あい

-ai (romanization)
-afi (romanization)
あひ (hiragana historical)

意味合い


合う

ja-pos

合(あ)う • (-au) ^(←あふ (-afu)?)godan (stem 合(あ)い (-ai), past 合(あ)った (-atta))

合う (canonical)
-au (romanization)
-afu (romanization)
合い (stem)
合った (past)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *apu. Compare 会(あ)う (au).

誓い合う

見つめあう

通じ合う

1918, 和辻哲郎 (Watsuji Tetsurō), 世界の変革と芸術, 青空文庫 (Aozora Bunko):

お互いの民族の優れた性質や高貴な文化を賞讃し合う

o-tagai no minzoku no sugureta seishitsu ya kōki na bunka o shōsan shiau

praise the excellency and refined quality of the cultures of each other's peoples


月

月 (canonical)
-gatsu (romanization)
-gwatu (romanization)
ぐわつ (hiragana historical)

/ɡʷatɨ/ → /ɡʷat͡su/ → /ɡat͡su/
From Middle Chinese 月 (ŋʉɐt̚).


そう

そう • (-sō) -na (adnominal そうな (-sō na), adverbial そうに (-sō ni))

-sō (romanization)
そうな (adnominal)
そうに (adverbial)
そうだろ (imperfective stem)
-sō daro (imperfective)
そうで (continuative stem)
-sō de (continuative)
そうだ (stem terminative)
-sō da (terminative)
そうな (attributive stem)
-sō na (attributive)
そうなら (hypothetical stem)
-sō nara (hypothetical)
そうであれ (imperative stem)
-sō de are (imperative)
そうではない (informal negative)
そうじゃない (informal negative)
-sō de wa nai (informal negative)
-sō ja nai (informal negative)
そうだった (informal past)
-sō datta (informal past)
そうではなかった (informal negative past)
そうじゃなかった (informal negative past)
-sō de wa nakatta (informal negative past)
-sō ja nakatta (informal negative past)
そうです (formal)
-sō desu (formal)
そうではありません (formal negative)
そうじゃありません (formal negative)
-sō de wa arimasen (formal negative)
-sō ja arimasen (formal negative)
そうでした (formal past)
-sō deshita (formal past)
そうではありませんでした (formal negative past)
そうじゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
-sō de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
-sō ja arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
そうで (conjunctive)
-sō de (conjunctive)
そうなら（ば） (conditional)
-sō nara (ba) (conditional)
そうだったら (conditional past)
-sō dattara (conditional past)
そうだろう (volitional)
-sō darō (volitional)
そうに (adverbial)
-sō ni (adverbial)
そうさ (noun-from-adj)
-sōsa (noun-from-adj)

ja-adj-infl

そう

. で は ありません でした

. じゃ ありません でした

/sau/ → /sɔː/ → /soː/
Probably either a shift from 様 (sama), or directly from 相 (sō). Appears from the Muromachi period.
Possibly influenced by, or developed by analogy to, the adverbial and interjectional sō (然う).

(after the plain form of a verb or adjective) apparently, heard that (relating something heard from someone or somewhere else)


間

二時

二時間

二時五分

五分(間) ― go-fun (kan) ― five minutes

二日

二日(間) ― futsuka (kan) ― two days

suffixes some expressions of time to tell duration rather than time or date


朝

朝 (canonical)
-chō (romanization)
-teu (romanization)
てう (hiragana historical)

Kyūjitai
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinjitai
Tōkyō

/teu/ → /t͡ɕeu/ → /t͡ɕoː/
The “morning” and “Korea” senses are from Middle Chinese 朝 (MC trjew).
The “imperial court”, “dynasty”, and “epoch” senses are from Middle Chinese 朝 (MC drjew), using the 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) borrowing.

ブルボン朝


し

四 詩 死 師 仕 市 氏

選ばれし者

1994, “春よ、来い”, 松任谷由実 (lyrics), 松任谷由実 (music), performed by 松任谷由実:

瞼閉じればそこに 愛をくれし君の なつかしき声がする

mabuta tojireba soko ni ai o kureshi kimi no natsukashiki koe ga suru

When I close my eyelids, I hear by my side the voice of beloved you who gave me love (modern language)

(Classical Japanese or literary) the adnominal form of Classical and Old Japanese き (ki, past tense auxiliary), equivalent to modern た


し

-shi (romanization)
く (irrealis stem)
から (irrealis stem)
ku (irrealis stem)
kara (irrealis stem)
く (continuative stem)
かり (continuative stem)
ku (continuative stem)
kari (continuative stem)
し (stem terminative)
si (stem terminative)
き (attributive stem)
かる (attributive stem)
ki (attributive stem)
karu (attributive stem)
けれ (realis stem)
kere (realis stem)
かれ (imperative stem)
kare (imperative stem)
からず (negative)
karazu (negative)
けれど (contrastive)
keredo (contrastive)
ければ (causative)
kereba (causative)
くば (conditional)
kuba (conditional)
かりき (past)
kariki (past)
かりけり (past)
karikeri (past)
く (adverbial)
ku (adverbial)
しく (irrealis stem)
しから (irrealis stem)
siku (irrealis stem)
sikara (irrealis stem)
しく (continuative stem)
しかり (continuative stem)
siku (continuative stem)
sikari (continuative stem)
し (stem terminative)
si (stem terminative)
しき (attributive stem)
しかる (attributive stem)
siki (attributive stem)
sikaru (attributive stem)
しけれ (realis stem)
sikere (realis stem)
しかれ (imperative stem)
sikare (imperative stem)
しからず (negative)
sikarazu (negative)
しけれど (contrastive)
sikeredo (contrastive)
しければ (causative)
sikereba (causative)
しくば (conditional)
sikuba (conditional)
しかりき (past)
sikariki (past)
しかりけり (past)
sikarikeri (past)
しく (adverbial)
siku (adverbial)

From Old Japanese. Not productive in modern usage.

(Classical Japanese) The 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal or predicative form”) of the conjugable ending for 形容詞 (keiyōshi, “-i adjectives”).


士

弁護士

会計士


君

The kimi changes to gimi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

父君


君

→ English: -kun

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 君 (jūn)

発表致します 平原和正君 二五一票 鈴鹿宏君 二二七票 白票 二二票

1999 January 7, Kenshi Hirokane, “議その166 「決戦投票」 [Debate 166: ‘Final Vote’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 20 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 43:

Announcement. Mr. Hirahara Kazumasa: 251 votes. Mr. Suzuka Hiroshi: 227 votes. Blanks: 22 votes.

Happyō itashimasu Hirahara Kazumasa-kun nihyakugojūippō Suzuka Hiroshi-kun nihyakunijūnanahyō Hakuhyō nijūnihyō


戦

(especially in sports) match, competition, contest


er

From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

(slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.


人

From Late Middle Chinese 人 (MC nyin). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare Mandarin 人 (rén).

日本人、イギリス人、スペイン人、ドイツ人、米国人、スコットランド人

Nihonjin, Igirisujin, Supeinjin, Doitsujin, Beikokujin, Sukottorandojin

a Japanese person, an Englishman, a Spaniard, a German, an American, a Scot

person who does the activity of the suffixed word


へん

From Classical Japanese せん (sen), from はせん (wa sen), with は merged with the preceding syllable or becoming や, giving やへん (yahen). In turn, はせん is a composition of は (wa, topic marker or emphasis marker), せ (se, “to do”, irrealis stem) and ん (n, “not”).
The consonantal shift /s/ to /h/ is also seen in other words in Kansai, e.g. さん (san) to Kansai はん (han).

(Kansai) negates verbs in non-past tense


一

/itɨ/ → /it͡sɨ/ → /it͡ɕɨ/
From Middle Chinese 一 (ʔiɪt̚).
Compare modern Hokkien reading it.

地球の娯楽は宇宙一！

The entertainments on the earth are the best in the universe!

世界一かわいいよ。


けん

/kemu/ → /kem/ → /ken/
Shift from older けむ (kemu, auxiliary suffix for verbs indicating supposition about the past, including supposition about why something may have happened). This phonological shift was apparently already underway during the Heian period (794–1185).

ja-r

(Classical Japanese) Alternative form of けむ (kemu)


やす

-yasu (romanization)
やし (imperfective stem)
やせ (imperfective stem)
-yashi (imperfective stem)
-yase (imperfective stem)
やし (continuative stem)
-yashi (continuative stem)
やす (stem terminative)
-yasu (stem terminative)
やす (attributive stem)
-yasu (attributive stem)
やせ (imperative stem)
やし (imperative stem)
-yase (imperative stem)
-yashi (imperative stem)
やしょう (volitional)
-yashō (volitional)
やしない (negative)
やせん (negative)
-yashinai (negative)
-yasen (negative)
やせず (continuative negative)
-yasezu (continuative negative)
やした (perfective)
-yashita (perfective)
やして (conjunctive)
-yashite (conjunctive)


年

From Middle Chinese 年 (nen, “year”). Compare modern Mandarin reading nián, Hakka ngièn, Cantonese nin⁴.

彼は中学 ２年だ。

He's in the second year in junior high school.

1984 February 15, Motoka Murakami, “１(いち)年(ねん)１(いち)組(くみ)の六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)と嵐(らん)子(こ)の巻(まき) [Class-1 Freshmen, Musashi and Ranko]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, pages 142–144:

同じく轟嵐子！

同じく轟嵐子！

同じく轟嵐子！

2008年に橋を建設し始めるようだ。

Nisenhachi-nen ni hashi o kensetsu shi hajimeru yō da.

It seems like they will start constructing the bridge in (the year) 2008.


乗

乗 (canonical)
-jō (romanization)
-zyou (romanization)
じよう (hiragana historical)

３の３乗は27である。


s

(Internet slang) Alternative spelling of さん (san)


c

(teen girl's slang) Alternative spelling of ちゃん (chan)


柄

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kara. Origin of particle から (kara, “from, because”).

more specifically a sibling from the same mother

the inherent qualities or characteristics of a thing

山柄

the nature or characteristic of a mountain


柄

Alteration of kara, “qualities, characteristics”. Originally only found as a suffix. The kara changes to gara as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The rendaku pronunciation was then later used independently.


丼

donburi: a one-bowl meal consisting of a large portion of rice, covered in a meat or fish

親子丼: literally : chicken and egg donburi


会

会 (canonical)
-kai (romanization)
-kwai (romanization)
くわい (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 會 (MC hwajH).
The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.


付

BD付


住

住 (canonical)
-jū (romanization)
-dyuu (romanization)
ぢゆう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 住 (MC drjuH).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

added after a placename to indicate where someone lives


係

→ Indonesian: gakari

カメラ係

撮影係


世

From Middle Chinese 世 (MC syejH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.


処

Likely related to 処(こ) (-ko, “place”) above.


代

服代

お菓子代

(indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds


作

[d͡zɨkɯ̟ɾʲi]

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 作る (tsukuru, “to make; to build; to work the land, to grow something”), itself from Old Japanese.

庭作り、バラ作り

gardening / garden cultivation, rose cultivation / growing roses

the making of something, particularly as in cultivation


丸

⟨maro₂⟩ → */marə/ → /maru/
Shift from Old Japanese 丸 (maro, see below).


丸

Alternative spelling of 麻呂 (maru): attaches to names of persons or objects expressing dearness


余

二十余年

1889, 福澤諭吉, 福翁自伝, 青空文庫:

その時私は鉄砲洲に住て居て、鉄砲洲から小石川まで頓て二里余もありましょう

sono toki watashi wa Teppōzu ni sumatte ite, Teppōzu kara Koishikawa made yagate niri-yo mo arimashō

I was living in Teppōzu then, and there is likely around two plus ri from Teppōzu to Koishikawa

1926, 南部修太郎, 寫眞と思ひ出 ――私の写真修行――, 青空文庫:

しかし、いろ／＼合せて、もう千余枚を數へる印畫のアルバムを時折繰眺めるのは、樂く愉快である。

時折繰眺 ときをりくりなが

Shikashi, iroiro awasete, mō sen-yomai o kazoeru inga no arubamu o tokiori kuri nagameru no wa, tanoshiku yukai de aru.

However, it is fun and delightful to flip through and gaze at my album of prints from time to time, which now number more than one thousand altogether.

over, more than, a little more than, plus, upwards of


号

号 (canonical)
-gō (romanization)
-gau (romanization)
がう (hiragana historical)

（第）六号

ordinal marker, often with prefix 第 (used like -st, -nd, -rd, -th in English)


券

券 (canonical)
-ken (romanization)
-kwen (romanization)
くゑん (hiragana historical)

/kwen/ → /ken/
From Middle Chinese 券 (MC khjwonH, “ticket”).


勢

勢 (canonical)
-sei (romanization)
せい (hiragana historical)

Derived from Middle Chinese 勢 (MC syejH).

海外勢

CD勢

the type of person who prefers to purchase CDs

音ゲーガチ勢


博

医博

万国博


厨

A punning phonetic use based on 中坊 (chūbō, “middle school student, noob”, derogatory), a homophone of 厨房 (chūbō, “kitchen”).

ニコ厨

(Internet slang) freak, nerd, -fag, addict


兄

*/kwæi/ → /kʷæi/ → /keː/
From Middle Chinese 兄 (MC xjwaeng).

attaches to a name referencing an older brother figure: Mister, Mr.


中

ダウンロード中

メンテ中

インストール中

準備中

during..., being in the process of doing...


中

中 (canonical)
-jū (romanization)
-dyuu (romanization)
ぢゆう (hiragana historical)

[noun] This term needs a translation to English

世界中

体中


半

四倍半

二十二年半


別

ジャンル別の映画


化

化 (canonical)
-ka (romanization)
-kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)

-ization, -ification; action of making something that way


前

From Old Japanese as a compound of 目 (ma, “eye”) + 方 (pe₁, “direction, -wards”). Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *mapia.
/mape₁/ → /maɸe/ → /mawe/ → /maje/ → /mae/

compound

六人前の御膳

三年前

ずっと前からそう思ってた

I've been thinking that way since forever ago

市役所前

point of interest
point of interest#English

makes place names that refer to the vicinity of a point of interest


前

From Middle Chinese 前 (MC dzen). Compare modern Mandarin 前 (qián).

