of

勇者オブ勇者の○○さん

キモいofキモい

(informal) Used to express that one is an exemplar.


し

1937, Yumeno Kyūsaku, Osoroshii Tōkyō [Terrifying Tokyo]:

What I could see looked like a department store, I had no idea where tickets were being sold, and there wasn't anything like a platform. Wondering if I haven't come to the wrong place I once again walked up the stone stairs and a bustling street I wasn't familiar with filled my vision.

見渡す限り百貨店みたいで、何処で切符を売っているのかわからないし、プラットフォームらしいものもないので、間違ったのかなと思って又石段を上って見ると、丸キリ知らない繁華な町である。

Miwatasu kagiri hyakkaten mitai de, doko de kippu o utteiru no ka wakaranai shi, purattofōmu rashii mono mo nai no de, machigatta no ka na to omotte mata ishidan o nobottemiruto, marukiri shiranai hanka na machi de aru.

K-On!
「でもでも、私運動音痴だし、文化系のクラブもよくわからないし…」
“Demo demo, watashi undō onchi da shi, bunkakei no kurabu mo yoku wakaranai shi…”
"But—but I'm terrible at sports and I don't really know anything about the cultural clubs…"

conjunctive particle, separates items in a list of reasons

てかなんでやったし。

sentence-ending particle, indicating mild emphasis, and alluding to an inferable but deliberately omitted conclusion


by

ココにはバッファから生成したMAPのTEXTURE希望 by JAMAD

2002, Super Monkey Ball 2, scene: debugging test level:

"I want the texture of the MAP generated from the buffer here" — JAMAD

己を知らされば、戦う毎に必ず殆し。by 孫子

2007, chapter 5, in さよなら絶望先生 [Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei]:

"If one is ignorant of oneself, one is bound to be in danger with every battle" — Sun Tzu

めざせ武道館！！ by 軽音部！

"Aim for the Budokan!" — Light Music Club

(informal) Used to sign off a message/attribute a text.


もん

Changed from 物(もの) (mono); became common in the Kantō dialects from the late Edo period.


かい

元気かい？

本当に出来るのかい？

rhetorical question
rhetorical question#English

(familiar, men's speech) Marks a non-rhetorical question.


も

⟨mo₂⟩ → */mə/ → /mo/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *mə.

田中さんはビールを飲んでいる。スミスさんも飲んでいる。

Tanaka-san wa bīru o nondeiru. Sumisu-san mo nondeiru.

Tanaka is drinking beer. Smith is also drinking.

本日もご来店くださいまして、ありがとうございます。

Honjitsu mo go-raiten kudasaimashite, arigatō gozaimasu.

Thank you for visiting our store today as well [as other days].

私にもくれた。

(non-unique topic marker)
too; also; as well

夢にも思いませんでした。

I have never thought of this even in my dreams.

500 円もあれば買える。

I can buy this even if I have only 500 yen.

猿も木から落ちる

Even experts occasionally make mistakes.

誰も知っていることだ。

箱の中には何もなかった。

Inside the box, all things do not exist.

(attaching to an indefinite pronoun or determiner) all; every

non-unique topic marker; attaching to an indefinite pronoun or determiner; attaching to an indefinite pronoun or determiner

何万人も来た。

2GBもある

(non-unique topic marker)
Used to emphasize amounts.


けん

/kemu/ → /kem/ → /ken/
Shift from older けむ (kemu, auxiliary suffix for verbs indicating supposition about the past, including supposition about why something may have happened). This phonological shift was apparently already underway during the Heian period (794–1185).

ja-r

じゃが今は内地も不景気でがして、屑屋も駄目じゃけん、内地さ行くなああきらめるがええ

Jaga ima wa naichi mo fukeiki de gashite, kuzuya mo dame ja ken, naichi sa iku nā akirameru ga ee

However the mainland economy is also in a recession now and waste collection business does not pay, so you should give up to go to the mainland.

(Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū) because, since, so: presents the preceding clause as the reason for the following clause


江

1977, 週刊文春1977年1月13日号
内藤国雄より美空ひばり賛江
Naitō Kunio yori Misora Hibari san e
From Kunio Naito to dear Ms. Hibari Misora

(dated) alternative spelling of へ (e, “to, towards”)


江

(obsolete) Identical in meaning to the particle へ, but used only after pronunciations of え, 𛀁, and ゑ.


津

Ateji (当て字). for つ (tsu, possessive/genitive particle) in various terms.

(archaic, obsolete) genitive or possessive marker

別天津神

別天津神 ことあまつかみ

級長津彦命

級長津彦命 しなつひこのみこと

禍津日神

禍津日神 まがつひのかみ


罠

Ateji used to spell わ (wa) + な (na), both sentence-final emphatic particles. Usage developed on online message boards.

そうだ罠

(sentence-final) Equivalent to わ (wa, “emphatic particle”) + な (na, “emotive/emphatic particle”)


か

誰かが何かを食べる。

interrogative or rhetorical question particle, similar to a question mark ("?").

時代：江戸中期ヵ

壹升〔斗ヵ〕 ― ichi-masu (-to ka) ― one masu (SIC: to?)

カ, ヵ: Used to mark uncertainty in non-conversation factual statements, such as data or proofreading

これか、それか、どっちか選んでよ。

行くか知らない。

お元気ですか。

どうすればいいかわからない。

行くかと思いますが……


を

/wo/ → /o/
From Proto-Japonic *wo. Cognate with Okinawan ゆ (yu).

a lengthened vowel may be used instead of を: 手ぇ上げ ― tē agero ― raise your hands

私がリンゴを食べる。

私をリンゴが食べる。

渉險 上往也下左何之伎乎

794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 85:

(with transitive verb) An accusative case particle: a grammatical marker following the direct object of a verb.

席を立つ

A case particle.
(with intransitive verb) away from, off

廊下を走る

街を歩く

北海道を流れる川

地球のまわりを月がまわる。

1908, Natsume Sōseki, Yume Jūya [Ten Nights of Dreaming]:

大空を落ちている間

(with intransitive verb) along, following a specified route, track, orbit, etc.

わざとあめるを、早うものせよかし。

It seems to be a special [invitation], so please go early.

(archaic) A conjunctive particle, usually following the rentaikei of classical inflectible words.

Resultative conjunction: expresses reason or cause.

我身だに知らざりしを、怎でか人に知らるべき。

Wagami dani shirazarishi o, ika de ka hito ni shiraru beki.

Even I myself didn't know, so how could others know?

我を待つと君が濡れけむあしひきの山のしづくにならましものを

A o matsu to / Kimi ga nureken / Ashihiki no / Yama no shizuku ni / naramashi mono o

You probably got wet while waiting for me; ah, I wish I could become a waterdrop in the mountain.

(archaic, literary) An interjectory particle, expressing sigh or emphasis.


い

Corruption of emphatic particle よ (yo) or exclamatory particle や (ya).

だ (da) → だい (dai)

か (ka) → かい (kai)

Used in compounds with certain sentence-ending particles to create a familiar effect.

わ (wa) → わい (wai)

ぞ (zo) → ぞい (zoi)

や (ya) → やい (yai)

Used in compounds with certain sentence-ending particles to create an exclamatory effect.

勝手にしろい！

Used after verbs to create an exclamatory effect.


い

From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with Korean nominal particle 이 (i).
Used in Old Japanese, still found in use in Chinese works annotated for Japanese readers of Early Middle Japanese in the early Heian period, then becoming more limited and appearing only in specialized Buddhist texts. Fallen into disuse by the late Heian period from the time of so-called “cloistered rule”.
Obsolete. Not used in modern Japanese.

吾背子之 跡履求 追去者 木乃関守伊 将留鴨

If I go seeking after you, Following your footmarks, Will the guard of the pass In Ki bid me halt?

Waga seko ga ato fumimotome ohiyukaba Ki no sekimori i todometemukamo

在千方 在名草目而 行目友 家有妹伊 将鬱悒

This beautiful Arichigata. I wish to stop this way And continue to comfort my heart for a short while, but At home, my wife is waiting for me without being carefree. I must hurry on my way.

Arichigata arinagusamete yukamedomo ihe n aru imo i ifukashimi semu

乾坤乃 神乎禱而 吾恋 公以必 不相在目八方

If you pray to the deities of heaven and earth, You, who are in love with me, would never possibly meet me without fail.

Ame tsuchi no kami o inorite aga kofuru kimi i kanarazu ahazuara-me ya mo

筑波祢乃 乎弖毛許能母尓 毛利敝須恵 波播已毛礼杼母 多麻曾阿比尓家留

As if with wardens posted On this and that side of the Tsukuba Mountain, My mother watches me; But our spirits have met.

Tsukubane no otemokonomo ni moribe sue haha i moredomo tama zo ainikeru

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 6)
京職大夫從三位藤原朝臣麻呂等伊負圖龜一頭獻止

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 12)
聞看食國中能東方陸奥國守從五位上百濟王敬福伊部内少田郡仁黄金出在奏弖獻

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 34)
然後仁逆心乎以天朝庭乎動傾止之天兵乎備流時仁和氣伊申天在

(obsolete) emphatic subject marker, added to nouns and verb stems

白細之 袖指可倍弖 靡寢 吾黒髪乃 真白髪尓 成極新世尓 共将有跡 玉緒乃 不絶射妹跡 結而石 事者不果 [...]

