仁川

仁(じん)川(せん) • (Jinsen) ^(←じんせん (Zinsen)?)

仁川 (canonical)
Jinsen (romanization)
Zinsen (romanization)
じんせん (hiragana historical)

→ English: Jinsen

[d͡ʑĩɰ̃sẽ̞ɴ]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 인천(仁川) (incheon).


淄博

Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


アブハジア

international community
international community

Abkhazia (a geographic region and de-facto independent but largely unrecognized country in the Caucasus on the border of Europe and Asia; considered part of Georgia's territory by the vast majority of the international community)


エイブラハム

A transliteration of the English male given name Abraham


アビシニア

(historical) Abyssinia (former name of Ethiopia: a country and former empire in East Africa; used as an exonym until the mid 20th century)


アケローン

ja-pos

アケローン • (Akerōn)

[a̠ke̞ɾõ̞ːɴ]


使徒行伝

使徒行伝 (canonical)
Shitogyōden (romanization)

[ɕito̞ɡʲo̞ːdẽ̞ɴ]


アダム

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “神(かみ)さまごっこ [God Simulator]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 143:

I’ll call you two Adam and Eve. I’m the one who created you. Feel free to enjoy your lives here in Paradise. One thing, though. You must not eat fruit from this tree. This is the fruit of wisdom. Hey, are you listening to what I'm saying?

きみたちをアダムとイブと名づける ぼくがきみたちをこさえたんだからね この楽園で自由に楽しくくらしなさい ひとつだけ注意しておく この木の実だけは絶対に食べてはいけない これは知恵の木の実といって おいこら聞いてるのか

Kimi-tachi o Adamu to Ibu to nazukeru Boku ga kimi-tachi o kosaeta n da kara ne Kono rakuen de jiyū ni tanoshiku kurashinasai Hitotsu dake chūi shite oku Kono ki no mi dake wa zettai ni tabete wa ikenai Kore wa chie no ki no mi to itte Oi kora kiiteru no ka


アデレード

Adelaide (the state capital of South Australia)


海軍元帥

海軍元帥 (canonical)
Kaigun Gensui (romanization)

Admiral of the Fleet
Admiral of the Fleet


アイマラ

Aymara (indigenous people of South America)


降臨節

降臨節 (canonical)
Kōrinsetsu (romanization)

[ko̞ːɾʲĩɰ̃se̞t͡sɨ]


しょうこ

しょうこ • (Shōko)

翔子, 聖子, 祥子, 荘子, 抄子, 渉子, 昌子, 昌己, 硝子, 紫陽花: a female given name


アディゲ

Adygea (a republic and federal subject of south-west Russia)


アイオロス

(Greek mythology) Aeolus (character in Greek mythology)


アエロフロート

[a̠e̞ɾo̞ɸɯ̟ɾo̞ːto̞]


アイソーポス

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Αἴσωπος (Aísōpos).


啓蒙時代

啓蒙時代 (canonical)
Keimō Jidai (romanization)

Age of Enlightenment
Age of Enlightenment

Age of Enlightenment (period of history)


アーグラ

ja-pos

アーグラ • (Āgura)


アフマダーバード

アフマダーバード • (Afumadābādo)

Ahmedabad (the largest city in Gujarat, India)


アパラチア山脈

アパラチア山脈 (canonical)
Aparachia Sanmyaku (romanization)

[a̠pa̠ɾa̠t͡ɕia̠ sã̠mʲːa̠kɯ̟]

Appalachians (a mountain range in eastern North America)


アキテーヌ

administrative region
administrative region

(historical) Aquitaine (a former duchy in the kingdom of France, long held by the kings of England)

(historical) Aquitaine (a former province of the kingdom of France)

(historical) Aquitaine (a former administrative region of France, now part of Nouvelle-Aquitaine)


北極線

北極線(ほっきょくせん) • (Hokkyokusen) ^(←ほくきよくせん (Fokukyokusen)?)