まさしく、三年前に失くしたおじいさんのくれたバイオリンでありました。

Masashiku, sannenzen ni nakushita ojīsan no kureta baiorin de arimashita.

It was truly the violin that he had lost three years ago, that the old man had given to him.

今度の戦争前、このロイド・ジョウジ氏が田舎へ往って政治演説をしていた事があった。

政治演説 せいじえんぜつ

Kondo no sensōzen, kono roido jōji shi ga inaka e itte seiji enzetsu o shiteita koto ga atta.

Before this war, the forementioned Mr Lloyd George went to the countryside and gave a political speech.


前

Contraction of 御(ご)前(ぜ) (goze), itself a contraction of 御(ご)前(ぜん) (go-zen), an honorific form of address.

尼前

(rare) an honorific suffix added to a noun denoting a person


上

上 (canonical)
-ue (romanization)
-ufe (romanization)
うへ (hiragana historical)

⟨upe₂⟩ → /*upai̯/ → /upe/ → /ufe/ → /uwe/ → /ue/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *upay.
Unbound apophonic form of uwa, ancient upa (see below).


上

上 (canonical)
-jō (romanization)
-zyau (romanization)
じやう (hiragana historical)

/d͡ʑɨau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/
From Middle Chinese 上 (MC dzyangX|dzyangH).

理論上はありえないこと

something that is impossible according to theory

法律上の争訟


共

送料共

including shipping fees, including postage


共

indicates plural:
when attached to a human noun

「まづ、女房出でね」とて、童の姿どものをかしげなるを御覧ず。いとらうたげなる髪どものすそ、 […]

“Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, […]

"Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, […]

(Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun

indicates plural:
when attached to any noun


団

銀河団

ロケット団

CLAMP 学園探偵団


匙

From Middle Chinese 匙 (zhiɛ, “spoon”). The goon, so likely the earliest borrowing from Middle Chinese.

香匙

a spoon or scoop used to scoop out incense


匙

From Middle Chinese 匙 (zhiɛ, “spoon”). The kan'on, so a later borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese 匙 (ci⁴), Min Nan 匙 (sî).

鑰匙: a key

from the vague similarity in shape to a spoon, with the bowl of the spoon as the handle of the key


味

From Middle Chinese 味 (MC mj+jH).
Also used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨mi₂⟩.


型

Noun senses are attested from the 8th century, with suffix use later. See 形(かた) (kata). Compare also 姿(すがた) (sugata, “appearance, likeness”), 模(かたぎ) (katagi, “model, pattern, template”).

ja-r

血液型

ハート型


員

員 (canonical)
-in (romanization)
-win (romanization)
ゐん (hiragana historical)

公務員


器

From Middle Chinese 器 (khijᴴ, “vessel; instrument”).

印字器: a printer

a smaller device, such as a handheld number and letter puncher


塔

塔 (canonical)
-tō (romanization)
-tafu (romanization)
たふ (hiragana historical)

/tapu/ → /taɸu/ → */tawu/ → /tau/ → /tɔː/ → /toː/
From Middle Chinese 塔 (MC thap, “tower, pagoda, spire”).
An abbreviation for 卒塔婆 (sotoba, sotōba), a transliteration of Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa, “heap”).

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学

From Middle Chinese 學 (MC haewk, “learning”).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.


地

From Middle Chinese 地 (dijᴴ). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The devoicing of the initial consonant might indicate a dialectal source. Compare modern Hakka thi, Min Nan tī.


場

場 (canonical)
-jō (romanization)
-dyau (romanization)
ぢやう (hiragana historical)

/djau/ → /d͡ʑoː/ ↔ /ʑoː/
From Middle Chinese 場 (MC drjang). Appears as a suffixing element in compounds since the early 700s. First cited as a standalone noun in the 太平記 (Taiheiki) of the late 1300s.


完

完 (canonical)
-kan (romanization)
-kwan (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)


廃

From Sinitic. Shortening of 廃人 (haijin), a back-formation from ネトゲ廃人 (netoge haijin, “slang: online games addict”).


岳

岳 (canonical)
岳 (canonical)
-take (romanization)
-dake (romanization)

Directly cognate with 丈 (take, “height”). Indirectly cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

乗鞍岳


外

外 (canonical)
-gai (romanization)
-gwai (romanization)
ぐわい (hiragana historical)


寸

(archaic) unit used in ancient times to measure lengths of horses


屎

⟨kuso₁⟩ → /kuso/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kusau. Cognate with 臭い (kusai, “stinky, smelly”), 腐る (kusaru, “to rot, to become stinky”).

下手屎

crappy bad at something; to be shit at doing something

襤褸屎


州

州 (canonical)
-shū (romanization)
-siu (romanization)
しう (hiragana historical)


弁

彼女はコテコテの関西弁を話す。

Kanojo wa kotekote no Kansaiben o hanasu.

She speaks Kansai dialect with a strong accent.


役

From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

涼宮ハルヒ役の平野綾さん


庵

/am/ → /amu/ → /aɴ/
From Middle Chinese 庵 (MC 'om).


尻

From Old Japanese, in turn from Proto-Japonic *siri. Ultimate derivation unknown.
The use as a suffixing element in surnames is of unclear derivation. Many of these surnames may derive from place names, in which case the "behind, the end" sense may be the origin. However, other surnames have no clear geographic derivation.

田尻、沼尻、沢尻 (Tashiri / Tajiri, Numashiri / Numajiri, Sawajiri)


屋

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ya.

パン屋

寿司屋

パン屋

パン屋さん

寿司屋

殺し屋 ― koroshiya ― hitman

someone who sells or does that thing; -ist

頑張り屋

分からず屋

気取り屋


弱

１時間弱

NHK放送文化研究所 w:ja:NHK放送文化研究所


性

From Middle Chinese 性 (MC sjengH, “nature of something, inherent quality”).
The kan'on, so a later borrowing.

ltc-l

-ity, -ness, the nature of quality or something


探

1947, Ango Sakaguchi, 『二十七歳』
独探のケンギを受けて、大正五年だかに国外退去を命じられたという。
Doku-tan no kengi o ukete, Taishō go-nen daka ni kokugai taikyo o meijirareta to iu.
[He was] accused of being a German spy and was officially deported in some time around 1916, as the story goes.


形

Derived from kata above. The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Found most commonly as a suffixing element in compounds.
The standalone noun sense was originally a shortening of 女形 (onnagata, literally “woman form”), a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater. This noun sense is only spelled with the 形 kanji.

渦巻き形

卵形

(affixed to nouns): the shape or form of the affixed noun

学者形

英雄形

(affixed to on'yomi nouns): a typical example of the affixed noun; the type of the affixed noun


形

From Middle Chinese 形 (MC heng). Compare modern Mandarin 形 (xíng). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

過去形

将来形

連用形

命令形

(Japanese grammar) a conjugation form of a verb


形

Kyūjitai
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Shinjitai

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
From 成り (nari), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of the verb 成る (naru, “to become”).
First attested as a suffix on a noun in the 曾我物語 (Soga Mongatari), of uncertain dating but probably in the late 1300s. As a suffix on a verb stem, first attested from 1927.

人々が言いなりになった

following the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as

子供なりに想像する

imagine in a way fitting for a child / imagine like a child (implies that the subject is a child)

自分なりの判断

my own kind of decision / deciding in my own way

following a noun, indicates a state fitting or becoming to the affixed noun

弓なりになる

to become bow-shaped / to become like a bow

following a noun, indicates that shape or form: compare English like


御

Short form of 御前 (gozen, “noble person”).

(honorific) indicates that the [word] is familiar to the speaker and slightly honorific

女御

high-ranking court lady of the inner palace court


御

From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

suffixed to make an honorific kanji compound which means the action belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents


度

2005 November 9, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “武(ブ)装(ソウ)錬(レン)金(キン)ファイナル [Armed Alchemy: The Final Act]”, in 武(ブ)装(ソウ)錬(レン)金(キン) [Armed Alchemy], volume 9, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

Take this 5,100-degree flame, Blaze of Glory!!

喰らえ 五千百度の炎 ブレイズオブグローリイィ‼

Kurae gosenhyaku-do no honō Bureizu obu Gurōriyi‼


掌

掌 (canonical)
-shō (romanization)
-syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

条拳法 八卦六十四掌

Jūkenpō: Eight Trigrams, Sixty-Four Palms

2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第(だい)60話(わ) 少(しょう)女(じょ)の決(けつ)意(い) [Chapter 60: A Girl’s Resolve]”, in 東(とう)京(きょう)アンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, pages 30–31:

This is the flame that helped put me, Seki, at the top of the Supei!!! Garyū Sōrenshō

これがこの赤を師兵の頂点たらしめる炎だッ!!!我龍双煉掌

Kore ga kono Seki o Sūpei no chōten tarashimeru honō da'!!! Garyū Sōrenshō

(martial arts) used in the names of moves that involve hitting and pushing hard with the palm


後

From Middle Chinese 後 (huwX, huwH, “after”).


拳

From Middle Chinese 拳 (MC gjwen).
The standalone noun senses are first cited to texts from the 1500s.

蟷螂拳

太極拳

波動拳

1999 February 20 [1994 April 15], Rumiko Takahashi, “ＰＡＲＴ(パート).２ [海](うみ)[千](せん)[拳](けん)と[山](やま)[千](せん)[拳](けん) [PART.2 Umisenken and Yamasenken]”, in らんま½ [Ranma ½], 10th edition, volume 28 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN:

海千拳？

海千拳？

2000 December 20 [1999 May 17], Maekawa, Takeshi, “水(すい)面(めん)の戦(たたか)いの巻(まき) [Water Struggle]”, in 新(しん)鉄(てっ)拳(けん)チンミ [New Ironfist Chinmi], 2nd edition, volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, pages 158–161:

通背拳⁉吊り橋でみせたあの技で 水を‥‥‼

Tsūhaiken⁉ Tsurihashi de miseta ano waza de Mizu o‥‥‼

Tongbeiquan⁉ I saw him use this move at the suspension bridge, but now on water‥‥⁉

通背拳⁉吊り橋でみせたあの技で 水を‥‥‼

通背拳⁉吊り橋でみせたあの技で 水を‥‥‼

通背拳⁉吊り橋でみせたあの技で 水を‥‥‼

2001 January 23, Masami Kurumada, “女神(アテナ)の聖闘士(セイント)の巻(まき) [Athena’s Saints]”, in Saint(セイント)星(セイ)矢(ヤ) [Saint Seiya], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 60:

ペガサス流星拳‼

2004 September 8, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)36話(わ) カーニバル［祭(まつり)］ [Chapter 36: Carnival]”, in 武(ブ)装(ソウ)錬(レン)金(キン) [Armed Alchemy], volume 4, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

直撃！ブラボー拳‼

(martial arts) used in the names of styles, or moves that involve punching


改

チヌ改

装輪装甲車（改）

装輪装甲車 そうりんそうこうしゃ


女

女 (canonical)
-jo (romanization)
-dyo (romanization)
ぢよ (hiragana historical)

/dɨo/ → /d͡ʑo/
From Middle Chinese 女 (MC nrjoX|nrjoH).

(historical) suffixed to names of female figures in the Edo period


杉

(Internet slang, dated) Alternative spelling of 過ぎ (“excessively, form of 過ぎる (sugiru)”)


大

東大

阪大

北大 ― Hokudai ― Hokkaido Univ.

北陸大 ― Hokurikudai ― Hokuriku Univ.

Abbreviation of 大学 (daigaku, “university”).

大小

various sizes; large and small; a pair of swords worn together

大前庭腺

大前庭腺 だいぜんていせん


来

From Middle Chinese 來 (MC loj).
Compare modern Mandarin 來／来 (lái).

この二(に)、三(さん)年(ねん)来(らい)、私(わたし)は青(あお)森(もり)市(し)へ二(に)、三(さん)度(ど)行(い)ったが...


期

From Middle Chinese 期 (MC gi, “period of time”).

反抗期

「進撃の巨人」の二期


教

教 (canonical)
-kyō (romanization)
-keu (romanization)
けう (hiragana historical)

/keu/ → /kjoː/
From Middle Chinese 教 (MC kaew|kaewH, “to teach, to instruct”).


株

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kampu. Cognate with Kunigami 株 (khabū), Northern Amami Ōshima 株 (gabu), Okinawan 株 (kabu).

Abbreviation for 株(かぶ)式(しき)会(がい)社(しゃ) (kabushiki gaisha, “stock company”); inc.


末

From Middle Chinese 末 (MC mat).
First attested in Japanese in 1120.


歳

歳 (canonical)
歳 (canonical)
-sai (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 歳. First attested in Japanese in the early 800s.

十四歳


柱

柱 (canonical)
-chū (romanization)
-tyuu (romanization)
ちゆう (hiragana historical)


家

From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”), so likely a latter borrowing from Middle Chinese.


家

From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”), so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

平家


歩

in measuring 町 (chō, “block”), 段 (tan, “300 bu/tsubo”), etc., indicates no decimal points added; compare English even, precisely


段

(after a number) -th rank; -th degree black belt (in karate, judo, etc)

は行う段

row ha, section u (of consonant /h/ and vowel /u/)

a section (horizontal line) in the gojūon table, which consists of kana that have or historically have had the same vowel

(typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 1408 mils, ¹⁴⁰⁸⁄₁₀₀₀ in, 128 U (U) and 16 倍 (bai)


小

小 (canonical)
-shō (romanization)
-seu (romanization)
せう (hiragana historical)

/seu/ → /ɕeu/ → /ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 小 (MC sjewX).
The suffix sense is a clipping of 小学校 (shōgakkō, “elementary school”).

