奈良

Emperor Sujin
Nara
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
ja:奈良
man'yōgana

From Old Japanese. Attested from at least the early 700s. The kanji are ateji (当て字).
Various ancient spellings suggest forms ending in -ku or -ki. This latter element is not attested past the Old Japanese stage:
 奈羅, 那羅, 楢, 儺羅
名良, 奈良, 那良
那楽, 寧楽
平城
 →
 ⟨nara⟩
 ⟨nara⟩
 ⟨naraku⟩
 ⟨naraki₂⟩
 →
 /nara/
 */naraᵑ/
 */narakʉ/
 */narakɨ/
 → /nara/
According to the Nihon Shoki (720 CE), the placename is derived from the Japanese verb 均す, 平す (narasu, “to flatten”). In The Study of Place Names, Kunio Yanagida stated, “Nara stands for ‘flatland’.”
However, an analysis of Old Japanese phonetic spellings (man'yōgana) reveals that the city name was often spelled with a final -ku or -ki element, which makes it phonologically unlikely that the city name derives directly from the verb narasu. The root from which the verb itself derives, nar-, appears in various terms related to “flat” or “flatness”, a fitting descriptor for the local geography. The final -ku or -ki element in the ancient spellings may be Old Japanese 城 (ki₂ → ki, “palisade, stronghold, fortress, castle”), as also suggested in the alternative kanji spelling 平城 (literally “flat stronghold”). See also the discussion of the city name's etymology on Wikipedia.

cog

short for 奈良県 (Nara-ken): Nara (a prefecture of Japan)

奈良県

short for 奈良市 (Nara-shi): Nara (the capital city of Nara Prefecture)


江戸

desc

→ English: Edo, Jeddo, Yeddo, Yedo, Jendo, Yendo

→ Russian: Э́до m (Édo)

→ Ukrainian: Е́до (Édo)

/jedo/ → /edo/
Compound of 江 (e, “cove, inlet”) + 戸 (to, “entrance, gate, door”), likely in reference to the local geography. The to changes to do as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First mentioned in the 吾妻鏡 (Azuma Kagami, “Eastern Mirror”, an historical chronicle), started in 1180 and completed after 1266, in a section dated to 1180.

compound

(historical) Edo, the former name of Tokyo before 1868


勝利

勝利 (canonical)
Katsutoshi (romanization)


富山県

富山県 (canonical)
Toyama-ken (romanization)

From 富山 (Toyama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 富山 (Toyama)


石川県

ja-pos

石(いし)川(かわ)県(けん) • (Ishikawa-ken) ^(←いしかはけん (Isikafaken)?)

石川県 (canonical)
Ishikawa-ken (romanization)
Isikafaken (romanization)
いしかはけん (hiragana historical)

[iɕika̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 石川 (Ishikawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is 金沢 (Kanazawa)


福井県

福(ふく)井(い)県(けん) • (Fukui-ken) ^(←ふくゐけん (Fukwiken)?)

福井県 (canonical)
Fukui-ken (romanization)
Fukwiken (romanization)
ふくゐけん (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ikẽ̞ɴ]

From 福井 (Fukui) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 福井 (Fukui)


山梨県

山梨県 (canonical)
Yamanashi-ken (romanization)

From 山梨 (Yamanashi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is 甲府 (Kōfu, “Kofu”)


長野県

長野県 (canonical)
Nagano-ken (romanization)

From 長野 (Nagano) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is also 長野 (Nagano)


岐阜県

[ɡʲiɸɯ̟kẽ̞ɴ]

From 岐阜 (Gifu) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is also 岐阜 (Gifu)


静岡県

静(しず)岡(おか)県(けん) • (Shizuoka-ken) ^(←しづをかけん (Sidwokaken)?)

静岡県 (canonical)
Shizuoka-ken (romanization)
Sidwokaken (romanization)
しづをかけん (hiragana historical)

From 静岡 (Shizuoka) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

Shizuoka (a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; capital: Shizuoka)


愛知県

愛知県 (canonical)
Aichi-ken (romanization)

From 愛知 (Aichi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 名古屋 (Nagoya)


三重県

三(み)重(え)県(けん) • (Mie-ken) ^(←みへけん (Mifeken)?)

三重県 (canonical)
Mie-ken (romanization)
Mifeken (romanization)
みへけん (hiragana historical)

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 津 (Tsu)


滋賀県

滋賀県 (canonical)
Shiga-ken (romanization)

From 滋賀 (Shiga) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan; its capital city is 大津 (Ōtsu, “Otsu”)


京都府

京(きょう)都(と)府(ふ) • (Kyōto-fu) ^(←きやうとふ (Kyautofu)?)

京都府 (canonical)
Kyōto-fu (romanization)
Kyautofu (romanization)
きやうとふ (hiragana historical)

[kʲo̞ːto̞ɸɯ̟]

From 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyoto”) + 府 (-fu, “prefecture”).

suffix

Kyoto (a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea)


大阪府

ja-pos

大(おお)阪(さか)府(ふ) • (Ōsaka-fu) ^(←おほさかふ (Ofosakafu)?)

大阪府 (canonical)
Ōsaka-fu (romanization)
Ofosakafu (romanization)
おほさかふ (hiragana historical)

[o̞ːsa̠ka̠ɸɯ̟]

From 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”) + 府 (-fu, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”)


兵庫県

ja-pos

兵(ひょう)庫(ご)県(けん) • (Hyōgo-ken) ^(←ひやうごけん (Fyaugoken)?)

兵庫県 (canonical)
Hyōgo-ken (romanization)
Fyaugoken (romanization)
ひやうごけん (hiragana historical)

[ço̞ːɡo̞kẽ̞ɴ]

From 兵庫 (Hyōgo, “Hyogo”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan and the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 神戸 (Kōbe, “Kobe”)


奈良県

[na̠ɾa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 奈良 (Nara) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 奈良 (Nara)


和歌山県

和歌山県 (canonical)
Wakayama-ken (romanization)

From 和歌山 (Wakayama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 和歌山 (Wakayama)


鳥取県

鳥取県 (canonical)
Tottori-ken (romanization)

From 鳥取 (Tottori) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 鳥取 (Tottori)


島根県

島根県 (canonical)
Shimane-ken (romanization)

From 島根 (Shimane) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is 松江 (Matsue)


岡山県

ja-pos

岡(おか)山(やま)県(けん) • (Okayama-ken) ^(←をかやまけん (Wokayamaken)?)

岡山県 (canonical)
Okayama-ken (romanization)
Wokayamaken (romanization)
をかやまけん (hiragana historical)

From 岡山 (Okayama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 岡山 (Okayama)


広島県

広島県 (canonical)
Hiroshima-ken (romanization)

[çiɾo̞ɕima̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 広島 (Hiroshima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 広島 (Hiroshima)


山口県

山口県 (canonical)
Yamaguchi-ken (romanization)

[ja̠ma̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕikẽ̞ɴ]

From 山口 (Yamaguchi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea and the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 山口 (Yamaguchi)


徳島県

徳島県 (canonical)
Tokushima-ken (romanization)

From 徳島 (Tokushima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the eastern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 徳島 (Tokushima)


香川県

香(か)川(がわ)県(けん) • (Kagawa-ken) ^(←かがはけん (Kagafaken)?)

香川県 (canonical)
Kagawa-ken (romanization)
Kagafaken (romanization)
かがはけん (hiragana historical)

[ka̠ɡa̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 香川 (Kagawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the northeastern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 高松 (Takamatsu)


愛媛県

愛媛県 (canonical)
Ehime-ken (romanization)

From 愛媛 (Ehime) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the northwestern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 松山 (Matsuyama)


高知県

高(こう)知(ち)県(けん) • (Kōchi-ken) ^(←かうちけん (Kautiken)?)

高知県 (canonical)
Kōchi-ken (romanization)
Kautiken (romanization)
かうちけん (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːt͡ɕikẽ̞ɴ]

From 高知 (Kōchi, “Kochi”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture of Japan in the southern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 高知 (Kōchi, “Kochi”)


福岡県

ja-pos

福(ふく)岡(おか)県(けん) • (Fukuoka-ken) ^(←ふくをかけん (Fukwokaken)?)

福岡県 (canonical)
Fukuoka-ken (romanization)
Fukwokaken (romanization)
ふくをかけん (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟o̞ka̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 福岡 (Fukuoka) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the northern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 福岡 (Fukuoka)


佐賀県

[sa̠ɡa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 佐賀 (Saga) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the northwestern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 佐賀 (Saga)


熊本県

熊本県 (canonical)
Kumamoto-ken (romanization)

From 熊本 (Kumamoto) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the central part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”); its capital city is also 熊本 (Kumamoto)


大分県

大(おお)分(いた)県(けん) • (Ōita-ken) ^(←おほいたけん (Ofoitaken)?)

大分県 (canonical)
Ōita-ken (romanization)
Ofoitaken (romanization)
おほいたけん (hiragana historical)

From 大分 (Ōita, “Oita”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in Japan on the northeastern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 大分 (Ōita, “Oita”)


宮崎県

宮崎県 (canonical)
Miyazaki-ken (romanization)

From 宮崎 (Miyazaki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the eastern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 宮崎 (Miyazaki)


鹿児島県

鹿児島県 (canonical)
Kagoshima-ken (romanization)

From 鹿児島 (Kagoshima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan comprising the southern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean and nearby islands; its capital city is also 鹿児島 (Kagoshima)


沖縄県

ja-pos

沖(おき)縄(なわ)県(けん) • (Okinawa-ken) ^(←おきなはけん (Okinafaken)?)

沖縄県 (canonical)
Okinawa-ken (romanization)
Okinafaken (romanization)
おきなはけん (hiragana historical)

[o̞kʲina̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 沖縄 (Okinawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan comprising of islands south of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) between the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea; its capital city is 那覇 (Naha)


三一

三(み)一(かず) or 三(さん)一(いち) or 三(み)一(いち) • (Mikazu or San'ichi or Miichi)

三一 (canonical)
三一 (canonical)
三一 (canonical)
Mikazu (romanization)
San'ichi (romanization)
Miichi (romanization)

[sã̠ɰ̃it͡ɕi]


九州

九(きゅう)州(しゅう) • (Kyūshū) ^(←きうしう (Kiusiu)?)

九州 (canonical)
Kiusiu (romanization)
きうしう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kyushu

→ Portuguese: Kyushu

→ Russian: Кюсю́ (Kjusjú)

Kyushu, the third largest island of Japan. The southernmost before Okinawa, it is (usually) composed of the seven prefectures of Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Ōita, Miyazaki, and Kagoshima.


中部

Chūbu region (a traditional region in central Japan, including the prefectures of Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Nagano, Gifu, Shizuoka, Aichi and optionally Mie)

the Midlands (a region of England, United Kingdom)


あご

阿児: the town of Ago in Mie Prefecture, Japan


天皇

天(てん)皇(こう) • (Tenkō) ^(←てんくわう (Tenkwau)?)

天皇 (canonical)
Tenkō (romanization)
Tenkwau (romanization)
てんくわう (hiragana historical)

/ten kʷau/ → /tenkʷɔː/ → /tenkɔː/ → /tenkoː/
From Middle Chinese 天皇 (MC then hwang).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

(Chinese mythology) the first of the Three Sovereigns, possibly 伏羲 (Fukki, “Fu Xi”)


武士

Kamakura period
Kōjien
Muromachi period
Nara period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
Shinobu Orikuchi
Shoku Nihongi
ja:続日本紀
yamabushi

From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese 武士 (MC mjuX dzriX). Compare modern Min Nan pronunciation bú-sǐr. First cited to a portion of the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) dated to 721.
Japanese philologist Shinobu Orikuchi postulated in the 1920s that bushi derived instead from 伏 (bushi), the rendaku (連濁) version of fushi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 伏す (fusu, “to bow down, to prostrate”), as found in terms such as 山伏 (yamabushi, “mountain hermit”) and 野伏 (nobushi, “hermit; brigand”). Orikuchi contended that this word arose some time during the Kamakura or Muromachi periods, and that the kanji spelling is ateji (当て字). However, the term 武士 (bushi) with the kanji spelling is attested already in the Nara period, many centuries earlier. In addition, rendaku only applies to the latter element in compounds, so nominalized verb fushi would not appear as bushi on its own.


武士

武士 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)
武士 (canonical)
Takehito (romanization)


東南アジア

東南アジア (canonical)
Tōnan Ajia (romanization)

Compound of 東(とう)南(なん) (tōnan, “southeast”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).

ja-compound

Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia#English:_Q11708

Southeast Asia (a geographic region of Asia, comprising the territories of Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam)


東亜

東亜 (canonical)
Tōa (romanization)
Toua (romanization)
とうあ (hiragana historical)

大東亜共栄圏

(possibly obsolete) East Asia (a geographic region comprising the eastern part of Asia, inclusive of China proper, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan and sometimes inclusive of Mongolia and Tibet and some or all of Southeast Asia and the Philippines)


亜欧

ja-pos

亜(あ)欧(おう) • (Aō)

Eurasia (a supercontinent consisting of Europe and Asia)


SCAP

SCAP(スキャップ) or SCAP(スキャプ) • (Sukyappu or Sukyapu)

SCAP (canonical)
SCAP (canonical)
Sukyappu (romanization)
Sukyapu (romanization)
スキャップ (alternative)
スキャプ (alternative)


たいし

大使 太子 大志 太師 隊士 太史 大旨 体脂 大祀 太始 大疵 胎屎

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 太師, 隊士, 太史, 大旨, 体脂, 大祀, 太始, 大疵, 胎屎.)


