ない

-nai (romanization)
なく (adverbial)
なかろ (imperfective stem)
nakaro (imperfective stem)
なく (continuative stem)
naku (continuative stem)
ない (stem terminative)
nai (stem terminative)
ない (attributive stem)
nai (attributive stem)
なけれ (hypothetical stem)
nakere (hypothetical stem)
なかれ (imperative stem)
nakare (imperative stem)
なくない (informal negative)
naku nai (informal negative)
なかった (informal past)
nakatta (informal past)
なくなかった (informal negative past)
naku nakatta (informal negative past)
ないです (formal)
nai desu (formal)
なくないです (formal negative)
naku nai desu (formal negative)
なかったです (formal past)
nakatta desu (formal past)
なくなかったです (formal negative past)
naku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
なくて (conjunctive)
nakute (conjunctive)
なければ (conditional)
nakereba (conditional)
なかったら (conditional past)
nakattara (conditional past)
なかろう (volitional)
nakarō (volitional)
なく (adverbial)
naku (adverbial)
なさ (noun-from-adj)
nasa (noun-from-adj)

[náí kótóꜜ …]

[náí yóꜜò …]

[náí sóꜜò …]

[náí hóꜜò …]

[náí ráshíꜜì]

[òsóꜜrèìrànàì]

First appears in texts from the late Muromachi period as an eastern-dialect term.
Various etymologies are supposed as:
* From ancient eastern-dialect negative ending なふ (nafu), but there is a sizable gap of time between the apparent disappearance of nafu and the emergence of nai. Moreover, nafu conjugated as a verb, whereas nai conjugates as an adjective.
:That said, both nafu and nai probably derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb ぬ (nu), with the negative sense possibly originating from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb stem, to which these endings attach.
* From the adjective ない (etymology 2). The nai auxiliary conjugates as a regular -i adjective just like the adjective nai in modern Japanese, but the patterns for the auxiliary were originally different from the adjective. In the Edo period, the auxiliary conjugated irregularly, including nanda instead of modern nakatta (past), and naikereba instead of modern nakereba (conditional).
* Derived from the negative suffix ぬ (nu).

学校に行かない。

貸してくれないか。

Used to form the negative of verbs: not, don't


はる

-haru (romanization)
はら (imperfective stem)
hara (imperfective stem)
はり (continuative stem)
hari (continuative stem)
はる (stem terminative)
haru (stem terminative)
はる (attributive stem)
haru (attributive stem)
はれ (hypothetical stem)
hare (hypothetical stem)
はれ (imperative stem)
hare (imperative stem)
はらへん (negative)
はれへん (negative)
はらん (negative)
harahen (negative)
harehen (negative)
haran (negative)
はります (formal)
harimasu (formal)
はった (perfective)
hatta (perfective)
はって (conjunctive)
hatte (conjunctive)
はれば (conditional hypothetical)
はったら (conditional hypothetical)
hareba (conditional hypothetical)
hattara (conditional hypothetical)

土方はんって 二枚目やしクールやし
Hijikata-hantte nimaime yashi kūru yashi
Hijikata-han, yer so cool and handsome!
さぞモテはるんでしょ？
Sazo moteharun desho?
Ah bet yer very popular with the ladies! Ain’tcha?
そうでもねーよ
Sō demo nē yo
Nah, not really
いややわ〰ウソばっかり
Iyayawa~ uso bakkari
No waaay~ I don’t believe that
土方はん 土方はん
Hijikata-han Hijikata-han
Hijikata-han, Hijikata-han
アレ？それ 何食べてはるん？
Are? Sore nani tabete harun?
Eh? Whatcha eatin’ there?
お茶づけ土方スペシャルだ 食うか？
Ochazuke Hijikata Supesharu da Kuu ka?

2005 August 9, Hideaki Sorachi, “第六十五訓 外見だけで人を判断しちゃダメ [Lesson 65: Don’t Judge People by Their Looks]”, in [銀](ぎん)[魂](たま) [Silver Soul], volume 8 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha

(Kansai) verbal suffix expressing respect to subject of verb; X-a-haru is equivalent to standard o-X-i ni naru.


良い

Modern form of Old Japanese adjective よし (yoshi).
/joɕi/ (classical 終止形 (shūshikei) or terminal form) → /joki/ (classical 連体形 (rentaikei) or attributive form) → /joi/ (modern shūshikei and rentaikei)


よう

Daijirin
Daijisen
Edo period
Kamakura period
Muromachi period
ja:松村明
palatal glide

table /mu/ → /ũ/ → /u/ → (for type 2 (ichidan) and type 3 (irregular) verbs) /joː/
From Classical Japanese suppositional / volitional / hortative suffix む (-mu).
Development
The volitional verb suffix was originally む (mu, /mu/). This regularly shifted to a nasalized /ũ/, which then lost its nasalization and was reinterpreted as regular う (u, /u/) by roughly the Kamakura period (1185–1333).
This suffix grammatically attached to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb. Regular sound changes then gave rise to the modern よう (yō, /joː/) ending, initially via fusion of the vowel sounds, and then by a reanalysis of the resulting fused -yō as the suffix to be added to the mizenkei stem. This reformulation as verb stem + suffix -yō started in the late Muromachi period (1336–1573) and continued through the Edo period in 1603–1868).
* 上一段活用 (kami ichidan, “upper monograde”) verbs with mizenkei stems ending in -i:
:: 見む (mimu, /mimu/) → 見う (miu, /miu/) → 見う (myō, /mjoː/) → 見よう (miyō, /mijoː/)
* 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan, “lower monograde”) verbs with mizenkei stems ending in -e:
:: 上げむ (agemu, /aɡemu/) → 上げう (ageu, /aɡeu/) → 上げう (agyō, /aɡjoː/) → 上げよう (ageyō, /aɡejoː/)
* The irregular verb する (suru) underwent further changes. The classical mizenkei stem ended in -e, and せ (se) in classical Japanese was pronounced more as she. Around the same time that the fused shō was separating again into a verb stem + suffix, the mizenkei stem shifted to end in i:
:: せむ (shemu, /ɕemu/) → せう (sheu, /ɕeu/) → せう (shō, /ɕoː/) → しよう (shiyō, /ɕijoː/)
* The irregular verb 来る (kuru) has a mizenkei stem ending in -o. This stem includes no front-vowel sound like /e/ or /i/ that might produce the palatal glide in /joː/, and here, the final -yō arose as a parallel construction with the above verb paradigms:
:: 来む (komu, /komu/) → 来う (kou, /kou/) → 来う (kō, /koː/) → 来よう (koyō, /kojoː/)
Meanwhile, for regular classical 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) verbs, the mizenkei stem ends in -a. This ultimately fused with the -u suffix form to produce -ō, resulting in the modern regular 五段活用 (godan katsuyō, “quintigrade conjugation”).
:: 行かむ (ikamu, /ikamu/) → 行かう (ikau, /ikau/) → 行かう (ikau, /ikɔː/) → 行こう (ikō, /ikoː/)

そろそろ寝よう。

美味しいものを食べようと思っています。

I'm thinking I will eat something delicious.

volitional: expressing one's will or intention to do something

そうしよう。

さあ、始めよう。

hortative: inducing or stimulating other person to do something

人に優れようとしています。

volitional: followed by とする (to suru): to try to do; to attempt to do

出かけようとした時、電話がかかってきた。

I got a phone call when I was about to go out.

Dekakeyō to shita toki, denwa ga kakatte kita.

followed by とする (to suru): to be about to do; to be on the verge of doing

問題はないと言えよう。

We can probably say that there is no problem.

(archaic, formal) suppositional: expressing what is likely the case

Blog｜細井厚子の万華鏡｜透明な花
その願いが叶うなら、私の万華鏡がオモチャと呼ばれようが、ガラクタと呼ばれようが、そんなことはどうでもいいと思っています。
Sono negai ga kanau nara, watashi no mangekyō ga omocha to yobareyō ga, garakuta to yobareyō ga, sonna koto wa dō de mo ii to omotte imasu.
I don't think I will be concerned whether my kaleidoscope is called a toy or rubbish, as long as that wish is fulfilled.

(followed by が (ga) or と (to), often in parallel) whether … or …


たん

→ English: -tan

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 炭 (tàn)

OSたん
ōesu-tan
OS-tan

(slang) Alternative form of ちゃん (“-chan”); -tan


さん

→ English: -san

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 桑 (sāng)

→ Korean: 상 (sang)

三 山 参 産 酸 賛 餐

ちゃん

more familiar, especially of young women and children

山田さん

あきらさん ― Akira-san ― Akira

山田あきらさん ― Yamada Akira-san ― Mr/Ms. Akira Yamada

店員さん

Sir/Madam (lit. "Mr/Ms. shop clerk"; used when talking to a shop clerk.)

運転手さん

Sir/Madam (lit. "Mr/Ms. driver"; used when talking to a taxi/bus driver.)

ソニーさん

Sir/Madam (used in business by people meeting Sony.)

A title used after person's name (first name or surname) regardless of sex; Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss. Also used after a job title and a company name.

学校の前に床屋さんがある。

ありがとう-さん

(polite) attaching to nouns or other nominals: a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula です (desu)


たい

-tai (romanization)
たく (adverbial)
たかろ (imperfective stem)
takaro (imperfective stem)
たく (continuative stem)
taku (continuative stem)
たい (stem terminative)
tai (stem terminative)
たい (attributive stem)
tai (attributive stem)
たけれ (hypothetical stem)
takere (hypothetical stem)
たかれ (imperative stem)
takare (imperative stem)
たくない (informal negative)
taku nai (informal negative)
たかった (informal past)
takatta (informal past)
たくなかった (informal negative past)
taku nakatta (informal negative past)
たいです (formal)
tai desu (formal)
たくないです (formal negative)
taku nai desu (formal negative)
たかったです (formal past)
takatta desu (formal past)
たくなかったです (formal negative past)
taku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
たくて (conjunctive)
takute (conjunctive)
たければ (conditional)
takereba (conditional)
たかったら (conditional past)
takattara (conditional past)
たかろう (volitional)
takarō (volitional)
たく (adverbial)
taku (adverbial)
たさ (noun-from-adj)
tasa (noun-from-adj)
たく (irrealis stem)
たから (irrealis stem)
taku (irrealis stem)
takara (irrealis stem)
たく (continuative stem)
たかり (continuative stem)
taku (continuative stem)
takari (continuative stem)
たし (stem terminative)
tasi (stem terminative)
たき (attributive stem)
たかる (attributive stem)
taki (attributive stem)
takaru (attributive stem)
たけれ (realis stem)
takere (realis stem)
たかれ (imperative stem)
takare (imperative stem)
たからず (negative)
takarazu (negative)
たけれど (contrastive)
takeredo (contrastive)
たければ (causative)
takereba (causative)
たくば (conditional)
takuba (conditional)
たかりき (past)
takariki (past)
たかりけり (past)
takarikeri (past)
たく (adverbial)
taku (adverbial)

From たし (-tashi), generally regarded as a shift from Old Japanese いたし (itasi, “painful”), modern 痛い (itai). Appears as a verbal suffix from at least The Tale of the Heike completed before 1330. Replaces previous volitional or desiderative suffix まほし (mahoshi).

For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry: 田井

For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry: 田居

読みたいなら貸すよ

If you want to read it, I can lend it to you.

彼は注目されたい

He wants to gain other people's attention.

アイスが食べたい

Used to form the desiderative of verbs: want (to do); hope (to do)

正直者がばかを見ない世の中でありたい

I wish in this world the honest people would not suffer losses.

shōjikimono ga baka o minai yo no naka de aritai

別表を参照されたい

(only with verb ある, である and honorifics) Expressing a wish of the speaker: I hope that; I wish that


ろう

-rō (romanization)
rau (romanization)
らう (hiragana historical)

でなかろう ― de nakarou ― probably is not (=modern ではないだろう (de wa nai darō))

でなかったろう ― de nakattarō ― probably was not (=modern ではなかっただろう (de wa nakatta darō))

誰であろうとも

よかろう。 ― Yokarō. ― Fine. / Very well. / As you wish. (=modern いいだろう (ii darō))

(inflectional suffix, dated) Forms the conjectural.


りん

凛 凜 輪 鱗 厘 鈴 燐 倫 林 臨

(The following entries are uncreated: 厘, 臨.)

ja-see-kango

変ちくりん

ちんちくりん

「レムりん、見て見て！ この繊細な細工を可能とする技量、今、俺の指先にはまさしく奇跡が宿っている！ イリュージョン！」

2015, 長月達平, chapter 1, in Ｒｅ：ゼロから始める異世界生活 3 (MF文庫J), section 7

Rem-rin, look, look! Right now, my fingers are miraculously imbued with the skill that makes such fine workmanship possible! The power of illusion!

(informal) A diminutive suffix used to indicate cuteness or endearment.


りん

気をつけりんよ！

2019, きまぐれクック, 【値段間違え？】朝市に行ったら１皿１００円の高級魚セットが売ってたから即買い。でもこれほんとに１００円？, spoken by anonymous


はん

半 判 反 汎 版 班 藩 繁 範 煩 凡 漢 飜

(The following entries are uncreated: 版, 範, 煩, 凡, 漢.)

ja-see

鬼や！国彦はんはほんまの鬼やわ！

1984 February 20 [1983 June 15], Motoka Murakami, “父っちゃが見てるの巻 [Pa’s Watchin’]”, in 六三四の剣 [Musashi’s Sword], 4th edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, page 86

You’re a cruel man! You really are a cruel man, Kunihiko!

Oni ya! Kunihiko-han wa honma no oni ya wa!

土方はんって 二枚目やしクールやし
Hijikata-han tte nimaime yashi kūru yashi

2005 August 9, Hideaki Sorachi, “第六十五訓 外見だけで人を判断しちゃダメ [Lesson 65: Don’t Judge People by Their Looks]”, in 銀魂 [Silver Soul], volume 8 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha

(chiefly Kansai) Kansai form of さん (-san)


やく

焼く 妬く 役 約 益 訳 厄 葯 扼 薬


うん

Onomatopoeia of the grunting noise made when straining oneself in effort.
The prefix usage appears in the Kanto region during the Edo period.