佃小

suffix after names of elementary schools


気

From Middle Chinese 氣 (MC khj+jH).
The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare Eastern Min 氣／气 (ké).
In Old Japanese, this kanji is used to transcribe the 借音 (shakuon) kana of ⟨ke₂⟩.


氏

1997 September 1 [1996 October 10], Fujiko F. Fujio, “くたばれ評(ひょう)論(ろん)家(か) の巻(まき) [The Drop-Dead Critic]”, in エスパー魔美 [Esper Mami], 4th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 157:

These are the cancer cells I teleported out of Mr. Tsurugi.

部分テレポートさせた剣氏のガン細胞。

Bubun terepōto saseta Tsurugi-shi no gan saibō.


殿

The tono changes to dono as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Mr., Ms., a more formal title than さん (-san) but not so respectful as 様(さま) (-sama)


歿

Antonyms : 生 (sei, “born in”)


時

Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Old Japanese language

⟨to₂ki₁⟩ → */təkʲi/ → /toki/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təki. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation.
* Possibly a fusion of 常 (toko-, prefix for “always, unchanging”) + い (i, Old Japanese nominal particle).
: However, the sense of “unchanging” does not fit well with the sense of “the passing of time”. Separately, the phonetics of Old Japanese ⟨ki₁⟩ → /kʲi/ appear to contraindicate a fusion of /ko/ + /i/, which resulted in ⟨ki₂⟩ → /kʷi/ as seen at 木.
* Possibly derived from or otherwise related to 疾し (toshi, “sharp; happening quickly”), cognate with 研ぐ (togu, “to sharpen”).
: However, the historical spelling of toshi was to₁(si), as in 那杼佐祁流斗米 (nado₁ sake₁ru to₁ me₂, "why do you have knife cutting eyes").
* Possibly related to 年 (toshi, “year”).


時

/ʑi/ → /ʑi//d͡ʑi/
From Middle Chinese 時 (MC dzyi).


派

猫派

あなたはいぬ派、それともねこ派？

Are you on the dog-side/group or on the cat-side/group?

group, faction, (political) wing, school


方

書き方

way of writing something; how to write something

使い方

way of using something; how to use something


方

方 (canonical)
-e (romanization)
-fe (romanization)
へ (hiragana historical)

a suffix expressing location, direction, or time


民

民 (canonical)
-min (romanization)
みん (hiragana historical)

なんJ民

one who frequents the 2channel NanJ board

(Internet slang, dated) regular of a certain social website or website section


状

ja-pos

状(じょう) • (-jō)


版

短縮版

第四版


機

From Middle Chinese 機／机 (kjɨj, “mechanism; opportunity, chance”). Compare modern Min Nan reading ki.

戦闘機


然

indicates a state (no specific semantic content)


星

From Middle Chinese 星 (MC seng).
The Singapore sense derives from the pre-World War Two kanji spelling 星加坡 (modern kanji spelling 新加坡) as borrowed from Chinese, itself a transliteration of Malay Singapura.

1996 February 20 [1988 February 15], Mitsuru Adachi, “なにがなんだか 前編 [What’s What: First Chapter]”, in SHORT PROGRAM(ショート・プログラム) [SHORT PROGRAM], 25th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 256:

——Oh, my name is Maxim AGF. I came here from planet Lipton. I’m still taken aback by Earth’s coldness. It is a pleasure to meet all of you.

——あ、わたくしマキシムＡＧＦです。リプトン星からやってまいりました。地球の寒さにおどろいてます。どぞよろしく。

——A, watakushi Makishimu Ējīefu desu. Riputon-sei kara yatte mairimashita. Chikyū no samusa ni odoroitemasu. Dozo yoroshiku.

(loosely, especially fiction) attached to names of planets


炎

/emʉ/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 炎 (MC hjem).


犯

/pɨɐm/ → /pamʉ/ → /famʉ/ → /haɴ/
From Middle Chinese, 犯 (MC bjomX).


山

From Middle Chinese 山 (MC srean).
Sometimes spelled with rendaku (連濁), as -zan.

Mount, Mt.
suffix for names of mountains

suffix for a temple's honorific mountain name (山号 (sangō))


熱

(informal) passion; mania; fever (towards an activity or topic)


會

會 (canonical)
-kai (romanization)
-kwai (romanization)
くわい (hiragana historical)


症

(medicine) attached to the names of conditions


手

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tay. Compare 目 (me, ma-, “eye”).

語り手

使い手

one who does the previous word's action: -ist, -er

(board games) counter for moves in shogi, go, etc.


画

風景画

静物画

西洋画

日本画

画餅

something useless; picture of rice cakes

画竜点睛

finishing touches; adding the eyes to a painting of a dragon


着

From the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 着る. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *ki. The ki changes to gi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


子

⟨ko₁⟩ → */kʷo/ → /ko/
From Old Japanese, attested in the Kojiki (712 CE) and the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE), two of the oldest examples of written Japanese.
Cognate with 蚕 (ko, “silkworm”) and possibly 小 (ko, “little”, diminutive prefix).
Possibly cognate with Goguryeo 仇 (*gu), which appears in an ancient place name with an apparent meaning of child.

suffix used in female given names, such as 智子 (Tomoko), 英子 (Eiko), 秀子 (Hideko), 美奈子 (Minako), 有希子 (Yukiko)

振子 (furiko): an object that swings → a pendulum

an object having a particular state or property (sometimes diminutive)

明太子 (mentaiko, “pollock roe”)

飛子 (tobiko, “flying fish roe”)

roe (only when preceded by a fish name, or fish-related prefix)


砲

砲 (canonical)
-hō (romanization)
-fau (romanization)
はう (hiragana historical)

/pau/ → /ɸau/ → /ɸɔː/ → /ɸoː/ → /hoː/
From Middle Chinese 炮 (MC phaewH).


町

From Old Japanese, with the original meaning of "plot of land"; in turn, likely borrowed from an ancestor to Middle Korean 맡 (math, “field”).
All Japanese etymological theories base the etymology on the meaning of "town; section of a castle town", typically using 道 (chi, michi, “road”), but a Korean borrowing is more plausible given the earlier semantics in Old Japanese.

A Machi district; more detailed than 都, 道, 府, 県.


町

町 (canonical)
-chō (romanization)
-tyau (romanization)
ちやう (hiragana historical)

A Chō district; more detailed than 市, 区.


用

家庭用石鹸、散歩用のブーツ、非常用

kateiyō sekken, sanpoyō no būtsu, hijōyō

soap for household use, boots for [the purpose of] walking, in case of emergency

for the use of, for the purpose of, in case of


病

From Middle Chinese 病 (MC bjaengH, “disease, illness”).


社

毎日新聞社

Note: when in parentheses, it is an abbreviation of 社団法人 (shadan hōjin), a type of incorporated association.

(historical, Taiwan under Japanese rule, specifically) aboriginal settlement


省

省 (canonical)
-shō (romanization)
-syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 省 (MC srjaengX|sjengX).


物

物 (canonical)
物 (canonical)
-mono (romanization)

⟨mo₂no₂⟩ → ⟨mono₂⟩ → /mono/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *mənə.

密室モノ

探偵もののドラマ

冒険ものです。


科

科 (canonical)
-ka (romanization)
-kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)


的

ja-pos

的(てき) • (-teki) -na (adnominal 的(てき)な (-teki na), adverbial 的(てき)に (-teki ni))

的 (canonical)
-teki (romanization)
的な (adnominal)
的に (adverbial)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Meiji period
ja:松村明

Repurposed from the target meaning, probably from Ming- and Qing-era Mandarin use of this character as a possessive or adjectivizing particle, or even earlier in the Song and Yuan eras. Probably also influenced in the Meiji period by the English adjective ending -tic (as in spastic, plastic, or characteristic), ultimately deriving from Ancient Greek -τικός (-tikós), used to form adjectives from verbs.

Used to form 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “na adjectives”) from nouns. The resulting term has a 平板型 (heiban-gata, “flat type”) or type 0 pitch accent pattern.
中国の雰囲気、中国的な雰囲気
Chūgoku no fun'iki, Chūgoku-teki na fun'iki
China's atmosphere, a Chinese kind of atmosphere

Used to form similar items from complex noun phrases.
彼の本音的な歌詞
kare no honne-teki na kashi
lyrics that are like his true feelings

-ive, -like, -ish, -ic, -ical, -y, kind of, sort of


組

Continuative form of 組む (kumu, “to assemble”)


系

2017, 桑原恵美子, ベルメゾン 「人をダメにする」冬物アイテムぞくぞく in Nikkei Style, 日本経済新聞社
これらの「人をダメにする」系のヒットの先駆けは、2014年に発売された無印商品の「体にフィットするソファ」。
Korera no “hito o dame ni suru”-kei no hitto no sakigake wa, nisenjūyon-nen ni hatsubai sareta Mujirushi Shōhin no “karada ni fitto suru sofa”.

感動する系の曲

an emotionally stirring kind of musical piece

癒し系の女性

萌え系


相

相 (canonical)
-shō (romanization)
-syau (romanization)
しゃう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 相 (“together, with”), from the way that a minister would always be with their lord. Kan'on, so likely a later borrowing than the sō reading.

首相

内相


番

番 (canonical)
-ban (romanization)
ばん (hiragana historical)

一番

二番

(applied to numerals) -th: forms ordinal numerals

2番の歌詞


粒

粒 (canonical)
-ryū (romanization)
-rifu (romanization)
りふ (hiragana historical)

used to count things that are round and small, such as seeds and pills


糞

From Old Japanese, in turn from Proto-Japonic *kuso.
Cognate with 臭い (kusai, “stinky, smelly”), 腐る (kusaru, “to rot, to become stinky”).

下手糞

crappy (bad at something), to be shit at doing something

襤褸糞

crappy, for shit: a derogatory emphasizing suffix.


線

ガンマ線

千歳線


罪

殺人罪 (satsujin-zai, “murder (as a crime)”)

堕胎罪 (datai-zai, “unlawful abortion”)

(law) Used after the name of an action, to form the name of a criminal charge


脚

2004 September 8, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)３４(さんじゅうよん)話(わ) Let’s(レッツ) お見(み)舞(ま)い [Chapter 34: Let’s Go for a Hospital Visit]”, in 武(ブ)装(ソウ)錬(レン)金(キン) [Armed Alchemy], volume 4, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

流星・ブラボー脚‼

(martial arts) used in the names of moves that involve kicking


等

From Middle Chinese 等 (tong^X, “step, grade”), extended to mean ... kind of thing.

et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on


等

我、我等、これ、これ等

今日等、そこ等辺


舎

チーター舎


翁

翁 (canonical)
-ō (romanization)
-wou (romanization)
をう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 翁 (MC 'uwng).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.


者

someone of that type, someone who does that


臭

昭和臭を漂わせてる物

(slang, figurative) stench of; whiff of; scent of


葺

From the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 葺(ふ)く (fuku). The fuki changes to buki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-ryk

roofing; roofed with; thatching; thatched with; shingling; shingled with


美

suffix used by female given names, such as 奈美 (なみ, Nami), 恵美 (えみ, Emi; めぐみ, Megumi), 宏美 (ひろみ, Hiromi)


生

From Middle Chinese 生 (MC sraeng|sraengH, “alive; fresh; raw; unprocessed”). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

ltc-l

中学生、大学生、受験生

middle-school student, university student, test-taking student → examinee

せんきゅうひゃくごじゅう


製

日本製

木製


観

観 (canonical)
-kan (romanization)
-kwan (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)


譚

変身譚

復讐譚

継子いじめ譚

『ディオニュソス譚』 ― “Dionyusosu-tan” ― Dionysiaca


表

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

Ultimately from Old Japanese. Cognate with 面 (omote). Derived as a compound of 面 (omo, “face”) + 手 (te, “hand; direction, side”), basically meaning "face-wards; facing side".
The term omote in general is attested since the Nihon Shoki of 720. The 表 spelling for this word is attested from roughly 1000.
Cognate with Okinawan 表 (umuti).

compound

西表


記

⟨ki₂⟩ → */kɨ/ → /ki/
From Middle Chinese 記 (MC kiH).
In Old Japanese, this kanji was used as man'yōgana to transcribe /ki₂/.


視

(with 2-character Sino-Japanese nouns, forming suru-verbs and their corresponding nouns) treating as; viewing as


講

講 (canonical)
-kō (romanization)
-kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)

法華八講

reading of the eight scrolls of the Lotus Sutra

reading of sacred scriptures by Buddhist monks

涅槃講

rites on February 15, the death day of the Buddha

gathering of monks and laity for Buddhist rites

lay association of Buddhist or Shinto believers

いわゆる「ネズミ講」を運営したとして、無限連鎖講防止法違反の疑いが持たれています。

防止法違反 ぼうしほういはん

Iwayuru “nezumi-kō” o un'ei shita toshite, mugenrensakō bōshihō ihan no utagai gamotareteimasu.

He is being held on suspicion of violating the Law on Prevention of Pyramid Schemes for operating a so-called "Mouse Mutual Assistance Association."


議

都/道/府/県/市/町/村議

a member of the Tokyo/Hokkaido/Osaka/Kyoto/prefecture/city/town/village assembly

Clipping of 議会議員 (gikai giin, “legislature member”).


貴

From Middle Chinese 貴 (MC kjw+jH, literally “precious, noble, superior”).

ltc-l

added after nouns related to people to express love and respect


論

集合論 ― shūgōron ― set theory

宇宙論 ― uchūron ― cosmology

陰謀論

無神論 ― mushinron ― atheism

唯物論


著

宮沢賢治著


路

This usage has generally been replaced by 路 (ji) below.

(obsolete) attaches to place names, indicating a road to that place


路

路 (canonical)
-ji (romanization)
-di (romanization)
ぢ (hiragana historical)

Originally a rendaku (連濁) form of 路(ち) (chi) above.