三菱

三菱 (canonical)
Mitsubishi (romanization)

→ Chinese: 三菱 (Sānlíng)

From 三つ (mitsu, “three”) + 菱 (hishi, “water caltrop → rhombus”), from the three-diamond 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) design.
The hishi changes to bishi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


鈴木

→ Chinese: 鈴木 /铃木 (Língmù)

→ English: Suzuki

→ French: Suzuki

→ Portuguese: Suzuki

Compound of 鈴(すず) (suzu, “bell”) + 木(き) (ki, “tree”).

ja-com

(most common surnames)

姓#日本の主な姓 w:ja:姓#日本の主な姓

鈴木, スズキ: a surname: the 2nd most common surname in Japan.

a neighborhood of Ami, Ibaraki Prefecture

a neighborhood of Kawasaki, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture

a neighborhood of Kodaira, Tokyo prefecture


東北

Tōhoku (a traditional region of Japan, specifically the northernmost six prefectures in Honshu (clockwise from the northermost): Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Yamagata and Akita)


新宿

ja-pos

新(しん)宿(じゅく) • (Shinjuku) ^(←しんじゆく (Sinzyuku)?)

新宿 (canonical)
Shinjuku (romanization)
Sinzyuku (romanization)
しんじゆく (hiragana historical)

[ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑɨkɯ̟]

Shinjuku (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


ゆたか

豊か 寛 穣 胖 裕 豊 隆

(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: 豊.)
Shift in usage from the adjective 豊か (yutaka, “bounteous, ample, rich”).

ja-see

ゆた賀, 優宇, 優教, 弓貴, 柚多香, 温, 由多加, 由多賀, 由教, 由貴, 結多香, 裕, 裕香, 裕高, 豊, 豊花, 豊香: a female given name


米国

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nippo Jisho
Shinmura Izuru
ja:日葡辞書
米国

Appears to be a coinage in Japanese of Middle Chinese derived elements, as a compound of 米 (bei, “rice”) + 國 (koku, “country”).
First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the 日葡辞書 (Nippo Jisho, “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”, formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”). The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.
By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.
The "America" sense is cited first in 1869.
* This is often explained as using the 米 (“rice”) character as a shortening of the phonetic kanji spelling 亜米利加 (Amerika, “America”), purportedly as used in the 1854 Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity.
* However, the Japanese text of the treaty does not actually include this spelling, rendering this instead as either 米利堅 (Meriken, apparent clipping of “American”) or 亞墨利加 (Amerika).
* Considering that 米利堅 (Meriken) was a common form of the country name from the time of the 1854 treaty up through the early 1900s, this seems the more likely source of the 米 character.

United States, America (a country in North America)


地中海

地中海 (canonical)
Chichūkai (romanization)

[t͡ɕi̥t͡ɕɨːka̠i]

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

the Mediterranean Sea (a sea between Europe and Africa)


アドリア海

アドリア海 (canonical)
Adoria Kai (romanization)


バルト海

バルト海 (canonical)
Barutokai (romanization)

Baltic Sea (a sea in Northern Europe, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden)


ベンガル湾

ベンガル湾 (canonical)
Bengaruwan (romanization)


ベーリング海

ベーリング海 (canonical)
Bēringukai (romanization)


黒海

ja-pos

黒(こっ)海(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくかい (Kokukai)?)

黒海 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
Kokukai (romanization)
こくかい (hiragana historical)


ヨーロッパ

Yōroppa (romanization)
Eurotupa (romanization)
エウロツパ (historical katakana)

/europpa/ [jeuɾoppa] → /joːroppa/
From Portuguese Europa.
Some references source this from Dutch Europa; however, Dutch phonology makes this less likely, as the ⟨eu⟩ vowel combination has apparently been pronounced as the monophthongs /œː/ or /øː/ since the time of Middle Dutch. Meanwhile, in Portuguese, the ⟨eu⟩ vowel combination has been pronounced as the diphthong /ew/, a closer match for the borrowed Japanese pronunciation.
Although this term is a 外来語 (gairaigo, “word of non-native or non-Middle Chinese origin”), it was borrowed early enough to be subject to the sound change from /eu/ to /joː/ during Late Middle Japanese. Compare similar developments in English (/ɛu̯/ → /juː/; /jʊ/, /jɔː/, /jɜː/ before /r/) during the Great Vowel Shift, which yields the modern English pronunciation of Europe.
Alternatively, it is merely a historical kana orthography-induced spelling pronunciation; compare 要(えう) (yō), as well as アルコール (arukōru).
Doublet of エウローペー (Eurōpē, “Europa”).

Europe (a continent located west of Asia and north of Africa)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Great Vowel Shift
Kōjien
Late Middle Japanese
Middle Dutch
Shinmura Izuru
historical kana orthography
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:ヨーロッパ
ja:松村明


カスピ海

カスピ海 (canonical)
Kasupi-Kai (romanization)


アイリッシュ海

アイリッシュ海 (canonical)
Airisshu Kai (romanization)


北海

北(ほっ)海(かい) • (Hokkai) ^(←ほくかい (Fokukai)?)

北海 (canonical)
Hokkai (romanization)
Fokukai (romanization)
ほくかい (hiragana historical)


日本海

From Literary Chinese, attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu by Matteo Ricci in 1602. Equivalent to 日本 + 海.


北極海

北(ほっ)極(きょく)海(かい) • (Hokkyokukai) ^(←ほくきょくかい (Fokukyokukai)?)

北極海 (canonical)
Hokkyokukai (romanization)
Fokukyokukai (romanization)
ほくきょくかい (hiragana historical)

北極 (hokkyoku, “North Pole”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)

compound

Kore Yamazaki, “第3篇 The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead. [Composition 3: The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead.]”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 98:

Volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean, Iceland

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド


大西洋

ja-pos

大(たい)西(せい)洋(よう) • (Taiseiyō) ^(←たいせいやう (Taiseiyau)?)

大西洋 (canonical)
Taiseiyō (romanization)
Taiseiyau (romanization)
たいせいやう (hiragana historical)


インド洋

Indian Ocean (the ocean separating Africa, southern Asia, Australia and Antarctica)


太平洋

太(たい)平(へい)洋(よう) • (Taiheiyō) ^(←たいへいやう (Taifeiyau)?)

太平洋 (canonical)
Taiheiyō (romanization)
Taifeiyau (romanization)
たいへいやう (hiragana historical)


南極海

南極海 (canonical)
Nankyokukai (romanization)

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟ka̠i]

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟̊ka̠i]

the South Polar Ocean; the Antarctic Ocean


南極

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟]

Antarctica (the southernmost continent, south of the Southern Ocean, containing the South Pole)


北アメリカ

北アメリカ (canonical)
Kita Amerika (romanization)

North America
North America#English:_Q49

North America (the continent forming the northern part of the Americas)


オセアニア

Oceania (a continent or continental region composed of Australia, New Zealand and the islands of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia)


南アメリカ

南アメリカ (canonical)
Minami Amerika (romanization)

South America
South America#English:_Q18

South America (the continent forming the southern part of the Americas)


キューバ

キューバ • (Kyūba)

キューバ, 玖馬: Cuba (a country, the largest island (based on land area) in the Caribbean)


アンダマン諸島

アンダマン諸島 (canonical)
Andaman Shotō (romanization)


アセンション島

アセンション島 (canonical)
Asenshon-Tō (romanization)

Ascension Island
Ascension Island#English:_Q46197

British overseas territory
British overseas territory

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha#English

Ascension Island (an island and constituent part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, located in the South Atlantic Ocean)


バハマ

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


カナリア諸島

カナリア諸島 (canonical)
Kanaria Shotō (romanization)

Canary Islands
Canary Islands#English:_Q5813

autonomous community
autonomous community

Canary Islands (an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain, off the coast of northwestern Africa, near Morocco)


イースター島

イースター島(とう) • (Īsutā-tō)

イースター島 (canonical)
Īsutā-tō (romanization)

Calque of English Easter Island, equivalent to イースター (Īsutā, “Easter”) + 島 (-tō, “island”)

suf

2004 December 9, “イースター島(とう)のモアイ [Moai of Easter Island]”, in BEGINNER'S EDITION 2, Konami:

Stone statues on Easter Island. They can shoot cylindrical laser beams out of their mouths.

イースター島に存在する石像。口から丸いレーザーをはく。

Īsutā-tō ni sonzai suru sekizō. Kuchi kara marui rēzā o haku.


ゴトランド島

ゴトランド島 (canonical)
Gotorandotō (romanization)


グリーンランド

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲĩːn̺ɾã̠ndo̞]

Greenland (a large self-governing island and dependent territory of Denmark, in North America)


ガーンジー島

ja-pos

ガーンジー島(とう) • (Gānjītō)

ガーンジー島 (canonical)
Gānjītō (romanization)


イスパニョーラ島

イスパニョーラ島 (canonical)
Isupanyōra-Tō (romanization)


マン島

Isle of Man (an island and Crown dependency of the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea)


キリバス

From English Kiribati, from Gilbertese Kiribati, from English Gilberts.

Kiribati (a country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania)


ルソン島

Luzon (the largest island of the Philippines)


マジョルカ島

マジョルカ島 (canonical)
Majorukatō (romanization)

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

Mallorca, Majorca (an island in the Mediterranean; largest of the Balearic Islands)


マリョルカ島

マリョルカ島 (canonical)
Maryorukatō (romanization)


マルタ

Malta (an archipelago and country in Southern Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea)

Malta (the largest island in the Maltese Archipelago)


ミンダナオ島

ミンダナオ島 (canonical)
Mindanaotō (romanization)


メノルカ島

メノルカ島 (canonical)
Menorukatō (romanization)


ミノルカ島

ミノルカ島 (canonical)
Minorukatō (romanization)


マスティク島

マスティク島 (canonical)
Masutikutō (romanization)


ネグロス島

ネグロス島 (canonical)
Negurosutō (romanization)


ニューブリテン島

^ニュー ^ブリテン-とう

ニューブリテン島 (canonical)
Nyū Buriten-tō (romanization)

[ɲ̟ɨː bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞nto̞ː]

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

New Britain (an island of Papua New Guinea)


ニューギニア島

^ニュー ^ギニア-とう

ニューギニア島 (canonical)
Nyū Ginia-tō (romanization)


ニューファンドランド

[ɲ̟ɨːɸã̠ndo̞ɾã̠ndo̞]

ja:ニューファンドランド

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador#English

Newfoundland (a large island of the coast of eastern Canada, part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador)


ニューファンドランド島

ニューファンドランド-とう

ニューファンドランド島 (canonical)
Nyūfandorando-Tō (romanization)


ノーフォーク島

ノーフォーク島(とう) • (Nōfōkutō)

ノーフォーク島 (canonical)
Nōfōkutō (romanization)

Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island#English:_Q31057

Norfolk Island (an external territory consisting of three islands of Australia in the Pacific Ocean, the main island of which is also named Norfolk Island)


パラワン島

パラワン島 (canonical)
Parawantō (romanization)


ピトケアン諸島

ピトケアン諸島 (canonical)
Pitokean Shotō (romanization)

Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands#English

Pitcairn Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the southern Pacific Ocean)


ロードス島

ロードス島(とう) • (Rōdosutō)

ロードス島 (canonical)
Rōdosutō (romanization)


サマール島

サマール島(とう) • (Samārutō)

サマール島 (canonical)
Samārutō (romanization)


シェトランド諸島

シェトランド諸島 (canonical)
Shetorando Shotō (romanization)

Shetland Islands
Shetland Islands#English:_Q47134

Shetland Islands (an archipelago and council area of Scotland, roughly north-east of the Orkney Islands; the northernmost part of Scotland and the United Kingdom)


シチリア

Sicily (the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, an autonomous region of Italy, close to Africa and separated from Tunisia and Libya by the Strait of Sicily)


シチリア島

シチリア島 (canonical)
Shichiriatō (romanization)


シシリー島

シシリー島 (canonical)
Shishirītō (romanization)


サウス・シェトランド諸島

サウス・シェトランドしょとう

サウス・シェトランド諸(しょ)島(とう) • (Sausu Shetorandoshotō)

サウス・シェトランド諸島 (canonical)
Sausu Shetorandoshotō (romanization)

South Shetland Islands
South Shetland Islands


スピッツベルゲン島

スピッツベルゲン島 (canonical)
Supittsuberugentō (romanization)

[sɨpʲit̚t͡sɨbe̞ɾɯ̟ɡẽ̞nto̞ː]


スラウェシ島

スラウェシ島 (canonical)
Suraweshitō (romanization)

[sɨɾa̠β̞e̞ɕito̞ː]


スンバワ島

スンバワ島 (canonical)
Sunbawatō (romanization)


ティモール島

ティモール島(とう) • (Timōrutō)

ティモール島 (canonical)
Timōrutō (romanization)

Composed of ティモール (timōru) + 島(とう) (tō, “island”), from English Timor, from Malay timur (“east”).