Till my black hair be white, We shall be together, I and my darling, Sleeping, our sleeves overlapped, She nestling by my side, Bound in never-ending love, Through this new age of our Sovereign; So I vowed, but my word proved false, My hopes were vain. […]

Shirotae no sode sashikaete nabikineshi waga kurokami no mashiraga ni naran kiwami aratayo ni tomoni aranto tamanoo no taejii imo to musubiteshi koto wa hatarazu […]

向岳之 若楓木 下杖取 花待伊間尓 嘆鶴鴨

Lower branches of a young katsura standing on the opposite peak. It is that I remove them and wait for the flowers to bloom, but throughout this time I feel frustrated and let out a sigh.

Makatsuwo no wakakatsuranoki shitsuetori hanamatsuimani nagekitsurukamo

青柳之 糸乃細紗 春風尓 不乱伊間尓 令視子裳欲得

The beautiful sight of fine willow branches hanging verdantly. I wish I had a girlfriend to show it to together with me at that time when it is never disturbed by the spring breeze.

Awoyagi no itonokuhashisa harukazeni midarenuimani misemukomogamo

(obsolete) emphatic phrase-final particle, emphasizing preceding phrase


え

(dated) alternative form of い (“exclamatory particle”)


さ

(dialectal Kanto, Tōhoku, Hokkaidō) sentence-ending particle indicating emphasis

大丈夫さ。気にしないでくれ。

(colloquial, men's speech) sentence-ending particle indicating familiarity or assertion

それでさ、凄く怒られたんだよ。

(informal) filler particle similar to ね (ne)


さ

かっちゃさ電話しねば！

『俺ら東京さ行ぐだ』

"I'm Goin' to Tokyo" (1984 song by Yoshi Ikuzō)

1929, Takiji Kobayashi, Kani Kōsen [The Crab Cannery Ship]:

「おい地獄さ行ぐんだで！」


た

/(-t̚) wa/ → /(-t͡ɕɨ) wa//(-t͡sʉ) wa/ → /(-t̚)ta/
Appears in noh and kyogen texts.
Contraction of any Sino-Japanese-derived term ending in a -t̚ 入声 (nisshō, “entering tone”) ち (-chi) or つ (-tsu) + particle は (wa).


つ

⟨tu⟩ → /t͡su/
From Old Japanese.
There were some variants found in the old documents, starting with alveolar consonants like の (no), な (na), す (su), し (shi), て (te) etc.
Yamada (1913) proposed that it is cognate with Old Korean 叱 (-s) (whence Middle Korean ㅅ (-s)). However, the phonology does not match, and there is a distinct vestigial medial -s- that appears in certain ancient Japanese terms, such as 春雨 (harusame, possibly haru ("spring") + -s- (genitive) + ame ("rain")), 新稲 (nīshine, possibly nī ("new") + -s- (genitive) + ine ("rice")), 真青 (masao, possibly ma ("true, real") + -s- (genitive) + ao ("blue")).

豊葦原中国

天つ風

国つ神


て

こまちゃんて言うな――!!

alternative form of the quotative particle って (tte), used after ん (n)


と

⟨to₂⟩ → */tə/ → /to/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tə.

僕と行きたい？

あなたと一緒に行きます。

と can be attached to both nouns, but this is no longer common. Compare Korean -과 (-gwa), which also used to have this phenomenon.

彼女は英語とフランス語（と）が話せる。

Kanojo wa eigo to furansugo (to) ga hanaseru.

それとこれ。

犬と猫（と）を私は飼っている。

「お願い！」と、彼女は言った。

なんだと！？

これはダメだと思います。

‘This won't work,’ (That's what) I think.

小川が集めて大河となる。

Small streams gather and become big rivers.

氷と化す

https://www.sankei.com/article/20241106-M6HOWVK65ZMTZN6T7PNLGG56DQ/
交戦で北朝鮮兵死亡と米紙
kōsen de Kita-Chōsen-hei shibō to beishi
North Korean troops die in skirmish, according to US news

北朝鮮兵死亡 きたちょうせんへいしぼう

a particle following a phrase or clause describing the detail, content or manner of the action, similar to a complement, and usually found after dialogue, whether spoken or thought.

勉強すると分かる。

円高が進むと、日本経済が混乱する。

Endaka ga susumu to, Nihon keizai ga konran suru.

If the high yen continues, the Japanese economy will be in dire straits.

二と三を掛けると六になる。

If you multiply two and three, they make six.

if (when appended to a dictionary-form verb and followed by a present-tense sentence)

マンハッタンへ行くと、大学の友達に会った。

Manhattan e iku to, daigaku no tomodachi ni atta.

When I went to Manhattan, I met a friend from university.

when (when appended to a dictionary form verb and followed by a past-tense sentence)

そよそよと風が吹く

そよそよと風が吹く

can be attached to some adverbs to (slightly) highlight the explanatory nature of the adverb


な

Probably derived from mild emphatic interjection and sentence-final particle ね, itself from Old Japanese, indicating a general sense of admiration or consideration, or hope that the preceding statement comes to pass.

そうかな。

(informal, mild emphatic) sentence-final particle indicating emotion or mild emphasis


な

→ English: な-adjective

/ni aru/ → /naru/ → /na/
From Old Japanese. Originally an abbreviation of に (ni, particle) + ある (aru, the attributive form of classical あり ari, “to be”).

変な人

a strange person (a person that is strange)

copula particle used after 形容動詞 (keiyōdōshi, often referred to in English teaching texts as -na adjective, literally “adjective verb”) to make them function as adjectives: that is; that are


な

Daijirin
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

From Old Japanese. Probably the root na of the negative adjective ない (nai). An alternative theory is that this is the imperfective conjugation of negative auxiliary verb ず (zu).
First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720.

行くな！

無断で引用するな。

混ぜるな危険

(masculine in modern Japanese, informal, added after the dictionary form of a verb) indicates prohibition: don't


に

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ni.

俺に返せ。

(with nouns)
particle for indirect objects; to

学校にいる。

(with nouns)
particle for location; in, at

銀行に行った。

学校に行く。

(with nouns)
particle for direction; toward, into

the particles へ and に are often interchangeable

though there is a slight difference of connotation

emphasis. へ emphasizes the journey to the destination

entering it. The distinction is not quite the same as between English to and into

に is usually best translated as to because に

can refer to the journey in addition to the arrival

蚊にさされた。

(with nouns)
particle indicating a passive agent; by

７時にね。

It is at seven o'clock. (confirmation of when an event will take place)

(with nouns)
particle indicating a point in time; at

particle used occasionally to replace と when organizing and counting; and

お礼にお菓子を贈る

復讐に殺人を犯す

particle for indicating the emotional reason that one does something; in

映画を見に行く。

寝に帰るだけの部屋

a room only used when coming home to sleep

particle indicating purpose/intent; for; to

Coordinate term: (with い-adjectives) く

確かに


ね

Probably related to ない (nai), as negative forms cross-linguistically are commonly used as confirmation particles.

あなたは頭がいいね。

格好いいですね。

「ダメ。」「だよねー」

(after a phrase) emphasis and question marker particle; asks for confirmation; right?; eh?; isn't it, innit?

頑張ってね。

気を付けてくださいね。

(after -te, or sometimes -te kudasai) particle that softens a request, or conveys friendliness; okay?; please?

meaningless filler particle, which may also have a softening effect when introducing information; well...; you see...


の

⟨no₂⟩ → */nə/ → /no/
From Old Japanese の (no₂), in turn from Proto-Japonic *nə. Appears in common use in the Kojiki (712 CE). Perhaps also cognate with *nə, an element found in some Old Korean place names spelled as 乃 and 仍.
May be an apophonic form of Old Japanese particle な (na). This other form also appears in a similar function. However, its usage was already restricted to certain set expressions by the time of the earliest Japanese texts in the Nara period, with no clear examples of productive use. These appears to be adjacent to the vowels /a/, /o/, or /u/, suggesting na was an assimilated version of no.
In Old Japanese, there are three particles used productively to mark one noun modifying another:
* つ (tsu), as in 沖つ島守 (oki tsu shimamori, “the caretaker or watchman of an island of the offing [offshore]”) or 黄泉つ国 (yomo tsu kuni, “the country of the underworld”).
* が (ga), as in 関ヶ原 (Sekigahara, a placename, parseable as seki “checkpoint, barrier” + ga [possessive] + hara “field, plain”)
* の (no), as in 倭の一本薄 (Yamato no hitomoto susuki, “the sawtooth sedge of Yamato”, a line from one of the songs in the Kojiki)
The apophonic form な (na) persisted only as an element in certain compounds, such as 港 (minato, “harbor”, generally parsed as mi “water” + na [possessive] + to “door, gate” → port, landing, harbor), or 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, parsed as ta “hand” + na [possessive] + kokoro “heart, center”, changing to gokoro due to rendaku).

