紅

*/peni/ → /beni/
First attested in The Pillow Book, completed in 1002.
Shift from *heni, attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE) with the original sense of "rouge".
The ni is definitely 丹 (ni, “red earth, cinnabar”), while the initial pe/be remains uncertain.


紅

Alternative spelling for 赤 (aka, “red”).


紅

From 揉み (momi, “kneading”, stem form of verb momu), by extension from the kneading of cloth during the dyeing process.


紅

ja-pos

紅(こう) • (Kō)


紫

From Old Japanese.
Possibly a compound of 群 (mura, “gathering, group”) + 咲き (saki, “blooming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 咲く (saku), “to bloom”).

com

(historical, colloquial, from 江戸紫 (Edo murasaki, “royal purple”), where the dye is traditionally made in) Edo, the de facto capital of the Tokugawa shogunate

(colloquial) short for 紫式部 (Murasaki Shikibu): Heian-period novelist and lady-in-waiting

紫式部

(colloquial, by extension) synonym of 源氏物語 (Genji Monogatari): The Tale of Genji


紫

From 縁 (yukari, “affinity, connection”).


紬

[t͡sɨmɯ̟ɡʲi]

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 紡ぐ (tsumugu, “to spin”).


絆

絆 (canonical)
Kizuna (romanization)
Kiduna (romanization)
きづな (hiragana historical)

/kiduna/ → /kid͡zuna/ → /kizuna/
Likely from Old Japanese, first attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
The final -zuna is definitely from 綱 (tsuna, “rope”), while the initial ki- remains uncertain.
The more positive connotation of "bond" is attested in The Tale of the Heike (c. 1330).


経

経 (canonical)
Kyō (romanization)
Kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

/kʲeu/ → /kjau/ → /kjɔː/ → /kjoː/
From Middle Chinese 經 (MC keng|kengH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit सूत्र (sūtra, literally “string, thread”) or Pali sutta (literally “string, thread”).


経

From Middle Chinese 經 (MC keng|kengH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.


経

From Old Japanese.
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 経つ (tatsu, “to elapse; to burn out, said of a candle or oil”), itself cognate with 立つ (tatsu, “to stand”).


綠

For names, this 旧字体 (kyūjitai, literally “old form”) of the kanji may still be used. For all other uses, see the 緑 entry.


緑

From Old Japanese. Originally referred to new buds and shoots, later expanding via metonymy to mean green.


繁

Nominalization of verb 茂る (shigeru, “to grow thick, be luxuriant”).


羽

Appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 938 CE.
Compound of 羽 (ha, “feather”, see below) + 根 (ne, “root”), originally referring specifically to where the quill of a feather attaches to the skin. Over time, the meaning broadened to refer to a feather, and from there, to refer to a wing.


翔

ja-pos

翔(しょう) • (Shō)


翫

翫(いとう) • (Itō)


翼

/tubasa/ → /t͡subasa/
From Old Japanese.
Possibly a shift from a compound of 鳥(と) (to, “bird”) + 総(ふさ) (fusa, “tassel”).


翼

(Chinese astronomy) the Wings constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions


翼

Nominalization of classical verb 助く (tasuku), modern 助ける (tasukeru, “to assist, help; rescue, save”).


聡

Nominalization of classical adjective 聡し (satoshi), modern 聡い (satoi, “clever, smart, sharp”).


胃

胃 (canonical)
I (romanization)
Wi (romanization)
ゐ (hiragana historical)

/wi/ → /i/
From Middle Chinese 胃 (MC hjw+jH).

Twenty-Eight Mansions
w:Twenty-Eight Mansions

(Chinese astronomy) Stomach Mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)


臣

(historical) the sixth-highest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”)


航

Nominalization of the verb 航る (wataru, “to traverse by boat, to travel across the sea, to cross a river”).


良

良 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
Ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)


芝

From Old Japanese. One of the oldest attested words in the Japanese language, used in the Man'yōshū and Nihon Shoki.
This character usually means a type of fungus in Chinese. However, it was also used phonetically in 芝麻 (*chimæ, “sesame”) (modern Mandarin 芝麻 (zhīmá)), and it seems that the Japanese use of this character for the sense of grass may have come from this sesame sense in Chinese.

(~区) one of the 35 former wards of Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943), Tokyo City.


苫

⟨to₂ma⟩ → */təma/ → /toma/
Likely from Old Japanese.
Possibly derived from the verb 泊(と)まる (tomaru, “to stay”), or from 止(と)まる (tomaru, “to stop”), in reference to thatched roofs under which boats or people stay, or which stop falling rain. Other suggested sources include 鳥羽(とは) (toha, “bird's wing; feather”) or 戸(と) (to, “door; house”) + 衣(も) (mo, “clothing; covering”).


英

From Middle Chinese 英 (MC 'jaeng).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

short for 英吉利 (Igirisu): Britain, United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)


苺

Nihon Shoki
Shinsen Jikyō
Wamyō Ruijushō

⟨i ti pi₁ko₁⟩ → /itibʲikʷo/ → */itimiko/ → */itĩɡo/ → /it͡siɡo/ → /it͡ɕiɡo/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Shift from Old Japanese 蓬蔂 (itibiko → ichibiko), attested earlier in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE) and the Shinsen Jikyō (c. 900 CE), itself a compound of 斎 (i-, prefix expressing sacredness) + 血 (chi, “blood”) + 彦 (hiko, “boy, prince”).


茜

From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 赤 (aka, “red”) + 根 (ne, “root”).


茸

Extension of 草片 (kusabira, “edible plant or green”), a compound of 草 (kusa, “grass”) + 片 (hira, “something flat”). According to one theory, the historical reading of this word was kusahira, without rendaku, but it's now exclusively pronounced as kusabira.


茸

From the mushroom motif of NTT Docomo's mascot.


菅

菅 (canonical)
Kan (romanization)
Kwan (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)

/kʷan/ → /kan/
From Middle Chinese 菅 (MC kaen).


菫

ja:スミレ ja:スミレ属 ja:スミレ科


華

華 (canonical)
Ka (romanization)
Kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)

/kua/ → /kʷa/ → /ka/
From Middle Chinese 華 (MC hwae).


華

Kyūjitai
Old Japanese language
Proto-Japonic language
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
Ōsaka

/pana/ → /fana/ → /hana/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pana.


萌

Nominalization of 萌え (moe), the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 萌(も)える (moeru, “to bud, sprout”).


萩

Hagi (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


葵

葵 (canonical)
Aoi (romanization)
Afufi (romanization)
あふひ (hiragana historical)

Aoi (a ward and neighborhood of Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

The neighborhoods of Naka and Higashi, Nagoya and of Okazaki and Nishio; in Aichi Prefecture

a neighborhood of Okayama, Okayama Prefecture

a neighborhood of Izumisano, Osaka Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Kakegawa and Fukuroi, Shizuoka Prefecture

a neighborhood of Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture

a neighborhood of Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Prefecture

a neighborhood of Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture


葵

重光葵


蒋

蒋 (canonical)
Shō (romanization)
Syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

蔣介石 (shō kaiseki, “Chiang Kai-shek”)

援蒋

An orthographic borrowing of the Chinese surname 蔣 /蒋, Jiang


蓮

Daijirin
Kyūjitai
Nelumbo nucifera
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:ハス

Originally a compound of 蜂 (hachi, “bee”) + 巣 (su, “nest, hive”), literally “beehive, honeycomb”, from the way the lotus seed resembles a honeycomb.


蓮

/hat͡ɕisu/ → */hassu/ → /hasu/
Appears to be a contraction of hachisu above.


蓮

From Middle Chinese 蓮 /莲 (len, “lotus fruit”). Compare modern Mandarin reading lián.


蔣

蔣 (canonical)
Shō (romanization)
Syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

蔣介石 (shō kaiseki, “Chiang Kai-shek”)

援蔣


蕨

Warabi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


藍

藍 (canonical)
Ai (romanization)
Awi (romanization)
あゐ (hiragana historical)

/awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *awoy.
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation, all suggesting a relation to 青 (awo → ao, “blue”):
* May be an alteration from 青色 (awoiro → aoiro):
*: ⟨awoiro₂⟩ → /awoirə/ → /awɨrə/ → /airo/ → /ai/
* May be a fusion of 青 (awo → ao) and い (i, emphatic particle)
*: */awo i/ → */awɨ/ → */awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/
* May be derived from a compound of 青 (awo → ao) + 居 (wi → i, “there is”), expressing the sense that the indigo plant contains the color blue:
*: /awowi/ → */awːɨ/ → /awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/


藤

藤 (canonical)
Fuji (romanization)
Fudi (romanization)
ふぢ (hiragana historical)

⟨pudi⟩ → */puⁿdi/ → /ɸud͡ʑi/ → /ɸuʑi/
From Old Japanese 藤 (pudi), from Proto-Japonic *punti.


藤

ja-pos

藤(とう) • (Tō)


藤

Possibly from 桂 (katsura, “katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum”).


藪

From Old Japanese. Found in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).


蘇

From Middle Chinese 蘇 (MC su).
Used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨so₁⟩


蘊

蘊 (canonical)
Osamu (romanization)
Wosamu (romanization)
をさむ (hiragana historical)


蘭

From Middle Chinese 蘭 (MC lan).
Compare modern Mandarin 蘭 /兰 (lán).

short for 阿蘭陀, 和蘭, 和蘭陀 (Oranda): Holland, the Netherlands, Dutch


蘭

[a̠ɾa̠ɾa̠ɡʲi]

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
Any further derivation is unclear. Speculative possibilities include:
* The initial ara- may be cognate with 荒い (arai, “rough; wild”). The final -ragi is unknown, however.
* Alternatively, the initial arara- may be cognate with 荒らか (araraka, “rough; wild”). The final -gi may be cognate with 木 (ki, “tree”), perhaps in reference to the way the plant's stalk rises straight and tall.


虞

Yu (a legendary ancient Chinese dynasty, founded by Shun)

An orthographic borrowing of the Chinese surname 虞 (yú), Yu


蛍

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshú, compiled some time after 759 CE. Ultimate derivation unknown.
* The initial ho element is almost certainly the ancient form of 火 (hi, “fire”), which appears as ho in compounds such as 炎 (honō, “flame”, originally from ho no ho) or 火屋 (hoya, “lamp chimney”).
* Various theories exist regarding the taru portion. This may be from classical verb 垂る (taru, “to hang down, to droop”, in reference to a firefly's posterior; modern form 垂れる (tareru)), or a vowel shift from verb 照る (teru, “to shine”).


蛍

From Middle Chinese 螢 (MC hweng, “firefly”).


蜀

蜀 (canonical)
Shoku (romanization)
Syoku (romanization)
しよく (hiragana historical)

Shu (a former state and former dynasty in ancient China)


WTO

ダブリュー-ティー-オー

WTO (canonical)
Daburyū-Tī-Ō (romanization)

世界貿易機関 世界貿易機関#Japanese

World Trade Organization
World Trade Organization#English

synonym of 世界貿易機関 (Sekai Bōeki Kikan, “World Trade Organization”); the WTO


行

行(ぎょう) • (Gyō)

From Middle Chinese 行 (MC haeng). First cited in Buddhist texts of the early 600s.
The pronunciation is goon, so likely an earlier borrowing.
* For the "formations" definition, translation of Sanskrit संस्कार (saṃskāra)
* For "austerities", translation of Sanskrit चर्या (caryā)
* For "walking", translation of Sanskrit गमन (gamana)


行

行(こう) • (Kō)

From Middle Chinese 行 (MC hang|haeng|hangH|haengH). First cited to 1275.
The pronunciation is kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.


行

行(あきら) or 行(すすむ) or 行(とおる) or 行(まこと) • (Akira or Susumu or Tōru or Makoto)

行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
Akira (romanization)
Susumu (romanization)
Tōru (romanization)
Makoto (romanization)


行

行(あん) or 行(いく) or 行(いたる) or 行(ゆくえ) • (An or Iku or Itaru or Yukue)

行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
An (romanization)
Iku (romanization)
Itaru (romanization)
Yukue (romanization)


行

行(つとむ) or 行(つよし) • (Tsutomu or Tsuyoshi)

行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
Tsutomu (romanization)
Tsuyoshi (romanization)


衛

衛 (canonical)
Ei (romanization)
ゑい (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 衛 (MC hjwejH).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.


袖

Kojiki
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

⟨so₁ te⟩ → /so te/ → /sode/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 with the phonetic spelling 蘇弖 (⟨so₁ te⟩). The te changes to de as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Japanese references that include an etymology note that this appears to be a compound of 衣 (so, “robe; clothing”) + 手 (te, “hand; arm”). However, the initial so- is clearly spelled with the so-called 甲類 (kōrui, “"A" type”) vowel ⟨so₁⟩ in the oldest texts, whereas 衣 when read as so was pronounced with the so-called 乙類 (otsurui, “"B" type”) vowel as ⟨so₂⟩. These were treated as separate vowels in Old Japanese, so this proposed compound cannot be the actual derivation.


裕

Nominalization of 豊か (yutaka, “abundant, plentiful”).


裕

Nominalization of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).


要

/kani no me/ → /kanome/ → /kaname/
A shift from older 蟹の目 (kani no me, “crab's eye”) from a superficial resemblance of the round pinhead of a folding fan to a crab's eye, influenced by a reanalysis of the term as 金目 (kaname, literally “metal” + visually prominent feature), as the pins were increasingly made from metal instead of earlier bamboo, wood, or whalebone.
First cited to 1220.


角

From Old Japanese, in turn, from Proto-Japonic *kanto.
Possibly cognate with 廉 (kado, “grounds; charge; suspicion”) and 才 (kado, “ability”).