トバゴ島

トバゴ島 (canonical)
Tobagotō (romanization)


トリニダード島

トリニダード島 (canonical)
Torinidādotō (romanization)


ヴィサヤ諸島

ヴィサヤ諸島 (canonical)
Visaya Shotō (romanization)


ビサヤ諸島

ビサヤ諸島 (canonical)
Bisaya Shotō (romanization)


イナリ湖

イナリ湖 (canonical)
Inari-Ko (romanization)


ウィニペグ

Winnipeg (the capital city of Manitoba, Canada)

Winnipeg (a large lake in Manitoba, Canada; in full, Lake Winnipeg)

Winnipeg (a major river in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada; in full, Winnipeg River)


ウィニペグ湖

ウィニペグ湖 (canonical)
Winipegu-Ko (romanization)


アディジェ川

アディジェ川 (canonical)
Adijegawa (romanization)


アマゾン川

アマゾン川 (canonical)
Amazongawa (romanization)


コンゴ川

コンゴ川 (canonical)
Kongogawa (romanization)


ドナウ川

ドナウ川 (canonical)
Donaugawa (romanization)


ドン川

[dõ̞ŋɡa̠β̞a̠]

Don (a river, the fifth-longest in Europe, in Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd and Rostov Oblasts, Russia, flowing 1160 miles to the Sea of Azov)


中華

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(usually in compounds) China (a large country in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers; the People's Republic of China, since 1949); Chinese

(usually in compounds) China (a cultural region and civilization in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers, taken as a whole under its various dynasties); Chinese

今晩中華するか？

short for 中華料理 (chūka ryōri, “Chinese cuisine”); Chinese


えり

えり (canonical)
エリ (canonical)
Eri (romanization)

恵里, 恵理, 惠理, 絵里, 絵理, 絵梨, 江利, 江里, 愛理, 衣里, 英理, 英梨, 瑛里: a female given name


文化

Bunka
Meiji period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:文化 (元号)

Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”), repurposed during the Meiji period as a translation of German Kultur.
Cited with the culture sense starting from roughly 1870.


仏陀

ja-pos

仏(ぶつ)陀(だ) or 仏陀(ブッダ) • (Butsuda or Budda)

仏陀 (canonical)
仏陀 (canonical)
Butsuda (romanization)
Budda (romanization)

Borrowed from Pali buddha or Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddhá). The kanji is ateji (当て字), from Chinese 佛陀 (Fótuó).

2008 July 16 [2008 January 23], Hikaru Nakamura, “その２ 最聖珍道中 [Chapter 2: The Ultimate Holy Journey]”, in [聖](セイント)☆おにいさん [Saint☆Young Men], 6th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha:

Buddha, the Enlightened. Jesus, Son of God. They are widely regarded as the founders of Buddhism and Christianity, respectively.

目覚めた人ブッダ 神の子イエス 言わずと知れた仏教とキリスト教の祖である

Mezameta hito Budda Kami no ko Iesu Iwazu to shireta Bukkyō to Kirisuto-kyō no so de aru


名人

(historical) a title held by the strongest go player in Japan

a Japanese go tournament, and the title conferred to its winner

a Japanese shogi tournament, and the title conferred to its winner


すみ

Sumi (romanization)
すみ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese, first appearing in the Kojiki of 712 with the phonetic spelling 須美 ⟨sumi₁⟩.
Considering the different pitch accent, this appears to be unrelated to the "charcoal; ink; finish" senses.


真珠湾

真珠湾 (canonical)
Shinjuwan (romanization)

真珠 (shinju, “pearl”) + 湾 (wan, “harbor”). Calque of English Pearl Harbor.


驚蟄

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 驚蟄 (MC kjaeng drip).


アムハラ語

アムハラ語 (canonical)
Amuhara-Go (romanization)


真実

[ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑit͡sɨ]


真実

ja-pos

真(さな)実(み) or 真実(こころ) or 真(なお)実(み) or 真実(まこと) or 真(まな)実(み) or 真(ま)実(み) or 真(まゆ)実(み) or 真(まさ)実(み) • (Sanami or Kokoro or Naomi or Makoto or Manami or Mami or Mayumi or Masami)

真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
Sanami (romanization)
Kokoro (romanization)
Naomi (romanization)
Makoto (romanization)
Manami (romanization)
Mami (romanization)
Mayumi (romanization)
Masami (romanization)

Various given names from kun and nanori compounds.


真実

真(ま)実(さね) or 真(ま)実(ざね) • (Masane or Mazane)

真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
Masane (romanization)
Mazane (romanization)

The sane reading for 実 changes to zane as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


ベトナム語

ベトナム語 (canonical)
Betonamu-go (romanization)

ベトナム (Betonamu, “Vietnam”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


ラテン語

ラテン語 (canonical)
Raten-go (romanization)

[ɾa̠tẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

ラテン (Raten, “Latin”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


中期英語

中期英語 (canonical)
Chūki Eigo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːkʲi e̞ːɡo̞]

* 中期 (“middle period”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


古期英語

古期英語 (canonical)
Kokieigo (romanization)

* 古期 (“ancient period”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


現代英語

現代英語 (canonical)
Gendai Eigo (romanization)

* 現代 (“modern”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


キリバス語

キリバス語 (canonical)
Kiribasugo (romanization)


マラヤーラム語

マラヤーラム語 (canonical)
Marayāramugo (romanization)


ブルンジ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟̃ɲ̟d͡ʑi]


アルゼンチン

[a̠ɾɯ̟zẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕĩɴ]

Borrowed either from French Argentine, or from the first half of English Argentine Republic.
Early transcriptions of foreign words may have used ゼ (ze) for /(d)ʒe/ more often. Compare also different transcriptions of the word angel: エンゼル (enzeru) and エンジェル (enjeru); or ロサンゼルス (Rosanzerusu, “Los Angeles”).


イタリア

Ultimately borrowed from Italian Italia, likely via Portuguese Itália or Dutch Italië.


ロシア

→ Chinese: 露西亞 /露西亚 (Lùxīyà)

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).

1998 December 18 [1977 August 15], Fyodor Dostoyevsky with Tezuka, Osamu, 罪と罰 [Crime and Punishment], 10th edition (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 8:

This story takes place on the eve of a revolution, in the town of Petersburg where there is but decadence and poverty under the rule of the Russian monarchy...

この物語は革命前夜の帝政ロシアにおいて退廃と貧困にあけくれたぺテルブルグの町に起こった……

Kono monogatari wa kakumei zen'ya no teisei Roshia ni oite taihan to hinkon ni akekureta Peteruburugu no machi ni okotta……

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

Daijirin
Kōjien
Russia
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ロシア


シンガポール

[ɕĩŋɡa̠po̞ːɾɯ̟]

From English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”). Doublet of シンガプーラ (shingapūra).

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


フィジー

ja-pos

フィジー • (Fijī)

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


フィリピン

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲĩɴ]

The katakana spelling of 比律賓(フィリピン) (Firipin, “Philippines”), likely from Chinese 菲律賓 /菲律宾 (Fēilǜbīn), from English Philippines, from French Philippines, from Spanish Filipinas.

比島

比律賓諸島 (Firipin shotō, “Philippine Islands”)


ブルネイ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ne̞ː]


エジプト

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


モンゴル

[mõ̞ŋɡo̞ɾɯ̟]

From Mongolian ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol), Монгол (Mongol).

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


ニュージーランド

ニュージーランド • (Nyū Jīrando)

[ɲ̟ɨːʑiːɾã̠ndo̞]

New Zealand (a country and archipelago of Oceania, to the east of Australia)


トルクメニスタン

[to̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟me̞ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


ポルトガル

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


カザフスタン

[ka̠za̠ɸɯ̟sɨ̥tã̠ɴ]

Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán).

bor+

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


チリ

Borrowed from Portuguese Chile, ultimately from Quechua chili (“the end of the world”).


国際音声記号

ja-pos

こくさい おんせい きごう

こくさい おんせい きがう

国(こく)際(さい)音(おん)声(せい)記(き)号(ごう) • (Kokusai Onsei Kigō) ^(←こくさいおんせいきがう (Kokusai Onsei Kigau)?)

国際音声記号 (canonical)
Kokusai Onsei Kigō (romanization)
Kokusai Onsei Kigau (romanization)
こくさいおんせいきがう (hiragana historical)

[ko̞kɯ̟sa̠i õ̞ɰ̃se̞ː kʲiɡo̞ː]

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) International Phonetic Alphabet


エルジャ語

エルジャ語 (canonical)
Erujago (romanization)


北朝鮮

北(きた)朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Kita Chōsen) ^(←きたてうせん (Kita Teusen)?)

北朝鮮 (canonical)
Kita Chōsen (romanization)
Kita Teusen (romanization)
きたてうせん (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥ta̠ t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Compound of 北 (kita-, “north”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 북조선 (Bukjoseon).

prefix

国連本部に連絡して安全保障理事会を召集しろ！テロリストの国籍にかかわらず船が北朝鮮に向かうことが確実になれば武力行使の同意をとらなければならない

1998 May 8, Kenshi Hirokane, “議その147 「膠着状態(デッドロック)」 [Debate 147: ‘Deadlock’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 18 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 17:

Contact the UN headquarters and convene the Security Council! Regardless of the terrorists’ nationality, if the ship is verified to be heading toward North Korea, we must get approved to use force

Kokuren honbu ni renraku shite Anzen Hoshō Rijikai o shōshū shiro! Terorisuto no kokuseki ni kakawarazu fune ga Kitachōsen ni mukau koto ga kakujitsu ni nareba buryoku kōshi no dōi o toranakere ba naranai

Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

Democratic People's Republic of North Korea


出口

[de̞ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


新世界

新世界 (canonical)
Shinsekai (romanization)

From 新 (shin-, “new”) + 世界 (sekai, “world”).


オランダ

→ Korean: 화란 (Hwaran)

→ Okinawan: ウランダ (uranda)

→ Vietnamese: Hoà Lan

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:オランダ
ja:松村明

From Portuguese Holanda (“Holland”). Note that some sources give the erroneous Portuguese source spelling as Olanda (which is actually Italian), likely because the Portuguese h is silent. Compare Chinese 荷蘭 /荷兰 (Hélán) of the same meaning.

Holland (a traditional region of the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

2002 September 17, Motohiro Katou, “Saiyaku no Otoko [Bummer Guy]”, in Q.E.D. Shōmei Shūryō [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 89:

Hold on! Is this really a Dutch ship? The flag on this ship isn’t the Dutch flag, is it!?

待てよ！これは本当にオランダの船か？船についてる旗 あれはオランダの国旗じゃないぞ‼

Mate yo! Kore wa hontō ni Oranda no fune ka? Fune ni tsuite ru hata are wa Oranda no kokki ja nai zo‼

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


イラク

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イラン

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


カエサル

Kaesaru (romanization)
シーザー (alternative)


シーザー

ja-pos

シーザー • (Shīzā)


旧約聖書

旧(きゅう)約(やく)聖(せい)書(しょ) • (Kyūyaku Seisho) ^(←きうやくせいしょ (Kiuyakuseisyo)?)

旧約聖書 (canonical)
Kyūyaku Seisho (romanization)
Kiuyakuseisyo (romanization)
きうやくせいしょ (hiragana historical)

旧 (kyū-, “paleo-; old”) + 約 (yaku, “contract”) + 聖書 (Seisho, “Bible”)


ベートーベン

ja-pos

ベートーベン • (Bētōben)

[be̞ːto̞ːbẽ̞ɴ]

ベートーヴェン ベートーヴェン#Japanese


モーツァルト

A transliteration of the German surname Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer


おおぐま座

おおぐま座 (canonical)
Ōgumaza (romanization)

[o̞ːɡɯ̟ma̠za̠]

大 (ō, “big”) + 熊 (kuma, “bear”) + 座 (za, “constellation”)


こぐま座

こぐま座 (canonical)
Kogumaza (romanization)


おおいぬ座

大 (ō, “big”) + 犬 (inu, “dog”) + 座 (za, “constellation”)


こいぬ座

From 小(こ) (ko, “small”) + 犬(いぬ) (inu, “dog”) + 座(ざ) (za, “constellation”).


オリオン座

オリオン座 (canonical)
Orion-za (romanization)

オリオン (“Orion”) + 座 (-za, “constellation”)


北斗七星

ja-pos

北(ほく)斗(と)七(しち)星(せい) • (Hokuto Shichisei)

北斗七星 (canonical)
Hokuto Shichisei (romanization)


おうし座

おうし座 (canonical)
Oushiza (romanization)
Wousiza (romanization)
をうしざ (hiragana historical)

牡牛 (oushi, “bull”) + 座 (-za, “constellation”)


うさぎ座

うさぎ座 (canonical)
Usagi-Za (romanization)


はくちょう座

はくちょう座 (canonical)
Hakuchōza (romanization)

[ha̠kɯ̟̊t͡ɕo̞ːza̠]

白鳥 (hakuchō, “swan”) + 座 (-za, “constellation”)


南十字星

ja-pos

^みなみ-^じゅうじ-せい

南(みなみ)十(じゅう)字(じ)星(せい) • (Minami-Jūji-sei)

南十字星 (canonical)
Minami-Jūji-sei (romanization)

Hidekaz Himaruya, “ヘタリアと愉快な仲間たち [Hetalia and Blissful Friends]”, in Axis Powers ヘタリア [Axis Powers Hetalia], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Gentosha, →ISBN, page 21:

Australia
[National flag]
The Union Jack is for membership of the Commonwealth, the big star for the 6 states and the island of Tasmania, and the 5 small stars for the Southern Cross.

