高麗

Goguryeo
Koma clan
Man'yōshū
ja:高麗 (曖昧さ回避)

⟨ko₂ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym.
Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, given the history of the Koma clan, Goguryeo migrants to Eastern Honshū during the 660s.

a compound of 高麗 + つぶり

Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands; round thing; [spinning] top

(historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)

(archaic) Korea, the Korean Peninsula (used more commonly in compounds than as a standalone term)

(historical) a county in Saitama Prefecture (originally settled in the mid-600s CE by immigrants from the Korean Peninsula; abolished as an administrative entity in 1896)


高麗

高麗 (canonical)
Kōrai (romanization)
Kaurai (romanization)
かうらい (hiragana historical)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 高麗. Cognate with modern Korean 고려 (goryeo) and English Korea.
Appeared at least late 10th century with this reading, attested in the Utsubo Monogatari, c. 970-999.

(historical) the Goryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 918–1392 CE

the Goguryeo kingdom; or generally a synonym of 朝鮮 (chōsen, “Korea”).


中欧

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)欧(おう) • (Chūō)

Central Europe
Central Europe#English:_Q27509

Central Europe (a geographic region in the center of Europe, usually including Austria, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Germany)


南欧

Southern Europe
Southern Europe#English:_Q27449

Southern Europe (a sociopolitical region of Europe including such countries as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece)


南歐

Kyūjitai form of 南欧: Southern Europe (a sociopolitical region of Europe including such countries as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece)


澳門

From English Macau or Portuguese Macau.
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 澳門 /澳门 (Àomén).

obsolete spelling of マカオ: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


澳門

zh-m

澳門／澳门 (Àomén)

synonym of マカオ: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


宋朝

ja-pos

宋(そう)朝(ちょう) • (Sōchō)

[so̞ːt͡ɕo̞ː]


永久

永久 (canonical)
Eikyū (romanization)
Eikiu (romanization)
えいきう (hiragana historical)

[adjective] the way in which something continues unchanged for a long period of time

[noun] This term needs a translation to English


帝劇

short for 帝国劇場 (Teikoku gekijō, “the Imperial Theatre”)


ユダヤ

Learned borrowing from Latin Iūdaea. Alternatively, originally from Dutch Judea, followed by a later shift in pronunciation likely influenced by the ultimate Latin etymon Iūdaea.


新疆

Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


台南

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺南. Compare Mandarin 臺南 /台南 (Táinán), English Tainan.


大筒

ja-pos

大(おお)筒(づつ) • (Ōzutsu) ^(←おほづつ (Ofodutu)?)

大筒 (canonical)
Ōzutsu (romanization)
Ofodutu (romanization)
おほづつ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大(おお) (ō, “large”) + 筒(つつ) (tsutsu, “tube”).
The tsutsu changes to zutsu as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


大筒

大筒 (canonical)
Ōtō (romanization)
Ofotou (romanization)
おほとう (hiragana historical)


シカゴ

Chicago River
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:シカゴ (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)

Chicago (a river in Illinois, United States)


観音

ja-pos

観(かん)音(のん) • (Kannon) ^(←くわんおん (Kwan'on)?)

観音 (canonical)
Kannon (romanization)
Kwan'on (romanization)
くわんおん (hiragana historical)

English: Kannon, Kwannon

/kwan.omʉ/ → /kwan.on/ → /kwanːon/ → /kanːoɴ/
From Middle Chinese 觀音 (kwan ʔim). The on reading for 音 changes to non as an instance of renjō (連声).
Origianlly a shortening of 観世音 (Kanzeon, literally “perceiver of the world's sounds”), itself a calque of Sanskrit अवलोकितेश्वर (Avalokiteśvara).

calque

अवलोकितेश्वर

観世音菩薩 観世音菩薩#Japanese

(Buddhism) short for 観世音菩薩 (Kanzeon Bosatsu): Avalokiteshvara, the bodhisattva of compassion; also known in some cultures as Guanyin, the goddess of mercy


上座部佛教

ja-pos

上(じょう)座(ざ)部(ぶ)佛(ぶっ)教(きょう) • (Jōzabubukkyō)

上座部佛教 (canonical)
Jōzabubukkyō (romanization)

[d͡ʑo̞ːza̠bɯ̟bɯ̟k̚ʲkʲo̞ː]

上座部仏教 上座部仏教#Japanese

Kyūjitai form of 上座部仏教: (Buddhism) Theravada Buddhism


上座部

[d͡ʑo̞ːza̠bɯ̟]


温州

温(おん)州(しゅう) or 温(うん)州(しゅう) • (Onshū or Unshū)

温州 (canonical)
温州 (canonical)
Onshū (romanization)
Unshū (romanization)

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


川上

From 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook") + 上 (kami, "upper stream").


川瀬

Compound of 川 (kawa, “river, stream, brook”) + 瀬 (se, “shallows”).


小川

From 小 (o, "little," "nice") + 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook").


川原

川原 (canonical)
Kawara (romanization)
Kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)
^かわはら (alternative hiragana)
Kawahara (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
かははら (alternative hiragana historical)
^かわばる (alternative hiragana)
Kawabaru (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)

ja:川原 (曖昧さ回避)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]


川原

ja:川原 (曖昧さ回避)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]


江戸川

ja-pos

江(え)戸(ど)川(がわ) • (Edogawa) ^(←えどがは (Edogafa)?)

江戸川 (canonical)
Edogawa (romanization)
Edogafa (romanization)
えどがは (hiragana historical)

From 江戸(えど) (Edo, old name of Tokyo) + 川(かわ) (kawa, suffix for names of rivers).

ja-compound

ja:江戸川 ja:江戸川区

Edogawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


こうぞう

ja-pos

こうぞう • (Kōzō)

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 行蔵, 更造, 香象.)

ja-see-kango

耕三, 幸三, 厚三, 幸造, 康三, 耕造, 孝蔵, 浩三: a male given name


チェン

A transliteration of the Mandarin surname 陳 /陈 (chén)


川口

[ka̠β̞a̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

From 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook") + 口 (kuchi, "mouthlike opening").

Kawaguchi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


川柳

ja-pos

川(せん)柳(りゅう) • (Senryū) ^(←せんりう (Senriu)?)

川柳 (canonical)
Senryū (romanization)
Senriu (romanization)
せんりう (hiragana historical)

/senriu/ → /senriʲuː/ → /senrjuː/
Named after Karai Senryū (1718-1790), its creator.

short for 柄井川柳 (Karai Senryū): Edo-period haikai poet


川柳

川(かわ)柳(やなぎ) • (Kawayanagi) ^(←かはやなぎ (Kafayanagi)?)

川柳 (canonical)
Kawayanagi (romanization)
Kafayanagi (romanization)
かはやなぎ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 川(かわ) (kawa, “river, stream, brook”) + 柳(やなぎ) (yanagi, “willow”).


滝川

ja-pos

滝川(たきかわ) • (Takikawa) ^(←たきかは (Takikafa)?)

滝川 (canonical)
Takikawa (romanization)
Takikafa (romanization)
たきかは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 滝(たき) (taki, “waterfall”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..

ja-compound

Takikawa (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


滝川

ja-pos

滝(たき)川(がわ) • (Takigawa) ^(←たきがは (Takigafa)?)

滝川 (canonical)
Takigawa (romanization)
Takigafa (romanization)
たきがは (hiragana historical)


滝川

滝川(たかかわ) • (Takakawa) ^(←たかかは (Takakafa)?)

滝川 (canonical)
Takakawa (romanization)
Takakafa (romanization)
たかかは (hiragana historical)


滝川

滝川(たかがわ) • (Takagawa) ^(←たかがは (Takagafa)?)

滝川 (canonical)
Takagawa (romanization)
Takagafa (romanization)
たかがは (hiragana historical)


滝川

滝川 (canonical)
Takawa (romanization)
Takafa (romanization)
たかは (hiragana historical)


文明

Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).


東歐

東(とう)歐(おう) • (Tōō)

Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe#English:_Q27468

Kyūjitai form of 東欧: Eastern Europe (a socio-political geographical area of eastern Europe usually including the European countries to the east of Germany, Austria and Italy, and to the west of the Urals)


グレナダ

Grenada (an island and country in the Caribbean)


ブルキナファソ

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


ビルマ

Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma). Compare German Birma.

(historical) Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


ボスニア

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Bosnia (a geographic region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, consisting of the northern three fourths of the country)

Bosnia (a country in southeast Europe; in full, Bosnia and Herzegovina)


ドイツ帝国

ドイツ帝国 (canonical)
Doitsu Teikoku (romanization)

ドイツ (Doitsu, “German”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”). Possibly coined as a calque of German Deutsches Kaiserreich

compound

German Empire
German Empire#English:_Q43287

(historical) German Empire (a former German empire and country that existed between 1871 and 1918)

Daijirin
Daijisen
German Empire
ja:ドイツ帝国
ja:松村明


独逸帝国

独逸帝国 (canonical)
Doitsu Teikoku (romanization)

ドイツ帝国 ドイツ帝国#Japanese

dated spelling of ドイツ帝国: (historical) German Empire (a former German empire and country that existed between 1871 and 1918)


バーレーン

ja-pos

バーレーン • (Bārēn)

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


ドミニカ

Commonwealth of Dominica
Commonwealth of Dominica


谷川

[ta̠ɲ̟iɡa̠β̞a̠]

From 谷(たに) (tani, “valley, ravine, gorge”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river, stream, brook”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


淀川

ja-pos

淀(よど)川(がわ) • (Yodogawa) ^(←よどがは (Yodogafa)?)

淀川 (canonical)
Yodogawa (romanization)
Yodogafa (romanization)
よどがは (hiragana historical)

From 淀(よど) (yodo, “pool, eddy”) + 川(かわ) (-kawa, suffix after names of rivers). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Yodo River (a river in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


渤海

a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae


タスマニア

Tasmania (an island group and state of Australia; a former British colony, from 1856 to 1901)


ドミニカ共和国

ja-pos

ドミニカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Dominika Kyōwakoku)

ドミニカ共和国 (canonical)
Dominika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ドミニカ (Dominika, “Dominica”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English:_Q786

Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


セネガル

[se̞ne̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


セルビア・モンテネグロ

ja-pos

^セルビア・^モンテネグロ

セルビア (Serubia, “Serbia”) + モンテネグロ (Monteneguro, “Montenegro”)

compound

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro#English:_Q37024

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

(historical) Serbia and Montenegro (a former country in Southeast Europe on the Balkan Peninsula, existing from 1992 to 2006, previously part of Yugoslavia; composed of modern Serbia and Montenegro and known until 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)

ja:セルビア・モンテネグロ


セイシェル

Borrowed from English Seychelles, from French Seychelles.

セーシェル セーシェル#Japanese

alternative form of セーシェル (Sēsheru): Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


セーシェル

[se̞ːɕe̞ɾɯ̟]

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


ソロモン諸島

ソロモン諸島 (canonical)
Soromon Shotō (romanization)

ソロモン (Soromon, “Solomon”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Solomon Islands

com

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q685

Solomon Islands (a country consisting of the majority of the Solomon Islands archipelago in Melanesia, in Oceania, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q148966

Solomon Islands (an archipelago in Melanesia, split between the countries of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea)


コンゴ共和国

コンゴ共和国 (canonical)
Kongo Kyōwakoku (romanization)

コンゴ (Kongo, “Congo”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English:_Q971

Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, the smaller of the two countries named Congo)


セントクリストファー・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント クリストファー・ネイビス

セントクリストファー・ネイビス • (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu)

Calque of English Saint Christopher and Nevis, equivalent to セントクリストファー (Sento Kurisutofā, “Saint Christopher”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English:_Q763

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country comprising the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean)

ja:セントクリストファー・ネイビス


セントキッツ・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント キッツ・ネイビス

Calque of English Saint Kitts and Nevis, equivalent to セントキッツ (Sento Kittsu, “Saint Kitts”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

セントクリストファー・ネイビス セントクリストファー・ネイビス#Japanese

Saint Christopher and Nevis
Saint Christopher and Nevis

synonym of セントクリストファー・ネイビス (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu, “Saint Christopher and Nevis”): Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country comprising the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean)


サンピエール・ミクロン

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Saint Pierre and Miquelon, French archipelago


南アフリカ共和国

ja-pos

みなみ アフリカ きょうわこく

南(みなみ)アフリカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku)

南アフリカ共和国 (canonical)
Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

From 南アフリカ (Minami Afurika, “South Africa”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

com

Republic of South Africa
Republic of South Africa#English:_Q258

Republic of South Africa (official name of South Africa: a country in Southern Africa)


東チモール

東チモール (canonical)
Higashi Chimōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


赤道ギニア

赤道ギニア (canonical)
Sekidō Ginia (romanization)

赤道 (sekidō, “equator”) + ギニア (Ginia, “Guinea”)

af

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English:_Q983

Equatorial Guinea (a country in Central Africa)


グレートブリテン島

ja-pos

グレート ブリテン とう

グレートブリテン島 (canonical)
Gurēto Buriten Tō (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟ɾe̞ːto̞bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞nto̞ː]

ja:グレートブリテン島


ポーランド共和国

ポーランド きょうわこく

ポーランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Pōrando Kyōwakoku)

ポーランド共和国 (canonical)
Pōrando Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Poland
Republic of Poland#English:_Q36

Republic of Poland (official name of Poland: a country in Central Europe)


アイスランド共和国

アイスランド きょうわこく

アイスランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Aisurando Kyōwakoku)

アイスランド共和国 (canonical)
Aisurando Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[a̠isɨɾã̠ndo̞ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Republic of Iceland
Republic of Iceland#English:_Q189

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Republic of Iceland (long form of Iceland: an island country in the North Atlantic Ocean in Europe)

ja:アイスランド共和国


イエメン王国

イエメン王国 (canonical)
Iemen Ōkoku (romanization)

Kingdom of Yemen
Kingdom of Yemen#English:_Q580188

Kingdom of Yemen (former official name of North Yemen: a former country in West Asia on the Arabian Peninsula; used from 1918–1962, when the country was a monarchy)


コモロ

Compare English Comoro Islands. Also compare バハマ (Bahama, “Bahamas”).

Comoros (a country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)

Union of the Comoros
Union of the Comoros

Comoros (an archipelago consisting of the Union of the Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte)


死海

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


カタール

A borrowing, probably from English Qatar.