私の意見

genitive case marker
indicates possession: of, -'s

大統領のブッシュ氏

山田の馬鹿野郎！

山田の奴

genitive case marker
indicates identity or apposition

数学の分野

緑の車

全ての商品

all goods (literally, “all of [the] goods”)

母への手紙

genitive case marker
a noun, adverb, or phrase modifier

眉毛の濃い人

nominative case marker in a relative or subordinate clause

不可能じゃないの？

聞いてんの？

a sentence ending that indicates emphasis or a question, depending on intonation

1908, Natsume Sōseki, “第一夜”, in Yume Jūya [Ten Nights of Dreaming]:

Then I picked up the fallen pieces of stars and put them on the soil.

それから星の破片の落ちたのを拾って来て、かろく土の上へ乗せた。

Sore kara hoshi no kake no ochita no o hirottekite, karoku tsuchi no ue e noseta.

食べるのが大好きだ。

nominalizes an adjective, verb, or phrase; (with a verb) the act of ... -ing, (with an adjective) the concept of ... -ness

懐かしのうた

麗しの君

(literary) used with bare i-adjective stem

私の電話番号は 0 9 0 の 1 2 3 4 の 5 6 7 8 です。

Watashi no denwa bangō wa zero kyū zero no ichi ni san yon no go roku nana hachi desu.

As a separator when reading telephone numbers.


は

Daijirin
Japanese particles#wa
Japanese script reform
Man'yōshū

/pa/ → /ɸa/ → /wa/
From Old Japanese. Used in the oldest Japanese writings, including the Man'yōshū finished some time after 759 CE. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *pa.
The particle was excluded from the post-war script reform, rather than changed to わ (wa), which would be more phonetically accurate.

これは犬です。

今日は雨が降っています。

marks the topic of the clause, sentence, or conversation

中田は？

じゃ、意味は？

(by extension) what about, how about, and (used without a predicate to ask for more information about something)

そう思ってはいないでしょうか。

勝てるとは思ってはいない

現れては消えた

1975, “眠れぬ夜”, 小田和正 (lyrics), performed by オフコース:

愛のない毎日は 自由な毎日
誰も僕を責めたり できはしないさ

ai no nai mainichi wa jiyū na mainichi
dare mo boku o semetari deki wa shinai sa

Days without love are days of freedom
No one can pester me anymore

Inserted between two verbs for emphasis.


へ

⟨pe₁⟩ → */pʲe/ → /ɸe/ → /we/ → /e/
From Old Japanese. Derives from the noun 辺(へ) (he, “place, general area, vicinity”).

日本へようこそ!

銀行へ行った。

トランプ氏勝つ、第45代米大統領へ

Toranpu-shi katsu, dai-yonjūgo-dai Bei-daitōryō e

Trump wins, will be the 45th President of the US

to, towards (indicates a destination or movement toward something)

while に emphasizes the arrival at the destination


き

シーソーは二人で乗るもんやき。

A seesaw is meant to have two people on it.

(Tosa) indicates certainty, conviction, or emphasis

パンが食べれなかったき機嫌悪いがやろ。

Pan ga taberenakatta ki kigen warui ga yaro.

He's probably grumpy because he didn't get to eat the bread.


け

毛 気 家 化 仮 華 袈 卦

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 化, 仮, 華, 袈.)
/kai/ → /keː/ → /ke/
From earlier けえ (kē), in turn a sound shift from かい (kai).

ja-see

(informal, intimate, sometimes considered dialectal) (question particle)


や

おとしよりや体の不自由な方は登録しませんか。

O-toshiyori ya karada no fujiyū na kata wa tōroku shimasen ka.

Don’t seniors and the physically handicapped [and others] register?

最近は犬や猫を飼っている人は多い

saikin wa inu ya neko o katte iru hito wa ōi

recently, many people are raising [animals like] dogs and/or cats


や

猫が私を見るや逃げた。


よ

「ポレット先生はいますか。」「はい、いますよ。」

“Poretto sensei wa imasu ka.”“Hai, imasu yo.”

"Is Mr. Pollett here?" "Yes, [I'm certain that] he is here."

そうじゃないよ！

Indicates certainty, conviction, or emphasis.

雨よ雪に変わってくれ。

『神よツァーリを護り給え』

「万国の労働者よ、団結せよ！」

(literary, poetic) Used as a vocative particle to address the topic in question: O.


わ

あなたの髪は長いわね！

今、行くわ。

知らないわ。

(women's speech, dated) a particle used in the end of sentences to indicate admiration or emotion

何言ってんのか解んねえわ。

(dialectal or men's speech) a particle used in the end of sentences to indicate emphasis


ん

/no/ → /n/, /ŋ/
Regular contraction of the possessive or nominalizing particle の (no). This contracted form is considered informal.

俺ん家に来ない？

あの、聞きたいことがあるんだけど。

Excuse me, I have a question that I would like to ask.

甲賀三郎, 『蜘蛛』
「とたてぐもの一種なんだよ。潮見君は毒蜘蛛と間違えたんだよ」http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000260/files/1431_20128.html
“Totategumo no isshu na n da yo. Shiomi-kun wa dokugumo to machigaeta n da yo”
"It's a type of trapdoor spider. You've mistaken it for a venomous spider."


が

From Proto-Japonic *-ka. Compare Korean -가 (-ga) (possibly borrowed from Japanese into Korean).

猫が鼠を食べた。

本が机の上にある。

2012, “空想少女への恋手紙 [Love Letters to an Imaginary Girl]”, in まらしぃ [Marasy] (lyrics), 空想メモライズ^(YouTube VocaDB), performed by まらしぃ [Marasy] ft. 初音ミク:

The love letter whose destination is you, where should I post it that it may reach you?

宛先が君のラブレターは どこに出せば届くのかな

atesaki ga kimi no rabu retā wa doko ni daseba todoku no ka na

犬は好きだが、猫は嫌いだ。

先日の件ですが、[…]

(formal) used to introduce a new topic into the discussion

我々が心

富士見ヶ丘

Fujimigaoka (literally, “Fuji View Hill”)

関ヶ原 ― Sekigahara ― Sekigahara (literally, “Gateway Plains”)

おやっが

あにょが

(literary or Kagoshima) possessive used to connect nouns, most often seen in place names as ヶ; 's

このくそが！

used after interjected nouns to express contempt

どこ行くが？

おなかいっぱい食べるがやき！

(Tosa) sentence ending particle that indicates emphasis or a question


ぜ

Daijirin Daijisen Edo Japanese_particles#ze Kansai ja:松村明

/zo e/ → /zoe/ → /zeː/ → /ze/
Shift via monophthongization of older ぞえ (zoe), in turn from sentence-ending emphatic particle ぞ (zo) and exclamatory or familiar particle え (e).
First dated to 1771. Usage became established in the Edo area, then spread to the Kansai region in the late 1700s.
With the softening effect of particle え (e), the sense was originally somewhat less gruff than using just ぞ (zo). However, in modern usage, this is now generally considered more gruff than ぞ (zo), and usage is restricted to informal masculine speech, either between members of the same group and status, or by a social superior to an inferior.

困った奴だぜ。

(colloquial, men's speech) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis, used to lightly press one's point, with familiar overtones

そんなにケーキを食べたら太っちまうぜ。

Sonna ni kēki o tabetara futotchimau ze.

(colloquial, men's speech) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis, used to tell the listener about something in a patronising way


ぞ

From Old Japanese. Previously unvoiced as so until the Nara period.

やるぞ！

これで済まないぞ！

よそで飯を盗んで食うたりするんじゃないぞ

yoso de meshi o nusunde kūtari suru n ja nai zo

You may not steal and eat food in other houses, ever.

(colloquial, men's speech) a particle used at the end of sentences, which indicates certainty, emphasis or even a warning or a threat.

何処ぞで歌うたふ声が聞えるやうやのう

dokozo de uta utau koe ga kikoeru yō ya nō

It feels like we can hear voice of singers somewhere.

a particle used as a suffix to an interrogative word to mark it indefinite.

単純化を貴ぶ精神が無くして、なんぞ、この種のことが起きて来ようぞ。

Tanjunka o tōtobu seishin ga nakushite, nanzo, kono shu no koto ga okite koyō zo.

Without the spirit of treasuring simplification, how could this kind of things ever happen.

(archaic) a particle which makes a question emphasized or rhetorical, used at the end of a sentence or appended to an interrogative word.

これぞ辞典の本当の力だ‼

This is the true power of a dictionary!!

(predicative, men's speech) topic particle used for emphasis


で

Originally a contraction of にて (nite), later treated as a conjugation of the copula だ (da).

ここで休みたい。

I want to rest in here (at this location).

at: indicating a location at which something happens

筆ペンで書く

自転車で行きましょう。

with, by, using: indicating the means by or with which something happens

白水着で泳いでみた

in: indicating the containing by something


で

Corrupted from ぜ (ze, sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis).

ja-r

そないな事したらあかんで。

(dialectal, chiefly Kansai) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis


ば

Daijirin
Daijisen
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed 759 CE.
Originally an extension of the topic particle は (wa), for which the Old Japanese pronunciation is reconstructed as */pa/. The pa changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

[affix] Used in Sanskrit transliteration

For a list of all kanji read as ば

This term, ば (ba), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.