うん飲む

(archaic) added to various verbs to indicate forceful or excessive action


とく

ja-pos

とく • (-toku) godan (stem とき (-toki), past といた (-toita))

-toku (romanization)
とき (stem)
といた (past)
とか
-toka
とき
-toki
とく
-toku
とけ
-toke
とかれる (passive)
-tokareru (passive)
とかせる (causative)
とかす (causative)
-tokaseru (causative)
-tokasu (causative)
とける (potential)
-tokeru (potential)
とこう (volitional)
-tokō (volitional)
とかない (negative)
-tokanai (negative)
とかず (continuative negative)
-tokazu (continuative negative)
ときます (formal)
-tokimasu (formal)
といた (perfective)
-toita (perfective)
といて (conjunctive)
-toite (conjunctive)
とけば (conditional hypothetical)
-tokeba (conditional hypothetical)


とる

とる • (-toru) godan (stem とり (-tori), past とった (-totta))

-toru (romanization)
とり (stem)
とった (past)
とら
tora
とり
tori
とる
toru
とれ
tore
とられる (passive)
torareru (passive)
とらせる (causative)
とらす (causative)
toraseru (causative)
torasu (causative)
とれる (potential)
toreru (potential)
とろう (volitional)
torō (volitional)
とらない (negative)
toranai (negative)
とらず (continuative negative)
torazu (continuative negative)
とります (formal)
torimasu (formal)
とった (perfective)
totta (perfective)
とって (conjunctive)
totte (conjunctive)
とれば (conditional hypothetical)
toreba (conditional hypothetical)

(informal) Contraction of ておる (-te oru).


どん

(Kagoshima, honorific, dialect) Synonym of さん (-san)


P

From English producer. The VOCALOID sense may have arisen from an extension of the concept of producers in THE IDOLM@STER; both THE IDOLM@STER and VOCALOID were/are popular topics on the Niconico video sharing website.

プロデューサー プロデューサー#Japanese

(entertainment, music) Initialism of プロデューサー (purodyūsā, “producer”).

ささくれP
sasakure-pī
sasakureP

(more specifically) Used in the names of musicians who produce music featuring VOCALOID or adjacent software.


P

MS Pゴシック
Emuesu Pī-goshikku
MS PGothic

プロポーショナル プロポーショナル#Japanese

(typography, especially in typeface names) Initialism of プロポーショナル (puropōshonaru, “proportional”).


ちゃん

→ English: -chan

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 醬／酱 (jiàng)

→ Min Nan: chia̋n

→ Korean: 짱 (-jjang)

→ Russian: тян (tjan)

→ Azerbaijani: tyan

→ Vietnamese: chan

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

Variant of personal suffix さん (-san).
First cited to a work from 1813.

シュワちゃん
Shuwa-chan
Arnie (Arnold Schwarzenegger)

窓ぎわのトットちゃん

Totto-Chan: The Little Girl at the Window

(familiar or childish, diminutive) title affixed to people's names: -chan

くまちゃんと遊ぶ


当たり

Conjunctive or noun form (連用形) of the verb 当たる.


いき

伊木 域 閾 位記 依稀 意気 異気 遺棄 委棄 偉器 彝器 彙記 移記


余り

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 余る (amaru, “to be left over, to be in excess”). Appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Also encountered with geminate reading あんまり (anmari) as an emphatic form for the adjective and adverb uses. This form appears in the 1400s.

二十余りの建物

twenty-odd buildings, twenty-some buildings

used after a numeral to express “a little more than”

hazuki tōka amari itsuka

はづきとおかあまりいつか(a native reading of 八月十五日, which is today read as はちがつじゅうごにち (hachigatsu jūgonichi) for “August 15th”)

the 15th day of the 8th month [lit. eighth-month ten-days and five-days]


いろ

/iro₂/ → /iro/
From Old Japanese. First cited in ancient texts such as the Kojiki of 712.
Cognate with いら (ira). Appears to be distinct from 色 (⟨iro₂⟩ → iro, “color”).


ずい

Unknown. Possibly from 髄 (zui, “bone marrow”); compare the sense development that led to the senses “something straight; an exact direction, an immediate area” for reading 髄 (zun).
First appears in the early 1500s.

(archaic) exactly that, directly or immediately that


ぶん

Sandhi of 打ち (buchi, “hitting”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 打つ (butsu, “to hit, to strike”).
The buchi- becomes bun- when prefixing a verb that starts with an n or m sound.

ぶん殴る

to whale on someone or something, to slug or wallop someone or something

ぶん回し: a compass

device for drawing circles or measuring; archaic


さす

さす • (-sasu) godan (stem さし (-sashi), past さした (-sashita))

-sasu (romanization)
さし (stem)
さした (past)
-ささ (imperfective stem)
-sasa (imperfective stem)
-さし (continuative stem)
-sashi (continuative stem)
-さす (stem terminative)
-sasu (stem terminative)
-さす (attributive stem)
-sasu (attributive stem)
-させ (hypothetical stem)
-sase (hypothetical stem)
-させ (imperative stem)
-sase (imperative stem)
-さそう (volitional)
-sasō (volitional)
-ささない (negative)
-sasanai (negative)
-ささず (continuative negative)
-sasazu (continuative negative)
-さします (formal)
-sashimasu (formal)
-さした (perfective)
-sashita (perfective)
-さして (conjunctive)
sashite (conjunctive)
-させば (conditional hypothetical)
-saseba (conditional hypothetical)

(chiefly dialectal and colloquial) Alternative form of させる (saseru, “causative suffix”)


さす

-sasu (romanization)
させ (irrealis stem)
sase (irrealis stem)
させ (continuative stem)
sase (continuative stem)
さす (stem terminative)
sasu (stem terminative)
さする (attributive stem)
sasuru (attributive stem)
さすれ (realis stem)
sasure (realis stem)
させよ (imperative stem)
saseyo (imperative stem)
させず (negative)
sasezu (negative)
さすれど (contrastive)
sasuredo (contrastive)
さすれば (causative)
sasureba (causative)
させば (conditional)
saseba (conditional)
させき (past)
saseki (past)
させけり (past)
sasekeri (past)
させつ (perfect)
sasetu (perfect)
させぬ (perfect)
sasenu (perfect)
させたり (continuative perfect)
sasetari (continuative perfect)
させむ (volitional)
sasemu (volitional)

刺す 指す 差す 射す 注す

Classical Japanese form of させる (saseru, “causative suffix”)


ちょ

diminutive suffix indicating a person, intended either endearingly or disparagingly.


まい

舞 幣 枚 毎 真以 麻衣

From earlier まじい (majii), from classical まじ (maji).

いや、そんなことはあるまい。

(literary) will not, is not, is not, cannot be (indicates denial)


まい

行こまい

やろまい

(Aichi, Gifu, Mie, Shizuoka, Nagano, Nagoya, verb suffix) volitive


くらい

-kurai (romanization)
kurawi (romanization)
くらゐ (hiragana historical)

/kurawi/ → /kurai/
Originally a compound of 座 (kura, “seat, where something is placed”) + 居 (wi, “being, existing in a place”), literally referring to "where one is", and by extension, "status, rank, position; degree". Appears from at least as early as The Tale of Genji (prior to 1021 CE).


らく

From the contraction of final る (ru) in some 連体形(れんたいけい) (rentaikei) forms with earlier 所(あく) (aku).


伝い

線路伝いに歩く。


馬鹿

馬鹿 (canonical)
馬鹿 (canonical)
-baka (romanization)

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
ja:馬鹿

Probably originally a transcription of Sanskrit मोह (moha, “folly”), used as a cant term among monks.
Alternatively, may have arisen from the same root as Old Japanese 痴 (woko, modern oko, “stupidity, ridiculousness”). However, this theory is problematic phonologically, as the /b/ ↔ /w/ shift is difficult to explain.
The characters 馬鹿 (literally “horse + deer”) are ateji (当て字), probably chosen as an allusion to Literary Chinese 指鹿為馬 (“to deliberately misinterpret and invert right and wrong”, literally “to point to a deer and call it a horse”) (see that entry for more).


ます

-masu (romanization)
在せ (imperfective stem)
ませ (imperfective stem)
-mase (imperfective stem)
在し (continuative stem)
まし (continuative stem)
-mashi (continuative stem)
在す (stem terminative)
ます (stem terminative)
-masu (stem terminative)
在す (attributive stem)
ます (attributive stem)
-masu (attributive stem)
在すれ (hypothetical stem)
ますれ (hypothetical stem)
-masure (hypothetical stem)
在せ (imperative stem)
在し (imperative stem)
ませ (imperative stem)
まし (imperative stem)
-mase (imperative stem)
-mashi (imperative stem)
在しょう (volitional)
ましょう (volitional)
-mashō (volitional)
在せん (negative)
ません (negative)
-masen (negative)
在せず (continuative negative)
ませず (continuative negative)
-masezu (continuative negative)
在した (perfective)
ました (perfective)
-mashita (perfective)
在して (conjunctive)
まして (conjunctive)
-mashite (conjunctive)
在すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ますれば (conditional hypothetical)
-masureba (conditional hypothetical)
ませ (irrealis stem)
mase (irrealis stem)
ませ (continuative stem)
mase (continuative stem)
ます (stem terminative)
masu (stem terminative)
まする (attributive stem)
masuru (attributive stem)
ますれ (realis stem)
masure (realis stem)
ませよ (imperative stem)
maseyo (imperative stem)
ませず (negative)
masezu (negative)
ますれど (contrastive)
masuredo (contrastive)
ますれば (causative)
masureba (causative)
ませば (conditional)
maseba (conditional)
ませき (past)
maseki (past)
ませけり (past)
masekeri (past)
ませつ (perfect)
masetu (perfect)
ませぬ (perfect)
masenu (perfect)
ませたり (continuative perfect)
masetari (continuative perfect)
ませむ (volitional)
masemu (volitional)
ませ (irrealis stem)
mase (irrealis stem)
まし (continuative stem)
masi (continuative stem)
ます (stem terminative)
masu (stem terminative)
まする (attributive stem)
masuru (attributive stem)
ますれ (realis stem)
masure (realis stem)
ませよ (imperative stem)
maseyo (imperative stem)
ませず (negative)
masezu (negative)
ますれど (contrastive)
masuredo (contrastive)
ますれば (causative)
masureba (causative)
ませば (conditional)
maseba (conditional)
ましき (past)
masiki (past)
ましけり (past)
masikeri (past)
ましつ (perfect)
masitu (perfect)
ましぬ (perfect)
masinu (perfect)
ませり (continuative perfect)
ましたり (continuative perfect)
maseri (continuative perfect)
masitari (continuative perfect)
ませむ (volitional)
masemu (volitional)
まし
mashi
まする
masuru
ますれ
masure
ませよ (imperative literary)
ましろ (colloquial imperative)
maseyo (imperative literary)
mashiro (colloquial imperative)
まされる (passive)
masareru (passive)
まさせる (causative)
まさす (causative)
masaseru (causative)
masasu (causative)
まできる (potential)
madekiru (potential)
ましよう (volitional)
mashiyō (volitional)
ましない (negative)
mashinai (negative)
ませず (continuative negative)
masezu (continuative negative)
まします (formal)
mashimasu (formal)
ました (perfective)
mashita (perfective)
まして (conjunctive)
mashite (conjunctive)
ますれば (conditional hypothetical)
masureba (conditional hypothetical)

[òsóꜜrèìrìmàsù]

参(まゐ)らす (mairasu) → まらす (marasu) → まっす (massu) → ます (masu)
The -ます ending is generally believed to have come from the Old Japanese auxiliary verb 参(まゐ)らす (mairasu, “to humbly do something for a superior”), with idiomatic use arising from the causative conjugation of 参る (mairu, “to come or go to the place of a social superior”, humble verb; ancient reading mawiru).
The intermediate forms まらす (marasu) and まっす (massu) were valid as both 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō) conjugations and サ行(ぎょう)変(へん)格(かく)活(かつ)用(よう) (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō) conjugations, even though they originally came from a purely 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō) conjugation, leading to constructions off the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei) in the modern paradigm for -ます using the -まし stem.

ja-r

しも に%だん かつ%よう

サ-ぎょう へん%かく かつ%よう

しも に%だん かつ%よう

ren'yōkei + た

with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs

+ で（は）なかったですnoun + で（は）ありませんでした

de [wa] nakatta desu; de [wa] arimasen deshita

expresses politeness toward and distance from the listener: vaguely similar to the social context indicated by the usted verb conjugation in Spanish, the vous conjugation in French, or the Sie conjugation in German

(rare, humble) to do; expresses humbleness


法王

法王 (canonical)
-hōō (romanization)
fofwau (romanization)
ほふわう (hiragana historical)

ダライ・ラマ法王

(religion) a religious Leader (Lit. "King of the Law (Dharma)")


しま

(after a noun or a word indicating a condition) state, appearance

(after a noun) Indicates earliness or haste.