[ka̠ta̠ːɾɯ̟]

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


キプロス

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


チェコスロバキア

Czechoslovakia (a former country in Central Europe, now the Czech Republic and Slovakia)


東ドイツ

東ドイツ (canonical)
Higashi Doitsu (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”)

com

East Germany
East Germany#English:_Q16957

(historical, 1949–1990) East Germany (a former Communist country of Central Europe, existing between 1949 and 1990)


西ドイツ

西ドイツ (canonical)
Nishi Doitsu (romanization)

西 (nishi, “west”) + ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”)

West Germany
West Germany#English:_Q713750

German Democratic Republic
German Democratic Republic

(historical, 1949–1990) West Germany (a former country in Central Europe, distinguished from the German Democratic Republic, commonly known as East Germany)


小国

From 小 (shō, "small") + 国 (koku, "country," "nation," "state").


小アジア

小アジア (canonical)
Shō-Ajia (romanization)

From 小 (shō-, “small; little”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).

pre

アナトリア アナトリア#Japanese

synonym of アナトリア (Anatoria, “Anatolia”); Asia Minor


小豆

小豆 (canonical)
Azuki (romanization)
Aduki (romanization)
あづき (hiragana historical)

⟨aduki₁⟩ → /adukʲi/ → /ad͡ʑuki/ → /aʑuki/
From Old Japanese. Further derivation unknown.
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun. The characters literally mean “small bean”.
Appears to be identical to Ainu antuki (“azuki bean”), which may be a borrowing. However, the direction of borrowing is uncertain.


小豆

小豆 (canonical)
Shōzu (romanization)
Seudu (romanization)
せうづ (hiragana historical)

a placename, especially in Kagawa Prefecture


JR

[d͡ʑe̞ːa̠ːɾɯ̟]


春日

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 春 (haru, “spring, springtime”) + 日 (hi, “sun, sunlight, daylight, day”).
Sometimes pronounced with rendaku (連濁), as harubi.

com

a placename, especially within Kiyosu city in northwestern Aichi Prefecture


春日

From Old Japanese. The kanji spelling comes from the pillow word 春日(はるひ) (haruhi) used to introduce the place name Kasuga. The original meaning of kasuga is debated but is thought to be either 霞処(かすみが) (kasumi ga) "hazy place" or 神住処(かすか) (ka su ka) "deity's dwelling place".
Compare 飛鳥 (Asuka).

short for 春日市 (Kasuga-shi): a city in Fukuoka Prefecture

春日市

an ancient placename in the vicinity that is today part of city of Nara in Nara Prefecture; site of 春日大社 (Kasuga-taisha, “Kasuga Grand Shrine”)


小鳥

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Utsubo Monogatari

Compound of 小 (ko, “small, little”) + 鳥 (tori, “bird”).
First attested in the Utsubo Monogatari of the late 900s.


小口

Compound of 小 (ko, “small, little”) + 口 (kuchi, mouth).


小口

Compound of 小 (o, “small, little”) + 口 (kuchi, mouth).


東シナ海

東シナ海 (canonical)
Higashi Shina-kai (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + シナ (Shina, “China”) + 海 (kai, “sea”).


テルグ語

テルグ語 (canonical)
Terugugo (romanization)


なりたくうこう

ja-pos

なりたくうこう • (Narita Kūkō)

成田空港: (colloquial) Narita airport, officially Narita International Airport


フランクフルト

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am-Main (the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany)

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder (a sizable town in Brandenburg, in eastern Germany)


カマンベール

Camembert (a commune of Orne department, France)


ハンバーグ

Borrowed from English Hamburg.
First cited to 1898.

[hã̠mba̠ːɡɯ̟]

Hamburg (a town in Marathon County, Wisconsin)

Hamburg (a town in Vernon County, Wisconsin)

ハンブルク ハンブルク#Japanese

(uncommon) alternative form of ハンブルク (Hanburuku): Hamburg (a city in Germany)


ハンブルク

[hã̠mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

Daijirin Daijisen Hamburg ja:ハンブルク ja:松村明

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)

Hamburg (a state of Germany containing the city of the same name)


鳳凰

鳳凰 (canonical)
Hōō (romanization)
Fouwau (romanization)
ほうわう (hiragana historical)

Daijisen
Fenghuang
ja:松村明
ja:鳳凰
ja:鳳凰 (曖昧さ回避)

/pouwau/ → /ɸoːwɔː/ → /hoːɔː/ → /hoːoː/
Borrowing from Chinese 鳳凰 /凤凰 (fènghuáng, literally “male fire-bird + female fire-bird”), date of borrowing unknown.


小山

From 小 (ko-, “small, little”) + 山 (yama, “mountain, peak”).


小山

小山 (canonical)
Oyama (romanization)
Woyama (romanization)
をやま (hiragana historical)

From 小 (o-, “small, little”) + 山 (yama, “mountain, peak”).

Oyama (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


小枝

From 小 (ko, "small," "little") + 枝 (eda, "branch," "twig").


小石

Compound of 小 (ko, “small, little”) + 石 (ishi, “stone, rock”).

compound

Also variously spelled as 子石, 小岩, 孕石, 輿石, 興石, 古石, 磊


トヨタ

From the name of its founder, Kiichirō Toyoda (豊田(とよだ) 喜一郎(きいちろう)).

Toyota, a Japanese automobile manufacturer


関東

ja-pos

関(かん)東(とう) • (Kantō) ^(←くわんとう (Kwantou)?)

関東 (canonical)
Kantō (romanization)
Kwantou (romanization)
くわんとう (hiragana historical)

Russian: Канто́ n or m (Kantó)

; “geographical region of eastern Japan”
; “shogunate”
; “area to the east of Hangu or Shanhai Pass”

Kantō (a geographical region in eastern Japan, that includes the capital city of Tokyo and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Gunma, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Saitama and Tochigi)

(historical) the area east of 逢坂の関 (Ōsaka-no-seki, “tollgate of Ōsaka-yama”) or later, east of 箱根の関 (Hakone-no-seki, “tollgate of Mount Hakone”)

(archaic) the area to the east of 函谷関 (Kankoku-kan, “Hangu Pass”)

(archaic) the area to the east of 山海関 (Sankai-kan, “Shanhai Pass”)


アラバマ

ja:アラバマ (曖昧さ回避)

(~州) Alabama (a state of the United States)

(~川) Alabama (a river in Alabama, United States)

Alabama (a town in New York, United States)


アラスカ州

アラスカ州 (canonical)
Arasuka Shū (romanization)

Alaska (a state of the United States, formerly a territory)


アリゾナ

(~州) Arizona (a state in the southwestern United States, established 1912)

ja:アリゾナ (曖昧さ回避)


二十四節気

二(に)十(じゅう)四(し)節(せっ)気(き) • (Nijūshi Sekki) ^(←にじふしせつき (Nizifusisetuki)?)

二十四節気 (canonical)
Nijūshi Sekki (romanization)
Nizifusisetuki (romanization)
にじふしせつき (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iʑɨːɕi se̞k̚ʲkʲi]

From 二十四(にじゅうし) (nijūshi, “twenty-four”) + 節気(せっき) (sekki, “24 divisions of solar year”).

ja-compound

the twenty-four divisions of the solar year

立春

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立夏

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立秋

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立冬

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter

the twenty-four terms used to denote the changing of the seasons


沢山

ja-pos

沢(さわ)山(やま) • (Sawayama) ^(←さはやま (Safayama)?)

沢山 (canonical)
Sawayama (romanization)
Safayama (romanization)
さはやま (hiragana historical)

First appeared in the Edo period.
Kun-reading of takusan above.


東アジア

東アジア (canonical)
Higashi-Ajia (romanization)

Compound of 東(ひがし) (higashi, “east”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).

ja-compound

East Asia (a geographic region comprising the eastern part of Asia, inclusive of China proper, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan and sometimes inclusive of Mongolia and Tibet and some or all of Southeast Asia and the Philippines)


キメラ

ja:キメラ
ja:キメラ (曖昧さ回避)

alternative form of キマイラ (Kimaira, “Chimera”)


いで

Ide (romanization)
ゐで (hiragana historical)

井 (i, “well”) + 手 (te, “hand”), with rendaku.


ひさし

久, 契, 寿, 尚, 恒, 長, 寿司, 久士: a male given name


山陽

ja-pos

山(さん)陽(よう) • (San'yō) ^(←さんやう (San'yau)?)

山陽 (canonical)
San'yō (romanization)
San'yau (romanization)
さんやう (hiragana historical)

Literally, “yang side of the mountain”.
The traditional region is named after San'yōdō (山陽道(さんようどう) (san'yōdō), literally "yang side of the mountain circuit"), a historical region under the ancient Gokishichidō system.

ja-r

山陽道(さんようどう) (san'yōdō)

San'yō region (a traditional region in central Honshu, Japan, composed of the prefectures of Hiroshima, Okayama and Yamaguchi)


弥勒

From Middle Chinese 彌勒 (mjie lok), from Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya).

Mile (a county-level city of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


バドミントン

Badminton (a village in Gloucestershire, England)


旧世界

ja-pos

旧(きゅう)世(せ)界(かい) • (Kyūsekai) ^(←きうせかい (Kiusekai)?)

旧世界 (canonical)
Kyūsekai (romanization)
Kiusekai (romanization)
きうせかい (hiragana historical)

From 旧 (kyū-, “old”) + 世界 (sekai, “world”).


河内

河内 (canonical)
Kawachi (romanization)
Kafati (romanization)
かはち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Kawachi Province (a former province of Japan)

Kawachi (places in Japan):
a town in Ibaraki Prefecture

Kawachi (places in Japan):
a town in Tochigi Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Anamizu and Tsubata, Ishikawa Prefecture

a neighborhood of Higashiōsaka, Osaka Prefecture

Kawachi (places in Japan):
a neighborhood of Tosu, Saga Prefecture

a neighborhood of Taga, Shiga Prefecture

a neighborhood of Okuizumo, Shimane Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Yahatahigashi, Kitakyushu and of Setaka, in Fukuoka Prefecture

a neighborhood of Takachiho, Miyagi Prefecture


河内

河(かわ)内(うち) • (Kawauchi) ^(←かはうち (Kafauti)?)

河内 (canonical)
Kawauchi (romanization)
Kafauti (romanization)
かはうち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

a neighborhood of Ikata, Ehime Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Shimanto and Tōyō, Kōchi Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Tōkamachi and Kamihayashi, Niigata Prefecture


河内

河内 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kafuti (romanization)
かふち (hiragana historical)

Sound change of compound of 河(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 内(うち) (uchi, “inside”). Literally, “in the river”.

ja-com

a neighborhood of Niihama, Ehime Prefecture

a neighborhood of Beppu, Ōita Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Mimasaka and Kagamino, Okayama Prefecture

a neighborhood of Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Shimizu, Shizuoka and of Shimoda, in Shizuoka Prefecture

a neighborhood of Hamada, Shimane Prefecture

a neighborhood of Okutama, Tokyo prefecture

a neighborhood of Mugi, Tokushima Prefecture

a neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Awaji and Kasai, Hyōgo Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Fukui and of Ikeda, Minamiechizen and Wakasa, in Fukui Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Toba and Minamiise, Mie Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Kudamatsu and Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture

a train station in Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture.


河内

ja-pos

河内(かわのうち) • (Kawanouchi) ^(←かはのうち (Kafanouti)?)

河内 (canonical)
Kawanouchi (romanization)
Kafanouti (romanization)
かはのうち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠no̞ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Abbreviation of 河の内 (kawa no uchi, “inside of the river”).

abbrev

Kawanouchi (a neighborhood of Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture)


河内

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河內 /河内 (Hénèi).

obor

Henei (former commandery of China to the north of Yellow River, now in Henan, China)


北平

ja-pos

北平(ペーピン) • (Pēpin)

(historical) Beiping, a former name of Beijing.


しし

獅子: the name of the lion dance 囃子 (hayashi, “musical accompaniment”) in various noh and kabuki plays; the first piece of music played in a 伎楽 (gigaku) performance (more commonly spelled 師子)


天元

A Japanese go tournament, and the title conferred to its winner.


スタートレック

(science fiction) Star Trek, a popular sci-fi series.


コソボ

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Kosovo (a partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


四君子

四君子 (canonical)
Shikunshi (romanization)

[ɕikɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕi]

Probably from Middle Chinese compound 四君子 (*sì *giuən *tziə̌, literally “four gentlemen”). Compare modern Chinese 四君子 (Sì Jūnzǐ).

These four plants are often the subject of traditional Chinese, Korean, and Japanese paintings, with each often used to represent one of the four seasons; winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively.

the Four Gentlemen: ume (the plum blossom, symbolising winter), ran (the orchid, symbolizing spring), take, (the bamboo, symbolizing summer), and kiku (chrysanthemum, symbolizing autumn):

and plum

similarly appearing as the subject of traditional Chinese, Korean, and Japanese paintings


アイダホ州

アイダホ州 (canonical)
Aidaho Shū (romanization)

Idaho (a state in the western United States)


初春

From Old Japanese.
From 初 (hatsu-, “beginning, start”) + 春 (haru, “spring”).


東方

ja-pos

東(とう)方(ほう) • (Tōhō)

short for 東方Project (Tōhō Purojekuto, “Touhou Project, a popular bullet hell video game series”)


ジャック

[d͡ʑa̠k̚kɯ̟]

ジャック・ニコルソン


ジャック

[d͡ʑa̠k̚kɯ̟]

ジャン＝ジャック・ルソー

ジャック・デリダ


サンスクリット

[sã̠ɰ̃sɨ̥kɯ̟ɾʲit̚to̞]


実生

実(さね)生(お) or 実(じつ)生(お) or 実(みつ)生(お) • (Saneo or Jitsuo or Mitsuo)

実(み)生(う) or 実(み)生(お) or 実(み)生(き) or 実(み)生(しょう) • (Miu or Mio or Miki or Mishō)

実生 (canonical)
Azuki (romanization)
実生 (canonical)
実生 (canonical)
実生 (canonical)
Saneo (romanization)
Jitsuo (romanization)
Mitsuo (romanization)
実生 (canonical)
実生 (canonical)
実生 (canonical)
実生 (canonical)
Miu (romanization)
Mio (romanization)
Miki (romanization)
Mishō (romanization)
実生 (canonical)
実生 (canonical)
Mibae (romanization)
Mibu (romanization)


実生雄

For quotations using this term, see Citations:実生雄.


