denial, negation”) + 形(けい) (kei, “form”).


カ変

カ行変格活用 カ行変格活用#Japanese

(grammar) short for カ行変格活用 (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō): k-irregular conjugation


已然

已然 (canonical)
izen (romanization)
いぜん (hiragana historical)

(chiefly grammar) already being so (see 已然形)


現在完了

現在完了 (canonical)
genzai kanryō (romanization)

From 現在 (genzai, “present”) + 完了 (kanryō, “completion”).

compound

完了時制: perfect tense

完了時制 かんりょうじせい


完了時制

完了時制 (canonical)
kanryō jisei (romanization)

From 完了 (kanryō, “completion”) + 時制 (jisei, “grammatical tense”).


完了形

完了形 (canonical)
kanryōkei (romanization)

From 完了 (kanryō, “completion”) + 形 (kei, “shape, form”).

完了時制

完了時制 かんりょうじせい


逆接

逆接 (canonical)
gyakusetsu (romanization)

1991, Michio Ōnishi, Tansakubun no jugyō [Short-essay instruction], page 108:

記述量がふえてきている。逆接と順接の接続助詞の使用が目立つ。

Kijutsu ryō ga fuetekiteiru. Gyakusetsu to junsetsu no setsuzoku joshi no shiyō ga medatsu.

There is increasing description. The use of contrastive and resultative particles is notable.

(grammar) adversative, contrastive; a particle or conjunction that joins two phrases and indicates that their meanings contrast or differ from one another or from expectation


順接

記述量がふえてきている。逆接と順接の接続助詞の使用が目立つ。

(grammar) resultative, a particle or conjunction that joins two phrases or clauses and indicates that the first is the cause and the second is the result


順接

ja-verb-suru

順(じゅん)接(せつ)する • (junsetsu suru) suru (stem 順(じゅん)接(せつ)し (junsetsu shi), past 順(じゅん)接(せつ)した (junsetsu shita))

順接する (canonical)
junsetsu suru (romanization)
順接し (stem)
順接した (past)

2004, Hajime Takamizawa, Shin hajimete no Nihongo kyōiku [New beginning Japanese textbook], connective particle, page 100:

「優しくてきれい」「映画を見なりテニスをしたりした」「頭が痛いしせきも出る」の中の「て、たり、し、ながら、つつ」のように文を順接するものや、「夏は涼しいが、冬は暖かい」の中の「が、けれど、のに」のように逆接の意味を表す

“yasashikute kirei” “eiga o minari tenisu o shitari shita” “atama ga itai shi seki mo deru” no naka no “te, tari, shi, nagara, tsutsu” no yō ni bun o junsetsu suru mono ya, “natsu wa suzushī ga, fuyu wa atatakai” no naka no “ga, keredo, noni” no yō ni gyakusetsu no imi o arawasu

In phrases such as “gentle and lovely”, “was watching movies and playing tennis”, “a headache and coughing”, words such as “te, tari, shi, nagara, tsutsu” that connect meanings, or in “cool summer but warm winter”, words such as “ga, keredo, noni” that express contrast in meaning

(grammar) to connect two or more predicates, to indicate cause and effect, to specify a result


過去形

Compound of 過(か)去(こ) (kako, “past”) + 形(けい) (kei, “form”).

com-ja

“do”の過去形は“did”だ。


辞書形

Compound of 辞書 (jisho, “dictionary”) + 形 (kei, “form”)


ナリ活用

ja-noun

ナリ活用(かつよう) • (nari katsuyō) ^(←なりくわつよう (narikwatuyou)?)

ナリ活用 (canonical)
nari katsuyō (romanization)
narikwatuyou (romanization)
なりくわつよう (hiragana historical)

From なり (nari, “to be”, archaic) + 活用 (katsuyō, “declension, inflection”).
The classical verb nari itself is a contraction of particle に (ni) and classical verb あり (ari).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) an adjective inflection class with the following inflections: -nara/-nari (or ni)/-nari/-naru/-nare/-nare


タリ活用

ja-noun

タリ活用(かつよう) • (tari katsuyō) ^(←たりくわつよう (tarikwatuyou)?)

タリ活用 (canonical)
tari katsuyō (romanization)
tarikwatuyou (romanization)
たりくわつよう (hiragana historical)

From たり (tari, “to be”, archaic) + 活用 (katsuyō, “declension, inflection”).
The classical verb tari itself is a contraction of particle と (to) and classical verb あり (ari).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) an adjective inflection class with the following inflections: -tara/-tari (or to)/-tari/-taru/-tare/-tare


シク活用

ja-noun

シク活用(かつよう) • (shiku katsuyō) ^(←しくくわつよう (sikukwatuyou)?)

