ズ

Humorous borrowing from the English -s plural marker.

1996, Mariko Tanaka, Takarazuka Tankentai ga Iku, →ISBN:

[…]自分たちのことを心配してくれたその感激のほうが大きかったらしく、その高校生ズはますますジュンコさんにハマってしまったそうだ。

[…] Jibun tachi no koto o shinpai shite kureta sono kangeki no hō ga ōkikatta rashiku, sono kōkōseizu wa masumasu junko san ni hamatte shimatta sōda.


勝ち

ja-pos

勝(が)ち • (-gachi) -na (adnominal 勝(が)ちな (-gachi na), adverbial 勝(が)ちに (-gachi ni))

勝ち (canonical)
-gachi (romanization)
勝ちな (adnominal)
勝ちに (adverbial)

○○な人がやりがちな事


放題

放(ほう)題(だい) • (-hōdai) ^(←はうだい (-faudai)?)

放題 (canonical)
-hōdai (romanization)
-faudai (romanization)
はうだい (hiragana historical)

飲み放題

食べ放題

as much as one would like; all you can...


得る

得る (canonical)
-uru (romanization)
得 (imperfective stem)
え (imperfective stem)
e (imperfective stem)
得 (continuative stem)
え (continuative stem)
e (continuative stem)
得る (stem terminative)
うる (stem terminative)
uru (stem terminative)
得る (attributive stem)
うる (attributive stem)
uru (attributive stem)
得れ (hypothetical stem)
うれ (hypothetical stem)
ure (hypothetical stem)
得よ (imperative stem)
得ろ (imperative stem)
えよ (imperative stem)
えろ (imperative stem)
eyo (imperative stem)
ero (imperative stem)
得られる (passive)
えられる (passive)
erareru (passive)
得させる (causative)
得さす (causative)
えさせる (causative)
えさす (causative)
esaseru (causative)
esasu (causative)
得られる (potential)
得れる (potential)
えられる (potential)
えれる (potential)
erareru (potential)
ereru (potential)
得よう (volitional)
えよう (volitional)
eyō (volitional)
得ない (negative)
得ぬ (negative)
得ん (negative)
えない (negative)
えぬ (negative)
えん (negative)
enai (negative)
enu (negative)
en (negative)
得ず (continuative negative)
えず (continuative negative)
ezu (continuative negative)
得ます (formal)
えます (formal)
emasu (formal)
得た (perfective)
えた (perfective)
eta (perfective)
得て (conjunctive)
えて (conjunctive)
ete (conjunctive)
得れば (conditional hypothetical)
うれば (conditional hypothetical)
ureba (conditional hypothetical)
得 (irrealis stem)
え (irrealis stem)
e (irrealis)
得 (continuative stem)
え (continuative stem)
e (continuative)
得 (stem terminative)
う (stem terminative)
u (terminative)
得る (attributive stem)
うる (attributive stem)
uru (attributive)
得れ (realis stem)
うれ (realis stem)
ure (realis)
得よ (imperative stem)
えよ (imperative stem)
eyo (imperative)
得ず (negative)
えず (negative)
ezu (negative)
得れど (contrastive)
うれど (contrastive)
uredo (contrastive)
得れば (causative)
うれば (causative)
ureba (causative)
得ば (conditional)
えば (conditional)
eba (conditional)
得き (past)
えき (past)
eki (past)
得けり (past)
えけり (past)
ekeri (past)
得つ (perfect)
えつ (perfect)
etu (perfect)
得ぬ (perfect)
えぬ (perfect)
enu (perfect)
得たり (continuative perfect)
えたり (continuative perfect)
etari (continuative perfect)
得む (volitional)
えむ (volitional)
emu (volitional)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.

出来得る限り吾輩を入れてくれた主人の傍にいる事をつとめた。

Dekiuru kagiri wagahai o irete kureta shujin no soba ni iru koto o tsutometa.

I tried to be at the side of the master who let me in as much as possible.


出す

出(だ)す • (-dasu) godan (stem 出(だ)し (-dashi), past 出(だ)した (-dashita))

出す (canonical)
-dasu (romanization)
出し (stem)
出した (past)
出さ
ださ
dasa
出し
だし
dashi
出す
だす
dasu
出せ
だせ
dase
出される (passive)
だされる (passive)
dasareru (passive)
出させる (causative)
出さす (causative)
ださせる (causative)
ださす (causative)
dasaseru (causative)
dasasu (causative)
出せる (potential)
だせる (potential)
daseru (potential)
出そう (volitional)
だそう (volitional)
dasō (volitional)
出さない (negative)
ださない (negative)
dasanai (negative)
出さず (continuative negative)
ださず (continuative negative)
dasazu (continuative negative)
出します (formal)
だします (formal)
dashimasu (formal)
出した (perfective)
だした (perfective)
dashita (perfective)
出して (conjunctive)
だして (conjunctive)
dashite (conjunctive)
出せば (conditional hypothetical)
だせば (conditional hypothetical)
daseba (conditional hypothetical)
出さ (irrealis stem)
いださ (irrealis stem)
idasa (irrealis)
出し (continuative stem)
いだし (continuative stem)
idasi (continuative)
出す (stem terminative)
いだす (stem terminative)
idasu (terminative)
出す (attributive stem)
いだす (attributive stem)
idasu (attributive)
出せ (realis stem)
いだせ (realis stem)
idase (realis)
出せ (imperative stem)
いだせ (imperative stem)
idase (imperative)
出さず (negative)
いださず (negative)
idasazu (negative)
出せど (contrastive)
いだせど (contrastive)
idasedo (contrastive)
出せば (causative)
いだせば (causative)
idaseba (causative)
出さば (conditional)
いださば (conditional)
idasaba (conditional)
出しき (past)
いだしき (past)
idasiki (past)
出しけり (past)
いだしけり (past)
idasikeri (past)
出しつ (perfect)
いだしつ (perfect)
idasitu (perfect)
出しぬ (perfect)
いだしぬ (perfect)
idasinu (perfect)
出せり (continuative perfect)
出したり (continuative perfect)
いだせり (continuative perfect)
いだしたり (continuative perfect)
idaseri (continuative perfect)
idasitari (continuative perfect)
出さむ (volitional)
いださむ (volitional)
idasamu (volitional)

From Old Japanese いだす (idasu), the causative form of 出づ (idu) Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *intasu.
First cited to the Man'yōshū of circa 759 CE.

動き出す

飛び出す


抜く

抜く (canonical)
-nuku (romanization)
抜か
ぬか
nuka
抜き
ぬき
nuki
抜く
ぬく
nuku
抜け
ぬけ
nuke
抜かれる (passive)
ぬかれる (passive)
nukareru (passive)
抜かせる (causative)
抜かす (causative)
ぬかせる (causative)
ぬかす (causative)
nukaseru (causative)
nukasu (causative)
抜ける (potential)
ぬける (potential)
nukeru (potential)
抜こう (volitional)
ぬこう (volitional)
nukō (volitional)
抜かない (negative)
ぬかない (negative)
nukanai (negative)
抜かず (continuative negative)
ぬかず (continuative negative)
nukazu (continuative negative)
抜きます (formal)
ぬきます (formal)
nukimasu (formal)
抜いた (perfective)
ぬいた (perfective)
nuita (perfective)
抜いて (conjunctive)
ぬいて (conjunctive)
nuite (conjunctive)
抜けば (conditional hypothetical)
ぬけば (conditional hypothetical)
nukeba (conditional hypothetical)
抜か (irrealis stem)
ぬか (irrealis stem)
nuka (irrealis)
抜き (continuative stem)
ぬき (continuative stem)
nuki (continuative)
抜く (stem terminative)
ぬく (stem terminative)
nuku (terminative)
抜く (attributive stem)
ぬく (attributive stem)
nuku (attributive)
抜け (realis stem)
ぬけ (realis stem)
nuke (realis)
抜け (imperative stem)
ぬけ (imperative stem)
nuke (imperative)
抜かず (negative)
ぬかず (negative)
nukazu (negative)
抜けど (contrastive)
ぬけど (contrastive)
nukedo (contrastive)
抜けば (causative)
ぬけば (causative)
nukeba (causative)
抜かば (conditional)
ぬかば (conditional)
nukaba (conditional)
抜きき (past)
ぬきき (past)
nukiki (past)
抜きけり (past)
ぬきけり (past)
nukikeri (past)
抜きつ (perfect)
ぬきつ (perfect)
nukitu (perfect)
抜きぬ (perfect)
ぬきぬ (perfect)
nukinu (perfect)
抜けり (continuative perfect)
抜きたり (continuative perfect)
ぬけり (continuative perfect)
ぬきたり (continuative perfect)
nukeri (continuative perfect)
nukitari (continuative perfect)
抜かむ (volitional)
ぬかむ (volitional)
nukamu (volitional)

to do (something) all the way to the end, to carry through


ません

From ませぬ (masenu), from まらせぬ (marasenu), from まゐらせぬ (mairasenu), the negative form of 参(まゐ)らす (mairasu, “to do, to give, to offer”). Negative -ぬ (nu) regularly contracts to -ん (n).

ja-r

出来る (dekiru, “to be able”) → 出来ます (dekimasu, “to be able”, formal) → 出来ません (dekimasen, “to be unable”, formal)

A suffix used to form the polite negative present of a verb. The negative form of the polite suffix -ます (-masu).


ません

From ませむ (masemu), from まらせむ (marasemu), from まゐらせむ (mairasemu), the volitional form of 参(まゐ)らす (mairasu, “to do, to give, to offer”). Classical volitional auxiliary -む (mu) regularly contracts to -ん (n).
The same root also serves as a basis for modern ましょう (mashō), from ませう (maseu), based off of an alternative regular contraction of classical volitional auxiliary -む (mu) to -う (u).

(archaic, Edo period) A suffix used to form the polite volitional of a verb. The volitional form of the polite suffix -ます (-masu).


付ける

[t͡sɨke̞ɾɯ̟]

From Old Japanese 付く (tuku), following 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

打付ける

butsukeru, buttsukeru, uchitsukeru, buchitsukeru

perform an action vigorously, perform an action vehemently


付ける

[t͡sɨke̞ɾɯ̟]


そびれる

ja-verb

そびれる • (sobireru) ichidan (stem そびれ (sobire), past そびれた (sobireta))

sobireru (romanization)
そびれ (stem)
そびれた (past)
そびれ
sobire
そびれる
sobireru
そびれれ
sobirere
そびれよ (imperative literary)
そびれろ (colloquial imperative)
sobireyo (imperative literary)
sobirero (colloquial imperative)
そびれられる (passive)
sobirerareru (passive)
そびれさせる (causative)
そびれさす (causative)
sobiresaseru (causative)
sobiresasu (causative)
そびれられる (potential)
そびれれる (colloquial potential)
sobirerareru (potential)
sobirereru (colloquial potential)
そびれよう (volitional)
sobireyō (volitional)
そびれない (negative)
そびれぬ (negative)
そびれん (negative)
sobirenai (negative)
sobirenu (negative)
sobiren (negative)
そびれず (continuative negative)
sobirezu (continuative negative)
そびれます (formal)
sobiremasu (formal)
そびれた (perfective)
sobireta (perfective)
そびれて (conjunctive)
sobirete (conjunctive)
そびれれば (conditional hypothetical)
sobirereba (conditional hypothetical)

to lose the chance to do, to miss or have had no opportunity to do


疲れる

ja-pos

疲(つか)れる • (-tsukareru) ichidan (stem 疲(つか)れ (-tsukare), past 疲(つか)れた (-tsukareta))

疲れる (canonical)
-tsukareru (romanization)
疲れ (stem)
疲れた (past)
疲れ
つかれ
tsukare
疲れる
つかれる
tsukareru
疲れれ
つかれれ
tsukarere
疲れよ (imperative literary)
疲れろ (colloquial imperative)
つかれよ (imperative literary)
つかれろ (colloquial imperative)
tsukareyo (imperative literary)
tsukarero (colloquial imperative)
疲れられる (passive)
つかれられる (passive)
tsukarerareru (passive)
疲れさせる (causative)
疲れさす (causative)
つかれさせる (causative)
つかれさす (causative)
tsukaresaseru (causative)
tsukaresasu (causative)
疲れられる (potential)
疲れれる (colloquial potential)
つかれられる (potential)
つかれれる (colloquial potential)
tsukarerareru (potential)
tsukarereru (colloquial potential)
疲れよう (volitional)
つかれよう (volitional)
tsukareyō (volitional)
疲れない (negative)
疲れぬ (negative)
疲れん (negative)
つかれない (negative)
つかれぬ (negative)
つかれん (negative)
tsukarenai (negative)
tsukarenu (negative)
tsukaren (negative)
疲れず (continuative negative)
つかれず (continuative negative)
tsukarezu (continuative negative)
疲れます (formal)
つかれます (formal)
tsukaremasu (formal)
疲れた (perfective)
つかれた (perfective)
tsukareta (perfective)
疲れて (conjunctive)
つかれて (conjunctive)
tsukarete (conjunctive)
疲れれば (conditional hypothetical)
つかれれば (conditional hypothetical)
tsukarereba (conditional hypothetical)

[t͡sɨka̠ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]


続く

続(つづ)く • (-tsuzuku) godan (stem 続(つづ)き (-tsuzuki), past 続(つづ)いた (-tsuzuita))