誠実

誠(なる)実(み) or 誠(ま)実(さみ) • (Narumi or Masami)

誠実 (canonical)
誠実 (canonical)
Narumi (romanization)
Masami (romanization)


実子

実(じつ)子(こ) or 実(ちか)子(こ) or 実(とみ)子(こ) or 実(のり)子(こ) or 実(み)子(こ) or 実(みつ)子(こ) or 実(よし)子(こ) • (Jitsuko or Chikako or Tomiko or Noriko or Miko or Mitsuko or Yoshiko)

実子 (canonical)
実子 (canonical)
実子 (canonical)
実子 (canonical)
実子 (canonical)
実子 (canonical)
実子 (canonical)
Jitsuko (romanization)
Chikako (romanization)
Tomiko (romanization)
Noriko (romanization)
Miko (romanization)
Mitsuko (romanization)
Yoshiko (romanization)


バストランド

Basutoland (a former country; modern Lesotho)


ベチュアナランド

(historical) Bechuanaland -(a former name of what is now Botswana, used until 1966)


ブリテン

[bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞ɴ]

From English Britain. Doublet of ブルターニュ (Burutānyu, “Brittany”).

doublet

(loosely) Britain (the United Kingdom, a kingdom and country in Northern Europe including the island of Great Britain as well as Northern Ireland on the northeastern portion of the island of Ireland)

Britain (great Britain, a large island (sometimes also including some of the surrounding smaller islands) off the north-west coast of Western Europe, made up of England, Scotland, and Wales; especially (but not exclusively) during antiquity)


ベナン共和国

ベナン共和国 (canonical)
Benan Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Benin, shortly Benin - (a country in Western Africa)


カーボベルデ

Borrowed from Portuguese Cabo Verde (“Green Cape”).

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


チェコ語

チェコ語 (canonical)
Cheko-go (romanization)

チェコ (Cheko, “Czechia, Czech Republic”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nihonkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nipponkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

(rare) State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


コートジボワール

[ko̞ːto̞ʑibo̞β̞a̠ːɾɯ̟]

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


ダホメ王国

ダホメ王国 (canonical)
Dahome Ōkoku (romanization)

(historical) Dahomey (a former country in Africa)


天台

(Buddhism) a school of Mahayana Buddhism that stresses the Lotus Sutra


棋聖

A Japanese shogi tournament, and the title conferred to its winner.


十段

A Japanese go tournament, and the honorary rank conferred to its winner.


東ヨーロッパ

東ヨーロッパ (canonical)
Higashi-Yōroppa (romanization)

From 東 (higashi, “east”) + ヨーロッパ (Yōroppa, “Europe”).

compound

Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe#English:_Q27468

Eastern Europe (a socio-political geographical area of eastern Europe usually including the European countries to the east of Germany, Austria and Italy, and to the west of the Urals)


北欧

北ヨーロッパ 北ヨーロッパ#Japanese

Northern Europe
Northern Europe#English:_Q27479

synonym of 北ヨーロッパ: Northern Europe (a sociopolitical region of Europe including such countries as Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania)

北ヨーロッパ

スカンジナビア スカンジナビア#Japanese

(loosely) synonym of スカンジナビア (“Scandinavia”)

北欧会議

北欧学派

北欧神話

北欧人


イエメン

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イエメン共和国

イエメン共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Yemen
Republic of Yemen#English:_Q805

Republic of Yemen (official name of Yemen: a country in Western Asia, on the Arabian Peninsula)


ホンダ

本田: (automobiles) Honda (a Japanese automotive manufacturer)


ダイハツ

The first kanji from 大阪 (おおさか, Ōsaka) and 発動機製造 (はつどうきせいぞう, hatsudōki seizō)

大発: Daihatsu, A Japanese automotive manufacturer


いすゞ

Isuzu, a Japanese automotive manufacturer

Yamagata Prefecture
w:Yamagata Prefecture

五十鈴: a place name, especially, the name of a river in Mie Prefecture, and the name of a village in the city of Yamagata in Yamagata Prefecture


光岡

Mitsuoka, a Japanese automotive manufacturer


イリノイ州

イリノイ州 (canonical)
Irinoi Shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America

Illinois, a state of the United States of America. Capital: Springfield. Largest city: Chicago.


インディアナ州

インディアナ州 (canonical)
Indiana Shū (romanization)


ザイール

ja-pos

ザイール • (Zaīru)

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

(historical) Zaire (former name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a country in Central Africa; used from 1971–1997)


ユーゴスラビア

[jɯ̟ːɡo̞sɨɾa̠bʲia̠]

From Serbo-Croatian Југославија, Jugoslavija, likely via English Yugoslavia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina

(historical) Yugoslavia (a former country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans, now split into 7 countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia, and Slovenia)

ユーゴスラビア社会主義連邦共和国

Yūgosurabia Shakai Shugi Renpō Kyōwakoku

社会主義連邦共和国 しゃかいしゅぎれんぽうきょうわこく

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国

連邦共和国 れんぽうきょうわこく


ユーゴスラヴィア

ユーゴスラビア ユーゴスラビア#Japanese

alternative form of ユーゴスラビア (Yūgosurabia): (historical) Yugoslavia (a former country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans, now split into 7 countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia, and Slovenia)


イエメン民主人民共和国

イエメン みんしゅ じんみん きょうわこく

イエメン民(みん)主(しゅ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Iemen Minshu Jinmin Kyōwakoku)

イエメン民主人民共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Minshu Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

イエメン (iemen, “Yemen”) + 民主(みんしゅ) (minshu, “democratic”) + 人民(じんみん) (jinmin, “people”) + 共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

ja-compound

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen#English:_Q199841

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (official name of South Yemen: a former country in West Asia on the Arabian Peninsula)


イエメン・アラブ共和国

ja-pos

イエメン・アラブ きょうわこく

イエメン・アラブ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Iemen Arabu Kyōwakoku)

イエメン・アラブ共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Arabu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Yemen Arab Republic
Yemen Arab Republic#English:_Q267584

Yemen Arab Republic (official name of North Yemen: a former country in West Asia on the Arabian Peninsula; used from 1962–1990, when the country was a republic)


フィリピン共和国

フィリピン きょうわこく

フィリピン共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Firipin Kyōwakoku)

フィリピン共和国 (canonical)
Firipin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Compound of フィリピン (Firipin, “the Philippines”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

compound

Republic of the Philippines#English:_Q928

Republic of the Philippines (official name of the Philippines: a country in Southeast Asia)


バヌアツ

Vanuatu (a country and archipelago of Melanesia in Oceania)


バヌアツ共和国

ja-pos

バヌアツ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Banuatsu Kyōwakoku)

バヌアツ共和国 (canonical)
Banuatsu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

From バヌアツ (Banuatsu, “Vanuatu”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).


北欧諸国

北欧諸国 (canonical)
Hokuō Shokoku (romanization)

Nordic countries
Nordic countries#English

Nordic countries (a region of Northern Europe, consisting of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and their associated territories Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Åland)


レバノン

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ソビエト

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦#Japanese

short for ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (Sobieto Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku Renpō, “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”)


ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国

ja-pos

^ユーゴスラビア ^れんぽう ^きょうわこく

ユーゴスラビア連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Yūgosurabia Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国 (canonical)
Yūgosurabia Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia#English:_Q37024

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro#English

State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (former official name of Serbia and Montenegro: a former country existing in Southeast Europe on the Balkan Peninsula from 1992 through 2006, composed of the modern states of Serbia and Montenegro; a rump state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which changed its official name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003)

ja:ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国


だいしょう

だいしょう • (Daishō)


北半球

北(きた)半(はん)球(きゅう) • (Kita Hankyū) ^(←きたはんきう (Kitafankiu)?)

北半球 (canonical)
Kita Hankyū (romanization)
Kitafankiu (romanization)
きたはんきう (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥ta̠hã̠ŋʲkʲɨː]

From 北 (kita, “north”) + 半球 (hankyū, “hemisphere”).

com

Northern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere#English:_Q39061

Northern Hemisphere (the hemisphere in Earth to the north of the Equator, in which 90% of the total land area on Earth is located)


南半球

ja-pos

南(みなみ)半(はん)球(きゅう) • (Minami Hankyū) ^(←みなみはんきう (Minamifankiu)?)

南半球 (canonical)
Minami Hankyū (romanization)
Minamifankiu (romanization)
みなみはんきう (hiragana historical)

[mʲina̠mʲihã̠ŋʲkʲɨː]

From 南 (minami, “south”) + 半球 (hankyū, “hemisphere”).

com

Southern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere#English:_Q41228

Southern Hemisphere (the hemisphere in Earth to the south of the Equator, containing only about 10% of the total land area on Earth)


なんおう

ja-pos

なんおう • (Nan'ō)


ほくおう

ほくおう • (Hokuō)


独逸

→ Chinese: 獨逸 /独逸 (Dúyì)

→ Korean: 독일 (Dogil)

dated spelling of ドイツ: Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


南北アメリカ

南北アメリカ (canonical)
Nanboku Amerika (romanization)

南(みなみ) (minami, “south”) + 北(きた) (kita, “north”) + アメリカ (amerika, “America”)

ja-compound

the Americas (two continents, North America and South America)


中東

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)東(とう) • (Chūtō)

Compound of 中 (chū, “middle”) + 東 (tō, “east”), as a calque of English Middle East.

(geopolitics) Middle East (the geopolitical region at the intersection of Asia, Africa and Europe, comprising West Asia excluding the South Caucasus and additionally including all of Egypt and all of Turkey)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Middle East
ja:中東
ja:松村明


ちゅうとう

ちゅうとう • (Chūtō)


オスマン帝国

オスマン帝国 (canonical)
Osuman Teikoku (romanization)

オスマン (Osuman, “Osman”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)

com

Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire#English:_Q12560

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(historical) Ottoman Empire (a large former Turkish empire centered in modern Turkey that ruled over much of Southeast Europe, West Asia and North Africa from 1299 to 1922)


ミクロネシア連邦

ミクロネシア連邦 (canonical)
Mikuroneshia Renpō (romanization)

Calque of English Federated States of Micronesia; from ミクロネシア (Mikuroneshia, “Micronesia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

com

Federated States of Micronesia#English:_Q702

Federated States of Micronesia (the official name of Micronesia, a country consisting of about 600 islands in Oceania)


西サモア

Western Samoa - the former name of Samoa, from 1914 to 1997


ニウエ

Niue (an island and country in Polynesia in Oceania, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)


ニアサランド

(historical) Nyasaland - a former country in Africa, now called Malawi.


北ローデシア

北ローデシア (canonical)
Kita Rōdeshia (romanization)

(historical) Northern Rhodesia - a former name of what is now Zambia, from 1911 to 1964.


皇居

ja-pos

皇(こう)居(きょ) • (Kōkyo) ^(←くわうきよ (Kwaukyo)?)

皇居 (canonical)
Kōkyo (romanization)
Kwaukyo (romanization)
くわうきよ (hiragana historical)


しょうじ

しょうじ or ショウジ • (Shōji)

しょうじ (canonical)
ショウジ (canonical)
Shōji (romanization)


GHQ

GHQ(ジーエイチキュー) or GHQ(ジーエッチキュー) • (Jī-eichi-kyū or Jī-etchi-kyū)

GHQ (canonical)
GHQ (canonical)
Jī-eichi-kyū (romanization)
Jī-etchi-kyū (romanization)

[d͡ʑiːe̞ːt͡ɕikʲɨː]

Borrowed from English GHQ (“General Headquarters”).

bor+

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

(Japanese history) abbreviation of GHQ/SCAP (GHQ/SCAP)


こうた

ja-pos

こうた • (Kōta)

昂大, 航太, 公太, 幸太, 孔太, 好太, 孝太, 恒太: a male given name


チベット

Tibet (a geographic region in Central Asia, the homeland of the Tibetan people)

(historical) Tibet (a former country in East Asia that existed from 1912 until its annexation by China in 1951)


江東

江(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)

Kōtō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Jiangdong (a district of Zhejiang, China)


タンザニア

タンザニア連合共和国:

連合共和国 れんごうきょうわこく


泡盛

[a̠β̞a̠mo̞ɾʲi]

Originally a compound of 粟(あわ) (awa, “millet”) + 盛(も)り (mori, “lots of, pile of, ample portion of”). Awamori was originally made primarily from millet.
The current spelling using 泡 (“bubble”) for the awa portion is an example of ateji (当て字), possibly reflecting the change in ingredients from millet to rice.

ja-compound

(historical, colloquial) Satsuma Domain (as it had claims in the Okinawa region)


本州

ja-pos

本(ほん)州(しゅう) • (Honshū) ^(←ほんしう (Fonsiu)?)

本州 (canonical)
Honshū (romanization)
Fonsiu (romanization)
ほんしう (hiragana historical)

Honshu, the main island of Japan, with 100 million people, 4/5 of the Japanese population.


四国

English: Shikoku

Russian: Сико́ку m (Sikóku)

Shikoku, the fourth largest island of Japan.


テキサス州

テキサス州 (canonical)
Tekisasu Shū (romanization)

Texas - a state of the United States of America. Capital: Austin.


コロラド州

コロラド州 (canonical)
Kororado shū (romanization)

Colorado (a state in the western United States, the 38th state)


樹林

樹林 (canonical)
Jurin (romanization)
樹林 (canonical)
Kibayashi (romanization)

Shulin, a district in New Taipei City, Taiwan


アリストテレス

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs)


延長

ja-pos

延(えん)長(ちょう) • (Enchō) ^(←えんちやう (Entyau)?)