雨が降れば遠足を中止する。

急がば回れ ― isogaba maware ― If you rush, you'll go round → more haste, less speed

In Modern Japanese, attaches to the kateikei, and in Classical Japanese, attaches to the mizenkei, to express the hypothetical condition: if

雨が降れば道が濡れる。

c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
それを見れば、三寸ばかりなる人いと美しうて居たり。
Sore o mireba, sansun bakari naru hito ito utsukushūte itari.
When he looked at it, there sat a very lovely human being about three sun long.

2007, “キラメキラリ”, in yura [yura] (lyrics), 神前暁 (music), THE IDOLM@STER MASTER ARTIST 02 高槻やよい:

宇宙から見れば地球も流れ星

If you see from the universe the earth is also a shooting star

In Modern Japanese, attaches to the kateikei, and in Classical Japanese, attaches to the izenkei, to express the precondition for something to happen: if; when

学べば学ぶほど、何も知らなかった事に気づく

Manabeba manabu hodo, nani mo shiranakatta koto ni kizuku

The more I learned, the more I felt I didn't know anything.

In the form …ば…ほど (… ba … hodo): the more …, the more

日本語もできれば英語もできる

to be able to speak both Japanese and English

Links sentences parallel in meaning. The sentences usually incorporate a も (mo): … and …

死なば死ね

(archaic) In the form mizenkei + ば (ba) + meireikei on the same verb: it doesn't matter if …; may as well

雨降れば運動会は中止せり。

The sports meeting is suspended due to rain.

1901, 慶應義塾, 修身要領
結婚は人生の重大事なれば配偶の選択は最も慎重ならざる可らず
kekkon wa jinsei no jūdaiji nareba haigū no sentaku wa motto mo shinchō narazaru bekarazu
Since marriage is a major event in life, the choice of a spouse has to be the most cautious.

1904, 芳賀矢一, 中等教科明治文典:

第六活用形の「死ね」は命令をいふときに用ゐる形なれば命令形といふ。

Dairoku katsuyōkei no “shine” wa meirei o iu toki ni mochiiru katachi nareba meireikei to iu.

The sixth conjugated form shine is the form used when expressing a command, so it's called the imperative form.

(archaic) In Modern Japanese, attaches to the kateikei, and in Classical Japanese, attaches to the izenkei, to express the reason or cause: because; as


ば

明鏡国語辞典 w:ja:明鏡国語辞典


べ

From Kantō, Tōhoku, Hokkaidō Japanese 可(べ)い (bei), from Classical Japanese 可(べ)し (beshi), via regular shift from Classical ク活用(かつよう) (ku-katsuyō) adjective to modern -i adjective.

明日は学校だがら朝早く起きんべ。

Ashita wa gakkō da gara asa hayaku okin be.

I'll get up early for tomorrow's school.

大したことでもねえべ。

(dialectal Kanto, Tōhoku, Hokkaidō) sentence-ending particle indicating volition or supposition


もの

〜ね, 〜な: Used to indicate reason or excuse

(feminine) A sentence-final particle used for emphasis.

だって寒いんだもん。

羨ましくなんかないもん！ふん！

Used to assert something. Often carries feelings of dissatisfaction or downheartedness, but not always.


かな

Combination of か (ka, interrogative particle) + な (na, mild exclamatory particle).
First attested in the late-Edo period as an apparent shift in sense from the Old Japanese and classical usage, wherein the な (na) came to express more a sense of mild doubt rather than admiration (see that section for more).

com

彼は怪しい人かな。

まあ、そうかな。

expresses a question with a feeling of worry

(in the form 〜ないかな (...nai ka na)) expresses affirmation: I hope, I wish


かな

From Old Japanese. First attested in the early 700s.
From か (ka, particle indicating doubt or uncertainty) + な (na, mild exclamatory particle).
Displaced particle かも (ka mo) around the early-Middle Japanese stage.

善き哉！

(Classical Japanese or literary) expresses wonder or postulation on the part of the speaker


500 @ 5円


(Internet slang) alternative form of で (de, “at”, indicating a location at which something happens)


@ 5 個

@ 1時間で寝る

(slang, gaming) alternative form of あと (ato, “remaining”)


なら

Form of ならば (naraba) with its final mora deleted, treated as the conditional of だ (da) in traditional Japanese grammar.

暑いなら、エアコンをつけて。

If it's hot, turn on the air conditioner.

君が行くなら僕も行こう。

適度な緊張ならいいが、過度の緊張は脳の大敵だ。

Tekido na kinchō nara ii ga, kado no kinchō wa nō no taiteki da.

If it's just a moderate amount of nervousness, it can be good, but too much can be your worst enemy.

辞書なら ○○。

If it's a dictionary you need, choose ○○. / ○○, the only dictionary you'll ever need.

A conditional particle appended to a noun or the plain form of a verb or adjective.

花なら桜だ。

As for flowers, it is the cherry blossom.

風景ならスイスに及ぶ国はない。

As for landscape, there isn't a country comparable to Switzerland.


たい

そうですたい

広辞苑 w:ja:広辞苑

(Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki) sentence-ending particle indicating emphasis

For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry: 田井

For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry: 田居


だい

Compound of だ (da, the plain-form copula or "to be" verb) + い (i, emphatic particle, used in compounds with certain sentence-ending particles to create a familiar effect). Attested since at least 1809.

com+

だ
<pos:the plain-form copula or "to be" verb>

い
<id:emphatic><pos:emphatic particle, used in compounds with certain sentence-ending particles to create a familiar effect>

どうしたんだい？

(informal, men's speech) an interrogative particle

そんなのはいらねえってんだい。

(dated) a particle used to state something with conviction


がい

甲斐 外 害 街 劾 崖 涯 慨 蓋 該 概 骸 垓 我意 画意 賀意 雅意

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 劾, 涯, 慨, 蓋, 該, 概, 骸, 賀意, 雅意.)


だん

書類提出だん

(Internet slang, sentence-final particle) done


ばい

From ば (topic particle, originally the rendaku version of は (ha)) + い (emphatic particle, from よ (yo) or や (ya)). Compare Kansai わい (wai), formed through the same process.

compound

重要ばい！

(dialectal, Kyūshū) sentence-ending particle indicating assertion


ケ

ケ (canonical)
が (canonical)
ke (romanization)

市ケ谷駅


イコール

ja-pos

イコール • (ikōru)

Borrowed from English equal.
First cited to a text from 1901.

○○って、イコール☆☆でしょ。

彼氏いない歴イコール年齢の大学生

kareshi inai reki ikōru nenrei no daigakusei

college student whose history of not having a boyfriend is equal to their age

泣くイコール弱いという考え方

the belief that crying entails being a weakling

2009, 石原加受子, 「つい悩んでしまう」がなくなるコツ, すばる舎, page ?:

そもそも、こんな望んでもいない自分になることが、イコール「悩みが解消した状態」と思い込んでいることが、間違っていると思いませんか？

Somosomo, konna nozonde mo inai jibun ni naru koto ga, ikōru “nayami ga kaishō shita jōtai” to omoikonde iru koto ga, machigatte iru to omoimasen ka?

Don't you think it's a mistake in the first place to believe that this kind of "you" that you didn't even hope for equals "having all your worries cleared away"?

(informal) equals, is equal to, is equivalent to, entails


いし

Compound of い (i, emphatic marker) and し (shi, originally -si, emphatic marker). As -i was archaic even in Old Japanese, -si was attached to supplement it.

事清 甚毛莫言 一日太尓 君伊之哭者 痛寸敢物

KO₂TO₂ KI₁YO₁KU ITAKU mo NA IPI₁ SO₂ PI₁TO₂PI₁ dani KI₁MI₁ i si NAKUPA TAPE₂GATAKI₁ kamo

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 13)
是以王多知大臣乃子等治賜伊自天皇朝爾仕奉利婆婆爾仕奉爾波可在

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 13)
故是以子波祖乃心成伊自子爾波可在


(informal) alternative form of イコール (ikōru, “equals, is equal to”)


ねん

なんでやねん！

(Kansai) Sentence-final particle used for emphasis.


のう

nō (romanization)
nau (romanization)
なう (hiragana historical)

(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: 納.)

ja-see-kango

不思議じゃのう。

(sentence-final) Used to express exclamation.


わい

(dated or dialectal) A particle used in the end of sentences to indicate admiration or emotion. Slightly stronger than わ (wa).


とも

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
Ultimately derived from a compound of と (to, “case particle”) + も (mo, “special auxiliary particle”).

com

必ずやるとも。

of course (as a particle used at the end of the sentence, which shows strong assertion)


とも

別の友達とも行った。

I also went with a different friend as well.

『名義抄』ともいう。

「ふいんき」とも読みます。

主人公とも言える人物。

A person whom one might also say is the protagonist.

古くは「ラヂオ」とも表記。

一説には自殺とも。

Alternatively theorized to be a suicide.

明日は無くとも悔いは無し。

Even if tomorrow will not come, I have no regrets.

明日は死のうとも最後まで闘うのだ。

Asu wa shinō to mo saigo made tatakau no da.