続く (canonical)
-tsuzuku (romanization)
続き (stem)
続いた (past)
続か
つづか
tsuzuka
続き
つづき
tsuzuki
続く
つづく
tsuzuku
続け
つづけ
tsuzuke
続かれる (passive)
つづかれる (passive)
tsuzukareru (passive)
続かせる (causative)
続かす (causative)
つづかせる (causative)
つづかす (causative)
tsuzukaseru (causative)
tsuzukasu (causative)
続ける (potential)
つづける (potential)
tsuzukeru (potential)
続こう (volitional)
つづこう (volitional)
tsuzukō (volitional)
続かない (negative)
つづかない (negative)
tsuzukanai (negative)
続かず (continuative negative)
つづかず (continuative negative)
tsuzukazu (continuative negative)
続きます (formal)
つづきます (formal)
tsuzukimasu (formal)
続いた (perfective)
つづいた (perfective)
tsuzuita (perfective)
続いて (conjunctive)
つづいて (conjunctive)
tsuzuite (conjunctive)
続けば (conditional hypothetical)
つづけば (conditional hypothetical)
tsuzukeba (conditional hypothetical)
続か (irrealis stem)
つづか (irrealis stem)
tuduka (irrealis)
続き (continuative stem)
つづき (continuative stem)
tuduki (continuative)
続く (stem terminative)
つづく (stem terminative)
tuduku (terminative)
続く (attributive stem)
つづく (attributive stem)
tuduku (attributive)
続け (realis stem)
つづけ (realis stem)
tuduke (realis)
続け (imperative stem)
つづけ (imperative stem)
tuduke (imperative)
続かず (negative)
つづかず (negative)
tudukazu (negative)
続けど (contrastive)
つづけど (contrastive)
tudukedo (contrastive)
続けば (causative)
つづけば (causative)
tudukeba (causative)
続かば (conditional)
つづかば (conditional)
tudukaba (conditional)
続きき (past)
つづきき (past)
tudukiki (past)
続きけり (past)
つづきけり (past)
tudukikeri (past)
続きつ (perfect)
つづきつ (perfect)
tudukitu (perfect)
続きぬ (perfect)
つづきぬ (perfect)
tudukinu (perfect)
続けり (continuative perfect)
続きたり (continuative perfect)
つづけり (continuative perfect)
つづきたり (continuative perfect)
tudukeri (continuative perfect)
tudukitari (continuative perfect)
続かむ (volitional)
つづかむ (volitional)
tudukamu (volitional)

⟨tutuku⟩ → /t͡sut͡suku/ → /t͡sud͡zuku/ → /t͡suzuku/
From Old Japanese 續く (tutuku), with the shift to voicing of the second tsu developing around the Middle Japanese stage.
Cognate with 綴る (tsuzuru, “to spell, write”).


らしい

らしい • (-rashii) -i (adverbial らしく (-rashiku))

-rashii (romanization)
らしく (adverbial)
らしかろ (imperfective stem)
-rashikaro (imperfective)
らしく (continuative stem)
-rashiku (continuative)
らしい (stem terminative)
-rashii (terminative)
らしい (attributive stem)
-rashii (attributive)
らしけれ (hypothetical stem)
-rashikere (hypothetical)
らしかれ (imperative stem)
-rashikare (imperative)
らしくない (informal negative)
-rashiku nai (informal negative)
らしかった (informal past)
-rashikatta (informal past)
らしくなかった (informal negative past)
-rashiku nakatta (informal negative past)
らしいです (formal)
-rashii desu (formal)
らしくないです (formal negative)
-rashiku nai desu (formal negative)
らしかったです (formal past)
-rashikatta desu (formal past)
らしくなかったです (formal negative past)
-rashiku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
らしくて (conjunctive)
-rashikute (conjunctive)
らしければ (conditional)
-rashikereba (conditional)
らしかったら (conditional past)
-rashikattara (conditional past)
らしかろう (volitional)
-rashikarō (volitional)
らしく (adverbial)
-rashiku (adverbial)
らしさ (noun-from-adj)
-rashisa (noun-from-adj)
らしく (irrealis stem)
らしから (irrealis stem)
-rasiku (irrealis stem)
-rasikara (irrealis stem)
らしく (continuative stem)
らしかり (continuative stem)
-rasiku (continuative stem)
-rasikari (continuative stem)
らし (stem terminative)
-rasi (stem terminative)
らしき (attributive stem)
らしかる (attributive stem)
-rasiki (attributive stem)
-rasikaru (attributive stem)
らしけれ (realis stem)
-rasikere (realis stem)
らしかれ (imperative stem)
-rasikare (imperative stem)
らしからず (negative)
-rasikarazu (negative)
らしけれど (contrastive)
-rasikeredo (contrastive)
らしければ (causative)
-rasikereba (causative)
らしくば (conditional)
-rasikuba (conditional)
らしかりき (past)
-rasikariki (past)
らしかりけり (past)
-rasikarikeri (past)
らしく (adverbial)
-rasiku (adverbial)

男 (otoko, “man”) - 男らしい (otokorashii, “manly”)

汚い (kitanai, “dirty”) - 汚らしい (kitanarashii, “looking dirty”)

大人らしくするつもりだったのに、大騒ぎしてしまった。

Otonarashiku suru tsumori datta no ni, ōsawagi shite shimatta.

Despite the fact that I planned to act like an adult, I ended up making a big ruckus.

2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第(だい)63話(わ) 幼(おさな)い記(き)憶(おく) [Chapter 63: Childish Memories]”, in 東(とう)京(きょう)アンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, pages 109–110:

It’s nice to have you be ladylike every once in a while. But it’s much better to have you be yourself every time you think about Ruri!

たまには女の子らしいお前もいいけど ルリの事考えてるお前が一番お前らしいと思ってな！

Tama ni wa onna no ko rashii o-mae mo ii kedo Ruri no koto kangaeteru o-mae ga ichiban o-mae rashii to omotte na!

(after nouns, adverbs or adjective stems)

to be like or equivalent to; to be perceived as

愛 (ai, “love”) - 愛らしい (airashii, “lovable”)


てしまう

そして彼は死んでしまいました。

indicates that something undesirable was done or happened


てる

てる • (-teru) ichidan (stem て (-te), past てた (-teta))

-teru (romanization)
て (stem)
てた (past)
て
te
てる
teru
てれ
tere
てよ (imperative literary)
てろ (colloquial imperative)
teyo (imperative literary)
tero (colloquial imperative)
てられる (passive)
terareru (passive)
てさせる (causative)
てさす (causative)
tesaseru (causative)
tesasu (causative)
てられる (potential)
てれる (colloquial potential)
terareru (potential)
tereru (colloquial potential)
てよう (volitional)
teyō (volitional)
てない (negative)
てぬ (negative)
てん (negative)
tenai (negative)
tenu (negative)
ten (negative)
てず (continuative negative)
tezu (continuative negative)
てます (formal)
temasu (formal)
てた (perfective)
teta (perfective)
てて (conjunctive)
tete (conjunctive)
てれば (conditional hypothetical)
tereba (conditional hypothetical)

待ってる

(colloquial) Contraction of ている (-te iru).


ちゃう

Contraction of 〜てしまう (-te shimau).
/-te ɕimau/ → /-t͡ɕimau/ → /-t͡ɕau/


右衛門

右衛門 (canonical)
-emon (romanization)
-wemon (romanization)
ゑもん (hiragana historical)

五右衛門 (“Goemon”)

源五右衛門 (“Gengoemon”)

数右衛門 (“Kazuemon”)


尽くす

From Old Japanese [script needed] (tukusu). Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, spelled phonetically in man'yōgana as 都久須.

言い尽くす

2005, “エージェント夜(よる)を往(い)く (Ējento yoru o iku) [Agent goes in the night]”, in LindaAI-CUE [LindaAI-CUE] (lyrics), THE IDOLM@STER (THE IDOLM@STER) [THE IDOLM@STER]:

Melt me away,
with your exclusive techniques

anata dake ga tsukaeru tekunikku de
tokashitsukushite

あなただけが使えるテクニックで
溶かしつくして

to do to exhaustion, to do something completely


嫌い

嫌い (canonical)
-girai (romanization)
-girafi (romanization)
ぎらひ (hiragana historical)

/kiraɸi/ → /kirawi/ → /kirai/
The 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 嫌う (kirau, “to detest, dislike, hate”).


太郎

太郎 (canonical)
-tarō (romanization)
-tarau (romanization)
たらう (hiragana historical)

Appears to be a coinage within Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 太 (ta, “fat; great”) + 郎 (rō, “boy”).
Initially used as a given name for an eldest son.
Attested since at least the early 900s.

健太郎、慎太郎、陽太郎、小太郎


振る

振(ぶ)る • (-buru) godan (stem 振(ぶ)り (-buri), past 振(ぶ)った (-butta))

振る (canonical)
-buru (romanization)
振り (stem)
振った (past)
振ら
ぶら
-bura
振り
ぶり
-buri
振る
ぶる
-buru
振れ
ぶれ
-bure
振られる (passive)
ぶられる (passive)
-burareru (passive)
振らせる (causative)
振らす (causative)
ぶらせる (causative)
ぶらす (causative)
-buraseru (causative)
-burasu (causative)
振れる (potential)
ぶれる (potential)
-bureru (potential)
振ろう (volitional)
ぶろう (volitional)
-burō (volitional)
振らない (negative)
ぶらない (negative)
-buranai (negative)
振らず (continuative negative)
ぶらず (continuative negative)
-burazu (continuative negative)
振ります (formal)
ぶります (formal)
-burimasu (formal)
振った (perfective)
ぶった (perfective)
-butta (perfective)
振って (conjunctive)
ぶって (conjunctive)
-butte (conjunctive)
振れば (conditional hypothetical)
ぶれば (conditional hypothetical)
-bureba (conditional hypothetical)

かわいこぶる

assuming the air of, acting like it (when one is not)


未遂

殺人未遂事件の被害者です。


沢山

[ta̠kɯ̟̊sã̠ɴ]

First appears in The Tale of the Heike (c. late 12th century).
Origin unknown, kanji spelling appears to be phonetic ateji (当て字)


いで

(Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the negative conjunctive, equivalent to modern ないで (-naide).


倒す

ja-verb

倒(たお)す • (taosu) ^(←たふす (tafusu)?)godan (stem 倒(たお)し (taoshi), past 倒(たお)した (taoshita))

倒す (canonical)
taosu (romanization)
tafusu (romanization)
倒し (stem)
倒した (past)

ふざけ倒す


掛ける

掛ける (canonical)
-kakeru (romanization)
掛け
かけ
kake
掛ける
かける
kakeru
掛けれ
かけれ
kakere
掛けよ (imperative literary)
掛けろ (colloquial imperative)
かけよ (imperative literary)
かけろ (colloquial imperative)
kakeyo (imperative literary)
kakero (colloquial imperative)
掛けられる (passive)
かけられる (passive)
kakerareru (passive)
掛けさせる (causative)
掛けさす (causative)
かけさせる (causative)
かけさす (causative)
kakesaseru (causative)
kakesasu (causative)
掛けられる (potential)
掛けれる (colloquial potential)
かけられる (potential)
かけれる (colloquial potential)
kakerareru (potential)
kakereru (colloquial potential)
掛けよう (volitional)
かけよう (volitional)
kakeyō (volitional)
掛けない (negative)
掛けぬ (negative)
掛けん (negative)
かけない (negative)
かけぬ (negative)
かけん (negative)
kakenai (negative)
kakenu (negative)
kaken (negative)
掛けず (continuative negative)
かけず (continuative negative)
kakezu (continuative negative)
掛けます (formal)
かけます (formal)
kakemasu (formal)
掛けた (perfective)
かけた (perfective)
kaketa (perfective)
掛けて (conjunctive)
かけて (conjunctive)
kakete (conjunctive)
掛ければ (conditional hypothetical)
かければ (conditional hypothetical)
kakereba (conditional hypothetical)

From Old Japanese 掛く (kaku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

座る

to sit in general, including on the floor

老人が私に突然話しかけた。

Rōjin ga watashi ni totsuzen hanashikaketa.

to address someone, to direct, to do (something to someone)

言いかけてやめる

長編を読みかける

in the middle of, to begin (not complete)


れる

ja-pos

れる • (-reru) ichidan (stem れ (-re), past れた (-reta))

-reru (romanization)
れ (stem)
れた (past)
れ (imperfective stem)
-re (imperfective stem)
れ (continuative stem)
-re (continuative stem)
れる (stem terminative)
-reru (stem terminative)
れる (attributive stem)
-reru (attributive stem)
れれ (hypothetical stem)
-rere (hypothetical stem)
れよ (imperative literary stem)
れろ (colloquial imperative stem)
-reyo (imperative literary stem)
-rero (colloquial imperative stem)
れよう (volitional)
-reyō (volitional)
れない (negative)
れぬ (negative)
れん (negative)
-renai (negative)
-renu (negative)
-ren (negative)
れず (continuative negative)
-rezu (continuative negative)
れます (formal)
-remasu (formal)
れた (perfective)
-reta (perfective)
れて (conjunctive)
-rete (conjunctive)
れれば (conditional hypothetical)
-rereba (conditional hypothetical)

From Early Middle Japanese る (ru), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) and attached to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”), ナ行変格活用 (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “n-irregular conjugation”), and ラ行変格活用 (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “r-irregular conjugation”) verbs; from Proto-Japonic *-(a)ru.
During the later stages of the language, as with other shimo nidan verbs, the original 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) る (ru) was gradually lost as the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) るる (ruru) came to be used for both functions, realigning the conjugations. The suffix came to be also used with さ (sa), the new 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) verbs. Finally, the conjugation type of the suffix shifted to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”), making the modern form れる (reru).