オーストラリア
【国旗】
ユニオン・ジャックは英連邦の一員を、大星は６つの州とタスマニア島を、５つの小星は南十字星を表す。

Ōsutoraria
【Kokki】
Yunion Jakku wa Eirenpō no ichiin o, daisei wa muttsu no shū to Tasumania-tō o, itsutsu no shōsei wa Minami-Jūji-sei o arawasu.


ケンタウルス座

ケンタウルス座 (canonical)
Kentaurusu-za (romanization)

[kẽ̞nta̠ɯ̟ɾɯ̟sɨza̠]

ケンタウルス (kentaurusu, “centaur”) + 座 (-za, “constellation”)


プロキオン

[pɯ̟ɾo̞kʲiõ̞ɴ]


北極星

北極星 (canonical)
Hokkyokusei (romanization)

(astronomy) the North Star, Pole Star, Polaris


冬の大三角形

ja-pos

^ふゆ の ^だいさんかくけい

^ふゆ の ^だいさんかっけい

冬(ふゆ)の大(だい)三(さん)角(かく)形(けい) or 冬(ふゆ)の大三角形(だいさんかっけい) • (Fuyu no Daisankakukei or Fuyu no Daisankakkei)

冬の大三角形 (canonical)
冬の大三角形 (canonical)
Fuyu no Daisankakukei (romanization)
Fuyu no Daisankakkei (romanization)

From 冬 (“winter”) + 大 (“large, great”) + 三角形 (“triangle”).

(uranography) Winter Triangle - a bright asterism of the northern winter sky. Its corners are the stars Betelgeuse, Procyon, and Sirius.

夏の大三角形

大三角形 だいさんかくけい


天の川

天(あま)の川(がわ) • (Amanogawa) ^(←あまのがは (Amanogafa)?)

天の川 (canonical)
Amanogawa (romanization)
Amanogafa (romanization)
あまのがは (hiragana historical)

From 天 (ama, “heaven”) + の (no, possessive/attributive particle) + 川 (kawa, “river”).

af

(folklore) the Milky Way (where Orihime could meet Hikoboshi on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month)

(astronomy) synonym of 銀河系 (Gingakei, “Milky Way”)


天の川

ja-pos

天(てん)の川(かわ) • (Ten no Kawa) ^(←てんのかは (Ten no Kafa)?)

天の川 (canonical)
Ten no Kawa (romanization)
Ten no Kafa (romanization)
てんのかは (hiragana historical)

From 天 (ten, “heaven”) + の (no, possessive/attributive particle) + 川 (kawa, “river”).


マルタ語

マルタ語 (canonical)
Marutago (romanization)


ナワトル語

ナワトル語 (canonical)
Nawatorugo (romanization)


百合

Probably the nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of classical verb 揺る (yuru, “to sway, to swing, to wave back and forth”), from the way that lilies tend to grow tall and sway in the breeze.
The spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 百合 (bǎihé), indicating the way that lily bulbs cluster together—合わす (awasu, “to gather, combine”)—in large numbers, as in 百 (hyaku, literally “hundred”).
For information on the slang for homosexuality, see Yuri (genre).


アゼルバイジャン語

アゼルバイジャン語 (canonical)
Azerubaijan-Go (romanization)

アゼルバイジャン (azerubaijan, “Azerbaijan”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


ティラノサウルス

[tʲiɾa̠no̞sa̠ɯ̟ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Learned borrowing from translingual Tyrannosaurus.


ステゴサウルス

Learned borrowing from New Latin Stegosaurus.


ヴェロキラプトル

Learned borrowing from New Latin Velociraptor.


ギルバート語

ギルバート語 (canonical)
Girubātogo (romanization)


南アフリカ

南アフリカ (canonical)
Minami Afurika (romanization)

南 (minami, “south”) + アフリカ (Afurika, “Africa”)

af

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


トルコ

Borrowed from Portuguese turco (“Turkish; Turk”, adjective; noun)

bor+

Southeastern Europe
Southeastern Europe#English

Turkey (a country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:トルコ
ja:松村明


バングラデシュ

[bã̠ŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠de̞ɕɨ]


ブータン

ja-pos

ブータン • (Būtan)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


カンボジア

カンボジア • (Kanbojia) ^(←カンボヂア (Kanbodia)?)

Kanbojia (romanization)
Kanbodia (romanization)
カンボヂア (historical katakana)

Borrowed from English Cambodia. Doublet of 南瓜 (kabocha).


クック諸島

クック諸島 (canonical)
Kukku Shotō (romanization)

[kɯ̟k̚kɯ̟̊ ɕo̞to̞ː]

Cook Islands
Cook Islands#English:_Q26988

Cook Islands (an archipelago and self-governing country in Oceania, in free association with New Zealand)


東ティモール

東ティモール (canonical)
Higashi Timōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


モルディブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


マーシャル諸島

マーシャル諸島 (canonical)
Māsharu shotō (romanization)

マーシャル (Māsharu, “Marshall”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Marshall Islands

com

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English:_Q709

Marshall Islands (a country consisting of two archipelagos in Micronesia, in Oceania)


ミクロネシア

Micronesia (a continental region in Oceania in the northwestern Pacific Ocean)

Micronesia (a country consisting of about 2000 islands in the Micronesia region)


サンタクロース

[sã̠nta̠ kɯ̟ɾo̞ːsɨ]


ロ

2025 January 6, “ロ、ウクライナ要衝クラホベ占領、クルスク州ではウ軍が再び攻勢”, in Reuters Japan:

abbreviation of ロシア (Roshia, “Russia”); relating to Russia or the Russians


カプチーノ

Cappuccino
Daijirin
Daijisen
Suzuki Cappuccino
ja:カプチーノ
ja:スズキ・カプチーノ
ja:松村明

a Cappuccino (a Kei car model made by Suzuki during the years 1991-1998)


アメリカ合衆国

ja-pos

アメリカ がっしゅうこく

アメリカ合(がっ)衆(しゅう)国(こく) • (Amerika Gasshūkoku)

アメリカ合衆国 (canonical)
Amerika Gasshūkoku (romanization)

[a̠me̞ɾʲika̠ ɡa̠ɕːɨːko̞kɯ̟]

アメリカ (Amerika, “America, United States”) + 合衆国 (gasshūkoku, “federal state”).

af

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


銀河系

[ɡʲĩŋɡa̠ke̞ː]

銀河 (Ginga; ginga, “Milky Way; Galaxy; galaxy”) + 系 (-kei, “system”)

suf

1999 October 17, “異(い)次(じ)元(げん)からの侵(しん)略(りゃく)者(しゃ) [Invader from a Different Dimension]”, in Booster 5, Konami:

An alien that came to Earth from outside the Milky Way.

銀河系の外から地球にやってきた宇宙人。

Gingakei no soto kara Chikyū ni yattekita uchūjin.


銀河

Kaifūsō
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:懐風藻
ja:銀河

From Middle Chinese 銀河 (MC ngin ha). Literally “silvery river”, compare the visual analogy inherent in English Milky Way.
First cited to the 751 poetry anthology 懐風藻 (Kaifūsō).

1987 May 1 [1987 March 20], Fujiko Fujio, “老(ろう)年(ねん)期(き)の終(おわ)り [The End of Old Age]”, in みどりの守り神 [Green Guardian God] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 2), 2nd edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第二章, page 528:

I’ve finally done it!! Mother! Everyone on Earth!! I’ve reached the center of the Galaxy!!

ついにぼくはやりとげたんだ‼お母さん！地球のみんな‼銀河の中心までたどり着きましたよ‼

Tsui ni boku wa yaritogeta n da‼ Okāsan! Chikyū no minna‼ Ginga no chūshin made tadoritsukimashita yo‼

(astronomy) synonym of 銀河系 (Gingakei, “Milky Way”): the Galaxy


欧州

欧州 (canonical)
Ōshū (romanization)
Ousiu (romanization)
おうしう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 歐洲 /欧洲 (Ōuzhōu).
州 is a daiyōji replacing 洲.

obor

Europe (a continent located west of Asia and north of Africa)


白鳥

白 (shira, shiro, “white”) + 鳥 (tori, “bird”)

com

ja:白鳥 (曖昧さ回避)


まゆ

まゆ (canonical)
マユ (canonical)
Mayu (romanization)


味噌

*/misau/ → */misɔ/ → /miso/
From Old Japanese. First attested in Ritsuryō tax records from 738 CE, with the spelling 未醤.
Possibly either directly from Middle Chinese 未醬 (MC mj+jH tsjangH), or a coinage in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements as a compound of 未 (mi, “not yet, immature”) + 醬 (sō, “sauce”, the older goon reading, from even older sau).
Vovin, however, considers it to be a borrowing from Koreanic, compare Modern Korean 메주 (meju) "brick of dried fermented soybeans."
Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *miso. A Proto-Japonic *misV is sometimes reconstructed as the ancestor for both.


ベルベル語

ベルベル語 (canonical)
Beruberugo (romanization)


アルジェリア

[a̠ɾɯ̟ʑe̞ɾʲia̠]


真珠

真珠 (canonical)
Shinju (romanization)
真珠 (canonical)
Shinju (romanization)


トランプ

A transliteration of the English surname Trump


国連

[ko̞kɯ̟ɾẽ̞ɴ]

1998 May 8, Kenshi Hirokane, “議その147 「膠着状態(デッドロック)」 [Debate 157: ‘Deadlock’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 18 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 17:

clipping of 国際連合 (Kokusai Rengō, “United Nations”): the UN


国際連合

ja-pos

国(こく)際(さい)連(れん)合(ごう) • (Kokusai Rengō) ^(←こくさいれんがふ (Kokusairengafu)?)

国際連合 (canonical)
Kokusai Rengō (romanization)
Kokusairengafu (romanization)
こくさいれんがふ (hiragana historical)

→ Korean: 국제 연합 (Gukje Yeonhap)

[ko̞kɯ̟̊sa̠i ɾẽ̞ŋɡo̞ː]

From 国際 (kokusai, “international”) + 連合 (rengō, “union”).
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.


ハヤブサ

English: Hayabusa, Busa, 'Busa, 'busa

スズキ・ハヤブサ on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ʲᵃ

Suzuki Hayabusa on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


昭和

昭和 (canonical)
Shōwa (romanization)
Seuwa (romanization)
せうわ (hiragana historical)

→ English: Showa

→ Chinese:

Mandarin: 昭和 (Zhāohé)

→ Korean: 쇼와 (Syowa)

→ Vietnamese: Showa, Chiêu Hòa

/ɕeuwa/ → /ɕoːwa/
Literally, “glorious harmony”; from this passage in the 書経 (Shokyō, “Classic of History”)

The [nobles officials of the] hundred surnames are gloriously enlightened; the myriad polities are united and harmonious

百姓昭明，協和萬邦，

百姓昭明，协和万邦，

昭和元年 ― Shōwa gannen ― the first year of Shōwa (1926 in the Gregorian calendar)

a placename, especially of a ward in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture


平成

→ English: Heisei

→ Chinese:

Mandarin: 平成 (Píngchéng)

→ Korean: 헤이세이 (Heisei)

→ Vietnamese: Heisei, Bình Thành

Literally "becoming peaceful" or "peace everywhere". Based on two Literary Chinese passages, one from 史記 (Shiki, “the Records of the Grand Historian”) and the other from 書経 (Shokyō, “the Book of Documents”):
:
::in Japanese, 内平らかにして外成る (uchi tairaka ni shite soto naru), and
:
:: in Japanese, 地平らかにして天成る (chi tairaka ni shite ten naru)

Internal peace, external accomplishment;

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

内平外成

The earth has been rendered peaceful, and the (influence of) heaven has become complete.

The Book of Documents, circa 7ᵗʰ – 4ᵗʰ centuries BCE

地平天成

平成元年

the first year of Heisei (1989 in the Gregorian calendar)

Book of Documents
Heisei era
Records of the Grand Historian
ja:平成


ベルリン

ja:ベルリン (曖昧さ回避)

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)


ワシントン

Washington State
Washington State#English

Washington, Washington State (a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States)

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

short for ワシントンD.C. (Washinton Dīshī): Washington, Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)


ブラジル

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾɯ̟]

Brazil (a large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


アフガニスタン

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɡa̠ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Afghanistan (a landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


アルバニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟ba̠ɲ̟ia̠]

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


アンドラ

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


英国

From Middle Chinese 英國 (MC 'jaeng kwok). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

United Kingdom
United Kingdom#English:_Q145

synonym of イギリス: United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)

イギリス

イングランド イングランド#Japanese

synonym of イングランド: England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)

イングランド

synonym of ブリテン: Great Britain (a large island of the United Kingdom in Northern Europe)


ベラルーシ

[be̞ɾa̠ɾɯ̟ːɕi]

Internationalism. Either borrowed from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ) or from Russian Белару́сь (Belarúsʹ).


ベルギー

[be̞ɾɯ̟ɡʲiː]

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)

Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:ベルギー
ja:松村明


アンティグア・バーブーダ

ja-pos

アンティグア・バーブーダ • (Antigua Bābūda)

[ã̠ntʲiɡɯ̟a̠ ba̠ːbɯ̟ːda̠]

アンティグア (Antigua, “Antigua”) + バーブーダ (Bābūda, “Barbuda”), calque of English Antigua and Barbuda

ja-compound

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English:_Q781

Antigua and Barbuda (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean, Antigua and Barbuda)

ja:アンティグア・バーブーダ


アオテアロア

Aotearoa (new Zealand, a country in Oceania; the Māori name, used especially in a Polynesian or pre-colonial context)


アルメニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟me̞ɲ̟ia̠]

Armenia (a country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


アゼルバイジャン

[a̠ze̞ɾɯ̟ba̠iʑã̠ɴ]

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus in Asia and Europe)


バルバドス

From Portuguese Barbados (literally “Bearded”).

bor

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


なか

Kojiki
Kokin Wakashū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.
From Proto-Japonic *naka. By surface analysis, ⟨na⟩ (indicating being inside, not found in isolation) + ⟨ka⟩ (a place (e.g. ありか (arika, “a place where something is, whereabouts”, from ある (aru, “to exist”) + 処 (ka, “place”), literally “existing place”), compare 所 (tokoro, “place”, see etymology for details))).
The relationship sense was first attested in the Kokin Wakashū, around 905-914 CE, possibly from the sense of being a group of objects/people around a certain area.