シク活用 (canonical)
shiku katsuyō (romanization)
sikukwatuyou (romanization)
しくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

From しく (-shiku, variant 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of adjectival suffix し (-shi)) + 活用 (katsuyō, “declension, inflection”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) an adjective inflection class for some classical adjectives ending in -shi:


ク活用

ja-noun

ク活用(かつよう) • (ku katsuyō) ^(←くくわつよう (kukwatuyou)?)

ク活用 (canonical)
ku katsuyō (romanization)
kukwatuyou (romanization)
くくわつよう (hiragana historical)

From く (-ku, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of adjectival suffix し (-shi)) + 活用 (katsuyō, “declension, inflection”).


倒置法

ja-noun

倒(とう)置(ち)法(ほう) • (tōchihō) ^(←たうちはふ (tautifafu)?)

倒置法 (canonical)
tōchihō (romanization)
tautifafu (romanization)
たうちはふ (hiragana historical)


自他

自他 (canonical)
jita (romanization)
zita (romanization)
じた (hiragana historical)


代動詞

Calque of English pro-verb. Compare 代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) (daimeishi, “pronoun”), 動(どう)詞(し) (dōshi, “verb”).

2017 April 13, “do no yōhō [Usage of do]”, in Kōkō netto zemi daigaku juken kōza, archived from the original on 2021-04-28:

The final usage of do is as ‘pro-verb’, the verb version of a pronoun. Since English doesn't like to use the same word again and again, it is common to use do in place of the verb the second time.

doの用法の最後は【代動詞】です。代名詞の動詞版。英語は同じ単語を何回も使うのを嫌うので、動詞も2回目はdoにしてしまうことがよくあります。

Do no yōhō no saigo wa【daidōshi】desu. Daimeishi no dōshi ban. Eigo wa onaji tango o nankai mo tsukau no o kirau no de, dōshi mo nikaime wa do ni shite shimau koto ga yoku arimasu.

(linguistics, grammar) pro-verb, pro-form of a verb


複合動詞

複(ふく)合(ごう)動(どう)詞(し) • (fukugō dōshi) ^(←ふくがふどうし (fukugafudousi)?)

複合動詞 (canonical)
fukugō dōshi (romanization)
fukugafudousi (romanization)
ふくがふどうし (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟ɡo̞ː do̞ːɕi]

2013 October 4, Okuda Tomoki, “Nihongo no fukugō dōshi kenkyū no shosō [Aspects of research on Japanese compound verbs]”, in Nagoya University Repository, page 1:

According to the National Japanese Language Research Institute’s “Vocabulary for research and education (1)” (1984), the main combining patterns of compound verbs are as follows. (1) verb + verb: yobiyoseru [call together], kikitogameru [question critically], hakidasu [spit out] […]

国立国語研究所『語彙の研究と教育（上）』(1984)によれば、複合動詞の主な結合パターンは以下のとおりである。
(1)動詞＋動詞 呼び寄せる、聞きとがめる、吐き出す、 […]

Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo “Goi no kenkyū to kyōiku (jō)” (1984) ni yoreba, fukugō dōshi no omo na ketsugō patān wa ika no tōri de aru.
(1) dōshi ＋ dōshi yobiyoseru, kikitogameru, hakidasu, […]

複合名詞

複合名詞 ふくごうめいし


複合名詞

複(ふく)合(ごう)名(めい)詞(し) • (fukugō meishi) ^(←ふくがふめいし (fukugafumeisi)?)

複合名詞 (canonical)
fukugō meishi (romanization)
fukugafumeisi (romanization)
ふくがふめいし (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɡo̞ːme̞ːɕi]

2018 February 28, “TOEIC ni deru fukugōmeishi 50 sen! [50 compound nouns that appear in TOEIC]”, in English Hacker:

By remembering lots of business-related compound nouns, let’s aim for a high TOEIC score!

多くのビジネスに関する複合名詞を覚えて、TOEICハイスコアを目指しましょう！

Ōku no bijinesu ni kan suru fukugōmeishi o oboete, TOEIC haisukoa o mezashimashō!