相手の選手に押されたら、押し返せ！

If you are pushed by opponent players, push them in return!

永眠されました

私たちの先生は、五分位で戻られると思います。

Watashitachi no sensei wa, go fun gurai de modorareru to omoimasu.

I/We think that our teacher will be back in about five minutes.

天皇陛下が皇居にお戻りになられる。

Tennō Heika ga Kōkyo ni o-modori ni narareru.

His Imperial Majesty would be back to the Imperial Palace.

by extension of the indirect sense of the passive, used to add a light honorific sense to verbs

(archaic, now colloquial) forms a potential verb from an active one: to be able to [verb]


ばり

-bari (romanization)
ばり (hiragana historical)

店員ばりに


られる

られる • (-rareru) ichidan (stem られ (-rare), past られた (-rareta))

-rareru (romanization)
られ (stem)
られた (past)
られ (imperfective stem)
-rare (imperfective stem)
られ (continuative stem)
-rare (continuative stem)
られる (stem terminative)
-rareru (stem terminative)
られる (attributive stem)
-rareru (attributive stem)
られれ (hypothetical stem)
-rarere (hypothetical stem)
られよ (imperative literary stem)
られろ (colloquial imperative stem)
-rareyo (imperative literary stem)
-rarero (colloquial imperative stem)
られよう (volitional)
-rareyō (volitional)
られない (negative)
られぬ (negative)
られん (negative)
-rarenai (negative)
-rarenu (negative)
-raren (negative)
られず (continuative negative)
-rarezu (continuative negative)
られます (formal)
-raremasu (formal)
られた (perfective)
-rareta (perfective)
られて (conjunctive)
-rarete (conjunctive)
られれば (conditional hypothetical)
-rarereba (conditional hypothetical)

From Classical Japanese らる (raru), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) and attached to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of monograde, bigrade, カ行変格活用 (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “k-irregular conjugation”), and サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) verbs.
As with other shimo nidan verbs, the original 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) らる (raru) was gradually lost as the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) らるる (raruru) came to be used for both functions, realigning the conjugations, and the conjugation type shifted to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”), making the modern form られる (rareru).
Some linguists suggest that られる is a variant of れる, where a reduplicative "r" is added to avoid vowel clusters. (e.g. 食べる + れる → *tabe- + *-are- → *tabeare- + *taberare- → 食べられる)

昨日先生に褒められた。

このキノコは食べられますか。


でる

でる • (-deru) ichidan (stem で (-de), past でた (-deta))

(colloquial) Contraction of でいる (-deiru).


意欲

創作意欲


ラー

Ultimately from English -er, as a reanalysis of the suffix from シャネラー (shanerā, “a "Chaneler": someone who loves Chanel”), shifting from the expected ā from English -er, to also include the consonant as rā, in accordance with Japanese phonological rules.

マヨラー


つもり

The continuative form of 積(つ)もる (tsumoru, “to intend”).

行く積もりだ。

私は彼に電話するつもりだ。

Watashi wa kare ni denwa suru tsumori da.

(After the past form of a verb) convicted to, believe to


可き

Alternative spelling of べき (“should, must”)


なさい

From 為さる (nasaru, honorific for する suru, “to do”), derived from 為す (nasu, “to do”).

よく聞きなさい！

ここに名前を書きなさい。

あの猫を見なさい。

(informal) combines with the verb stem to create an imperative as a kind of strong request


マン

お金大好きマン


難い

難(がた)い • (-gatai) -i (adverbial 難(がた)く (-gataku))

難い (canonical)
-gatai (romanization)
難く (adverbial)
難かろ (imperfective stem)
がたかろ (imperfective stem)
-gatakaro (imperfective)
難く (continuative stem)
がたく (continuative stem)
-gataku (continuative)
難い (stem terminative)
がたい (stem terminative)
-gatai (terminative)
難い (attributive stem)
がたい (attributive stem)
-gatai (attributive)
難けれ (hypothetical stem)
がたけれ (hypothetical stem)
-gatakere (hypothetical)
難かれ (imperative stem)
がたかれ (imperative stem)
-gatakare (imperative)
難くない (informal negative)
がたくない (informal negative)
-gataku nai (informal negative)
難かった (informal past)
がたかった (informal past)
-gatakatta (informal past)
難くなかった (informal negative past)
がたくなかった (informal negative past)
-gataku nakatta (informal negative past)
難いです (formal)
がたいです (formal)
-gatai desu (formal)
難くないです (formal negative)
がたくないです (formal negative)
-gataku nai desu (formal negative)
難かったです (formal past)
がたかったです (formal past)
-gatakatta desu (formal past)
難くなかったです (formal negative past)
がたくなかったです (formal negative past)
-gataku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
難くて (conjunctive)
がたくて (conjunctive)
-gatakute (conjunctive)
難ければ (conditional)
がたければ (conditional)
-gatakereba (conditional)
難かったら (conditional past)
がたかったら (conditional past)
-gatakattara (conditional past)
難かろう (volitional)
がたかろう (volitional)
-gatakarō (volitional)
難く (adverbial)
がたく (adverbial)
-gataku (adverbial)
難さ (noun-from-adj)
がたさ (noun-from-adj)
-gatasa (noun-from-adj)

Shift in pronunciation from katai above, as this term became more of a fused suffix than an independent term. The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action.

年頃よく比べつる人人なむ、別れ難く思ひて、日しきりに、とかくしつつ、ののしるうちに、夜更けぬ。

Those who were close for many years found it difficult to part, and while boisterously getting things done all day, the night deepened.

Toshigoro yoku kurabetsuru hitobito namu, wakaregataku omoite, hi shikiri ni, tokaku shitsutsu, nonoshiru uchi ni, yo fukenu.


難い

難(にく)い • (-nikui) -i (adverbial 難(にく)く (-nikuku))

難い (canonical)
-nikui (romanization)
難く (adverbial)
難かろ (imperfective stem)
にくかろ (imperfective stem)
-nikukaro (imperfective)
難く (continuative stem)
にくく (continuative stem)
-nikuku (continuative)
難い (stem terminative)
にくい (stem terminative)
-nikui (terminative)
難い (attributive stem)
にくい (attributive stem)
-nikui (attributive)
難けれ (hypothetical stem)
にくけれ (hypothetical stem)
-nikukere (hypothetical)
難かれ (imperative stem)
にくかれ (imperative stem)
-nikukare (imperative)
難くない (informal negative)
にくくない (informal negative)
-nikuku nai (informal negative)
難かった (informal past)
にくかった (informal past)
-nikukatta (informal past)
難くなかった (informal negative past)
にくくなかった (informal negative past)
-nikuku nakatta (informal negative past)
難いです (formal)
にくいです (formal)
-nikui desu (formal)
難くないです (formal negative)
にくくないです (formal negative)
-nikuku nai desu (formal negative)
難かったです (formal past)
にくかったです (formal past)
-nikukatta desu (formal past)
難くなかったです (formal negative past)
にくくなかったです (formal negative past)
-nikuku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
難くて (conjunctive)
にくくて (conjunctive)
-nikukute (conjunctive)
難ければ (conditional)
にくければ (conditional)
-nikukereba (conditional)
難かったら (conditional past)
にくかったら (conditional past)
-nikukattara (conditional past)
難かろう (volitional)
にくかろう (volitional)
-nikukarō (volitional)
難く (adverbial)
にくく (adverbial)
-nikuku (adverbial)
難さ (noun-from-adj)
にくさ (noun-from-adj)
-nikusa (noun-from-adj)

Derived as the suffixization of Old Japanese adjective 憎い (nikui, “disagreeable, dislikeable”, modern “hateful, abominable”). Cognate with 憎む (nikumu, “to hate”).

difficult or hard to do (emphasis on the disagreeability of performing the action)


Reinterpretation of the ligature ㌠ as さん (-san, title used after person's name) + チーム (chīmu, “team”).


思い

思い (canonical)
-omoi (romanization)
-omofi (romanization)
おもひ (hiragana historical)

omopi > omoɸi > omowi > omoi. The nominalized form of the verb 思う (omou). While not etymologically related, in the historical spelling, the final ひ was often associated with homophonous 火 (hi, “fire”), i.e. "emotions as hot as fire".

友達思い


気味

天然気味の人

キレ気味で言う

放置気味

having or tending to have a certain trait


たれ

hypothetical form (仮定形) and imperative form (命令形) of たり (tari) [r-irregular]


くそ

circa 947-957, Yamato Monogatari (#138):
こやくしくそといひける人、ある人をよばひてをこせたりける、

「いで、主殿のくそ。あづま、取りて」

(archaic, possibly obsolete) a suffix attached to a person's name


切れ

Nominative form of 切(き)れる (kireru, “be cut off, be injured”).


切れる

飲み切れますか？

死んでも死に切れぬ: I can't die and leave things this way


くさい

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 logographically as 臰, and in the Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki of 794 as 久佐之. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kusa. Cognate with 糞(くそ) (kuso, “feces, arse, shit”) and 腐(くさ)る (kusaru, “to rot”).

鉄臭い

ジジ臭い

昭和臭い

(negatively) very much like; conceptually similar to

面倒臭い

(with a quasi-adjective stem) an intensifier


三昧

From Middle Chinese 三昧, from Sanskrit समाधि (samādhi).

(figuratively) doing something to one's heart's content


出づ

出づ (canonical)
-izu (romanization)
-idu (romanization)
いづ (hiragana historical)

⟨idu⟩ → /id͡zu/ → /izu//idu//id͡zu/
From Old Japanese.
The further shift of dzu to zu is attested for most modern Japanese dialects; see Yotsugana on Wikipedia.

(archaic, suffixed to the stem or continuative form of a verb) to appear to be doing (something)


しい

-shii (romanization)
しかろ (imperfective stem)
-shikaro (imperfective)
しく (continuative stem)
-shiku (continuative)
しい (stem terminative)
-shii (terminative)
しい (attributive stem)
-shii (attributive)
しけれ (hypothetical stem)
-shikere (hypothetical)
しかれ (imperative stem)
-shikare (imperative)
しくない (informal negative)
-shiku nai (informal negative)
しかった (informal past)
-shikatta (informal past)
しくなかった (informal negative past)
-shiku nakatta (informal negative past)
しいです (formal)
-shii desu (formal)
しくないです (formal negative)
-shiku nai desu (formal negative)
しかったです (formal past)
-shikatta desu (formal past)
しくなかったです (formal negative past)
-shiku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
しくて (conjunctive)
-shikute (conjunctive)
しければ (conditional)
-shikereba (conditional)
しかったら (conditional past)
-shikattara (conditional past)
しかろう (volitional)
-shikarō (volitional)
しく (adverbial)
-shiku (adverbial)
しさ (noun-from-adj)
-shisa (noun-from-adj)
【椎】S
Alternative spelling
シイ
For a list of all kanji read as しい
【志】5
: [proper noun] a female given name
For a list of all kanji read as しい

⟨siki₁⟩ → /sikʲi/ → /ɕiki/ → */ɕiɡi/ → */ɕiɣi/ → */ɕiji/ → /ɕi.i/
Developed from しき (-shiki), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of adjectival suffix し (-shi).

from nouns: 大人 (otona, “adult”) + しい (shii) → おとなしい (otonashii, “quiet, gentle”)

from verbs: 急ぐ (isogu, “to rush, hurry”) + しい (shii) → 忙しい (isogashii, “busy”)

from Japanese original reduplications: 水 (mizu, “water”) + 水 (mizu) + しい (shii) → 瑞々しい (mizumizushii, “fresh, juicy”)

from reduplications of Chinese origins: 騒 (sō, “noise”) + 騒 (sō) + しい (shii) → 騒々しい (sōzōshii, “noisy”)

used to form adjectives from nouns, reduplications, or the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verbs; an adjective derived by this suffix implies a thorough and certain possession of the quality of the suffixed term:


めく

ja-pos

めく • (-meku) godan (stem めき (-meki), past めいた (-meita))

-meku (romanization)
めき (stem)
めいた (past)
めか
meka
めき
meki
めく
meku
めけ
meke
めかれる (passive)
mekareru (passive)
めかせる (causative)
めかす (causative)
mekaseru (causative)
mekasu (causative)
めける (potential)
mekeru (potential)
めこう (volitional)
mekō (volitional)
めかない (negative)
mekanai (negative)
めかず (continuative negative)
mekazu (continuative negative)
めきます (formal)
mekimasu (formal)
めいた (perfective)
meita (perfective)
めいて (conjunctive)
meite (conjunctive)
めけば (conditional hypothetical)
mekeba (conditional hypothetical)

Ultimate derivation unknown. Possibly related to suffix む (-mu, “to seem like, to look like, to behave like”) and derivative める (-meru, “to make something seem like, look like, behave like”); compare also 目 (me, “eye”).
The suffix is first attested in the Tosa Nikki of 935. Use as a standalone verb appears much later in works from the early 1800s.
Etymological theories
Some etymological theories were proposed by some sources:
* The Wa-kun no Shiyori and Daigenkai derive this from 見来 (mie-ku, literally “to come seen”).
* The Myōgoki derives this from a shift of miekeku, miekemu, or misekemu, without any further context.
* The Wa-kun no Shiyori derives this from 向く (muku, “to face”).
* The Meigentsū derives this from 見る (miru, “to see”).