キング

A transliteration of the English surname King


キリスト教

キリスト教 (canonical)
Kirisuto-kyō (romanization)

キリスト (Kirisuto, “Christ”) + 教 (-kyō, “religion”)

suf

目覚めた人ブッダ 神の子イエス 言わずと知れた仏教とキリスト教の祖である


ルーク

ja-pos

ルーク • (Rūku)


アンドロメダ座

アンドロメダ座 (canonical)
Andoromeda-za (romanization)

アンドロメダ (Andoromeda, “Andromeda”) + 座 (-za, “constellation”)


文章

[bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕo̞ː]


けんさく

建策 研削 検索 献策 献酢 羂索

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 建策, 研削, 献酢, 羂索.)


しょうご

ja-pos

しょうご • (Shōgo)


ペスト

Borrowed from English Pest, from Hungarian Pest.
A borrowing directly from Hungarian is extremely unlikely, as the Hungarian pronunciation of /pɛʃt/ would result in a Japanese rendering of ペシュト (peshuto) instead.

Pest, the eastern half of the city of Budapest


ペスト

Albert Camus
Daijirin
Daijisen
La Peste
The Plague
ja:ペスト (小説)
ja:松村明

Borrowed from French peste, from the title of the 1947 novel La Peste by Albert Camus.

The Plague, original title La Peste, a novel by Albert Camus


こうへい

こうへい • (Kōhei)

工兵 公平 甲兵 交兵 降兵 耿秉 康平 衡平 幸平 講平 光平 浩平 恒平

Any of various Chinese-derived terms.
(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 甲兵, 交兵, 降兵, 耿秉, 衡平.)
Any of various names. For the connotations of each name, see the entries for the individual characters used.

ja-see-kango

耕兵, 耕平, 黄平, 江平, 幸兵衛, 甲兵, 康兵, 享兵, 亘兵, 洸兵, 紘兵, 幸兵, 高兵, 弘兵, 晃兵, 嵩兵, 宏兵, 巧兵, 浩兵, 孝兵, 恒兵, 皓兵, 光兵, 虹兵, 功兵, 垢兵, 厚兵: a male given name


入来

Iriki (a former town in Satsuma district, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, merged into the city of Satsumasendai in 2004)


入來

ja-pos

入(いり)來(き) or 入(いり)來(く) • (Iriki or Iriku)

入來 (canonical)
入來 (canonical)
Iriki (romanization)
Iriku (romanization)


琵琶

琵琶 (canonical)
Biwa (romanization)
Bifa (romanization)
びは (hiragana historical)

/bipa/ → /biɸa/ → /biwa/
Borrowing from Middle Chinese 琵琶 (MC bjij bae). Although regular in native vocabulary, the sound change of /ɸ/ → /w/ is unusual in Sino-Japanese vocabulary.


せいじ

政治 青磁 正字 盛時 世事 星児 政事 生時 生児 成事 盛事 省字

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 盛時, 世事, 星児, 政事, 生時, 生児, 成事, 盛事, 省字.)

ja-see-kango

靖, 誠治, 誠二, 清治, 誠司, 成治, 成二, 清次: a male given name


国会

ja-pos

国(こっ)会(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくくわい (Kokukwai)?)

国会 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
Kokukwai (romanization)
こくくわい (hiragana historical)

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

Meronyms: 参議院 (Sangiin), 衆議院 (Shūgiin)

the National Diet (Japan's bicameral legislature)

the Cortes Generales (Spain's bicameral legislature)

the Parliament (France's bicameral legislature; Sri Lanka's and Singapore's unicameral legislature)

the House of Nation (Bangladesh's unicameral legislature)


国会

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

the National Assembly (South Korea's unicameral legislature)


国会

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

the National Assembly (Vietnam's unicameral legislature)


合衆国

合衆国 (canonical)
Gasshūkoku (romanization)

[ɡa̠ɕːɨːko̞kɯ̟]

From Literary Chinese 合眾國 (hézhòngguó), from 合 (“union”) + 眾國 (“democratic state”), which is a calque of English United States, probably coined by Elijah Coleman Bridgman before 1844. Soon rebracketed as 合衆(がっしゅう) (gasshū, “assembly of people”) and 国(こく) (koku, “state”).

lang

訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」

訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」

第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会

第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会

ja-r

アメリカ合衆国 アメリカ合衆国#Japanese

short for アメリカ合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku): United States of America (a country in North America)

北米合衆国

北米合衆国 ほくべいがっしゅうこく


ソビエト連邦

ソビエト連邦 (canonical)
Sobieto Renpō (romanization)

ソビエト (sobieto, “soviet”) + 連邦 (renpō, “union; federation; confederation”)
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

af

Soviet Union
Soviet Union#English:_Q15180

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦#Japanese

(historical) Soviet Union (a former transcontinental country in Europe and Asia (1922–1991), now split into Russia and 14 other countries; official name: ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (Sobieto Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku Renpō))


ソマリア

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


ベリーズ

Belize (an English-speaking country in Central America, formerly called British Honduras)


ベナン

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


東欧

ja-pos

東(とう)欧(おう) • (Tōō)

Compound of 東(とう) (tō, “east; eastern”) + 欧(おう) (ō, “Europe”).

ja-compound

Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe#English:_Q27468

Eastern Europe (a socio-political geographical area of eastern Europe usually including the European countries to the east of Germany, Austria and Italy, and to the west of the Urals)


北極

南極

south polar region, South Pole, the Antarctic


フィンランド

[ɸʲĩn̺ɾã̠ndo̞]

2001 January 23, Masami Kurumada, “黄金(ゴールド)聖衣(クロス)の巻(まき) [Gold Cloths]”, in Saint(セイント)星(セイ)矢(ヤ) [Saint Seiya], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 106:

I’m back, Miss. The 7th Cloth has arrived from Finland.

お嬢さま ただいま フィンランドより７つめの聖衣がとどきました

Ojō-sama tadaima Finrando yori nanatsume no Kurosu ga todokimashita


マレーシア人

マレーシア人 (canonical)
Marēshia-jin (romanization)

[ma̠ɾe̞ːɕia̠ʑĩɴ]


本因坊

A Japanese go tournament, and the title conferred to its winner.


スコットランド

Scotland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


印度

The kanji are ateji (当て字) from Middle Chinese 印度 (MC 'jinH duH).


イスラエル

[isɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)

(biblical) Israel (a Biblical region of Western Asia roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel, known in the Bible as the Land of Israel and considered the ancestral homeland of the Jewish people)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel and the Land of Israel)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom that occupied the northern part of the Land of Israel and modern State of Israel, as distinct from Judah)

ミカエル（Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌ）
ユダヤ教(きょう)・キリスト教(きょう)・イスラム教(きょう)の天(てん)使(し)の名(な)。旧(きゅう)約(やく)聖(せい)書(しょ)ではイスラエルの守(しゅ)護(ご)天(てん)使(し)とされ、新(しん)約(やく)聖(せい)書(しょ)ではサタンとの闘(たたか)いを指(し)揮(き)する
その役(やく)割(わり)から武(ぶ)装(そう)した青(せい)年(ねん)の姿(すがた)をとって描(ねが)かれることが多(おお)い

1996 June 15 [1995 October 10], Narita, Minako, “ＳＣＥＮＥ.１ ミカエルという名(な)の生(い)き物(もの) [SCENE.1 A Living Namesake of Archangel Michael]”, in ＮＡＴＵＲＡＬ(ナチュラル), 3rd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Hakusensha, →ISBN, page 100:

Michael
The name of an angel in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. He is regarded as the Guardian Angel of Israel as per the Old Testament, and he is said to have commanded the forces against Satan as per the New Testament
As such, he is commonly depicted as an armed young man

Mikaeru (Michael)
Yudaya-kyō, Kirisuto-kyō, Isuramu-kyō no tenshi no na. Kyūyaku Seisho de wa Isuraeru no Shugo Tenshi to sare, Shin’yaku Seisho de wa Satan to no tatakai o shikisuru
Sono yakuwari kara busōshita seinen no sugata o totte negakareru koto ga ōi


イングランド

[ĩŋɡɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞]

England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


ウェールズ

ja-pos

ウェールズ • (Wēruzu)

[β̞e̞ːɾɯ̟zɨ]

Wales (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)

ja:ウェールズ (曖昧さ回避)


ウガンダ

From English Uganda, from Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


ウズベキスタン

[ɯ̟zɨbe̞kʲisɨtã̠ɴ]


エストニア

Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


グルジア

[ɡɯ̟ɾɯ̟ʑia̠]

From Russian Гру́зия (Grúzija). Officially displaced by ジョージア in April 2015. Compare Korean 그루지야 (Geurujiya).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

ジョージア ジョージア#Japanese

(obsolete in formal contexts) synonym of ジョージア: Georgia (a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


スロヴァキア

スロバキア スロバキア#Japanese


スロヴェニア

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


チェコ

Clipping of チェコスロバキア (Chekosurobakia, “Czechoslovakia”), from English Czecho-. Compare Mandarin 捷克 (Jiékè), Korean 체코 (Cheko).

clipping

チェコスロバキア チェコスロバキア#Japanese

clipping of チェコスロバキア (Chekosurobakia, “Czechoslovakia”)

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe)


ネパール

[ne̞pa̠ːɾɯ̟]

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


南宮

ja-pos

南宮(なんぐう) • (Nangū)

desc

→ English: Nangyu, Nangu, Nanguu, Nankyu, Nanku, Nankuu


薩摩

薩摩川内

薩摩川内 さつませんだい

(薩摩郡) Satsuma (a district of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

(薩摩町 or さつま町) Satsuma (a town in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

Satsuma Province, an old province of Japan


筑前

[t͡ɕikɯ̟zẽ̞ɴ]

Chikuzen Province, an ancient province of Japan near Fukuoka


中華人民共和國

ja-pos

ちゅうか じんみん きょうわこく

中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)國(こく) • (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku)

中華人民共和國 (canonical)
Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

中華人民共和国 中華人民共和国#Japanese

People's Republic of China#English:_Q148

Kyūjitai form of 中華人民共和国: People's Republic of China (official name of China: a country in East Asia)


阪神

From the second character of 大阪(おおさか) (Ōsaka) and the first character of 神戸(こうべ) (Kōbe).

The area around Ōsaka and Kōbe; former Settsu Province.

The Hanshin Tigers, a baseball team, itself named for its parent company


中華民国

中華民国 (canonical)
Chūka Minkoku (romanization)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 中華民國 /中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó).

obor

Republic of China
Republic of China#English:_Q865

Republic of China (official name of Taiwan: a partly-recognized country in East Asia; the rump state left over from the Republic of China on the mainland after 1949)


ラクロス

[ɾa̠kɯ̟ɾo̞sɨ]

From English lacrosse, LaCrosse, La Crosse, from Canadian French la crosse (literally “the stick”).

der

La Crosse (a river in the United States)


エチオピア

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 280:

I have come back from the expedition to Ethiopia. Due to some circumstances, I have been through quite some tough times along the way.

エチオピア遠征の帰路 事情あって道中に難儀をしております

Echiopia ensei no kiro Wakeatte dōchū ni nangi o shite orimasu


ナウル

Nauru (a country and island of Oceania, in the Pacific Ocean)


モンテネグロ

[mõ̞nte̞ne̞ɡɯ̟ɾo̞]

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


モザンビーク

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


ミャンマー

ja-pos

ミャンマー • (Myanmā)


ナイジェリア

Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


パラオ

Ultimately from Palauan Belau (“Palau”).

Palau (a country consisting of around 340 islands in Micronesia, in Oceania)


ガーナ

ガーナ • (Gāna)


パレスチナ

Learned borrowing from Latin Palaestīna.

Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:パレスチナ
ja:松村明


ハンガリー

[hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː]


ギニアビサウ

[ɡʲiɲ̟ia̠ bʲisa̠ɯ̟]

Guinea-Bissau (a country in West Africa)


デンマーク

[dẽ̞mːa̠ːkɯ̟]


オマーン

オマーン • (Omān)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ラトビア

Ultimately from Latvian Latvija, possibly via English Latvia

Latvia (a country in northeastern Europe)


モルジブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


北アイルランド

北アイルランド (canonical)
Kita Airurando (romanization)

Calque of English Northern Ireland: 北 (kita, “Northern”) + アイルランド (Airurando, “Ireland”)

compound

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English:_Q26

Northern Ireland (a constituent country and province of the United Kingdom, situated in the northeastern part of the island of Ireland)


ノルウェー

ja-pos

ノルウェー • (Noruwē)

[no̞ɾɯ̟β̞e̞ː]

Norway (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


パプアニューギニア

[pa̠pɯ̟a̠ ɲ̟ɨː ɡʲiɲ̟ia̠]

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English:_Q691


パラグアイ

[pa̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟a̠i]


ペルシア

[pe̞ɾɯ̟ɕia̠]

My name is Sarc! Servant of Cambyses!! The King of Kings of Persia, son of Cyrus, celebrated by Ahura Mazda!!