角

First attested in 718 CE. Ultimately from Middle Chinese 角 (MC kaewk).


角

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE. From Proto-Japonic *tuno.


記

⟨ki₂⟩ → */kɨ/ → /ki/
From Middle Chinese 記 (MC kiH).
In Old Japanese, this kanji was used as man'yōgana to transcribe /ki₂/.

short for 古事記 (Kojiki): the oldest extant record of the history of ancient Japan


諒

ja-pos

諒(りょう) • (Ryō)


譲

譲(じょう) • (Jō)


豪

豪(ごう) • (Gō)


貢

[mʲit͡sɨɡɯ̟]

From the verb 貢ぐ (mitsugu, “to support, to finance”).


貢

From the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 貢ぐ (mitsugu, “to support, to finance”).


貢

貢(こう) • (Kō)


賢

賢(さとる) or 賢(まさる) or 賢(けん) • (Satoru or Masaru or Ken)

賢 (canonical)
賢 (canonical)
賢 (canonical)
Satoru (romanization)
Masaru (romanization)
Ken (romanization)


越

越 (canonical)
Etsu (romanization)
Wetu (romanization)
ゑつ (hiragana historical)

(historical) the Yue people to the south of ancient China


日本

→ English: nihonium

→ Japanese: ニホニウム

Japanese_pitch_accent#Noun ending in 特殊拍+の

/nitɨpoɴ/ → /nip̚poɴ/ → /niɸoɴ/ → /nihoɴ/
Coined in Japan of Sinic elements, as compound of 日 (nichi, “sun”) + 本 (hon, “origin”) and literally meaning "origin of the sun". The hon element was apparently pronounced /poɴ/ when first coined. Over time, the initial /p/ lenited, becoming /ɸ/ as shown in the Nifon entry in the 1603 Nippo Jisho ("Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary"). This then became the /h/ sound in modern Japanese.
In older texts, this was read as kun'yomi as 日の本 (Hinomoto). The on'yomi readings Nippon and Nihon became more common in the Heian period, with both persisting into modern use. The Nihon reading appears to be the most common in everyday Japanese usage.
This may be related to the famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:
:
日出處 /日出处 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處 /日没处 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China.

lang

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

...the son of heaven of the land of the rising sun sends a letter to the son of heaven of the place where the sun sets, for good health and so on.

rì chū chù tiānzǐ zhìshū rì méi chù tiānzǐ wúyàng yúnyún

日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云

日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云

Nifon ニホン (日本) 日本.

1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 463:

Japan (ellipsis of 日本国 (Nihon-koku): a country and archipelago of East Asia)


日本

→ English: Nippon (noun)

desc

→ French: Nippon (noun), nippon (adjective)

→ Indonesian: Nippon (noun)

/nitɨpoɴ/ → /nip̚poɴ/
Phonetic variant of Nihon above, maintaining the /p/ sound.

Nippon ニッポン（日本） Fino moto. (日の本) 日本.

1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 466:

1998 November 30 [1990 November 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)とアニマル惑星(プラネット) [Nobita and the Animal Planet] (大長編ドラえもん; 10), 22nd edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 27:

ニッポン？きいたことない。

ニッポン？きいたことない。

Japan (ellipsis of 日本国 (Nippon-koku): a country and archipelago of East Asia)


日本

[d͡ʑip̚põ̞ɴ]

*/zitʉpon/ → /zip̚pon/ → /ʑip̚pon/
Uses the kan'on reading jitsu for 日, as compared to the goon reading nichi. First appears in texts from the early 1600s, notably the 1603 Japanese-Portuguese dictionary Nippo Jisho. Probably influenced by European-language terminology for the country, such as Portuguese Japão or Dutch Japan, in turn arising from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún) via Malay Jepun, or from Teochew 日本 (rig⁸ bung²) via Indonesian Malay Jepang.

Iippon ジッポン (日本) Fino moto. (日の本) 東洋. すなわち、日本.

1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 365:

[Note:The quoted ii in iippon is the 16th century Portuguese romanization representing ji, pronounced *[ʒi] in Portuguese, since i and j weren't consistently distinguished orthographically.]


CBS

CBS (canonical)
Shī Bī Esu (romanization)

Borrowed from English CBS, an abbreviation of Columbia Broadcasting System.

1999 April 9, “Bei no dai kigyō CEO, nenshū, saikō wa 700-oku en, kyūjū-hachi nen. Heikin de wa 13-oku en [Highest CEO annual salary at American company tops 70 billion yen in ’98. Average is 1.3 billion yen]”, in Nihon Keizai Shimbun, page 3:

Regular workers saw a wage increase of only 2.7% on average, while annual income of CEOs reached 419 times that of regular workers. Second highest [paid] was CBS Television CEO Mel Karmazin (about 24.5 billion yen), third was CitiGroup’s Sanford Weil (about 20.2 billion yen).

一般労働者の平均賃金は二・七％しか上昇しておらず、 ＣＥＯ の年収は一般労働者の四百十九倍に達した。二位は Ｃ Ｂ Ｓ テレビのメル・カーマジン会長（約二百四十五億円）、三位はシティグループのサンフォード・ワイル氏（約二百二億円）。

Ippan rōdōsha no heikin chingin wa ni-ten-nana pāsento shika jōshō shite orazu, shī-ī-ō no nenshū wa ippan rōdōsha no yonhyakujūkyū-bai ni tasshita. Nii wa Shī Bī Esu terebi no Meru Kāmajin kaichō (yaku nihyakuyonjūgooku-en), san'i wa Shitigurūpu no Sanfōdo Wairu-shi (yaku nihyakunioku-en).

2009 October 29, “Afugan dōji tero Beigun sōha handan muzukashiku [Simultaneous terror attacks in Afghanistan complicate US military reinforcement]”, in Chunichi Shimbun, page 7:

Amid speculation that President Obama will announce a new strategy around his visit next month, US Senator McCain (Republican) said on a CBS television program on the 28th, “Stalling the decision (about reinforcements) is making the situation worse” for the approximately 68,000 troops currently stationed in Afghanistan.

オバマ大統領が来月の訪日前後に新戦略を発表するとの観測も流れる中、マケイン米上院議員（共和党）は二十八日の米ＣＢＳテレビの番組で、現在約六万八千人のアフガン駐留米兵の状況について「（増派）決定の引き延ばしは、事態を悪化させている」と強調。

新戦略 ちぜんごにしんせんりゃく

米上院議員 べいじょういんぎいん

二十八日 にじゅうはちにち

現在約六万八千人 げんざいやくろくまんはっせんにん

駐留米兵 ちゅうりゅうべいへい

Obama Daitōryō ga raigetsu no hōnichi zengo ni shinsenryaku o happyō suru to no kansoku mo nagareru chū, Makein bei jōin gīn (Kyōwatō) wa nijūhachinichi no bei ＣＢＳ terebi no bangumi de, genzai yaku rokumanhassennin no Afugan chūryū beihei no jōkyō nitsuite “(zōha) kettei no hiki nobashi wa, jitai o akka saseteiru” to kyōchō.

2015 February 2, “‘Isuramu-koku’: Bei de chijōgun haken atsuryoku. Kyōwatō ‘Daitoryō senryaku machigai’ [Islamic State: pressure to deploy US ground troops. Republicans say ‘President’s tactics wrong’]”, in Mainichi Shimbun, page 1:

Republican Senator Graham said on a CBS television program on the 1st, “The President’s strategy is wrong. We need troops on the ground in Iraq and Syria,” criticizing the President for excluding ground troops as an option.

共和党のグラム上院議員は１日、ＣＢＳテレビの番組で「大統領の戦略は間違っている。イラク、シリアでも地上部隊が必要だ」と発言し、地上部隊派遣を選択肢から排除してきた大統領を批判した。

上院議員 じょういんぎいん

地上部隊 ちじょうぶたい

地上部隊派遣 ちじょうぶたいはけん

Kyōwatō no Guramu jōin gīn wa tsuitachi, ＣＢＳ terebi no bangumi de “Daitōryō no senryaku wa machigatteiru. Iraku, Shiria de mo chijō butai ga hitsuyō da” to hatsugen shi, chijō butai haken o sentakushi kara haijo shitekita Daitōryō o hihan shita.

2024 September 6, “Harris ‘yūi’ seido ni kimon. Yoron chōsa kaitōritsu 1% (Bei daitōryō sen 2024) [Precision of Harris ‘advantage’ questioned. Poll response rate 1% (US presidential election)]”, in Nihon Keizai Shimbun, page 13:

As of August 30 the average of national polls shows Harris at 48.1%, Trump at 46.2%, a 1.9 point lead for Harris. Major TV broadcasters such as ABC and CBS and major media outlets such as Reuters have a three to four point margin of error.

８月３０日時点の全米の世論調査の平均値をみると、ハリス氏は４８．１％、トランプ氏が４６．２％でハリス氏が１．９ポイント上回る。ＡＢＣやＣＢＳなどの主要テレビ局やロイター通信などの大手メディアの調査では３～４ポイントの差がついた。

Hachigatsu sanjūnichi jiten no zenbei no yoron chōsa no heikinchi o miru to, Harisu-shi wa ４８．１%, Toranpu-shi ga ４６．２% de Harisu-shi ga １．９ pointo uwamawaru. ＡＢＣ ya ＣＢＳ nado no shuyō terebi kyoku ya Roitā tsūshin nado no ōte media no chōsa de wa ３~４ pointo no sagatsuita.

CBS Broadcasting (US television and radio network)

Columbia Broadcasting System
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


辛

金 (Ka, “Metal”, one of the Five Elements) + の (no, attributive marker) + 弟 (oto, “younger brother”)


辰

From the verb たつ (tatsu, “to get up, to take off”) (whence also 竜 (tatsu, “dragon”)), from the notion of a dragon flying.

the Dragon, the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches


辻

辻 (canonical)
Tsuji (romanization)
Tuzi (romanization)
つじ (hiragana historical)

Daijisen
Extended shinjitai
Shinjitai
ja:松村明

/tumuzi/ → */tuːzi/ → /t͡suʑi/
Shift from tsumuji (see below).


迎

迎 (canonical)
迎 (canonical)
Mukae (romanization)
Mukai (romanization)


通

Nominalization of the verb 通(とお)る (tōru, “to go through, to pass”).


連

Old Japanese [Term?], from 村 (mura, “village”) + 主 (nushi, “chief”)

af

(historical) the second-lowest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”)


週

週 (canonical)
Shū (romanization)
Siu (romanization)
しう (hiragana historical)

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕjɨu/ → /ɕuː/
From Middle Chinese 周 (MC tsyuw).


道

道 (canonical)
Dō (romanization)
Dau (romanization)
だう (hiragana historical)

/dau/ → /dɔː/ → /doː/
From Middle Chinese 道 (MC dawX). Compare modern Mandarin 道 (dào), Cantonese 道 (dou⁶).


道

ja-pos

道(おさむ) or 道(すすむ) or 道(ただし) or 道(ただす) or 道(なおし) or 道(まこと) or 道(みちひろ) or 道(もとい) or 道(わたる) • (Osamu or Susumu or Tadashi or Tadasu or Naoshi or Makoto or Michihiro or Motoi or Wataru)

道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
Osamu (romanization)
Susumu (romanization)
Tadashi (romanization)
Tadasu (romanization)
Naoshi (romanization)
Makoto (romanization)
Michihiro (romanization)
Motoi (romanization)
Wataru (romanization)


道

道(たお) or 道(とおる) or 道(ふみ) • (Tao or Tōru or Fumi)

道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
Tōru (Tao)
Fumi (Tao)


遼

遼 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
Reu (romanization)
れう (hiragana historical)


鯉

鯉 (canonical)
Koi (romanization)
Kofi (romanization)
こひ (hiragana historical)

/ko₁pi₁/ → /kopi/ → /kofi/ → */kowi/ → /koi/
From Old Japanese, attested in the Nihon Shoki.


都

⟨mi₁yako₁⟩ → */mʲijakʷo/ → /mijako/
From Old Japanese, a compound of 宮(みや) (miya, “imperial palace”) + 処(こ) (ko, “place”).


里

⟨sato₁⟩ → */satʷo/ → /sato/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sato.
Ultimately derivation unknown. Theories include a compound of either 小 (sa-, “short”) or 狭 (sa-, “narrow”) + 所 (to, “place”) or 戸 (to, “door”). Other theories have been suggested but are unlikely.


里

Likely from 聡い (satoi, “clever”), earlier satoshi.


里

Likely a voiced rendaku (連濁) version of sato above.


金

/kimʉ/ → /kiɴ/
From Middle Chinese 金 (kim). Compare modern Mandarin 金 (jīn), Hokkien 金 (kim).


針

⟨pari⟩ → /ɸaɾi/ → /haɾi/
From Old Japanese 針 (pari).


鈴

Kagura suzu
Kojiki
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Suzu

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712, and in the Man'yōshū of 759 with the phonetic spelling 須受 (suzu).
Possibly related to 涼しい (suzushii, “cool, refreshing”) and 涼む (suzumu, “cool off”).


銭

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter
ja:竹取物語

/sen/ → /seni/ → /zeni/
From Old Japanese, shifted from 銭 (sen), itself from Middle Chinese 錢 (MC dzjen).
First cited in the Nihon Shoki with the ideographic spelling 銭. Later cited in the 竹取物語 (Taketori Monogatari, “The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter”) from the late 800s, early 900s, with the unvoiced pronunciation seni.


鍛

鍛 (canonical)
Kitae (romanization)
Kitafe (romanization)
きたへ (hiragana historical)

Nominalization of 鍛え (kitae, “forging”).