Even if I die tomorrow, I will fight until the end.


さかい

境 界 茶会 堺 酒井 坂井 阪井

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 界, 阪井.)


しか

史科 史家 四火 四果 四科 市価 死火 糸価 私家 知客 師家 疵瑕 紙花 紙価 翅果 詞花 歯科 詩家 詩歌 雌花 賜暇 子夏 志賀

頑張るしかない。

All we can do is keep on trying our best.

品質が高すぎて本物にしか見えない。

Hinshitsu ga takasugite honmono ni shika mienai.

The quality is so high that it looks just like the real thing.

The quality is so high that I can't see it as anything except the real thing.

曖昧にしか語らなかった

(binding particle) nothing but, only (followed by negative verb)

(sentence ending particle) Used to express one's desire.


かね

何をしましたかね？！

(emphatic, sentence ending particle) Asks a question.


まで

Cognate with Okinawan までぃ (madi). Likely a shift from 真手 (mate, “both hands”).
Frellesvig suggests a possible origin in 的(まと) (mato, “target”) instead.

十時まで働くつもりだ。

この電車は、下関まで行きます。

Kono densha wa, Shimonoseki made ikimasu.

三時から五時まで。

帰るまで待っている。

33億円にまで減少する

to decrease all the way to 3.3 billion yen

異常なまでに興奮する

to be abnormally excited; to be excited to an abnormal degree

ご参考まで。

みりん。地域猫。最近までマクロのことをマグロと思っていた。

Mirin: A neighbours' cat. Until recently often confused macros with tuna [maguro].

Mirin. Chiiki-neko. Saikin made makuro no koto o maguro to omotteita.


から

From Old Japanese 柄 (kara, “origin, source”), from Proto-Japonic *kara. Cognate with Miyako から (kara), Okinawan から (kara).

東京から帰った。

ずっと前からの話

地下室からのふしぎな旅

a mysterious journey (starting) from the basement

終わってから、来てください。

Please come by after finishing [after you've finished].

東京に住んでいてから、日本語を流暢に話します。

Tōkyō ni sunde ite kara, nihongo o ryūchō ni hanashimasu.

Since living in Tokyo, I speak Japanese fluently.

肉を食べないから、ラーメンは駄目だ。

Because he doesn't eat meat, ramen is a bad idea.

私がいるから心配ないでしょう？

Because I'm here, there's no need to worry, right?

because, (following adjectives and verbs) as a result of; therefore, so

基本から始める

１から９までの数字

１から９を使う

東京から大阪まで


より

Originally derived as stem noun form of verb よる (yoru, “to arise from, to start from”), spelled variously in kanji as 因る, 依る, 由る.

上田さんは僕より背が高い。

オレンジより林檎が好き。

than; rather than; more than; more so than

ここより危ないですよ。

It's dangerous past / beyond / from here.

千歳より出発します。

博物館の展示が 6月 10日より開催されます。

Hakubutsukan no tenji ga rokugatsu tōka yori kaisai saremasu.

自り: from, beyond, or past a point in space or time


ばかり

Shift from noun 計り, 測り, 量り (hakari, “measurement, amount, full amount”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 計る, 測る, 量る (hakaru, “to measure, to weigh, to calculate”). The meaning seems to have shifted from amount to fully, and from there to just or only.

食べたばかりだ。

(〜たばかり -ta bakari) just (recently completed action)

東京は人ばかりだ。

彼は食べてばかりいる。

落ち込んでばかりいずに前に進もう。


ばかりか

祖父ばかりか、曽祖父さえ生きている。

Not only is my grandfather living but my great-grandfather as well.


ばかし

Change in pronunciation from ばかり (bakari).


だけ

Derived from 丈 (take, “height, limit”). Usage as a particle appears after 1600, during the Edo period.

ローマ字だけの辞書

何ても暗薄いじめじめした所でニャー／＼泣いて居た事丈は記憶して居る。

1905, 夏目漱石 (Natsume Sōseki), 吾輩は猫である (Wagahai wa Neko de aru, “I Am a Cat”), Mōri Yasotarō (tr.)

All I remember is that I was miaowing in a dampish dark place

Nantemo kurausui jimejime shita tokoro de nyānyā naite ita koto dake wa kioku shite iru.

in a negative, limiting sense: only, just, limit

寝たいだけ寝ていい。

これだけしてるのに

in a positive, non-limiting sense: amount, as much as


だの

納豆だの、シーフードだの、山葵だの、日本食が苦手だ。

Nattō da no, shīfūdo da no, wasabi da no, Nihonshoku ga nigate da.

Natto, seafood, wasabi and the like — Japanese food isn't my thing.

1939, Osamu Dazai, Joseito [Schoolgirl]:

It's funny how I unconsciously started singing "Tōjin Okichi". Usually I'm infatuated with music like that of Mozart and Bach.

普段、モオツァルトだの、バッハだのに熱中しているはずの自分が、無意識に、「唐人お吉」を唄ったのが、面白い。

Fudan, Mōtsaruto dano, Bahha dano ni netchū shiteiru hazu no jibun ga, muishiki ni,“Tōjin Okichi” o utatta no ga, omoshiroi.


でも

宇宙からでも万里の長城が見える。

Uchū kara de mo Banri no Chōjō ga mieru.

Even from space you can see the Great Wall of China.

日本でも英語を勉強する。

お茶でも、コーヒーでも、どうですか？

酒でも飲もうよ。

気づかないとでも思った？

Did you think I wouldn't notice or something?

気づかないとでも？

[Did you think] I wouldn't notice or something?

1948, Osamu Dazai, Ningen Shikkaku [No Longer Human]:

with a hand movement as if one were brushing away a caterpillar or the like

毛虫でも払いのける時のような手つきで

kemushi de mo harainokeru toki no yō na tetsuki de


にて

Supposed as case particle に (ni) + conjunctive particle て (te). Compare Korean -에서 (-eseo).
An alternative analysis suggests that に (ni) may be a conjugation of an ancient copular or stative verb ぬ (nu), which persists in modern Japanese as particle に (ni) and auxiliary verb ぬ (nu) / ず (zu). This would make nite appear to be a regular conjunctive conjugation of the copula. Compare the て form of Japanese verbs.

formal version of で (de), indicating location or instrumental


所か

彼は警察官所か、犯罪者だ。

Kare wa keisatsukan dokoro ka, hanzaisha da.

He's very far from being a policeman, he's a criminal.


ほど

彼ほど日本語がうまくない。

速いほど良い。

学べば学ぶほど、何も知らなかった事に気づく

Manabeba manabu hodo, nani mo shiranakatta koto ni kizuku

The more I learned, the more I felt I didn't know anything.

あいつを殺したいほど嫌いだ。

I hate him so much that I want to kill him.


かしら

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

Apocopic shift from かしらん (ka shiran), in turn from か (ka, question particle: “if, whether, ?”) + しらぬ (shiranu, “to not know”, classical negative form of 知る (shiru, “to know”)). Literally means “don't know whether...”

ja-r

彼は怪しい人かしら。

ご存じかしら？

I wonder if you have heard of that? / Perhaps you've heard of that?

誰かしらあの家に引っ越してくるだろう。

Dare ka shira ano ie ni hikkoshite kuru darō.

Someone or other will probably move into that house.


けど

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Clipping of けれど (keredo, “although, but”), itself a clipping of older and longer form けれども (keredomo).
First attested in 1732.

clipping

彼女は一風変わっているけど綺麗だ。

Kanojo wa ippū kawatte iru kedo kirei da.

痛いけど気持ちいい。


きり

二人きりのお店

a shop for just the two of them/us (with no one else present)

家を出たきり戻らず


ころ

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kərə.

三時ごろに会いましょう。

昨日十二時ごろ寝ました。

I went to sleep at about twelve o'clock yesterday.

(time) in, on, at, at that time, around,about, approximately


こそ

From Old Japanese.
Possibly derived from 此 (ko, “this”) + そ (so, Old Japanese emphatic particle).

今日こそ、やるぞ！

君が好きだからこそこれほど頑張っているんだよ。

Kimi ga suki da kara koso kore hodo ganbatte iru n da yo.

It's because I like you [because of my fondness for you] that I'm working this hard.

emphatic particle used for emphasis: it is ... that

「ありがとうございます！」「こちらこそ！」

used in set phrases when returning a greeting or apology to someone


までに

九時までに帰る。


なぁ

変だなぁ！

Particle indicating emphasis, question, and reflection.


など

納豆や歌舞伎などは日本だけにある。

Nattō ya kabuki nado wa Nihon dake ni aru.

Things like natto and kabuki are only in Japan.

等: for example, things like, such as, etc., and so on


なんて

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明

A contraction of phrase 等 (nado, “and so forth, etc.”) + とて (tote, particle combination indicating “that kind of thing”, from と to, quotative particle + て te, conjunctive particle).
Some sources describe this as a shift from 等 (nado) + と (to), or from 等 (nado) + と (to) + は (wa, topic particle), or even just from 等 (nado), but the phonetic shift in the final vowel from -o or -a to -e is unexplainable in these hypotheses.