山路、長路

奈良路

四日路

attaches to a time duration, indicating a trip taking that length of time


走

１００ｍ 走


語

日本語 ― nihongo ― Japanese

英語 ― eigo ― English

スペイン語 ― supeingo ― Spanish


衣

The rendaku form of 着 (ki), the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 着る (kiru, “to wear”).


部

野球部

茶道部

英会話部


郎

鷲郎 ― Washirō

太郎 ― Tarō (literally, “great (1st) son”)

一郎 ― Ichirō (literally, “1st son”)

二郎 ― Jirō (literally, “2nd son”)

次郎 ― Jirō (literally, “next son”)

三郎 ― Saburō (literally, “3rd son”)

桃太郎 ― Momotarō

小三郎 ― Kosaburō

源三郎 ― Genzaburō

四郎 ― Shirō (literally, “4th son”)

総一郎 ― Sōichirō

小四郎 ― Koshirō

五郎 ― Gorō (literally, “5th son”)

小五郎 ― Kogorō

六郎 ― Rokurō (literally, “6th son”)

七郎 ― Shichirō (literally, “7th son”)

八郎 ― Hachirō (literally, “8th son”)

九郎 ― Kurō (literally, “9th son”)

十郎 ― Jūrō (literally, “10th son”)


辺

/pe₁/ → /pe/ → /fe/ → /he/
From Old Japanese. The root of the modern Japanese directional particle へ (e).

(obsolete) place, general area, vicinity

末辺: the area towards the end of something

本辺: the area towards the beginning of something


辺

/pe₁/ → /pe/ → /be/
From Old Japanese, from pe above. The he changes to be as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


辺

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 辺 (he, “vicinity”, see he above) + た (ta, “place, area”, the same ta element in 貴方 anata, now “you” in modern Japanese but previously meaning “that one over there”).

compound

the same ta element in <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">貴方</i> anata, now “you” in modern Japanese but previously meaning “that one over there”

the area near something or along the edge of something


辺

Hiroshima Prefecture
Kagoshima Prefecture
Kyoto Prefecture
Wakayama Prefecture

Appears to be a compound of な (na, alternative form of の no, the possessive particle) + 辺 (be, “vicinity”, see be above).

alternative form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">の</i> no, the possessive particle


達

Kyūjitai Man'yōshū Shinjitai Tōkyō Ōsaka

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE. The tachi reading is analyzed by some references as kun'yomi or a native-Japanese reading. Alternatively, this has been understood as a shift from the goon reading of dachi.
Beyond Japanese, apparently related to Middle Korean ᄃᆞᆶ〮 (tólh, pluralizing particle) > Korean 들 (-deul, pluralizing particle), perhaps reflecting Old Korean */tatVk/ (Vovin 2010, p. 120), and thus not actually of Chinese origin. However, probably phonologically reinforced by the Sino-Japanese reading of Middle Chinese 達 (MC that|dat).

cog

子供、子供達、俺、俺達

1994 March 25, Marimo Ragawa, “赤(あか)ちゃんと僕(ぼく) 第(だい)33話(わ) [Baby & Me: Chapter 33]”, in 赤ちゃんと僕 [Baby & Me], volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Hakusensha, →ISBN, page 27:

But aren’t these birds a bit of a hindrance?

この鳥達だって邪魔じゃないか

杏子ちゃんたち

ママたち

2004 April 7, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)８話(わ) ロックオン [Chapter 8: Lock On]”, in 武(ブ)装(ソウ)錬(レン)金(キン) [Armed Alchemy], volume 2, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 23:

Go get Rokumasu and the others and wait for me at the entrance, will you?

六舛達集めて先に玄関で待っててくれ

Rokumasu-tachi ayamete saki ni genkan de matte tekure

attached to the name of the representative of a group to refer to that whole group

(archaic, possibly obsolete) honorific suffix


陣

陣 (canonical)
-jin (romanization)
-din (romanization)
ぢん (hiragana historical)

経営陣、制作陣

1万人以上の講師陣

1万人以上
1 まんにんいじょう


重

重 (canonical)
-e (romanization)
-fe (romanization)
へ (hiragana historical)

/-pe/ → /-ɸe/ → /-we/ → /-e/. Cognate with 重 (he, “division”). The divergent phonological development is due to the non-null environment caused by being suffixed to the previous morpheme.


院

院 (canonical)
-in (romanization)
-win (romanization)
ゐん (hiragana historical)


領

フランス領ポリネシア


行

Cognate with 下(くだ)り (kudari, “downward-going”).


館

館 (canonical)
-kan (romanization)
-kwan (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)

/kwan/ → /kan/
From Middle Chinese 館 (MC kwanH, “house; lodge; residence; premises”).

ltc-l

a hall, a building, a section of a building, a house


む

-mu (romanization)
ま (irrealis stem)
ma (irrealis stem)
む (stem terminative)
ん (stem terminative)
mu (stem terminative)
n (stem terminative)
む (attributive stem)
ん (attributive stem)
mu (attributive stem)
n (attributive stem)
め (realis stem)
me (realis stem)

Heian period
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
The pronunciation shifted from /mu/ to just nasal /m/ and then to the generalized nasal /ɴ/ by the mid-Heian period (794–1185), leading some writers to use ん (n) instead to write this suffix. The kana ん (n) itself evolved out of a hentaigana (alternative kana form) for む (mu) based on the cursive for kanji 无 (mu). In Classical Japanese texts, the practice now is to pronounce final む (-mu) as ん (-n) instead.
As a separate phonological shift, /mu/ retained the vowel but lost the consonant, becoming a nasalized /ũ/ and then plain /u/. This then often fused with the preceding vowel, ultimately leading to the development of the modern volitional / suppositional /oː/ ending in modern Japanese. See よう for more detail.
Variously described as suppositional ("seems like"), volitional ("I will"), or hortative ("let's). Ultimately, all of these senses arise from an apparent base meaning of "seem, appear, look like". May be cognate with 目 (me, “eye”), 見る (miru, “to see; to look at”), びる (-biru, “to look like, to seem like, to behave like”).

ja-r

c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
我こそ死なめ。
Ware koso shiname.
I would rather die myself.

鳴り高し。鳴り止まむ。

1021, Murasaki Shikibu, The Tale of Genji 21

(Classical Japanese, after mizenkei) used to form the suppositional / volitional / hortative form of verbs, equivalent to modern う (-u > -ō) / よう (-yō); also used as a mild imperative


か

From Old Japanese. Only persists in stems. No longer productive in Modern Japanese.

forms 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjectives”) from stems, indicating the state or feeling of an object


ら

From Old Japanese. Verb conjugation ending.

(colloquial) imperfective form of the suffix る.


ず

-zu (romanization)
ず (irrealis stem)
ざら (irrealis stem)
な (irrealis stem)
zu (irrealis stem)
zara (irrealis stem)
ず (continuative stem)
ざり (continuative stem)
に (continuative stem)
zu (continuative stem)
zari (continuative stem)
ni (continuative stem)
ず (stem terminative)
ざり (stem terminative)
zu (stem terminative)
zari (stem terminative)
ぬ (attributive stem)
ざる (attributive stem)
nu (attributive stem)
zaru (attributive stem)
ね (realis stem)
ざれ (realis stem)
ne (realis stem)
zare (realis stem)
ざれ (imperative stem)
zare (imperative stem)
ねど (contrastive)
ざれど (contrastive)
nedo (contrastive)
zaredo (contrastive)
ねば (causative)
ざれば (causative)
neba (causative)
zareba (causative)
ずは (conditional)
ずば (conditional)
ざらば (conditional)
zufa (conditional)
zuba (conditional)
zaraba (conditional)
ざりき (past)
zariki (past)
ざりけり (past)
zarikeri (past)
ざりつ (perfect)
zaritu (perfect)
ざりぬ (perfect)
zarinu (perfect)
ざりたり (continuative perfect)
zaritari (continuative perfect)
ず (adverbial)
zu (adverbial)
^([1])Nara period form.
^([2])Without auxiliary verbs.
^([3])With auxiliary verbs.

ja-conj-bungo

ず?Without auxiliary verbs.;ざり?With auxiliary verbs.;に?Nara period form.

From Old Japanese. Generally considered to be a combination of negation suffix ぬ (nu) in its 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of に (ni) + honorific suffix す (su).
/nisu/ → */nzu/ → /zu/
Appears both as zu and as the older nisu form in the Man'yōshū poetry anthology.

何も知らず


ふ

-fu (romanization)
は (irrealis stem)
-fa (irrealis)
ひ (continuative stem)
-fi (continuative)
ふ (stem terminative)
-fu (terminative)
ふ (attributive stem)
-fu (attributive)
へ (realis stem)
-fe (realis)
へ (imperative stem)
-fe (imperative)
はず (negative)
-fazu (negative)
へど (contrastive)
-fedo (contrastive)
へば (causative)
-feba (causative)
はば (conditional)
-faba (conditional)
ひき (past)
-fiki (past)
ひけり (past)
-fikeri (past)
ひつ (perfect)
-fitu (perfect)
ひぬ (perfect)
-finu (perfect)
へり (continuative perfect)
ひたり (continuative perfect)
-feri (continuative perfect)
-fitari (continuative perfect)
はむ (volitional)
-famu (volitional)

From Old Japanese. Possibly a contraction of the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei) of verbs and 合ふ (afu). Alternatively from 経 (fu).

(following the irrealis stem of verbs)
expresses repetition

(following the irrealis stem of verbs)
expresses an ongoing state


れ

nominalizing suffix used to form pronouns, often from demonstratives: one, thing


ぶ

bu (romanization)
び (irrealis stem)
bi (irrealis stem)
び (continuative stem)
bi (continuative stem)
ぶ (stem terminative)
bu (stem terminative)
ぶる (attributive stem)
buru (attributive stem)
ぶれ (realis stem)
bure (realis stem)
びよ (imperative stem)
biyo (imperative stem)
びず (negative)
bizu (negative)
ぶれど (contrastive)
buredo (contrastive)
ぶれば (causative)
bureba (causative)
びば (conditional)
biba (conditional)
びき (past)
biki (past)
びけり (past)
bikeri (past)
びつ (perfect)
bitu (perfect)
びぬ (perfect)
binu (perfect)
びたり (continuative perfect)
bitari (continuative perfect)
びむ (volitional)
bimu (volitional)

Classical Japanese form of びる (-biru, “to act like”)


ぽ

ツイ禁しようかと思ったけど、やっぱツイ禁むりぽ＼(o)／
Tsuikin shiyō ka to omotta kedo, yappa tsuikin muripo \(^o^)/
Tried to ban myself from Twitter… nope 🙃

2015 June 12, 1mm, archived from the original on 2020-09-27:

「もう無理ぽ」仕事、恋愛、人間関係で落ち込んだ時に使える10の対処法

“Mō muri-po” shigoto, ren'ai, ningenkankei de ochikonda toki ni tsukaeru jū no taishohō

10 techniques to use when you’re feeling “Dang, it’s nearly impossible” about work, love, or relationships

(informal, slang) Alternative form of っぽい, -like


に

お母さん似

(of a child) taking after (in appearance)


う

-u (romanization)
in Modern Japanese (romanization)
-yō (romanization)

/mu/ → /ũ/ → /u/ → (fused with the /a/ ending in the preceding verb stem) /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Old Japanese む (mu). See the entry at よう for more information.

ren'yōkei + た

with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs

+ で（は）なかったですnoun + で（は）ありませんでした

de [wa] nakatta desu; de [wa] arimasen deshita

For a list of all kanji read as う

This term, う (u), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.

そろそろ帰ろう。

手伝おうか。

誕生日ケーキを作ろうと思っています。

I'm thinking about baking a birthday cake.

明日一緒に学校に行こう。

Inducing or stimulating other person to do something.

誕生日ケーキを作ろうとしています。

(followed by とする (to suru)) to try to do; to attempt to do

ゲームを遊ぼうとしたとき、電話がかかった。

Gēmu o asobō to shita toki, denwa ga kakatta.

The phone rang as I was about to play the game.

(followed by とする (to suru)) to be about to do; to be on the verge of doing

そんなことはなかろう。

それが「近代化」であろうとなかろうと構わない。

Sore ga “kindaika” de arō to nakarō to kamawanai.

It doesn't matter whether it is "modernization" or not.

(followed by が (ga) or と (to), often in parallel) whether … or …


う

早い (hayai) → 早う (hayō)

嬉しい (ureshī) → 嬉しゅう (ureshū)

少ない (sukunai) → 少のう (sukunō)

Alternative form of く (-ku, adverbial suffix of -i adjectives)


り

Originally the classical copula verb あり (ari, “it is”) following a verb in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”).
The -i ending of the preceding verb stem contracted with the initial a- in ari to form -eri, which was reanalyzed as the 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”, corresponding to the modern hypothetical form) or 命令形 (meireikei, “imperative form”) of the verb stem for 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) verbs, or the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) for サ変動詞 (sa-hen dōshi, “sa-irregular verbs”), all of which ended in -e, with the final -ri then viewed as a suffix.
: Example: 降り (furi, continuative stem of 降る (furu)) + あり (ari) → 降れり (fureri), reanalyzed as 降れ (fure, realis or imperative form of 降る (furu)) + り (-ri)
Research into 上代特殊仮名遣い (jōdai tokushu kanazukai, “ancient special spellings”) clarified the -e vowel value as ⟨e₁⟩, showing that the original form could not have been the 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) that ended in ⟨e₂⟩. Ancient ⟨e₁⟩ was also known to appear from fusion of -i and a-, and this revealed the much simpler original structure of a verb in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) for either quadrigrade or sa-irregular verbs + あり (ari).
Originally denoted ongoing state or action, or the resulting state of an action. The sense later shifted to indicate the completion of an action. Compare the modern construction 〜てある (~te aru).