わが名はサルク！主はカンビュセス‼キュロスの子アフラ・マズダのよみし給う者ペルシア王にして諸王の王‼

Waga na wa Saruku! Aruji wa Kanbyusesu‼ Kyurosu no ko Afura Mazuda no yomishitamau mono Perushia Ō ni shite Shōō no Ō‼


ペルシャ

alternative form of ペルシア (Perushia, “Persia”)


クウェート

クウェート • (Kuwēto)

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


サウジアラビア

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


フェニキア

Borrowed from English Phoenicia, Latin Phoenicia, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Φοινίκη (Phoiníkē).


ギニア

ja:ギニア (曖昧さ回避)


ブルガリア

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡa̠ɾʲia̠]

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


ジャマイカ

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


カメルーン

[ka̠me̞ɾɯ̟̃ːɴ]


独立国家共同体

どくりつ こっか きょうどうたい

独(どく)立(りつ)国(こっ)家(か)共(きょう)同(どう)体(たい) • (Dokuritsu Kokka Kyōdōtai)

独立国家共同体 (canonical)
Dokuritsu Kokka Kyōdōtai (romanization)

Commonwealth of Independent States
Commonwealth of Independent States

(country) Commonwealth of Independent States


ルワンダ

[ɾɯ̟β̞ã̠nda̠]


ルーマニア

[ɾɯ̟ːma̠ɲ̟ia̠]

Borrowing from English Rumania, ultimately from Romanian Rumânia, the older spelling of modern România.


ロシア連邦

ロシア連邦 (canonical)
Roshia Renpō (romanization)

[ɾo̞ɕia̠ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

From ロシア (Roshia, “Russia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

af

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English:_Q159

Russian Federation (official name of Russia: a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

(historical, informal) Russian Federation (alternative name of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, a former republic of the Soviet Union)


明治

明治 (canonical)
Meiji (romanization)
Meidi (romanization)
めいぢ (hiragana historical)

明治二年

the second year of Meiji (1869 in the Gregorian calendar)


アラム語

アラム語 (canonical)
Aramu-go (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠mɯ̟ɡo̞]


亜米利加

obsolete spelling of アメリカ: America, the Americas (a supercontinent consisting of North America, Central America and South America regarded as a whole; in full, the Americas)


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 雲南 /云南 (Yúnnán)

obor

Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)


雲南

Analyzable as a compound of 雲 (un, “clipping of 出雲”) + 南 (nan, “south”). Thus the term can be translated literally as "Southern part of Izumo Province".

com

clipping of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">出雲</i>

Unnan (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


エロマンガ島

エロマンガ島 (canonical)
Eromangatō (romanization)
イロマンゴ島 (alternative)

[e̞ɾo̞mã̠ŋɡa̠to̞ː]


廈門

zh-l

廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén)

Xiamen, Amoy (a subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


廈門

Borrowed from Portuguese Amoy, in turn from Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi).

zh-m

廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi)

Amoy, Xiamen (a subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


日中

First Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War

[ɲ̟it̚t͡ɕɨː]

日 (“Japan”) + 中 (“China”) or blend of 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 中国 (Chūgoku, “China”)

blend

日中関係

日中共同声明

日中経済協会


聖霊降臨

聖霊降臨 (canonical)
Seirei Kōrin (romanization)


けんし

拳士, 健史, 玄師, 研之, 憲史, 健士, 健嗣: a male given name


帝国

大日本帝国 大日本帝国#Japanese

short for 大日本帝国 (Dainippon Teikoku, “Empire of Japan”)


京阪

From 京 (kei, the first character of 京都 (Kyōto), “Kyoto”) + 阪 (han, the second character of 大阪 (Ōsaka), “Osaka”).

com

the first character of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">京都</i> (Kyōto), “Kyoto”

the second character of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">大阪</i> (Ōsaka), “Osaka”

上方

Kamigata, in the sense of Edo-period culture of the Kyoto-Osaka area


サンフランシスコ

Borrowed from Spanish San Francisco (“Saint Francis”).

San Francisco (a city in California, United States)

桑港

San Francisco, California, United States


ロサンゼルス

[ɾo̞sã̠nd͡ze̞ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Borrowed from English Los Angeles via an older transcription. A modern transcription would be *ロスアンジェレス (Rosu Anjeresu).
Ultimately from Spanish Los Ángeles (literally “The Angels”). Doublet of ロス・アンヘレス (Rosu Anheresu).

der

ja:ロサンゼルス (曖昧さ回避)

Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)

census-designated place
census-designated place

Los Angeles (a census-designated place in Willacy County, Texas, United States)

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

Los Angeles (an unincorporated community in La Salle County, Texas, United States)

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

Los Angeles County (a county of California, United States)

Los Angeles River
Los Angeles River#English

Los Angeles River (a river in California, United States)


寧夏

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
w:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a Hui autonomous region of China)


聖誕節

聖誕節 (canonical)
Seitansetsu (romanization)

クリスマス クリスマス#Japanese

synonym of クリスマス (Kurisumasu, “Christmas”) (Christian holiday)


一人

From Old Japanese.
Derived from 一 (hito, “one, 1”) + 人 (-ri, counter for persons).
Compare Old Japanese 一人 (pi₁dari → hidari).


一人

ja-pos

一人(かずと) or 一人(かずひと) or 一人(かずんど) or 一人(くにひと) • (Kazuto or Kazuhito or Kazundo or Kunihito)

一人 (canonical)
一人 (canonical)
一人 (canonical)
一人 (canonical)
Kazuto (romanization)
Kazuhito (romanization)
Kazundo (romanization)
Kunihito (romanization)


遼寧

Liaoning (a province in northeastern China)


山東

山東 (canonical)
Santō (romanization)
Santou (romanization)
さんとう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 山東 (MC srean tuwng).

Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)


山東

alternative form of 山東 (Santō): Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)


山東

(obsolete) east of the Rockies (a geographical region of the United States)


竹林

竹林 (canonical)
Takebayashi (romanization)


右衛門

右(う)衛(え)門(もん) • (Uemon) ^(←うゑもん (Uwemon)?)

右衛門 (canonical)
Uemon (romanization)
Uwemon (romanization)
うゑもん (hiragana historical)


右衛門

右衛門 (canonical)
Emon (romanization)
Wemon (romanization)
ゑもん (hiragana historical)


桑港

桑(そう)港(こう) • (Sōkō)

1929 June 2, “健康診斷係醫 勞慰午餐會”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3:

桑港日本人會

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

(obsolete) San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


桑港

桑港 (canonical)
San Furanshisuko (romanization)

1902, “第2章 海外移民の状況”, in 海外出稼案内:

桑港及び沙都の両地

San Furanshisuko oyobi Shiatoru no ryōchi

1929 June 2, “受診者百九十名中 齒の疾患再多數”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3:

桑港日本人會

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

サンフランシスコ サンフランシスコ#Japanese

obsolete spelling of サンフランシスコ (San Furanshisuko) (= San Francisco): a city in California, United States


不忍

From 忍(しの)ばず (shinobazu), negative continuative form of the verb 忍(しの)ぶ (shinobu, “to conceal, hide; to endure, bear”).
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 不忍 (bùrěn).


静岡

ja-pos

静(しず)岡(おか) • (Shizuoka) ^(←しづをか (Sidwoka)?)

静岡 (canonical)
Shizuoka (romanization)
Sidwoka (romanization)
しづをか (hiragana historical)

Shizuoka (the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


支那

支那 (canonical)
支那 (canonical)
Shina (romanization)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Qin (state)
Qin Dynasty
Shina (word)
ja:支那

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

支那竹

menma (cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping)

(prewar, often considered derogatory, offensive in modern speech, ethnic slur) China

prewar; often considered derogatory; prewar; often considered derogatory

(offensive, ethnic slur) Ryukyuan people


室町

Compound of 室 (muro, “a cellar, a certain kind of storage room”) + 町 (machi, “town, district”).

日本橋室町

日本橋室町 にほんばしむろまち

室町時代

室町時代 むろまちじだい

more often called 花の御所 with the main gate facing Muromachi Street

the Muromachi district or area along a major street running north and south through the downtown area of Kyōto

the north–south Muromachi Street in Kyōto

the Muromachi Period in Japan, running from approximately 1336 to 1573; so named for the government offices being located in the Muromachi area of Kyōto

室町時代

室町時代 むろまちじだい

the Muromachi area in Nihonbashi, Tōkyō, so named for the area in Kyōto


桂離宮

桂離宮 (canonical)
Katsura Rikyū (romanization)

Katsura Imperial Villa (villa with associated gardens and outbuildings in the western suburbs of Kyoto, Japan)


地蔵

地蔵 (canonical)
Jizō (romanization)
Dizau (romanization)
ぢざう (hiragana historical)

/dizau/ → /d͡ʑizɔː/ → /d͡ʑizoː/
Calque of Sanskrit क्षितिगर्भ (Kṣitigarbha, literally “earth womb”).

calque

(Buddhism) short for 地蔵菩薩 (Jizō Bosatsu): Ksitigarbha, the bodhisattva who looks over children, pregnant women, travelers, and the underworld


東大

東京大学 w:ja:東京大学

abbreviation of 東京大学, Tokyo University, Tokyo U


全国人民代表大会

ja-pos

ぜんこく じんみん だいひょう たいかい

全(ぜん)国(こく)人(じん)民(みん)代(だい)表(ひょう)大(たい)会(かい) • (Zenkoku Jinmin Daihyō Taikai)

全国人民代表大会 (canonical)
Zenkoku Jinmin Daihyō Taikai (romanization)


堀川

Compound of 掘る (horu, “to dig”) + 川 (kawa, “river”).


羯磨

*/kɨatɨ mʷa/ → /katuma/ → /kat͡suma/
From Middle Chinese 羯磨 (MC kjot ma), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).
This pronunciation is prevalent in many Japanese schools of Buddhism, Tendai and Jōdo-shū to name a few.


キャンディ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kandy
ja:キャンディ (スリランカ)
ja:松村明

Ultimately from Tamil கண்டி (kaṇṭi), apparently borrowed via English Kandy.


海南

Located at the southern part of 海草(かいそう)郡(ぐん) (kaisōgun, “Kaisō District, Wakayama”).

ja-r

Kainan (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


海南

Hainan (an island and province of China)

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
w:Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

Hainan, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (a Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Qinghai, China)

Hainan (a district of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


海南

ja-pos

海(かい)南(なん) or 海(ヘ)南(ナム) • (Kainan or Henamu)

海南 (canonical)
海南 (canonical)
Kainan (romanization)
Henamu (romanization)

Haenam (a county of South Jeolla Province, South Korea)


カンボディア

カンボジア カンボジア#Japanese


上海

From the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi).

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Shanghai
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:上海市


揚州

揚(よう)州(しゅう) • (Yōshū)

Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, in eastern China)


中国地方

中(ちゅう)国(ごく)地(ち)方(ほう) • (Chūgoku-chihō) ^(←ちゆうごくちはう (Tyuugokutifau)?)

中国地方 (canonical)
Chūgoku-chihō (romanization)
Tyuugokutifau (romanization)
ちゆうごくちはう (hiragana historical)

From 中国 (Chūgoku, collective term for the provinces in the historical 山陰道 (San'indō) and 山陽道 (San'yōdō) regions) + 地方 (-chihō, “area”).

suffix

the Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori, and Shimane)

Chūgoku region
San'indō
San'yōdō
ja:中国地方

山陰山陽地方

San'in-San'yō-chihō, used to avoid confusion with China

山陰山陽地方 さんいんさんようちほう


関西

ja-pos

関(かん)西(さい) • (Kansai) ^(←くわんさい (Kwansai)?)

関西 (canonical)
Kwansai (romanization)
くわんさい (hiragana historical)

→ Russian: Канса́й m (Kansáj)

Literally “west of 逢坂の関 (Ōsaka-no-seki, “tollgate of Ōsaka-yama”)”.

Kansai (a traditional region in central Japan, that includes the cities of Osaka, Kyoto and Nara, their associated urban prefectures, and the surrounding prefectures of Hyogo, Wakayama, Mie, and Shiga)

(historical) the area west of 逢坂の関 (Ōsaka-no-seki, “tollgate of Ōsaka-yama”)


関西

関(かん)西(せい) • (Kansei) ^(←くわんせい (Kwansei)?)

関西 (canonical)
Kansei (romanization)
Kwansei (romanization)
くわんせい (hiragana historical)

the area to the west of Hangu Pass in China


中京

中(ちゅう)京(きょう) • (Chūkyō) ^(←ちゅうきやう (Tyuukyau)?)

中京 (canonical)
Chūkyō (romanization)
Tyuukyau (romanization)
ちゅうきやう (hiragana historical)

中 (“mid-”) + 京 (“capital”). Nagoya is the "Central Capital", between 東京 (Tōkyō, literally “Eastern Capital”) and 西京 (Saikyō, “Kyoto”, literally “Western Capital”).

Chūkyō (a metropolitan area in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture)


中京

中(なか)京(ぎょう) • (Nakagyō) ^(←なかぎやう (Nakagyau)?)