勝つ

ja-pos

勝(か)つ • (-katsu) godan (stem 勝(か)ち (-kachi), past 勝(か)った (-katta))

勝つ (canonical)
-katsu (romanization)
勝ち (stem)
勝った (past)


負ける

負(ま)ける • (-makeru) ichidan (stem 負(ま)け (-make), past 負(ま)けた (-maketa))

負ける (canonical)
-makeru (romanization)
負け (stem)
負けた (past)

From Old Japanese 負く (maku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern, from Proto-Japonic *maku.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

早押しクイズで押し負ける

to lose to someone in a quiz by pressing the buzzer too slow


易い

易(やす)い • (-yasui) -i (adverbial 易(やす)く (-yasuku))

易い (canonical)
-yasui (romanization)
易く (adverbial)
易かろ (imperfective stem)
やすかろ (imperfective stem)
-yasukaro (imperfective)
易く (continuative stem)
やすく (continuative stem)
-yasuku (continuative)
易い (stem terminative)
やすい (stem terminative)
-yasui (terminative)
易い (attributive stem)
やすい (attributive stem)
-yasui (attributive)
易けれ (hypothetical stem)
やすけれ (hypothetical stem)
-yasukere (hypothetical)
易かれ (imperative stem)
やすかれ (imperative stem)
-yasukare (imperative)
易くない (informal negative)
やすくない (informal negative)
-yasuku nai (informal negative)
易かった (informal past)
やすかった (informal past)
-yasukatta (informal past)
易くなかった (informal negative past)
やすくなかった (informal negative past)
-yasuku nakatta (informal negative past)
易いです (formal)
やすいです (formal)
-yasui desu (formal)
易くないです (formal negative)
やすくないです (formal negative)
-yasuku nai desu (formal negative)
易かったです (formal past)
やすかったです (formal past)
-yasukatta desu (formal past)
易くなかったです (formal negative past)
やすくなかったです (formal negative past)
-yasuku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
易くて (conjunctive)
やすくて (conjunctive)
-yasukute (conjunctive)
易ければ (conditional)
やすければ (conditional)
-yasukereba (conditional)
易かったら (conditional past)
やすかったら (conditional past)
-yasukattara (conditional past)
易かろう (volitional)
やすかろう (volitional)
-yasukarō (volitional)
易く (adverbial)
やすく (adverbial)
-yasuku (adverbial)
易さ (noun-from-adj)
やすさ (noun-from-adj)
-yasusa (noun-from-adj)


だらけ

服が泥だらけ！


切り

菜切り包丁

Japanese knife used for cutting vegetables


切り

削ぎ切り

cutting a thin object at a 45 degree angle

袈裟切り

slashing a sword diagonally from the shoulder


先生

From Middle Chinese 先生 (MC sen|senH sraeng|sraengH, literally “born earlier”).

ltc-l

a title used after the name of teachers, doctors, lawyers, or certain other professionals


ぐう

ぐうかわ

ぐうの音も出ない ぐうの音も出ない#Japanese

(slang) Contraction of ぐうの音も出ない (gū no ne mo denai).


違い

違い (canonical)
-chigai (romanization)
tigafi (romanization)
ちがひ (hiragana historical)

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 違(ちが)う (chigau, “to differ”).


こそ

From Old Japanese.
Possibly derived from 此 (ko, “this”) + そ (so, Old Japanese emphatic particle).


深い

ja-pos

深(ぶか)い • (-bukai) -i (adverbial 深(ぶか)く (-bukaku))

深い (canonical)
-bukai (romanization)
深く (adverbial)

The fukai changes to bukai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


好き

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Utsubo Monogatari
ja:宇津保物語

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 好(す)く (suku, “to like, to be fond of, to enjoy, to feel love for”).
First cited to the late 900s in the 宇津保物語 (Utsubo Monogatari).

ja-etym-renyokei

ゲーム好きとして知られている


半分

面白半分

遊び半分

からかい半分


ばら

原, 輩, 儕: suffix for a title, indicating multiple people


主義

→ Chinese: 主義／主义 (zhǔyì)

→ Korean: 주의 (juui)

→ Vietnamese: chủ nghĩa

-ism
Records of the Grand Historian
ja:主義

From Literary Chinese 主義 (zhǔyì), attested in the Records of the Grand Historian


通り

だが、期待通りにはならなかった。

2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa"

中央通り


どこ

First cited to a 洒落本 (sharebon) text in 1790.
The suffix senses are derived from the rendaku (連濁) form of とこ (-toko), a colloquial stem indicating a circumstance, moment, place, point, and many others.

(attached to nouns, stem forms of verbs, or stems of adjectives) expresses equivalence, worth, etc.: befitting..., deserving..., worthy of...

attached to nouns; or stems of adjectives; attached to nouns; or stems of adjectives

(after a personal pronoun) one's family, home, or household


chang

(Internet slang, cutesy) Alternative spelling of ちゃん (-chan)


心地

/kokoro moti/ → /kokorʉmʉti/ → */kokomʉti/ → /kokot͡ɕi/
Sound shift from 心持ち (kokoromochi, “nature; feeling, mood”).
The kanji spelling is ateji (当て字), borrowed from Chinese 心地 (xīndì).


切る

⟨ki₁ru⟩ → */kjiru/ → /kiru/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kiru. Cognate with Miyako 切 (きぃー, ksïï), Okinawan 切ーん (ちーん, chīn), Yaeyama 切すん (きぃすん, kïsun).

perform an action thoroughly or decisively


しめる

ja-pos

しめる • (-shimeru) ichidan (stem しめ (-shime), past しめた (-shimeta))

-shimeru (romanization)
しめ (stem)
しめた (past)

言わしめる

中心地たらしめる

(archaic) Used to make the causative form of verbs: to make; to let


辛い

辛(づら)い • (-zurai) -i (adverbial 辛(づら)く (-zuraku))

辛い (canonical)
-zurai (romanization)
辛く (adverbial)
辛かろ (imperfective stem)
づらかろ (imperfective stem)
-zurakaro (imperfective)
辛く (continuative stem)
づらく (continuative stem)
-zuraku (continuative)
辛い (stem terminative)
づらい (stem terminative)
-zurai (terminative)
辛い (attributive stem)
づらい (attributive stem)
-zurai (attributive)
辛けれ (hypothetical stem)
づらけれ (hypothetical stem)
-zurakere (hypothetical)
辛かれ (imperative stem)
づらかれ (imperative stem)
-zurakare (imperative)
辛くない (informal negative)
づらくない (informal negative)
-zuraku nai (informal negative)
辛かった (informal past)
づらかった (informal past)
-zurakatta (informal past)
辛くなかった (informal negative past)
づらくなかった (informal negative past)
-zuraku nakatta (informal negative past)
辛いです (formal)
づらいです (formal)
-zurai desu (formal)
辛くないです (formal negative)
づらくないです (formal negative)
-zuraku nai desu (formal negative)
辛かったです (formal past)
づらかったです (formal past)
-zurakatta desu (formal past)
辛くなかったです (formal negative past)
づらくなかったです (formal negative past)
-zuraku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
辛くて (conjunctive)
づらくて (conjunctive)
-zurakute (conjunctive)
辛ければ (conditional)
づらければ (conditional)
-zurakereba (conditional)
辛かったら (conditional past)
づらかったら (conditional past)
-zurakattara (conditional past)
辛かろう (volitional)
づらかろう (volitional)
-zurakarō (volitional)
辛く (adverbial)
づらく (adverbial)
-zuraku (adverbial)
辛さ (noun-from-adj)
づらさ (noun-from-adj)
-zurasa (noun-from-adj)

The tsurai changes to zurai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

一様に文字が小さく読みづらかったためhttps://www.amazon.co.jp/review/R1KU6SAO45F16P

since the characters were uniformly small and hard to read

ichiyō ni moji ga chīsaku yomizurakatta tame

ikken shita dake ja wakarizurai ga


ッ

アッ！

サッカー
sakkā
soccer

The sokuon: a small form of ツ (tsu). In romanization, this is represented by doubling the following consonant. The equivalent in hiragana is っ.

(Internet slang) Used to emphasize a letter at the end of a word.


っ

Small form of the hiragana character つ (tsu).

Hira-small

いっぱい (ippai)

もっと (motto)

すっぱい (suppai)

おっぱい (oppai)

やってくる (yattekuru)

The そくおん (sokuon): a small form of つ (tsu). In romanization, this is represented by doubling the following consonant. The equivalent in katakana is ッ.

あっ！


っ

でかい→でっかい
dekai → dekkai
huge → enormous!

とても→とっても
totemo → tottemo
completely → totally!

ぽかぽか→ぽっかぽか
pokapoka → pokkapoka
pleasantly warm → toasty warm

あつあつ→あっつあつ
atsuatsu → attsuatsu
hot → super-hot

(colloquial) very, super (inserted after the first syllable of an adjective, an adverb, or an ABAB-type onomatopoeia)


っぽい

-ppoi (romanization)
っぽかろ (imperfective stem)
ppokaro (imperfective stem)
っぽく (continuative stem)
ppoku (continuative stem)
っぽい (stem terminative)
ppoi (stem terminative)
っぽい (attributive stem)
ppoi (attributive stem)
っぽけれ (hypothetical stem)
ppokere (hypothetical stem)
っぽかれ (imperative stem)
ppokare (imperative stem)
っぽくない (informal negative)
ppoku nai (informal negative)
っぽかった (informal past)
ppokatta (informal past)
っぽくなかった (informal negative past)
ppoku nakatta (informal negative past)
っぽいです (formal)
ppoi desu (formal)
っぽくないです (formal negative)
ppoku nai desu (formal negative)
っぽかったです (formal past)
ppokatta desu (formal past)
っぽくなかったです (formal negative past)
ppoku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
っぽくて (conjunctive)
ppokute (conjunctive)
っぽければ (conditional)
ppokereba (conditional)
っぽかったら (conditional past)
ppokattara (conditional past)
っぽかろう (volitional)
ppokarō (volitional)
っぽく (adverbial)
ppoku (adverbial)
っぽさ (noun-from-adj)
pposa (noun-from-adj)

Emphasis of earlier form ぽい (poi), in turn apparently an Edo-period shift from 多い (ōi, “many, much, lots of”), based on earlier kana spelling おほい.

子供っぽい
kodomoppoi
childish

彼女の目は緑っぽい色です。

レトロっぽい
retoroppoi
retroesque

フュージョンっぽい
fyūjonppoi
fusionesque


暮らし

life; living; livelihood; life circumstances


ー

The long-vowel mark, which marks a long vowel in katakana (and less commonly in hiragana) when placed after a syllable.


たる

ja-pos

たる • (-taru) godan (stem たり (-tari), past たった (-tatta))

-taru (romanization)
たり (-tari stem)
たった (past)

(verb suffix, Kansai) Contraction of てやる (-te yaru).


ズ

Humorous borrowing from the English -s plural marker.

[…]自分たちのことを心配してくれたその感激のほうが大きかったらしく、その高校生ズはますますジュンコさんにハマってしまったそうだ。
[…] Jibun tachi no koto o shinpai shite kureta sono kangeki no hō ga ōkikatta rashiku, sono kōkōseizu wa masumasu junko san ni hamatte shimatta sōda.

1996, Mariko Tanaka, Takarazuka Tankentai ga Iku


勝ち

勝(が)ち • (-gachi) -na (adnominal 勝(が)ちな (-gachi na), adverbial 勝(が)ちに (-gachi ni))

勝ち (canonical)
-gachi (romanization)
勝ちな (adnominal)
勝ちに (adverbial)

○○な人がやりがちな事
○○ na hito ga yari-gachi na koto
things that ** people tend to do


得る

得る (canonical)
-uru (romanization)
得 (imperfective stem)
え (imperfective stem)
e (imperfective stem)
得 (continuative stem)
え (continuative stem)
e (continuative stem)
得る (stem terminative)
うる (stem terminative)
uru (stem terminative)
得る (attributive stem)
うる (attributive stem)
uru (attributive stem)
得れ (hypothetical stem)
うれ (hypothetical stem)
ure (hypothetical stem)
得よ (imperative stem)
得ろ (imperative stem)
えよ (imperative stem)
えろ (imperative stem)
eyo (imperative stem)
ero (imperative stem)
得られる (passive)
えられる (passive)
erareru (passive)
得させる (causative)
得さす (causative)
えさせる (causative)
えさす (causative)
esaseru (causative)
esasu (causative)
得られる (potential)
得れる (potential)
えられる (potential)
えれる (potential)
erareru (potential)
ereru (potential)
得よう (volitional)
えよう (volitional)
eyō (volitional)
得ない (negative)
得ぬ (negative)
得ん (negative)
えない (negative)
えぬ (negative)
えん (negative)
enai (negative)
enu (negative)
en (negative)
得ず (continuative negative)
えず (continuative negative)
ezu (continuative negative)
得ます (formal)
えます (formal)
emasu (formal)
得た (perfective)
えた (perfective)
eta (perfective)
得て (conjunctive)
えて (conjunctive)
ete (conjunctive)
得れば (conditional hypothetical)
うれば (conditional hypothetical)
ureba (conditional hypothetical)
得 (irrealis stem)
え (irrealis stem)
e (irrealis)
得 (continuative stem)
え (continuative stem)
e (continuative)
得 (stem terminative)
う (stem terminative)
u (terminative)
得る (attributive stem)
うる (attributive stem)
uru (attributive)
得れ (realis stem)
うれ (realis stem)
ure (realis)
得よ (imperative stem)
えよ (imperative stem)
eyo (imperative)
得ず (negative)
えず (negative)
ezu (negative)
得れど (contrastive)
うれど (contrastive)
uredo (contrastive)
得れば (causative)
うれば (causative)
ureba (causative)
得ば (conditional)
えば (conditional)
eba (conditional)
得き (past)
えき (past)
eki (past)
得けり (past)
えけり (past)
ekeri (past)
得つ (perfect)
えつ (perfect)
etu (perfect)
得ぬ (perfect)
えぬ (perfect)
enu (perfect)
得たり (continuative perfect)
えたり (continuative perfect)
etari (continuative perfect)
得む (volitional)
えむ (volitional)
emu (volitional)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.

出来得る限り吾輩を入れてくれた主人の傍にいる事をつとめた。

I tried to be at the side of the master who let me in as much as possible.

Dekiuru kagiri wagahai o irete kureta shujin no soba ni iru koto o tsutometa.


放題

放(ほう)題(だい) • (-hōdai) ^(←はうだい (faudai)?)

放題 (canonical)
-hōdai (romanization)
faudai (romanization)
はうだい (hiragana historical)

飲み放題

食べ放題

as much as one would like; all you can...