延長 (canonical)
Enchō (romanization)
Entyau (romanization)
えんちやう (hiragana historical)


不尽

archaic spelling of 富士 (Fuji): Mount Fuji


しんや

信也, 信哉, 真哉, 真矢, 真也, 慎也, 申也, 伸也, 紳矢, 晋哉: a male given name


太平洋標準時

たいへいよう ひょうじゅんじ

太(たい)平(へい)洋(よう)標(ひょう)準(じゅん)時(じ) • (Taiheiyō Hyōjunji)

太平洋標準時 (canonical)
Taiheiyō Hyōjunji (romanization)

太平洋 (Taiheiyō, “Pacific Ocean”) + 標準時 (hyōjunji, “standard time”)

com

Pacific Standard Time
Pacific Standard Time


大西洋標準時

ja-pos

たいせいよう ひょうじゅんじ

大(たい)西(せい)洋(よう)標(ひょう)準(じゅん)時(じ) • (Taiseiyō Hyōjunji)

大西洋標準時 (canonical)
Taiseiyō Hyōjunji (romanization)

Atlantic Standard Time
Atlantic Standard Time


アラスカ標準時

アラスカ ひょうじゅんじ

アラスカ標(ひょう)準(じゅん)時(じ) • (Arasuka Hyōjunji)

アラスカ標準時 (canonical)
Arasuka Hyōjunji (romanization)

Alaska Standard Time
Alaska Standard Time


日本標準時

^にほん ^へうじゆんじ

日(に)本(ほん)標(ひょう)準(じゅん)時(じ) • (Nihon Hyōjunji) ^(←にほんへうじゆんじ (Nifon Feuzyunzi)?)

日本標準時 (canonical)
Nihon Hyōjunji (romanization)
Nifon Feuzyunzi (romanization)
にほんへうじゆんじ (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iho̞ɰ̃ ço̞ːʑɨ̃ɲ̟d͡ʑi]

From 日本 (Nihon, “Japan”) + 標準時 (hyōjunji, “standard time”).


グリニッジ

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲiɲ̟id̚d͡ʑi]

From English Greenwich. Doublet of グリーンウィッチ (Gurīnwitchi).


グリニッジ標準時

ja-pos

グリニッジ ひょうじゅんじ

グリニッジ標(ひょう)準(じゅん)時(じ) • (Gurinijji Hyōjunji)

グリニッジ標準時 (canonical)
Gurinijji Hyōjunji (romanization)

グリニッジひょーじゅんじ

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲiɲ̟id̚d͡ʑi ço̞ːʑɨ̃ɲ̟d͡ʑi]

Compound of グリニッジ (Gurinijji, “Greenwich”) + 標準時 (hyōjunji, “standard time”).

compound

Daijirin
Greenwich Mean Time
ja:グリニッジ標準時


水中

Mizunaka (a district of the city of Kamitakaiguntakayamamura, Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


墺太利

ja-pos

墺太利(オーストリア) • (Ōsutoria)

オーストリア オーストリア#Japanese

obsolete spelling of オーストリア: Austria (a country in Central Europe)


スーダン

スーダン • (Sūdan)

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


トルコ共和国

トルコ共和国 (canonical)
Toruko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[to̞ɾɯ̟ko̞ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

トルコ (Toruko, “Turkey”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

compound

Republic of Türkiye
Republic of Türkiye#English:_Q43

Republic of Türkiye (official name of Turkey: a country in West Asia and Southeast Europe)


江南

From 江(こう) (kō, “river”) + 南(なん) (nan, “south”).


中国標準時

ja-pos

ちゅうごく ひょうじゅんじ

中(ちゅう)国(ごく)標(ひょう)準(じゅん)時(じ) • (Chūgoku Hyōjunji)

From 中国(ちゅうごく) (Chūgoku): China + 標準時(ひょうじゅんじ) (hyōjunji): Standard Time.

ja-r

標準時(ひょうじゅんじ) (hyōjunji)


にほんひょうじゅんじ

日本標準時 日本標準時#Japanese


満州国

満州国 (canonical)
Manshūkoku (romanization)

[mã̠ɰ̃ɕɨːko̞kɯ̟]


コネチカット州

コネチカット州 (canonical)
Konechikatto shū (romanization)

Compound of コネチカット (Konechikatto, “Connecticut”) + 州 (shū, “state”)

compound

Connecticut (a state of the United States) - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation CT) in the north-eastern United States with its capital at Hartford.


デラウェア

ja:デラウェア (曖昧さ回避)

Delaware (the first state of the United States)

Delaware, Delaware River (a river flowing from the Catskills through New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware in the northeastern United States and emptying into the Atlantic Ocean at Delaware Bay)


フロリダ州

フロリダ州 (canonical)
Furorida shū (romanization)

Florida - A state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation FL) in the south-eastern United States with its capitol at Tallahassee.


ジョージア州

ja-pos

ジョージア州(しゅう) • (Jōjia shū)

ジョージア州 (canonical)
Jōjia shū (romanization)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


ハワイ州

ハワイ州 (canonical)
Hawai-shū (romanization)

Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)


オリンピック

[o̞ɾʲĩmpʲi̥k̚kɯ̟]

ja:オリンピック (曖昧さ回避)


ビル

A transliteration of the English male given name Bill

マックス・ビル

A transliteration of the German surname Bill


アラゴン語

アラゴン語 (canonical)
Aragongo (romanization)


リトアニア語

リトアニア語 (canonical)
Ritoania-go (romanization)


バチカン

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Vatican
ja:バチカン


マスカラ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:マスカラ (アルジェリア)
ja:松村明


アイオワ

ja:アイオワ (曖昧さ回避)

(~州) Iowa (a state in the Midwestern region of the United States)

Iowa (a tributary of the Mississippi River which flows through Iowa in a southeast direction)


冬季オリンピック

冬季オリンピック (canonical)
Tōki Orinpikku (romanization)

Olympic Winter Games
Olympic Winter Games


マック

マクドナルド マクドナルド#Japanese

synonym of マクドナルド (MakuDonarudo, “McDonald's”)


マクドナルド

Borrowed from English McDonald or MacDonald.


百越

[ça̠kɯ̟e̞t͡sɨ]

(historical) Baiyue (the "hundred Yue tribes" to China's south between the first millennium BC and the first millennium AD)


福州

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


黄帝

黄(こう)帝(てい) • (Kōtei) ^(←くわうてい (Kwautei)?)

黄帝 (canonical)
Kōtei (romanization)
Kwautei (romanization)
くわうてい (hiragana historical)


南京

南京 (canonical)
南京 (canonical)
Nankin (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:南京

From the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


江蘇

Jiangsu (a province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River)


セイロン

(historical) Ceylon (former name of Sri Lanka: an island country in South Asia)


贛語

贛語 (canonical)
贛語 (canonical)
Kango (romanization)

alternative spelling of カン語 (“Gan Chinese”)


哈爾濱

Kyūjitai form of 哈爾浜: Harbin (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)


シリア

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


オーストリー

オーストリー • (Ōsutorī)


ニューヨーク州

^ニュー ^ヨーク-しゅう

ニューヨーク州(しゅう) • (Nyū Yōku-shū)

ニューヨーク州 (canonical)
Nyū Yōku-shū (romanization)


ニューヨーク市

ニューヨーク市 (canonical)
Nyūyōkushi (romanization)

New York City, the largest city of the state of New York. Abbrev.: NYC


長安

長(ちょう)安(あん) • (Chōan) ^(←ちやうあん (Tyauan)?)

長安 (canonical)
Chōan (romanization)
Tyauan (romanization)
ちやうあん (hiragana historical)


イド語

イド (Ido, from Ido Ido) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suffix

from Ido <i class="Latn mention" lang="io">Ido</i>

Ido (an artificial language, a reform of Esperanto)


古代ギリシャ語

古代ギリシャ語 (canonical)
Kodai Girishago (romanization)


現代ギリシャ語

現代ギリシャ語 (canonical)
Gendai Girishago (romanization)

Modern Greek - the Greek language as spoken since the 16th century


第二次世界大戦

ja-pos

だいにじ せかい たいせん

第(だい)二(に)次(じ)世(せ)界(かい)大(たい)戦(せん) • (Dainiji Sekai Taisen)

第二次世界大戦 (canonical)
Dainiji Sekai Taisen (romanization)

だいにじ・せかいたいせん

[dàíníꜜjì sèkáí táꜜìsèǹ]

第(だい)二(に)次(じ) (dainiji, “second”) + 世(せ)界(かい)大(たい)戦(せん) (sekai taisen, “world war”)


第一次世界大戦

ja-pos

だい.いちじ せかい たいせん

第(だい)一(いち)次(じ)世(せ)界(かい)大(たい)戦(せん) • (Daiichiji Sekai Taisen)

第一次世界大戦 (canonical)
Daiichiji Sekai Taisen (romanization)

だいいちじ・せかいたいせん

[dàííchíꜜjì sèkáí táꜜìsèǹ]

だいいちじせかいたいせん

第(だい)一(いち)次(じ) (daīchiji, “first”) + 世(せ)界(かい)大(たい)戦(せん) (sekai taisen, “world war”)


近東

(historical) Near East (the geographic region of Western Asia located southeast of Eastern Europe, comprising Anatolia, Transcaucasia, the Levant, and Mesopotamia; used primarily in historical contexts)


ルクセンブルク

[ɾɯ̟kɯ̟sẽ̞mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

From German Luxemburg. Doublet of リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru) and ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu).

doublet

ja:ルクセンブルク (曖昧さ回避)

Luxembourg (a small country in Western Europe)

ルクセンブルク大公

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (one of the twelve cantons of the country of Luxembourg, which includes its capital city)


マルタ共和国

マルタ共和国 (canonical)
Maruta Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[ma̠ɾɯ̟ta̠ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

マルタ (Maruta, “Malta”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Republic of Malta
Republic of Malta#English:_Q233

Republic of Malta (official name of Malta: an island country in Southern Europe)


山梨

Daijirin
Pyrus pyrifolia
Yamanashi
ja:ヤマナシ
ja:山梨

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 梨 (nashi, “pear”).

compound

Yamanashi (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

Yamanashi (a prefecture in south eastern Honshu, Japan)


五月雨

Compound of さ (sa-, prefix meaning "early") and an uncertain みだれ (midare), likely thought to be 水垂(みだ)れ (midare, “water fall”), where 垂(た)れ (tare) is the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 垂(た)れる (tareru). The tare changes to dare as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), from Satsuki-ame (see below).

ja-ryk

Japanese destroyer Samidare (1935)
w:Japanese destroyer Samidare (1935)

a Shiratsuyu-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II (see Japanese destroyer Samidare (1935) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)


竜王

ja-pos

竜(りゅう)王(おう) • (Ryūō) ^(←りゆうわう (Ryuuwau)?)

竜王 (canonical)
Ryūō (romanization)
Ryuuwau (romanization)
りゆうわう (hiragana historical)

/rʲuː wau/ → /rʲuːwɔː/ → /rʲuːɔː/ → /ɾʲɯᵝːoː/
From Middle Chinese 龍王 (MC ljowng hjwang).

a placename, especially of a town in the district of either Nakakoma in central Yamanashi prefecture or Gamō in south Shiga prefecture


アブダビ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; the capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)

Abu Dhabi (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates, the largest of the seven emirates)


アビジャン

Abidjan (the de facto capital and largest city of Ivory Coast)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ

From ボスニア (Bosunia, “Bosnia”) + ヘルツェゴビナ (Herutsegobina, “Herzegovina”).

af

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ


カンザス州

カンザス州 (canonical)
Kanzasu shū (romanization)

Kansas (a state of the midwest United States)


ケンタッキー州

ja-pos

ケンタッキー州(しゅう) • (Kentakkī Shū)

ケンタッキー州 (canonical)
Kentakkī Shū (romanization)


ルイジアナ

(~州) Louisiana (a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States)

ja:ルイジアナ (曖昧さ回避)


メイン州

メイン州 (canonical)
Mein Shū (romanization)

Maine (a state of the United States; probably named for the province in France)


メリーランド

[me̞ɾʲiːɾã̠ndo̞]

Maryland (a state of the United States; named for Queen Mary, queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland)

ja:メリーランド (曖昧さ回避)


マサチューセッツ州

^マサチューセッツ しゅう

マサチューセッツ州 (canonical)
Masachūsettsu shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America

Massachusetts - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation MA) in the northeastern United States with its capital and the largest city at Boston.


忠実

Probably an alteration of 真 (ma, “real, true”) + 実 (mi, “body, content; fruit, results”).


如実

[ɲ̟o̞ʑit͡sɨ]


実相寺

実(じっ)相(そう)寺(じ) or 実(じつ)相(そう)寺(じ) • (Jissōji or Jitsusōji)

実相寺 (canonical)
Jisshōji (romanization)
実相寺 (canonical)
実相寺 (canonical)
Jissōji (romanization)
Jitsusōji (romanization)

Jissō-ji (a temple in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


わに

王仁: Wani, a possibly legendary immigrant to Japan from the Korean peninsula kingdom of Baekje, invited during the reign of Emperor Ōjin (270-310 AD); notable for purportedly bringing the Analects of Confucius and the Thousand Character Classic to Japan (though this is controversial; see the Wikipedia article on Wani for details)


しんじょう

しんじょう • (Shinjō)


麻実子

麻(あさ)実(み)子(こ) or 麻(あ)実(み)子(こ) or 麻(ま)実(み)子(こ) • (Asamiko or Amiko or Mamiko)

麻実子 (canonical)
麻実子 (canonical)
麻実子 (canonical)
Asamiko (romanization)
Amiko (romanization)
Mamiko (romanization)


有実子

有(う)実(み)子(こ) or 有(ゆ)実(み)子(こ) • (Umiko or Yumiko)

有実子 (canonical)
有実子 (canonical)
Umiko (romanization)
Yumiko (romanization)


羽実子

羽(う)実(み)子(こ) or 羽(は)実(み)子(こ) • (Umiko or Hamiko)

羽実子 (canonical)
羽実子 (canonical)
Umiko (romanization)
Hamiko (romanization)


ニューヨーク

ニューヨーク • (Nyū Yōku)

[ɲ̟ɨː jo̞ːkɯ̟]

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ニューヨーク (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

ニューヨーク州

ニューヨーク市

New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey)


万葉集

万(まん)葉(よう)集(しゅう) • (Man'yōshū) ^(←まんえふしふ (Man'efusifu)?)

万葉集 (canonical)
Man'yōshū (romanization)
Man'efusifu (romanization)
まんえふしふ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 万葉 (man'yō, “ten thousand/myriad leaves”) + 集 (shū, “collection”).

com

Japan's oldest anthology of poems, compiled in c. 759 CE


万葉集

ja-pos

万(まん)葉(にょう)集(しゅう) • (Mannyōshū) ^(←まんえふしふ (Man'efusifu)?)