鍬

鍬 (canonical)
Kuwa (romanization)
Kufa (romanization)
くは (hiragana historical)

/kupa/ → /kufa/ → /kuwa/
From Old Japanese.
Ultimate derivation unknown. Possibly derived from 食う (kuu, “to eat up; to bite into”), which has a 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of kuwa.


鏡

From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 影 (kaga, ancient combining form of 影 (kage), “shadow; outline; figure; image”) + 見 (mi, “seeing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 見る (miru), “to see, to look at”).

com

ancient combining form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">影</i> (kage), “shadow; outline; figure; image”


鏡

鏡 (canonical)
Kyō (romanization)
Kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

/kjau/ → /kjɔː/ → /kjoː/
From Middle Chinese 鏡 (MC kjaengH).


鑑

From Old Japanese.
Extension of 鏡 (kagami, “mirror”), as such objects are usually seen as reflected like a mirror.


鑑

Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear”).


長

長 (canonical)
Chō (romanization)
Tyau (romanization)
ちやう (hiragana historical)

/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC drjang) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.


長

長 (canonical)
Osa (romanization)
Wosa (romanization)
をさ (hiragana historical)

/wosa/ → /osa/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.
Considering the derivation of 幼い (osanai, “early childhood, infancy”) as 長 (osa) + 無い (nai, “not, without, lacking”), this osa might have originally included overtones of "senior, elder". Compare English seniority, elderdom for a similar intersection of age and authority.


長

From Old Japanese.
Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).


長

From Old Japanese.
Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) + さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree).

irrealis form of verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">就く</i> (tsuku), “to take a position”


長

⟨take₂⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/
Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).


長

Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).


長

From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).


門

⟨kado₁⟩ → */kadʷo/ → /kado/
From Old Japanese.
The final -do is cognate with 戸 (to, “door”). Compare 籠 (kago, “basket”), which is cognate with 籠 (ko).


閂

ja-pos

閂(かんぬき) • (Kannuki) ^(←くわんぬき (Kwannuki)?)

閂 (canonical)
Kannuki (romanization)
Kwannuki (romanization)
くわんぬき (hiragana historical)

[kã̠nːɯ̟kʲi]

/kʷan no ki/ → /kʷanːoki/ → /kʷanːuki/ → /kanːuki/
Shift from 貫の木 (kan no ki, literally “1-kan (3.75-kilogram/8.267-pound) wood”) or 関の木 (kan no ki, literally “barrier-wood”), possibly influenced by 貫き (nuki, “wooden beam used in joinery”).


閃

/ɕʲem/ → /ɕemu/ → /seɴ/
From Middle Chinese 閃 (MC syemX|syemH).


閖

A 国字 (kokuji, “Japanese-coined character”) which was said to be coined by coined by Date Tsunamura when he was looking at the sea through the gate of Dainenji Temple in Sendai.

ja-etym-kokuji

only used in 閖上 (yuriage) (a place in Natori, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


陶

陶 (canonical)
Sue (romanization)
Swe (romanization)
すゑ (hiragana historical)

/suwe/ → /sue/
From Old Japanese.
The nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 据える (sueru, “to set, lay”), from the way they are formed and/or crafted by the hands.


隆

隆 (canonical)
隆 (canonical)
Takashi (romanization)
Yutaka (romanization)


隆

ja-pos

隆(りゅう) • (Ryū)


雪

Kyūjitai
Man'yōshū
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:雪
ja:雪 (童謡)

⟨yuki₁⟩ → */jukʲi/ → /juki/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Also found once in the Man'yōshū in a so-called 東歌 (Azuma uta, literally “eastern song”) in the eastern dialect of Old Japanese, realized as ⟨yo₂ki₁⟩.
Reconstructed by some as deriving from Proto-Japonic *yoki.


雫

A 国字 (kokuji, “Japanese-coined character”). Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 雨 (“rain”) + 下 (“to drop”).


雲

⟨kumo₁⟩ → */kumʷo/ → /kumo/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kumo.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.


雷

[kã̠nːa̠ɾʲi]

/kaminari/ → /kamʉnari/ → /kanːari/
Shift in pronunciation from kaminari above.

(rare, archaic) short for 雷鳴の壺 (Kannari no Tsubo): one of the five buildings in the imperial palace in 平安京 (Heian-kyō), modern-day Kyoto


雷

ja-pos

雷(いかずち) • (Ikazuchi) ^(←いかづち (Ikaduti)?)

雷 (canonical)
Ikazuchi (romanization)
Ikaduti (romanization)
いかづち (hiragana historical)

⟨ika tu ti⟩ → ⟨ikaduti⟩ → /ikad͡zut͡ɕi/ → /ikazut͡ɕi/
From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 厳(いか) (ika, “sternness, terribleness, imposingness”) + つ (tsu, Old Japanese possessive particle) + 霊(ち) (chi, “spirit, force, essence”).


雷

Compound of 鳴(な)る (naru, “to cry out, to call”) + 神(かみ) (kami, “god, spirit”).

鳴神: one of the eighteen styles of kabuki


雷

From Middle Chinese 雷 (MC lwoj).
Compare modern Mandarin 雷 (léi) and Cantonese 雷 (leoi⁴).


霜

Fudoki#Manuscripts
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

⟨simo₁⟩ → /simo/ → /ɕimo/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Harima Fudoki of 715 CE, in turn from Proto-Japonic *simo.
Thought to be cognate with or derived from 下 (⟨simo₁⟩ → shimo, “bottom, lower part”).


霞

⟨kasumi₁⟩ → /kasumʲi/ → /kasumi/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 霞む (kasumu, “to be hazy”).

short for 霞が関 (Kasumigaseki): a district in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo


露

From Middle Chinese 露 (MC luH).
; “Russia”
Short-form of ateji (当て字) spelling 露西亜.

米露関係


靖

From verb 図る (hakaru, “to intend, to plan, to set a goal or direction”).


靖

Nominalization of kiyoshi, the pre-modern terminal form (終止形 (shūshikei)) of adjective 清い (kiyoi, “clean, pure”).


靖

Nominalization of verb のぶ (nobu, “延ぶ, 伸ぶ: to grow, to extend”).


靖

Nominalization of verb 治む (osamu, “to make something calm, to stabilize”).


靖

Nominalization of adjective 静か (shizuka, “calm, quiet”).


靖

Probably from 政治 (seiji, “politics”), from the underlying idea of "calming or stabilizing a country", similar to the name Osamu.


靖

Nominalization of verb 静む (shizumu, “to become quiet, to become settled”).


靖

Stem form of adjective 安い (yasui, “peaceful, calm, easygoing”).


靖

From 休み (yasumi, “a rest, a break, a vacation”), the stem noun form of verb 休む (yasumu, “to rest, to take a break, to take a vacation”), from adjective 安い (yasui, “peaceful, calm, easygoing”) + auxiliary verb む (mu, “to become [adjective], to make something [adjective]”).


靖

Nominalization of yasushi, the pre-modern terminal form (終止形 (shūshikei)) of adjective 安い (yasui, “peaceful, calm, easygoing”).


韓

(historical) Han (ancient Chinese county, viscounty, and kingdom of the Zhou dynasty)

(historical) short for 三韓 (Sankan, “Samhan”)


韓

alternative spelling of 唐 (Kara), specifically referring to Korea


飯

飯 (canonical)
Ī (romanization)
Ifi (romanization)
いひ (hiragana historical)

⟨ipi₁⟩ → */ipʲi/ → /ifi/ → /iwi/ → /iː/
From Old Japanese, also used as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨pi₁⟩.


飯

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 召す (mesu, “to call”).


餅

Daijisen
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel
ja:松村明

/mot͡ɕiː/ → /mot͡ɕi/
Shift from older mochii, historical mochihi (see below). Now the modern term for a glutinous rice cake.
Compare モモンガ (momonga, “Japanese dwarf flying squirrel”), with a similar shift.


鬼

(Chinese astronomy) the Ghost constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions


魲

Extended shinjitai form of 鱸(すずき) (Suzuki).

Suzuki (a neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


鯛

鯛 (canonical)
Tai (romanization)
Tafi (romanization)
たひ (hiragana historical)

/tapi₁/ → /tapi/ → /tafi/ → /tai/
From Old Japanese.


鰹

鰹 (canonical)
katsuo (romanization)
katwo (romanization)
かつを (hiragana historical)

Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Old Japanese

From Old Japanese katuwo. Found in the Man'yōshū of 759.
/katuwo/ → /kat͡suwo/ → /kat͡suo/
Two possible derivations:
* A shift from a compound of 堅 (kata-, stem meaning "firm, hard") + 魚 (uo, “fish”), from the long-standing practice of drying lower-grade tuna into hard blocks, in part due to the common presence of parasites. A folk etymology also derives this kanji character, compare 木工 → 杢 (moku, “woodworker”, archaic) and 麻呂 → 麿 (maro, first-person pronoun, archaic).
* A shift from a compound of 勝つ (katsu, “to win”) + 魚 (uo, “fish”).
Considering the rules of Old Japanese phonology, specifically that two vowels are not allowed in sequence, resulting in elision or fusion, the kata + uo → katuo shift seems likely. This derivation may be partially corroborated by the rare historical synonym 堅魚 (katana), literally "hard fish".
The kanji spelling is an example of 国(こっ)訓(くん) (kokkun, “Japanese-specific kun'yomi”) and its use may stem from the 堅魚 spelling.


鱸

Suzuki (neighborhoods in Japan):
a neighborhood of Akita, Akita

Suzuki (neighborhoods in Japan):
a neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata


鳥

⟨to₂ri⟩ → /tori/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təri. Probably cognate with Middle Korean ᄃᆞᆰ (tolk), modern Korean 닭 (dak, “fowl; chicken”).


鳳

ja-pos

鳳(ほう) • (Hō)


鴎

Uncertain. One theory suggests from 鴨(かも) (kamo, “duck”) + め (-me, suffix expressing familiarity).
Compare 雀 (suzume, “sparrow”) and 燕 (tsubame, “swallow”).


鴨

Probably from the duck sense above, in reference to the 鴨川 (Kamogawa, literally “duck river”) flowing through Kyoto.

any of various places, particularly in Kyoto


鵜

Possibly onomatopoeia of the bird's cry.


鵬

ja-pos

鵬(ほう) • (Hō)

Kyūjitai
Peng (mythology)
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:鵬


鵲

From Old Japanese, first appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
Derivation unknown, theories include:
* The initial kasa- may be cognate with or a borrowing from an earlier form of Korean 까치 (kkachi, “magpie”).
* The final -sagi may be a reference to the white chest, alluding to the similar plumage of certain kinds of 鷺 (sagi, “heron, egret”).
* Alternatively, the final -sagi may derive from onomatopoeia, imitative of the bird's call.
* May be a corruption of 烏 (karasu, “crow”) + 鷺 (sagi, “heron, egret”):
*: /karasu saɡi/ → */kasːaɡi/ → /kasasaɡi/
* May be a corruption of カラ (kara, onomatopoeia for cawing, seen in 烏 (karasu), “crow”) + 鷦鷯 (sasagi, “wren”, obsolete):
*: /kara sasaɡi/ → /kasasaɡi/
* May be a corruption of カチカチ (kachikachi, onomatopoeia imitative of the bird's call) + 鷺 (sagi, “heron, egret”):
*: /kat͡ɕikat͡ɕi saɡi/ → */kat̚t͡sasaɡi/ → /kasasaɡi/

(historical) an 鴻 (Ōtori)-class torpedo boat of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II


鶯

鶯 (canonical)
Uguisu (romanization)
Ugufisu (romanization)
うぐひす (hiragana historical)

⟨uɡupi₁ su⟩ → /uɡupisu/ → /uɡufisu/ → /uɡuwisu/ → /uɡuisu/
From Old Japanese. Compound of うぐい (ugui, onomatopoeia, imitative of the bird's call) + す (su, “bird”, ancient suffix appearing in certain bird names). Compare the す (su) in 烏 (karasu), 杜鵑 (hototogisu), モズ (mozu).


鶴

Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).
Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind. May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Finno-Ugric *tërka (“crane”), and Proto-Turkic *turńa (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”).
The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean “a crane” from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as a 借訓 (shakkun) reading for つる (turu → tsuru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of つ (tu → tsu, auxiliary verb of affirmation, certainty, or completion), suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning “a crane”.

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ハワイ

ハワイ州

Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)

Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian Islands#English

Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (an archipelago of the Pacific Ocean, between North America and Oceania)

Hawaii, Hawaii County (a county of Hawaii, United States)

Kingdom of Hawaii
Kingdom of Hawaii#English

(historical) Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii (a former kingdom in the Hawaiian Islands, Pacific Ocean)


麻

From Old Japanese.
Likely cognate with Korean 삼 (sam, “hemp”).


鼎

Originally a compound of 金 (kana, “metal”) + 瓮 (he, “a pot or pan for holding food or beverages”).


鼓

/tudumi₁/ → /tudumi/ → /t͡sud͡zumi/ → /t͡suzumi/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *tuntumi. Related to Okinawan 鼓 (chijin).


鼓

from 響き (hibiki, “echo”)


龍

ja-pos

龍(りゅう) • (Ryū)

(astronomy) short for りゅう座 (Ryūza): the constellation Draco


元気

From Middle Chinese compound 元氣 (MC ngjwon khj+jH, literally “first, fundamental, source + vapor, spirit, energy”). In Chinese cosmology, this represented the fundamental force that permeates all matter and life. Early Japanese borrowed this word and meaning. Later, this spelling was conflated with the meaning of homophone 減気 (genki, “recovery from illness”), adding in the modern senses related to healthy and wellness.


元気

Compound of 元 (moto, “origin, beginning”) + 気 (ki, “sense; mood; energy; spirit”).