出す

出(だ)す • (-dasu) godan (stem 出(だ)し (-dashi), past 出(だ)した (-dashita))

出す (canonical)
-dasu (romanization)
出し (stem)
出した (past)
出さ
ださ
dasa
出し
だし
dashi
出す
だす
dasu
出せ
だせ
dase
出される (passive)
だされる (passive)
dasareru (passive)
出させる (causative)
出さす (causative)
ださせる (causative)
ださす (causative)
dasaseru (causative)
dasasu (causative)
出せる (potential)
だせる (potential)
daseru (potential)
出そう (volitional)
だそう (volitional)
dasō (volitional)
出さない (negative)
ださない (negative)
dasanai (negative)
出さず (continuative negative)
ださず (continuative negative)
dasazu (continuative negative)
出します (formal)
だします (formal)
dashimasu (formal)
出した (perfective)
だした (perfective)
dashita (perfective)
出して (conjunctive)
だして (conjunctive)
dashite (conjunctive)
出せば (conditional hypothetical)
だせば (conditional hypothetical)
daseba (conditional hypothetical)
出さ (irrealis stem)
いださ (irrealis stem)
idasa (irrealis)
出し (continuative stem)
いだし (continuative stem)
idasi (continuative)
出す (stem terminative)
いだす (stem terminative)
idasu (terminative)
出す (attributive stem)
いだす (attributive stem)
idasu (attributive)
出せ (realis stem)
いだせ (realis stem)
idase (realis)
出せ (imperative stem)
いだせ (imperative stem)
idase (imperative)
出さず (negative)
いださず (negative)
idasazu (negative)
出せど (contrastive)
いだせど (contrastive)
idasedo (contrastive)
出せば (causative)
いだせば (causative)
idaseba (causative)
出さば (conditional)
いださば (conditional)
idasaba (conditional)
出しき (past)
いだしき (past)
idasiki (past)
出しけり (past)
いだしけり (past)
idasikeri (past)
出しつ (perfect)
いだしつ (perfect)
idasitu (perfect)
出しぬ (perfect)
いだしぬ (perfect)
idasinu (perfect)
出せり (continuative perfect)
出したり (continuative perfect)
いだせり (continuative perfect)
いだしたり (continuative perfect)
idaseri (continuative perfect)
idasitari (continuative perfect)
出さむ (volitional)
いださむ (volitional)
idasamu (volitional)

From Old Japanese いだす (idasu), the causative form of 出づ (idu) Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *intasu.
First cited to the Man'yōshū of circa 759 CE.

動き出す

飛び出す


抜く

抜く (canonical)
-nuku (romanization)
抜か
ぬか
nuka
抜き
ぬき
nuki
抜く
ぬく
nuku
抜け
ぬけ
nuke
抜かれる (passive)
ぬかれる (passive)
nukareru (passive)
抜かせる (causative)
抜かす (causative)
ぬかせる (causative)
ぬかす (causative)
nukaseru (causative)
nukasu (causative)
抜ける (potential)
ぬける (potential)
nukeru (potential)
抜こう (volitional)
ぬこう (volitional)
nukō (volitional)
抜かない (negative)
ぬかない (negative)
nukanai (negative)
抜かず (continuative negative)
ぬかず (continuative negative)
nukazu (continuative negative)
抜きます (formal)
ぬきます (formal)
nukimasu (formal)
抜いた (perfective)
ぬいた (perfective)
nuita (perfective)
抜いて (conjunctive)
ぬいて (conjunctive)
nuite (conjunctive)
抜けば (conditional hypothetical)
ぬけば (conditional hypothetical)
nukeba (conditional hypothetical)
抜か (irrealis stem)
ぬか (irrealis stem)
nuka (irrealis)
抜き (continuative stem)
ぬき (continuative stem)
nuki (continuative)
抜く (stem terminative)
ぬく (stem terminative)
nuku (terminative)
抜く (attributive stem)
ぬく (attributive stem)
nuku (attributive)
抜け (realis stem)
ぬけ (realis stem)
nuke (realis)
抜け (imperative stem)
ぬけ (imperative stem)
nuke (imperative)
抜かず (negative)
ぬかず (negative)
nukazu (negative)
抜けど (contrastive)
ぬけど (contrastive)
nukedo (contrastive)
抜けば (causative)
ぬけば (causative)
nukeba (causative)
抜かば (conditional)
ぬかば (conditional)
nukaba (conditional)
抜きき (past)
ぬきき (past)
nukiki (past)
抜きけり (past)
ぬきけり (past)
nukikeri (past)
抜きつ (perfect)
ぬきつ (perfect)
nukitu (perfect)
抜きぬ (perfect)
ぬきぬ (perfect)
nukinu (perfect)
抜けり (continuative perfect)
抜きたり (continuative perfect)
ぬけり (continuative perfect)
ぬきたり (continuative perfect)
nukeri (continuative perfect)
nukitari (continuative perfect)
抜かむ (volitional)
ぬかむ (volitional)
nukamu (volitional)

to do (something) all the way to the end, to carry through


ません

From ませぬ (masenu), from まらせぬ (marasenu), from まゐらせぬ (mairasenu), the negative form of 参(まゐ)らす (mairasu, “to do, to give, to offer”). Negative -ぬ (nu) regularly contracts to -ん (n).

ja-r

出来る (dekiru, “to be able”) → 出来ます (dekimasu, “to be able”, formal) → 出来ません (dekimasen, “to be unable”, formal)

A suffix used to form the polite negative present of a verb. The negative form of the polite suffix -ます (-masu).


ません

From ませむ (masemu), from まらせむ (marasemu), from まゐらせむ (mairasemu), the volitional form of 参(まゐ)らす (mairasu, “to do, to give, to offer”). Classical volitional auxiliary -む (mu) regularly contracts to -ん (n).
The same root also serves as a basis for modern ましょう (mashō), from ませう (maseu), based off of an alternative regular contraction of classical volitional auxiliary -む (mu) to -う (u).

(archaic, Edo period) A suffix used to form the polite volitional of a verb. The volitional form of the polite suffix -ます (-masu).


付ける

[t͡sɨke̞ɾɯ̟]

From Old Japanese 付く (tuku), following 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

打付ける

butsukeru, buttsukeru, uchitsukeru, buchitsukeru

perform an action vigorously, perform an action vehemently


付ける

[t͡sɨke̞ɾɯ̟]


そびれる

ja-verb

そびれる • (sobireru) ichidan (stem そびれ (sobire), past そびれた (sobireta))

sobireru (romanization)
そびれ (stem)
そびれた (past)
そびれ
sobire
そびれる
sobireru
そびれれ
sobirere
そびれよ (imperative literary)
そびれろ (colloquial imperative)
sobireyo (imperative literary)
sobirero (colloquial imperative)
そびれられる (passive)
sobirerareru (passive)
そびれさせる (causative)
そびれさす (causative)
sobiresaseru (causative)
sobiresasu (causative)
そびれられる (potential)
そびれれる (colloquial potential)
sobirerareru (potential)
sobirereru (colloquial potential)
そびれよう (volitional)
sobireyō (volitional)
そびれない (negative)
そびれぬ (negative)
そびれん (negative)
sobirenai (negative)
sobirenu (negative)
sobiren (negative)
そびれず (continuative negative)
sobirezu (continuative negative)
そびれます (formal)
sobiremasu (formal)
そびれた (perfective)
sobireta (perfective)
そびれて (conjunctive)
sobirete (conjunctive)
そびれれば (conditional hypothetical)
sobirereba (conditional hypothetical)

to lose the chance to do, to miss or have had no opportunity to do


疲れる

ja-pos

疲(つか)れる • (-tsukareru) ichidan (stem 疲(つか)れ (-tsukare), past 疲(つか)れた (-tsukareta))

疲れる (canonical)
-tsukareru (romanization)
疲れ (stem)
疲れた (past)
疲れ
つかれ
tsukare
疲れる
つかれる
tsukareru
疲れれ
つかれれ
tsukarere
疲れよ (imperative literary)
疲れろ (colloquial imperative)
つかれよ (imperative literary)
つかれろ (colloquial imperative)
tsukareyo (imperative literary)
tsukarero (colloquial imperative)
疲れられる (passive)
つかれられる (passive)
tsukarerareru (passive)
疲れさせる (causative)
疲れさす (causative)
つかれさせる (causative)
つかれさす (causative)
tsukaresaseru (causative)
tsukaresasu (causative)
疲れられる (potential)
疲れれる (colloquial potential)
つかれられる (potential)
つかれれる (colloquial potential)
tsukarerareru (potential)
tsukarereru (colloquial potential)
疲れよう (volitional)
つかれよう (volitional)
tsukareyō (volitional)
疲れない (negative)
疲れぬ (negative)
疲れん (negative)
つかれない (negative)
つかれぬ (negative)
つかれん (negative)
tsukarenai (negative)
tsukarenu (negative)
tsukaren (negative)
疲れず (continuative negative)
つかれず (continuative negative)
tsukarezu (continuative negative)
疲れます (formal)
つかれます (formal)
tsukaremasu (formal)
疲れた (perfective)
つかれた (perfective)
tsukareta (perfective)
疲れて (conjunctive)
つかれて (conjunctive)
tsukarete (conjunctive)
疲れれば (conditional hypothetical)
つかれれば (conditional hypothetical)
tsukarereba (conditional hypothetical)

[t͡sɨka̠ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]


続く

続(つづ)く • (-tsuzuku) godan (stem 続(つづ)き (-tsuzuki), past 続(つづ)いた (-tsuzuita))

続く (canonical)
-tsuzuku (romanization)
続き (stem)
続いた (past)
続か
つづか
tsuzuka
続き
つづき
tsuzuki
続く
つづく
tsuzuku
続け
つづけ
tsuzuke
続かれる (passive)
つづかれる (passive)
tsuzukareru (passive)
続かせる (causative)
続かす (causative)
つづかせる (causative)
つづかす (causative)
tsuzukaseru (causative)
tsuzukasu (causative)
続ける (potential)
つづける (potential)
tsuzukeru (potential)
続こう (volitional)
つづこう (volitional)
tsuzukō (volitional)
続かない (negative)
つづかない (negative)
tsuzukanai (negative)
続かず (continuative negative)
つづかず (continuative negative)
tsuzukazu (continuative negative)
続きます (formal)
つづきます (formal)
tsuzukimasu (formal)
続いた (perfective)
つづいた (perfective)
tsuzuita (perfective)
続いて (conjunctive)
つづいて (conjunctive)
tsuzuite (conjunctive)
続けば (conditional hypothetical)
つづけば (conditional hypothetical)
tsuzukeba (conditional hypothetical)
続か (irrealis stem)
つづか (irrealis stem)
tuduka (irrealis)
続き (continuative stem)
つづき (continuative stem)
tuduki (continuative)
続く (stem terminative)
つづく (stem terminative)
tuduku (terminative)
続く (attributive stem)
つづく (attributive stem)
tuduku (attributive)
続け (realis stem)
つづけ (realis stem)
tuduke (realis)
続け (imperative stem)
つづけ (imperative stem)
tuduke (imperative)
続かず (negative)
つづかず (negative)
tudukazu (negative)
続けど (contrastive)
つづけど (contrastive)
tudukedo (contrastive)
続けば (causative)
つづけば (causative)
tudukeba (causative)
続かば (conditional)
つづかば (conditional)
tudukaba (conditional)
続きき (past)
つづきき (past)
tudukiki (past)
続きけり (past)
つづきけり (past)
tudukikeri (past)
続きつ (perfect)
つづきつ (perfect)
tudukitu (perfect)
続きぬ (perfect)
つづきぬ (perfect)
tudukinu (perfect)
続けり (continuative perfect)
続きたり (continuative perfect)
つづけり (continuative perfect)
つづきたり (continuative perfect)
tudukeri (continuative perfect)
tudukitari (continuative perfect)
続かむ (volitional)
つづかむ (volitional)
tudukamu (volitional)

⟨tutuku⟩ → /t͡sut͡suku/ → /t͡sud͡zuku/ → /t͡suzuku/
From Old Japanese 續く (tutuku), with the shift to voicing of the second tsu developing around the Middle Japanese stage.
Cognate with 綴る (tsuzuru, “to spell, write”).


てしまう

そして彼は死んでしまいました。

indicates that something undesirable was done or happened


らしい

らしい • (-rashii) -i (adverbial らしく (-rashiku))

-rashii (romanization)
らしく (adverbial)
らしかろ (imperfective stem)
-rashikaro (imperfective)
らしく (continuative stem)
-rashiku (continuative)
らしい (stem terminative)
-rashii (terminative)
らしい (attributive stem)
-rashii (attributive)
らしけれ (hypothetical stem)
-rashikere (hypothetical)
らしかれ (imperative stem)
-rashikare (imperative)
らしくない (informal negative)
-rashiku nai (informal negative)
らしかった (informal past)
-rashikatta (informal past)
らしくなかった (informal negative past)
-rashiku nakatta (informal negative past)
らしいです (formal)
-rashii desu (formal)
らしくないです (formal negative)
-rashiku nai desu (formal negative)
らしかったです (formal past)
-rashikatta desu (formal past)
らしくなかったです (formal negative past)
-rashiku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
らしくて (conjunctive)
-rashikute (conjunctive)
らしければ (conditional)
-rashikereba (conditional)
らしかったら (conditional past)
-rashikattara (conditional past)
らしかろう (volitional)
-rashikarō (volitional)
らしく (adverbial)
-rashiku (adverbial)
らしさ (noun-from-adj)
-rashisa (noun-from-adj)
らしく (irrealis stem)
らしから (irrealis stem)
-rasiku (irrealis stem)
-rasikara (irrealis stem)
らしく (continuative stem)
らしかり (continuative stem)
-rasiku (continuative stem)
-rasikari (continuative stem)
らし (stem terminative)
-rasi (stem terminative)
らしき (attributive stem)
らしかる (attributive stem)
-rasiki (attributive stem)
-rasikaru (attributive stem)
らしけれ (realis stem)
-rasikere (realis stem)
らしかれ (imperative stem)
-rasikare (imperative stem)
らしからず (negative)
-rasikarazu (negative)
らしけれど (contrastive)
-rasikeredo (contrastive)
らしければ (causative)
-rasikereba (causative)
らしくば (conditional)
-rasikuba (conditional)
らしかりき (past)
-rasikariki (past)
らしかりけり (past)
-rasikarikeri (past)
らしく (adverbial)
-rasiku (adverbial)

男 (otoko, “man”) - 男らしい (otokorashii, “manly”)

汚い (kitanai, “dirty”) - 汚らしい (kitanarashii, “looking dirty”)

大人らしくするつもりだったのに、大騒ぎしてしまった。

Despite the fact that I planned to act like an adult, I ended up making a big ruckus.