万葉集 (canonical)
Mannyōshū (romanization)
Man'efusifu (romanization)
まんえふしふ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 万葉 (mannyō, “ten thousand/myriad leaves”, with renjō) + 集 (shū, “collection”).

com

(rare) Japan's oldest anthology of poems, compiled in c. 759 CE


ツタンカーメン

[t͡sɨtã̠ŋka̠ːmẽ̞ɴ]

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru


アメリカ英語

アメリカ英語 (canonical)
Amerika Eigo (romanization)

アメリカ (Amerika, “America”) + 英語 (Eigo, “English language”)


アストゥリア語

アストゥリア語 (canonical)
Asuturiago (romanization)

アストゥリア (asuturia, “Asturia”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


衆議院

ja-pos

衆(しゅう)議(ぎ)院(いん) • (Shūgiin) ^(←しゆうぎゐん (Syuugiwin)?)

衆議院 (canonical)
Shūgiin (romanization)
Syuugiwin (romanization)
しゆうぎゐん (hiragana historical)

Compound of 衆議 (shūgi, “general consultation, general conference”) + 院 (-in, “parliamentary chamber”).

suf

衆議院議員

a Representative; a member of the House of Representatives

House of Representatives
House of Representatives

the House of Representatives (lower house of Japan's National Diet)

議会

deliberation assembly: Diet; Parliament; Congress

国会

national assembly: Diet; Parliament; Congress


参議院

ja-pos

参(さん)議(ぎ)院(いん) • (Sangiin) ^(←さんぎゐん (Sangiwin)?)

参議院 (canonical)
Sangiin (romanization)
Sangiwin (romanization)
さんぎゐん (hiragana historical)

[sã̠ŋʲɡʲiĩɴ]

参議院議員

a Councillor; a member of the House of Councillors

the House of Councillors (upper house of Japan's National Diet)


仏印

From 仏 (futsu, “France”) + 印 (in), see 当て字.

French Indochina
French Indochina#English:_Q646374

(dated) French Indochina (a group of former French colonies, later a confederation of associated states, existing in Indochina in Southeast Asia from 1887 to 1954 and consisting of the current territories of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia)


日仏

日仏 (canonical)
Nichifutsu (romanization)

日 (“Japan”) + 仏 (“France”) or blend of 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 仏蘭西 (Furansu, “France”)

blend

日仏協約


ぶっだ

ぶっだ (canonical)
ブッダ (canonical)
Budda (romanization)


天秤座

てんびん座 てんびん座#Japanese

alternative spelling of てんびん座 (“Libra”) (constellation)


トーゴ

ja-pos

トーゴ • (Tōgo)


スペイン領ギニア

^スペイン-りょう ^ギニア

スペイン領ギニア (canonical)
Supein-ryō Ginia (romanization)

Spanish Guinea - a former colony of Spain and country in Africa, now called Equatorial Guinea.


マダガスカル

[ma̠da̠ɡa̠sɨ̥ka̠ɾɯ̟]

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


セルビア語

セルビア語 (canonical)
Serubiago (romanization)


ワルシャワ

Borrowed from Polish Warszawa. Compare Russian Варшава (Varšava).

Warsaw (a city, the capital city of Poland)


ヘルシンキ

Helsinki (a city, the capital of Finland)


ダブリン

[da̠bɯ̟ɾʲĩɴ]


北マリアナ諸島

きた マリアナ しょとう

北(きた)マリアナ諸島(しょとう) • (Kita Mariana Shotō)

北マリアナ諸島 (canonical)
Kita Mariana Shotō (romanization)

Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands#English

Northern Mariana Islands (an archipelago and dependent territory of the United States in the Pacific Ocean)

北マリアナ諸島連邦

諸島連邦 しょとうれんぽう

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands


オーストラリア大陸

オーストラリア たいりく

オーストラリア大(たい)陸(りく) • (Ōsutoraria Tairiku)

オーストラリア大陸 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria Tairiku (romanization)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the land on the Australian tectonic plate, i.e. Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


シエラレオネ

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


ジャカルタ

[d͡ʑa̠ka̠ɾɯ̟ta̠]

Jakarta (a province of Indonesia, containing the capital city)


キルギス

[kʲiɾɯ̟ɡʲisɨ]

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


モーリシャス

[mo̞ːɾʲiɕa̠sɨ]

Mauritius (a country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (the main island of the country of Mauritius)


咲実子

咲(さ)実(み)子(こ) or 咲実子(えみこ) • (Samiko or Emiko)

咲実子 (canonical)
咲実子 (canonical)
Samiko (romanization)
Emiko (romanization)


和実子

和(かず)実(み)子(こ) or 和実子(とみこ) • (Kazumiko or Tomiko)

和実子 (canonical)
和実子 (canonical)
Kazumiko (romanization)
Tomiko (romanization)


妃実子

妃(き)実(み)子(こ) or 妃(ひ)実(み)子(こ) • (Kimiko or Himiko)

妃実子 (canonical)
妃実子 (canonical)
Kimiko (romanization)
Himiko (romanization)


高実子

高(たか)実(じつ)子(こ) or 高(たか)実(み)子(こ) or 高(たか)実(み)子(し) or 高(たか)実(み)子(ね) • (Takajitsuko or Takamiko or Takamishi or Takamine)

高実子 (canonical)
Kumiko (romanization)
高実子 (canonical)
高実子 (canonical)
高実子 (canonical)
高実子 (canonical)
Takajitsuko (romanization)
Takamiko (romanization)
Takamishi (romanization)
Takamine (romanization)


利実子

利(と)実(み)子(こ) or 利(り)実(み)子(こ) • (Tomiko or Rimiko)

利実子 (canonical)
利実子 (canonical)
Tomiko (romanization)
Rimiko (romanization)


冨実子

冨(と)実(み)子(こ) or 冨(ふ)実(み)子(こ) • (Tomiko or Fumiko)

冨実子 (canonical)
冨実子 (canonical)
Tomiko (romanization)
Fumiko (romanization)


結実

結実(ゆうみ) • (Yūmi)

結実 (canonical)
Minori (romanization)
結実 (canonical)
Yūmi (romanization)
結実 (canonical)
Yumi (romanization)


実見子

2016 September 14, “Ken-nai supōtsu [Local prefectural sports]”, in Yomiuri Shimbun:

Women: Top rank tournament (1) Okamura Ayumi (Tokuyama), (2) Shigemasa Ai (Seiko); Second rank tournament: (1) Fujita Mimiko (Tokuyama Tech), (2) Nakako Momoka (Tokuyama Industrial)

◇女子▽１位トーナメント 〈１〉岡村歩美（徳山）〈２〉重政亜依（聖光）▽２位トーナメント 〈１〉藤田実見子（徳山高専）〈２〉仲子桃加（徳山商工）

◇joshi ▽ichī tōnamento 〈ichi〉Okamura Ayumi (Tokuyama)〈ni〉Shigemasa Ai (Seikō) ▽nī tōnamento 〈ichi〉Fujita Mimiko (Tokuyama Kōsen)〈ni〉Nakako Momoka (Tokuyama Shōkō)

2020 November 29, “‘Mito o genki ni’ no negai komete eki kita guchi shibafu hiroba (Mito) [Station north exit public lawn hopes to ‘energize Mito’]”, in Yomiuri Town News:

Local Ms. Yoshida Ayu, with her daughter Mimiko (2), came to see it on their walk. “My daughter came before to see it with daddy, so this is the second time. This time again she really enjoyed it,” she smiled.

市内の吉田彩さんは、娘の実見子ちゃん（２）と、散歩中に見に来た。「娘は、この間パパとも見に来ていて、２回目。今回も大喜びです」と笑顔だった。

Shinai no Yoshida Aya-san wa, musume no Mimiko-chan (ni) to, sanpo chū ni mi ni kita. “Musume wa, kono aida papa to mo mi ni kite-ite, nikaime. konkai mo ōyorokobi desu” to egao datta.

2021 February 25 (last accessed), “Profile”, in Spica Eigo coaching, archived from the original on 2021-02-25:

Spicaの英語コーチ、MIMIこと、肥後実見子（ひごみみこ）です。英語コーチとして、全力でサポートさせて頂きますのでよろしくお願いします！

Supika no Eigo kōchi, Mimi koto, Higo Mimiko (Higo Mimiko) desu. Eigo kōchi toshite, zenryoku de sapōto sasete itadakimasu no de yoroshiku onegai shimasu!

I am Spica English coach MIMI, Higo Mimiko. As an English coach, I am grateful to have the privilege of supporting you with all my might!


実理

実(みの)理(り) or 実(み)理(り) • (Minori or Miri)

実理 (canonical)
実理 (canonical)
Minori (romanization)
Miri (romanization)


誕生寺

Tanjōji (a temple in Kamogawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)

Tanjōji (a railway station in Kumenan, Kume district, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


聖誕祭

聖誕祭 (canonical)
Seitansai (romanization)

聖誕 (seitan, “nativity”) + 祭 (sai, “festival”)

com

クリスマス クリスマス#Japanese

synonym of クリスマス (Kurisumasu, “Christmas”)


あいすらんど

ja-pos

あいすらんど or アイスランド • (Aisurando)

あいすらんど (canonical)
アイスランド (canonical)
Aisurando (romanization)


アンドラ公国

アンドラ公国 (canonical)
Andora Kōkoku (romanization)

アンドラ (Andora, “Andorra”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “principality”)

compound

Principality of Andorra
Principality of Andorra#English

Principality of Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国

ja-pos

オーストリア゠ハンガリー ていこく

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝(てい)国(こく) • (Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku)

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国 (canonical)
Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku (romanization)

[o̞ːsɨto̞ɾʲia̠hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː te̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

オーストリア゠ハンガリー (Ōsutoria-Hangarī, “Austria-Hungary”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)

af

オーストリア゠ハンガリー

Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire#English

(historical) Austro-Hungarian Empire (a former multi-ethnic empire and country in Central Europe existing from 1867 to 1918)

ja:オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国


メルクリウス

[me̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟ɾʲiɯ̟sɨ]

神

ローマ神話のオリュンポス十二神 (Rōma shinwa no Oryunposu jūnishin)


南越

[nã̠ɰ̃e̞t͡sɨ]


扶南

(historical) Funan (an ancient pre-Angkor Indianized kingdom located around the Mekong Delta)


冷戦

1999 September 16, Motohiro Katou, “ヤコブの階(かい)段(だん) [Jacob’s Stairway]”, in Ｑ.Ｅ.Ｄ. 証(しょう)明(めい)終(しゅう)了(りょう) [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 90:

The Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended.

ソ連が崩壊して東西冷戦は終わったんだ

Soren ga hōkai shite Tōzai Reisen wa owatta n da


福建

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

Fujian (a province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast)


旅人

Either an alteration of tabibito above, or a compound of 旅 (tabi, “travel”) + 人 (to, “person”, suffixing form). Compare the formation of 隼人 (hayato, name of an ancient ethnic group in Japan, literally “hawk people”), 東人 (azumato, “easterner”).

compound

Ōtomo no Tabito, an ancient Japanese noble


南氷洋

ja-pos

南(なん)氷(ぴょう)洋(よう) • (Nanpyōyō) ^(←なんぴようやう (Nanpyouyau)?)

南氷洋 (canonical)
Nanpyōyō (romanization)
Nanpyouyau (romanization)
なんぴようやう (hiragana historical)


ゴジラ

→ English: Godzilla

⇒ Translingual: †Gojirasaurus

⇒ Hindustani: gogolā

desc

Hindi: गोगोला

Hindi: गोगोला

Urdu: گوگولا

Urdu: گوگولا

Blend of ゴリラ (gorira, “gorilla”) + 鯨 (kujira, “whale”). Popularized by the 1954 movie of the same name.

blend

Daijirin
Daijisen
Godzilla
ja:ゴジラ (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明


ディズニーランド

[dʲizɨɲ̟iːɾã̠ndo̞]


大谷

ja-pos

大(おお)谷(たに) • (Ōtani) ^(←おほたに (Ofotani)?)

大谷 (canonical)
Ōtani (romanization)
Ofotani (romanization)
おほたに (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 大谷 (dàgǔ)

大(おお) (ō) + 谷(たに) (tani, literally “great valley”)


露西亜

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).
The spelling is ateji (当て字), adopted in 1877 after diplomatic pressure from Russia to change from the previous 魯西亜 spelling, out of concern that the initial 魯 (ro) character expressed a sense of foolish. However, the 露 (ro) character was chosen for its sense of dew, from the political metaphor that the morning dew will disappear as the sun rises, wherein "sun" refers to Japan.
The use of 西亜 for the latter portion is likely influenced by Chinese phonetics, and historical use of these characters to spell out the -siya portion of Rossiya in sources such as a bible translated into Chinese in 1864.

lang

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

dated spelling of ロシア: Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


山西

→ English: Shanxi

→ Manchu: ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ (sansi)

Shanxi (a province in the northern part of China)


襄陽

ja-pos

襄(じょう)陽(よう) • (Jōyō)

Xiangyang (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)


襄陽

Yangyang (a county of Gangwon Province, South Korea)


近畿

Kinki (a traditional region in central Japan, around the cities of Osaka, Kyoto and Nara, composed of Osaka, Kyoto, Nara, Hyogo, Mie, Shiga and Wakayama prefectures)


ミシガン州

ミシガン州 (canonical)
Mishigan-shū (romanization)

The State of Michigan - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MI), capital: Lansing, largest city: Detroit.


ミネソタ州

ミネソタ州 (canonical)
Minesota-shū (romanization)

Minnesota (a state in the Upper Midwest region of the United States)


ミシシッピ州

ミシシッピ州 (canonical)
Mishishippi shū (romanization)

Mississippi - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MS), capital & largest city: Jackson.


ミズーリ州

ミズーリ州(しゅう) • (Mizūri shū)

ミズーリ州 (canonical)
Mizūri shū (romanization)

Missouri (a state in the Midwestern region of the United States)


モンタナ州

Montana (a state in the Mountain West region of the United States, formerly a territory)


ネブラスカ州

ネブラスカ州 (canonical)
Neburasuka shū (romanization)

Nebraska - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation NE), capital: Lincoln, largest city: Omaha.


ネバダ

Nevada (a state in the western United States)

ja:ネバダ (曖昧さ回避)


ニュージャージー

ニュージャージー • (Nyū Jājī)

New Jersey (a state in the northeastern United States)

ja:ニュージャージー州


ニューメキシコ州

ニューメキシコ州 (canonical)
Nyūmekishiko Shū (romanization)

New Mexico - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation NM), capital: Santa Fe, Largest city: Albuquerque.