新世界より来たれり

図版を省略せる鳥類目録

an ornithological catalogue with illustrations omitted

(archaic) Used to form the stative of verbs: did; have done


り

Early Middle Japanese
Heian period
Kamakura period
Late Middle Japanese

Probably ultimately deriving from the classical copula verb あり (ari, “it is”), used adverbially to denote the state or manner of an action.
Used to form adverbs from some onomatopoeias or ideophones. Appears to have been productive up through the Early Middle Japanese of the late Heian period, possibly also in the early stages of the Late Middle Japanese of the Kamakura period. In the modern language, this suffix persists in existing words, but it is not used to form any new words.

きら (kira) → きらり (kirari)

べた (beta) → べたり (betari) → べったり (bettari)

ほの (hono) → ほんのり (honnori)

(non-productive) adverb-forming suffix following some onomatopoeias or ideophones


き

-ki (romanization)
せ (irrealis stem)
け (irrealis stem)
se (irrealis stem)
ke (irrealis stem)
き (stem terminative)
ki (stem terminative)
し (attributive stem)
si (attributive stem)
しか (realis stem)
sika (realis stem)
ざりき (negative)
zariki (negative)
しかど (contrastive)
sikado (contrastive)
しかば (causative)
sikaba (causative)
せば (conditional)
けば (conditional)
seba (conditional)
keba (conditional)

Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 幾 in the cursive sōsho style.

ja-kana-mannyogana-etym

Used when the speaker has directly experienced the event described, as opposed to けり.

(Classical Japanese) Indicates past tense: -ed


て

From the ren'yōkei of the classical auxiliary verb つ (tsu).

で

allomorph used with -gu/-bu/-mu/-nu (voiced ending) godan verbs

大きくて甘いリンゴ

姉がピアノを弾いて妹が歌を歌う。

Ane ga piano o hiite imōto ga uta o utau.

The elder sister plays piano and the younger sister sings songs.

the conjunctive ending, attaching to the ren'yōkei of verbs and adjectives.

simply indicates separate actions or states that occur simultaneously; and

家に帰って、テレビを見た。

indicates actions or states that occur successively; do something and

風邪を引いて、学校を休んだ。

I didn't go to school because I caught a cold.

indicates reason or cause; because doing something

見て見ぬふり ― mite minu furi ― saw but pretended not to see → turn a blind eye

知っていて教えない

used as a contrastive conjunction; do something but

喜んで一日を過ごした。

日本語を勉強している。

机の上に置いてある。

followed by hojodōshi (subsidiary verbs, corresponding to auxiliary verbs in western languages) such as いる (iru), ある (aru), やる (yaru), くれる (kureru), あげる (ageru), もらう (morau), おく (oku), くる (kuru), いく (iku), etc., to make their complement

used in the form …て…て (… te … te) to show emphasis or repetition

ては (-te wa) and ても (-te mo) make conditional clauses

もうご覧になって？

よろしくって？

(women's speech) used in sentence-final position, an extension of the conjunctive particle above and simply omitting any following words; usually takes the form って when attaching to adjectives

助けて！

ちょっと待って

いつか、私を助けてね

short for てください (-te kudasai) or てくれ (-te kure): makes a light command or request, usually followed by よ (yo) or ね (ne)

てください

お手紙ちょうだいね。待っててよ

Please send me a letter. I'll be waiting.

indicates the speaker's opinion or judgment; usually followed by よ (yo)


く

/-u aku//-ru aku//-ki aku/ → /(-a)ku//-raku//-keku/
Originally a compound of the 連体形(れんたいけい) (rentaikei) of verbs and adjectives and 所(あく) (aku); 上代特殊仮名遣 (jōdai tokushu kanazukai) contractions of vowel clusters caused it to be reanalyzed as the suffixes:
* く (ku) following
** 未然形(みぜんけい) (mizenkei) of 四段活用(よだんかつよう) (yodan katsuyō) and ラ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō) verbs
* らく (raku) following
**終止形(しゅうしけい) (shūshikei) of 二段活用(にだんかつよう) (nidan katsuyō), サ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō), カ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō), and ナ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō) verbs
** 未然形(みぜんけい) (mizenkei) or 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei) of 一段活用(いちだんかつよう) (ichidan katsuyō) verbs
* けく (keku) following the stem of adjectives.
The use of this nominalizer is called ク語法(ごほう) (ku-gohō).

ja-r

ラ-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

サ-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

カ-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

ナ-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

(obsolete) A nominalizing suffix in Old Japanese.


じ

路: a road, a street; attaches to place names, indicating a road to that place; attaches to a time duration, indicating a trip taking that length of time


じ

字 地 寺 時 次 璽 痔

Iroha
浅き夢見じ 酔ひもせず
Asaki yume miji
Ei mo sezu
We shall not have superficial dreams
Nor be deluded.

(Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the negative conjectural/volitional, equivalent to modern まい (-mai).


い

く (adverbial)
かろ (imperfective stem)
karo (imperfective stem)
く (continuative stem)
ku (continuative stem)
い (stem terminative)
i (stem terminative)
い (attributive stem)
i (attributive stem)
けれ (hypothetical stem)
kere (hypothetical stem)
かれ (imperative stem)
kare (imperative stem)
くない (informal negative)
ku nai (informal negative)
かった (informal past)
katta (informal past)
くなかった (informal negative past)
ku nakatta (informal negative past)
いです (formal)
i desu (formal)
くないです (formal negative)
ku nai desu (formal negative)
かったです (formal past)
katta desu (formal past)
くなかったです (formal negative past)
ku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
くて (conjunctive)
kute (conjunctive)
ければ (conditional)
kereba (conditional)
かったら (conditional past)
kattara (conditional past)
かろう (volitional)
karō (volitional)
く (adverbial)
ku (adverbial)
さ (noun-from-adj)
sa (noun-from-adj)

An extension of use of the -i ending on adjectives.

チャラチャラ (charachara, “onomatopoeia for jingling”) → チャラい (charai, “flashy”)

(informal) suffix forming adjectives: -ic; -al


み

Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 美 in the cursive sōsho style.

ja-kana-mannyogana-etym

暖かみ、厚み、面白み

味: (after an i-adjective stem) -ness; used for subjective "quality" of being, as opposed to suffix さ (sa), also translated as -ness, used for objective "degree" of being

外国みがある

(Internet slang) (after other types of words as well) -ness

高み、明るみ、深み


み

From Old Japanese. ⟨mi₁⟩ → /mi/.
Considered to be from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of 見る (miru, “to try, to attempt”).

降りみ降らずみ

sometimes raining and sometimes not raining → raining on and off

照りみ曇りみ

(after verbs with opposite meanings in the ren'yōkei continuative or -zu negative continuative) indicates alternation of action or state, equivalent to the modern expression …たり…たり (…tari …tari)


み

Old Japanese. ⟨mi₁⟩ → /mi/. Only used in waka since Early Middle Japanese.

山を高み

as/because the mountain is high; the mountain being high

(obsolete, after an i-adjective stem) as, because; forming an adverbial clause: being

(obsolete, after an i-adjective stem) Expresses thinking or feeling, followed by verbs like 思ふ and す.


ぬ

-nu (romanization)
ず (continuative stem)
ん (continuative stem)
zu (continuative stem)
n (continuative stem)
ぬ (stem terminative)
ん (stem terminative)
nu (stem terminative)
n (stem terminative)
ぬ (attributive stem)
ん (attributive stem)
nu (attributive stem)
n (attributive stem)
ね (hypothetical stem)
ne (hypothetical stem)
んです (formal)
ndesu (formal)
んだ (perfective)
nda (perfective)
んで (conjunctive)
nde (conjunctive)
ねば (conditional hypothetical)
neba (conditional hypothetical)

The 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Classical Japanese negative suffix ず (zu). During the transition into modern Japanese, the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) was abandoned and its functions were taken up by the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”). This suffix is turn from Old Japanese. For further detail, see ず (zu).

風が立たぬ

the wind does not rise / does not pick up

予期せぬエラーが発生しました。

(archaic) (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring: not


ぬ

-nu (romanization)
な (irrealis stem)
に (continuative stem)
ni (continuative stem)
ぬ (stem terminative)
nu (stem terminative)
ぬる (attributive stem)
nuru (attributive stem)
ぬれ (realis stem)
nure (realis stem)
ね (imperative stem)
ne (imperative stem)
なず (negative stem)
ざりぬ (negative stem)
nazu (negative stem)
zarinu (negative stem)
ぬれど (contrastive stem)
nuredo (contrastive stem)
ぬれば (causative stem)
nureba (causative stem)
なば (conditional stem)
naba (conditional stem)

Daijirin Daijisen ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ ja:松村明

From Old Japanese.
Many monolingual Japanese dictionaries derive this as a contraction of Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”); however, the meaning does not seem to make sense in the context of the verb ending -nu.
More recent work by Bjarke Frellesvig and others suggests that -nu may have originated from an ancient copular or stative verb.

cog

風が立ちぬ

1943, 土井晩翠譯『オヂュッセーア』第十九歌 https://web.archive.org/web/20040623125018/http://www.sm.rim.or.jp/~osawa/AGG/odyssey/odyssey-19.html
多くの女性彼を見て皆驚嘆の目を張りぬ。
Ōku no josei kare o mite mina kyōtan no me o harinu.
Many women looked at him and all opened their eyes wide with admiration.

(Classical Japanese or literary) (after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring: has done, has happened


る

ja-pos

る • (-ru) godan (stem り (-ri), past った (-tta))

サボる

ググる

(slang) A general method to form verbs (as a godan katsuyō verb). Much less productive than 〜する (-suru, “to do”).


る

-ru (romanization)
れ (irrealis stem)
re (irrealis stem)
れ (continuative stem)
re (continuative stem)
る (stem terminative)
ru (stem terminative)
るる (attributive stem)
ruru (attributive stem)
るれ (realis stem)
rure (realis stem)
れよ (imperative stem)
reyo (imperative stem)
れず (negative)
rezu (negative)
るれど (contrastive)
ruredo (contrastive)
るれば (causative)
rureba (causative)
れば (conditional)
reba (conditional)
れき (past)
reki (past)
れけり (past)
rekeri (past)
れつ (perfect)
retu (perfect)
れぬ (perfect)
renu (perfect)
れたり (continuative perfect)
retari (continuative perfect)
れむ (volitional)
remu (volitional)

Classical Japanese form of れる (-reru, passive suffix)


る

Regular adnominal conjugation of verbal auxiliary suffix り (ri) indicating resulting state or completion of action.

眠れる森の美女

wedding vows
富める時も貧しき時も
tomeru toki mo mazushiki toki mo
in wealth or poverty

(Classical Japanese or literary) adnominal of り (-ri)


さ

綺麗→綺麗さ

悲しい→悲しさ


ん

/nu/ → /n/, /ŋ/
An abbreviation of the negative ending ぬ (nu).

分からん

許せんぞ

北大路魯山人, 『味覚馬鹿』
あるといえばあるが、しかし、ほんとうのことはわからん。http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/001403/files/50005_37895.html
Aru to ieba aru ga, shikashi, hontō no koto wa wakaran.
There is, to be sure, but, I don't know the facts.

(after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb): negative form of verbs


ん

/mu/ → /n/, /ŋ/
An abbreviation of the intentional, volitional, and suppositional ending む (mu).

いざ行かん

神の御加護があらんことを

北大路魯山人, 『味覚馬鹿』
高級食器、美器をつくらんとするものは、美食に通ずべし。http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/001403/files/50005_37895.html
Kōkyū shokki, biki o tsukuran to suru mono wa, bishoku ni tsūzu beshi.
He who tries to make high-class tableware and beautyware, must be familiar with epicurism.

汝、最深部へ行くには 一つの真実を倒せ
さすればこの扉開かれん

2004, Murakoshi, Suguru and trans. Blaustein, Jeremy, et al., quoting note on door, Silent Hill 4: The Room, Tokyo: Konami, PlayStation 2; Xbox; PC, level/area: One Truth room:

To reach the deepest part, you must / defeat the One Truth.
Do so and this door will open.

nanji, saishinbu e iku ni wa / hitotsu no shinjitsu o taose
sa sureba kono tobira hirakaren

(non-productive, archaic) (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb): volitional form of verbs


ん

栞 → しおりん, 一美 → ずみん, 茜 → ねん

Shiori → Shiorin, Kazumi → Zumin, Akane → Nen (nicknames)

(women's speech) added to female names or parts of them to express affection


つ

-tsu (romanization)
て (irrealis stem)
te (irrealis stem)
て (continuative stem)
te (continuative stem)
つ (stem terminative)
tu (stem terminative)
つる (attributive stem)
turu (attributive stem)
つれ (realis stem)
ture (realis stem)
てよ (imperative stem)
teyo (imperative stem)
ざりつ (negative stem)
zaritu (negative stem)
つれど (contrastive stem)
turedo (contrastive stem)
つれば (causative stem)
tureba (causative stem)
てば (conditional stem)
teba (conditional stem)
^([1])Perfect tense of ず.

⟨tu⟩ → /t͡su/
From Old Japanese.
According to one theory , shortened from 棄(う)つ ( → utsu, “throw away, discard”).

(Classical Japanese) indicates the completion of an action

(Classical Japanese) indicates certainty

(Classical Japanese) indicates affirmation

(Classical Japanese, in the form ...tsu ...tsu) shows parallel action


ゆ

-yu (romanization)
え (irrealis stem)
-e (irrealis)
え (continuative stem)
-e (continuative)
ゆ (stem terminative)
-yu (terminative)
ゆる (attributive stem)
-yuru (attributive)
ゆれ (realis stem)
-yure (realis)
えよ (imperative stem)
-eyo (imperative)
えず (negative)
-ezu (negative)
ゆれど (contrastive)
-yuredo (contrastive)
ゆれば (causative)
-yureba (causative)
えば (conditional)
-eba (conditional)
えき (past)
-eki (past)
えけり (past)
-ekeri (past)
えつ (perfect)
-etu (perfect)
えぬ (perfect)
-enu (perfect)
えたり (continuative perfect)
-etari (continuative perfect)
えむ (volitional)
-emu (volitional)

Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 由 in the cursive sōsho style.

ja-kana-mannyogana-etym

(Classical Japanese) attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verbs

expresses natural, spontaneous occurrence


た

-ta (romanization)
たら (imperfective stem)
たろ (imperfective stem)
tara (imperfective stem)
taro (imperfective stem)
たり (continuative stem)
て (continuative stem)
tari (continuative stem)
te (continuative stem)
た (stem terminative)
ta (stem terminative)
た (attributive stem)
ta (attributive stem)
たら (hypothetical stem)
tara (hypothetical stem)
たろう (volitional)
tarō (volitional)
たら (conditional hypothetical)
たらば (conditional hypothetical)
tara (conditional hypothetical)
taraba (conditional hypothetical)

From たる (taru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “adnominal form”) of the classical auxiliary verb たり (tari), in turn a contraction of てあり (te ari), from て (te, conjunctive form of classical completion auxiliary つ (tsu)) + あり (ari).
Doublet of てある (-te aru).