複合動詞

複合動詞 ふくごうどうし


たいげんどめ

From 体言(たいげん) (taigen) + 止(と)め (tome, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 止(と)める (tomeru).”). The tome changes to dome as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

(grammar) ending a sentence with a 体言 (taigen), instead of verbs (including だ (da))


ク語法

ク語法 (canonical)
ク語法 (canonical)
ku-gohō (romanization)

[kɯ̟ɡo̞ho̞ː]

(grammar) the use of the Classical Japanese nominalizer く (ku)


二段活用

二段活用 (canonical)
nidan katsuyō (romanization)

上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) 上二段活用#Japanese

下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) 下二段活用#Japanese

(grammar) The Classical Japanese bigrade verb conjugation class, consisting of the two subclasses of 上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper-bigrade conjugation”) and 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower-bigrade conjugation”)

一段活用

一段活用 いちだんかつよう


一段活用

ja-noun

一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (ichidan katsuyō)

一段活用 (canonical)
ichidan katsuyō (romanization)

上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) 上一段活用#Japanese

下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) 下一段活用#Japanese

(grammar) The monograde verb conjugation class, consisting of the two subclasses of 上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper-monograde conjugation”) and 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower-monograde conjugation”)


曲用

曲(きょく)用(よう) • (kyokuyō) ^(←きよくよう (kyokuyou)?)

曲用 (canonical)
kyokuyō (romanization)
kyokuyou (romanization)
きよくよう (hiragana historical)


除外形

除(じょ)外(がい)形(けい) • (jogai-kei) ^(←ぢよぐわいけい (dyogwaikei)?)

除外形 (canonical)
jogai-kei (romanization)
dyogwaikei (romanization)
ぢよぐわいけい (hiragana historical)


排他形

排(はい)他(た)形(けい) • (haita-kei) ^(←はいたけい (faitakei)?)

排他形 (canonical)
haita-kei (romanization)
faitakei (romanization)
はいたけい (hiragana historical)


包括形

包(ほう)括(かつ)形(けい) • (hōkatsu-kei) ^(←はうくわつけい (faukwatukei)?)

包括形 (canonical)
hōkatsu-kei (romanization)
faukwatukei (romanization)
はうくわつけい (hiragana historical)


現在進行形

現(げん)在(ざい)進(しん)行(こう)形(けい) • (genzai shinkōkei) ^(←げんざいしんかうけい (genzai sinkaukei)?)

現在進行形 (canonical)
genzai shinkōkei (romanization)
genzai sinkaukei (romanization)
げんざいしんかうけい (hiragana historical)

[ɡẽ̞nd͡za̠i ɕĩŋko̞ːke̞ː]

From 現在(げんざい) (genzai) + 進行(しんこう) (shinkō) + 形(けい) (kei).


五十音図

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん)図(ず) • (gojūonzu) ^(←ごじふおんづ (gozifuondu)?)

五十音図 (canonical)
gojūonzu (romanization)
gozifuondu (romanization)
ごじふおんづ (hiragana historical)

[ɡo̞ʑɨːõ̞nd͡zɨ]

五十音 (literally “fifty sounds”) + 図 (“diagram”)

suf

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the 5x10 table used for arranging all the 47 kana used for the 五十音 (literally “fifty sounds”), whose 列 (“columns”) are arranged by the vowels (/a/, /i/, /ɯ/, /e/, /o/) and 行 (“rows”) are arranged by the consonants (Ø, /k/, /s/, /t/, /n/, /h/, /m/, /j/, /ɾ/, /w/; voiced obstruents and /p/ are customarily not included because they were rarely distinguished in writing); columns are ranked by 段 (“grade”), with the vowel /a/ being the highest grade and the vowel /o/ being the lowest; the missing cells of the や行 (“ya-row”) and わ行 (“wa-row”) are filled with い/イ (i), え/エ (e) and う/ウ (u) taken from the あ行 (“a-row”), in order to represent classical grammatical inflection with modern text (or alternatively, artificially filled with rare kana such as 𛀆/𛄠 (yi), 𛀁/𛄡 (ye) and 𛄟 (𛄟)/𛄢 (wu))


あ行

あ行 (canonical)
agyō (romanization)
agyau (romanization)
あぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ア行上一段/下一段/下二段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the first row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana あ/ア (a), い/イ (i), う/ウ (u), え/エ (e) and お/オ (o)