中京 (canonical)
Nakagyō (romanization)
Nakagyau (romanization)
なかぎやう (hiragana historical)

Nakagyō (a ward of Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture)


箴言

From Middle Chinese compound 箴言 (tsyim + ngjon, literally “admonish + speech”).


東南亜

東(とう)南(なん)亜(あ) • (Tōnan'a) ^(←とうなんあ (Tounan'a)?)

東南亜 (canonical)
Tōnan'a (romanization)
Tounan'a (romanization)
とうなんあ (hiragana historical)

[to̞ːnã̠ɰ̃a̠]

Compound of 東(とう)南(なん) (tōnan, “southeast”) + 亜(あ) (a, “short for 亜(ア)細(ジ)亜(ア) (Ajia, “Asia”)”).


希臘

ja-pos

希臘(ギリシャ) or 希臘(ギリシア) • (Girisha or Girishia)

希臘 (canonical)
希臘 (canonical)
Girisha (romanization)
Girishia (romanization)

[ɡʲiɾʲiɕia̠]

The spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 希臘 /希腊 (Xīlà) which derives from Ancient Greek Ἑλλάς (Hellás), not Latin Graecia from which Japanese ギリシャ (Girisha)/ギリシア (Girishia) derives.


コーンウォール語

コーンウォール語(ご) • (Kōnwōrugo)

コーンウォール語 (canonical)
Kōnwōrugo (romanization)


スイス

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:スイス
ja:松村明


ウィーン

ウィーン • (Wīn)

From German Wien. Doublet of ヴィエンナ (Vienna) and ヴィエンヌ (Viennu, “Vienne”).

doublet

Wien (a river in Austria, flowing through Vienna)


泰國

Kyūjitai form of 泰国: Thailand (a country in Southeast Asia)


吹雪

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 吹雪く (fubuku, “to blow violently (said of wind); to blow a snowstorm”).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), borrowed from Chinese 吹雪 (chuīxuě).

a Harusame-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War

Fubuki-class destroyer
w:Fubuki-class destroyer

a class of destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II (see Fubuki-class destroyer on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)

Japanese destroyer Fubuki (1927)
w:Japanese destroyer Fubuki (1927)

a Fubuki-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II (see Japanese destroyer Fubuki (1927) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)


タジク語

タジク語 (canonical)
Tajikugo (romanization)


長江

ja-pos

長(ちょう)江(こう) • (Chōkō) ^(←ちやうかう (Tyaukau)?)

長江 (canonical)
Chōkō (romanization)
Tyaukau (romanization)
ちやうかう (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːko̞ː]

From Chinese 長江 /长江 (Cháng Jiāng, literally “long river”).


青山

ja-pos

青(あお)山(やま) • (Aoyama) ^(←あをやま (Awoyama)?)

青山 (canonical)
Aoyama (romanization)
Awoyama (romanization)
あをやま (hiragana historical)

Compound of 青 (ao, “blue or green; lush with life”) + 山 (yama, “mountain”).

compound

So named as the land was deeded to Aoyama Tadanari (青山忠成, d. 1613; Wikipedia article) by Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康, d. 1616; Wikipedia article)

Aoyama (a neighborhood in the north of Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan)

Aoyama (a former town in the Naga District, Mie Prefecture, Japan)

Aoyama, Aoyama Station (a railway station in the city of Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


青山

From Middle Chinese 青山 (tsheng srɛn, literally “green or blue + mountain or hill”). Compare modern Min Nan reading chheng-san, or Mandarin reading qīngshān.
The 山 character is read san ordinarily. The san changes to zan as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Qingshan (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)

Qingshan (a district of Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)

Qingshan (several towns, townships and subdistricts in China)

name of a famous 琵琶 (biwa, “four-stringed lute”) brought to Japan from Tang Dynasty China


古今

From Middle Chinese 古今 (MC kuX kim).
The reading is kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

古今和歌集 古今和歌集#Japanese

short for 古今和歌集 (Kokin Wakashū): a waka anthology compiled in 905


古今

From Middle Chinese 古今 (MC kuX kim).
Uses the goon reading for the latter kanji, suggesting an older borrowing.


ルーマニア語

ルーマニア語 (canonical)
Rūmania-go (romanization)

[ɾɯ̟ːma̠ɲ̟ia̠ɡo̞]


ポーランド語

ポーランド語 (canonical)
Pōrandogo (romanization)


洛陽

ja-pos

洛(らく)陽(よう) • (Rakuyō) ^(←らくやう (Rakuyau)?)

洛陽 (canonical)
Rakuyō (romanization)
Rakuyau (romanization)
らくやう (hiragana historical)

Luoyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)

As a poetic name for Kyoto, Japan, as an allusion to the virtues of Luoyang


太平道

Way of the Great Peace, a school of Daoism founded by Zhang Jue (died 184), which was based on a text called the Classic of Great Peace


白土

Possibly from Middle Chinese 白土 (MC baek thuX|duX).


白土

白土 (canonical)
Shiratsuchi (romanization)

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Hizen-no-kuni Fudoki (c. 739 CE).
Compound of 白 (shira, “white”) + 土 (tsuchi, “earth, soil”).


白土

白土 (canonical)
Shirotsuchi (romanization)

Compound of 白 (shiro, “white”) + 土 (tsuchi, “earth, soil”).


徐州

Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


中山

中山 (canonical)
Nakayama (romanization)
中山 (canonical)
Chūzan (romanization)

Chūzan (a former kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands, existing from 1314 to 1429)


春分

立春

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立秋

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立夏

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立冬

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter


杭州

ja-pos

杭(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


杭州

To distinguish it orally with 広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū).

ja-r

広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū)


希望

ja-pos

希(き)望(ぼう) or 希(き)望(み) or 希望(きらり) or 希望(なるみ) or 希(のぞ)望(み) or 希望(のの) or 希望(ゆめ) • (Kibō or Kimi or Kirari or Narumi or Nozomi or Nono or Yume)

希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
Kibō (romanization)
Kimi (romanization)
Kirari (romanization)
Narumi (romanization)
Nozomi (romanization)
Nono (romanization)
Yume (romanization)
希望 (canonical)
Nozomu (romanization)


高岡

Takaoka (a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


中華人民共和国

ちゅうか じんみん きょうわこく

ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく

中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (Tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku)?)

中華人民共和国 (canonical)
Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku (romanization)
ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːka̠ d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 中華 (Chūka, “China”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), from Chinese 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó).

zh-l

People's Republic of China#English:_Q148

People's Republic of China (official name of China: a country in East Asia)


大作

ja-pos

大(たい)作(さく) or 大(だい)作(さく) • (Taisaku or Daisaku)

大作 (canonical)
大作 (canonical)
Taisaku (romanization)
Daisaku (romanization)


許昌

Xuchang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


司馬

司馬遷

司馬懿

司馬江漢

司馬凌海


河南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河南 (Hénán).

obor

(historical) Henan (a geographic region south of the Yellow River in northern China)


河南

Kanan (a town in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)

a neighborhood of Miyako, Iwate Prefecture

a neighborhood of Imabari, Ehime Prefecture

a neighborhood of Fuchū, Hiroshima Prefecture


河南

河南 (canonical)
Kawana (romanization)
Kafana (romanization)
かはな (hiragana historical)


河南

ja-pos

河(かわ)南(みなみ) • (Kawaminami) ^(←かはみなみ (Kafaminami)?)

河南 (canonical)
Kawaminami (romanization)
Kafaminami (romanization)
かはみなみ (hiragana historical)

Kawaminami (a neighborhood of Kaga, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


河南

河(かわ)南(なみ) • (Kawanami) ^(←かはなみ (Kafanami)?)

河南 (canonical)
Kawanami (romanization)
Kafanami (romanization)
かはなみ (hiragana historical)

Kawanami (a neighborhood of Maibara, Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


定州

Dingzhou (a city in Baoding, Hebei, China)


ルガンダ語

ルガンダ語 (canonical)
Rugandago (romanization)


高橋

(most common surnames)

姓#日本の主な姓 w:ja:姓#日本の主な姓

a surname: the 3rd most common surname in Japan.


川崎

→ Chinese: 川崎 (Chuānqí)

→ English: Kawasaki

→ Russian: Каваса́ки m (Kavasáki)

Compound of 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 崎(さき) (saki, “headland”). Literally, “river cape”.

ja-com

Kawasaki (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; a ward of Kawasaki; a station in Kawasaki); also:

a town in Tagawa district, Fukuoka Prefecture; a place in Kawasaki

a town in Shibata district, Miyagi Prefecture

a place in Gojōme and Hachirōgata, Minamiakita district, Akita Prefecture

a place in Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki Prefecture

a place in Hiji, Hayami district, Ōita Prefecture

a place in Ōkawa, Tosa district, Kōchi Prefecture

a place in Hanyū, Hannō and Fujimino, Saitama Prefecture

a place in Agano, Nagaoka and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture

a place in Yahiko, Nishikanbara district, Niigata Prefecture

a place in Makkari, Abuta district, Hokkaido Prefecture

Kawasaki, Japanese motorcycle manufacturer


富士山

Daijirin
Daijisen
Mount Fuji
ja:富士山
ja:松村明

Compound of 富士 (Fuji, the mountain's name) + 山 (san, “mountain, Mount”, generally only read as san in place names).

af

Mount Fuji, the tallest mountain in Japan


富士山

Daijirin
Daijisen
Mount Fuji
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:富士山
ja:松村明

Compound of 富士 (Fuji, the mountain's name) + 山 (yama, “mountain”), using the kun'yomi of yama for the last character.
This reading is much less common, and is not listed in many monolingual Japanese dictionaries. It might be considered proscribed by some.

compound

(uncommon, possibly proscribed) Mount Fuji, the tallest mountain in Japan


長沙

長沙 (canonical)
Chōsa (romanization)
Tyausa (romanization)
ちやうさ (hiragana historical)

ja:長沙 (曖昧さ回避)

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)

Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)

(historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)

Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)

Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


承平

ja-pos

承(じょう)平(へい) or 承(しょう)平(へい) • (Jōhei or Shōhei)

承平 (canonical)
承平 (canonical)
Jōhei (romanization)
Shōhei (romanization)


正人

正人 (canonical)
Masato (romanization)
正人 (canonical)
Masahito (romanization)


縄文

Calque of English cord-marked. Translation of a term coined by Edward Sylvester Morse.

short for 縄文時代 (Jōmon Jidai, “The Jomon period”): Period of Japanese pre-history, ca. 14000–1000 BCE

縄文式土器

縄文式土器 じょうもんしきどき

縄文土器

縄文土器 じょうもんどき


忠臣

Compound of 忠 (tada, “right, just, correct”) + 臣 (omi, “vassal, retainer, subject”).


川端

川(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 端(はた) (hata, “edge”)


エルサルバドル

[e̞ɾɯ̟ sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

From Spanish El Salvador (literally “The Savior”).

bor

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


メキシコ

From English Mexico, from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco.

Mexico (a census-designated place in Jefferson Township, Miami County, Indiana, United States)

Crittenden County
Crittenden County#English

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Crittenden County, Kentucky, United States)

Mexico (a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Allegany County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Carroll County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (a city, the county seat of Audrain County, Missouri, United States)

Mexico (a town and village in Oswego County, New York, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Tymochtee Township, Wyandot County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Walker Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Montour County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Mexico (a former unincorporated community in Hunt County, Texas, United States)

alternative form of メヒコ (Mehiko, “Mexico”) (Mexican state)


ニカラグア

[ɲ̟ika̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟a̠]

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


コスタリカ

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


グアテマラ

[ɡɯ̟a̠te̞ma̠ɾa̠]

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア
ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

大コロンビア

コロンビア合衆国


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina)

Columbia (a river in the United States and Canada)


エクアドル

[e̞kɯ̟a̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from Spanish Ecuador (“Equator”).


フランス領ギアナ

ja-pos

^フランス-りょう ^ギアナ

フランス領ギアナ (canonical)
Furansu-ryō Giana (romanization)

French Guiana
French Guiana#English:_Q3769

administrative region
administrative region

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


フォークランド諸島

^フォークランド しょとう

フォークランド諸島 (canonical)
Fōkurando shotō (romanization)

Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands#English:_Q9648

Falkland Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic)


ペルー

ペルー • (Perū)


ウルグアイ

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡɯ̟a̠i]


チェコ共和国

チェコ共和国 (canonical)
Cheko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

チェコ (Cheko, “Czechia, Czech Republic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


モルドヴァ

alternative form of モルドバ (Morudoba): Moldova (a country in Eastern Europe)


ウクライナ

[ɯ̟kɯ̟ɾa̠ina̠]

Borrowed from Ukrainian Украї́на (Ukrajína)

bor+

「ウクライナに栄光あれ！英雄たちに栄光あれ！」

“Ukuraina ni eikō are! Eiyū tachi ni eikō are!”