Otonarashiku suru tsumori datta no ni, ōsawagi shite shimatta.

たまには女の子らしいお前もいいけど ルリの事考えてるお前が一番お前らしいと思ってな！

2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第63話 幼い記憶 [Chapter 63: Childish Memories]”, in 東京アンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, pages 109–110

It’s nice to have you be ladylike every once in a while. But it’s much better to have you be yourself every time you think about Ruri!

Tama ni wa onna no ko rashii o-mae mo ii kedo Ruri no koto kangaeteru o-mae ga ichiban o-mae rashii to omotte na!

(after nouns, adverbs or adjective stems)

to be like or equivalent to; to be perceived as

愛 (ai, “love”) - 愛らしい (airashii, “lovable”)


ちゃう

Contraction of 〜てしまう (-te shimau).
/-te ɕimau/ → /-t͡ɕimau/ → /-t͡ɕau/


てる

てる • (-teru) ichidan (stem て (-te), past てた (-teta))

-teru (romanization)
て (stem)
てた (past)
て
te
てる
teru
てれ
tere
てよ (imperative literary)
てろ (colloquial imperative)
teyo (imperative literary)
tero (colloquial imperative)
てられる (passive)
terareru (passive)
てさせる (causative)
てさす (causative)
tesaseru (causative)
tesasu (causative)
てられる (potential)
てれる (colloquial potential)
terareru (potential)
tereru (colloquial potential)
てよう (volitional)
teyō (volitional)
てない (negative)
てぬ (negative)
てん (negative)
tenai (negative)
tenu (negative)
ten (negative)
てず (continuative negative)
tezu (continuative negative)
てます (formal)
temasu (formal)
てた (perfective)
teta (perfective)
てて (conjunctive)
tete (conjunctive)
てれば (conditional hypothetical)
tereba (conditional hypothetical)

待ってる

(colloquial) Contraction of ている (-te iru).


右衛門

右衛門 (canonical)
-emon (romanization)
wemon (romanization)
ゑもん (hiragana historical)

五右衛門 (“Goemon”)

源五右衛門 (“Gengoemon”)

数右衛門 (“Kazuemon”)


スーパー

スーパー • (sūpā-)

From English super, super-, from Latin super, super- (literally “over, over-”).


ぁ

Small form of the hiragana character あ (a).

Hira-small

ふぁ - the sound [ɸa] rather than [ɸu] (ふ) or [ha] (は)

ふぁん - transliteration of English fan


ィ

Small form of the katakana character イ (i).

Kana-small

フィ - the sound [ɸi] rather than [ɸu] (フ) or [çi] (ヒ)

フィギュア - transliteration of English figure

Small combining form of katakana イ (i) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous katakana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


尽くす

From Old Japanese [script needed] (tukusu). Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, spelled phonetically in man'yōgana as 都久須.

言い尽くす

あなただけが使えるテクニックで
溶かしつくして
anata dake ga tsukaeru tekunikku de

2005, “エージェント夜を往く (Ējento yoru o iku) [Agent goes in the night]”, in LindaAI-CUE [LindaAI-CUE] (lyrics), THE IDOLM@STER (THE IDOLM@STER) [THE IDOLM@STER]

Melt me away,
with your exclusive techniques

to do to exhaustion, to do something completely


嫌い

嫌い (canonical)
-girai (romanization)
girafi (romanization)
ぎらひ (hiragana historical)

/kiraɸi/ → /kirawi/ → /kirai/
The 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 嫌う (kirau, “to detest, dislike, hate”).


振る

ja-pos

振(ぶ)る • (-buru) godan (stem 振(ぶ)り (-buri), past 振(ぶ)った (-butta))

振る (canonical)
-buru (romanization)
振り (stem)
振った (past)
振ら
ぶら
-bura
振り
ぶり
-buri
振る
ぶる
-buru
振れ
ぶれ
-bure
振られる (passive)
ぶられる (passive)
-burareru (passive)
振らせる (causative)
振らす (causative)
ぶらせる (causative)
ぶらす (causative)
-buraseru (causative)
-burasu (causative)
振れる (potential)
ぶれる (potential)
-bureru (potential)
振ろう (volitional)
ぶろう (volitional)
-burō (volitional)
振らない (negative)
ぶらない (negative)
-buranai (negative)
振らず (continuative negative)
ぶらず (continuative negative)
-burazu (continuative negative)
振ります (formal)
ぶります (formal)
-burimasu (formal)
振った (perfective)
ぶった (perfective)
-butta (perfective)
振って (conjunctive)
ぶって (conjunctive)
-butte (conjunctive)
振れば (conditional hypothetical)
ぶれば (conditional hypothetical)
-bureba (conditional hypothetical)

かわいこぶる

assuming the air of, acting like it (when one is not)


太郎

太郎 (canonical)
-tarō (romanization)
tarau (romanization)
たらう (hiragana historical)

Appears to be a coinage within Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 太 (ta, “fat; great”) + 郎 (rō, “boy”).
Initially used as a given name for an eldest son.
Attested since at least the early 900s.

健太郎、慎太郎、陽太郎、小太郎
Kentarō, Shintarō, Yōtarō, Kōtarō
-


未遂

殺人未遂事件の被害者です。


高麗

Goguryeo
Goryeo
Koma clan
Man'yōshū
ja:高麗 (曖昧さ回避)

⟨ko₂ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym. Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, considering the history of the Koma clan, immigrants to Japan from the fall of the Goguryeo kingdom in the latter half of the 600s.

indicates something that was originally imported via the Korean Peninsula

高麗人

a person from the Goguryeo or Goryeo kingdoms on the Korean peninsula

高麗楽, 狛楽

a kind of traditional court music originally imported via the Korean Peninsula

高麗錦, 狛錦

a kind of lace originally imported via the Korean Peninsula

高麗剣, 狛剣

a kind of sword originally imported via the Korean Peninsula


ょ

Small form of the hiragana character よ (yo).

Hira-small

Small combining form of hiragana よ (yo) used in 拗音 (yōon) morae that end in o, such as しょ (sho), ちょ (cho), and きょ (kyo). Historically not distinguished from full-size version.


ゅ

Small form of the hiragana character ゆ (yu).

Small combining form of hiragana ゆ (yu) used in 拗音 (yōon) morae that end in u, such as しゅ (shu), ちゅ (chu), and きゅ (kyu). Historically not distinguished from full-size version.


ゎ

Small form of the hiragana character わ (wa).

くゎんおん くゎんおん#Japanese

Small combining form of hiragana わ (wa) used in the archaic 拗音 (yōon) morae くゎ (kwa) and ぐゎ (gwa), for instance in the name くゎんおん (Kwan'on). Historically it was not distinguished from the full-size version; in modern language the sound has generally simplified to か (ka) or が (ga).


ャ

Small form of the katakana character ヤ (ya).

Kana-small

Small combining form of katakana ヤ (ya) used in 拗音 (yōon) morae that end in a, such as シャ (sha), チャ (cha), and キャ (kya). Historically not distinguished from full-size version.


ュ

Small form of the katakana character ユ (yu).

Small combining form of katakana ユ (yu) used in 拗音 (yōon) morae that end in u, such as シュ (shu), チュ (chu), and キュ (kyu). Historically not distinguished from full-size version.


ョ

Small form of the katakana character ヨ (yo).

Small combining form of katakana ヨ (yo) used in 拗音 (yōon) morae that end in o, such as ショ (sho), チョ (cho), and キョ (kyo). Historically not distinguished from full-size version.


ぇ

Small form of the hiragana character え (e).

Hira-small

ちぇ - the sound [tɕe] rather than [tɕi] (ち) or [te] (て)

ちぇんじ - transliteration of English change

Small combining form of hiragana え (e) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous hiragana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


ぅ

Small form of the hiragana character う (u).

どぅ - the sound [du] rather than [do] (ど) or [(d)zu] (づ)

ですぅ - specifies that the final u in です (desu) should not be silent

ですぅぅぅ - specifies that the final u in です (desu) should be very long

Small combining form of hiragana う (u) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous hiragana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


ぃ

Small form of the hiragana character い (i).

ふぃ - the sound [ɸi] rather than [ɸu] (ふ) or [çi] (ひ)

Small combining form of hiragana い (i) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous hiragana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


ぉ

Small form of the hiragana character お (o).

ふぉ - the sound [ɸo] rather than [ɸu] (ふ) or [ho] (ほ)

しふぉん - transliteration of French chiffon

Small combining form of hiragana お (o) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous hiragana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


ァ

Small form of the katakana character ア (a).

Kana-small

ファ - the sound [ɸa] rather than [ɸu] (フ) or [ha] (ハ)

ファン - transliteration of English fan

Small combining form of katakana ア (a) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous katakana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


ォ

Small form of the katakana character オ (o).

フォ - the sound [ɸo] rather than [ɸu] (フ) or [ho] (ホ)

シフォン - transliteration of French chiffon

Small combining form of katakana オ (o) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous katakana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


ゥ

Small form of the katakana character ウ (u).

ドゥ - the sound [du] rather than [dzu] (ヅ) or [do] (ド)

Small combining form of katakana ウ (u) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous katakana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


ェ

Small form of the katakana character エ (e).

チェ - the sound [tɕe] rather than [tɕi] (チ) or [te] (テ)

チェンジ - transliteration of English change

Small combining form of katakana エ (e) used to explicitly specify the vowel part of the previous katakana character, or to show a speaker's pronunciation or extension of that vowel.


ヮ

Small form of the katakana character ワ (wa).

Small combining form of katakana ワ (wa) used in the archaic 拗音 (yōon) morae クァ (kwa) and グァ (gwa). Historically it was not distinguished from the full-size version; in modern language the sound has generally simplified to カ (ka) or ガ (ga).


沢山

[ta̠kɯ̟̊sã̠ɴ]

First appears in The Tale of the Heike (c. late 12th century).
Origin unknown, kanji spelling appears to be phonetic ateji (当て字)


いで

(Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the negative conjunctive, equivalent to modern ないで (-naide).


倒す

ja-verb

倒(たお)す • (taosu) ^(←たふす (tafusu)?)godan (stem 倒(たお)し (taoshi), past 倒(たお)した (taoshita))

倒す (canonical)
taosu (romanization)
tafusu (romanization)
倒し (stem)
倒した (past)

ふざけ倒す


掛ける

掛ける (canonical)
-kakeru (romanization)
掛け
かけ
kake
掛ける
かける
kakeru
掛けれ
かけれ
kakere
掛けよ (imperative literary)
掛けろ (colloquial imperative)
かけよ (imperative literary)
かけろ (colloquial imperative)
kakeyo (imperative literary)
kakero (colloquial imperative)
掛けられる (passive)
かけられる (passive)
kakerareru (passive)
掛けさせる (causative)
掛けさす (causative)
かけさせる (causative)
かけさす (causative)
kakesaseru (causative)
kakesasu (causative)
掛けられる (potential)
掛けれる (colloquial potential)
かけられる (potential)
かけれる (colloquial potential)
kakerareru (potential)
kakereru (colloquial potential)
掛けよう (volitional)
かけよう (volitional)
kakeyō (volitional)
掛けない (negative)
掛けぬ (negative)
掛けん (negative)
かけない (negative)
かけぬ (negative)
かけん (negative)
kakenai (negative)
kakenu (negative)
kaken (negative)
掛けず (continuative negative)
かけず (continuative negative)
kakezu (continuative negative)
掛けます (formal)
かけます (formal)
kakemasu (formal)
掛けた (perfective)
かけた (perfective)
kaketa (perfective)
掛けて (conjunctive)
かけて (conjunctive)
kakete (conjunctive)
掛ければ (conditional hypothetical)
かければ (conditional hypothetical)
kakereba (conditional hypothetical)

From Old Japanese 掛く (kaku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

座る

to sit in general, including on the floor

老人が私に突然話しかけた。

Rōjin ga watashi ni totsuzen hanashikaketa.

to address someone, to direct, to do (something to someone)

言いかけてやめる

長編を読みかける

in the middle of, to begin (not complete)


れる

ja-pos

れる • (-reru) ichidan (stem れ (-re), past れた (-reta))

-reru (romanization)
れ (stem)
れた (past)
れ (imperfective stem)
-re (imperfective stem)
れ (continuative stem)
-re (continuative stem)
れる (stem terminative)
-reru (stem terminative)
れる (attributive stem)
-reru (attributive stem)
れれ (hypothetical stem)
-rere (hypothetical stem)
れよ (imperative literary stem)
れろ (colloquial imperative stem)
-reyo (imperative literary stem)
-rero (colloquial imperative stem)
れよう (volitional)
-reyō (volitional)
れない (negative)
れぬ (negative)
れん (negative)
-renai (negative)
-renu (negative)
-ren (negative)
れず (continuative negative)
-rezu (continuative negative)
れます (formal)
-remasu (formal)
れた (perfective)
-reta (perfective)
れて (conjunctive)
-rete (conjunctive)
れれば (conditional hypothetical)
-rereba (conditional hypothetical)

From Early Middle Japanese る (ru), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) and attached to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”), ナ行変格活用 (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “n-irregular conjugation”), and ラ行変格活用 (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “r-irregular conjugation”) verbs; from Proto-Japonic *-(a)ru.
During the later stages of the language, as with other shimo nidan verbs, the original 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) る (ru) was gradually lost as the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) るる (ruru) came to be used for both functions, realigning the conjugations. The suffix came to be also used with さ (sa), the new 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) verbs. Finally, the conjugation type of the suffix shifted to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”), making the modern form れる (reru).

相手の選手に押されたら、押し返せ！

If you are pushed by opponent players, push them in return!

永眠されました

私たちの先生は、五分位で戻られると思います。

I/We think that our teacher will be back in about five minutes.