あ段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the first and highest-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the ten kana あ/ア (a), か/カ (ka), さ/サ (sa), た/タ (ta), な/ナ (na), は/ハ (ha), ま/マ (ma), や/ヤ (ya), ら/ラ (ra) and わ/ワ (wa)


は行

は行 (canonical)
hagyō (romanization)
fagyau (romanization)
はぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ハ行下一段/上二段/下二段/四段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the sixth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana は/ハ (ha), ひ/ヒ (hi), ふ/フ (fu), へ/ヘ (he) and ほ/ホ (ho)


ば行

ば行 (canonical)
bagyō (romanization)
bagyau (romanization)
ばぎゃう (hiragana historical)

バ行上一段/下一段/上二段/四段/五段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) a row derived from the は行 (“ha-row”) of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”) (but not included in the table) by adding the diacritical mark ゛, consisting of the five kana ば/バ (ba), び/ビ (bi), ぶ/ブ (bu), べ/ベ (be) and ぼ/ボ (bo)


や行

や行 (canonical)
yagyō (romanization)
yagyau (romanization)
やぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ヤ行上一段/上二段/下二段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the eighth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana や/ヤ (ya), い/イ (i) (alternatively, 𛀆/𛄠 (yi)), ゆ/ユ (yu), え/エ (e) (alternatively, 𛀁/𛄡 (ye)) and よ/ヨ (yo), two of which are taken from the あ行 (“a-row”) to represent classical grammatical inflection in modern text


わ行

わ行 (canonical)
wagyō (romanization)
wagyau (romanization)
わぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ワ行上一段 / 下二段 / 五段活用

wagyō kamīchidan / shimonidan / godan katsuyō

wa-row upper-bigrade / lower-bigrade / quintigrade inflection

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the tenth and last row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana わ/ワ (wa), ゐ/ヰ (wi), う/ウ (u) (alternatively, 𛄟 (𛄟)/𛄢 (wu)), ゑ/ヱ (we) and を/ヲ (wo), one of which is taken from the あ行 (“a-row”) to represent classical grammatical inflection in modern text


キリシタン版

キリシタン版 (canonical)
kirishitan-ban (romanization)

[kʲiɾʲiɕi̥tã̠mbã̠ɴ]

(history, Christianity, literature, grammar, lexicography) prose, grammar and vocabulary literature written and printed by Portuguese Jesuits in Japan during the late 16th and early 17th century


連体

Coined in Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 連 (ren, “accompanying”) + 体 (tai, “nominative”, short for 体言 (taigen, “uninflecting word”)).
First cited to a text from 1834.

compound

short for <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">体言</i> (taigen, “uninflecting word”)

連体形

attributive form; rentaikei, of an inflecting word

連体言

rentaigen, older synonym for modern rentaikei

連体詞

rentaishi, word that can only be used attributively before a nominative, and cannot be used predicatively

(grammar, attributive) attribution (of a quality to a nominative in Japanese grammar)


付属語

[ɸɯ̟zo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

付属 (“dependence”) + 語 (“morpheme; expression”)

suf

(grammar) a dependent/enclitic/bound morpheme or form in Japanese, marked by its dependence to a 自立語 (jiritsugo, “free word”) and its lack of distinct pitch accent


従属節

ja-noun

従(じゅう)属(ぞく)節(せつ) • (jūzokusetsu) ^(←じゆうぞくせつ (zyuuzokusetu)?)

従属節 (canonical)
jūzokusetsu (romanization)
zyuuzokusetu (romanization)
じゆうぞくせつ (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑɨːzo̞kɯ̟se̞t͡sɨ]

From 従属(じゅうぞく) (jūzoku) + 節(せつ) (setsu).


主節

主(しゅ)節(せつ) • (shusetsu) ^(←しゆせつ (syusetu)?)

主節 (canonical)
shusetsu (romanization)
syusetu (romanization)
しゆせつ (hiragana historical)


促音便

促音便 (canonical)
sokuonbin (romanization)

[so̞kɯ̟õ̞mbʲĩɴ]

Blend of 促音 (sokuon, “moraic obstruent”) + 音便 (onbin, “euphony”)

blend

(phonology, grammar) a form of euphony whereby certain historical morae became sokuon before a stop, especially before /t/


イ音便

(phonology, grammar) a form of euphony whereby certain historical morae became い (i)


ウ音便

(phonology, grammar) a form of euphony whereby certain historical morae became う (u)


撥音便

撥音便 (canonical)
hatsuonbin (romanization)

[ha̠t͡sɨõ̞mbʲĩɴ]

Blend of 撥音 (hatsuon, “moraic nasal”) + 音便 (onbin, “euphony”)

(phonology, grammar) a form of euphony whereby certain historical morae became a moraic nasal


格変化

ja-noun

格(かく)変(へん)化(か) • (kakuhenka) ^(←かくへんくわ (kakufenkwa)?)