インドネシア語

インドネシア語 (canonical)
Indoneshiago (romanization)

bahasa Indonesia, Indonesian; the national language of Indonesia


遊戯

/jiu ke/ → /juke/ ↔ /juɡe/
Likely the oldest borrowing from Middle Chinese 遊戲 (MC yuw xje), attested in Heian period literature.


パン

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Πάν (Pán).


韓国

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

Shortened from 大韓民国(だいかんみんこく) (Daikan Minkoku, “Republic of Korea”), from Korean 대한민국 (Daehanmin'guk). The archaic sense may be from 大韓帝國(だいかんていこく) (Daikan Teikoku, “Korean Empire”).

ja-r

South Korea (a country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula)

(historical, archaic) Korea (former empire in East Asia) (1897–1910)


韓国

Of 韓(から) (kara, “China; Korea; foreign country”, archaic) and 國(くに) (kuni, “kingdom; country”).

(archaic) Korea (a geographic region consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country)

Korean Peninsula
Korean Peninsula#English

(archaic) Korea (a peninsula in East Asia, containing the countries of North Korea and South Korea; in full, Korean Peninsula)

alternative form of 唐国 (Karakuni; Karakoku):

China (a cultural region and civilization in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers, taken as a whole under its various dynasties)

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

China (a large country in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers; the People's Republic of China, since 1949)


ベトナム

Borrowed from English Vietnam, from Vietnamese Việt Nam.


長城

ja-pos

長(ちょう)城(じょう) • (Chōjō)


UNESCO

UNESCO (canonical)
Yunesuko (romanization)

国際連合教育科学文化機関 国際連合教育科学文化機関#Japanese

synonym of 国際連合教育科学文化機関 (Kokusai Rengō Kyōiku Kagaku Bunka Kikan, “United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization”); the UNESCO


ゆき

⟨yuki₁⟩ → */jukʲi/ → /juki/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Also found once in the Man'yōshū in a so-called 東歌 (Azuma uta, literally “eastern song”) in the eastern dialect of Old Japanese, realized as ⟨yo₂ki₁⟩.
Reconstructed by some as deriving from Proto-Japonic *yoki.


オーストラリア

[o̞ːsɨ̥to̞ɾa̠ɾʲia̠]

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア

Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the land on the Australian tectonic plate, i.e. Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


豪州

豪(ごう)州(しゅう) • (Gōshū)

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア


濠太剌利

濠太剌利(オーストラリア) • (Ōsutoraria)

濠太剌利 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria (romanization)

オーストラリア オーストラリア#Japanese

オーストラリア オーストラリア#Japanese


回教

回(かい)教(きょう) • (Kaikyō) ^(←くわいけう (Kwaikeu)?)

回教 (canonical)
Kaikyō (romanization)
Kwaikeu (romanization)
くわいけう (hiragana historical)


イスラム教

イスラム教 (canonical)
Isuramu-kyō (romanization)

[isɨɾa̠mɯ̟ kʲo̞ː]

イスラム (Isuramu, “Islamic”) + 教 (-kyō, “religion”)


北京

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:北京

From the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The kanji are an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 北京 (Běijīng). Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).

obor

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


北京

ja-pos

北(ほっ)京(きょう) • (Hokkyō) ^(←ほくきやう (Fokukyau)?)

北京 (canonical)
Hokkyō (romanization)
Fokukyau (romanization)
ほくきやう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 北(ほく) (hoku, “north”) + 京(きょう) (kyō, “capital city”). Attested from the 13th century.

ja-compound

(history) Kyoto the "Northern Capital", as opposed to Nara the "Southern Capital"


シドニー

ja:シドニー (曖昧さ回避)

Sydney (a major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia)

Sydney (a seaport and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada)


シドニー

ja:シドニー (曖昧さ回避)

A transliteration of the English surname Sidney


インドネシア

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


少林

ja-pos

少(しょう)林(りん) • (Shōrin) ^(←せうりん (Seurin)?)

少林 (canonical)
Shōrin (romanization)
Seurin (romanization)
せうりん (hiragana historical)

Possibly from Middle Chinese 少林 (MC syewH lim).


沖縄

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (Okinawa) ^(←おきなは (Okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
Okinawa (romanization)
Okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Battle of Okinawa
Okinawa
Okinawa Island
Okinawan language
ja:沖縄

Compound of Old Japanese elements 沖(おき) (oki, “offshore, at sea”) + 縄(なわ) (nawa, “rope”), in reference to the string of islands.

沖縄諸島

沖縄諸島 おきなわしょとう

[...] 十六日發、廿一日戊午、第一第二兩舟同至阿児奈波嶋在多禰島南西第三舟作夜已泊同處十二月六日南風起第一舟著石不動第二舟發向多禰去七日至益救嶋[...]

さつまがたとは惣名也、きかいは十二の島なれば、くち五島は日本へ随へり、おく七しまはいまだ我朝に従はずといへり、白石、、あこしき、くろ島、いわうが島、あせ納、あ世波、やくの島とて、ゑらぶ、おきなは、きかいが島といへり

the main island in the Okinawa Islands: Okinawa Island

a group of islands known as the Okinawa Islands

the southern-most Japanese prefecture: Okinawa Prefecture


中国語

中国語 (canonical)
Chūgokugo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (chūgoku, “China”) + 語(ご) (-go, “language”)


兼

/kem/ → /kemʉ/ → /keɴ/
From Middle Chinese 兼 (MC kem|kemH).


いと

Likely from Old Japanese [Term?]. Attested from at least the mid-ninth century.

Likely derived by extension from the meaning of daughter. The kanji are ateji.


いと

怡土: a former county in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture


神社

神社 (canonical)
Kamiyashiro (romanization)

a town in Watarai District, Mie Prefecture


いとこ

⟨ito₁ko₁⟩ → */itʷokʷo/ → /itoko/
Cognate with and by extension of Old Japanese いとこ (ito₁ko₁, “close, familial, or beloved person”). Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *itoko.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

der

いとこ, 伊杜子, 委登子, 伊斗子, 従姉弟, 意杜子, 伊東子, 伊登子, 以杜子, 委杜子, 委斗子, 依杜子, 衣杜子, 衣登子, 惟杜子, 伊十子, 似登子, 生都子, イト子, 惟登子, いと子, 維斗子, 以都子, 依都子, 衣都子, 維都子, 意都子, 惟都子, 伊都子, 委都子, 系子, 純子, 紀子, 順子, 文子, 最子, 絲子, 愛子, 綸子: a female given name


匈牙利

ja-pos

匈牙利(ハンガリー) • (Hangarī)

The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 匈牙利 (Xiōngyálì).

ハンガリー ハンガリー#Japanese


グアドループ島

グアドループ島 (canonical)
Guadorūputō (romanization)


相撲

相撲 (canonical)
Sumō (romanization)
Sumafu (romanization)
すまふ (hiragana historical)

Derived from Old Japanese verb 争ふ (sumapu), modern 争う (sumau, “to contend, resist, compete (in sumo, for example)”).
There are two leading theories regarding the derivation:
* May be a nominalization of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) and 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) sumapu:
: /sumapu/ → /sumaɸu/ → */sumawu/ → /sumau/ → /sumɔː/ → /sumoː/
* May be an instance of ウ音便 (u onbin, ““u” sound shift”), found in terms with bilabial consonants (/m/, /b/, /w/) followed by i:
: ⟨sumapi₁⟩ → */sumapʲi/ → /sumaɸi/ → /sumawi/ → */sumawu/ → /sumau/ → /sumɔː/ → /sumoː/
That said, the nominalization of terminal/attributive verb forms is quite rare in Japanese, whereas the “u” sound shift pattern is not uncommon.
The kanji spelling is either from the native sumai or Sino-Japanese sōboku readings below.


ローマ

ローマ • (Rōma)

From Italian Roma, possibly via Portuguese Roma.

ja:ローマ (曖昧さ回避)

Rome (a major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)

Rome (a metropolitan city of Lazio, Italy)

(historical) Rome, Ancient Rome (an ancient empire based out of the city of Rome, covering vast territories in Europe, Asia and Africa; in full, Roman Empire)


アラブ首長国連邦

アラブ しゅちょうこく れんぽう

アラブ首(しゅ)長(ちょう)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō)

アラブ首長国連邦 (canonical)
Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠bɯ̟ ɕɨ̥t͡ɕo̞ːko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

アラブ (Arabu, “Arab”) + 首長国 (shuchōkoku, “emirate”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”)

af

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


メス

Metz (a city in Lorraine, northeastern France)


海王星

ja-pos

海(かい)王(おう)星(せい) • (Kaiōsei) ^(←かいわうせい (Kaiwausei)?)

海王星 (canonical)
Kaiōsei (romanization)
Kaiwausei (romanization)
かいわうせい (hiragana historical)

Appears to be borrowed from Chinese 海王星 (Hǎiwángxīng), applying the expected Japanese 音読み (“on'yomi”) for the characters.
The planet itself was discovered in 1846 by astronomers in Europe, so prior to that point, the planet had no name in any language. Following the convention at the time, it was ultimately named for the Roman god, Neptune. After this, the term was probably first borrowed into Chinese as a calque and then borrowed into Japanese from there. 海王 (literally “sea + king”) and 星 (“star or planet”).

2009 March 30 [2004 January 23], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act(アクト) 29(トゥエンティナイン) 無(む)限(げん)３(スリー) ２人(ふたり) NEW(ニュー) SOLDIERS(ソルジャーズ) [Act 29: Infinity 3: 2 New Soldiers]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 6th edition, volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, pages 181–182:

—Warrior of the depths, keeper of Neptune the Sea Planet —Sailor Neptune

——海の星海王星を守護にもつ深海の戦士——セーラーネプチューン

——Umi no Hoshi Kaiōsei o shugo ni motsu shinkai no senshi ——Sērā Nepuchūn

Neptune (eighth planet of the solar system)

Neptune Neptune#Discovery Neptune#Naming ja:海王星

planets of the Solar System: 太陽系の惑星: 水星 · 金星 · 地球 · 火星 · 木星 · 土星 · 天王星 · 海王星 [edit]


瑞典

瑞典(スウェーデン) • (Suwēden)

[sɨβ̞e̞ːdẽ̞ɴ]

The spelling is ateji (当て字), from Chinese 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn).

スウェーデン スウェーデン#Japanese

obsolete spelling of スウェーデン: Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


アイスランド

Kore Yamazaki, “第3篇 The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead. [Composition 3: The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead.]”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 98:

Iceland, a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean.

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Iceland (an island and country in the North Atlantic Ocean in Europe)


日産

zh-l

日產／日产 (Rìchǎn)

→ Chinese: 日產／日产 (Rìchǎn)


世界

From Middle Chinese 世界 (MC syejH keajH), originally a translation of Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “region or part of the world”). Compare Hokkien 世界 (sè-kài).


スペイン

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


SF

スーパーフォーミュラ スーパーフォーミュラ#Japanese

(motor racing) SF: abbreviation of スーパーフォーミュラ (“Super Formula”)


大和

→ Chinese: 大和 (Dàhé)

⟨yamato₂⟩: *[jamatə] → /jamato/
From older 邪馬台 (yamatai). From Old Japanese 大和 (yamato₂), from Proto-Japonic *yamatə. Originally a geographical region in Nara, came to refer to all of Nara, and eventually to the country as a whole: Japan.
Chinese texts often used the word 倭 (“dwarf, midget”) to refer to the people of the Japanese archipelago, possibly because they were actually smaller, or more likely as an insult. This character came to be used in early Japanese texts, such as the Man'yōshū poetry compilation, with a kun'yomi or native-Japanese reading of Yamato to refer to Japan in general.
This 倭 character also has an on'yomi or borrowed Chinese reading of wa. During the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), the 倭 character with an original Chinese meaning of “midget, dwarf” was replaced with the 和 character that is also read wa, but instead has the more favorable meaning of “harmony”, in spellings of the native Japanese term Yamato. The 大 character meaning “great” was then prefixed to this. The resulting kanji compound 大和 can also be read with a kun'yomi of Ōyamato (see below).

a town in the Shikinoshimo district in the Yamato Province of Japan, generally equivalent to modern Tenri area

one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara prefecture


大和

ja-pos

大(おお)和(やまと) • (Ōyamato) ^(←おほやまと (Ofoyamato)?)

大和 (canonical)
Ōyamato (romanization)
Ofoyamato (romanization)
おほやまと (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Compound of 大 (ō, “great, big”) + 和 (Yamato, “the ancient Yamato kingdom; Japan”). The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).

compound

(historical) one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara prefecture


大和

Appears to be a borrowing from Middle Chinese 大和 (MC dajH|daH hwa|hwaH).

(Chinese history) an era during the Tang dynasty, from 827 through 835 CE

(Chinese history) an era during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, from 929 through 935 CE

(Vietnamese history) an era during the reign of Lê Nhân Tông, from 1443 through 1453

a neighborhood of Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture

a place:
a township in Bazhong, Sichuan, China


フランス

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

Either directly borrowed from French France, or indirectly from English France.

France (a country located primarily in Western Europe)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:フランス
ja:松村明


ウィクショナリー

[β̞ikɯ̟̊ɕo̞na̠ɾʲiː]


キリスト

1917, Luke 20:41, 大正改訳聖書 [Taishō Bible]:

And he said unto them, How say they that the Christ is David's son?

イエス彼らに言ひたまふ、如何なれば人々、キリストをダビデの子と言ふか。

Iesu karera ni iitamau, ika nareba hitobito, Kirisuto o Dabide no ko to iu ka.