Watashitachi no sensei wa, go fun gurai de modorareru to omoimasu.

天皇陛下が皇居にお戻りになられる。

His Imperial Majesty would be back to the Imperial Palace.

Tennō Heika ga Kōkyo ni o-modori ni narareru.

by extension of the indirect sense of the passive, used to add a light honorific sense to verbs

(archaic, now colloquial) forms a potential verb from an active one: to be able to [verb]


ばり

-bari (romanization)
bari (romanization)
ばり (hiragana historical)

店員ばりに


られる

られる • (-rareru) ichidan (stem られ (-rare), past られた (-rareta))

-rareru (romanization)
られ (stem)
られた (past)
られ (imperfective stem)
-rare (imperfective stem)
られ (continuative stem)
-rare (continuative stem)
られる (stem terminative)
-rareru (stem terminative)
られる (attributive stem)
-rareru (attributive stem)
られれ (hypothetical stem)
-rarere (hypothetical stem)
られよ (imperative literary stem)
られろ (colloquial imperative stem)
-rareyo (imperative literary stem)
-rarero (colloquial imperative stem)
られよう (volitional)
-rareyō (volitional)
られない (negative)
られぬ (negative)
られん (negative)
-rarenai (negative)
-rarenu (negative)
-raren (negative)
られず (continuative negative)
-rarezu (continuative negative)
られます (formal)
-raremasu (formal)
られた (perfective)
-rareta (perfective)
られて (conjunctive)
-rarete (conjunctive)
られれば (conditional hypothetical)
-rarereba (conditional hypothetical)

From Classical Japanese らる (raru), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) and attached to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of monograde, bigrade, カ行変格活用 (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “k-irregular conjugation”), and サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) verbs.
As with other shimo nidan verbs, the original 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) らる (raru) was gradually lost as the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) らるる (raruru) came to be used for both functions, realigning the conjugations, and the conjugation type shifted to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”), making the modern form られる (rareru).
Some linguists suggest that られる is a variant of れる, where a reduplicative "r" is added to avoid vowel clusters. (e.g. 食べる + れる → *tabe- + *-are- → *tabeare- + *taberare- → 食べられる)

昨日先生に褒められた。

このキノコは食べられますか。
Kono kinoko wa taberaremasu ka.
Is this mushroom edible?

literally, “Can [one] eat this mushroom?”


でる

でる • (-deru) ichidan (stem で (-de), past でた (-deta))

(colloquial) Contraction of でいる (-deiru).


南蛮

From Middle Chinese compound 南蠻 (nom mæn, “southern barbarian”). Compare modern Mandarin 南蠻／南蛮 (Nánmán).
In Japan, this originally referred to the inhabitants of Southeast Asia, particularly the islands of modern-day Philippines and Indonesia. When the Portuguese and Spanish first made contact in Japan, they came from their colonies in Southeast Asia, and were consequently given the same label of nanban. This usage was initially distinct from the separate label 紅毛 (kōmō, “red hair”) used for the Dutch. Over time, this distinction became less important, and the term nanban was used to refer to westerners in general. See also 蛮人(ばんじん) (banjin), 蕃人(ばんじん) (banjin), Hokkien 番人 (hoan-lâng), Hokkien 番仔 (hoan-á), Mandarin 番子 (fānzi), Mandarin 蠻人／蛮人 (mánrén), Mandarin 蠻子／蛮子 (mánzi).

zh-l

南蠻／南蛮 (Nánmán)

南蛮辛子

南蛮辛子 なんばんがらし

南蛮煙管

南蛮煙管 なんばんぎせる

南蛮人

a westerner, a foreigner of European descent

南蛮繁縷

南蛮繁縷 なんばんはこべ


意欲

創作意欲


ラー

Ultimately from English -er, as a reanalysis of the suffix from シャネラー (shanerā, “a "Chaneler": someone who loves Chanel”), shifting from the expected ā from English -er, to also include the consonant as rā, in accordance with Japanese phonological rules.

マヨラー


つもり

The continuative form of 積(つ)もる (tsumoru, “to intend”).

行く積もりだ。

私は彼に電話するつもりだ。

Watashi wa kare ni denwa suru tsumori da.

(After the past form of a verb) convicted to, believe to


可き

Alternative spelling of べき (“should, must”)


なさい

From 為さる (nasaru, honorific for する suru, “to do”), derived from 為す (nasu, “to do”).

よく聞きなさい！

ここに名前を書きなさい。

あの猫を見なさい。

(informal) combines with the verb stem to create an imperative as a kind of strong request


エロ

⇒ Chinese: 工口 (gōngkǒu)

エロ画像

エロ本


マン

お金大好きマン


ゕ

Small form of the hiragana character か (ka). The hiragana ゔ, ゕ, and ゖ were introduced for hiragana-katakana correspondence with ヴ, ヵ, and ヶ in the Japanese input method in Fujitsu OASYS and then registered in JIS X 0213.

Hira-small

(rare) Alternative form of ヵ with no meaningful usage.


ゖ

The hiragana ゔ, ゕ, and ゖ were introduced for hiragana-katakana correspondence with ヴ, ヵ, and ヶ in the Japanese input method in Fujitsu OASYS and then registered in JIS X 0213.

(rare) Alternative form of ヶ with no meaningful usage.


難い

ja-pos

難(がた)い • (-gatai) -i (adverbial 難(がた)く (-gataku))

難い (canonical)
-gatai (romanization)
難く (adverbial)
難かろ (imperfective stem)
がたかろ (imperfective stem)
-gatakaro (imperfective)
難く (continuative stem)
がたく (continuative stem)
-gataku (continuative)
難い (stem terminative)
がたい (stem terminative)
-gatai (terminative)
難い (attributive stem)
がたい (attributive stem)
-gatai (attributive)
難けれ (hypothetical stem)
がたけれ (hypothetical stem)
-gatakere (hypothetical)
難かれ (imperative stem)
がたかれ (imperative stem)
-gatakare (imperative)
難くない (informal negative)
がたくない (informal negative)
-gataku nai (informal negative)
難かった (informal past)
がたかった (informal past)
-gatakatta (informal past)
難くなかった (informal negative past)
がたくなかった (informal negative past)
-gataku nakatta (informal negative past)
難いです (formal)
がたいです (formal)
-gatai desu (formal)
難くないです (formal negative)
がたくないです (formal negative)
-gataku nai desu (formal negative)
難かったです (formal past)
がたかったです (formal past)
-gatakatta desu (formal past)
難くなかったです (formal negative past)
がたくなかったです (formal negative past)
-gataku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
難くて (conjunctive)
がたくて (conjunctive)
-gatakute (conjunctive)
難ければ (conditional)
がたければ (conditional)
-gatakereba (conditional)
難かったら (conditional past)
がたかったら (conditional past)
-gatakattara (conditional past)
難かろう (volitional)
がたかろう (volitional)
-gatakarō (volitional)
難く (adverbial)
がたく (adverbial)
-gataku (adverbial)
難さ (noun-from-adj)
がたさ (noun-from-adj)
-gatasa (noun-from-adj)

Shift in pronunciation from katai above, as this term became more of a fused suffix than an independent term. The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action.

年頃よく比べつる人人なむ、別れ難く思ひて、日しきりに、とかくしつつ、ののしるうちに、夜更けぬ。

Those who were close for many years found it difficult to part, and while boisterously getting things done all day, the night deepened.

Toshigoro yoku kurabetsuru hitobito namu, wakaregataku omoite, hi shikiri ni, tokaku shitsutsu, nonoshiru uchi ni, yo fukenu.


難い

難(にく)い • (-nikui) -i (adverbial 難(にく)く (-nikuku))

難い (canonical)
-nikui (romanization)
難く (adverbial)
難かろ (imperfective stem)
にくかろ (imperfective stem)
-nikukaro (imperfective)
難く (continuative stem)
にくく (continuative stem)
-nikuku (continuative)
難い (stem terminative)
にくい (stem terminative)
-nikui (terminative)
難い (attributive stem)
にくい (attributive stem)
-nikui (attributive)
難けれ (hypothetical stem)
にくけれ (hypothetical stem)
-nikukere (hypothetical)
難かれ (imperative stem)
にくかれ (imperative stem)
-nikukare (imperative)
難くない (informal negative)
にくくない (informal negative)
-nikuku nai (informal negative)
難かった (informal past)
にくかった (informal past)
-nikukatta (informal past)
難くなかった (informal negative past)
にくくなかった (informal negative past)
-nikuku nakatta (informal negative past)
難いです (formal)
にくいです (formal)
-nikui desu (formal)
難くないです (formal negative)
にくくないです (formal negative)
-nikuku nai desu (formal negative)
難かったです (formal past)
にくかったです (formal past)
-nikukatta desu (formal past)
難くなかったです (formal negative past)
にくくなかったです (formal negative past)
-nikuku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
難くて (conjunctive)
にくくて (conjunctive)
-nikukute (conjunctive)
難ければ (conditional)
にくければ (conditional)
-nikukereba (conditional)
難かったら (conditional past)
にくかったら (conditional past)
-nikukattara (conditional past)
難かろう (volitional)
にくかろう (volitional)
-nikukarō (volitional)
難く (adverbial)
にくく (adverbial)
-nikuku (adverbial)
難さ (noun-from-adj)
にくさ (noun-from-adj)
-nikusa (noun-from-adj)

Derived as the suffixization of Old Japanese adjective 憎い (nikui, “disagreeable, dislikeable”, modern “hateful, abominable”). Cognate with 憎む (nikumu, “to hate”).

difficult or hard to do (emphasis on the disagreeability of performing the action)


Reinterpretation of the ligature ㌠ as さん (-san, title used after person's name) + チーム (chīmu, “team”).


思い

思い (canonical)
-omoi (romanization)
omofi (romanization)
おもひ (hiragana historical)

omopi > omoɸi > omowi > omoi. The nominalized form of the verb 思う (omou). While not etymologically related, in the historical spelling, the final ひ was often associated with homophonous 火 (hi, “fire”), i.e. "emotions as hot as fire".

友達思い


気味

天然気味の人

キレ気味で言う

放置気味

having or tending to have a certain trait


ガン

Onomatopoeic. The prefix is from the abbreviation of がんがん (gangan).

ガンギレ

(slang) (before a verbal noun) Used to intensify a verb.


たれ

hypothetical form (仮定形) and imperative form (命令形) of たり (tari) [r-irregular]


くそ

こやくしくそといひける人、ある人をよばひてをこせたりける、

「いで、主殿のくそ。あづま、取りて」

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(archaic, possibly obsolete) a suffix attached to a person's name


切れ

Nominative form of 切(き)れる (kireru, “be cut off, be injured”).


切れる

飲み切れますか？

死んでも死に切れぬ: I can't die and leave things this way


くさい

Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
Nihon Shoki
Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 logographically as 臰, and in the Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki of 794 as 久佐之. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kusa. Cognate with 糞(くそ) (kuso, “feces, arse, shit”) and 腐(くさ)る (kusaru, “to rot”).

鉄臭い

ジジ臭い

昭和臭い
Shōwa-kusai
like the Shōwa era

(negatively) very much like; conceptually similar to

面倒臭い
mendō-kusai
a hassle

(with a quasi-adjective stem) an intensifier


三昧

From Middle Chinese 三昧, from Sanskrit समाधि (samādhi).

(figuratively) doing something to one's heart's content


出づ

出づ (canonical)
-izu (romanization)
idu (romanization)
いづ (hiragana historical)

⟨idu⟩ → /id͡zu/ → /izu//idu//id͡zu/
From Old Japanese.
The further shift of dzu to zu is attested for most modern Japanese dialects; see Yotsugana on Wikipedia.

(archaic, suffixed to the stem or continuative form of a verb) to appear to be doing (something)


しい

-shii (romanization)
しかろ (imperfective stem)
-shikaro (imperfective)
しく (continuative stem)
-shiku (continuative)
しい (stem terminative)
-shii (terminative)
しい (attributive stem)
-shii (attributive)
しけれ (hypothetical stem)
-shikere (hypothetical)
しかれ (imperative stem)
-shikare (imperative)
しくない (informal negative)
-shiku nai (informal negative)
しかった (informal past)
-shikatta (informal past)
しくなかった (informal negative past)
-shiku nakatta (informal negative past)
しいです (formal)
-shii desu (formal)
しくないです (formal negative)
-shiku nai desu (formal negative)
しかったです (formal past)
-shikatta desu (formal past)
しくなかったです (formal negative past)
-shiku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
しくて (conjunctive)
-shikute (conjunctive)
しければ (conditional)
-shikereba (conditional)
しかったら (conditional past)
-shikattara (conditional past)
しかろう (volitional)
-shikarō (volitional)
しく (adverbial)
-shiku (adverbial)
しさ (noun-from-adj)
-shisa (noun-from-adj)
【椎】S
Alternative spelling
シイ
For a list of all kanji read as しい
【志】5
: [proper noun] a female given name
For a list of all kanji read as しい

⟨siki₁⟩ → /sikʲi/ → /ɕiki/ → */ɕiɡi/ → */ɕiɣi/ → */ɕiji/ → /ɕi.i/
Developed from しき (-shiki), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of adjectival suffix し (-shi).

from nouns: 大人 (otona, “adult”) + しい (shii) → おとなしい (otonashii, “quiet, gentle”)

from verbs: 急ぐ (isogu, “to rush, hurry”) + しい (shii) → 忙しい (isogashii, “busy”)

from Japanese original reduplications: 水 (mizu, “water”) + 水 (mizu) + しい (shii) → 瑞々しい (mizumizushii, “fresh, juicy”)

from reduplications of Chinese origins: 騒 (sō, “noise”) + 騒 (sō) + しい (shii) → 騒々しい (sōzōshii, “noisy”)

used to form adjectives from nouns, reduplications, or the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verbs; an adjective derived by this suffix implies a thorough and certain possession of the quality of the suffixed term:


めく

ja-pos

めく • (-meku) godan (stem めき (-meki), past めいた (-meita))