お前なんてどうでもいい。

(adverbial particle, dismissive, derogatory) emphasizes disgust, contempt, or otherwise negative feelings of the speaker: whatever


ヶ

ヶ (canonical)
が (canonical)
ga (romanization)
が (alternative)
ケ (alternative)

藤ヶ丘

a place name, literally "Hill of Wisteria"

四ヶ所麻美 ― Shikasho asami ― Asami Shikasho

An alternative spelling of an obsolete possessive marker が (ga). Found only in place names and surnames derived from such.

〆

Japanese ligatures and scribal abbreviations

ヽ 〱 ()

iteration mark for katakana; iteration mark for multiple kana


って

Classical Japanese
Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明

Contracted from とて (tote), itself a compound of quotative particle と (to) and conjunctive particle て (te).
Another etymology lists って as a shift from てふ (tefu), a contraction of と言う (to iu, “said that...”) in its Classical Japanese form.
* /to ifu/ → /toifu/ → /tefu/ → /tte/
When following a word ending in ん (n), manifests without gemination as just て (te).
First cited to the late 1800s.

すぐ来ますって。

お母さんに聞いたら、だめだって。

あいつ病気なんだって。

he/she/I/they/we said: a type of verbal quotation mark used for direct and indirect quotes, also similar to that when used as a coordinating conjunction

アラビア語って、難しくない？

これって何て名前？


どこ

First cited to a 洒落本 (sharebon) text in 1790.
The suffix senses are derived from the rendaku (連濁) form of とこ (-toko), a colloquial stem indicating a circumstance, moment, place, point, and many others.

out of the question
out of the question#English

(informal, with a usually negative sentence) short for どころ (dokoro): indicates rejection to an out of the question word or phrase: the extent of, the place of, the time of


かも

Analyzable as a combination of か (ka, interrogative and indeterminate particle) + も (mo, “also, as well, too”, inclusive particle).
Often used as a shortening of longer expression かも知れない (ka mo shirenai, “may, might, perhaps”).

ja-r

そうかもね。

かも知れない かも知れない#Japanese

short for かも知れない (ka mo shirenai, “may, might, perhaps”)


たら

Follows a past-tense subordinate clause of condition; if; when.


たる

used after a noun, usually occupation, rank, position etc., indicating emphasis or responsibility.

教育者たる私は学生たちを正しい道に導くのだ。

Kyōikusha taru watashi wa gakusei tachi o tadashii michi ni michibiku no da.

As an educator, I will lead students to the right track.


ザ

(colloquial) Used to add emphasis to a noun and imply that it is a classic example of something.


だって

Sound change of だとて, compound of だ (da, “to be”, auxiliary verb) + とて (tote, “even, also”, binding particle).

ja-com

ここからだって見える。

あなただってわかるでしょ。

Indicating a certain object is included not as an exception, but in the general case; even, also

水銀だって鉛だって公害のもとだ。

Suigin datte namari datte kōgai no moto da.

Things like mercury or lead are a source of pollution.

Indicating the things listed are in the same category; for example, things like

誰だって知っている。

Everyone knows (no matter who he/she is).

(following an interrogative word or words indicating doubt, quantity or degree) Expressing the idea that there are no exceptions; no matter

binding particle; following an interrogative word or words indicating doubt; quantity or degree; following an interrogative word or words indicating doubt; quantity or degree

欲しいくせに、いらないだってさ。

Even though you want it, you'd say you don't need it!

なぜ休んだかだって。病気だよ。

[You wonder] why I took a day off? I was sick!

(sentence ending particle, attached to a quote) Used to emphasize a sense of disapproval or surprise.

sentence ending particle; attached to a quote; sentence ending particle; attached to a quote


なんか

何か: (adverbial particle, dismissive, derogatory) emphasizes disgust, contempt, or otherwise negative feelings of the speaker: whatever

なんか変な感じがする。

Something feels off (and I can't explain it).


ながら

Daijirin
Kōjien
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

From Old Japanese, cited in the Man'yōshū poetry anthology of 759. In turn, analyzable as a compound of な (na, ancient genitive / possessive particle, apophonic form of particle の (no)) + 柄 (kara, “character, quality”).

compound

お茶を飲みながら話しましょう。

歩きながら話しましょうか。


のみ

⟨no₂mi₂⟩ → */nəmɨ/ → /nomi/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Possibly a compound of の (no, “case particle”) + 身 (mi, “body”).


には

From に (ni, “to”) + は (ha, (wa) topic marker).

ja-compound

七味は私には辛過ぎる。

京都には花が有る。

私には姉が二人います。

キムチを作るには以下の材料が必要です。

Kimuchi o tsukuru ni wa ika no zairyō ga hitsuyō desu.

To make kimchi / In making kimchi, the following ingredients are required.


ぁ

ぁ (canonical)
ァ (canonical)
-a (romanization)

1933, William Shakespeare, translated by Tsubouchi Shōyō, Romeo and Juliet:

「はて、飼犬を見たゞけでも向うてゆくわい。モンタギューの奴等と見りゃ、男でも女でも關うたことァない。」

"Hate, inu wo mita dake de mo mukōteyuku wai. Montagyū no yatsura to mirya, otoko de mo onna de mo kamōta kotwa nai."

"A dog of that house shall move me to stand. I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montague's."


かし

わざとあめるを、早うものせよかし。

It seems to be a special [invitation], so please go early.

広野の吹雪よ 語れかし
密林の長き夜 告げよかし

kōya no fubuki yo katare kashi
mitsurin no nagaki yo tsugeyo kashi

Tell, blizzards in the wild plains,
Tell, long nights in dense forests


だに

微動だにしない


ても

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

A conjunctive particle that follows a conditional subordinate clause; even if.


どこか

First cited to a 滑稽本 (kokkeibon) text in the early 1800s.
Shift from どころか (dokoro ka) of the same meaning.

short for どころか (dokoro ka): anything but, far from, not at all


所で

From 所 (tokoro, “place”) + で (de, “at”, “in”, indicates a location of action).

com

even if, no matter if (someone does something)


とは

素数とは何かを学んだ。

I learnt what [the meaning of] a prime number was.

「原子力」とは？

What is [the meaning of] "nuclear power"?

indicates that a word or a phrase is to be defined or explained

あいつとはもう関係ない。

過去とは違う自分

a self who is different from the [self of the] past

(more emphatic) synonym of と (to, “with”)

まさか自殺するとは……

I never would have thought that he/she would kill himself/herself...

short for とは思わなかった (to wa omowanakatta, “did not think that ...”)


とて

幾ら貧乏だとて


では

Compound of particle で (de, “at, in, on”, locative particle) and は (wa, topic particle; no English equivalent). In this case, the は (wa) is used in its contrastive function, emphasizing that the statement is about the portion preceding the で (de) in contrast to other possibilities.

彼は家ではおとなしい。

[As for] In the house, he is quiet. (Otherwise, he may not be quiet.)

ここでは駐車が出来ない。

No parking in this place. (Maybe you can park somewhere else.)

at, in a place (as the topic of a statement)

英語ではなんて言うんだったっけ。


いは

ipa → iɸa → iwa. Compound of い (i, “emphatic marker”) and は (wa, “focus marker”). As -i was archaic even in Old Japanese, -wa was attached to supplement it.

不敢雖謂 話礼ゝゝ常 詔許曽 志斐伊波奏 強話登言

Even though I said no, [she] keeps talking and talking. When [she] talks about sipï, I talk about compelling.

INA TO₂ IPE₂DO₂ KATAre KATAre to₂ NO₂RASE ko₂so₂ sipi₂ i pa MAWOSE SIPI₂KATARI TO₂ NO₂RU

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 45)
此乎持伊波稱乎致之、捨伊波謗乎招都
KO₂ wo TAMOTU ipa TATAPE₂ wo ITAsi SUTURU ipa SOSIRI wo MANEKI₁tu
To hold this is to praise it; to throw it away is to have had a bad mouth.


らむ

ramu (romanization)
らむ (stem terminative)
らん (stem terminative)
ramu (stem terminative)
ran (stem terminative)
らむ (attributive stem)
らん (attributive stem)
ramu (attributive stem)
ran (attributive stem)
らめ (realis stem)
rame (realis stem)

The final -mu is cognate with conjectural む (mu).

玉剋春 内乃大野尓 馬数而 朝布麻須等六 其草深野

鳴呼見乃浦尓 船乗為良武 𡢳嬬等之 珠裳乃須十二 四宝三都良武香

(archaic) conjecture about a presently occurring situation that the speaker has no direct knowledge about

(archaic) conjecture about the cause or reason of a presently occurring situation that is directly observed by the speaker

(archaic) hearsay based on things heard or read


けれど

Clipping of けれども (keredomo, “although, but”).
First attested in 1711.


ので

今日は日曜日なので、学校に行きません。

Kyō wa nichiyōbi na no de, gakkō ni ikimasen.

Because it's Sunday, I won't go to school.


けれども

Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition).
Etymology details
* The former kere part has multiple possible derivations:
*# The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives)
*# The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (maji)
*# The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (keri)
: Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (ari), modern ある (aru)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto.
: The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb あり (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb 来 (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English be that as it may.
* The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + も (mo, “even, also”, particle). The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.

compound

疲れていたけれども、相手をしてやった。

Tsukarete ita keredomo, aite o shite yatta.