格変化 (canonical)
kakuhenka (romanization)
kakufenkwa (romanization)
かくへんくわ (hiragana historical)

[ka̠kɯ̟̊hẽ̞ŋka̠]

Compound of 格(かく) (kaku, “case”) + 変(へん)化(か) (henka, “transformation”).


本動詞

Compound of 本 (hon, “main”) + 動詞 (dōshi, “verb”).
First cited in 1930.


被修飾語

ja-noun

被(ひ)修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) • (hi-shūshokugo) ^(←ひしうしよくご (fi-siusyokugo)?)

被修飾語 (canonical)
hi-shūshokugo (romanization)
fi-siusyokugo (romanization)
ひしうしよくご (hiragana historical)

[çi̥ɕɨːɕo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

Compound of 被(ひ) (hi-, “-ed”) + 修(しゅう)飾(しょく) (shūshoku, “to modify”) + 語(ご) (-go, “word; expression”).


連体修飾語

ja-noun

れんたい しゅうしょくご

連(れん)体(たい)修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) • (rentai shūshokugo) ^(←れんたいしうしよくご (rentai siusyokugo)?)

連体修飾語 (canonical)
rentai shūshokugo (romanization)
rentai siusyokugo (romanization)
れんたいしうしよくご (hiragana historical)

[ɾẽ̞nta̠i ɕɨːɕo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

Compound of 連(れん)体(たい) (rentai, “attributive”) + 修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) (shūshokugo, “modifier”).

ja-compound

(grammar) a 体言 (taigen, “nominal”) modifier

ja:修飾語#連体修飾語


連用修飾語

ja-noun

れんよう しゅうしょくご

連(れん)用(よう)修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) • (ren'yō shūshokugo) ^(←れんようしうしよくご (ren'you siusyokugo)?)

連用修飾語 (canonical)
ren'yō shūshokugo (romanization)
ren'you siusyokugo (romanization)
れんようしうしよくご (hiragana historical)

[ɾẽ̞ɰ̃jo̞ː ɕɨːɕo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

Compound of 連(れん)用(よう) (ren'yō, “continuative”) + 修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) (shūshokugo, “modifier”).

ja-compound

(grammar) a 用言 (yōgen, “inflected word”) modifier

ja:修飾語#連用修飾語


体用

体 (“body”) + 用 (“use”), from Middle Chinese 體用. Also blend of 体言 + 用言.

(grammar) 体言 (taigen, “nominals”, literally “substantive words”) and 用言 (yōgen, “inflected words”, literally “functional words”)


重文

ja-noun

重(じゅう)文(ぶん) • (jūbun) ^(←ぢゆうぶん (dyuubun)?)

重文 (canonical)
jūbun (romanization)
dyuubun (romanization)
ぢゆうぶん (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑɨːbɯ̟̃ɴ]


か行

か行 (canonical)
kagyō (romanization)
kagyau (romanization)
かぎゃう (hiragana historical)

カ行上一段/上二段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段/変格活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the second row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana か/カ (ka), き/キ (ki), く/ク (ku), け/ケ (ke) and こ/コ (ko)


さ行

さ行 (canonical)
sagyō (romanization)
sagyau (romanization)
さぎゃう (hiragana historical)

サ行下一段/下二段/四段/五段/変格活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the third row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana さ/サ (sa), し/シ (shi), す/ス (su), せ/セ (se) and そ/ソ (so)


た行

た行 (canonical)
tagyō (romanization)
tagyau (romanization)
たぎゃう (hiragana historical)

タ行上一段/上二段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the fourth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana た/タ (ta), ち/チ (chi), つ/ツ (tsu), て/テ (te) and と/ト (to)


な行

な行 (canonical)
nagyō (romanization)
nagyau (romanization)
なぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ナ行上一段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段/変格活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the fifth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana な/ナ (na), に/ニ (ni), ぬ/ヌ (nu), ね/ネ (ne) and の/ノ (no)


ま行

ま行 (canonical)
magyō (romanization)
magyau (romanization)
まぎゃう (hiragana historical)