ja-r

to show signs of, to have the appearance of, to look like, to seem like


加減

入り加減の湯


回り

回り (canonical)
-mawari (romanization)
-mafari (romanization)
まはり (hiragana historical)

[ma̠β̞a̠ɾʲi]

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 回(まわ)る (mawaru, “to turn, spin”).

ja-etym-renyokei

一回り小さいサイズ

高崎回り塩尻行き

二回り年上の上司

boss who is two duodecinnia older / 24 years older

duodecennium, a period of twelve years, referring to the 12 zodiac animals that can be someone's birth year


引き

２割引き


ちぎる

ja-pos

ちぎる • (-chigiru) godan (stem ちぎり (-chigiri), past ちぎった (-chigitta))

-chigiru (romanization)
ちぎり (stem)
ちぎった (past)
ちぎら
chigira
ちぎり
chigiri
ちぎる
chigiru
ちぎれ
chigire
ちぎられる (passive)
chigirareru (passive)
ちぎらせる (causative)
ちぎらす (causative)
chigiraseru (causative)
chigirasu (causative)
ちぎれる (potential)
chigireru (potential)
ちぎろう (volitional)
chigirō (volitional)
ちぎらない (negative)
chigiranai (negative)
ちぎらず (continuative negative)
chigirazu (continuative negative)
ちぎります (formal)
chigirimasu (formal)
ちぎった (perfective)
chigitta (perfective)
ちぎって (conjunctive)
chigitte (conjunctive)
ちぎれば (conditional hypothetical)
chigireba (conditional hypothetical)

ほめる (homeru) + ちぎる (-chigiru) → ほめちぎる (homechigiru)

(after verb stems, forming a verb) greatly


立て

立て (canonical)
-tate (romanization)
立て (canonical)
-date (romanization)

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 立(た)てる (tateru).

ja-etym-renyokei

生まれたての子猫

焼き立てのパン

搗き立て餅

(appended to continuative verbs) just (done)

the number of movies or plays in a program


得ない

ja-pos

得(え)ない • (-enai) -i (adverbial 得(え)なく (-enaku))

得ない (canonical)
-enai (romanization)
得なく (adverbial)
得なかろ (imperfective stem)
えなかろ (imperfective stem)
-enakaro (imperfective)
得なく (continuative stem)
えなく (continuative stem)
-enaku (continuative)
得ない (stem terminative)
えない (stem terminative)
-enai (terminative)
得ない (attributive stem)
えない (attributive stem)
-enai (attributive)
得なけれ (hypothetical stem)
えなけれ (hypothetical stem)
-enakere (hypothetical)
得なかれ (imperative stem)
えなかれ (imperative stem)
-enakare (imperative)
得なくない (informal negative)
えなくない (informal negative)
-enaku nai (informal negative)
得なかった (informal past)
えなかった (informal past)
-enakatta (informal past)
得なくなかった (informal negative past)
えなくなかった (informal negative past)
-enaku nakatta (informal negative past)
得ないです (formal)
えないです (formal)
-enai desu (formal)
得なくないです (formal negative)
えなくないです (formal negative)
-enaku nai desu (formal negative)
得なかったです (formal past)
えなかったです (formal past)
-enakatta desu (formal past)
得なくなかったです (formal negative past)
えなくなかったです (formal negative past)
-enaku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
得なくて (conjunctive)
えなくて (conjunctive)
-enakute (conjunctive)
得なければ (conditional)
えなければ (conditional)
-enakereba (conditional)
得なかったら (conditional past)
えなかったら (conditional past)
-enakattara (conditional past)
得なかろう (volitional)
えなかろう (volitional)
-enakarō (volitional)
得なく (adverbial)
えなく (adverbial)
-enaku (adverbial)
得なさ (noun-from-adj)
えなさ (noun-from-adj)
-enasa (noun-from-adj)


交わす

交(か)わす • (-kawasu) ^(←かはす (-kafasu)?)godan (stem 交(か)わし (-kawashi), past 交(か)わした (-kawashita))

交わす (canonical)
-kawasu (romanization)
-kafasu (romanization)
交わし (stem)
交わした (past)


うじ

-uji (romanization)
-udi (romanization)
うぢ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese うぢ (udi, “clan”), from Proto-Japonic *Onti. Found in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE.

(historical, honorific) a clan (added after the clan name as an honorific)


染みる

染(じ)みる • (-jimiru) ichidan (stem 染(じ)み (-jimi), past 染(じ)みた (-jimita))

染みる (canonical)
-jimiru (romanization)
染み (stem)
染みた (past)

From Old Japanese 染む (“to dye”).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.


甲斐

甲斐 (canonical)
-gai (romanization)
-gafi (romanization)
がひ (hiragana historical)

Shift from 甲斐 (kai). The kai changes to gai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First attested in a text from 1797.

生きがいのある人生を送る

value, reward, avail, being fruitful or worth doing


沿い

国道沿い


便り

イタリア便り

news from, information from, tidings of or from


ファン

野球ファン

映画ファン

fan, an enthusiast (of a performer etc.)


諸国

イスラム諸国


がる

-garu (romanization)
がら
～がら
~gara
がり
～がり
~gari
がる
～がる
~garu
がれ
～がれ
~gare
がられる (passive)
～がられる (passive)
~garareru (passive)
がらせる (causative)
がらす (causative)
～がらせる (causative)
～がらす (causative)
~garaseru (causative)
~garasu (causative)
がれる (potential)
～がれる (potential)
~gareru (potential)
がろう (volitional)
～がろう (volitional)
~garō (volitional)
がらない (negative)
～がらない (negative)
~garanai (negative)
がらず (continuative negative)
～がらず (continuative negative)
~garazu (continuative negative)
がります (formal)
～がります (formal)
~garimasu (formal)
がった (perfective)
～がった (perfective)
~gatta (perfective)
がって (conjunctive)
～がって (conjunctive)
~gatte (conjunctive)
がれば (conditional hypothetical)
～がれば (conditional hypothetical)
~gareba (conditional hypothetical)

恥ずかしがらないで、前に出てきてください。

Hazukashigaranai de, mae ni detekite kudasai.

Please don't be shy (don't act all shy) and come up here.

1928, Motojirō Kajii, Sakura no ki no shita ni wa [Under the cherry trees], Modern kanji and kana edition:

俺を不安がらせた神秘

to behave or act as if feeling in a certain way

今から強がっても無駄だ。

There's no point in acting like a tough guy now.

会(あ)いたい (aitai, “want to meet sb.”) → 会(あ)いたがる (aitagaru, “act as if wanting to meet sb.”)

重(ちょう)宝(ほう) (chōhō, “a treasure; convenient”) → 重(ちょう)宝(ほう)がる (chōhō-garu, “to value as a treasure; to value as convenient”)


離れ

テレビ離れ

disillusionment with, loss of interest in


掛け

掛け (canonical)
-kake (romanization)
掛け (canonical)
-gake (romanization)

技術の国際標準化を働きかけ、競争力の確保を図ることにしています。

国際標準化 こくさいひょうじゅんか

競争力 きょうそうりょく

Gijutsu no kokusai hyōjunka o hataraki-kake, kyōsōryoku no kakuho o hakaru koto ni shiteimasu.

In the midst of the work of forming international standards, they are making plans to ensure our competitive power.


代わり

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾʲi]

Nominative form of 代わる (kawaru, “substitute”)

携帯を住所録代わりにする。

Use a cell phone as an address book substitute.


つけ

-tsuke (romanization)
-tuke (romanization)
つけ (hiragana historical)

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 付(つ)ける (tsukeru, “attach; affix”).

ja-etym-renyokei

行き付け

favorite, preferred, regular place to go


付き

Nominative form of 付(つ)く (tsuku, “attached to”)

紐付き

conditions, strings attached, restriction

見付き

appearance, front of a structural member

紋付き: clothing decorated with one's family crest

羽根付き

Japanese badminton, battledore and shuttlecock

ケア付き住宅

accommodation facilities for disabled and aged people

部屋付きの親方

sumo coach associated with another coach

CD 付き


っぷり

クズっぷり


返す

ja-pos

返(かえ)す • (-kaesu) ^(←かへす (-kafesu)?)godan (stem 返(かえ)し (-kaeshi), past 返(かえ)した (-kaeshita))

返す (canonical)
-kaesu (romanization)
-kafesu (romanization)
返し (stem)
返した (past)


たて

All semantically derived from stem noun form tate of verb 立てる (tateru, “to stand something up, to set something up”), from verb 立つ (tatsu, “to stand, to be established, to be situated”).


初め

From the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 初(そ)める (someru, “an action begins or is begun; such an action or its result continues for a long time”, auxiliary verb attaching to another verb in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”)), in turn likely cognate with 染める (someru, “to dye something”, when used as an auxiliary, “to do something deeply or thoroughly”).

ja-r

auxiliary verb attaching to another verb in the <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”)

ja-etym-renyokei

for the first time, typically in the current year

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

書き初め

the first calligraphy written at the beginning of a year


んち

佐藤んち

俺んち


んち

一日

三月十七んち


兼ねる

ja-pos

兼(か)ねる • (-kaneru) ichidan (stem 兼(か)ね (-kane), past 兼(か)ねた (-kaneta))

兼ねる (canonical)
-kaneru (romanization)
兼ね (stem)
兼ねた (past)

ケガ・事故等の責任は一切負いかねます。

Kega jiko nado no sekinin wa issai oi-kanemasu.

We will not bear any responsibility for any injuries or accidents.

より深刻な事態を招きかねません。

Yori shinkoku na jitai o maneki-kanemasen.

It may further lead to a more serious consequence.

2019, 京アニ放火 確保の男「小説盗んだから放火」 一方的な恨みか, in 毎日新聞 https://mainichi.jp/articles/20190719/k00/00m/040/116000c
「本当に殺されかねないと恐怖を感じた。」
“Hontō ni korosarekanenai to kyōfu o kanjita.”
"I thought that he might really kill me. I was terrified."

find it difficult to do, be unable to do


捲る

do something energetically, relentlessly


チック

From English -ic in words ending in "-tic" like romantic.

乙女チックラブコメ

洋楽チックな曲

(colloquial) -tic, -ish (makes an adjectival noun)


ありき

From あり (ari, “to exist”) + き (-ki, “-ed”, past tense).

ja-compound

技術は高度だが…「ドライバーありき」と自動運転には保守的なトヨタ

Gijutsu wa kōdo da ga…“doraibā-ariki” to jidō unten ni wa hoshuteki na Toyota

Toyota, though having high technology, is conservative about autonomous cars, without questioning the existence of drivers and their interest.

priority whose existence is never questioned


揚げ

-fry, a food made by frying the noun in oil


さま

→ Ainu: サマ (sama)

→ English: -sama

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 樣／样 (yàng)

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of さ (sa, “that”, pronominal indicating a person, place, thing, or direction in the middle distance) + ま (ma, “likeness, way, similarity”, suffix indicating a quality).

compound

吉田様が来られました。

(honorific) polite personal suffix: honorable, Mr., Ms.

ご苦労様。

(honorific) attaching to nouns or other nominals: a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula です (desu)

逆様、横様

attaching to specific nouns or other nominals: that way, that direction

(archaic) attaching to verbs: just as (indicating the specific time when the verb is happening)

座り様

attaching to verbs: the way of doing something, how one does something (often undergoes rendaku, changing -sama to -zama)


帰り

帰り (canonical)
-gaeri (romanization)
-gaferi (romanization)
がへり (hiragana historical)

Nominalization of the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 帰(かえ)る (kaeru, “to return”).

ja-etym-renyokei

学校帰りにコンビニに寄る

to visit the corner store on one's way back from school


べし

-beshi (romanization)
べから (imperfective stem)
bekara (imperfective stem)
べく (continuative stem)
beku (continuative stem)
べし (stem terminative)
beshi (stem terminative)
べき (attributive stem)
べかる (attributive stem)
beki (attributive stem)
bekaru (attributive stem)
べけれ (hypothetical stem)
bekere (hypothetical stem)
べきじゃない (informal negative)
beki ja nai (informal negative)
べきだった (informal past)
beki datta (informal past)
べきじゃなかった (informal negative past)
beki ja nakatta (informal negative past)
べきです (formal)
beki desu (formal)
べきではありません (formal negative)
beki de wa arimasen (formal negative)
べきでした (formal past)
beki deshita (formal past)
べきではありませんでした (formal negative past)
beki de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
べく (conjunctive)
べくて (conjunctive)
beku (conjunctive)
bekute (conjunctive)
べきだったら (conditional)
beki dattara (conditional)
べければ (conditional past)
bekereba (conditional past)
べきだろう (volitional)
べきでしょう (volitional)
beki darō (volitional)
beki deshō (volitional)
べく (adverbial)
beku (adverbial)
べく (irrealis stem)
べから (irrealis stem)
beku (irrealis stem)
bekara (irrealis stem)
べく (continuative stem)
べかり (continuative stem)
beku (continuative stem)
bekari (continuative stem)
べし (stem terminative)
besi (stem terminative)
べき (attributive stem)
べかる (attributive stem)
beki (attributive stem)
bekaru (attributive stem)
べけれ (realis stem)
bekere (realis stem)
べかれ (imperative stem)
bekare (imperative stem)
べからず (negative)
bekarazu (negative)
べけれど (contrastive)
bekeredo (contrastive)
べければ (causative)
bekereba (causative)
べくば (conditional)
bekuba (conditional)
べかりき (past)
bekariki (past)
べかりけり (past)
bekarikeri (past)
べく (adverbial)
beku (adverbial)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

地方路線のいくつかはやがて廃止されるべき運命にある。

Chihō rosen no ikutsuka wa yagate haishisarerubeki unmei ni aru.