彼女は一風変わっているけど綺麗だ。

痛いけど気持ちいい。

デジタル大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉#電子版

(formal) Used to introduce context or provide additional information before introducing a new topic.


まま

From 儘(まま) (mama, “the same, unchanged state”, noun).

ja-r

立ったまま寝てしまう

2014, “夜明けと蛍 [Dawn and Firefly]”, n-buna [n-buna] (lyrics)^(niconico VocaDB)performed by n-buna [n-buna] ft. 初音ミク:

I can't find anything I want to do
so I pretend to be in a hurry with my head down

shitai koto ga mitsukerarenai kara
isoida furi utsumuku mama

したいことが見つけられないから
急いだ振り 俯くまま

(usually after the perfective form of a verb) as it is; remaining in a certain state; while still

是非一度お目にかかりたきまま、御都合の程お聞かせ願えれば幸甚に存じます。

Zehi ichido o-me ni kakaritaki mama, o-tsugō no hodo o-kikase negaereba kōjin ni zon jimasu.

If it's not too much trouble, I would be greatly honored if we could meet in person once. [Therefore,] if you could let me know your availability, it would be much appreciated.

(literary, writing, usually in a letter) Expressing the intention of explaining a reason; because


しも

shi mo (romanization)
simo (romanization)
しも (hiragana historical)


すら

c. 91 BCE, Sima Qian, “廉頗藺相如列傳”, in Shiji, volume 81:

且つ庸人すら尚ほ之を羞づ。

Besides, even ordinary people would still be ashamed of it.


さえ

sae (romanization)
さへ (hiragana historical)

From 添(そ)へ (sohe), 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 添(そ)ふ (sofu, modern equivalent 添(そ)える (soeru)).

犬さえ食わない

○○さえいればなんでもできる。

(when followed by a conditional phrase -ば/-たら) as long as


くない

Derived as a repurposing of the negative ending -ku nai of regular -i adjectives. Appears as slang in informal usage where standard Japanese would use じゃない (ja nai) instead.

あるくない？

2019 August 21, QuizKnock [QuizKnock], 5m30s from the start, in 【判じ絵】江戸時代のなぞなぞに東大生が挑戦！, via YouTube:

江戸時代になると濁点あるくない？

We have the voicing mark once we get to the Edo period, don't we?

2020 October 28, QuizKnock [QuizKnock], 3m02s from the start, in ｢ですが｣が全部｢か〜ら〜の〜？｣になるクイズしてみたYO⤴【パリピ】, via YouTube:

Tsuka yabakune kore? Hikaru kune? Hikaru kune?

つかやばくねコレ？光るくね？光るくね？

Dude, but look at this though; it's blinking. Isn't that whack?

(informal, slang) isn't it, aren't you (said when seeking confirmation from the listener)


とか

Case-marking particle と (to) plus adverbial particle か (ka)

something like, some kind of; where the situation is unclear


とか

Parallel marking particle と (to) (used to join two words together in the same way as や (ya)) plus adverbial particle か (ka)

such as, and so on; used when listing something part of a larger group of similar things

or something, used to avoid stating something clearly and add vagueness


として

映画監督として知られている。

父の代わりとして委員会に出席した。

Chichi no kawari to shite iinkai ni shusseki shita.

I attended a committee in place of my father.


ゟ

ヽ 〱 ()

iteration mark for katakana; iteration mark for multiple kana


やら

何やら白い物が浮いている。

There seems to be something white floating (there).

An informal alternative to the か (ka) suffix for interrogatives.


かも知れない

かも知れない (canonical)
ka mo shirenai (romanization)

This is a compound phrase of the interrogative particle か (ka, used to form questions, also used as a coordinating particle similar to English whether), the inclusive particle も (mo, “even, also”) plus the negative potential non-past form 知(し)れない (shirenai, literally “can not know”) of the verb 知(し)る (shiru, “to know something”), all together literally meaning “can not even know whether [preceding statement]”.

used to form questions, also used as a coordinating particle similar to English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">whether</i>

雨降るかもしれない。

It cannot even be known whether it will rain. → It might rain.


つつ

様々な目的や意味を込めつつ食事をしている。

Samazama na mokuteki ya imi o kome tsutsu shokuji o shiteiru.

People have meals with various goals or meanings.

while, -ing, for two actions happening at once


ものの

さて邸へは忍び込んだもののこれから先どうして善いか分らない。

Sate yashiki e wa shinobikonda monono kore kara saki dōshite ii ka wakaranai.

Well, though I had managed to creep into the property, I had no idea what to do next.


について

に (ni, “to”, a particle which modifies the previous word) + ついて (tsuite, -te conjunctive form of the verb 就く (tsuku))

com-ja

-te conjunctive form of the verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">就く</i> (tsuku)


ども

Auxiliary suffix ど (do, contrasting conjunction suffix) + particle も (mo).


のに

Combination of particle の (no, the genitive or possessive marker, also used to nominalize verbs and adjectives) + particle に (ni, locative and directional marker).

もう春なのに

ああ、ちょうどよかったのに。

かわいかったのになぁ…

even though, although (in spite of the fact that)

早くすればいいのに…

although it would have been good if I did it sooner

怒りを表すのに用いられる


っけ

この単語の意味は何でしたっけ？

What was the meaning of this word, again?

へー、そうだったっけ。

again? particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information


ったら

Contraction of ...と言いったら (... to ittara)

ね。ね！ねったら！

もう、私ったら。

1979, Yoshiyuki Tomino, Mobile Suit Gundam, episode 10, spoken by Garma Zabi (Katsuji Mori):

シャア … 図ってったな！シャア！

Char... You're plotting on me! Char!
[After finding himself betrayed]


なんで

(informal) contraction of なので (na no de)


して

1929, 斎藤茂吉, 日本大地震, 青空文庫:

或日、朝からＮ君を訪ねて、二人して当もなく街上を歩いた。

Aru hi, asa kara Enu-kun o tazunete, futari shite ate mo naku gaijō o aruita.

One day, I paid N a visit in the morning, and the two of us walked the streets aimlessly.

(following a word denoting multiple people) indicates that the action is done together as a group


なり

From the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of the classical auxiliary verb なり.

労働局になり相談したらどうですか？

Rōdōkyoku ni nari sōdan shitara dō desu ka?

What about consulting, for example, the Labor Bureau?

Used when giving an example, without the implication that it might be the best or the only option

楽天なりどこなりで買い物をする

Rakuten nari doko nari de kaimono o suru


をして

Derived as a combination of accusative / object particle を (wo, modern pronunciation o) + the conjunctive form して of classical verb す (su), modern verb する (suru, “to do”, emphasis on active voice). Used to mark the indirect object or patient of a causative expression. This appears very early in the written record in the Shoku Nihongi, completed in 797 CE, representing late-Nara period and early-Heian period Japanese. This usage persists in the modern language, but is restricted to formal literary writing.

天才をして輝かしめる

(archaic, literary, formal) indicates the patient of a causative expression; used with the auxiliary verb しめる (shimeru) to mark the causative

Daijirin
Daijisen
Heian period
Nara period
Shoku Nihongi
ja:松村明


よーん

(informal) eye dialect spelling of よ (yo), representing playful Japanese


といえども

当たらずといえども遠からず

even though it did not hit the mark it is not far


ずつ

zutsu (romanization)
dutu (romanization)
づつ (hiragana historical)
づつ (alternative)

少しずつ

一個ずつ

一歩ずつ

毎日一回ずつ


ばっか

(informal) alternative form of ばかり (bakari)


かどうか

彼が時間通り来るかどうか分からない。

Kare ga jikan-dōri kuru ka dō ka wakaranai.

I don't know whether or not he will come on time.


んで

とても疲れていたんで、仕事に行かなかった。

Totemo tsukareteita nde, shigoto ni ikanakatta.

Since I was very tired, I didn't go to work.


どんだけ

(informal) alternative form of どれだけ (dore dake)


今や

今や時代遅れになっています


ってば

In modern Japanese, an emphasis of てば (teba), itself a contraction of と言えば (to ieba), from quotative particle と (to) and the conditional conjugation 言えば (ieba) of verb 言う (iu, “to say”).
Literally means, “if that's what [someone] says / said”. Also used idiomatically to mean something along the lines of, “if that's what [I / you / someone] said, then [that's what I really mean / why won't you agree with me]”.

(informal, childish or women's speech) Binding particle used to show as a topic with feelings of familiarity or criticism.

だからいらないってば！

(informal) Sentence-final particle used to emphasize a point and express irritation.


アル

Mimicing erhua ("~兒") in northern Chinese dialects. Or, from kyōwa-go (協和語).

いつも めずらしい カセキ けんきゅう してる アルよ！

Itsumo mezurashii kaseki kenkyū shiteru aru yo!

(fiction) Stereotypical sentence-final particle used by Chinese.

(offensive, ethnic slur) Mimicking Chinese speech; ching chong


なかれ

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759.
The imperative form of the classical adjective 無し (nashi, “not”). Originally from fusion of adverbial なく (naku) + imperative copula あれ (are, “be”), resulting in a literal meaning of imperative "be not".