太刀

Daijisen
Heian period
Nihon Shoki
ja:松村明

/tati/ → /tat͡ɕi/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
Derived from 断ち (tachi), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 断つ (tatsu, “to sever”).
The kanji spelling is a shift from the original Chinese 大刀 (dàdāo, literally “great blade”), indicating straight swords before the Heian period, and later indicating curved swords.


けいよう

ja-pos

けいよう • (Keiyō)


山背

archaic form of 山城 (“Yamashiro Province, an old province of Japan”)


イシス

(Egyptian mythology) Isis - the ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility.


觀世音

Kyūjitai form of 観世音: (Buddhism) Guanyin


大乘佛教

大乘佛教 (canonical)
Daijō Bukkyō (romanization)

[da̠iʑo̞ːbɯ̟k̚ʲkʲo̞ː]

Kyūjitai form of 大乗仏教: (Buddhism) Mahayana Buddhism


紅葉

紅葉 (canonical)
Momiji (romanization)
Momidi (romanization)
もみぢ (hiragana historical)

⟨momi₁ti⟩ → */momʲiti/ → /momʲidi/ → /momid͡ʑi/ → /momiʑi/
Shift from Old Japanese 紅葉 (momi₁ti → momichi).
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 紅葉づ (momizu, “to turn, change color; said of leaves”).
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 紅葉 /红叶 (hóngyè), see kōyō below.


紅葉

紅葉 (canonical)
Kōyō (romanization)
Kouefu (romanization)
こうえふ (hiragana historical)

/kou jepu/ → /koːjefu/ → /koːjeu/ → /koːjoː/
From Middle Chinese compound 紅葉 (MC huwng yep, literally “crimson, red + leaf”).


紅葉

ja-pos

紅葉(あかは) or 紅葉(あけは) or 紅葉(あげは) or 紅葉(いろは) or 紅葉(かえで) or 紅葉(くれは) or 紅葉(べには) or 紅葉(もみ) or 紅葉(もよ) • (Akaha or Akeha or Ageha or Iroha or Kaede or Kureha or Beniha or Momi or Moyo)

紅葉 (canonical)
紅葉 (canonical)
紅葉 (canonical)
紅葉 (canonical)
紅葉 (canonical)
紅葉 (canonical)
紅葉 (canonical)
紅葉 (canonical)
紅葉 (canonical)
Akaha (romanization)
Akeha (romanization)
Ageha (romanization)
Iroha (romanization)
Kaede (romanization)
Kureha (romanization)
Beniha (romanization)
Momi (romanization)
Moyo (romanization)


福島

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕima̠]

福島市: Fukushima (the capital of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Fukushima (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)

Fukushima (a former town in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)

福島区: a ward of Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan


潮汕

潮(ちょう)汕(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

潮汕 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Chaoshan (a region in northeastern Guangdong, China)

潮汕鉄道

潮汕鉄道 ちょうせんてつどう


潮汕

潮(ちょう)汕(さん) • (Chōsan) ^(←てうさん (Teusan)?)

潮汕 (canonical)
Chōsan (romanization)
Teusan (romanization)
てうさん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsã̠ɴ]

alternative form of 潮汕 (Chōsen, “Chaoshan”)


潮汕

[t͡ɕa̠o̞ɕã̠ɴ]


豊富

Compound of 豊 (toyo, “bounteous, ample”) + 富み (tomi, “riches”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 富(と)む (tomu, “to accumulate, to become bounteous, to become rich”)). Also analyzable as a shift in reading from the regular on'yomi of hōfu to the expected kun'yomi for these same characters.
The town's official name was set to Toyotomi in 1940, but the area had that name earlier, likely from some time in the late 1800s or early 1900s. See also Toyotomi, Hokkaido on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

pedia

Toyotomi (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


ジュネーブ

ja-pos

ジュネーブ • (Junēbu)

ジュネーヴ ジュネーヴ#Japanese


ウラジオストク

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ʑio̞sɨ̥to̞kɯ̟]

From Russian Владивосто́к (Vladivostók).

bor

Владивосто́к


チベット語

チベット語 (canonical)
Chibettogo (romanization)


大峡谷

大峡谷 (canonical)
Daikyōkoku (romanization)


大証

大阪証券取引所 大阪証券取引所#Japanese

short for 大阪証券取引所 (Ōsaka Shōken Torihikijo): OSE, Osaka Securities Exchange.


東証

ja-pos

東(とう)証(しょう) • (Tōshō)

東京証券取引所

東京証券取引所 とうきょうしょうけんとりひきじょ


ジェリー

ジェリー • (Jerī)

A transliteration of the English male given name Jerry


深圳

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 深圳 (Shēnzhèn). Sen is not an expected on-reading of 圳 and may derive from 川's on-reading of sen, which serves as a kan'yoon reading.

obor

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


嫩江

嫩江 (canonical)
Nonkō (romanization)
Nonkau (romanization)
のんかう (hiragana historical)


青海

Qinghai (a province in northwestern China)

Qinghai, Qinghai Lake (a large lake in Qinghai province, the largest in China)


黄河

黄河 (canonical)
Kōga (romanization)
Kwauga (romanization)
くわうが (hiragana historical)

黄河文明

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


なな

奈菜, 菜奈, 奈々, 菜々, 奈也, 和々: a female given name


はなみ

花実, 英珠, 花海, 花観, 花見, 花珠, 花心, 花瑞: a female given name

花美, 華果, 華海, 華宮, 華望, 華未, 華魅, 早波: a female given name


オーストララシア

Australasia (a continental region in Oceania, consisting of Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and neighbouring islands)


中央アジア

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)央(おう)アジア • (Chūō Ajia)

中央アジア (canonical)
Chūō Ajia (romanization)

Central Asia
Central Asia#English:_Q27275

Central Asia (a landlocked geographic area of continental central Asia comprising Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)


極東

[kʲo̞kɯ̟̊to̞ː]

(dated) Far East (a geographical region of Asia, consisting of East Asia (Korea, Japan, China, the Russian Far East, etc.) and Southeast Asia, taken as a whole)


南アジア

南アジア (canonical)
Minami Ajia (romanization)

South Asia (a geographic region of Asia, comprising all the countries of the Indian subcontinent (principally India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan) and the Indian Ocean (principally Sri Lanka, Maldives))


入船

[iɾʲiɸɯ̟ne̞]

Compound of 入り (iri, “entry, entering”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 入る hairu “to enter”) + 船 (fune, “boat or ship”).

compound

the <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 入る hairu “to enter”


契丹

the Mongolian Khitan tribe that ruled Manchuria from 907–1115 C.E.


LHC

LHC (canonical)
Eru-Etchi-Shī (romanization)

[e̞ɾɯ̟ e̞t̚t͡ɕi ɕiː]


漢水

synonym of 漢江: Han River (in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)


漢江

漢江 (canonical)
Kankō (romanization)
Kankau (romanization)
かんかう (hiragana historical)


漢江

Borrowed from Korean 한강 (Han'gang), from Chinese 漢江 /汉江 (Hànjiāng).


夏の大三角形

ja-pos

^なつ の ^だいさんかくけい

^なつ の ^だいさんかっけい

夏(なつ)の大(だい)三(さん)角(かく)形(けい) or 夏(なつ)の大三角形(だいさんかっけい) • (Natsu no Daisankakukei or Natsu no Daisankakkei)

夏の大三角形 (canonical)
夏の大三角形 (canonical)
Natsu no Daisankakukei (romanization)
Natsu no Daisankakkei (romanization)

From 夏 (“summer”) + 大 (“large, great”) + 三角形 (“triangle”).

(uranography) Summer Triangle - a bright asterism of the northern summer sky. Its corners are the stars Altair, Deneb, and Vega.

冬の大三角形

大三角形 だいさんかくけい


上山

上山 (canonical)
Kamiyama (romanization)
上山 (canonical)
Ueyama (romanization)


ガリシア語

ガリシア語 (canonical)
Garishiago (romanization)


ダニエル

[da̠ɲ̟ie̞ɾɯ̟]


京阪神

京阪神 (canonical)
Keihanshin (romanization)

[ke̞ːhã̠ɰ̃ɕĩɴ]

[kééháꜜǹshìǹ]

[kééháꜜǹshìǹ]

From the first character of 京都 (“Kyoto”),
the second character of 大阪 (“Osaka”),
and the first character of 神戸 (“Kobe”).

The cities of Kyōto, Ōsaka and Kōbe (in the Kansai region).


京阪奈

From the first character of 京都 (“Kyoto”),
the second character of 大阪 (“Osaka”),
and the first character of 奈良 (“Nara”).
Note that the readings of the first two characters change (they are pronounced kei and han, not kyō and saka).


京浜

From the second character of 東京 (“Tokyo”) and the second character of 横浜 (“Yokohama”).


巨人

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 巨人 (MC gjoX nyin).
The professional baseball team is an abbreviation of one of its original names, the 東京巨人軍 (Tōkyō Kyojin-gun, “Tokyo Giants”).

読売ジャイアンツ 読売ジャイアンツ#Japanese

(baseball, colloquial) synonym of 読売ジャイアンツ (Yomiuri Jaiantsu): the Yomiuri Giants


麻生

麻生 (canonical)
Asō (romanization)
Asafu (romanization)
あさふ (hiragana historical)

⟨asapu⟩ → /asaɸu/ → /asau/ → /asɔː/ → /asoː/
From 麻 (asa, “hemp plant”) + 生 (fu, “place where vegetation grows”).

com

a ward in northwestern Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture

c. 934, Wamyō Ruijushō (volume 20, page 292)
郡治在麻生町

c. 934, Wamyō Ruijushō (volume 20, page 293)
麻生 訓闕、按當讀云阿佐布 [...]

(historical) a village in Namegata District, Hitachi Province

c. 934, Wamyō Ruijushō (Volume 61, page 763)
麻生 訓闕、按當讀云阿佐布、即麻田之義、下總常陸又有麻生郡 [...]

(historical) a village in Shimōsa Province, modern Asō, Ibaraki


鎌倉

From Old Japanese 鎌倉 (Kamakura).
Originally a compound of 竈 (kama, “oven”) + 鞍 (kura, “saddle”), from the way that the landscape as viewed from the sea looks like a saddle inside an oven, that is, a flat area in the mountains, surrounded by hills in the shape of an old traditional oven.
The kanji spelling appears to be an example of ateji (当て字), literally “sickle warehouse”.

short for 鎌倉市 (Kamakura-shi): a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan the capital city of the Kamakura shogunate

鎌倉市

鎌倉郡 加末久良 按萬葉集作可麻久良...

Minamoto, Shitagō with Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokugogaku Kokubungaku Kenkyūshitu (934–938) Shohon Shūsei Wamyō Ruijushō: Gaihen, Kyōto: Rinsen, published 1966, →ISBN, pages 203–204

Kamakura District (read [in Chinese] as 加末久良 ka-ma-ku-ra). In the Man'yōshū, it is spelled as 可麻久良 kamakura.

short for 鎌倉郡 (Kamakura-gun): a district in central Sagami Province, today part of Kanagawa Prefecture


芝浦

Shibaura (a district of Minato ward, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


正中

ja-pos

正(しょう)中(ちゅう) • (Shōchū)


承應

承(じょう)應(おう) • (Jōō)


百済

From Old Japanese 百濟 (Kudara).
The kanji spelling is from Hyakusai below.

(historical) Baekje (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 18 BCE to 660 C.E.; at its maximum covering most of modern western South Korea)

(historical) a county in southeastern Settsu Province, today a placename of Kōryō district in northwestern Nara Prefecture


ラトヴィア

alternative form of ラトビア (Ratobia): Latvia (a country in northeastern Europe)


チュニジア

[t͡ɕɨɲ̟iʑia̠]


匈奴

匈奴 (canonical)
匈奴 (canonical)
Funnu (romanization)
Fun (romanization)


源氏

From 源 (gen, on-reading of minamoto, literally “fountainhead, source”) + 氏 (-shi, “family”).

suffix

ellipsis of 源氏物語 (Genji Monogatari): The Tale of Genji, a novel by Murasaki Shikibu

源氏物語

ellipsis of 光源氏 (Hikaru Genji): the titular protagonist of the novel


ウェールズ語

ウェールズ語 (canonical)
Wēruzugo (romanization)

Borrowed from English Wales + 語(ご) (go, “language”).


江陵

ja-pos

江(こう)陵(りょう) • (Kōryō) ^(←かうりよう (Kauryou)?)

江陵 (canonical)
Kōryō (romanization)
Kauryou (romanization)
かうりよう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 강릉(江陵) (gangneung).

obor

(dated) Gangneung (a city in South Korea)


五十

五十 (canonical)
Gojū (romanization)
Gozifu (romanization)
ごじふ (hiragana historical)

/ɡoʑipu/ → /ɡoʑifu/ → /ɡoʑɨu/ → /ɡoʑuː/
From Middle Chinese compound 五十 (MC nguX dzyip).


五十

⟨i so₁⟩ → */isʷo/ → /iso/
Compound of Old Japanese elements 五(い) (i, “five”, combining form) + 十(そ) (so, “ten”).


バンコク

[bã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

From English Bangkok, from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk). The kanji spelling is ateji.


漢陽

ja-pos

漢(かん)陽(よう) • (Kan'yō) ^(←かんやう (Kan'yau)?)

漢陽 (canonical)
Kan'yō (romanization)
Kan'yau (romanization)
かんやう (hiragana historical)

綸音出漢陽馬頭佳至柳初黄此去忩々人識未好傳王語奏明光

c. 1420: Rōshōdō Nihon Kōroku (page 190)

(historical) Hanyang (an old term for Seoul)


扶桑

扶桑 (canonical)
Fusō (romanization)
Fusau (romanization)
ふさう (hiragana historical)

(Chinese mythology) a sacred tree said to exist in Japan

(Chinese mythology) a land to the east, often identified with Japan


扶桑国

扶(ふ)桑(そう)国(こく) • (Fusōkoku) ^(←ふさうこく (Fusaukoku)?)

扶桑国 (canonical)
Fusōkoku (romanization)
Fusaukoku (romanization)
ふさうこく (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟so̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

扶桑 (Fusō, legendary sacred tree to the east; legendary land to the east; poetic name for Japan) + 国 (-koku, “country, state”)


すばる

スバル: Subaru, the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI).