だ

-da, when used on -bu, -gu, -mu, and -nu godan verbs

昨日出張から帰ってきた

I returned from my business trip yesterday.

原稿をやっと書いたよ

掃除が終わったら、ごみを出しに行きなさい

Sōji ga owattara, gomi o dashi ni iki nasai

Once you have finished cleaning, go dispose of the trash.

あの人(ひと)はもう起(お)きたろうか

話が出た時点で考えよう

Let's talk about it later when that question actually comes up.

今度会ったとき話すよ

indicates the realization of a situation that has not realized

割れたガラス窓から風が吹き込む

Wareta garasu mado kara kaze ga fukikomu

The wind keeps blowing in through the broken glass window.

indicates the resulting state of an action

あれ、君はそこにいたの

坊やは今年いくつだった

もうやめた

よし、その品買った

あとは頼んだぞ。

indicates speaker's declaration, confirmation, or sudden realization

待った

さあ、どんどん歩いた、歩いた

どいた、どいた。

at the end of a sentence:
makes a light command


ど

度: (geometry) degree of an angle; degree in temperature; number of times; percentage of alcohol concentration


ど

(archaic, poetic, formal) Attaches to the verb stem, specifically the stem form ending in -e for type 1 verbs. This verb stem is called the 仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical form”) in Modern Japanese, and the 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) in Classical Japanese. Used to express the contrasting hypothetical condition conjunction: even if, even when

(archaic, poetic, formal) Attaches to the verb stem, specifically the stem form ending in -e for type 1 verbs. This verb stem is called the 仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical form”) in Modern Japanese, and the 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) in Classical Japanese. Used to indicate something is the case irrespective of something else: even though, even as


で

Daijirin
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter

Considered to be a contraction of にて (nite), where the ni is the continuative form of the negative auxiliary ず (zu). In use since Early Middle Japanese, and first attested in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter of the late 800s.

(Classical Japanese, archaic) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the negative conjunctive, equivalent to the modern ないで (-naide) or ずに (-zuni).


め

-me (romanization)
め (hiragana historical)

⟨me₂⟩ → */məɨ/ → /me/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *mai. Cognate with 目(ま) (ma, bound form). Now the modern Japanese term for eye.
Probably cognate with 見る (miru, “to see, to look”).
May also be cognate with 芽 (me, “bud, shoot”), perhaps from the “visually prominent feature” sense, and with suppositional / volitional verb suffix む (mu) (presenting in modern Japanese verb conjugations as the -ō or -yō endings), perhaps from the “seem like, look like” sense.

三本目のボトル

目: -st, -nd, -rd, or -th, for ordinal numbers (e.g. 8th or eighth, 9th or ninth)

結び目、編み目、効き目

knot (literally, “tying + [visual feature]”), stitch (literally, “knitting + [visual feature]”), effect or efficacy (literally, “working, having an effect + [visual feature]”)

目: visually prominent feature of something

多い (ooi) + め (-me) → 多め (oome)

控える (hikaeru) + め (-me) → 控えめ (hikaeme)

め: (attached to verb or i-adjective roots to produce na-adjectives, not productive with verbs) to a more exaggerated degree


め

First cited to The Tale of the Heike from the early 1300s.
Might be a shift in usage of 目 (me, “visually prominent feature”). The 奴 spelling does not appear to be common, and this is not included in all dictionaries.

ばか奴！

1910 [1901], Leonid Andreyev, translated by Mori Ōgai, Inu [Dog], translation of Snapper:

"If I say come, come. Silly Žučka. You fool. I won't do anything to you."

「来いといったら来い。シュッチュカ奴。馬鹿な奴だ。己れはどうもしやしない。」

“Koi to ittara koi. Shutchuka-me. Baka na yatsu da. Onore wa dōmo shi ya shinai.”

奴: derogatory suffix attached to people's names or words that refer to people, animals, etc.


す

ja-pos

す • (-su) godan (stem し (-shi), past した (-shita))

-su (romanization)
し (stem)
した (past)
-さ (imperfective stem)
-sa (imperfective stem)
-し (continuative stem)
-shi (continuative stem)
-す (stem terminative)
-su (stem terminative)
-す (attributive stem)
-su (attributive stem)
-せ (hypothetical stem)
-se (hypothetical stem)
-せ (imperative stem)
-se (imperative stem)
-そう (volitional)
-sō (volitional)
-さない (negative)
-sanai (negative)
-さず (continuative negative)
-sazu (continuative negative)
-します (formal)
-shimasu (formal)
-した (perfective)
-shita (perfective)
-して (conjunctive)
-shite (conjunctive)
-せば (conditional hypothetical)
-seba (conditional hypothetical)
せ (irrealis stem)
se (irrealis stem)
せ (continuative stem)
se (continuative stem)
す (stem terminative)
su (stem terminative)
する (attributive stem)
suru (attributive stem)
すれ (realis stem)
sure (realis stem)
せよ (imperative stem)
seyo (imperative stem)
せず (negative)
sezu (negative)
すれど (contrastive)
suredo (contrastive)
すれば (causative)
sureba (causative)
せば (conditional)
seba (conditional)
せき (past)
seki (past)
せけり (past)
sekeri (past)
せつ (perfect)
setu (perfect)
せぬ (perfect)
senu (perfect)
せたり (continuative perfect)
setari (continuative perfect)
せむ (volitional)
semu (volitional)

The original form of the causative ending. Ultimately cognate with す (su), the ancient form of modern する (suru, “to do”).
In a modern synchronic analysis, sometimes analyzed as a contraction of せる (seru).

(chiefly dialectal and colloquial) Alternative form of せる (seru, “causative suffix”)


な

Clipping of polite imperative auxiliary verb form なさい (nasai).

あっちへ行きな、ぼうや。

Go over there, boy → Get out of the way, boy!

座りなよ。 ― suwarina yo. ― Sit → Have a seat.

(informal, added after the stem form of a verb) indicates an imperative statement or command: do


ゆき

この電車は奈良行きです。


(teen girl's slang) Alternative spelling of ちゃん (chan)


ない

From Old Japanese. The adjectivizing suffix appears to derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb ぬ (nu).

切ない、幼けない、ぎこちない

very moving, really young of manner, having clumsiness

(non-productive) used to form derivative -i adjectives from other terms: having that quality, having that state; very much that quality or state

不甲斐ない

good-for-nothing, disappointing, timid, shameful, useless


ない

-nai (romanization)
なく (adverbial)
なかろ (imperfective stem)
nakaro (imperfective stem)
なく (continuative stem)
naku (continuative stem)
ない (stem terminative)
nai (stem terminative)
ない (attributive stem)
nai (attributive stem)
なけれ (hypothetical stem)
nakere (hypothetical stem)
なかれ (imperative stem)
nakare (imperative stem)
なくない (informal negative)
naku nai (informal negative)
なかった (informal past)
nakatta (informal past)
なくなかった (informal negative past)
naku nakatta (informal negative past)
ないです (formal)
nai desu (formal)
なくないです (formal negative)
naku nai desu (formal negative)
なかったです (formal past)
nakatta desu (formal past)
なくなかったです (formal negative past)
naku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
なくて (conjunctive)
nakute (conjunctive)
なければ (conditional)
nakereba (conditional)
なかったら (conditional past)
nakattara (conditional past)
なかろう (volitional)
nakarō (volitional)
なく (adverbial)
naku (adverbial)
なさ (noun-from-adj)
nasa (noun-from-adj)

[náí kótóꜜ …]

[náí yóꜜò …]

[náí sóꜜò …]

[náí hóꜜò …]

[náí ráshíꜜì]

[òsóꜜrèìrànàì]

First appears in texts from the late Muromachi period as an eastern-dialect term.
Various etymologies are supposed as:
* From ancient eastern-dialect negative ending なふ (nafu), but there is a sizable gap of time between the apparent disappearance of nafu and the emergence of nai. Moreover, nafu conjugated as a verb, whereas nai conjugates as an adjective.
:That said, both nafu and nai probably derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb ぬ (nu), with the negative sense possibly originating from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb stem, to which these endings attach.
* From the adjective ない (etymology 2). The nai auxiliary conjugates as a regular -i adjective just like the adjective nai in modern Japanese, but the patterns for the auxiliary were originally different from the adjective. In the Edo period, the auxiliary conjugated irregularly, including nanda instead of modern nakatta (past), and naikereba instead of modern nakereba (conditional).
* Derived from the negative suffix ぬ (nu).

学校に行かない。

貸してくれないか。

Used to form the negative of verbs: not, don't

ren'yōkei + た

with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs


はる

-haru (romanization)
はら (imperfective stem)
hara (imperfective stem)
はり (continuative stem)
hari (continuative stem)
はる (stem terminative)
haru (stem terminative)
はる (attributive stem)
haru (attributive stem)
はれ (hypothetical stem)
hare (hypothetical stem)
はれ (imperative stem)
hare (imperative stem)
はらへん (negative)
はれへん (negative)
はらん (negative)
harahen (negative)
harehen (negative)
haran (negative)
はります (formal)
harimasu (formal)
はった (perfective)
hatta (perfective)
はって (conjunctive)
hatte (conjunctive)
はれば (conditional hypothetical)
はったら (conditional hypothetical)
hareba (conditional hypothetical)
hattara (conditional hypothetical)

2005 August 9, Hideaki Sorachi, “第(だい)六(ろく)十(じゅう)五(ご)訓(くん) 外(がい)見(けん)だけで人(ひと)を判(はん)断(だん)しちゃダメ [Lesson 65: Don’t Judge People by Their Looks]”, in [銀](ぎん)[魂](たま) [Silver Soul], volume 8 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

お茶づけ土方スペシャルだ 食うか？

お茶づけ土方スペシャルだ 食うか？

お茶づけ土方スペシャルだ 食うか？

お茶づけ土方スペシャルだ 食うか？

お茶づけ土方スペシャルだ 食うか？

お茶づけ土方スペシャルだ 食うか？

お茶づけ土方スペシャルだ 食うか？

(Kansai) verbal suffix expressing respect to subject of verb; X-a-haru is equivalent to standard o-X-i ni naru.


良い

Modern form of Old Japanese adjective よし (yoshi).
/joɕi/ (classical 終止形 (shūshikei) or terminal form) → /joki/ (classical 連体形 (rentaikei) or attributive form) → /joi/ (modern shūshikei and rentaikei)


よう

Daijirin
Daijisen
Edo period
Kamakura period
Muromachi period
ja:松村明
palatal glide

/mu/ → /ũ/ → /u/ → (for type 2 (ichidan) and type 3 (irregular) verbs) /joː/
From Classical Japanese suppositional / volitional / hortative suffix む (-mu).
Development
The volitional verb suffix was originally む (mu, /mu/). This regularly shifted to a nasalized /ũ/, which then lost its nasalization and was reinterpreted as regular う (u, /u/) by roughly the Kamakura period (1185–1333).
This suffix grammatically attached to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb. Regular sound changes then gave rise to the modern よう (yō, /joː/) ending, initially via fusion of the vowel sounds, and then by a reanalysis of the resulting fused -yō as the suffix to be added to the mizenkei stem. This reformulation as verb stem + suffix -yō started in the late Muromachi period (1336–1573) and continued through the Edo period in 1603–1868).
* 上一段活用 (kami ichidan, “upper monograde”) verbs with mizenkei stems ending in -i:
:: 見む (mimu, /mimu/) → 見う (miu, /miu/) → 見う (myō, /mjoː/) → 見よう (miyō, /mijoː/)
* 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan, “lower monograde”) verbs with mizenkei stems ending in -e:
:: 上げむ (agemu, /aɡemu/) → 上げう (ageu, /aɡeu/) → 上げう (agyō, /aɡjoː/) → 上げよう (ageyō, /aɡejoː/)
* The irregular verb する (suru) underwent further changes. The classical mizenkei stem ended in -e, and せ (se) in classical Japanese was pronounced more as she. Around the same time that the fused shō was separating again into a verb stem + suffix, the mizenkei stem shifted to end in i:
:: せむ (shemu, /ɕemu/) → せう (sheu, /ɕeu/) → せう (shō, /ɕoː/) → しよう (shiyō, /ɕijoː/)
* The irregular verb 来る (kuru) has a mizenkei stem ending in -o. This stem includes no front-vowel sound like /e/ or /i/ that might produce the palatal glide in /joː/, and here, the final -yō arose as a parallel construction with the above verb paradigms:
:: 来む (komu, /komu/) → 来う (kou, /kou/) → 来う (kō, /koː/) → 来よう (koyō, /kojoː/)
Meanwhile, for regular classical 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) verbs, the mizenkei stem ends in -a. This ultimately fused with the -u suffix form to produce -ō, resulting in the modern regular 五段活用 (godan katsuyō, “quintigrade conjugation”).
:: 行かむ (ikamu, /ikamu/) → 行かう (ikau, /ikau/) → 行かう (ikau, /ikɔː/) → 行こう (ikō, /ikoː/)

そろそろ寝よう。

美味しいものを食べようと思っています。

I'm thinking I will eat something delicious.

volitional: expressing one's will or intention to do something

そうしよう。

さあ、始めよう。

hortative: inducing or stimulating other person to do something

人に優れようとしています。

volitional: followed by とする (to suru): to try to do; to attempt to do

出かけようとした時、電話がかかってきた。

Dekakeyō to shita toki, denwa ga kakatte kita.