新約聖書

ja-pos

新(しん)約(やく)聖(せい)書(しょ) • (Shin'yaku Seisho)

新約聖書 (canonical)
Shin'yaku Seisho (romanization)

[ɕĩɰ̃ja̠kɯ̟̊se̞ːɕo̞]

新 (shin-, “neo-; new”) + 約 (yaku, “contract”) + 聖書 (Seisho, “Bible”)


モスクワ

[mo̞sɨ̥kɯ̟β̞a̠]

From Russian Москва́ (Moskvá). Doublet of モスコー (Mosukō).

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)

Moscow (an oblast of Russia, surrounding the city of Moscow)


きょう

Kyō (romanization)
Kefu (romanization)
けふ (hiragana historical)

⟨ke₁ pu⟩ → */kʲepu/ → /keɸu/ → */kewu/ → /keu/ → /kjoː/
From Old Japanese けふ (ke₁pu), from Proto-Japonic *kepu.
Originally a compound of 此 (ke, apophonic form of ko, "this") + 日 (fu, apophonic form of hi, “day”). The final /eu/ → /joː/ sound shift is a separate but regular phonological change.


ASEAN

東南アジア諸国連合 東南アジア諸国連合#Japanese

synonym of 東南アジア諸国連合 (Tōnan Ajia Shokoku Rengō, “Association of Southeast Asian Nations”); the ASEAN


中央

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)央(おう) • (Chūō)

From Middle Chinese compound 中央 (MC trjuwng 'jang, “lit. centre”).

Chūō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


仙台

Sendai (the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, in northern Honshu, Japan)

仙台虫喰

仙台虫喰 せんだいむしくい


長崎

desc

→ English: Nagasaki, Nangasaki, Nangasac

→ Dutch: Nagasaki, Nangasacq

→ English: Nangasacq

→ Portuguese: Nangasaque

Nagasaki (the capital city of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)

Nagasaki (a prefecture in western Kyushu, Japan)


長崎県

長崎県 (canonical)
Nagasaki-ken (romanization)

From 長崎 (Nagasaki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan comprising the western part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan and nearby islands; its capital city is also 長崎 (Nagasaki)


秋葉原

秋葉原 (canonical)
Akihabara (romanization)

→ English: Akihabara

→ Korean: 아키하바라 (akihabara)

Formerly 秋葉ヶ原 (Akibagahara), named after 秋葉神社 (Akiba Jinja, “Akiba Shrine”) where fires once commonly broke out during the early Meiji period.

a neighborhood of Chiyoda, Tokyo prefecture, known for its commercial market of electronics and popular culture.


成田

成田国際空港 成田国際空港#Japanese

clipping of 成田国際空港 (Narita Kokusai Kūkō, “Narita International Airport”)


成田国際空港

ja-pos

なりた こくさい くうこう

成(なり)田(た)国(こく)際(さい)空(くう)港(こう) • (Narita Kokusai Kūkō)

成田国際空港 (canonical)
Narita Kokusai Kūkō (romanization)

成田 (なりた, narita) (Narita city) + 国際空港 (こくさいくうこう, kokusaikūkō)

新東京国際空港

新東京国際空港 しんとうきょうこくさいくうこう


成田空港

成田空港 (canonical)
Narita Kūkō (romanization)

成田 (“Narita; a place name in Japan”) + 空港 (“airport”).

成田国際空港(なりたこくさいくうこう) 成田国際空港#Japanese

Narita airport. Often written as 成田国際空港(なりたこくさいくうこう) (Narita Kokusai Kūkō, “Narita International Airport”), or simply as 成田(なりた) (Narita, “Narita”).


まこと

From Old Japanese. Originally from 真 (ma-, “truth”) + こと (koto, “thing”).
First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE in sense 2.


名古屋

→ Chinese: 名古屋 (Mínggǔwū)

→ English: Nagoya

→ Hindi: नागोया (nāgoyā)

→ Russian: Наго́я f (Nagója)

→ Thai: นาโงยะ (naa-ngoo-yá)

Uncertain origins, although there are multiple theories.
* From 和(なご)や (nagoya, “mild, calm, warm”, possibly obsolete in modern usage; the stem or precursor form of modern 和(なご)やか (nagoyaka)), in reference to either the clement weather or the relative calmness of the harbor.
* From a compound of 和(なご) (nago, “calm, mild, warm”, stem of adjectives 和(なご)し (nagoshi, “calm”, Classical) and 和(なご)やか (nagoyaka) and of verb 和(なご)む (nagomu, “to become calm”)) + 谷(や) (ya, “valley”), in reference to the local topography.
* A sound shift from 根(ね)小(ご)屋(や) (negoya, literally “root huts”), in reference to the start of the town as a collection of smaller houses at the root or foot of the mountains.
* By extension from 那(な)古(ご) (nago), a place in Osaka mentioned in the Man'yōshū of 759. The name "Nagoya" in reference to the geographical area of the modern city is first mentioned in the late Kamakura period (early 1300s)) as 那(な)古(ご)野(や)荘(しょう) (Nagoya-shō, literally “Nago Field Villa”), an agricultural estate developed earlier in the late Heian period (late 1100s).
: That said, the nago portion of the placename in Osaka is in turn likely from the same adjective root as above.

ja-r

Nagoya (the capital city of Aichi Prefecture, in central Honshu, Japan)

Heian period
Kamakura period
Man'yōshū
Nagoya
名古屋


ほうき

ja-pos

ほうき • (Hōki)

伯耆: Hōki Province, an old province of Japan


ぼう

昴: one of the 28 traditional Japanese constellations, the Pleiades


タイ

Ultimately from Thai ไทย (tai). The kanji is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 泰 (tài).


DNS

Domain Name System
Domain Name System#English

(Internet) Initialism of Domain Name System.


火星

火星 (canonical)
Kasei (romanization)
Kwasei (romanization)
くわせい (hiragana historical)

/kwasei/ → /kaseː/
From Middle Chinese 火星 (MC xwaX seng, literally “fire star”).

ltc-l

2004 July 20 [2003 September 22], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act(アクト) 3(スリー) レイ SAILORMARS(セーラー マーズ) [Act 3: Rei: SAILOR MARS]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 5th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 122:

The warrior of fire and passion under Mars, Sailor Mars! You’re also one of the chosen warriors

火星の守護を受けた炎と情熱の戦士 セーラーマーズ！あなたもえらばれた戦士なのよ

Kasei no shugo o uketa honō to jōnetsu no senshi Sērā Māzu! Anata mo erabareta senshi na no yo


太陽系

ja-pos

太(たい)陽(よう)系(けい) • (Taiyōkei) ^(←たいやうけい (Taiyaukei)?)

太陽系 (canonical)
Taiyōkei (romanization)
Taiyaukei (romanization)
たいやうけい (hiragana historical)

[2001 August 27, Kozue Amano, “Navigation(ナビゲーション)01(れいいち) 水(みず)の惑(わく)星(せい) [Navigation 01: The Water Planet]”, in AQUA(アクア) [AQUA], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Enix, →ISBN, page 5:

You have been on Solar System Spaceline’s Tokyo–New Venice flight. Thank you for using our services. We are about to enter the planet Aqua’s atmosphere.

本日は太陽系航宙社東京゠ネオ・ヴェネツィア便をご利用いただき まことにありがとうございます 当機はまもなく 惑星アクアの大気圏に突入します

Honjitsu wa Taiyōkei Kōchūsha Tōkyō-Neo Venetsia bin o goriyō itadaki Makoto ni arigatō gozaimasu Tōki wa mamonaku wakusei Akua no taikiken ni totsunyū shimasu


西欧

Compound of 西(せい) (sei, “west; western”) + 欧(おう) (ō, “Europe”).

ja-compound

Western Europe
Western Europe#English:_Q27496

Western Europe (a sociopolitical region in the west of Europe)


ハム

Daijisen
ja:ハム (曖昧さ回避)
ja:ハム (聖書)
ja:松村明


ハム

ja:ハム (ヴェストファーレン)
ja:ハム (曖昧さ回避)


WHO

ja-pos

ダブリュー-エッチ-オー

WHO (canonical)
Daburyū-Etchi-Ō (romanization)

世界保健機関 世界保健機関#Japanese

synonym of 世界保健機関 (Sekai Hoken Kikan, “World Health Organization”); the WHO


菩薩

/bosatɨ/ → /bosatʉ/ → /bosat͡sʉ/ → /bosat͡su/
Shift from bosachi below, adopting the kan'on reading for the second character, possibly indicating a later borrowing or other influence from Middle Chinese. Ultimately from Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व (bodhi-sattva, literally “enlightened existence”) or Pali bodhisatta.
Compare modern Cantonese 菩薩 /菩萨 (pou⁴ saat³).

der

title of a piece of gagaku, categorized in the 唐楽 (tōgaku, literally “Tang music”) style


土星

From Middle Chinese 土星 (MC thuX seng, literally “earth, soil + star”). The do reading for 土 is the kan'yōon or "customary reading", indicating a shift after borrowing.

ltc-l

2009 February 13 [2004 March 23], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act(アクト) 37(サーティセブン) 無(む)限(げん)11(イレブン) 無(む)限(げん)大(だい)——審(しん)判(ぱん) [Act 37: Infinity 11: Infinity——Judgment]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 5th edition, volume 8 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, pages 88–89:

——I am the messenger from the depths of death, the keeper of Saturn the Devastation Planet, the silent warrior, Sailor Saturn

——わたしは死の淵よりの使者 破滅の星土星を守護に持つ沈黙の戦士セーラーサターン

——Watashi wa shi no fuchi yori no shisha Hametsu no Hoshi Dosei o shugo ni motsu chinmoku no senshi Sērā Satān


カーマ

ja-pos

カーマ • (Kāma)

Kama, Indian god of love and sexual desire.


Pascal

Pascal (canonical)
Pasukaru (alternative)

[pa̠sɨ̥ka̠ɾɯ̟]


R

From the romanization, which begins with R (R).


越南

越(えつ)南(なん) • (Etsunan) ^(←ゑつなん (Wetunan)?)

越南 (canonical)
Etsunan (romanization)
Wetunan (romanization)
ゑつなん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 越南 (Yuènán).
For the further etymology of the name of the country, see Vietnam#Etymology.

obor

synonym of ベトナム (Betonamu): Vietnam (a country in Southeast Asia)


C++

ja-pos

シー %プラス %プラス

C(シー )+(プラス )+(プラス) or C(シー )+(プラ)+(プラ) or C(シー)+(プ)+(ラ) • (Shī Purasu Purasu or Shī Purapura or Shīpura)

C++ (canonical)
C++ (canonical)
C++ (canonical)
Shī Purasu Purasu (romanization)
Shī Purapura (romanization)
Shīpura (romanization)

[ɕiː pɯ̟ɾa̠sɨ pɯ̟ɾa̠sɨ]

[ɕiː pɯ̟ɾa̠pɯ̟ɾa̠]

programming language
programming language

(programming) C++ (programming language)


ギリシア

[ɡʲiɾʲiɕia̠]

1988 July 30 [1985 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “アン子(こ) 大(おお)いに怒(いか)る （赤(あか)毛(げ)のアン子(こ) 改(かい)題(だい)） [When Anko Really Gets Mad (originally titled Redheaded Anko)]”, in 宇宙船製造法 [How to Build a Spaceship] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 3), 6th edition, volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 71:

Anko. As for the mysterious power you displayed…. It’s of a kind that has been running in your mother’s bloodline for generations since ancient times. Your ancestors seem to have come from Thessaly, Greece. They immigrated to Salem, America in the 18th century. That bloodline… basically it was…. A noted line of true witches.

アン子。きみがみせたふしぎな力はね…。きみのおかあさんの家系に、遠い昔から代だい受けつがれてきた血すじによるものだ。御先祖は、ギリシアのテッサリア地方の出らしい。18世紀にアメリカのサレムに移住している。この家系は、………つまりなんというか………。ゆいしょ正しい魔女の名門なんだよ。

Anko. Kimi ga miseta fushigi na chikara wa ne…. Kimi no okāsan no kakei ni, tōi mukashi kara daidai uketsugarete kita chisuji ni yoru mono da. Go-senzo wa, Girishia no Tessaria chihō no de rashii. Jūhasseiki ni Amerika no Saremu ni ijū shite iru. Kono kakei wa,………tsumari nan to iu ka………. Yuisho tadashii majo no meimon na n da yo.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

alternative form of ギリシャ (Girisha): Greece (a country in Southeast Europe)


NPA

National Police Agency
National Police Agency


不思議

Contracted from 不可思議 (fuka shigi, literally “unfathomable”), equivalent to 不(ふ) (fu-) + 思議(しぎ) (shigi).


UNICEF

UNICEF (canonical)
Yunisefu (romanization)

国際連合児童基金 国際連合児童基金#Japanese

synonym of 国際連合児童基金 (Kokusai Rengō Jidō Kikin, “United Nations Children's Emergency Fund”); the UNICEF


未来

From Middle Chinese 未來 (MC mj+jH loj). Originally a Buddhist calque of Sanskrit अनागत (anāgata, “not yet come; future”, past participle), from अन्- (an-, “not”) + आगत (āgata, “what has come”), from the verb root आगम् (āgam, “to come”).


未来

Compound of 未 (mi, the on'yomi or Chinese-derived reading) + 来 (ku, the kun'yomi or native Japanese reading).


未来

Compound of 未 (mi, the on'yomi or Chinese-derived reading) + 来る (kuru, the kun'yomi or native Japanese reading).


香港

From English Hong Kong, ultimately from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²).

中華人民共和国香港特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Hon Kon Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


水瓶座

ja-pos

水(みず)瓶(がめ)座(ざ) • (Mizugame-za) ^(←みづがめざ (Midugameza)?)