五十嵐

Originally a compound of 五十 (i-, “fifty”, combining form) + が (ga, Old Japanese genitive particle) + 嵐 (arashi, “storm”), with the initial a of arashi dropped due to lack of vowel clusters in Old Japanese, hence the literal meaning "fifty storms".


孝行

ja-pos

孝(たか)行(ゆき) or 孝(たか)行(つら) • (Takayuki or Takatsura)

孝行 (canonical)
孝行 (canonical)
Takayuki (romanization)
Takatsura (romanization)


晋一郎

晋一郎 (canonical)
Shin'ichirō (romanization)


神戸

神戸 (canonical)
Kōbe (romanization)
Kaube (romanization)
かうべ (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kobe

⟨kamu pe₁⟩ → ⟨kamube₁⟩ → */kamubʲe/ → /kaũbe/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Originally a compound of 神 (kamu, Old Japanese combining form of kami, “(Shinto) god, deity”) + 戸 (he, “house”); itself referring to 生田神社 (Ikuta Jinja, “Ikuta Shrine”) as attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

com

昨日、神戸から東京に引っ越しました。

Kinō, Kōbe kara Tōkyō ni hikkoshimashita.

Kobe (the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


神戸

ja-pos

神戸(ごうど) • (Gōdo)


神戸

a village in Tottori, Tottori Prefecture


神戸

神戸(こうど) • (Kōdo)

貴志川町神戸 貴志川町神戸


ベラルーシ語

ベラルーシ語 (canonical)
Berarūshigo (romanization)

[be̞ɾa̠ɾɯ̟ːɕiɡo̞]


蓬莱

Horai, a mythical Japanese paradise developed from the Chinese legend of Penglai


唐山

Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


サヌア

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


シュパイアー

シュパイアー • (Shupaiā)


泉州

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 泉州 (Quánzhōu)


泉州

Compound of 泉 (Clipping of 和泉 (“Izumi Province”)) + 州 (shū, “province”)

com+

Clipping of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">和泉</i> (“Izumi Province”)

(historical) short for 和泉国 (Izumi no kuni, “Izumi Province, a feudal province of Japan”)


湖南

Konan (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)

Hunan (a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting)


兄貴

兄貴 (canonical)
兄貴 (canonical)
Aniki (romanization)

→ Chinese: 兄貴 /兄贵 (Xiōngguì)

→ English: Aniki

Possibly derived from 兄(あに)君(きみ) (anikimi).

(informal) A nickname for older or muscular men, but especially including:

(Internet slang) Billy Herrington, gay porn actor


十三

Aomori Prefecture
John Batchelor (missionary)
Tosaminato
ja:十三湊

Possibly from Ainu to sam (literally “lake + side”).
Not attested until the late 900s in reference to 十三湊 (Tosa Minato, “Tosa Harbor”), a natural harbor on the western shore of what is now Aomori Prefecture. This harbor is located in historically Ainu territory and became an important trading port in the 900s.
The use of the kanji characters 十 (to, “ten”, from Old Japanese) and 三 (sa, “three”, from Chinese; irregular pronunciation, truncation of san) is an example of ateji (当て字).


十三

ja-pos

十(じゅう)三(ぞう) • (Jūzō)


風土記

/ɸuːdoki/ → /ɸudoki/ → /fudoki/
Shift from earlier fūdoki.

(historical) common name for Nara-period topographical texts compiled by an imperial decree of Empress Genmei


稲荷

/inanari/ → /inari/
Originally a compound of 稲 (ina, “rice plant”) + 生り (nari), the stem form of verb 生る (naru, “to fruit, to go to seed”).
The 荷 character is gikun, in reference to "bearing".

稲荷大神: Inari

稲荷大神 いなりおおかみ

稲荷神社

稲荷神社 いなりじんじゃ

a shrine dedicated to the god Inari, usually with a statue of a fox in front

稲荷講: an Inari shrine association in Kyōto

(Japanese mythology): god of harvests, fertility, rice, agriculture, foxes, industry, and worldly success

the name of various towns and stations around Japan


(computing) abbreviation of NEC PC-9801, a type of laptop computer sold by NEC starting from 1982


きそ

(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: 稀疎.)

ja-see

木曽: the area around the upper part of Kiso River, west of the Kiso Mountains; a Japanese surname


上方

The Kyoto and Osaka area in Edo period culture.


徳川

ja-pos

徳(とく)川(がわ) • (Tokugawa) ^(←とくがは (Tokugafa)?)

徳川 (canonical)
Tokugawa (romanization)
Tokugafa (romanization)
とくがは (hiragana historical)

[to̞kɯ̟ɡa̠β̞a̠]

(historical) Tokugawa, a family name, notably of Tokugawa Ieyasu, a famous Edo period shogun, founder of the Tokugawa shogunate


家康

家(いえ)康(やす) • (Ieyasu) ^(←いへやす (Ifeyasu)?)

家康 (canonical)
Ieyasu (romanization)
Ifeyasu (romanization)
いへやす (hiragana historical)

short for 徳川家康 (Tokugawa Ieyasu): the first shogun of the Edo period


FRB

FRB (canonical)
Efu Āru Bī (romanization)

[e̞ɸɯ̟ a̠ːɾɯ̟ bʲiː]

FRB 議長

連邦準備制度理事会 連邦準備制度理事会#Japanese

abbreviation of 連邦準備制度理事会 (Renpō junbiseido rijikai, “Federal Reserve Board of Governors”)

連邦準備制度理事会

連邦準備銀行 連邦準備銀行#Japanese

abbreviation of 連邦準備銀行 (Renpō junbi ginkō, “Federal Reserve Bank”)


小坂

小坂 (canonical)
Osaka (romanization)
Wosaka (romanization)
をさか (hiragana historical)

From /wosaka/ → /osaka/. Compound of 小 (o, “little”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”). The geographical area was later renamed to 大阪 (Ōsaka, Ōzaka, “large hill”).


小坂

小坂 (canonical)
Ozaka (romanization)
Wozaka (romanization)
をざか (hiragana historical)

From /wosaka/ → /wozaka/ → /ozaka/. The medial /s/ voices to /z/ due to rendaku (連濁). See above.


大坂

大(おお)坂(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Possibly from Old Japanese.
From 大 (ō, “large”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”).

obsolete spelling of 大阪 (Ōsaka) (= Osaka): the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


大坂

大(おお)坂(ざか) • (Ōzaka) ^(←おほざか (Ofozaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Ōzaka (romanization)
Ofozaka (romanization)
おほざか (hiragana historical)

The saka changes to zaka as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

(rare) obsolete spelling of 大阪 (Ōzaka), former name of Osaka: the capital of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


大坂

大(だい)坂(さか) • (Daisaka) ^(←だいさか (Daisaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Daisaka (romanization)
だいさか (hiragana historical)


九江

九(きゅう)江(こう) • (Kyūkō)

Jiujiang (a prefecture-level city of Jiangxi, China)


桔梗

桔梗 (canonical)
Kikyō (romanization)
Kikyau (romanization)
ききやう (hiragana historical)

/kikjau/ → /kikjɔː/ → /kikjoː/
From Middle Chinese 桔梗 (ket̚ kˠæŋ^X). Compare modern Cantonese reading git³ gang².


鹿角

Kazuno (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


トロント

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Toronto
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:トロント
ja:松村明

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada and largest city in Canada)

Toronto (a lakeside suburb of Greater Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, in the local government area of the City of Lake Macquarie)


北米航空宇宙防衛司令部

ほくべい こうくううちゅう ぼうえい しれいぶ

北(ほく)米(べい)航(こう)空(くう)宇(う)宙(ちゅう)防(ぼう)衛(えい)司(し)令(れい)部(ぶ) • (Hokubei Kōkūuchū Bōei Shireibu)

北米航空宇宙防衛司令部 (canonical)
Hokubei Kōkūuchū Bōei Shireibu (romanization)

北米 (Hokubei, “North America”) + 航空宇宙 (kōkūuchū, “aerospace”) + 防衛 (bōei, “defense”) + 司令部 (shireibu, “headquarters”)

compound

ほくべいこうくううちゅうぼうえいしれいぶ

the North American Aerospace Defense Command; NORAD


扶余

扶余 (canonical)
Fuyo (romanization)
夫余 (alternative)
夫餘 (alternative)
扶餘 (alternative)

an ancient Korean kingdom existing between the 2nd century BC and 494; Buyeo


東海

Tōkai (a traditional region of Japan, composed of Aichi, Gifu, Mie, and Shizuoka prefectures and sometimes the southern part of Yamanashi Prefecture)


蝦夷

→ English: Ezo, Yezo

First cited in the 久安百首 (Kyūan Hyaku Shu, “Hundred Songs of the Kyūan Era”) of 1153.
There are conflicting theories regarding the derivation of the term Ezo. The Daijirin, Shinmeikai, and Gakken dictionaries all suggest that Ezo may be a borrowing from Ainu エンチウ, enciw (“person; people, humanity”), presumably via a phonological shift somewhat like the below:
: /ent͡siw/ → */ent͡ʃiu/ → */ent͡ʃu/ → */end͡ʑu/ → /ezo/
The Kokugo Dai Jiten dictionary instead derives synonymous reading Emishi from enciw, but the phonological shifts required for such a derivation seem unlikely.

(historical) short for 蝦夷地 (Ezochi): collective name for Hokkaido (mostly), the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin before the Meiji period


蝦夷

Kojiki-den
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

⟨emi₁si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emiɕi/
From Old Japanese 蝦夷 (Emi₁si). First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720, where the word is also found with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 愛瀰詩 (Emi₁si). Further derivation unclear. Possibly from Ainu エムㇱ (“sword”) via metonymous use to refer to a warrior.
According to the Kojiki-den, the kanji spelling 蝦 (“shrimp”) + 夷 (“barbarian”) is in reference to their hairiness and savagery.

short for 蘇我蝦夷 (Soga no Emishi): Asuka-period statesman of the Yamato court, son of Soga no Umako and father of Soga no Iruka


熊襲

A compound of the names of two geographical regions: 球磨 (Kuma) + 贈於 (So), the latter of which is proposed to be cognate with such Austronesian words as tsuo, tsau, sau, thau, tau, tao, meaning "people", from Proto-Austronesian *Cau (“person”).

十二月、到於熊襲國。…

冬十月丁酉朔己酉、遣日本武尊、令撃熊襲。

時熊襲有魁帥者。

日本武尊、奏平熊襲之状曰、臣頼天皇之神靈、以兵一擧、頓誅熊襲之魁帥者、悉平其國。… 於是、日本武尊、雄誥之曰、熊襲既平、未經幾年、今更東夷叛之。

嘗西征之年、頼皇靈之威、提三尺劒、撃熊襲國。

當是時、熊襲叛之不朝貢。天皇、於是、將討熊襲國。

A geographical region in the southern area of Kyūshū.

十二年秋七月、熊襲反之不朝貢。

十二月癸巳朔丁酉、議討熊襲。

時有一臣。進曰、熊襲梟帥有二女。兄曰市乾鹿文。

時市乾鹿文、奏于天皇曰、無愁熊襲之不服。妾有良謀。… 爰從兵一人、進殺熊襲梟帥

秋八月、熊襲亦反之、侵邊境不止。

An ancient ethnic group living in the Kumaso region; possible equivalent to the Hayato people.


忍坂

Historically there was no mechanism to indicate geminate consonants, so it is difficult to determine if this was really ossaka or osaka. All three romanized pronunciations are given here: /osisaka/ → /ossaka/ → /osaka/.

c. 5-6th century: Suda Hachiman Jinja Bronze Mirror
癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟

忍坂 • (Ossaka)

712: Kojiki (page 158)
意佐加能 意富牟盧夜爾 比登佐波爾 岐伊理袁理 比登佐波爾 伊理袁理登母 美都美都斯 久米能古賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 宇知弖斯夜麻牟 美都美都斯 久米能古良賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 伊麻宇多婆余良斯
720: Nihon Shoki (page 205)
於佐箇廼、於朋務露夜珥、比苔瑳破而、異離烏利苔毛、比苔瑳破而、枳伊離烏利苔毛、瀰都瀰都志、倶梅能固邏餓、句鶩都都伊、異志都都伊毛智、于智弖之夜莽務
927: Engishiki (Kojiki, Norito page 392)
山口坐皇神等能前爾白久、飛鳥・石寸・忍坂・長谷・畝火・耳无登、御名者白弖 [...]

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(historical) Ossaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


カンナダ語

カンナダ語 (canonical)
Kannadago (romanization)


元老院

ja-pos

元(げん)老(ろう)院(いん) • (Genrōin) ^(←げんらうゐん (Genrauwin)?)

元老院 (canonical)
Genrōin (romanization)
Genrauwin (romanization)
げんらうゐん (hiragana historical)

[ɡẽ̞n̺ɾo̞ːĩɴ]

From 元老 (genrō, “elderly statesman”) + 院 (-in, “institution”).

suf

the Senate (Roman Senate; Japan's Senate; Canada's, the Philippines', France's, Spain's, Italy's, Thailand's and Malaysia's upper house)


老子

老子 (canonical)
Rōshi (romanization)
Rausi (romanization)
らうし (hiragana historical)

Daijisen
Laozi
Tao Te Ching
ja:松村明
ja:老子
ja:老子道徳経

老子道徳経 老子道徳経#Japanese

the works of Laozi: synonym of 老子道徳経 (Rōshi Dōtokukyō, “Tao Te Ching”)


大地

ja-pos

大(たい)地(ち) or 大(だい)地(ち) • (Taichi or Daichi)

大地 (canonical)
大地 (canonical)
Taichi (romanization)
Daichi (romanization)


芬蘭

フィンランド フィンランド#Japanese

obsolete spelling of フィンランド: Finland (a country in Northern Europe)


国民党

国(こく)民(みん)党(とう) • (Kokumintō) ^(←こくみんたう (Kokumintau)?)