I got a phone call when I was about to go out.

followed by とする (to suru): to be about to do; to be on the verge of doing

問題はないと言えよう。

We can probably say that there is no problem.

(archaic, formal) suppositional: expressing what is likely the case

Blog｜細井厚子の万華鏡｜透明な花
その願いが叶うなら、私の万華鏡がオモチャと呼ばれようが、ガラクタと呼ばれようが、そんなことはどうでもいいと思っています。
Sono negai ga kanau nara, watashi no mangekyō ga omocha to yobareyō ga, garakuta to yobareyō ga, sonna koto wa dō de mo ii to omotte imasu.
I don't think I will be concerned whether my kaleidoscope is called a toy or rubbish, as long as that wish is fulfilled.

(followed by が (ga) or と (to), often in parallel) whether … or …


たん

→ English: -tan

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 炭 (tàn)

OSたん

(slang) Alternative form of ちゃん (“-chan”); -tan


さん

→ English: -san

→ Korean: 상 (sang)

→ Mandarin: 桑 (sāng)

三 山 参 産 酸 賛 餐

ちゃん

more familiar, especially of young women and children

山田さん ― Yamada-san ― Mr/Ms Yamada

あきらさん ― Akira-san ― Akira

山田あきらさん ― Yamada Akira-san ― Mr/Ms Akira Yamada

店員さん

Sir/Madam (when talking to a shop clerk) (literally, “Mr/Ms shop clerk”)

運転手さん

Sir/Madam (when talking to a taxi/bus driver) (literally, “Mr/Ms driver”)

ソニーさん

Sir/Madam (used in business by people meeting Sony)

title used after a person's name (family, given or full) or job title, or a company name, to show respect; Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss

学校の前に床屋さんがある。

There's a barber's in front of the school.

ありがとうさん

(polite) attaching to nouns or other nominals: a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula です (desu)


たい

-tai (romanization)
たく (adverbial)
たかろ (imperfective stem)
takaro (imperfective stem)
たく (continuative stem)
taku (continuative stem)
たい (stem terminative)
tai (stem terminative)
たい (attributive stem)
tai (attributive stem)
たけれ (hypothetical stem)
takere (hypothetical stem)
たかれ (imperative stem)
takare (imperative stem)
たくない (informal negative)
taku nai (informal negative)
たかった (informal past)
takatta (informal past)
たくなかった (informal negative past)
taku nakatta (informal negative past)
たいです (formal)
tai desu (formal)
たくないです (formal negative)
taku nai desu (formal negative)
たかったです (formal past)
takatta desu (formal past)
たくなかったです (formal negative past)
taku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
たくて (conjunctive)
takute (conjunctive)
たければ (conditional)
takereba (conditional)
たかったら (conditional past)
takattara (conditional past)
たかろう (volitional)
takarō (volitional)
たく (adverbial)
taku (adverbial)
たさ (noun-from-adj)
tasa (noun-from-adj)
たく (irrealis stem)
たから (irrealis stem)
taku (irrealis stem)
takara (irrealis stem)
たく (continuative stem)
たかり (continuative stem)
taku (continuative stem)
takari (continuative stem)
たし (stem terminative)
tasi (stem terminative)
たき (attributive stem)
たかる (attributive stem)
taki (attributive stem)
takaru (attributive stem)
たけれ (realis stem)
takere (realis stem)
たかれ (imperative stem)
takare (imperative stem)
たからず (negative)
takarazu (negative)
たけれど (contrastive)
takeredo (contrastive)
たければ (causative)
takereba (causative)
たくば (conditional)
takuba (conditional)
たかりき (past)
takariki (past)
たかりけり (past)
takarikeri (past)
たく (adverbial)
taku (adverbial)

From たし (-tashi), generally regarded as a shift from Old Japanese いたし (itasi, “painful”), modern 痛い (itai). Appears as a verbal suffix from at least The Tale of the Heike completed before 1330. Replaces previous volitional or desiderative suffix まほし (mahoshi).

読みたいなら貸すよ

If you want to read it, I can lend it to you.

彼は注目されたい

He wants to gain other people's attention.

アイスが食べたい

Used to form the desiderative of verbs: want (to do); hope (to do)

正直者がばかを見ない世の中でありたい

shōjikimono ga baka o minai yo no naka de aritai

I wish in this world the honest people would not suffer losses.

別表を参照されたい

(only with verb ある, である and honorifics) Expressing a wish of the speaker: I hope that; I wish that


ろう

-rō (romanization)
-rau (romanization)
らう (hiragana historical)

でなかろう ― de nakarou ― probably is not (=modern ではないだろう (de wa nai darō))

でなかったろう ― de nakattarō ― probably was not (=modern ではなかっただろう (de wa nakatta darō))

誰であろうとも

よかろう。 ― Yokarō. ― Fine. / Very well. / As you wish. (=modern いいだろう (ii darō))

(inflectional suffix, dated) Forms the conjectural.


はん

半 判 反 汎 版 班 藩 繁 範 煩 凡 漢 飜

(The following entries are uncreated: 版, 範, 煩, 凡, 漢.)

ja-see

1984 February 20 [1983 June 15], Motoka Murakami, “父(と)っちゃが見(み)てるの巻(まき) [Pa’s Watchin’]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], 4th edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 86:

You’re a cruel man! You really are a cruel man, Kunihiko!

鬼や！国彦はんはほんまの鬼やわ！

Oni ya! Kunihiko-han wa honma no oni ya wa!

2005 August 9, Hideaki Sorachi, “第(だい)六(ろく)十(じゅう)五(ご)訓(くん) 外(がい)見(けん)だけで人(ひと)を判(はん)断(だん)しちゃダメ [Lesson 65: Don’t Judge People by Their Looks]”, in 銀(ぎん)魂(たま) [Silver Soul], volume 8 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

土方はんって 二枚目やしクールやし

Hijikata-han tte nimaime yashi kūru yashi

(chiefly Kansai) Kansai form of さん (-san)


やく

焼く 妬く 役 約 益 訳 厄 葯 扼 薬


りん

凛 凜 輪 鱗 厘 鈴 燐 倫 林 臨

(The following entries are uncreated: 厘, 臨.)

ja-see-kango

変ちくりん

ちんちくりん

2015, 長月達平, chapter 1, in Ｒｅ：ゼロから始める異世界生活 3 (MF文庫J), section 7:

「レムりん、見て見て！ この繊細な細工を可能とする技量、今、俺の指先にはまさしく奇跡が宿っている！ イリュージョン！」

“Remu-rin, mite mite! Kono sensai na saiku o kanō to suru giryō, ima, ore no yubisaki ni wa masashiku kiseki ga yadotte-iru! Iryūjon!”

Rem-rin, look, look! Right now, my fingers are miraculously imbued with the skill that makes such fine workmanship possible! The power of illusion!

(informal) A diminutive suffix used to indicate cuteness or endearment.


りん

2019, きまぐれクック, 【値段間違え？】朝市に行ったら１皿１００円の高級魚セットが売ってたから即買い。でもこれほんとに１００円？, spoken by anonymous:

気をつけりんよ！


とく

ja-pos

とく • (-toku) godan (stem とき (-toki), past といた (-toita))

-toku (romanization)
とき (stem)
といた (past)
とか
-toka
とき
-toki
とく
-toku
とけ
-toke
とかれる (passive)
-tokareru (passive)
とかせる (causative)
とかす (causative)
-tokaseru (causative)
-tokasu (causative)
とける (potential)
-tokeru (potential)
とこう (volitional)
-tokō (volitional)
とかない (negative)
-tokanai (negative)
とかず (continuative negative)
-tokazu (continuative negative)
ときます (formal)
-tokimasu (formal)
といた (perfective)
-toita (perfective)
といて (conjunctive)
-toite (conjunctive)
とけば (conditional hypothetical)
-tokeba (conditional hypothetical)


とる

とる • (-toru) godan (stem とり (-tori), past とった (-totta))

-toru (romanization)
とり (stem)
とった (past)
とら
tora
とり
tori
とる
toru
とれ
tore
とられる (passive)
torareru (passive)
とらせる (causative)
とらす (causative)
toraseru (causative)
torasu (causative)
とれる (potential)
toreru (potential)
とろう (volitional)
torō (volitional)
とらない (negative)
toranai (negative)
とらず (continuative negative)
torazu (continuative negative)
とります (formal)
torimasu (formal)
とった (perfective)
totta (perfective)
とって (conjunctive)
totte (conjunctive)
とれば (conditional hypothetical)
toreba (conditional hypothetical)

(informal) Contraction of ておる (-te oru).


どん

(Kagoshima, honorific, dialect) Synonym of さん (-san)


P

From English producer. The VOCALOID sense may have arisen from an extension of the concept of producers in THE IDOLM@STER; both THE IDOLM@STER and VOCALOID were/are popular topics on the Niconico video sharing website.

プロデューサー プロデューサー#Japanese

(entertainment, music) Initialism of プロデューサー (purodyūsā, “producer”).

ささくれP

(more specifically) Used in the names of musicians who produce music featuring VOCALOID or adjacent software.


ちゃん

→ English: -chan

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 醬／酱 (jiàng)

→ Min Nan: chia̋n

→ Korean: 짱 (-jjang)

→ Russian: тян (tjan)

→ Azerbaijani: tyan

→ Vietnamese: chan

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

Variant of personal suffix さん (-san).
First cited to a work from 1813.

シュワちゃん

窓ぎわのトットちゃん

Totto-Chan: The Little Girl at the Window

(familiar or childish, diminutive) title affixed to people's names: -chan

くまちゃんと遊ぶ


当たり

Conjunctive or noun form (連用形) of the verb 当たる.


余り

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 余る (amaru, “to be left over, to be in excess”). Appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Also encountered with geminate reading あんまり (anmari) as an emphatic form for the adjective and adverb uses. This form appears in the 1400s.

二十余りの建物

twenty-odd buildings, twenty-some buildings

used after a numeral to express “a little more than”

はづきとおかあまりいつか


さす

さす • (-sasu) godan (stem さし (-sashi), past さした (-sashita))

-sasu (romanization)
さし (stem)
さした (past)
-ささ (imperfective stem)
-sasa (imperfective stem)
-さし (continuative stem)
-sashi (continuative stem)
-さす (stem terminative)
-sasu (stem terminative)
-さす (attributive stem)
-sasu (attributive stem)
-させ (hypothetical stem)
-sase (hypothetical stem)
-させ (imperative stem)
-sase (imperative stem)
-さそう (volitional)
-sasō (volitional)
-ささない (negative)
-sasanai (negative)
-ささず (continuative negative)
-sasazu (continuative negative)
-さします (formal)
-sashimasu (formal)
-さした (perfective)
-sashita (perfective)
-さして (conjunctive)
sashite (conjunctive)
-させば (conditional hypothetical)
-saseba (conditional hypothetical)

(chiefly dialectal and colloquial) Alternative form of させる (saseru, “causative suffix”)


さす

-sasu (romanization)
させ (irrealis stem)
sase (irrealis stem)
させ (continuative stem)
sase (continuative stem)
さす (stem terminative)
sasu (stem terminative)
さする (attributive stem)
sasuru (attributive stem)
さすれ (realis stem)
sasure (realis stem)
させよ (imperative stem)
saseyo (imperative stem)
させず (negative)
sasezu (negative)
さすれど (contrastive)
sasuredo (contrastive)
さすれば (causative)
sasureba (causative)
させば (conditional)
saseba (conditional)
させき (past)
saseki (past)
させけり (past)
sasekeri (past)
させつ (perfect)
sasetu (perfect)
させぬ (perfect)
sasenu (perfect)
させたり (continuative perfect)
sasetari (continuative perfect)
させむ (volitional)
sasemu (volitional)

刺す 指す 差す 射す 注す 挿す

Classical Japanese form of させる (saseru, “causative suffix”)


ちょ

diminutive suffix indicating a person, intended either endearingly or disparagingly.


まい

舞 幣 枚 毎 真以 麻衣

From earlier まじい (majii), from classical まじ (maji).

いや、そんなことはあるまい。

(literary) will not, is not, is not, cannot be (indicates denial)


まい

行こまい

やろまい

(Aichi, Gifu, Mie, Shizuoka, Nagano, Nagoya, verb suffix) volitive


くらい

-kurai (romanization)
-kurawi (romanization)
くらゐ (hiragana historical)

/kurawi/ → /kurai/
Originally a compound of 座 (kura, “seat, where something is placed”) + 居 (wi, “being, existing in a place”), literally referring to "where one is", and by extension, "status, rank, position; degree". Appears from at least as early as The Tale of Genji (prior to 1021 CE).


らく

From the contraction of final る (ru) in some 連体形(れんたいけい) (rentaikei) forms with earlier 所(あく) (aku).


馬鹿

馬鹿 (canonical)
馬鹿 (canonical)
-baka (romanization)

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
ja:馬鹿

Probably originally a transcription of Sanskrit मोह (moha, “folly”), used as a cant term among monks.
Alternatively, may have arisen from the same root as Old Japanese 痴 (woko, modern oko, “stupidity, ridiculousness”). However, this theory is problematic phonologically, as the /b/ ↔ /w/ shift is difficult to explain.
The characters 馬鹿 (literally “horse + deer”) are ateji (当て字), probably chosen as an allusion to Literary Chinese 指鹿為馬 (“to deliberately misinterpret and invert right and wrong”, literally “to point to a deer and call it a horse”) (see that entry for more).