汝、殺すなかれ

己の欲せざる所、人に施すこと勿れ

Kanbun kundoku of the Analects of Confucius, XV.24

What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others

Onore no hossezaru tokoro, hito ni hodokosu koto nakare

(Classical Japanese or literary) must not; do not

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


たり

From the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of the classical tari below.

テレビを見たり、パソコンをしたりしている。

Terebi o mitari, pasokon o shitari shite iru.

I'm (doing things like) watching TV and playing on the computer.


𛀁

(obsolete) Identical in meaning to the particle へ, but used only after pronunciations of え, 𛀁, and ゑ.


かも知れません

かも知れません (canonical)
ka mo shiremasen (romanization)

かも知れない かも知れない#Japanese

(polite) synonym of かも知れない (ka mo shirenai, “may, might, perhaps”)


ばや

(Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the optative: I wish to, I wish that


よりも

死よりも残酷な結末


てば

Contraction of と言(い)えば (to ieba), from と (to, particle of quotation) + 言(い)え (ie, hypothetical form (仮定形) of 言(い)う (iu, “to say”)) + ば (ba, particle forming the provisional).

ja-r

にくい事・やすいかもじゃとおもたてば

1709, Zappai (雑俳): Karukuchi tonsaku (軽口頓作)

Hard affairs, when I had thought that might be easy.

(informal, rare) contraction of と言えば (to ieba): speaking of

うちの父さんてば足が臭いのよ。

そんな事はしませんてば。


もや

Compound of も (mo, case particle expressing surprise or admiration) + や (ya, interjectory particle expressing admiration or emotion).

ja-com

Interjectory particle expressing a strong sense of admiration or exclamation


てよ

て (te, conjunctive particle; sentence-ending particle of request) + よ (yo, particle indicating certainty, conviction, or emphasis)

ja-r

1888, Iwaya Sazanami, 五月鯉 [Satsuki Goi], page 103:

アノ酉井さんさう言て來てヨ

(childish or women's speech) Indicates request or requirement in the spoiled manner: please

父上も知って居てよ

(chiefly women's speech) Indicates emphasis euphemistically with emotion.


けえ

(informal, intimate, sometimes considered dialectal) Clause-ending question particle.

け

shortened form of same meaning and general usage


けえ

2018, 小(こ)山(やま)田(だ)浩(ひろ)子(こ) (Koyamada Hiroko), “蟹(かに) (Kani)”, in 日(に)本(ほん)文(ぶん)藝(げい)家(か)協(きょう)会(かい) (Nihon Bungeika Kyōkai), editor, 文(ぶん)学(がく) 2018 (Bungaku 2018), page 272:

「[…]工事ってもその頃は、海っぺりにガラクタやなんや放りこんで、それから砂入れて、水面まで埋めたら上に馬を引いてきてうろうろうろうろ歩き回らせたら地面がまた沈むけえ最後の方は蹄がチャプチャプなるん、そしたらまたトラックで砂入れて……[…]」

“ […] Kōji tte mo sono koro wa, umipperi ni garakuta ya nan'ya hōrikonde, sore kara suna irete, suimen made umetara ue ni uma o hiitekite urouro urouro arukimawarasetara jimen ga mata shizumu kē saigo no hō wa hizume ga chapuchapu naru n, soshitara mata torakku de suna irete…… […] ”


せえ

ja-pos

せえ or せェ or セエ or セェ • (sē)

せえ (canonical)
せェ (canonical)
セエ (canonical)
セェ (canonical)
sē (romanization)

よかか…オイのなは日(ひ)高(だか)剣(けん)介(すけ)…くやしかったら鹿児島(カゴッマ)セェけ(こい)‼いっでん(いつでも)勝(しょう)負(ぶ)してやっで‼

1984 February 15, Motoka Murakami, “またいつか、勝(しょう)負(ぶ)の日(ひ)までの巻(まき) [One Day, We’ll Face off Again]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 77:

Awrite… Mah name’s Hidaka Kensuke… Come to Kagoshima when yer ready‼ Ah’ll be waitin’ to settle witcha again‼

Yoka ka… Oi no na wa Hidaka Kensuke… Kuyashikattara Kagomma sē ke‼ Idden shōbu shite yadde‼


なも

(archaic) sentence-ending particle indicating light emotion


だぉ

BARギコっぽいONLINE https://web.archive.org/web/20220404071847/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/iccanobif/gikopoi2/master/static/rooms/kaidan/background.svg
祝だぉ 30 時間配信達成
shuku dao sanjū jikan haishin tassei
30 hours of broadcasts achieved!!!

(2channel slang) alternative form of だよ (da yo)


がな

particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.)


ニダ

From Korean -ㅂ니다 (-mnida, polite declarative suffix). Compare Chinese 思密達／思密达 (sīmìdá).

zh-m

思密達／思密达 (sīmìdá)

独島は韓国の物ニダ。

(ethnic slur) Stereotypical sentence-final particle used in place of です (desu) to mock people of Korean descent.


どんくらい

どれくらい どれくらい#Japanese

(informal) alternative form of どれくらい (dore kurai)


ものか

From 物(もの) (mono, “thing”) + か (ka, interrogative particle).

ja-compound

黙っていられるものか！

子供のものか！

(after attributive forms, at the end of a sentence) Expressing strong negation: definitely not; how can it be possible


ぞえ

Combination of sentence-ending emphatic particle ぞ (zo) + tone-softening and affectionate particle え (e). Precursor to modern ぜ (ze).
Appears from around the late 1500s, with use peaking during the Edo period.

(colloquial, men's speech, archaic) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis, used to lightly press one's point, with affectionate overtones


ぞい

(colloquial, men's speech, dated) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis, used to lightly press one's point, with affectionate overtones


がてら

見物がてら商用で京都へ行った。

I went to Kyoto on business and partly for sightseeing.

(Can we date this quote?), アボガド6, “夜の国”, in アメデオ旅行記:

じゃあ雨宿りがてら少し話そうか

How about we talk about it while taking shelter from the rain?


んば

Shift from は (ha). First attested in 平家物語 (Heike Monogatari, “The Tale of the Heike”) of the early 1200s.
/-ba/ → /-mba/
The は (ha) was probably originally the topic particle, also used in contrastive emphasis to indicate a conditional in certain constructions. Compare modern なくては (nakute wa). The nasal likely appeared due to the voicing of the negative auxiliary ず (zu) that often preceded the particle in this usage. Over time, this then became conflated with the regular conditional verb suffix ば (ba).

こ%けつ に いらずんば こ%じ を えずYou cannot catch a tiger cub without entering a tiger's lair → nothing ventured, nothing gained}}

信用なくんば尊敬されない

You cannot be respected without reputation.

(archaic) alternative form of ば (-ba, “if”)

Daijirin
Daijisen
The Tale of the Heike
ja:松村明


っきゃ

やるっきゃない。

(colloquial) alternative form of しか (shika)


はんで

そったら（だ）ごと、してらはんで、まいねーっつってらべよ

sottara (da) goto, shitera hande, mainē ttsuttera be yo

そんなことをしているから、駄目だっ言ってるじゃないか


をも

(literary) を (o, the accusative case particle) + も (mo, “also; as well”). Even x (acc).


もが

誰もが知る

(literary) も (mo, “also; as well”) + が (ga, the subject case particle). Even x (sbj).


ならば

Classical hypothetical form of copula なり (nari, “to be”), formed by attaching ば (ba) to the irrealis stem なら (nara).

alternative form of なら (nara, “if”, conditional particle)


ならば

Classical hypothetical form of 成(な)る (naru, “to become; to come into being”), formed by attaching ば (ba) to the irrealis stem なら (nara).
As a conjunction, first cited to the late 1500s.


オア

文系or理系


につき

ni tsuki (romanization)
nituki (romanization)
につき (hiragana historical)

工事中につき要注意

一週間につき


ばっかり

(informal, more emphatic) alternative form of ばかり (bakari)


可い

Regular shift from Classical Japanese ク活用(かつよう) (ku-katsuyō) adjective 可(べ)し (beshi) to modern -i adjective.

(dialectal Kanto, Tōhoku, Hokkaidō) sentence-ending particle indicating volition or supposition


けども

Clipping of けれども (keredomo, “although, but”).


にや

Combination of particles に (ni, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of affirmative statement marker なり (nari) as used in classical Japanese) + や (ya, expressing doubt or uncertainty).

(Classical Japanese, archaic) expresses doubt about a preceding affirmative statement, or introduces a contrary point


どころ

今そんな話どころではありません。

Ima sonna hanashi dokoro de wa arimasen.

Now is not the time for that kind of talk.

(chiefly in the negative) highlights that the marked entity is an extreme example and at odds with the true nature of the situation; the time for; the place for


かも知んない

かも知んない (canonical)
ka mo shinnai (romanization)

かも知れない かも知れない#Japanese

(informal) alternative form of かも知れない (ka mo shirenai, “may, might, perhaps”)


そばから

聞いたそばから忘れちゃった。

I heard it and then immediately forgot it.