水瓶座 (canonical)
Mizugame-za (romanization)
Midugameza (romanization)
みづがめざ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 水瓶 (mizugame, “water jug”) + 座 (-za, “constellation”)


国立

Kunitachi (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


寿司

From classical adjective 久(ひさ)し (hisashi, whence modern 久(ひさ)しい (hisashī, “long-lasting, persisting for a long time”)).


イ

A transliteration of the Korean surname 이(李) (I), Yi; or of 리(李) (Ri), Lee


セ

Initial of セントラル・リーグ


ヒ

From former logo of Twitter looking like character ヒ.


ゆめ

Appears to be 夢 (yume, “dream”), but using only the hiragana spelling.


治安

ja-pos

治(じ)安(あん) or 治(ち)安(あん) • (Jian or Chian)

治安 (canonical)
治安 (canonical)
Jian (romanization)
Chian (romanization)


植木

植木 (canonical)
Ueki (romanization)
Uweki (romanization)
うゑき (hiragana historical)

Compound of 植え (ue, “planting”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 植える ueru “to plant (a seed, a plant)”) + 木 (ki, “tree or shrub”).

compound

the <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 植える ueru “to plant (a seed, a plant)”


アイルランド

[a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞]

Ireland (an island and country in northwestern Europe)


スウェーデン

ja-pos

スウェーデン • (Suwēden)

[sɨβ̞e̞ːdẽ̞ɴ]

Borrowed from English Sweden. One would expect *スウィーデン (Suwīden) instead, but the rendering of the ⟨e⟩ as /eː/ here is a spelling pronunciation.

2015 March 6, Åsa Ekström, “自己紹介 [Self-Introduction]”, in 北欧女子オーサが見つけた日本の不思議 [Nordic Girl Åsa discovers the Mysteries of Japan] (北欧女子オーサ; 1) (fiction), Tokyo: Media Factory, page 2:

スウェーデンのストックホルム出身です

Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:スウェーデン
ja:松村明


スリランカ

From English Sri Lanka, from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකා (śrī laṁkā).

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)

スリランカ民主社会主義共和国

Suri Ranka Minshu Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku


アース

From a transliteration of Old Norse áss (“Æsir”).


雨水

From Middle Chinese /*ɣioɕjuɪ/ > Japanese /usui/.

The second solar term, literally meaning "rain water".

立春

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立夏

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立秋

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立冬

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter


高梁

Takahashi (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


茄子

/nasubi/ → */nasubʉ/*/nasumɨ/ → /nasumʉ/ → /nasuː/ → /nasu/
First attested in the late 1400s, originally a nyōbō kotoba term.
Shift from nasubi below.


茄子

First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Shift from a compound of なす (nasu, “to become”, transitive) + 実 (mi, “fruit”).
* Same as above, but with the なす part being a loanword or substrate word of Kra-Dai or Austronesian origin, compare Wu 落蘇 /落苏 (⁸loq-su₁), Teochew 落蘇 /落苏 (lag⁸ sou¹), and Paiwan [Term?] (lasaras).
* Shift from 夏の実 (natsu no mi, literally “summer fruit”).
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 茄子 (qiézi).


陽子

陽子 (canonical)
陽子 (canonical)
Yōko (romanization)
Haruko (romanization)


八角

From 八 ("eight") + 角 ("horn," "angle," "corner," "point") = "octagon".


国際単位系

ja-pos

国(こく)際(さい)単(たん)位(い)系(けい) • (Kokusai Tan'ikei) ^(←こくさいたんゐけい (Kokusaitan'wikei)?)

国際単位系 (canonical)
Kokusai Tan'ikei (romanization)
Kokusaitan'wikei (romanization)
こくさいたんゐけい (hiragana historical)

Calque of French Système international d'unités, equivalent to 国際 (kokusai, “international”) + 単位系 (tan'ikei, “system of measurement; system of units”).

com

International System of Units
International System of Units


つつみ

Tsutsumi (romanization)
Tutumi (romanization)
つつみ (hiragana historical)


地球

地球 (canonical)
Chikyū (romanization)
Tikiu (romanization)
ちきう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 地球 (Dìqiú), coined by Matteo Ricci.

地球は24時間で１回自転します。

Chikyū wa nijūyo-jikan de ikkai jiten shimasu.

地球は太陽系の第３惑星です。

Chikyū wa taiyōkei no dai-san wakusei desu.

The Earth is the third planet of the Solar System.

それでも地球は動く。

1988 July 30 [1984 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “世(せ)界(かい)名(めい)作(さく)童(どう)話(わ)第(だい)３(さん)巻(かん) うらしま太(た)郎(ろう) [World’s Renowned Fairy Tales Book 3: Urashima Tarō]”, in ポストの中の明日 [Post-Mid-Tomorrow] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 2), 10th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 117:

Meanwhile, Earth became the planet of the apes.

地球は、サルのわく星になっていましたとさ。

Chikyū wa, saru no wakusei ni natteimashita to sa.

1999 October 17, “異(い)次(じ)元(げん)からの侵(しん)略(りゃく)者(しゃ) [Invader from a Different Dimension]”, in Booster 5, Konami:

An alien that came to Earth from outside the Milky Way.

銀河系の外から地球にやってきた宇宙人。

Gingakei no soto kara Chikyū ni yattekita uchūjin.

地球昭

earthshine, illuminating the dark part of the Moon

地球環境モニタリングシステム: Global Environment Monitoring System

地球型惑星

terrestrial planet, an Earth-like planet

地球周回衛星

satellite orbiting the Earth, an Earth orbiter

ガイア

Gaia or Gaea, the Greek goddess of the Earth


おか

Oka (romanization)
Woka (romanization)
をか (hiragana historical)

Kojiki
Kōjien
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

/woka/ → /oka/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759.
In turn, possibly originally a compound of 峰 (wo, “high place, a height”) + 処 (ka, suffixing element denoting "place").


救世主

ja-pos

救(きゅう)世(せい)主(しゅ) or 救世主(メシア) • (Kyūseishu or Meshia)

救世主 (canonical)
救世主 (canonical)
Kyūseishu (romanization)
Meshia (romanization)

[kʲɨːse̞ːɕɨ]


印欧祖語

印欧祖語 (canonical)
In'ō Sogo (romanization)

[ĩɰ̃o̞ː so̞ɡo̞]

Compound of 印(いん) (in, “Indian, Indo-”) + 欧(おう) (ō, “European”) + 祖(そ)語(ご) (sogo, “proto-language”).


いけ

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *ikay.


ウィクショナリ

ウィクショナリー ウィクショナリー#Japanese


松明

/takimat͡su/ → /taĩmat͡su/ → /taimat͡su/
Shift by イ音便 (i onbin, “i sound shift”) from takimatsu, itself from 焚き (taki, “burning”, stem or continuative form of verb 焚く (taku), "to burn") + 松 (matsu, “pine tree”). Compare the development of 続松 (tsugimatsu → tsuimatsu) of the same meaning.
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 松明 (sōngmíng).

com

stem or continuative form of verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">焚く</i> (taku), "to burn"


馬子

蘇我馬子 (Soga-no Umako)

famous leader of the Soga clan (died 626).


台湾

Borrowed from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Compare Dutch Tayouan, Mandarin 臺灣 /台湾 (Táiwān).


もも

麻倉もも


りか

梨花, 里佳, 里香, 理香, 利佳, 利加, 利可, 利嘉: a female given name

利夏, 利果, 利架, 利花, 利華, 利賀, 利圭, 利香: a female given name

吏伽, 吏佳, 吏加, 吏花, 吏香, 李佳, 李加, 李歌: a female given name

李花, 李華, 李霞, 李賀, 李香, 梨, 梨伽, 梨佳: a female given name

梨加, 梨可, 梨夏, 梨家, 梨果, 梨歌, 梨珂, 梨禍: a female given name

梨花, 梨賀, 梨樺, 梨香, 理郁, 理化, 理佳, 理加: a female given name


大阪

ja-pos

大(おお)阪(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大阪 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “large, great”) + 阪 (saka, “hill”). The geographical area was historically known as 小坂 (Wosaka → Osaka, literally “little hill”) and was renamed to mean literally a “large hill”.
Originally spelled as 大坂 until the early Meiji period, possibly for some superstitious reason.

com

short for 大阪府 (Ōsaka-fu): a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea

大阪府

short for 大阪市 (Ōsaka-shi): the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


大阪

ja-pos

大(おお)阪(ざか) • (Ōzaka) ^(←おほざか (Ofozaka)?)

大阪 (canonical)
Ōzaka (romanization)
Ofozaka (romanization)
おほざか (hiragana historical)

The saka changes to zaka as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..

2021, Todōfuken zukan [Prefectures picture book], page 88:

Osaka prefecture origins: Formerly called “Osaka” [with a short o] or “Ōzaka” and written <小坂> or <大坂>, it became <大阪> [Ōsaka] after the Meiji Restoration

大阪府の由来 古くは「おさか」「おおざか」とよばれ、「小坂」「大坂」から明治維新後に「大阪」となった

Ōsaka-fu no yurai Furuku wa “Osaka” “Ōzaka” to yobare, “Osaka” “Ōzaka” kara Meiji Ishin-go ni “Ōsaka” to natta

(obsolete) alternative form of 大阪 (Ōsaka, placename)


永和

the Eiwa era, 1375-1379 by Northern Court reckoning

天授

era contemporary to Eiwa (Southern Court reckoning)


山陰

Named after San'indō (山陰道(さんいんどう) (san'indō), literally "yin side of the mountain circuit"), a historical region under the ancient Gokishichidō system.

San'in region (a traditional region in central Honshu, Japan, composed of the prefectures of Shimane and Tottori)


米航空宇宙局

べい こうくう うちゅうきょく

米(べい)航(こう)空(くう)宇(う)宙(ちゅう)局(きょく) • (Bei Kōkū Uchūkyoku)

米航空宇宙局 (canonical)
Bei Kōkū Uchūkyoku (romanization)

米(べい) (bei, “America”) + 航(こう)空(くう) (kōkū, “aeronautics”) + 宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (uchū, “universe”) + 局(きょく) (kyoku, “bureau”)

ja-compound

あめりかこうくううちゅうきょく

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

米国航空宇宙局

米国航空宇宙局 べいこくこうくううちゅうきょく

アメリカ航空宇宙局

航空宇宙局 こうくううちゅうきょく


マイケル

A transliteration of the English male given name Michael


フランス語

フランス語 (canonical)
Furansu-go (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨɡo̞]

From フランス (Furansu, “France”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suf

ジョンさんはフランス語ができる。

1997 July 17, Seimaru Amagi with Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル17(じゅうしち) 仏(ふ)蘭(らん)西(す)銀(ぎん)貨(か)殺(さつ)人(じん)事(じ)件(けん)⑭(じゅうよん) [File 17: The French Silver Coin Murder Case #14]”, in 金(きん)田(だ)一(いち)少(しょう)年(ねん)の事(じ)件(けん)簿(ぼ) [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 25 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN:

“L’Oiseau” — meaning “The Bird” in French

「ロワゾ」——フランス語で「鳥」という意味よ

“Rowazo”—— Furansu-go de “Tori” to iu imi yo


ドイツ

→ English: Doitsu

→ Korean: 독일 (dogil)

Listed in some sources as deriving from Dutch Duits (“German”, adjective, noun). Listed in others as a corruption of German deutsch (“German”, adjective) or Deutsch (“German”, noun). Considering the history of cultural contact (and the final ツ rather than チ), the Dutch derivation is more likely.

lang

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

1996 February 25 [1995 August 9], Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)四(よん)十(じゅう)四(よん)幕(まく) 「心(しん)配(ぱい)無(む)用(よう)」 [Act 44: “Nothing to Worry About”]”, in るろうに剣(けん)心(しん) —明(めい)治(じ)剣(けん)客(かく)浪(ろ)漫(まん)譚(たん)— [Rurōni Kenshin: Ballad of a Meiji Swordsroamer], 3rd edition, volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, pages 95–96:

Germany is currently the leading nation in medicine, so I thought if he received treatment there, then maybe...

独逸は 今 世界で一番医学が進んだ国です そこで 治療に専念すればあるいは…と思いまして

Doitsu wa ima sekai de ichiban igaku ga susunda kuni desu Soko de chiryō ni sennen sureba arui wa…to omoimashite

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Encyclopedia Nipponica
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Shogakukan
Tōkyō
ja:ドイツ
ja:松村明

ドイツ民主共和国

Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku, former East Germany

民主共和国 みんしゅきょうわこく

ドイツ連邦共和国

連邦共和国 れんぽうきょうわこく


ドイツ人

ドイツ人 (canonical)
Doitsujin (romanization)


ドイツ民主共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ みんしゅ きょうわこく

ドイツ民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ民主共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”), a calque of German Deutsche Demokratische Republik.

cal

(historical) German Democratic Republic (official name of East Germany (from 1947 through reunification in 1990): a former country in Central Europe)


ドイツ連邦共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ れんぽう きょうわこく

ドイツ連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ連邦共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Calque of German Bundesrepublik Deutschland, equivalent to ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

af

Federal Republic of Germany#English:_Q713750

(1949–1990) Federal Republic of Germany (official name of West Germany: a former country in Central Europe)

Federal Republic of Germany#English:_Q183

(1990–today) Federal Republic of Germany (official name of Germany: a country in Central Europe, reunified with the former East Germany)


スペイン内戦

スペイン内戦 (canonical)
Supein Naisen (romanization)

From スペイン (Supein, “Spain”) + 内戦 (naisen, “civil war”).


アメリカ大陸

アメリカ大陸 (canonical)
Amerika Tairiku (romanization)

From アメリカ (“America”) + 大陸 (“continent”).