Some of the local railways will soon be abolished.

(attaching to terminal form) must, shall

この件については君が責任をとるべきだ。

Kono ken ni tsuite wa kimi ga sekinin o torubeki da.

明日は八時までに出勤すべし。

Ashita wa hachiji made ni shukkin-subeshi.

You should work until eight o'clock tomorrow.

英語は声を出して読むべきだ。

来年の博覧会開催に間に合わせるべく、突貫工事が行われている。

Rainen no hakurankai kaisai ni ma ni awaseru beku, tokkan kōji ga okonawareteiru.

In order to hold the exhibition in time next year, hasty construction is underway.


無し

Classical terminal form of the modern adjective 無(な)い (nai).

ルールなし

『西部戦線異状なし』

There are no abnormalities on the Western Front (the Japanese title of All Quiet on the Western Front)

-less, without ..., not having or not being that thing


ちゃま

(childish) honorific suffix: Synonym of 様 (-sama)


民国

From last part in 大(だい)韓(かん)民(みん)国(こく) (Daikan Minkoku, “the Republic of Korea”).

ja-r

^だい%かん% ^みん%こく

[mʲĩŋko̞kɯ̟]

大阪民国

川崎民国

(Internet slang, derogatory, offensive, with place name) suffix that indicates many 在(ざい)日(にち) (zainichi) live in the area


ふぜい

風情: similar to, like, type or kind of thing; (derogatory) the likes of ... (particularly when appended to a person's name)


風情

Probably from Middle Chinese compound 風情 (MC pjuwng dzjeng). Compare modern Chinese 風情／风情 (fēngqíng).
The reading uses the older goon of fu for 風 and the newer kan'on of sei for 情, suggesting either that this term underwent changes after importation into Japanese, or that it may have been re-imported.

(derogatory) the likes of ... (particularly when appended to a person's name)


なり

なり (continuative stem)
nari (continuative stem)
なり (stem terminative)
nari (stem terminative)
なる (attributive stem)
naru (attributive stem)
なれ (realis stem)
nare (realis stem)

From Old Japanese なり (nari).
Thought to be a contraction of 音 (na, the bound apophonic form of 音 (ne), "sound") + あり (ari, “to be”).

com

the bound apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">音</i> (ne), "sound"

c. 935, 土佐日記
男もすなる日記といふものを、女もしてみむとて、するなり。
Otoko mo sunaru nikki to ifu mono o, onna mo shite mimu tote, suru nari.
The so-called diaries that men are said to write - now, a woman will try her hand at writing one.

(Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating hearsay or conjecture based on what is heard: it sounds like; it is said that


だて

立て: especially; counter for horses, oars and movies


なきゃ

Contraction of なければ（ならない） (nakereba (naranai), literally “will not allow (something) to not happen”).

もう行かなきゃ。

勉強しなきゃ試験に受からない。

If you don’t study, you will fail the exam.


なくちゃ

Contraction of なくては（ならない） (nakute wa (naranai)).

もう行かなくちゃ。

勉強しなくちゃ試験に受からない。


まり

Clipping of 余り (amari), an archaism used to join Old Japanese numerals, e.g. as 十(とお)まり一(ひと)つ ― tō mari hitotsu ― eleven (literally, “ten and one”).

furigana

十(とお)まり一(ひと)つ

ux

(archaic) Synonym of 余り, used to connect numerals: and


〼

Used phonetically as shorthand for the masu polite verb ending, by homophony of 枡 (masu) and the suffix ます (masu).

alternative typography of ます: the polite verb ending

〆

Japanese ligatures and scribal abbreviations

ヽ 〱 ()

iteration mark for katakana; iteration mark for multiple kana


ざり

-zari (romanization)
ざら (irrealis stem)
zara (irrealis stem)
ざり (continuative stem)
zari (continuative stem)
ざり (stem terminative)
zari (stem terminative)
ざる (attributive stem)
zaru (attributive stem)
ざれ (realis stem)
zare (realis stem)
ざれ (imperative stem)
zare (imperative stem)
ざらず (negative)
zarazu (negative)
ざれど (contrastive)
zaredo (contrastive)
ざれば (causative)
zareba (causative)
ざらば (conditional)
zaraba (conditional)
ざりき (past)
zariki (past)
ざりけり (past)
zarikeri (past)
ざりつ (perfect)
zaritu (perfect)
ざりぬ (perfect)
zarinu (perfect)
ざりたり (continuative perfect)
zaritari (continuative perfect)
ざらむ (volitional)
zaramu (volitional)

Contraction of ず (zu, negative continuative auxiliary) + あり (ari, “to be, to exist”).


っす

知ってるっす。

俺のもんっす。

すぐ来るっすよ。

(colloquial, informal) informal polite marker, attaching to the non-polite form at the end of a sentence, ruder than regular polite forms です (desu) and ます (-masu)


向け

高齢者向け住宅

成人向け漫画

for (directed at, intended to belong to)


っこない

彼にはわかりっこない


年生

一年生


けり

-keri (romanization)
けら (irrealis stem)
kera (irrealis stem)
けり (continuative stem)
keri (continuative stem)
けり (stem terminative)
keri (stem terminative)
ける (attributive stem)
keru (attributive stem)
けれ (realis stem)
kere (realis stem)
けれ (imperative stem)
kere (imperative stem)
けらず (negative)
kerazu (negative)
けれど (contrastive)
keredo (contrastive)
ければ (causative)
kereba (causative)
けらば (conditional)
keraba (conditional)
けりき (past)
keriki (past)
けりけり (past)
kerikeri (past)
けりつ (perfect)
keritu (perfect)
けりぬ (perfect)
kerinu (perfect)
けりたり (continuative perfect)
keritari (continuative perfect)
けらむ (volitional)
keramu (volitional)

⟨ki₁ ari⟩ → ⟨ke₁ri⟩ → */kʲeri/ → /keri/
From Old Japanese けり (ke₁ri).
Contraction of 来 (ki, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 来 (ku), modern 来る (kuru), “to come”) + あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki, the Old Japanese and classical Japanese verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) + あり (ari, “to be”).
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki) as a possible root, this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 来 (ki) derivation seems more likely.
The “ending” sense is an extension of the first suffix sense because it is often used at the end of a poem.

com

c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
今は昔竹取の翁といふものありけり
ima wa mukashi taketori no okina to iu mono arikeri
Long ago there was an old man who cut bamboo.

(Classical Japanese) indicating past tense: -ed

ふるさととなりにし奈良の都にも色はかはらず花は咲きけり

furusato to narinishi Nara no miyako ni mo iro wa kawarazu hana wa sakikeri

Even in the capital of Nara, now an older town, the flowers bloomed just as colorfully, didn't they.

(Classical Japanese) indicating the speaker has just realized something


振り

/puri/ → /furi/
From Old Japanese.
The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 振(ふ)る (furu, “to swing”).

ja-ryk

一週間ぶりですね。

三ヶ月ぶりに日本へ来る

10年ぶりの最新版

latest version after a lapse of 10 years

いつぶりの休日

話しぶり、飲みっぷり


なう

なう (canonical)
ナウ (canonical)
-nau (romanization)

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from now. Said to originate on Twitter.

pseudo-loan

電話なう

ロンドンなう


なう

ja-pos

なう • (-nau) godan (stem ない (-nai), past なった (-natta))

-nau (romanization)
ない (stem)
なった (past)


日和

Thought to be derived from 日 (hi, “sun”) + 寄り (yori, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 寄る (yoru), “to draw near”).
The use of 和 for "calm" is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

com

散歩日和

(figurative) perfect weather for an activity


かぶれ

気触れ: -ized, thoroughly affecting the manner of the suffixed noun


気触れ

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 気触(かぶ)れる (kabureru, “to break out in a rash; to be influenced by, to be under the influence of something”).

ja-etym-renyokei

ジャズ気触れ、洋風気触れ

-ized, thoroughly affecting the manner of the suffixed noun


ごっこ

1781 Karai Senryū, Senryū hyō mankuawase [Comprehensive criticism of verse]. Quoted in 国語大辞典（新装版） [Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition] (1988, in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan.
しなの迄かわりごっこにおぶっさり
Shinano made kawari-gokko ni obussari
until we reach Shinano we take turns riding on each other’s back

(archaic) alternately, doing the same action in turns

狩りごっこ

探偵ごっこをする


ンゴ

2ch
Domingo Guzmán
Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles
ja:ドミンゴ・グスマン#選手としての特徴・人物

Derived in 2008 from the name of Domingo Guzmán, who was a pitcher for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. Born on 2ch's baseball board.

2014, 谷川ニコ [Nico Tanigawa], “喪55 [Fail 55]”, in 私がモテないのはどう考えてもお前らが悪い！ [No Matter How I Look at It, It's You Guys' Fault I'm Not Popular!], ガンガンONLINE [Gangan Online]:

今年こそ彼女欲しいンゴ（震え声）

kotoshi koso kanojo hoshii ngo (furuegoe)

(2channel slang, Internet slang) A suffix attached to the end of sentences to humorously impart a sense of misfortune/bad luck/failure on the part of the speaker.

ピョンチャン五輪の開会式まで、あと22日しかないンゴ。

2018, NHKニュース (“NHK NEWS”), https://twitter.com/nhk_news/status/953771432462479360

Just 22 days until the opening ceremony of the PyeongChang Olympics-ngo.

Pyonchan Gorin no kaikaishiki made, ato nijūni-nichi shika nai ngo.

2021, 9m34s from the start, in ゾンビランドサガ リベンジ, episode 6:

迎えに来たンゴ

(Internet slang) A simple sentence suffix used for its euphony.


MAX

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from max

pseudo-loan

女子力MAX

緊張感MAXに達する


仕舞い

仕舞い (canonical)
-jimai (romanization)
-zimafi (romanization)
じまひ (hiragana historical)

From the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 仕舞う (shimau, “to end, to finish”).

店じまい

行かずじまいだった

2009, “恋はきっと急上昇☆”, のぼる↑ (lyrics):

お菓子作りに 挑戦しても
いつも焦がして 渡せずじまい

okashi-tsukuri ni chōsen shite mo
itsumo kogashite watasezu jimai

Even if I try my hand at making sweets,
I always end up burning them and never give them to you

to end; to end up (not having done something)


交う

ja-pos

交(か)う • (-kau) godan (stem 交(か)い (-kai), past 交(か)った (-katta))

交う (canonical)
-kau (romanization)
交い (stem)
交った (past)
交わ
かわ
kawa
交い
かい
kai
交う
かう
kau
交え
かえ
kae
交われる (passive)
かわれる (passive)
kawareru (passive)
交わせる (causative)
交わす (causative)
かわせる (causative)
かわす (causative)
kawaseru (causative)
kawasu (causative)
交える (potential)
かえる (potential)
kaeru (potential)
交おう (volitional)
かおう (volitional)
kaō (volitional)
交わない (negative)
かわない (negative)
kawanai (negative)
交わず (continuative negative)
かわず (continuative negative)
kawazu (continuative negative)
交います (formal)
かいます (formal)
kaimasu (formal)
交った (perfective)
かった (perfective)
katta (perfective)
交って (conjunctive)
かって (conjunctive)
katte (conjunctive)
交えば (conditional hypothetical)
かえば (conditional hypothetical)
kaeba (conditional hypothetical)

(suffix, attached to the -i form of verbs) together, past each other


イズム

福田イズムというのはですよ、よく御承知のように、道路ばかり造るという御意向じゃないんですよ。

Fukuda-ism is, as you are well aware, not all about ordering to build roads.

Fukuda izumu toiu no wa desuyo, yoku goshōchi no yōni, dōro bakari tsukuru toiu goikō janain desu yo.


あて

学校あてに本を送る

佐藤さんあての手紙

1914, 矢島吉造, 『日米の石油業』
左に一九一一年に於ける各国灯油消費量及一人当て消費量を表示す
hidari ni senkyūhyakujūichi nen ni okeru kakkoku tōyu shōhiryō oyobi hitori ate shōhiryō o hyōji su
Next we show the volume of lamp oil consumed in total and per capita in each country in 1911.

一九一一年 せんきゅうひゃくじゅういちねん

各国灯油消費量及一人 かっこくとうゆしょうひりょうおよびひとり


損なう

損(そこ)なう • (-sokonau) ^(←そこなふ (-sokonafu)?)godan (stem 損(そこ)ない (-sokonai), past 損(そこ)なった (-sokonatta))

損なう (canonical)
-sokonau (romanization)
-sokonafu (romanization)
損ない (stem)
損なった (past)


たった

2018 September 23, 江鳥さくら, “第1話”, in いろいろいろごと:

寝顔撮ったった
今晩のおかずどす

took a picture of you sleeping
gonna use it tonight

地震のニュースあったじゃん？被災地で略奪が起きたっていうデマ流したった！！

Jishin no nyūsu atta jan? Hisaichi de ryakudatsu ga okita tte iu dema nagashitatta!!

The news said that there was an earthquake, right? I spread false rumors that lootings were happening in the area!

(Internet slang, humorous) Verb suffix for past actions.


使い

使い (canonical)
-tsukai (romanization)
-tukafi (romanization)
つかひ (hiragana historical)

Continuative form of 使う (tsukau, “to use”)

2000 March 1, “美(うつく)しき魔(ま)物(もの)使(つか)い [Beautiful Devil-Tamer]”, in BOOSTER 7, Konami:

A rarely-seen woman who tames devils. They submit to her whipping.