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴヴィナ

ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ#Japanese

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

alternative form of ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ (Bosunia Herutsegobina): Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


クロアチア

[kɯ̟ɾo̞a̠t͡ɕia̠]

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


マケドニア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía).

lbor

ja:マケドニア (曖昧さ回避)

Macedonia (a geographic region in Southeast Europe in the Balkans, including North Macedonia and parts of Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and Serbia)

2001 March 10 [1998 December 16], Motohiro Katou, “ミネルヴァの梟(ふくろう) [Owl of Minerva]”, in Ｑ.(キュー)Ｅ.(イー)Ｄ.(ディー) 証(しょう)明(めい)終(しゅう)了(りょう) [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], 9th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 102:

The king of clubs is Alexander the Great of Macedonia

クラブのＫはマケドニアのアレクサンダー大王

Kurabu no kingu wa Makedonia no Arekusandā Daiō

(historical) Macedonia (an ancient Greek kingdom in Southeast Europe)

Macedonia (former name of North Macedonia: a country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans)

Macedonia (a geographic region and former administrative region of Greece)

Bulgarian Macedonia
Bulgarian Macedonia#English

Macedonia (a geographic region in southwestern Bulgaria; in full, Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia)

(historical) Macedonia (a former constituent republic of Yugoslavia)

(historical) Macedonia (a former province of the Roman Empire)


サン・マリノ

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


セルビア

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


リヒテンシュタイン

[ɾʲiçitẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨta̠ĩɴ]

Borrowed from German Liechtenstein (literally “Lightstone”).

bor+

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)

ja:リヒテンシュタイン


ルクセンブルグ

Rukusenburugu (romanization)
ルクセンブルク (alternative)

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)

Luxembourg (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)


真人

(historical) the highest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”) .


佐藤

English: Sato

Chinese: 佐藤 (Zuǒténg)

French: Sato

Portuguese: Sato

Tagalog: Sato

(most common surnames)

姓#日本の主な姓 w:ja:姓#日本の主な姓

a surname: the most common surname in Japan.


渡辺

(most common surnames)

a surname: the 6th most common surname in Japan.


山本

Yamamoto (a district of Akita Prefecture, Japan)


中村

中 (naka, “middle”) + 村 (mura, “village”)


小林

Kobayashi (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


吉田

Yoshida (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


佐々木

佐々木 (canonical)
佐々木 (canonical)
Sasaki (romanization)

ja:佐々木 ja:沙沙貴神社

Originated from an ancient clan 沙(さ)沙(さ)貴(き)山(やま)(の)君(きみ) (Sasaki Yama no Kimi), whose name, according to the tradition of Sasaki Shrine, was derived from ささげ (sasage, “cowpea”), probably with a suffix 城(き) (ki, “castle”).

ja-r

^さ%さ%き% ^やま% の %^きみ


山口

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 口 (guchi, “mouth; opening, gateway”). The kuchi changes to guchi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

compound

Yamaguchi (the capital city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


松本

Matsumoto (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


井上

ja-pos

井(いの)上(うえ) • (Inoue) ^(←ゐのうへ (Winoufe)?)

井上 (canonical)
Inoue (romanization)
Winoufe (romanization)
ゐのうへ (hiragana historical)


マーク

マーク • (Māku)


硫黄島

硫黄(いおう)島(とう) • (Iōtō) ^(←いわうたう (Iwautau)?)

硫黄島 (canonical)
Iōtō (romanization)
Iwautau (romanization)
いわうたう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 硫黄 (iō, “sulfur”) + 島 (-tō, “island”).

Iwo Jima (volcanic island in Japan’s Ogasawara Islands chain)


硫黄島

硫黄(いおう)島(じま) • (Iōjima) ^(←いわうじま (Iwauzima)?)

硫黄島 (canonical)
Iōjima (romanization)
Iwauzima (romanization)
いわうじま (hiragana historical)

→ English: Iwo Jima

Compound of 硫黄 (iō, “sulfur”) + 島 (shima, “island”).
The shima changes to jima as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

(inexact, now sometimes proscribed) Iwo Jima (A volcanic island located in the Satsunan Islands)

(historical, now uncommon) an island in the Volcano Islands


藤沢

Fujisawa (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


坂田

坂(さか)田(た) or 坂(さか)田(だ) • (Sakata or Sakada)

坂田 (canonical)
坂田 (canonical)
Sakata (romanization)
Sakada (romanization)


河野

河野 (canonical)
河野 (canonical)
Kawano (romanization)
Kōno (romanization)


藤山

藤山一郎 ― Fujiyama Ichirō ― Ichiro Fujiyama


藤山

藤山茂 ― Tōyama Shigeru ― Shigeru Toyama


井山

井山 (canonical)
Iyama (romanization)
Wiyama (romanization)
ゐやま (hiragana historical)


中國大陸

中(ちゅう)國(ごく)大(たい)陸(りく) • (Chūgoku Tairiku)

Kyūjitai form of 中国大陸 (“mainland China”)


京城

京(けい)城(じょう) • (Keijō) ^(←けいじやう (Keizyau)?)

京城 (canonical)
Keijō (romanization)
Keizyau (romanization)
けいじやう (hiragana historical)

Joseon
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Sankei Shimbun

From Old Japanese. First cited to a text from 706. In turn, from Middle Chinese 京城 (MC kjaeng dzyeng, literally “capital + city, town”).
Possibly encountered in older texts with the reading きょうじょう (kyōjō), using the older goon pronunciation for both characters.
Use to refer to Seoul was based in part on the older name 漢城 (Hanseong), and in part on the Japanese sense of "imperial capital", in referring to the city as the center of administration under the Japanese Empire. The city was also informally called 京城 (Gyeongseong) in Korean during the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897). See also Names of Seoul on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

ja-r

きょうじょう (kyōjō)

京城帝国大学

帝国大学 ていこくだいがく

(historical) (Japanese colonial era) Seoul, also known as Gyeongseong (the Korean reading of these same Chinese characters) and Keijō


欧米

Modern Western developed nations (Western Europe and North America)


般若

From Middle Chinese 般若 (MC pan nyaeX) or 般若 (MC paen nyaeX), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajñā) or Pali paññā (“wisdom”).

short for 般若経 (Hannya-kyō): the Great Perfection of Wisdom collection of sutras

般若経

short for 般若寺 (Hannya-ji): the Hannya Temple in Nara


潮州

ja-pos

潮(ちょう)州(しゅう) • (Chōshū) ^(←てうしう (Teusiu)?)

潮州 (canonical)
Chōshū (romanization)
Teusiu (romanization)
てうしう (hiragana historical)

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)

Chaozhou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)


潮州

潮州(チャオチョウ) • (Chaochō)

[t͡ɕa̠o̞t͡ɕo̞ː]

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)


天津

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


秀行

秀(ひで)行(ゆき) or 秀(しゅう)行(こう) • (Hideyuki or Shūkō)

秀行 (canonical)
秀行 (canonical)
Hideyuki (romanization)
Shūkō (romanization)


栄男

栄(えい)男(お) or 栄(さか)男(お) or 栄(しげ)男(お) or 栄(ひで)男(お) or 栄(よし)男(お) • (Eio or Sakao or Shigeo or Hideo or Yoshio)

栄男 (canonical)
栄男 (canonical)
栄男 (canonical)
栄男 (canonical)
栄男 (canonical)
Eio (romanization)
Sakao (romanization)
Shigeo (romanization)
Hideo (romanization)
Yoshio (romanization)


清水

清水 (canonical)
Shimizu (romanization)
きよみず (alternative hiragana)
Kiyomizu (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
きよみづ (alternative hiragana historical)


札幌

→ English: Sapporo

→ Russian: Са́ппоро m (Sápporo)

From Ainu サッ・ポロ・ペッ (sat poro pet, literally “dry, great river”). The kanji are ateji (当て字).

bor

札幌市: Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


福岡

ja-pos

福(ふく)岡(おか) • (Fukuoka) ^(←ふくをか (Fukwoka)?)

福岡 (canonical)
Fukuoka (romanization)
Fukwoka (romanization)
ふくをか (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟o̞ka̠]

Fukuoka (the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Fukuoka (a prefecture in northern Kyushu, Japan)

Fukuoka (several smaller localities in Japan)


清源

Compound of 清 (kiyo, “clean, clear”) + 源 (moto, “origin, source”).


清源

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 清源 (MC tshjeng ngjwon).

Japanese reading of the Chinese given name "Qingyuan"

(historical) a former administrative region in China, around the area of modern Quanzhou

清源寺(せいげんじ) (Seigen-ji), a Buddhist temple in Ōzu, Ehime

清源寺(せいげんじ) w:ja:清源寺


太郎

太郎 (canonical)
Tarō (romanization)
Tarau (romanization)
たらう (hiragana historical)

Appears to be a coinage within Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 太 (ta, “fat; great”) + 郎 (rō, “boy”).
Initially used as a given name for an eldest son.
Attested since at least the early 900s.

a male given name (particularly for an eldest son)

(euphemistic, by extension) the first, the biggest, the tallest, the most, the best


りゅう座

竜 (ryū, “dragon”) + 座 (-za, “constellation”)


とうぎ

ja-pos

とうぎ • (Tōgi)


孔子

孔子 (canonical)
孔子 (canonical)
Kōshi (romanization)
Kuji (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 孔子 (MC khuwngX tsiX).


東山

東山 (canonical)
Higashiyama (romanization)

Several mountains or other places in Japan


東山

東(とう)山(さん) or 東山(とうざん) • (Tōsan or Tōzan)

東山 (canonical)
東山 (canonical)
Tōsan (romanization)
Tōzan (romanization)

東山地方 ― Tōsan chihō ― Tōsan region

東山道

Tōsandō, former district in central Japan


孔雀

/kuᵑ sʲakʉ/ → /kuⁿzʲakʉ/ → /kuʑaku/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 孔雀 (MC khuwngX tsjak).
First cited in the Wamyō Ruijushō of roughly 934.

くじゃく座 くじゃく座#Japanese

(astronomy, colloquial) short for くじゃく座 (Kujaku-za): Pavo


村山

a place name, such as that of Murayama City in Yamagata Prefecture


フリジア語

フリジア語 (canonical)
Furijia-go (romanization)
フリース語 (alternative)


ニジェール

ニジェール • (Nijēru)

[ɲ̟iʑe̞ːɾɯ̟]

From French Niger. Doublet of ナイジャ (Naija).

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)

Niger (a major river in West Africa that flows into the Gulf of Guinea in Nigeria)


メキシコシティ

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


アキレス

アキレウス アキレウス#Japanese

(Roman mythology) alternative form of アキレウス (Akireusu, “Achilles”)


アキレウス

[a̠kʲiɾe̞ɯ̟sɨ]

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἀχιλλεύς (Akhilleús)


フェニックス

[ɸe̞ɲ̟ik̚kɯ̟sɨ̥]


アフガニスタン語

アフガニスタン語 (canonical)
Afuganisutan-Go (romanization)


桃花

桃花 (canonical)
Tōka (romanization)
Taukwa (romanization)
たうくわ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese compound 桃花 (daw xwæ). Compare modern Chinese 桃花 (táohuā).


桃花

ja-pos

桃(もも)花(か) • (Momoka) ^(←ももくわ (Momokwa)?)

桃花 (canonical)
Momoka (romanization)
Momokwa (romanization)
ももくわ (hiragana historical)

A given name. Compound of 桃 (momo, “peach”, kun'yomi) + 花 (ka, “flower”, on'yomi).


コンゴ

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congo, Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


ヨルダン

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


グレー

ja-pos

グレー • (Gurē)

katakana spelling of English surname Grey or Gray


こうれい

こうれい • (Kōrei)


アフリカーンス語

アフリカーンス語 (canonical)
Afurikānsu-Go (romanization)


友好

Compound of 友 (tomo, “friend”) + 好 (yoshi, “good”). The 好 kanji used for the yoshi reading is an example of jukujikun.


イオニア海

イオニア海 (canonical)
Ionia Kai (romanization)

Ionian Sea (a sea between Italy and Greece)


黄海

黄(こう)海(かい) • (Kōkai) ^(←くゎうかい (Kwaukai)?)

黄海 (canonical)
Kōkai (romanization)
Kwaukai (romanization)
くゎうかい (hiragana historical)
黄海 (canonical)
Howanhai (romanization)


アデン

Aden (a port city, the largest city in Yemen; the former capital of South Yemen)


ギルガメッシュ

[ɡʲiɾɯ̟ɡa̠me̞ɕːɨ]


衣笠

Kinugasa, a Japanese heavy cruiser (1926–1942)

Mount Kinugasa in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.


ユーフラテス川

ユーフラテス川 (canonical)
Yūfuratesugawa (romanization)


出エジプト記

^しゅつ-^エジプト-き

出エジプト記 (canonical)
Shutsu-Ejiputo-ki (romanization)

出 (shutsu, “ex-; out-”) + エジプト (Ejiputo, “Egypt”) + 記 (ki, “-graphy; record”)

af

Exodus (book of Torah and Old Testament)


ルネッサンス

[ɾɯ̟ne̞sːã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

ルネサンス ルネサンス#Japanese

alternative form of ルネサンス (Runesansu, “Renaissance”)


ルネサンス

[ɾɯ̟ne̞sã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

From French Renaissance (literally “Rebirth; Revival”).


ヨーク

ja-pos

ヨーク • (Yōku)

York (a city, unitary authority, and borough of North Yorkshire, England)

York (a regional municipality of Ontario, Canada)

York (a district and former municipality of Toronto, Canada)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, Nebraska)

Livingston County
Livingston County#English

York (a town in Livingston County, New York)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, Pennsylvania)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, South Carolina)

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

York (a town and local government area (the Shire of York), in the Wheatbelt region, Western Australia)


ホワイトハウス

the White House (official residence of the President of the United States of America)


心經

心(しん)經(ぎょう) • (Shingyō) ^(←しんぎやう (Singyau)?)

心經 (canonical)
Shingyō (romanization)
Singyau (romanization)
しんぎやう (hiragana historical)

(Buddhism) Kyūjitai form of 心経 (Heart Sutra)