America, the Americas (a supercontinent consisting of North America, Central America and South America regarded as a whole; in full, the Americas)


孟子

孟子 (canonical)
Mōshi (romanization)
Mausi (romanization)
まうし (hiragana historical)

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics


吉林

Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


台北

From Mandarin 臺北 /台北 (Táiběi), possibly via English Taipei.


台北

台北 (canonical)
台北 (canonical)
Taihoku (romanization)

→ Bunun: Taihuku

→ English: Taihoku, Daihoku

→ Kanakanabu: Taihuku

→ Saisiyat: tayhoko'

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺北.


エリトリア

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


神威

神威杏次 ― kamui kyōji ― Kyoji Kamui


小島

From 小(こ) (ko, “small, little”) + 島(しま) (shima, “island, isle”).


日向

Compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + な (na, Old Japanese possessive particle) + た (ta, “direction, side”).
The ta element is found in terms such as あなた (anata, “you”, originally “that side (distant)”), そなた (sonata, “you”, archaic; originally “that side (nearby)”).


日向

日向 (canonical)
Hyūga (romanization)
Fiuga (romanization)
ひうが (hiragana historical)

⟨pi₁muka⟩ → */pʲimuka/ → /ɸimuka/ → /ɸiũɡa/ → /hjuːɡa/
Shift from Old Japanese 日向 (Pi₁muka → Himuka).
Equivalent to a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face (a direction)”).

日向夏

hyūganatsu, Citrus × tamurana, a kind of citrus fruit

(historical) short for 日向国 (Hyūga-no-kuni): Hyūga Province, an old province of Japan, corresponding to modern Miyazaki Prefecture on the eastern coast of Kyushu

日向国

short for 日向市 (Hyūga-shi): Hyūga (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)

日向市

Japanese battleship Hyūga
w:Japanese battleship Hyūga

(historical) an Ise-class battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II (see Japanese battleship Hyūga on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)


日向

Unknown, possibly a sound change from Old Japanese 日向 (pi₁muka → himuka); however, the /-mu-/ → /-ɾ̠u-/ shift is unlikely.
Alternatively, the spelling may be ateji (当て字), with the hiru portion equating to 昼 (hiru, “daytime”), and the ga of uncertain derivation. Compare 春日 (Kasuga).

三方五湖 w:ja:三方五湖

short for 日向湖 (Hiruga-ko): one of the 三方五湖 (Mikata Goko, “Five Lakes of Mikata”) in Fukui Prefecture


日向

ja-pos

日(にっ)向(こう) • (Nikkō) ^(←にちかう (Nitikau)?)

日(ひ)向(むかい) • (Himukai) ^(←ひむかひ (Fimukafi)?)

日向 (canonical)
Nikkō (romanization)
Nitikau (romanization)
にちかう (hiragana historical)
日向 (canonical)
Hiuga (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Higano (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Hikō (romanization)
Fikau (romanization)
ひかう (hiragana historical)
日向 (canonical)
Hina (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Hinada (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Himukai (romanization)
Fimukafi (romanization)
ひむかひ (hiragana historical)
日向 (canonical)
Himuka (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Himuki (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Hyuga (romanization)


万里の長城

^ばんり の ^ちょうじょう

万(ばん)里(り)の長(ちょう)城(じょう) • (Banri no Chōjō) ^(←ばんりのちやうじやう (Banrinotyauzyau)?)

万里の長城 (canonical)
Banri no Chōjō (romanization)
Banrinotyauzyau (romanization)
ばんりのちやうじやう (hiragana historical)

万里 (banri, “ten thousand miles; incredibly long”) + の (no, attributive marker) + 長城 (chōjō, “long castle”), calque of Chinese 萬里長城 /万里长城 (Wànlǐ Chángchéng)


ふるさと

[ɸɯ̟ɾɯ̟sa̠to̞]

From Old Japanese ふるさと (purusato₁).
Compound of ふる (furu, “something ancient, old, in the past”) + 里 (sato, “village; home”).


攻撃

From Korean 공격(攻擊) (gonggyeok, “attack”), from the North Korean pop song 공격전이다 (Gonggyeokjeonida, literally “It's Offensive War”), which went viral on the Japanese-language Internet. 공격(攻擊) (gonggyeok, “attack”) is repeated in the hook.

공격전이다 w:ko:공격전이다

Short name for the North Korean pop song 공격전이다 (gonggyeokjeonida).


アンドル

A transliteration of the English male given name Andrew

Centre-Val de Loire
Centre-Val de Loire#English

Indre (a department of Centre-Val de Loire, France)

Indre (a left tributary of the Loire, flowing through the departments of Cher, Indre and Indre-et-Loire in central France)


平和

First attested in the Meiji era.
Rearrangement of 和平 (wahei, “peace”), likely that 平 (hei) also means "flat", therefore switching the kanji meant "calm, equal + harmony → peace".


たいしょう

ja-pos

たいしょう • (Taishō)


琵琶湖

琵琶湖は、日本で最も大きい湖です。

Biwako wa, Nihon de mottomo ōkii mizuumi desu.


交趾

交(こう)趾(ち) or 交(こう)趾(し) • (Kōchi or Kōshi)

交趾 (canonical)
交趾 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kōshi (romanization)

(historical) Jiaozhi (a region ruled by various Chinese dynasties, corresponding to present-day northern Vietnam)


会津

a region in western Fukushima Prefecture, a former fiefdom of the Aizu-Matsudaira daimyō family during the Edo Period; primary city is 会(あい)津(づ)若(わか)松(まつ) (Aizu Wakamatsu)


獅子

From Middle Chinese 獅子 (MC srij tsiX, literally “lion + (diminutive suffix)”)

ltc-l

the name of the lion dance 囃子 (hayashi, “musical accompaniment”) in various noh and kabuki plays

the first piece of music played in a 伎楽 (gigaku) performance (more commonly spelled 師子)


大鹿

ja-pos

大(おお)鹿(じか) • (Ōjika) ^(←おほじか (Ofozika)?)

大鹿 (canonical)
Ōjika (romanization)
Ofozika (romanization)
おほじか (hiragana historical)

Elk
Moose
Nihon Shoki
ja:ヘラジカ
ja:大鹿 (伊丹市)

From Old Japanese. Analyzable as a compound of 大 (ō, “big”) + 鹿 (shika, “deer”). The shika changes to jika as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720, with the literal sense of large deer.
The moose or elk (Alces alces) is not native to Japan, and that sense is not attested until much later, in 1884.
And, similar to the confusion in usage of English elk as to whether this refers to Alces alces or Cervus canadensis (also known as the wapiti), the Japanese term too might refer to either.


大鹿

大(おお)鹿(しか) • (Ōshika) ^(←おほしか (Ofosika)?)

大鹿 (canonical)
Ōshika (romanization)
Ofosika (romanization)
おほしか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “big”) + 鹿 (shika, “deer”). Appears to be a variation from the ōjika reading.


ケルン

From German Köln. Doublet of コロン (koron), コローニュ (Korōnyu), and コローニェ (Korōnye).

doublet

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


倫敦

Borrowed from English London. The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 倫敦 /伦敦 (Lúndūn).

1936, Morita Sōhei (森田 草平), transl., クリスマス・カロル, translation of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens:

倫敦の町はすっかり消えてなくなった。

Rondon no machi wa sukkari kiete nakunatta.

The city of London altogether disappeared.


弥生

弥生 (canonical)
Yayoi (romanization)
Yayofi (romanization)
やよひ (hiragana historical)

/ijaopi/ → /ijaofi/ → */jaofi/ → /jajofi/ → /jajowi/ → /jajoi/
Shift from iyaoi below.

a Kamikaze-class destroyer in the Imperial Japanese Navy

Japanese destroyer Yayoi (1925)
w:Japanese destroyer Yayoi (1925)

a Mutsuki-class destroyer in the Imperial Japanese Navy, see Japanese destroyer Yayoi (1925) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

a placename, especially the name of a district in Bunkyō Ward, Tokyo

1997 October 17, Seimaru Amagi with Kanari, Yozaburo and Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル18 魔(ま)神(じん)遺(い)跡(せき)殺(さつ)人(じん)事(じ)件(けん)⑪ [File 18: The Demonic Ruins Murder Case ⑪]”, in 金(きん)田(だ)一(いち)少(しょう)年(ねん)の事(じ)件(けん)簿(ぼ) [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 26 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 105:

I’m “Yayoi” because I was born in March. We named you “Satsuki” because you were born in May———

三月に生まれた私が「弥生」だから 五月に生まれたあなたは「さつき」にしようって———

Sangatsu ni umareta watashi ga “Yayoi” da kara Gogatsu ni umareta anata wa “Satsuki” ni shiyōtte———


卯月

From 卯 (u, short for 卯の花 (unohana), “deutzia flower”) + 月 (tsuki, “month”).
The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

short for <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">卯の花</i> (unohana), “deutzia flower”

(historical) a 神風 (Kamikaze)-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy

Japanese destroyer Uzuki (1925)
w:Japanese destroyer Uzuki (1925)

(historical) a 睦月 (Mutsuki)-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, see Japanese destroyer Uzuki (1925) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


葉月

葉 (は, ha), "leaf" + 月 (つき, tsuki), "month"


師走

師走 (canonical)
Shiwasu (romanization)
Sifasu (romanization)
しはす (hiragana historical)

/sipasu/ → /ɕifasu/ → /ɕiwasu/
Shift from shihasu, ancient sipasu (see below).


平安

Coined as a compound of Middle Chinese-derived elements 平 (hei, “even, steady, flat”) + 安 (an, “peace, ease”).
First cited to 728 CE in the Shoku Nihongi.

compound

abbreviation of 平(へい)安(あん)時(じ)代(だい) (Heian jidai, “the Heian period of Japanese history”)


ロンドン

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; the capital city of England)

London (a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada)


パリ

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


朝鮮

ja-pos

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

朝鮮 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Japanese_pitch_accent#Noun ending in 特殊拍+の

From Chinese 朝鮮 /朝鲜.
/teusen/ > /tjoːsen/, [tɕoːsen]

Korea (a geographic region consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country)

Korean Peninsula
Korean Peninsula#English

Korea (a peninsula in East Asia, containing the countries of North Korea and South Korea; in full, Korean Peninsula)

North Korea (a country in East Asia, whose territory consists of the northern part of Korea)


海老

/jepi/ → /jebi/ → /ebi/
Possibly from Old Japanese, first attested in the Honzō Wamyō (918 CE).
Ultimate derivation unclear, with theories including:
* Shift in meaning from ebi, ancient reading of modern 葡萄 (budō, “grape”), from a resemblance in color
* Shift in reading from epige, proposed compound of 良い (ei, “good”) + 髭 (pige → hige, “beard”) from the bearded appearance
* Shift in reading from epige, proposed compound of 江 (e, “inlet, bay”) + 髭 (pige → hige, “beard”) from the bearded appearance
Appears as Yebi in the Nippo Jisho of 1603.
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), in reference to the vague resemblance to a stooped old man. See the kairō reading below.


海老

海老 (canonical)
Kairō (romanization)
Kairau (romanization)
かいらう (hiragana historical)

*/kairau/ → /kairɔː/ → /kairoː/
Probably a coinage in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements, as 海 (kai, “sea, ocean”) + 老 (rō, “elder, old person”), in reference to the vague resemblance to a stooped old man.
Appears as Cairǒ in the Nippo Jisho of 1603.


貝殻

貝(かい)殻(がら) • (Kaigara) ^(←かひがら (Kafigara)?)

貝殻 (canonical)
Kaigara (romanization)
Kafigara (romanization)
かひがら (hiragana historical)

Compound of 貝(かい) (kai, “shellfish”) + 殻(から) (kara, “shell”). The kara changes to gara as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


アイヌ

→ English: Ainu

Borrowed from Ainu アイヌ (aynu, “person, human being”).

bor+

Ainu language
Ainu people
Ainu-ken
Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shiraoi, Hokkaido
ja:アイヌ
ja:松村明


日の出

From 日(ひ) (hi, “sun”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 出(で) (de, “coming out”).

ja-com

Hinode (a town in Nishitama district, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


共同通信社

ja-pos

^きょうどう ^つうしんしゃ

共(きょう)同(どう)通(つう)信(しん)社(しゃ) • (Kyōdō Tsūshinsha)

共同通信社 (canonical)
Kyōdō Tsūshinsha (romanization)

From 共同 (kyōdō, “partnership”) + 通信社 (tsūshinsha, “press agency”).

compound

共同通信

共同通信 きょうどうつうしん


西貢

Borrowed from Vietnamese Sài Gòn. The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 西貢 /西贡 (Xīgòng).


天文

From Middle Chinese 天文 (MC then mjun, literally “heavens + patterns”). Likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Min Nan reading thian-bûn.


雨竜

Uryū (a district of Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)

Uryū (a town in Uryū district, Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)

Uryū (a train station in Uryū, Uryū district, Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


三重

三重 (canonical)
Mie (romanization)
Mife (romanization)
みへ (hiragana historical)


朝日

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712.
Analyzable as a compound of 朝 (asa, “morning”) + 日 (hi, “sun”).


ケチュア語

ケチュア語 (canonical)
Kechuago (romanization)


十一

ja-pos

十(じゅう)一(いち) or 十一(ジュウイチ) • (Jūichi)

十一 (canonical)
十一 (canonical)
Jūichi (romanization)

[d͡ʑɨːit͡ɕi]

Hierococcyx hyperythrus
Hierococcyx hyperythrus#Translingual

rufous hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx hyperythrus


韓流

韓流(ハンりゅう) • (Hanryū)

The reading ハン (han) is from Korean 한(韓) (han).


韓流

韓(かん)流(りゅう) • (Kanryū) ^(←かんりう (Kanriu)?)