国民党 (canonical)
Kokumintō (romanization)
Kokumintau (romanization)
こくみんたう (hiragana historical)

(politics) Japan Nation Party. See Wikipedia: Japan Nation Party


水田

水田 (canonical)
Mizuta (romanization)
Miduta (romanization)
みづた (hiragana historical)


東萊

Dongnae (a district of the Metropolitan City of Busan, South Korea)


東萊

東萊 (canonical)
Tōrai (romanization)
Tourai (romanization)
とうらい (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 동래(東萊) (dongnae).

obor

𛃉𛃞うにち とうらいに のほり まして

(dated) Dongnae (a place in Busan, South Korea)


東萊

ja-pos

東萊(とくねぎ) or 東萊(とねぎ) • (Tokunegi or Tonegi)

東萊 (canonical)
東萊 (canonical)
Tokunegi (romanization)
Tonegi (romanization)

Unknown; probably not directly from Korean 동래(東萊) (dongnae), as the phonetics are problematic.
Perhaps from Early Modern Korean *동령(東令) (*twonglyeng), a shortening of 동ᄅᆡ 령감(東萊令監) (twongloy lyengkam), referring to government officials from Dongnae.

bor

(obsolete) Dongnae (a place in Busan, South Korea)


東莞

Dongguan (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


ストックホルム

Stockholm (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; the county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden)


ザグレブ

[d͡za̠ɡɯ̟ɾe̞bɯ̟]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


レイキャヴィーク

Borrowed from English Reykjavík, from Icelandic Reykjavík.


ティラナ

Tirana (the capital and largest city of Albania)


デーヴァナーガリー

ja-pos

デーヴァナーガリー • (Dēvanāgarī)

[de̞ːba̠na̠ːɡa̠ɾʲiː]

From Sanskrit देवनागरी (devanāgarī), compound of देव (deva, “deity, divine”) + नगर (nagara, “town, city”).

Devanagari (abugida alphabet of India and Nepal)

ja:デーヴァナーガリー


テヘラン

[te̞he̞ɾã̠ɴ]


ハーグ

ハーグ • (Hāgu)

The Hague (a city, the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


ミンスク

[mʲĩɰ̃sɨkɯ̟]


グアム

Guam (an island and overseas territory of the United States in Micronesia)


天主教

天主教 (canonical)
Tenshukyō (romanization)

[tẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨkʲo̞ː]

天主(てんしゅ) (tenshu, “Cathloic”) + 教(きょう) (kyō, “-ism”)


天主

From Middle Chinese 天主 (then tsyu^X).
Earliest attested in Japanese no later than 1581. It may or may not be coincidental that Japanese 天主(てんしゅ) (Tenshu) was coined to denote the Christian God around the same time as when Chinese 天主 was adopted for the same purpose.


霊気

霊気 (canonical)
霊気 (canonical)
Reiki (romanization)

alternative medicine
alternative medicine#English

reiki (a Japanese technique of alternative medicine)


ソウル

ja:ソウル ja:ソウル特別市

Seoul (a city, the capital city of South Korea)


西宮

西宮 (canonical)
Nishinomiya (romanization)

Nishinomiya (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


茉莉

From Middle Chinese 茉莉 (MC mat lej), from Sanskrit मालती (mālatī) or मल्लिका (mallikā).


茉莉

茉莉 (canonical)
茉莉 (canonical)
Mari (romanization)

Borrowed from English Mary. The kanji spelling is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字).


茉莉

茉莉 (canonical)
茉莉 (canonical)
Marī (romanization)

Borrowed from English Marie. The kanji spelling is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字).


茉莉

ja-pos

茉莉(じゃすみん) or 茉莉(ジャスミン) or 茉莉(じゃずみん) or 茉莉(ジャズミン) • (Jasumin or Jazumin)

茉莉 (canonical)
茉莉 (canonical)
茉莉 (canonical)
茉莉 (canonical)
Jasumin (romanization)
Jazumin (romanization)

[d͡ʑa̠sɨmʲĩɴ]

[d͡ʑa̠zɨmʲĩɴ]

Borrowed from English Jasmine. The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).


生地

生地 (canonical)
Kiji (romanization)
Kidi (romanization)
きぢ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 生 (ki, “crude, pure, raw”) + 地 (ji, “earth; skin”).


生地

生地 (canonical)
生地 (canonical)
Onji (romanization)

short for 生地氏 (Onji-uji): a Nanboku-chō period clan descended from Sakanoue no Tamuramaro


生地

生地 (canonical)
Oiji (romanization)
Ofidi (romanization)
おひぢ (hiragana historical)


生地

生地 (canonical)
Ikuji (romanization)
Ikudi (romanization)
いくぢ (hiragana historical)


かがみ

佳々実, 佳々美, 加々美, 加賀実, 輝命, 香美: a female given name

加々見, 加々美, 加加美, 加ヶ見, 加賀見, 加賀実: a surname

鏡見, 鏡味, 香々見, 香々美, 香我美, 香美: a surname


紫陽花

Hydrangea macrophylla
Man'yōshū
Tōkyō
Wamyō Ruijushō
ja:アジサイ
man'yōgana

/adisawi/ → /ad͡ʑisai/
From Old Japanese. Recorded in the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE with the phonetic man'yōgana spellings 味狭藍 (adisawi) and 安治佐為 (adisawi), and in the Wamyō Ruijushō dictionary of 938 CE with the phonetic spelling 阿豆佐為 (adusawi, atusawi).
Ultimate derivation unknown. Some sources suggest that this comes from 集真藍 (adi sa-awi, literally “gathering + pure indigo”). However, this is problematic phonetically, as there is no evidence for any classical or ancient verb 集 (adu, modern azu) that would conjugate to adi (modern aji). The closest with this meaning would be 厚 (atsu), stem of the adjective 厚い (atsui, “thick; packed together”) and root of the classical verb 集む (atsumu, “to gather together”), modern 集める (atsumeru, transitive) and 集まる (atsumaru, intransitive), and this atu (modern atsu) never showed signs of voicing to adu (modern azu), let alone shifting the final vowel from -u to -i. This theory is also problematic semantically, as the hydrangea's color range never includes colors as dark as pure indigo.
Alternatively, the initial adi may be from 味 (ancient adi, modern aji; literally “flavor”), also used as an adjective referring to something good, preferable, or favorable. The sawi may be from -s- as an ancient possessive infix (see also 春雨 (harusame, “spring rain”), 真っ青 (massao, “pure blue, really blue”), 荒稲 (arashine, “unhulled rice”)) and awi from 藍 (ancient awi, modern ai; “indigo”, also used in some contexts to simply mean “blue”).
The spelling is borrowed from Chinese 紫陽花 /紫阳花 (zǐyánghuā), literally meaning “purple sun flower”, and is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).


紫陽花

ja-pos

紫陽花(しょうこ) or 紫陽花(しよか) or 紫陽花(はるか) • (Shōko or Shiyoka or Haruka)

紫陽花 (canonical)
紫陽花 (canonical)
紫陽花 (canonical)
Shōko (romanization)
Shiyoka (romanization)
Haruka (romanization)


立夏

立夏 (canonical)
Rikka (romanization)
Rituka (romanization)
りつか (hiragana historical)

First day of summer, beginning of summer (one of the solar terms)


馬頭

馬頭 (canonical)
Mezu (romanization)
Medu (romanization)
めづ (hiragana historical)

Calque of Sanskrit अश्वशीर्ष (aśvaśīrṣa).

cal

(Buddhism, Chinese mythology, Japanese mythology) Horse-Head, one of the two guardians of hell


南部

A region in northern 岩手県 (Iwate prefecture) and eastern 青森県 (Aomori prefecture). Former fiefdom of the Nanbu daimyō family.


ジェームス

ja-pos

ジェームス • (Jēmusu)

A transliteration of the English male given name James


東風

*⟨ko₁ti⟩ → */kʷoti/*⟨ko₂ti⟩ → */kəti/ → /kot͡ɕi/
From Old Japanese.
The final chi is cognate with the -te in 疾風 (hayate, “gale”).


東風

東風 (canonical)
Higashikaze (romanization)

Compound of 東 (higashi, “east”) + 風 (kaze, “wind”).


東風

東(あずま)風(かぜ) • (Azumakaze) ^(←あづまかぜ (Adumakaze)?)

東風 (canonical)
Azumakaze (romanization)
Adumakaze (romanization)
あづまかぜ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 東 (azuma, “east”, archaic) + 風 (kaze, “wind”).


東風

ja-pos

東(とう)風(ふう) • (Tōfū)

From Middle Chinese 東風 (MC tuwng pjuwng).

a placename, especially Dongfeng in China


マケドニア語

マケドニア語 (canonical)
Makedoniago (romanization)


ナポリ語

ナポリ語 (canonical)
Napori-go (romanization)

ナポリ (Napori, “Naples”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


西班牙

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 西班牙 (Xībānyá).
Borrowed from English Spain.

zh-m

西班牙 (Xībānyá)

[…]坂田通商局長が和蘭若しくは西班牙の公使に、[…]

1915 September 8, 旭新聞 (Asahi Shinbun) [The Asahi News], number 3240, page 1:

chief of the Bureau of Commerce Sakata becomes Dutch or Spanish minister

obsolete spelling of スペイン: Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


インターリングア

Interlingua (interlanguage based on Romance languages)


吾妻

ja-pos

吾(あが)妻(つま) • (Agatsuma) ^(←あがつま (Agatuma)?)

吾妻 (canonical)
Agatsuma (romanization)
Agatuma (romanization)
あがつま (hiragana historical)


ハングル

[hã̠ŋɡɯ̟ɾɯ̟]

2003, P.Word, “韓(かん)国(こく)語・朝(ご・ちょう)鮮(せん)語(ご)・ハングル 言(げん)語(ご)と正(せい)書(しょ)法(ほう)と組(くみ)版(はん)方(ほう)法(ほう) (Kankokugo Chōsengo Hanguru Gengo to Seishohō to Kumihan Hōhō)”, in 多(た)言(げん)語(ご)組(くみ)版(はん)研(けん)究(きゅう)会(かい) (Tagengo Kumihan Kenkyūkai):

文法も漢字語も日本語と類似している部分が多いが、通常ハングルのほうが日本語より文字数が多い。口語体はハングルが短くなる場合が多い。

Bunpō mo kanjigo mo Nihongo to ruiji shiteiru bubun ga ōi ga, tsūjō Hanguru no hō ga Nihongo yori mojisū ga ōi. Kōgotai wa Hanguru ga mijikaku naru baai ga ōi.

The grammar and Sinoxenic words have many common parts with Japanese, but usually hangul has a higher character count than Japanese. For colloquial language, there are many cases where hangul becomes shorter.

(proscribed, nonstandard) the Korean language


鳩山

ja:鳩山 ja:鳩山由紀夫

Yukio Hatoyama (鳩山由紀夫 はとやま ゆきお, Hatoyama Yukio)

prime minister of Japan (16 September 2009 to 2 June 2010)

Hatoyama (a town in Hiki district, Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


俄羅斯

俄(オ)羅(ロ)斯(シャ) • (Orosha) ^(←オロシヤ (Orosya)?)

俄羅斯 (canonical)
Orosha (romanization)
Orosya (romanization)
オロシヤ (historical katakana)

From Mandarin 俄羅斯 /俄罗斯 (Éluósī), affected by Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).

(Can we date this quote?), ja:森鷗外, 柵草紙の山房論文:

美術を評し、文學を論ずるに當りて、沒理想を基とするものは、獨逸に文庫 Magazin の一黨あり、スカンヂナヰヤにイプセンが餘流あり、英吉利にも俄羅斯にもその人あれど、概皆エミル・ゾラを宗とす。

Bijutsu o hyōshi, bungaku o ronzuru ni atari te, botsurisō o moto to suru mono wa, Doitsu ni bunko Magatsīn no ittō ari, Sukanjinaiya ni Ipusen ga yoryū ari, Igirisu nimo Orosha nimo sono hito aredo, ohomune mina Emiru Zora o mune tosu.


ビリニュス

[bʲiɾʲiɲ̟ɨsɨ]


あぐり

After previous births of female children, a name given to a female child in the hope that she will be the last female child and next will be a male child. Later, by extension, a name given to either male or female children to express that he or she will be the last child. Etymology is unknown, but dialectal forms equivalent to 溢れる (afuru, “overflow”) and 余り (amari, “surplus”) have been proposed.


愚公

The name of a character in the fifth volume, 湯問 or "The Questions of Tang", of the Chinese Daoist text 列子 (Liezi). The name literally means "stupid old man". In the story, two large mountains stand before the character's house, impeding access, so the character and his family begin moving the mountains. A different character portrayed as a clever wag derides the family for their foolishness in moving the mountains instead of their house, but the emperor hears about them and is so impressed with their ambition and dedication that he arranges to have the mountains moved.

the character in the Chinese text Liezi.


高雄

高雄 (canonical)
Takao (romanization)
Takawo (romanization)
たかを (hiragana historical)

From earlier 高(たか)尾(お) (takao), in which 尾 is short for 尾根(おね) (one), thus literally “high mountain ridge”.


高雄

高(たか)雄(お) or 高雄(タカオ) • (Takao) ^(←たかを (Takawo)?)

高雄 (canonical)
高雄 (canonical)
Takao (romanization)
Takawo (romanization)
たかを (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 高雄

→ Mandarin: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ English: Kaohsiung

→ Korean: 가오슝 (Gaosyung)

→ Russian: Гаосюн (Gaosjun)

→ Min Nan: 高雄 (Ko-hiông)

→ Vietnamese: Cao Hùng

→ English: Takao

From Hokkien 打狗 (Táⁿ-káu), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”). The kanji were borrowed from unrelated etymology 1.

Kaohsiung (a city in southwestern Taiwan)


台中

From Mandarin 臺中 /台中 (Táizhōng), possibly via English Taichung.


台中

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺中.


クリミア・タタール語

クリミア・タタール語 (canonical)
Kurimia Tatārugo (romanization)

ja:クリミア・タタール語


ブルートゥース

ja-pos

ブルートゥース • (Burūtūsu)

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ːtɯ̟ːsɨ]

Borrowed from English Bluetooth, calqued from Old Norse Blátǫnn. See there for more.

(networking) Bluetooth (personal area wireless network)


閩南

southern Fujian (a region of Fujian, China)


蒙古

From Chinese 蒙古 (Měnggǔ), from Mongolian ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mungɣul) / Монгол (Mongol).

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


波蘭

The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 波蘭 /波兰 (Bōlán).

ポーランド ポーランド#Japanese


内蒙古

Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia#English:_Q41079

Inner Mongolia (a Mongolian autonomous region of China)


品川

Shinagawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


メルボルン

[me̞ɾɯ̟bo̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


三門峡

三門峡 (canonical)
Sanmonkyō (romanization)

Sanmenxia, a prefecture-level city in western Henan province in China