珍しい女性の魔物使い。ムチを手にすると、性格が変わる。

Mezurashii josei no mamonotsukai. Muchi o te ni suru to, seikaku ga kawaru.

2000 March 1, “地獄の魔物使い(モンスター・テイマー) [Monster Tamer]”, in BOOSTER 7, Konami:

A monster tamer who attacks by manipulating monsters as he likes.

モンスターを自在に操り攻撃してくる、モンスター使い。

Monsutā o jizai ni ayatsuri kōgeki shite kuru, monsutā tsukai.

2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第(だい)61(ろくじゅういち)話(わ) 愛(いと)しきものの為(もの)に [Chapter 61: All for Our Loved Ones]”, in 東京アンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Enix, →ISBN, page 59:

Wake up, brother Wind Master! You’ll catch a cold if you keep sleeping like this

起きてよ 風使いのにーちゃん！こんなことで寝てるとカゼひいちゃうよ

Okite yo Kazetsukai no nī-chan! Konna koto de neteru to kaze hiichau yo

What kinda weak-ass Wind Master are you?

不甲斐無いな風使い

-er; -ist; -ator; -mancer (user; manipulator; tamer)


損ねる

損ねる (canonical)
-sokoneru (romanization)


狭間

桶狭間: a place in the south of Midori-ku, Nagoya

田楽狭間: a place in the south of Midori-ku, Nagoya

(in place names) interstice; passage between


ねぇ

切ない (setsunai) - 切ねぇ (setsunē)

Alternative form of ない (-nai, “having that quality”)

分からない (wakaranai) - 分からねぇ (wakaranē)


満々

自信満々

遊ぶ気満々


左衛門

左(ざ)衛(え)門(もん) • (-zaemon) ^(←ざゑもん (-zawemon)?)

左衛門 (canonical)
-zaemon (romanization)
-zawemon (romanization)
ざゑもん (hiragana historical)

藤左衛門 ― Tōzaemon ― Tōzaemon

十郎左衛門 ― Jūrōzaemon ― Jūrōzaemon


乗り

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 乗(の)る (noru).

ja-etym-renyokei

4人乗りの車


けむ

-kemu (romanization)
けま (irrealis stem)
kema (irrealis stem)
けむ (stem terminative)
けん (stem terminative)
kemu (stem terminative)
ken (stem terminative)
けむ (attributive stem)
けん (attributive stem)
kemu (attributive stem)
ken (attributive stem)
けめ (realis stem)
keme (realis stem)

ja-conj-bungo

けま?The irrealis form of けま (kema) is only found in Old Japanese as part of the suffix けまく (kemaku).

Alexander Vovin
Daijisen
Heian period
Kojiki
Man'yōshū
Nara period
ja:松村明

⟨ke₁mu⟩ → */kʲemu/ → /kemu/
From Old Japanese けむ. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759 and earlier.
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation of this auxiliary verb suffix.
* Compound of け (ke, a hypothetical 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (ki), usually found instead as せ (se)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).
: The ke conjugation for past-recollective き (ki) is only hypothetically considered to be the irrealis form. This ke is not found outside of a small handful of suffixes such as this けむ (kemu), its derivative けまく (kemaku), and separate けく (keku), and it remains largely unexplained. That said, the initial /s-/ ↔ /k-/ alternation exhibited in the better-documented conjugated forms is also largely unexplained.
* Compound of 来 (ki, “coming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 来る (kuru, “to come”)) + 経 (he, “passing through, as of a process or time or place”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 経る (heru, “to pass through”)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).
:: */ki pe mu/ → */kifemu/? → */kiemu/ → /kemu/
: Due to the presence of initial /p-/ in the medial Old Japanese 経 (pe, continuative stem, terminal form was pu), the phonological shifts required for this derivation ultimately make this theory seem quite unlikely: linguists generally reconstruct initial /p-/ for Old Japanese and hold that this did not undergo lenition until the late Nara period (710–794) or early Heian period (794–1185), while ⟨ke₁mu⟩ → /kʲemu/ is already attested in the Kojiki of 712.
* Compound of き (ki, past-recollective auxiliary suffix) + あむ (amu, hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (mu)).
:: */ki amu/ → */kiamu/ → /kʲemu/ → /kemu/
: This hypothetical reconstructed amu form for the suppositional suffix is favored by linguists such as Bjarke Frellesvig and Alexander Vovin.

compound

(Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs

presents a supposition about a past event

presents a supposition about the cause of a past event


とせ

-tose (romanization)
とせ (hiragana historical)

/to₂se/ → /tose/
From Old Japanese. Likely a shift in pronunciation from 年(とし) (toshi).

阿麻社迦留、比奈尓伊都等世、周麻比都都、美夜故能提夫利、和周良延尓家利

美夜故能提夫利 みやこのてぶり

和周良延尓家利 わすらえにけり

Amazakaru, hina ni itsu tose, sumahitsutsu, miyako no teburi, wasuraenikeri

While living five years in the far-remote countryside, I wound up forgetting the manners of the capital


させる

ja-pos

させる • (-saseru) ichidan (stem させ (-sase), past させた (-saseta))

-saseru (romanization)
させ (stem)
させた (past)
させ (imperfective stem)
-sase (imperfective stem)
させ (continuative stem)
-sase (continuative stem)
させる (stem terminative)
-saseru (stem terminative)
させる (attributive stem)
-saseru (attributive stem)
させれ (hypothetical stem)
-sasere (hypothetical stem)
させよ (imperative literary stem)
させろ (colloquial imperative stem)
-saseyo (imperative literary stem)
-sasero (colloquial imperative stem)
させられる (passive)
-saserareru (passive)
させられる (potential)
させれる (colloquial potential)
-saserareru (potential)
-sasereru (colloquial potential)
させよう (volitional)
-saseyō (volitional)
させない (negative)
させぬ (negative)
させん (negative)
-sasenai (negative)
-sasenu (negative)
-sasen (negative)
させず (continuative negative)
-sasezu (continuative negative)
させます (formal)
-sasemasu (formal)
させた (perfective)
-saseta (perfective)
させて (conjunctive)
-sasete (conjunctive)
させれば (conditional hypothetical)
-sasereba (conditional hypothetical)

From Classical Japanese さす (sasu), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”).
Some linguists suggest that させる is a variant of せる, where a reduplicative "s" is added to avoid vowel clusters. (e.g. 食べる + せる → *tabe- + *-ase- → *tabease- + *tabesase- → 食べさせる)

先生が学生に問題を答えさせた。

Sensei ga gakusei ni mondai o kotaesaseta.

The teacher let the student answer the question.


せる

せる • (-seru) ichidan (stem せ (-se), past せた (-seta))

-seru (romanization)
せ (stem)
せた (past)
せ (imperfective stem)
-se (imperfective stem)
せ (continuative stem)
-se (continuative stem)
せる (stem terminative)
-seru (stem terminative)
せる (attributive stem)
-seru (attributive stem)
せれ (hypothetical stem)
-sere (hypothetical stem)
せよ (imperative literary stem)
せろ (colloquial imperative stem)
-seyo (imperative literary stem)
-sero (colloquial imperative stem)
せられる (passive)
-serareru (passive)
せられる (potential)
せれる (colloquial potential)
-serareru (potential)
-sereru (colloquial potential)
せよう (volitional)
-seyō (volitional)
せない (negative)
せぬ (negative)
せん (negative)
-senai (negative)
-senu (negative)
-sen (negative)
せず (continuative negative)
-sezu (continuative negative)
せます (formal)
-semasu (formal)
せた (perfective)
-seta (perfective)
せて (conjunctive)
-sete (conjunctive)
せれば (conditional hypothetical)
-sereba (conditional hypothetical)

From Classical Japanese す (su), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”).

子供に本を読ませる

死なせてください。


たり

たら (irrealis stem)
tara (irrealis stem)
たり (continuative stem)
tari (continuative stem)
たり (stem terminative)
tari (stem terminative)
たる (attributive stem)
taru (attributive stem)
たれ (realis stem)
tare (realis stem)
たれ (imperative stem)
tare (imperative stem)

/-te ari/ → /-tari/
Contraction of て (te), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of the classical perfective つ (tsu), and あり (ari, “to be; to exist”).

時は来たり！

(Classical Japanese) Used to form the stative of verbs.


たがる

たがる • (-tagaru) godan (stem たがり (-tagari), past たがった (-tagatta))

-tagaru (romanization)
たがり (stem)
たがった (past)
たがら
tagara
たがり
tagari
たがる
tagaru
たがれ
tagare
たがられる (passive)
tagarareru (passive)
たがらせる (causative)
たがらす (causative)
tagaraseru (causative)
tagarasu (causative)
たがれる (potential)
tagareru (potential)
たがろう (volitional)
tagarō (volitional)
たがらない (negative)
tagaranai (negative)
たがらず (continuative negative)
tagarazu (continuative negative)
たがります (formal)
tagarimasu (formal)
たがった (perfective)
tagatta (perfective)
たがって (conjunctive)
tagatte (conjunctive)
たがれば (conditional hypothetical)
tagareba (conditional hypothetical)

[tsùkúrítáɡáꜜrù]

From た (ta-), the stem of the desiderative suffix たい (tai, classical たし), and the suffix がる (-garu).


アナ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明

Clipping of アナウンサー (anaunsā, “announcer”), itself a borrowing from English announcer.
Appears in texts from 1933.

山田アナ


雀蛾

雀蛾 (canonical)
雀蛾 (canonical)
-suzume (romanization)

From 雀 (suzume, “sparrow”) + 蛾 (ga, “moth”).

ウンモンスズメ

キイロスズメ

ベニスズメ

shortened form used as suffixes in compound names of sphingids


っこ

Variant of the suffix こ (ko, “by two people, mutually”), possibly from nominalizing suffix こと (koto).

投げっこする

宿題の写しっこ

Alternative form of っこない: in no way, certainly not


っこ

Originally a slightly jocular variant of 子(こ) (ko, “child”).

江戸っ子 ― Edokko ― true Tokyoite, child of Edo


てよ

戀々而 相有時谷 愛寸 事盡手四 長常念者

⟨ko₁pi₂ ko₁pi₂te ape₂ru to₂ki₁ dani urupasiki₁ ko₂to₂ tukusite yo₂ nagaku to₂ omo₂paba⟩
→ Koi koite aeru toki dani uruwashiki koto tsukushite yo nagaku to omowaba

Begging for love, at least time to be able to meet, please dedicate affectionate affairs, if you want long lasting.

c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
「われ物握りたり。今は下ろしてよ。翁、しえたり」
“Ware mono nigiritari. Ima wa oroshite yo. Okina, shietari”
"I'm grasping it. Now, take me down. Old-man, I did it."

1776, Ueda Akinari, Ugetsu Monogatari
かうかうの人の女のはかなくてあるが、後身してよとて賜へるなり。
Kōkō no hito no onna no hakanakute aru ga, kōshin shite yo tote tamaeru nari.
A frail widow with such a such reason, told me, "please become my second husband."

(Classical Japanese) Imperative form (命令形) of つ (tsu), used in the intensive operative sentence.


めり

-meri (romanization)
めり (continuative stem)
meri (continuative stem)
めり (stem terminative)
meri (stem terminative)
める (attributive stem)
meru (attributive stem)
めれ (realis stem)
mere (realis stem)

From Early Middle Japanese めり (meri).
Thought to be a contraction of 目 (me, "eye") + あり (ari, “to be”) or 見 (mi, "to see") + あり (ari, “to be”).

わざとあめるを、早うものせよかし。

It seems to be a special [invitation], so please go early.

(Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating conjecture based on what is seen: it looks like; it seems like


越し

建物からは白い煙が立ち上り続け、２階と３階の部屋のいたるところでオレンジ色の炎が上がっているのが窓越しに確認できます。

Tatemono kara wa shiroi kemuri ga tachinobori-tsuzuke, ni-kai to san-kai no heya no itaru-tokoro de orenji-iro no honō ga agatteiru no ga mado-goshi nikakunin dekimasu.

White smoke continues to rise from the building, and it can be verified through the windows that orange flames rise throughout the second and third floors.

2019, アニメ会社で火事 少なくとも12人死亡 多数連絡取れず 京都, in NHKニュース https://web.archive.org/web/20190718130130/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20190718/k10011996791000.html


あー

Probably borrowed from English -er, sometime around 1994.

シャネル (“Chanel”) + あー (-ā) → シャネラー (“someone who likes to use Chanel products”)

浜田 (“Hamada”) + あー (-ā) → ハマダー (“a fan of Masatoshi Hamada, of his style”)

Used to denote fanatics, adepts or devotees of a certain product, artist, fashion style or famous person


びる

ja-verb

びる • (biru) ichidan (stem び (bi), past びた (bita))

biru (romanization)
び (stem)
びた (past)
び
bi
びる
biru
びれ
bire
びよ (imperative literary)
びろ (colloquial imperative)
biyo (imperative literary)
biro (colloquial imperative)
びられる (passive)
birareru (passive)
びさせる (causative)
びさす (causative)
bisaseru (causative)
bisasu (causative)
びられる (potential)
びれる (colloquial potential)
birareru (potential)
bireru (colloquial potential)
びよう (volitional)
biyō (volitional)
びない (negative)
びぬ (negative)
びん (negative)
binai (negative)
binu (negative)
bin (negative)
びず (continuative negative)
bizu (continuative negative)
びます (formal)
bimasu (formal)
びた (perfective)
bita (perfective)
びて (conjunctive)
bite (conjunctive)
びれば (conditional hypothetical)
bireba (conditional hypothetical)

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Man'yōshū of circa 759 CE.