北極線 (canonical)
Hokkyokusen (romanization)
Fokukyokusen (romanization)
ほくきよくせん (hiragana historical)

[ho̞k̚ʲkʲo̞kɯ̟sẽ̞ɴ]

(geography) Arctic Circle (one of the five major circles of latitude)


白羊宮

白(はく)羊(よう)宮(きゅう) • (Hakuyōkyū) ^(←はくやうきゆう (Fakuyaukyuu)?)

白羊宮 (canonical)
Hakuyōkyū (romanization)
Fakuyaukyuu (romanization)
はくやうきゆう (hiragana historical)

[ha̠kɯ̟jo̞ːkʲɨː]

白羊 (hakuyō, “white sheep”) + 宮 (-kyū, “astrological sign”)


なのり

奈乃李: Nanori, a female Japanese given name


アヴィニョン

[a̠bʲiɲ̟õ̞ɴ]


アスンシオン

[a̠sɨ̃ɰ̃ɕiõ̞ɴ]


南北戦争

南北戦争 (canonical)
Nanboku Sensō (romanization)

[nã̠mbo̞kɯ̟̊ sẽ̞ɰ̃so̞ː]

American Civil War (civil war in the United States (1861–1865))


アルプス

亜耳伯士山

Arupusu-san o toppa seshi rekishi wa furuku yuki shiroshi

Alps (a mountain range in Western Europe)


アルザス

Alsace (a cultural region, former administrative region and historical province of France; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Grand Est)


ケンタウルス座アルファ星

ja-pos

ケンタウルスざ アルファぼし

ケンタウルス座(ざ)アルファ星(ぼし) • (Kentaurusuza Arufaboshi)

ケンタウルス座アルファ星 (canonical)
Kentaurusuza Arufaboshi (romanization)

Alpha Centauri (brightest star in the southern constellation of Centaurus)


イラーハーバード

イラーハーバード • (Irāhābādo)


アルジェ

From French Alger (“Algiers”), from Arabic الجزائر (al-jazāʔir, “Algeria; Algiers”, literally “the islands”).

der

Algiers (a city, the capital city of Algeria)


阿爾及

Ateji (当て字). The katakana form is nearly always used instead. Compare Chinese 阿爾及利亞 /阿尔及利亚 (Ā'ěrjílìyà).


アリス

A transliteration of the English female given name Alice


アレキサンダー大王

ja-pos

アレキサンダー だいおう

アレキサンダー大王 (canonical)
Arekisandā Daiō (romanization)

Calque of English Alexander the Great, equivalent to アレキサンダー (Arekisandā, “Alexander”) + 大王 (daiō, “great king”)

af

アレクサンドロス大王 アレクサンドロス大王#Japanese

alternative form of アレクサンドロス大王 (Arekusandorosu Daiō, “Alexander the Great”)


オールバニ

ja:オールバニ (曖昧さ回避)

Albany (the capital city of the state of New York in the United States, and the county seat of Albany County, New York)

Albany (a major river in Ontario, Canada)

Dougherty County
Dougherty County#English

Albany (a sizable city, the county seat of Dougherty County, Georgia, United States (76,939 during the 2000 census))

Albany (a home rule city, the county seat of Clinton County, Kentucky)

Albany (a city, the county seat of Gentry County, Missouri)

Albany (a city, the county seat of Linn County, Oregon)

Shackelford County
Shackelford County#English

Albany (a city, the county seat of Shackelford County, Texas, United States)

Albany (a city in Alameda County, California, United States)

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

Albany (a port city in the Great Southern region, Western Australia)

Albany (a northern suburb of Auckland, New Zealand)


アルバート

A transliteration of the English male given name Albert


アリューシャン列島

ja-pos

アリューシャン れっとう

アリューシャン列島(れっとう) • (Aryūshan Rettō)

アリューシャン列島 (canonical)
Aryūshan Rettō (romanization)


アレクサンダー

From English Alexander, from Latin Alexander, from Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros). Doublet of アレクサンドロス (Arekusandorosu).