伝い

線路伝いに歩く。


ます

-masu (romanization)
在せ (imperfective stem)
ませ (imperfective stem)
-mase (imperfective stem)
在し (continuative stem)
まし (continuative stem)
-mashi (continuative stem)
在す (stem terminative)
ます (stem terminative)
-masu (stem terminative)
在す (attributive stem)
ます (attributive stem)
-masu (attributive stem)
在すれ (hypothetical stem)
ますれ (hypothetical stem)
-masure (hypothetical stem)
在せ (imperative stem)
在し (imperative stem)
ませ (imperative stem)
まし (imperative stem)
-mase (imperative stem)
-mashi (imperative stem)
在しょう (volitional)
ましょう (volitional)
-mashō (volitional)
在せん (negative)
ません (negative)
-masen (negative)
在せず (continuative negative)
ませず (continuative negative)
-masezu (continuative negative)
在した (perfective)
ました (perfective)
-mashita (perfective)
在して (conjunctive)
まして (conjunctive)
-mashite (conjunctive)
在すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ますれば (conditional hypothetical)
-masureba (conditional hypothetical)
ませ (irrealis stem)
mase (irrealis stem)
ませ (continuative stem)
mase (continuative stem)
ます (stem terminative)
masu (stem terminative)
まする (attributive stem)
masuru (attributive stem)
ますれ (realis stem)
masure (realis stem)
ませよ (imperative stem)
maseyo (imperative stem)
ませず (negative)
masezu (negative)
ますれど (contrastive)
masuredo (contrastive)
ますれば (causative)
masureba (causative)
ませば (conditional)
maseba (conditional)
ませき (past)
maseki (past)
ませけり (past)
masekeri (past)
ませつ (perfect)
masetu (perfect)
ませぬ (perfect)
masenu (perfect)
ませたり (continuative perfect)
masetari (continuative perfect)
ませむ (volitional)
masemu (volitional)
ませ (irrealis stem)
mase (irrealis stem)
まし (continuative stem)
masi (continuative stem)
ます (stem terminative)
masu (stem terminative)
まする (attributive stem)
masuru (attributive stem)
ますれ (realis stem)
masure (realis stem)
ませよ (imperative stem)
maseyo (imperative stem)
ませず (negative)
masezu (negative)
ますれど (contrastive)
masuredo (contrastive)
ますれば (causative)
masureba (causative)
ませば (conditional)
maseba (conditional)
ましき (past)
masiki (past)
ましけり (past)
masikeri (past)
ましつ (perfect)
masitu (perfect)
ましぬ (perfect)
masinu (perfect)
ませり (continuative perfect)
ましたり (continuative perfect)
maseri (continuative perfect)
masitari (continuative perfect)
ませむ (volitional)
masemu (volitional)
まし
mashi
まする
masuru
ますれ
masure
ませよ (imperative literary)
ましろ (colloquial imperative)
maseyo (imperative literary)
mashiro (colloquial imperative)
まされる (passive)
masareru (passive)
まさせる (causative)
まさす (causative)
masaseru (causative)
masasu (causative)
まできる (potential)
madekiru (potential)
ましよう (volitional)
mashiyō (volitional)
ましない (negative)
mashinai (negative)
ませず (continuative negative)
masezu (continuative negative)
まします (formal)
mashimasu (formal)
ました (perfective)
mashita (perfective)
まして (conjunctive)
mashite (conjunctive)
ますれば (conditional hypothetical)
masureba (conditional hypothetical)

[òsóꜜrèìrìmàsù]

参(まゐ)らす (mairasu) → まらす (marasu) → まっす (massu) → ます (masu)
The -ます ending is generally believed to have come from the Old Japanese auxiliary verb 参(まゐ)らす (mairasu, “to humbly do something for a superior”), with idiomatic use arising from the causative conjugation of 参る (mairu, “to come or go to the place of a social superior”, humble verb; ancient reading mawiru).
The intermediate forms まらす (marasu) and まっす (massu) were valid as both 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō) conjugations and サ行(ぎょう)変(へん)格(かく)活(かつ)用(よう) (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō) conjugations, even though they originally came from a purely 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō) conjugation, leading to constructions off the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei) in the modern paradigm for -ます using the -まし stem.

ja-r

しも に%だん かつ%よう

サ-ぎょう へん%かく かつ%よう

しも に%だん かつ%よう

expresses politeness toward and distance from the listener: vaguely similar to the social context indicated by the usted verb conjugation in Spanish, the vous conjugation in French, or the Sie conjugation in German

(rare, humble) to do; expresses humbleness


法王

法王 (canonical)
-hōō (romanization)
-fofwau (romanization)
ほふわう (hiragana historical)

ダライ・ラマ法王

(religion) a religious Leader (Lit. "King of the Law (Dharma)")


しま

(after a noun or a word indicating a condition) state, appearance

(after a noun) Indicates earliness or haste.


しか

(Classical Japanese) realis form of き (ki, “-ed [past tense indicator]”)


勝つ

ja-pos

勝(か)つ • (-katsu) godan (stem 勝(か)ち (-kachi), past 勝(か)った (-katta))

勝つ (canonical)
-katsu (romanization)
勝ち (stem)
勝った (past)


負ける

負(ま)ける • (-makeru) ichidan (stem 負(ま)け (-make), past 負(ま)けた (-maketa))

負ける (canonical)
-makeru (romanization)
負け (stem)
負けた (past)

From Old Japanese 負く (maku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern, from Proto-Japonic *mak-a-.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

早押しクイズで押し負ける

to lose to someone in a quiz by pressing the buzzer too slow


易い

易(やす)い • (-yasui) -i (adverbial 易(やす)く (-yasuku))

易い (canonical)
-yasui (romanization)
易く (adverbial)
易かろ (imperfective stem)
やすかろ (imperfective stem)
-yasukaro (imperfective)
易く (continuative stem)
やすく (continuative stem)
-yasuku (continuative)
易い (stem terminative)
やすい (stem terminative)
-yasui (terminative)
易い (attributive stem)
やすい (attributive stem)
-yasui (attributive)
易けれ (hypothetical stem)
やすけれ (hypothetical stem)
-yasukere (hypothetical)
易かれ (imperative stem)
やすかれ (imperative stem)
-yasukare (imperative)
易くない (informal negative)
やすくない (informal negative)
-yasuku nai (informal negative)
易かった (informal past)
やすかった (informal past)
-yasukatta (informal past)
易くなかった (informal negative past)
やすくなかった (informal negative past)
-yasuku nakatta (informal negative past)
易いです (formal)
やすいです (formal)
-yasui desu (formal)
易くないです (formal negative)
やすくないです (formal negative)
-yasuku nai desu (formal negative)
易かったです (formal past)
やすかったです (formal past)
-yasukatta desu (formal past)
易くなかったです (formal negative past)
やすくなかったです (formal negative past)
-yasuku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
易くて (conjunctive)
やすくて (conjunctive)
-yasukute (conjunctive)
易ければ (conditional)
やすければ (conditional)
-yasukereba (conditional)
易かったら (conditional past)
やすかったら (conditional past)
-yasukattara (conditional past)
易かろう (volitional)
やすかろう (volitional)
-yasukarō (volitional)
易く (adverbial)
やすく (adverbial)
-yasuku (adverbial)
易さ (noun-from-adj)
やすさ (noun-from-adj)
-yasusa (noun-from-adj)


だらけ

服が泥だらけ！


切り

菜切り包丁

Japanese knife used for cutting vegetables


切り

削ぎ切り

cutting a thin object at a 45 degree angle

袈裟切り

slashing a sword diagonally from the shoulder


先生

From Middle Chinese 先生 (MC sen|senH sraeng|sraengH, literally “born earlier”).

ltc-l

a title used after the name of teachers, doctors, lawyers, or certain other professionals


深い

ja-pos

深(ぶか)い • (-bukai) -i (adverbial 深(ぶか)く (-bukaku))

深い (canonical)
-bukai (romanization)
深く (adverbial)

The fukai changes to bukai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


こそ

From Old Japanese.
Possibly derived from 此 (ko, “this”) + そ (so, Old Japanese emphatic particle).


違い

違い (canonical)
-chigai (romanization)
-tigafi (romanization)
ちがひ (hiragana historical)

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 違(ちが)う (chigau, “to differ”).


好き

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Utsubo Monogatari
ja:宇津保物語

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 好(す)く (suku, “to like, to be fond of, to enjoy, to feel love for”).
First cited to the late 900s in the 宇津保物語 (Utsubo Monogatari).

ja-etym-renyokei

ゲーム好きとして知られている


半分

面白半分

遊び半分

からかい半分


ばら

原, 輩, 儕: suffix for a title, indicating multiple people


主義

→ Chinese: 主義／主义 (zhǔyì)

→ Korean: 주의 (juui)

→ Vietnamese: chủ nghĩa

-ism
Records of the Grand Historian
ja:主義

From Literary Chinese 主義 (zhǔyì), attested in the Records of the Grand Historian


通り

だが、期待通りにはならなかった。

中央通り


どこ

First cited to a 洒落本 (sharebon) text in 1790.
The suffix senses are derived from the rendaku (連濁) form of とこ (-toko), a colloquial stem indicating a circumstance, moment, place, point, and many others.

(attached to nouns, stem forms of verbs, or stems of adjectives) expresses equivalence, worth, etc.: befitting..., deserving..., worthy of...

attached to nouns; or stems of adjectives; attached to nouns; or stems of adjectives

(after a personal pronoun) one's family, home, or household


chang

(Internet slang, cutesy) Alternative spelling of ちゃん (-chan)


心地

/kokoro moti/ → /kokorʉmʉti/ → */kokomʉti/ → /kokot͡ɕi/
Sound shift from 心持ち (kokoromochi, “nature; feeling, mood”).
The kanji spelling is ateji (当て字), borrowed from Chinese 心地 (xīndì).


切る

⟨ki₁ru⟩ → */kjiru/ → /kiru/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kiru. Cognate with Miyako 切 (きぃー, ksïï), Okinawan 切ーん (ちーん, chīn), Yaeyama 切すん (きぃすん, kïsun).

perform an action thoroughly or decisively


しめる

ja-pos

しめる • (-shimeru) ichidan (stem しめ (-shime), past しめた (-shimeta))

-shimeru (romanization)
しめ (stem)
しめた (past)

言わしめる

中心地たらしめる

(archaic) Used to make the causative form of verbs: to make; to let


辛い

辛(づら)い • (-zurai) -i (adverbial 辛(づら)く (-zuraku))

辛い (canonical)
-zurai (romanization)
辛く (adverbial)
辛かろ (imperfective stem)
づらかろ (imperfective stem)
-zurakaro (imperfective)
辛く (continuative stem)
づらく (continuative stem)
-zuraku (continuative)
辛い (stem terminative)
づらい (stem terminative)
-zurai (terminative)
辛い (attributive stem)
づらい (attributive stem)
-zurai (attributive)
辛けれ (hypothetical stem)
づらけれ (hypothetical stem)
-zurakere (hypothetical)
辛かれ (imperative stem)
づらかれ (imperative stem)
-zurakare (imperative)
辛くない (informal negative)
づらくない (informal negative)
-zuraku nai (informal negative)
辛かった (informal past)
づらかった (informal past)
-zurakatta (informal past)
辛くなかった (informal negative past)
づらくなかった (informal negative past)
-zuraku nakatta (informal negative past)
辛いです (formal)
づらいです (formal)
-zurai desu (formal)
辛くないです (formal negative)
づらくないです (formal negative)
-zuraku nai desu (formal negative)
辛かったです (formal past)
づらかったです (formal past)
-zurakatta desu (formal past)
辛くなかったです (formal negative past)
づらくなかったです (formal negative past)
-zuraku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
辛くて (conjunctive)
づらくて (conjunctive)
-zurakute (conjunctive)
辛ければ (conditional)
づらければ (conditional)
-zurakereba (conditional)
辛かったら (conditional past)
づらかったら (conditional past)
-zurakattara (conditional past)
辛かろう (volitional)
づらかろう (volitional)
-zurakarō (volitional)
辛く (adverbial)
づらく (adverbial)
-zuraku (adverbial)
辛さ (noun-from-adj)
づらさ (noun-from-adj)
-zurasa (noun-from-adj)

The tsurai changes to zurai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

一様に文字が小さく読みづらかったため

ichiyō ni moji ga chīsaku yomizurakatta tame

since the characters were uniformly small and hard to read

一見しただけじゃわかり辛いが


っぽい

-ppoi (romanization)
っぽかろ (imperfective stem)
ppokaro (imperfective stem)
っぽく (continuative stem)
ppoku (continuative stem)
っぽい (stem terminative)
ppoi (stem terminative)
っぽい (attributive stem)
ppoi (attributive stem)
っぽけれ (hypothetical stem)
ppokere (hypothetical stem)
っぽかれ (imperative stem)
ppokare (imperative stem)
っぽくない (informal negative)
ppoku nai (informal negative)
っぽかった (informal past)
ppokatta (informal past)
っぽくなかった (informal negative past)
ppoku nakatta (informal negative past)
っぽいです (formal)
ppoi desu (formal)
っぽくないです (formal negative)
ppoku nai desu (formal negative)
っぽかったです (formal past)
ppokatta desu (formal past)
っぽくなかったです (formal negative past)
ppoku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
っぽくて (conjunctive)
ppokute (conjunctive)
っぽければ (conditional)
ppokereba (conditional)
っぽかったら (conditional past)
ppokattara (conditional past)
っぽかろう (volitional)
ppokarō (volitional)
っぽく (adverbial)
ppoku (adverbial)
っぽさ (noun-from-adj)
pposa (noun-from-adj)

Emphasis of earlier form ぽい (poi), in turn apparently an Edo-period shift from 多い (ōi, “many, much, lots of”), based on earlier kana spelling おほい.

子供っぽい

彼女の目は緑っぽい色です。

レトロっぽい

フュージョンっぽい


暮らし

life; living; livelihood; life circumstances


たる

たる • (-taru) godan (stem たり (-tari), past たった (-tatta))

-taru (romanization)
たり (-tari stem)
たった (past)

(verb suffix, Kansai) Contraction of てやる (-te yaru).