マ行上一段/上二段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the sixth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana ま/マ (ma), み/ミ (mi), む/ム (mu), め/メ (me) and も/モ (mo)


ら行

ら行 (canonical)
ragyō (romanization)
ragyau (romanization)
らぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ラ行上一段/上二段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段/変格活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the ninth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana ら/ラ (ra), り/リ (ri), る/ル (ru), れ/レ (re) and ろ/ロ (ro)


い段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the second and second-highest-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the nine kana い/イ (i), き/キ (ki), し/シ (shi), ち/チ (chi), に/ニ (ni), ひ/ヒ (hi), み/ミ (mi), り/リ (ri) and ゐ/ヰ (wi), and sometimes additionally 𛀆/𛄠 (yi)


う段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the third and middle-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the nine kana う/ウ (u), く/ク (ku), す/ス (su), つ/ツ (tsu), ぬ/ヌ (nu), ふ/フ (fu), む/ム (mu), ゆ/ユ (yu) and る/ル (ru), and sometimes additionally 𛄟 (𛄟)/𛄢 (wu)


え段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the fourth and second-lowest-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the nine kana え/エ (e), け/ケ (ke), せ/セ (se), て/テ (te), ね/ネ (ne), へ/ヘ (he), め/メ (me), れ/レ (re) and ゑ/ヱ (we), and sometimes additionally 𛀁/𛄡 (ye)


お段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the fifth and lowest-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the ten kana お/オ (o), こ/コ (ko), そ/ソ (so), と/ト (to), の/ノ (no), ほ/ホ (ho), も/モ (mo), よ/ヨ (yo), ろ/ロ (ro) and を/ヲ (wo)


文法違反

文(ぶん)法(ぽう)違(い)反(はん) • (bunpō ihan) ^(←ぶんぱふゐはん (bunpafu wifan)?)

文法違反 (canonical)
bunpō ihan (romanization)
bunpafu wifan (romanization)
ぶんぱふゐはん (hiragana historical)

[bɯ̟̃mpo̞ː ihã̠ɴ]

From 文(ぶん)法(ぽう) (bunpō, “grammar”) + 違(い)反(はん) (ihan, “violation”).


活用語

ja-noun

活(かつ)用(よう)語(ご) • (katsuyōgo) ^(←くわつようご (kwatuyougo)?)

活用語 (canonical)
katsuyōgo (romanization)
kwatuyougo (romanization)
くわつようご (hiragana historical)

Compound of 活(かつ)用(よう) (katsuyō, “inflection”) + 語(ご) (go, “word, term”).

ja-compound

(Japanese grammar) conjugational parts of speech


敬体

(grammar) polite form, in which sentence ends in です (desu) or ます (masu)


意向形

ja-noun

意(い)向(こう)形(けい) • (ikōkei) ^(←いかうけい (ikaukei)?)

意向形 (canonical)
ikōkei (romanization)
ikaukei (romanization)
いかうけい (hiragana historical)

意向 (ikō, “intention, inclination”) + 形 (-kei, “conjugation form”)

suffix

(grammar) an inflectional category: the volitional form of verbs


直説法

直説法 (canonical)
chokusetsuhō (romanization)

By surface analysis, 直 (choku, “direct”) + 説 (setsu, “explanation”) + 法 (hō, “mood”).


副詞類

副詞類 (canonical)
fukushirui (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕiɾɯ̟i]

(grammar) adverbial: adverb, adverbial phrase, adverbial clause, etc.


副詞句

副詞句 (canonical)
fukushiku (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕikɯ̟]


副詞節

副詞節 (canonical)
fukushisetsu (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕise̞t͡sɨ]


うなぎ文

うなぎ文 (canonical)
unagi-bun (romanization)

→ English: unagi-sentence (calque)

[ɯ̟na̠ɡʲibɯ̟̃ɴ]

In reference to the prototypical example, 僕(ぼく)はうなぎだ (boku wa unagi da), which is to be understood as "as for me, I [will be ordering] eel", and not "I am an eel".


接続法

接続法 (canonical)
setsuzokuhō (romanization)

仮定法 The term 仮定法 is specifically used to describe the subjunctive mood in English grammar


条件法

ja-noun

条(じょう)件(けん)法(ほう) • (jōkenhō)

[d͡ʑo̞ːkẽ̞ɰ̃ho̞ː]


数量詞

[sɨːɾʲo̞ːɕi]