-meku (romanization)
めき (stem)
めいた (past)
めか
meka
めき
meki
めく
meku
めけ
meke
めかれる (passive)
mekareru (passive)
めかせる (causative)
めかす (causative)
mekaseru (causative)
mekasu (causative)
めける (potential)
mekeru (potential)
めこう (volitional)
mekō (volitional)
めかない (negative)
mekanai (negative)
めかず (continuative negative)
mekazu (continuative negative)
めきます (formal)
mekimasu (formal)
めいた (perfective)
meita (perfective)
めいて (conjunctive)
meite (conjunctive)
めけば (conditional hypothetical)
mekeba (conditional hypothetical)

Ultimate derivation unknown. Possibly related to suffix む (-mu, “to seem like, to look like, to behave like”) and derivative める (-meru, “to make something seem like, look like, behave like”); compare also 目 (me, “eye”).
The suffix is first attested in the Tosa Nikki of 935. Use as a standalone verb appears much later in works from the early 1800s.
Etymological theories
Some etymological theories were proposed by some sources:
* The Wa-kun no Shiyori and Daigenkai derive this from 見来 (mie-ku, literally “to come seen”).
* The Myōgoki derives this from a shift of miekeku, miekemu, or misekemu, without any further context.
* The Wa-kun no Shiyori derives this from 向く (muku, “to face”).
* The Meigentsū derives this from 見る (miru, “to see”).

ja-r

to show signs of, to have the appearance of, to look like, to seem like


加減

入り加減の湯


回り

回り (canonical)
-mawari (romanization)
mafari (romanization)
まはり (hiragana historical)

[ma̠β̞a̠ɾʲi]

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 回(まわ)る (mawaru, “to turn, spin”).

ja-etym-renyokei

一回り小さいサイズ

高崎回り塩尻行き
takasaki mawari shiojiri yuki
bound for Shiojiri via Takasaki

二回り年上の上司

boss who is two duodecinnia older / 24 years older

duodecennium, a period of twelve years, referring to the 12 zodiac animals that can be someone's birth year


引き

引き + 続く (tsuzuku) → 引き続く (hikitsuzuku)

引き + 出す (dasu) → 引き出す (hikidasu)

引き + 起こす (okosu) → 引き起こす (hikiokosu)

引き + 受ける (ukeru) → 引き受ける (hikiukeru)

引き + 寄せる (yoseru) → 引き寄せる (hikiyoseru)

used in compound verbs, as an intensifier


引き

２割引き
niwaribiki
20% off


ちぎる

ja-pos

ちぎる • (-chigiru) godan (stem ちぎり (-chigiri), past ちぎった (-chigitta))

-chigiru (romanization)
ちぎり (stem)
ちぎった (past)
ちぎら
chigira
ちぎり
chigiri
ちぎる
chigiru
ちぎれ
chigire
ちぎられる (passive)
chigirareru (passive)
ちぎらせる (causative)
ちぎらす (causative)
chigiraseru (causative)
chigirasu (causative)
ちぎれる (potential)
chigireru (potential)
ちぎろう (volitional)
chigirō (volitional)
ちぎらない (negative)
chigiranai (negative)
ちぎらず (continuative negative)
chigirazu (continuative negative)
ちぎります (formal)
chigirimasu (formal)
ちぎった (perfective)
chigitta (perfective)
ちぎって (conjunctive)
chigitte (conjunctive)
ちぎれば (conditional hypothetical)
chigireba (conditional hypothetical)

ほめる (homeru) + ちぎる (-chigiru) → ほめちぎる (homechigiru)

(after verb stems, forming a verb) greatly


立て

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 立(た)てる (tateru).


立て

立て (canonical)
-tate (romanization)
立て (canonical)
-date (romanization)

生まれたての子猫

焼き立てのパン

搗き立て餅

(appended to continuative verbs) just (done)

the number of movies or plays in a program


センチ

Borrowed from French centi-, possibly via English centi-.


交わす

ja-pos

交(か)わす • (-kawasu) ^(←かはす (kafasu)?)godan (stem 交(か)わし (-kawashi), past 交(か)わした (-kawashita))

交わす (canonical)
-kawasu (romanization)
kafasu (romanization)
交わし (stem)
交わした (past)


得ない

得(え)ない • (-enai) -i (adverbial 得(え)なく (-enaku))

得ない (canonical)
-enai (romanization)
得なく (adverbial)
得なかろ (imperfective stem)
えなかろ (imperfective stem)
-enakaro (imperfective)
得なく (continuative stem)
えなく (continuative stem)
-enaku (continuative)
得ない (stem terminative)
えない (stem terminative)
-enai (terminative)
得ない (attributive stem)
えない (attributive stem)
-enai (attributive)
得なけれ (hypothetical stem)
えなけれ (hypothetical stem)
-enakere (hypothetical)
得なかれ (imperative stem)
えなかれ (imperative stem)
-enakare (imperative)
得なくない (informal negative)
えなくない (informal negative)
-enaku nai (informal negative)
得なかった (informal past)
えなかった (informal past)
-enakatta (informal past)
得なくなかった (informal negative past)
えなくなかった (informal negative past)
-enaku nakatta (informal negative past)
得ないです (formal)
えないです (formal)
-enai desu (formal)
得なくないです (formal negative)
えなくないです (formal negative)
-enaku nai desu (formal negative)
得なかったです (formal past)
えなかったです (formal past)
-enakatta desu (formal past)
得なくなかったです (formal negative past)
えなくなかったです (formal negative past)
-enaku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
得なくて (conjunctive)
えなくて (conjunctive)
-enakute (conjunctive)
得なければ (conditional)
えなければ (conditional)
-enakereba (conditional)
得なかったら (conditional past)
えなかったら (conditional past)
-enakattara (conditional past)
得なかろう (volitional)
えなかろう (volitional)
-enakarō (volitional)
得なく (adverbial)
えなく (adverbial)
-enaku (adverbial)
得なさ (noun-from-adj)
えなさ (noun-from-adj)
-enasa (noun-from-adj)


うじ

-uji (romanization)
udi (romanization)
うぢ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese うぢ (udi, “clan”), from Proto-Japonic *Onti. Found in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE.

(historical, honorific) a clan (added after the clan name as an honorific)


染みる

染(じ)みる • (-jimiru) ichidan (stem 染(じ)み (-jimi), past 染(じ)みた (-jimita))

染みる (canonical)
-jimiru (romanization)
染み (stem)
染みた (past)

From Old Japanese 染む (“to dye”).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.


甲斐

甲斐 (canonical)
-gai (romanization)
gafi (romanization)
がひ (hiragana historical)

table
Shift from 甲斐 (kai). The kai changes to gai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First attested in a text from 1797.

生きがいのある人生を送る

value, reward, avail, being fruitful or worth doing


沿い

国道沿い


トランス

[to̞ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]


便り

イタリア便り

news from, information from, tidings of or from


ファン

野球ファン

映画ファン

fan, an enthusiast (of a performer etc.)


天竺

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku) ^(←てんぢく (tendiku)?)

天竺 (canonical)
Tenjiku (romanization)
tendiku (romanization)
てんぢく (hiragana historical)

/tendiku/ → /tend͡ʑiku/
From Middle Chinese 天竺 (MC then trjuwk), a transcription from either of the following:
* Old Persian *Hind-uka ("people living beyond the Indus") an alternative of *Hinduš (“Indus, people of the Indus”)
* Sanskrit सिन्धु (Sindhu, “the country of the Indus river, India (later, after Herodotus)”)
First mentioned in the 後漢書 (Gokansho, “Book of the Later Han”), in volume 88, the 西域伝 (Saiiki Den, “Treatise on the Western Regions”).

[tẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑikɯ̟]

天竺織: → a kind of thick woven cloth featuring various designs of birds

天竺楽: → those pieces of 雅楽 originating from India

天竺茄子: → alternate for 朝鮮朝顔: the devil's trumpet

天竺豆: → alternate for 八升豆

the velvet bean, Mucuna pruriens; Indian bean

the fasciculatum variety of Capsicum annuum

天竺様: → a style of Buddhist temple architecture imported from the Southern Song Dynasty during the Kamakura period


諸国

イスラム諸国


がる

-garu (romanization)
がら
～がら
~gara
がり
～がり
~gari
がる
～がる
~garu
がれ
～がれ
~gare
がられる (passive)
～がられる (passive)
~garareru (passive)
がらせる (causative)
がらす (causative)
～がらせる (causative)
～がらす (causative)
~garaseru (causative)
~garasu (causative)
がれる (potential)
～がれる (potential)
~gareru (potential)
がろう (volitional)
～がろう (volitional)
~garō (volitional)
がらない (negative)
～がらない (negative)
~garanai (negative)
がらず (continuative negative)
～がらず (continuative negative)
~garazu (continuative negative)
がります (formal)
～がります (formal)
~garimasu (formal)
がった (perfective)
～がった (perfective)
~gatta (perfective)
がって (conjunctive)
～がって (conjunctive)
~gatte (conjunctive)
がれば (conditional hypothetical)
～がれば (conditional hypothetical)
~gareba (conditional hypothetical)

恥ずかしがらないで、前に出てきてください。

Please don't be shy (don't act all shy) and come up here.

Hazukashigaranai de, mae ni detekite kudasai.

俺を不安がらせた神秘

1928, Motojirō Kajii, Sakura no ki no shita ni wa [Under the cherry trees], Modern kanji and kana edition

to behave or act as if feeling in a certain way

今から強がっても無駄だ。

There's no point in acting like a tough guy now.

会(あ)いたい (aitai, “want to meet sb.”) → 会(あ)いたがる (aitagaru, “act as if wanting to meet sb.”)

重(ちょう)宝(ほう) (chōhō, “a treasure; convenient”) → 重(ちょう)宝(ほう)がる (chōhō-garu, “to value as a treasure; to value as convenient”)


離れ

テレビ離れ

disillusionment with, loss of interest in


掛け

掛け (canonical)
-kake (romanization)
掛け (canonical)
-gake (romanization)

技術の国際標準化を働きかけ、競争力の確保を図ることにしています。

In the midst of the work of forming international standards, they are making plans to ensure our competitive power.

Gijutsu no kokusai hyōjunka o hataraki-kake, kyōsōryoku no kakuho o hakaru koto ni shiteimasu.

国際標準化 こくさいひょうじゅんか

競争力 きょうそうりょく


代わり

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾʲi]

Nominative form of 代わる (kawaru, “substitute”)

携帯を住所録代わりにする。

Use a cell phone as an address book substitute.


つけ

tsuke- (romanization)
tuke (romanization)
つけ (hiragana historical)

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 付(つ)ける (tsukeru, “attach; affix”).

付け麺

cold Chinese noodles accompanied by soup for dipping

付け下げ

method of patterning traditional Japanese clothing


つけ

-tsuke (romanization)
tuke (romanization)
つけ (hiragana historical)

行き付け

favorite, preferred, regular place to go


付き

Nominative form of 付(つ)く (tsuku, “attached to”)

紐付き

conditions, strings attached, restriction

見付き

appearance, front of a structural member

紋付き: clothing decorated with one's family crest

羽根付き

Japanese badminton, battledore and shuttlecock

ケア付き住宅

accommodation facilities for disabled and aged people

部屋付きの親方

sumo coach associated with another coach

CD 付き


っぷり

クズっぷり
kuzuppuri
scumminess


返す

ja-pos

返(かえ)す • (-kaesu) ^(←かへす (kafesu)?)godan (stem 返(かえ)し (-kaeshi), past 返(かえ)した (-kaeshita))

返す (canonical)
-kaesu (romanization)
kafesu (romanization)
返し (stem)
返した (past)


たて

All semantically derived from stem noun form tate of verb 立てる (tateru, “to stand something up, to set something up”), from verb 立つ (tatsu, “to stand, to be established, to be situated”).

立, 立て: prefixed to a person or role: the head or lead in a group; prefixed to a verb: an intensifier


初め

From the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 初(そ)める (someru, “an action begins or is begun; such an action or its result continues for a long time”, auxiliary verb attaching to another verb in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”)), in turn likely cognate with 染める (someru, “to dye something”, when used as an auxiliary, “to do something deeply or thoroughly”).

ja-r

auxiliary verb attaching to another verb in the <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”)

ja-etym-renyokei

for the first time, typically in the current year

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

書き初め

the first calligraphy written at the beginning of a year


んち

佐藤んち

俺んち


んち

一日

三月十七んち


兼ねる

ja-pos

兼(か)ねる • (-kaneru) ichidan (stem 兼(か)ね (-kane), past 兼(か)ねた (-kaneta))

兼ねる (canonical)
-kaneru (romanization)
兼ね (stem)
兼ねた (past)

ケガ・事故等の責任は一切負いかねます。

We will not bear any responsibility for any injuries or accidents.

Kega jiko nado no sekinin wa issai oi-kanemasu.

より深刻な事態を招きかねません。

It may further lead to a more serious consequence.

Yori shinkoku na jitai o maneki-kanemasen.

2019, 京アニ放火 確保の男「小説盗んだから放火」 一方的な恨みか, in 毎日新聞 https://mainichi.jp/articles/20190719/k00/00m/040/116000c
「本当に殺されかねないと恐怖を感じた。」
“Hontō ni korosarekanenai to kyōfu o kanjita.”
"I thought that he might really kill me. I was terrified."

find it difficult to do, be unable to do


捲る

do something energetically, relentlessly


チック

From English -ic in words ending in "-tic" like romantic.

乙女チックラブコメ
otome-chikku rabukome
girly rom-com; chick flick

洋楽チックな曲

(colloquial) -tic, -ish (makes an adjectival noun)


プチ

プチ (canonical)
ぷち (canonical)
puchi- (romanization)

プチトマト

プチ報告


ありき

From あり (ari, “to exist”) + き (-ki, “-ed”, past tense).

ja-compound

技術は高度だが…「ドライバーありき」と自動運転には保守的なトヨタ

Toyota, though having high technology, is conservative about autonomous cars, without questioning the existence of drivers and their interest.