韓流 (canonical)
Kanryū (romanization)
Kanriu (romanization)
かんりう (hiragana historical)


葡萄牙

葡萄牙 (canonical)
Porutogaru (romanization)
葡国 (alternative)
葡 (alternative)

The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 葡萄牙 (Pútáoyá)

ポルトガル ポルトガル#Japanese


胡志明

[ho̞ː t͡ɕi mʲĩɴ]


天理

Tenri (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


般若波羅蜜多心經

はんにゃ はらみった しんぎょう

はんにやはらみつたしんぎやう

般(はん)若(にゃ)波(は)羅(ら)蜜(みっ)多(た)心(しん)經(ぎょう) • (Hannya Haramitta Shingyō) ^(←はんにやはらみつたしんぎやう (Fannyafaramitutasingyau)?)

般若波羅蜜多心經 (canonical)
Hannya Haramitta Shingyō (romanization)
Fannyafaramitutasingyau (romanization)
はんにやはらみつたしんぎやう (hiragana historical)

般若波羅蜜多心経 般若波羅蜜多心経#Japanese

(Buddhism) Kyūjitai form of 般若波羅蜜多心経 (Heart Sutra)


かすみ

霞, 嘉純, 伽澄, 春見, 夏澄, 夏清, 圭純, 嘉菫: a female given name


日光

日(にっ)光(こう) • (Nikkō) ^(←につくわう (Nitukwau)?)

日光 (canonical)
Nikkō (romanization)
Nitukwau (romanization)
につくわう (hiragana historical)

Nikkō (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


乙姫

乙 (oto, “young girl; youngest girl”) + 姫 (hime, “daughter or young lady of noble or gentle birth; princess”)

compound

Otohime, princess of Ryūgū Castle in the tale of Urashima Tarō

リュウグウノオトヒメノモトユイノキリハズシ

Zostera marina; cutting of the hairtie of Otohime of Ryūgū

浦島太郎: Urashima Tarō

浦島太郎 うらしまたろう


冥王星

ja-pos

冥(めい)王(おう)星(せい) • (Meiōsei) ^(←めいわうせい (Meiwausei)?)

冥王星 (canonical)
Meiōsei (romanization)
Meiwausei (romanization)
めいわうせい (hiragana historical)

From 冥王 (Meiō, “King of the Underworld”) + 星 (-sei, “planet”), coined by Hōei Nojiri in 1930 as a reference to Pluto, the Greco-Roman god of the underworld.

suf

2009 February 13 [2004 February 23], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act(アクト) 32(サーティツー) 無(む)限(げん)６(シックス) ３(さん)戦(せん)士(し) [Act 32: Infinity 6: 3 Warriors]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 5th edition, volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 67:

—And I am Sailor Pluto, keeper of Pluto the Underworld Planet

——そして 冥界の星冥王星を守護にもつセーラープルート

——Soshite Meikai no Hoshi Meiōsei o shugo ni motsu Sērā Purūto

Pluto (Kuiper belt object - a dwarf planet)


水星

From Chinese 水星 (Shuǐxīng, in reference to Wu Xing, literally “water star”).


木星

From Middle Chinese 木星 (muwk seng, in reference to Wu Xing, literally “wood star”).

2004 July 20 [2003 September 22], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act(アクト) 5(ファイブ) まこと SAILORJUPITER(セーラー ジュピター) [Act 5: Makoto: SAILOR JUPITER]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 5th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 196:

We are comrades—and of course, warrior of thunder and bravery under Jupiter, Sailor Jupiter, so are you.

あたしたちは仲間なの——もちろん 木星の守護を受けた雷と勇気の戦士 セーラージュピター あなたもね

Atashitachi wa nakama na no——mochiron Mokusei no shugo o uketa kaminari to yūki no senshi Sērā Jupitā anata mo ne

木製型惑星

a Jovian planet, a Jupiter-type planet, a gas giant


天王星

ja-pos

天(てん)王(のう)星(せい) • (Tennōsei) ^(←てんわうせい (Ten'wausei)?)

天王星 (canonical)
Tennōsei (romanization)
Ten'wausei (romanization)
てんわうせい (hiragana historical)

[tẽ̞nːo̞ːse̞ː]

From Literary Chinese 天王 (tiānwáng, “heavenly king”) + 星 (xīng, “star”), named after Uranus, the personification of the sky in Greco-Roman mythology.
The ō reading for 王 changes to nō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

2009 March 30 [2004 January 23], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act(アクト) 29(トゥエンティナイン) 無(む)限(げん)３(スリー) ２人(ふたり) NEW(ニュー) SOLDIERS(ソルジャーズ) [Act 29: Infinity 3: Two New Soldiers]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 6th edition, volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, pages 182–183:

And I am... the warrior of the ether, keeper of Uranus the Wind Planet. Sailor Uranus enters the scene!

そして——風の星天王星を守護にもつ天空の戦士 セーラーウラヌス 参上！

Soshite ——Kaze no Hoshi Tennōsei o shugo ni motsu tenkū no senshi Sērā Uranusu sanjō!


金星

From Middle Chinese 金星 (MC kim seng, “metal star; Venus”).


大麻

a neighborhood of Ebetsu, Hokkaido Prefecture


寧波

ja-pos

寧(ねい)波(は) or 寧波(ニンポー) • (Neiha or Ninpō)

寧波 (canonical)
寧波 (canonical)
Neiha (romanization)
Ninpō (romanization)

Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


仏語

[ɸɯ̟̊t͡sɨɡo̞]

仏 (Futsu, “France”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suffix

ja:仏語 (曖昧さ回避)


創世記

ja-pos

創(そう)世(せい)記(き) • (Sōseiki) ^(←さうせいき (Sauseiki)?)

創世記 (canonical)
Sōseiki (romanization)
Sauseiki (romanization)
さうせいき (hiragana historical)

From 創世 (sōsei, “world creation”) + 記 (-ki, “chronicle”).


横浜

Yokohama (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


新東京国際空港

ja-pos

しん とうきょう こくさい くうこう

新(しん)東(とう)京(きょう)国(こく)際(さい)空(くう)港(こう) • (Shin Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō)

新東京国際空港 (canonical)
Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō (Shin)

New Tokyo International Airport (TYO), currently named Narita International Airport)

成田国際空港

成田国際空港 なりたこくさいくうこう


麻布

Most likely a compound of Old Japanese elements 麻 (asa, “hemp, ramie”) + 生 (fu, “place where things grow”), given that the Azabu area was known in ancient times as a place for growing hemp or ramie.
This fu element also appears in terms such as 粟生 (awafu, “a field for growing millet”) and 豆生, 豆田 (mamefu, “a field for growing beans”). The use of 布 to spell the fu portion would be an example of ateji, probably influenced by the way that hemp is used to make cloth (布).
The reasons for the shift in pronunciation from asafu to azabu remain unclear.

compound

(~区) one of the 35 former wards of Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943), Tokyo City.


知恩院

a temple which is origin of Jōdo sect of Buddhism, located in Higashiyama (東山) Ward, Kyoto (京都)


江の島

Enoshima (an island of Kanagawa Prefecture, on the northeastern part of Sagami Bay)


祇王寺

a nunnery in front of Saga Nison In (嵯峨二尊院), Ukyo (右京) ward, Kyoto


弁才天

弁才天 (canonical)
Benzaiten (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 辯才天 (MC bjenX dzoj then, literally “Eloquent Deva”). First referenced in Japanese in the 700s in the 最勝王経 (Saishōō-kyō, “Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra”).
The Hindu goddess Sarasvati entered Japanese Buddhism during the late Heian period (794–1185). She came to be regarded in Japan as a goddess of wealth, and her name written as 弁財天 (Benzaiten) with the character 財 (zai, “treasure”). The name is attested with 才 (sai, “genius”) as 辯才天 from the thirteenth century, with the initial character simplified to 弁 in modern Japanese.

ltc-l

(Budhhist deity) Benzaiten, Japanese name for the Hindu and Buddhist goddess Saraswati

Benzaiten
Golden Light Sutra
Heian period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:弁才天

commerce and trade. Ebisu and Daikoku are often paired and represented as carvings

masks on the walls of small retail shops

Hotei: the fat and happy god of abundance and good health


茨城

Russian: Ибара́ки f (Ibaráki)

According to legend, people in the age of Emperor Sujin (崇神) built a thorny castle (茨の城) there and wiped out burglars.

Ibaraki (a prefecture in north-eastern Honshu, Japan)


茨城

(proscribed) alternative form of 茨城 (Ibaraki)


北海道

ja-pos

北(ほっ)海(かい)道(どう) • (Hokkaidō) ^(←ほくかいだう (Fokukaidau)?)

北海道 (canonical)
Hokkaidō (romanization)
Fokukaidau (romanization)
ほくかいだう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Hokkaido

desc

→ Korean: 홋카이도 (Hotkaido), 혹가이도 (Hokgaido), 북해도 (Bukhaedo)

From 北海 (hokkai, “northern sea”) + 道 (-dō, “circuit”).
Coined in 1869; see 北海道 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ʲᵃ Before that, the region was known as 蝦夷地 (Ezochi, literally “land of the northern barbarians”).

pedia

an island prefecture on the northern part of Japan; its capital city is 札幌 (Sapporo)


青森県

ja-pos

青(あお)森(もり)県(けん) • (Aomori-ken) ^(←あをもりけん (Awomoriken)?)

青森県 (canonical)
Aomori-ken (romanization)
Awomoriken (romanization)
あをもりけん (hiragana historical)

[a̠o̞mo̞ɾʲikẽ̞ɴ]

From 青森 (Aomori) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 青森 (Aomori)


秋田県

秋田県 (canonical)
Akita-ken (romanization)

From 秋田 (Akita) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 秋田 (Akita)


岩手県

岩(いわ)手(て)県(けん) • (Iwate-ken) ^(←いはてけん (Ifateken)?)

岩手県 (canonical)
Iwate-ken (romanization)
Ifateken (romanization)
いはてけん (hiragana historical)

[iβ̞a̠te̞kẽ̞ɴ]

From 岩手 (Iwate) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is 盛岡 (Morioka)


山形県

山形県 (canonical)
Yamagata-ken (romanization)

From 山形 (Yamagata) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 山形 (Yamagata)


宮城県

宮城県 (canonical)
Miyagi-ken (romanization)

From 宮城 (Miyagi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is 仙台 (Sendai)


福島県

福島県 (canonical)
Fukushima-ken (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕima̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 福島 (Fukushima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 福島 (Fukushima)


群馬県

群馬県 (canonical)
Gunma-ken (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟̃mːa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 群馬 (Gunma) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan; its capital city is 前橋 (Maebashi)


茨城県

茨城県 (canonical)
Ibaraki-ken (romanization)

From 茨城 (Ibaraki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 水戸 (Mito)


栃木県

栃木県 (canonical)
Tochigi-ken (romanization)

[to̞t͡ɕiɡʲikẽ̞ɴ]

From 栃木 (Tochigi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan; its capital city is 宇都宮 (Utsunomiya)


埼玉県

埼玉県 (canonical)
Saitama-ken (romanization)

From 埼玉 (Saitama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

Saitama (an inland prefecture in the Kantō region of Japan)


千葉県

千葉県 (canonical)
Chiba-ken (romanization)

From 千葉 (Chiba) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan, facing the Pacific Ocean and Tokyo Bay; its capital city is also 千葉 (Chiba)


東京都

東(とう)京(きょう)都(と) • (Tōkyō-to) ^(←とうきやうと (Toukyauto)?)

東京都 (canonical)
Tōkyō-to (romanization)
Toukyauto (romanization)
とうきやうと (hiragana historical)

From 東京 (Tōkyō, “Tokyo”) + 都 (to, “capital city”).

com

the capital prefecture of Japan, located in the 関東 (Kantō) region including several archipelagos on the Pacific Ocean, and the 23 special wards in its central part collectively referred to as simply 東京 (Tōkyō, “Tokyo”, former “Tokyo City”)


広東

Borrowed from English Canton (“Guangzhou; Guangdong”). The kanji is from Chinese 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng).

Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)

synonym of 広州 (Kōshū): Guangzhou (a major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


広東

ja-pos

広(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)


田中

田 (ta, “paddy”) + 中 (naka, “center”), literally, “center of the paddy”.

(most common surnames)

姓#日本の主な姓 w:ja:姓#日本の主な姓

a surname: the 4th most common surname in Japan.


山田

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 田 (ta, “field”). The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


木村

→ Chinese: 木村 (Mùcūn)

→ English: Kimura

Compound of 木(き) (ki, “tree”) + 村(むら) (mura, “village”). Literally, “tree village”.

ja-com

a historical village in Gamō, Ōmi, Tōsandō, Japan; equivalent to the former place in Gamō, Gamō district, Shiga Prefecture, now a place in Higashiōmi, Shiga Prefecture

木村拓哉 ― kimura Takuya ― Takuya Kimura


神奈川県

ja-pos

神(か)奈(な)川(がわ)県(けん) • (Kanagawa-ken) ^(←かながはけん (Kanagafaken)?)

神奈川県 (canonical)
Kanagawa-ken (romanization)
Kanagafaken (romanization)
かながはけん (hiragana historical)

[ka̠na̠ɡa̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 神奈川 (Kanagawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 横浜 (Yokohama)


新潟県

新(にい)潟(がた)県(けん) • (Niigata-ken) ^(←にひがたけん (Nifigataken)?)

新潟県 (canonical)
Niigata-ken (romanization)
Nifigataken (romanization)
にひがたけん (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iːɡa̠ta̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 新潟 (Niigata) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 新潟 (Niigata)


パ

Initial of パシフィック・リーグ (Pashifikku Rīgu).

ja-r

^パシフィック・^リーグ