古い (furui, “old”) → 古びる (furubiru, “to become old”)

大人 (otona, “adult”) → 大人びる (otonabiru, “to act like an adult”)

(non-productive) to act like (something); to act (in a certain manner)


番目

From 番(ばん) (-ban) + 目(め) (-me).
Compare Korean 번째 (beonjjae).

Ｋ２ は世界で二番目に高い山です。

Kētsū wa sekai de ni-banme ni takai yama desu.

K2 is the second tallest mountain in the world.

ニューメキシコ州はアメリカ合衆国で ５番目に大きい州です。

Nyūmekishiko-shū wa Amerika Gasshūkoku de go-banme ni ōkī shū desu.

New Mexico is the fifth largest state in the United States.

Used to form the ordinal numeral as rank. -st; -nd; -rd; -th.


ましょう

-mashō (romanization)
-maseu (romanization)
ませう (hiragana historical)

Volitional form of the polite suffix ます (-masu).

図書館に行きましょうか。

Induces or stimulates others to do something: let's; shall we

…といえましょう。

明日は雨が降りましょう。

(archaic) Presents a supposition: probably


たって

言ったって何も変わらない

好きじゃなくたっていい


なかった

past/perfective of ない (-nai, negative verb suffix)


ップ

アメップ

白人ップ

(2channel slang, ethnic slur, offensive) intensifier


てある

ja-pos

てある • (-te aru) godan (stem てあり (-te ari), past てあった (-te atta))

-te aru (romanization)
てあり (stem)
てあった (past)

From て (-te) + ある (aru). Doublet of た (-ta).

窓が開けてある

窓を開ける

indicating the passive result state of an action


まほし

-mahoshi (romanization)
まほしく (irrealis stem)
まほしから (irrealis stem)
-mafosiku (irrealis)
-mafosikara (irrealis)
まほしく (continuative stem)
まほしかり (continuative stem)
-mafosiku (continuative)
-mafosikari (continuative)
まほし (stem terminative)
-mafosi (terminative)
まほしき (attributive stem)
まほしかる (attributive stem)
-mafosiki (attributive)
-mafosikaru (attributive)
まほしけれ (realis stem)
-mafosikere (realis)
まほしかれ (imperative stem)
-mafosikare (imperative)
まほしからず (negative)
-mafosikarazu (negative)
まほしけれど (contrastive)
-mafosikeredo (contrastive)
まほしければ (causative)
-mafosikereba (causative)
まほしくば (conditional)
-mafosikuba (conditional)
まほしかりき (past)
-mafosikariki (past)
まほしかりけり (past)
-mafosikarikeri (past)
まほしく (adverbial)
-mafosiku (adverbial)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Heian period
Kamakura period
Kōjien
Nara period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
Waka_(poetry)

Shift from まくほし (-makuhoshi), itself a compound of ま (-ma, the 未然形(みぜんけい) (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of む (-mu, volitional/conjectural auxiliary verb)) + く (-ku, nominalizing suffix) + ほし (hoshi, classical form of ほしい (hoshii, “wanted, desirable”)).
One alternative derivation posits that this may have derived from the volitional/conjectural auxiliary む (-mu) in the irrealis form of ま (-ma), with ほし (hoshi) attaching directly to this. However, syntactically, hoshi never followed verbs in the irrealis, and only followed nouns or verbs in the conjunctive -te conjugation, making this derivation unlikely.
The older form まくほし (-makuhoshi) appears in Old Japanese works of the Nara period and early Heian period, with this abbreviated まほし (-mahoshi) form arising later in the Heian period, primarily in waka poetry and works written in kana. The modern desiderative ending たい (-tai) then appears from the Kamakura period, gradually replacing -mahoshi.

compound

1059, 菅原孝標女, 『更級日記』
つゞきのみまほしくおぼゆれど
tsuzuki no mimahoshiku oboyuredo
Although I want to read the story after it...

(archaic) following the irrealis stem of verbs

following the irrealis stem of verbs
to want (to do); to hope (to do)

先達はあらまほしきことなり

1349, 吉田兼好, 『徒然草』 52

It is better to have someone guiding you.

(only used after ある) I wish that; it is desirable that

following the irrealis stem of verbs
I wish that; it is desirable that


ずみ

-zumi (romanization)
ずみ (hiragana historical)

作業済み。

使用済みのテレビ

削除済


頻る

降りしきる

to fall incessantly (rain, snow, etc...)


ぐむ

to appear; to start to appear; to show signs of appearing


箇条

三か条からなる要求

a request of three (items, articles, etc.)


ニキ

From 兄(あに)貴(き) (aniki, “elder brother”).

海外ニキ

パソコン自信ニキ

a guy who is confident about using a personal computer

(2channel slang, Internet slang) Someone strong and dependable; a brother in arms.


仕る

仕る (canonical)
-tsukamatsuru (romanization)

Shift from 仕(つか)う奉(まつ)る (tsukaumatsuru).


仕る

仕る (canonical)
-tsukōmatsuru (romanization)

Shift from 仕へ奉る, by attaching 奉(まつ)る (matsuru) to the verb 仕ふ.


しむ

-shimu (romanization)
しめ (irrealis stem)
sime (irrealis stem)
しめ (continuative stem)
sime (continuative stem)
しむ (stem terminative)
simu (stem terminative)
しむる (attributive stem)
simuru (attributive stem)
しむれ (realis stem)
simure (realis stem)
しめよ (imperative stem)
simeyo (imperative stem)
しめず (negative)
simezu (negative)
しむれど (contrastive)
simuredo (contrastive)
しむれば (causative)
simureba (causative)
しめば (conditional)
simeba (conditional)
しめき (past)
simeki (past)
しめけり (past)
simekeri (past)
しめつ (perfect)
simetu (perfect)
しめぬ (perfect)
simenu (perfect)
しめたり (continuative perfect)
simetari (continuative perfect)
しめむ (volitional)
simemu (volitional)

1945, Hirohito, Jewel Voice Broadcast
朕ハ帝國政府ヲシテ米英支蘇四國ニ對シ其ノ共同宣言ヲ受諾スル旨通告セシメタリ
Chin wa teikoku seifu o shite Bei Ei Shi So shikoku ni taishi sono kyōdō sengen o judaku suru mune tsūkoku seshimetari
We have ordered our government to communicate to the governments of the United States, Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union that our empire accepts the provisions of their joint declaration.

Forming causative forms of verbs: to make (someone do)

(archaic, after 未然形 (mizenkei) stem)
An honorific or humble suffix.


しむ

Shift from earlier しも (-shimo).
Prevalent in Late Middle Japanese literature.

(obsolete, after 未然形 (mizenkei) stem of quadrigrade or na-row irregular verbs) to respectfully do


切れない

切れない (canonical)
-kirenai (romanization)

Negative form of the verb 切(き)れる (kireru)

彼女のことが思い切れない

I can't forget her. (literally "I cannot completely not have thoughts about her")

cannot completely... (because it's excessive)


たそ

たそ (canonical)
タソ (canonical)
-taso (romanization)

Corruption of katakana タン (-tan) as タソ (-taso). Deliberate confusion of ソ (so) and ン (n) is a method to derive 2channel slang; compare スマソ (sumaso), from すまん (suman).

えいたそ

Eitaso (stage name of a member of the idol group Dempagumi.inc)

(Internet slang, humorous, endearing) Alternative form of たん (“-tan”)


詰め

(attach after a noun) stuffing, packing into a container

終点まで立ち詰めだった

to stand still until reaching the final destination

(attach after 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb) continuing, keep doing for period of time


習わす

習わす (canonical)
-narawasu (romanization)

[na̠ɾa̠β̞a̠sɨ]


ざる

Adnominal form of auxiliary verb suffix ざり (-zari, “un-, not”). Also analyzable as a contraction of negative auxiliary verb suffix ず (-zu) + copular verb あり (ari) in the adnominal conjugation form ある (aru).


ちゃる

やる (yaru) + ちゃる (-charu) → やっちゃる (yatcharu)

(dialect, verb suffix, with 連用形) do for someone


ずくめ

-zukume (romanization)
-dukume (romanization)
づくめ (hiragana historical)

嘘ずくめの言い訳

いい事ずくめ

黒ずくめの服装


期生

山田さんは一期生ですか？

Has M.Yamada graduated the first year (of the school)?

Student, or member of an educational institute, who graduated


なふ

-nafu (romanization)
なは (irrealis stem)
nafa (irrealis stem)
なひ (continuative stem)
nafi (continuative stem)
なふ (stem terminative)
nafu (stem terminative)
なふ (attributive stem)
nafu (attributive stem)
なへ (realis stem)
nafe (realis stem)
なへ (imperative stem)
nafe (imperative stem)
なはず (negative)
nafazu (negative)
なへど (contrastive)
nafedo (contrastive)
なへば (causative)
nafeba (causative)
なはば (conditional)
nafaba (conditional)
なひき (past)
nafiki (past)
なひけり (past)
nafikeri (past)
なひつ (perfect)
nafitu (perfect)
なひぬ (perfect)
nafinu (perfect)
なへり (continuative perfect)
なひたり (continuative perfect)
naferi (continuative perfect)
nafitari (continuative perfect)
なはむ (volitional)
nafamu (volitional)

友 (tomo, “companion”) → 伴ふ (tomonafu, “to accompany”) → modern 伴う (tomonau)

宜 (ube, “indeed”) → 諾ふ (ubenafu, “to affirm; to agree, to accept”) → modern 諾う (ubenau)

裏 (ura, “inside” or “inner feelings”) → 占ふ (uranafu, “to divine”) → modern 占う (uranau)

(non-productive) verb-forming suffix attached to nouns (generally for native Japanese words)

す

to do; verb-forming suffix for nouns, primarily for Sino-Japanese words


まらする

[ma̠ɾa̠sɨɾɯ̟]


まらする

ja-pos

まらする • (-marasuru) suru (stem まらし (-marashi), past まらした (-marashita))

-marasuru (romanization)
まらし (stem)
まらした (past)

[ma̠ɾa̠sɨɾɯ̟]


まっす

-massu (romanization)
まっせ (irrealis stem)
masse (irrealis stem)
まっせ (continuative stem)
masse (continuative stem)
まっす (stem terminative)
massu (stem terminative)
まっする (attributive stem)
massuru (attributive stem)
まっすれ (realis stem)
massure (realis stem)
まっせよ (imperative stem)
masseyo (imperative stem)
まっせず (negative)
massezu (negative)
まっすれど (contrastive)
massuredo (contrastive)
まっすれば (causative)
massureba (causative)
まっせば (conditional)
masseba (conditional)
まっせき (past)
masseki (past)
まっせけり (past)
massekeri (past)
まっせつ (perfect)
massetu (perfect)
まっせぬ (perfect)
massenu (perfect)
まっせたり (continuative perfect)
massetari (continuative perfect)
まっせむ (volitional)
massemu (volitional)

Contraction of まらす (marasu), which itself is a contraction of 参(まゐ)らす (mairasu).

(Classical Japanese, archaic, humble) to do; expresses humbleness

(Classical Japanese, archaic, polite) expresses politeness toward and distance from the listener


まっす

-massu (romanization)
まっせ (irrealis stem)
masse (irrealis stem)
まっし (continuative stem)
massi (continuative stem)
まっす (stem terminative)
massu (stem terminative)
まっする (attributive stem)
massuru (attributive stem)
まっすれ (realis stem)
massure (realis stem)
まっせよ (imperative stem)
masseyo (imperative stem)
まっせず (negative)
massezu (negative)
まっすれど (contrastive)
massuredo (contrastive)
まっすれば (causative)
massureba (causative)
まっせば (conditional)
masseba (conditional)
まっしき (past)
massiki (past)
まっしけり (past)
massikeri (past)
まっしつ (perfect)
massitu (perfect)
まっしぬ (perfect)
massinu (perfect)
まっせり (continuative perfect)
まっしたり (continuative perfect)
masseri (continuative perfect)
massitari (continuative perfect)
まっせむ (volitional)
massemu (volitional)


まらす

-marasu (romanization)
まらせ (irrealis stem)
marase (irrealis stem)
まらせ (continuative stem)
marase (continuative stem)
まらす (stem terminative)
marasu (stem terminative)
まらする (attributive stem)
marasuru (attributive stem)
まらすれ (realis stem)
marasure (realis stem)
まらせよ (imperative stem)
maraseyo (imperative stem)
まらせず (negative)
marasezu (negative)
まらすれど (contrastive)
marasuredo (contrastive)
まらすれば (causative)
marasureba (causative)
まらせば (conditional)
maraseba (conditional)
まらせき (past)
maraseki (past)
まらせけり (past)
marasekeri (past)
まらせつ (perfect)
marasetu (perfect)
まらせぬ (perfect)
marasenu (perfect)
まらせたり (continuative perfect)
marasetari (continuative perfect)
まらせむ (volitional)
marasemu (volitional)