Gijutsu wa kōdo da ga…“doraibā-ariki” to jidō unten ni wa hoshuteki na Toyota

priority whose existence is never questioned


打ち

不幸が打ち続く

adds emphasis to the verb, (e.g. 打(う)ち寄(よ)せる (uchiyoseru), 打(う)ち捨(す)てる (uchisuteru), 打(う)ち続(つづ)く (uchitsuzuku))

makes the verb softer, a little bit, briefly, (e.g. 打(う)ち見(み)る (uchimiru, “to glance at”))

makes the verb more abstract, (e.g. 打(う)ち明(あ)ける (uchiakeru), 打(う)ち解(と)ける (uchitokeru))


打ち

add emphasis to the verb, violently, strongly, quickly, suddenly, (e.g. 打(ぶ)ち込(こ)む (buchikomu), ぶっ殺(ころ)す (bukkorosu), ぶん殴(なぐ)る (bunnaguru))


揚げ

-fry, a food made by frying the noun in oil


さか

saka- (romanization)
saka (romanization)
さか (hiragana historical)


さま

→ Ainu: サマ (sama)

→ English: -sama

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 樣／样 (yàng)

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of さ (sa, “that”, pronominal indicating a person, place, thing, or direction in the middle distance) + ま (ma, “likeness, way, similarity”, suffix indicating a quality).

compound

吉田様が来られました。

(honorific) polite personal suffix: honorable, Mr., Ms.

ご苦労様。

(honorific) attaching to nouns or other nominals: a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula です (desu)

逆様、横様

attaching to specific nouns or other nominals: that way, that direction

(archaic) attaching to verbs: just as (indicating the specific time when the verb is happening)

座り様

attaching to verbs: the way of doing something, how one does something (often undergoes rendaku, changing -sama to -zama)


帰り

帰り (canonical)
-gaeri (romanization)
gaferi (romanization)
がへり (hiragana historical)

Nominalization of the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 帰(かえ)る (kaeru, “to return”).

ja-etym-renyokei

学校帰りにコンビニに寄る

to visit the corner store on one's way back from school


べし

-beshi (romanization)
べから (imperfective stem)
bekara (imperfective stem)
べく (continuative stem)
beku (continuative stem)
べし (stem terminative)
beshi (stem terminative)
べき (attributive stem)
べかる (attributive stem)
beki (attributive stem)
bekaru (attributive stem)
べけれ (hypothetical stem)
bekere (hypothetical stem)
べきじゃない (informal negative)
beki ja nai (informal negative)
べきだった (informal past)
beki datta (informal past)
べきじゃなかった (informal negative past)
beki ja nakatta (informal negative past)
べきです (formal)
beki desu (formal)
べきではありません (formal negative)
beki de wa arimasen (formal negative)
べきでした (formal past)
beki deshita (formal past)
べきではありませんでした (formal negative past)
beki de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
べく (conjunctive)
べくて (conjunctive)
beku (conjunctive)
bekute (conjunctive)
べきだったら (conditional)
beki dattara (conditional)
べければ (conditional past)
bekereba (conditional past)
べきだろう (volitional)
べきでしょう (volitional)
beki darō (volitional)
beki deshō (volitional)
べく (adverbial)
beku (adverbial)
べく (irrealis stem)
べから (irrealis stem)
beku (irrealis stem)
bekara (irrealis stem)
べく (continuative stem)
べかり (continuative stem)
beku (continuative stem)
bekari (continuative stem)
べし (stem terminative)
besi (stem terminative)
べき (attributive stem)
べかる (attributive stem)
beki (attributive stem)
bekaru (attributive stem)
べけれ (realis stem)
bekere (realis stem)
べかれ (imperative stem)
bekare (imperative stem)
べからず (negative)
bekarazu (negative)
べけれど (contrastive)
bekeredo (contrastive)
べければ (causative)
bekereba (causative)
べくば (conditional)
bekuba (conditional)
べかりき (past)
bekariki (past)
べかりけり (past)
bekarikeri (past)
べく (adverbial)
beku (adverbial)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

地方路線のいくつかはやがて廃止されるべき運命にある。

Some of the local railways will soon be abolished.

Chihō rosen no ikutsuka wa yagate haishisarerubeki unmei ni aru.

(attaching to terminal form) must, shall

この件については君が責任をとるべきだ。

Kono ken ni tsuite wa kimi ga sekinin o torubeki da.

明日は八時までに出勤すべし。

You should work until eight o'clock tomorrow.

Ashita wa hachiji made ni shukkin-subeshi.

英語は声を出して読むべきだ。

来年の博覧会開催に間に合わせるべく、突貫工事が行われている。

In order to hold the exhibition in time next year, hasty construction is underway.

Rainen no hakurankai kaisai ni ma ni awaseru beku, tokkan kōji ga okonawareteiru.


無し

Classical terminal form of the modern adjective 無(な)い (nai).

ルールなし

『西部戦線異状なし』

There are no abnormalities on the Western Front (the Japanese title of All Quiet on the Western Front)

-less, without ..., not having or not being that thing


マイ

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from my


ちゃま

(childish) honorific suffix: Synonym of 様 (-sama)


民国

From last part in 大(だい)韓(かん)民(みん)国(こく) (Daikan Minkoku, “the Republic of Korea”).

ja-r

^だい%かん% ^みん%こく

[mʲĩŋko̞kɯ̟]

大阪民国
Ōsaka minkoku
Ōsaka minkoku

川崎民国
Kawasaki minkoku
Kawasaki minkoku

(Internet slang, derogatory, offensive, with place name) suffix that indicates many 在(ざい)日(にち) (zainichi) live in the area


ふぜい

風情: similar to, like, type or kind of thing; (derogatory) the likes of ... (particularly when appended to a person's name)


風情

Probably from Middle Chinese compound 風情 (MC pjuwng dzjeng). Compare modern Chinese 風情／风情 (fēngqíng).
The reading uses the older goon of fu for 風 and the newer kan'on of sei for 情, suggesting either that this term underwent changes after importation into Japanese, or that it may have been re-imported.

(derogatory) the likes of ... (particularly when appended to a person's name)


なり

なり (continuative stem)
nari (continuative stem)
なり (stem terminative)
nari (stem terminative)
なる (attributive stem)
naru (attributive stem)
なれ (realis stem)
nare (realis stem)

From Old Japanese なり (nari).
Thought to be a contraction of 音 (na, the bound apophonic form of 音 (ne), "sound") + あり (ari, “to be”).

com

the bound apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">音</i> (ne), "sound"

c. 935, 土佐日記
男もすなる日記といふものを、女もしてみむとて、するなり。
Otoko mo sunaru nikki to ifu mono o, onna mo shite mimu tote, suru nari.
The so-called diaries that men are said to write - now, a woman will try her hand at writing one.

(Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating hearsay or conjecture based on what is heard: it sounds like; it is said that


だて

立て: especially; counter for horses, oars and movies


なきゃ

Contraction of なければ（ならない） (nakereba (naranai), literally “will not allow (something) to not happen”).

もう行かなきゃ。

勉強しなきゃ試験に受からない。

If you don’t study, you will fail the exam.


なくちゃ

Contraction of なくては（ならない） (nakute wa (naranai)).

もう行かなくちゃ。

勉強しなくちゃ試験に受からない。


まり

Clipping of 余り (amari), an archaism used to join Old Japanese numerals, e.g. as 十(とお)まり一(ひと)つ ― tō mari hitotsu ― eleven (literally, “ten and one”).

furigana

十(とお)まり一(ひと)つ

ux

(archaic) Synonym of 余り, used to connect numerals: and


サブ

アスラ斬魔伝、武力 ONE を主に配信します。高田馬場ゲーセンミカドのサブチャンネルです。
Asura Zanmaden, Buriki Wan o omo ni haishin shimasu. Takadanobaba Gēsen Mikado no sabuchanneru desu.
We broadcast mainly Asura Zanmaden and Buriki One. This is a Takadanobaba Mikado Arcade subchannel.


〼

Used phonetically as shorthand for the masu polite verb ending, by homophony of 枡 (masu) and the suffix ます (masu).

alternative typography of ます: the polite verb ending

〆

Japanese ligatures and scribal abbreviations

ヽ 〱 ()

iteration mark for katakana; iteration mark for multiple kana


もろ

moro- (romanization)
moro (romanization)
もろ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 in the compound 諸木舟 (moroki fune, “a boat or ship constructed of many pieces of lumber”).

諸手、諸腰、諸刃、双親、両筈

both hands, both hips, double-bladed, both parents, both nocks (a sumo move wherein the wrestler gets both arms under the opponent's arms and pushes)

morote, morokoshi, moroha, morōya, morohazu

諸人、諸諸、諸越

many people / all of the people, lots of things / various things, all those Yue / the Hundred Yue (a confederation of tribes in ancient China)

諸声、諸向き

a chorus / voices in harmony, everyone or everything facing the same direction

諸: indicating something done by many people or things together


ざり

-zari (romanization)
ざら (irrealis stem)
zara (irrealis stem)
ざり (continuative stem)
zari (continuative stem)
ざり (stem terminative)
zari (stem terminative)
ざる (attributive stem)
zaru (attributive stem)
ざれ (realis stem)
zare (realis stem)
ざれ (imperative stem)
zare (imperative stem)
ざらず (negative)
zarazu (negative)
ざれど (contrastive)
zaredo (contrastive)
ざれば (causative)
zareba (causative)
ざらば (conditional)
zaraba (conditional)
ざりき (past)
zariki (past)
ざりけり (past)
zarikeri (past)
ざりつ (perfect)
zaritu (perfect)
ざりぬ (perfect)
zarinu (perfect)
ざりたり (continuative perfect)
zaritari (continuative perfect)
ざらむ (volitional)
zaramu (volitional)

Contraction of ず (zu, negative continuative auxiliary) + あり (ari, “to be, to exist”).


っす

知ってるっす。

俺のもんっす。

すぐ来るっすよ。

(colloquial, informal) informal polite marker, attaching to the non-polite form at the end of a sentence, ruder than regular polite forms です (desu) and ます (-masu)


げろ

げろ (canonical)
ゲロ (canonical)
gero- (romanization)

ゲロむずい


向け

高齢者向け住宅

成人向け漫画

for (directed at, intended to belong to)


っこない

彼にはわかりっこない


年生

一年生


けり

-keri (romanization)
けら (irrealis stem)
kera (irrealis stem)
けり (continuative stem)
keri (continuative stem)
けり (stem terminative)
keri (stem terminative)
ける (attributive stem)
keru (attributive stem)
けれ (realis stem)
kere (realis stem)
けれ (imperative stem)
kere (imperative stem)
けらず (negative)
kerazu (negative)
けれど (contrastive)
keredo (contrastive)
ければ (causative)
kereba (causative)
けらば (conditional)
keraba (conditional)
けりき (past)
keriki (past)
けりけり (past)
kerikeri (past)
けりつ (perfect)
keritu (perfect)
けりぬ (perfect)
kerinu (perfect)
けりたり (continuative perfect)
keritari (continuative perfect)
けらむ (volitional)
keramu (volitional)

⟨ki₁ ari⟩ → ⟨ke₁ri⟩ → */kʲeri/ → /keri/
From Old Japanese けり (ke₁ri).
Contraction of 来 (ki, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 来 (ku), modern 来る (kuru), “to come”) + あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki, the Old Japanese and classical Japanese verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) + あり (ari, “to be”).
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki) as a possible root, this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 来 (ki) derivation seems more likely.
The “ending” sense is an extension of the first suffix sense because it is often used at the end of a poem.

com

c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
今は昔竹取の翁といふものありけり
ima wa mukashi taketori no okina to iu mono arikeri
Long ago there was an old man who cut bamboo.

(Classical Japanese) indicating past tense: -ed

ふるさととなりにし奈良の都にも色はかはらず花は咲きけり

905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 2, poem 90)

Even in the capital of Nara, now an older town, the flowers bloomed just as colorfully, didn't they.

furusato to narinishi Nara no miyako ni mo iro wa kawarazu hana wa sakikeri

(Classical Japanese) indicating the speaker has just realized something


後天性

後天性 (canonical)
kōtensei- (romanization)

[ko̞ːtẽ̞ɰ̃se̞ː]

後天 (kōten, “posteriority”) + 性 (-sei, “-ity; -ness”)


振り

/puri/ → /furi/
From Old Japanese.
The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 振(ふ)る (furu, “to swing”).

ja-ryk

一週間ぶりですね。

三ヶ月ぶりに日本へ来る

10年ぶりの最新版

latest version after a lapse of 10 years

いつぶりの休日

話しぶり、飲みっぷり


ノン

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from non-.

pseudo-loan

ノンクレジットＯＰ

ノンテロップＥＤ

ノンセクション
nonsekushon
unaffiliated

ノンアポ


なう

なう (canonical)
ナウ (canonical)
-nau (romanization)

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from now. Said to originate on Twitter.

電話なう

ロンドンなう


なう

ja-pos

なう • (-nau) godan (stem ない (-nai), past なった (-natta))

-nau (romanization)
ない (stem)
なった (past)


かぶれ

気触れ: -ized, thoroughly affecting the manner of the suffixed noun


日和

Thought to be derived from 日 (hi, “sun”) + 寄り (yori, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 寄る (yoru), “to draw near”).
The use of 和 for "calm" is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

com

散歩日和

(figurative) perfect weather for an activity


気触れ

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 気触(かぶ)れる (kabureru, “to break out in a rash; to be influenced by, to be under the influence of something”).

ja-etym-renyokei

ジャズ気触れ、洋風気触れ
jazu-kabure, yōfū-kabure
jazz-ified, western-ized

-ized, thoroughly affecting the manner of the suffixed noun


ごっこ

1781 Karai Senryū, Senryū hyō mankuawase [Comprehensive criticism of verse]. Quoted in 国語大辞典（新装版） [Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition] (1988, in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan.
しなの迄かわりごっこにおぶっさり
Shinano made kawari-gokko ni obussari
until we reach Shinano we take turns riding on each other’s back

(archaic) alternately, doing the same action in turns

狩りごっこ

探偵ごっこをする