まらす

-marasu (romanization)
まらせ (irrealis stem)
marase (irrealis stem)
まらし (continuative stem)
marasi (continuative stem)
まらす (stem terminative)
marasu (stem terminative)
まらする (attributive stem)
marasuru (attributive stem)
まらすれ (realis stem)
marasure (realis stem)
まらせよ (imperative stem)
まらせい (imperative stem)
maraseyo (imperative stem)
marasei (imperative stem)
まらせず (negative)
marasezu (negative)
まらすれど (contrastive)
marasuredo (contrastive)
まらすれば (causative)
marasureba (causative)
まらせば (conditional)
maraseba (conditional)
まらしき (past)
marasiki (past)
まらしけり (past)
marasikeri (past)
まらしつ (perfect)
marasitu (perfect)
まらしぬ (perfect)
marasinu (perfect)
まらせり (continuative perfect)
まらしたり (continuative perfect)
maraseri (continuative perfect)
marasitari (continuative perfect)
まらせむ (volitional)
marasemu (volitional)


参らす

参らす (canonical)
-mairasu (romanization)
参らせ (irrealis stem)
まゐらせ (irrealis stem)
mawirase (irrealis)
参らせ (continuative stem)
まゐらせ (continuative stem)
mawirase (continuative)
参らす (stem terminative)
まゐらす (stem terminative)
mawirasu (terminative)
参らする (attributive stem)
まゐらする (attributive stem)
mawirasuru (attributive)
参らすれ (realis stem)
まゐらすれ (realis stem)
mawirasure (realis)
参らせよ (imperative stem)
まゐらせよ (imperative stem)
mawiraseyo (imperative)
参らせず (negative)
まゐらせず (negative)
mawirasezu (negative)
参らすれど (contrastive)
まゐらすれど (contrastive)
mawirasuredo (contrastive)
参らすれば (causative)
まゐらすれば (causative)
mawirasureba (causative)
参らせば (conditional)
まゐらせば (conditional)
mawiraseba (conditional)
参らせき (past)
まゐらせき (past)
mawiraseki (past)
参らせけり (past)
まゐらせけり (past)
mawirasekeri (past)
参らせつ (perfect)
まゐらせつ (perfect)
mawirasetu (perfect)
参らせぬ (perfect)
まゐらせぬ (perfect)
mawirasenu (perfect)
参らせたり (continuative perfect)
まゐらせたり (continuative perfect)
mawirasetari (continuative perfect)
参らせむ (volitional)
まゐらせむ (volitional)
mawirasemu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic, humble) expresses humbleness


けく

From the contraction of final き (ki) in the 連体形(れんたいけい) (rentaikei) forms of ク活用(かつよう) (ku-katsuyō) and シク活用(かつよう) (shiku-katsuyō) adjectives with earlier 所(あく) (aku).


のめす

(attach after the 未然形 mizenkei form of a verb stem) to do thoroughly


ないで

中田さんは大阪に行かないで京都に行った。

Nakada-san wa ōsaka ni ikanaide kyōto ni itta.

Mr. Nakada didn’t go to Osaka; he went to Kyoto.

ナンシーはきのう朝ご飯を食べないで学校へ行った。

Nanshī wa kinō asagohan o tabenaide gakkō e itta.

Nancy went to school yesterday without eating her breakfast.

辞書を使わないで読んでください。

Please read it without using a dictionary.

まだ帰らないでください。

"Verb + ないで + ください or くれ": Please do not do ~

電話しないで欲しい。

I want you not to call me. (Don’t call me.)

"Verb + ないで + 欲しい": I want you not to do ~

やかましくしないでもらいたい。

I want to have you not make noises. (Don’t make any noises.)

"Verb + ないで + もらう": I will have you not to do ~

まだあるから買わないでおきました。

Because I still have it, I didn’t buy it (in advance).

"Verb + ないで + おく": I do not do ~ (in advance); I leave ~ (in a state) without doing ~


ずに

中田さんは大阪に行かずに京都に行った。

Nakada-san wa ōsaka ni ikazuni kyōto ni itta.

to not do something and do something else

ナンシーはきのう朝ご飯を食べずに学校へ行った。

Nanshī wa kinō asagohan o tabezuni gakkō e itta.

辞書を使わずに読んでください。

一郎は帽子を脱がずに部屋に入った。

Ichirō wa bōshi o nugazuni heya ni haitta.

Ichiro entered the room without taking off his hat.

まだあるから買わずにおきました。

食べずにおいた。

"Verb + ずに + おく": to not do something (in advance); to leave something (in a state) without doing something


ごと

3年ごとの検討

triennial review (a review that occurs every three years)

三ヶ月ごと


ごと

皮ごと食べる


ごと

Suffixed form of 事(こと) (koto), showing rendaku.

頼まれごと


らる

予想せらる

封ぜらる

Classical Japanese form of られる (rareru, passive)


っから

(verb suffix, dialect) Alternative form of るから


こける

こける • (-kokeru) ichidan (stem こけ (-koke), past こけた (-koketa))

-kokeru (romanization)
こけ (stem)
こけた (past)
こけ
koke
こける
kokeru
こけれ
kokere
こけよ (imperative literary)
こけろ (colloquial imperative)
kokeyo (imperative literary)
kokero (colloquial imperative)
こけられる (passive)
kokerareru (passive)
こけさせる (causative)
こけさす (causative)
kokesaseru (causative)
kokesasu (causative)
こけられる (potential)
こけれる (colloquial potential)
kokerareru (potential)
kokereru (colloquial potential)
こけよう (volitional)
kokeyō (volitional)
こけない (negative)
こけぬ (negative)
こけん (negative)
kokenai (negative)
kokenu (negative)
koken (negative)
こけず (continuative negative)
kokezu (continuative negative)
こけます (formal)
kokemasu (formal)
こけた (perfective)
koketa (perfective)
こけて (conjunctive)
kokete (conjunctive)
こければ (conditional hypothetical)
kokereba (conditional hypothetical)

笑いこける

連用形(れんようけい) 連用形#Japanese

(attached to the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb) to continue doing something unstoppably


ますた

通報しますた！

(2channel slang) Alternative form of ました (-mashita, “past of ます (-masu)”)


みゃあ

みゃあ • (-myā)

Eye dialect spelling of まい (-mai), representing Nagoya Japanese.


っぱなし

開けっぱのドア

(verb suffix) mistakenly leaving something in a certain state


たし

○○を参照されたし

Classical Japanese, literary, and formal form of たい (-tai)


まろ

-maro (romanization)
まろ (hiragana historical)

阿倍仲麻呂

近衛文麿


損じる

損(そん)じる • (-sonjiru) ^(←そんじる (-sonziru)?)godan (stem 損(そん)じり (-sonjiri), past 損(そん)じった (-sonjitta))

損じる (canonical)
-sonjiru (romanization)
-sonziru (romanization)
損じり (stem)
損じった (past)
損じら
そんじら
sonjira
損じり
そんじり
sonjiri
損じる
そんじる
sonjiru
損じれ
そんじれ
sonjire
損じられる (passive)
そんじられる (passive)
sonjirareru (passive)
損じらせる (causative)
損じらす (causative)
そんじらせる (causative)
そんじらす (causative)
sonjiraseru (causative)
sonjirasu (causative)
損じれる (potential)
そんじれる (potential)
sonjireru (potential)
損じろう (volitional)
そんじろう (volitional)
sonjirō (volitional)
損じらない (negative)
そんじらない (negative)
sonjiranai (negative)
損じらず (continuative negative)
そんじらず (continuative negative)
sonjirazu (continuative negative)
損じります (formal)
そんじります (formal)
sonjirimasu (formal)
損じった (perfective)
そんじった (perfective)
sonjitta (perfective)
損じって (conjunctive)
そんじって (conjunctive)
sonjitte (conjunctive)
損じれば (conditional hypothetical)
そんじれば (conditional hypothetical)
sonjireba (conditional hypothetical)

[sõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑiɾɯ̟]

Shift from verb 損(そん)ずる (sonzuru), by natural progression from サ行変格活用 (sagyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) verbs ending in -uru to 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.


損ずる

ja-pos

損(そん)ずる • (-sonzuru) ^(←そんずる (-sonzuru)?)suru (stem 損(そん)じ (-sonji), past 損(そん)じた (-sonjita))

損ずる (canonical)
-sonzuru (romanization)
損じ (stem)
損じた (past)
損じ
損ぜ
そんじ
そんぜ
sonji
sonze
損ずる
そんずる
sonzuru
損ずれ
そんずれ
sonzure
損ぜよ (imperative literary)
損じろ (colloquial imperative)
そんぜよ (imperative literary)
そんじろ (colloquial imperative)
sonzeyo (imperative literary)
sonjiro (colloquial imperative)
損じられる (passive)
損ぜられる (passive)
そんじられる (passive)
そんぜられる (passive)
sonjirareru (passive)
sonzerareru (passive)
損じさせる (causative)
損じさす (causative)
そんじさせる (causative)
そんじさす (causative)
sonjisaseru (causative)
sonjisasu (causative)
損じられる (potential)
損ぜられる (potential)
そんじられる (potential)
そんぜられる (potential)
sonjirareru (potential)
sonzerareru (potential)
損じよう (volitional)
そんじよう (volitional)
sonjiyō (volitional)
損じない (negative)
そんじない (negative)
sonjinai (negative)
損ぜず (continuative negative)
そんぜず (continuative negative)
sonzezu (continuative negative)
損じます (formal)
そんじます (formal)
sonjimasu (formal)
損じた (perfective)
そんじた (perfective)
sonjita (perfective)
損じて (conjunctive)
そんじて (conjunctive)
sonjite (conjunctive)
損ずれば (conditional hypothetical)
そんずれば (conditional hypothetical)
sonzureba (conditional hypothetical)

[sõ̞nd͡zɨɾɯ̟]


難て

Originally from 難(か)てに (kateni), a negation of ancient 二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (nidan katsuyō) verb かつ (katsu, “to be able to do (verb)”) with に (ni), the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei) of ancient negative auxiliary verb ぬ (nu). Over time, this form was confused with the stem of 難(かた)し (katashi), causing the に (ni) to be reanalyzed as a non-essential case particle instead of a negation, and therefore was dropped, yielding 難(か)て (kate). The ka changes to ga as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

(archaic, obsolete, attaches to the ren'yōkei) difficult to (verb)


てらあ

てらあ or てらぁ • (-terā)

てらあ (canonical)
てらぁ (canonical)
-terā (romanization)

大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉

大辞林 w:ja:大辞林


づけ

-zuke (romanization)
-duke (romanization)
づけ (hiragana historical)


づけ

向付け

dish placed on the far side of the serving table

さん付け: attaching 'san' to somebody's name

ちゃん付け: attaching 'chan' to somebody's name

債券格付け

債券格付 さいけんかくづ

信用格付け

信用格付 しにょうかくづ

財務力格付け

財務力格付 ざいむりょくかくづ

古典的条件付け

古典的条件付 こてんてきじょうけんづ

道具的条件付け

道具的条件付 どうぐてきじょうけんづ


ちまう

ちまう • (-chimau) godan (stem ちまい (-chimai), past ちまった (-chimatta))

-chimau (romanization)
ちまい (stem)
ちまった (past)

(informal) Contraction of てしまう (-te shimau).


号館

号(ごう)館(かん) • (-gōkan) ^(←がうくわん (-gaukwan)?)

号館 (canonical)
-gōkan (romanization)
-gaukwan (romanization)
がうくわん (hiragana historical)

A suffix for numbered buildings, "Building #..."


なば

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

Compound of な (na, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of ぬ (nu, particle of perfect tense)) + ば (ba, conditional suffix).
First cited in the Man'yōshū of 759.

compound

之保非奈婆 麻多母和礼許牟 伊射遊賀武 於伎都志保佐為 多可久多知伎奴

→ Shio hinaba mata mo ware komu iza yukamu oki tsu shiosai takaku tachikinu

When the tide hath ebbed, I'll come here again; now 'tis time to go, offshore whitecaps have come arisen high.

(Classical Japanese) used for anticipating and assuming how something goes when the matter is completed

1739, Ishida Baigan (石田梅岩), Tohi Mondō (都鄙問答), book 2:

心だにまことの道にかなひなば祈らずとても神や守らん

kokoro dani makoto no michi ni kanainaba inorazu tote mo kami ya mamoran

If at least thine heart hath agreed with the true path, then the god will protect thee even if thou prayest not.

(Classical Japanese) used to state the speaker's expectation if something were the case certainly


ネキ

海外ネキ

(2channel slang, Internet slang) The female version of ニキ; a dependable sister.


ナイズ

Borrowed from English -ize. The initial /n/ is from rebracketing the final consonant of the preceding word.

(chiefly informal) -ize (to make become or similar to something)


極まりない

極まりない (canonical)
-kiwamarinai (romanization)


せられる

ja-pos

せられる • (-serareru) ichidan (stem せられ (-serare), past せられた (-serareta))

-serareru (romanization)
せられ (stem)
せられた (past)

[se̞ɾa̠ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]

1869, 明治二年九月二十八日太政官御沙汰, 德川慶喜松平容保以下ヲ寬宥ニ處スルノ詔書:

聖上深ク御反躬被爲在

His Majesty deeply reflected on the situation...

(chiefly archaic) a verb honorific suffix


てく

(colloquial) Contraction of ていく (-te iku).


やしょう

行きやしょう

(verb suffix) Alternative form of ましょう (mashō)


やろ

(The following entries are uncreated: 夜露, 野炉, 野鑪, 野路.)
Contraction of やろう (yarō).


そうにない

ja-pos

そうにない • (-sō ni nai) -i (adverbial そうになく (-sō ni naku))

-sō ni nai (romanization)
そうになく (adverbial)


べう

(Classical Japanese) u-onbin form of べく (beku)