アレクサンドルーポリ

[a̠ɾe̞kɯ̟sã̠ndo̞ɾɯ̟ːpo̞ɾʲi]


アメリカ州

アメリカ州 (canonical)
Amerika Shū (romanization)


アムステルダム

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


アンデス山脈

アンデス山脈 (canonical)
Andesu Sanmyaku (romanization)

[ã̠nde̞sɨ sã̠mʲːa̠kɯ̟]

Andes (a mountain range in South America)


アンガラ川

アンガラ川 (canonical)
Angara-Gawa (romanization)


アンコール・ワット

[ã̠ŋko̞ːɾɯ̟ β̞a̠t̚to̞]

ja:アンコール・ワット


英語圏

Anglosphere (set of anglophone countries)


安南

安南語

安南山脈

安南人

安南都護府

安南焼


アンタナナリボ

Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar)


アンソニー

アンソニー • (Ansonī)


黙示録

黙示録 (canonical)
Mokushiroku (romanization)

[mo̞kɯ̟̊ɕiɾo̞kɯ̟]

黙示(もくし) (mokushi, “apocalypse”) + 録(ろく) (-roku, “record”).
First attested in 1898.


バビロン

(historical) Babylon (an ancient city, the ancient capital of Babylonia in modern Iraq, built on the banks of the Euphrates)


バーデン゠ヴュルテンベルク

[ba̠ːdẽ̞nbʲɨɾɯ̟tẽ̞mbe̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

ja:バーデン＝ヴュルテンベルク州


バンドン

Bandung (a city, the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia)


バンダルスリブガワン

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital of Brunei)


バンガロール

Bangalore (a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India)


バンギ

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English

Bangui (the capital city of the Central African Republic)


バンジュール

ja-pos

バンジュール • (Banjūru)


包頭

包(ほう)頭(とう) • (Hōtō)

Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in northern China)


べんざいてん

弁才天: The Japanese name for the Hindu goddess Saraswati.


かなみ

佳南, 佳波, 佳浪, 光波, 加波, 可南, 可実, 叶光: a female given name

叶実, 叶心, 叶望, 叶未, 叶美, 哉実, 哉海, 哉美: a female given name

圭洋, 夏南, 夏波, 奏名, 奏実, 奏弓, 奏弥, 奏心: a female given name

金見: Kanami (placename on the island of Tokunoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


かまくら

a winter festival in Akita Prefecture, during which children get to play in quinzhee-like snow huts


とよた

トヨタ: Toyota Motor Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of cars.


よこはま

横浜: The capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture (神奈川県), Honshu, Japan.


バレンツ海

バレンツ海 (canonical)
Barentsukai (romanization)


たぶせ

田布施: Tabuse, Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan. (田布施町)


てんせい

典生, 典正, 天晴, 天生, 天聖, 天声, 天青, 添星: a male given name


朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

ちょうせん みんしゅ しゅぎ じんみん きょうわこく

^てうせん ^みんしゆ ^しゆぎ ^じんみん ^きようわこく

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)民(みん)主(しゅ)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku)?)

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 (canonical)
Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku (romanization)
てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

ちょーせん・みんしゅしゅぎ・じんみんきょーわこく

ちょーせんみんしゅしゅぎじんみんきょーわこく

[t͡ɕo̞ːse̞m mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ ɕɨɡʲi d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 民主主義 (minshu shugi, “democracy”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), an orthographic borrowing from Korean 조선민주주의인민공화국(朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) (joseon-minjujuui-inmin-gonghwaguk).

af

Democratic People's Republic of Korea#English:_Q423

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (official name of North Korea: a country in East Asia)

ja:朝鮮民主主義人民共和国


なおみ

直美, 真実, 尚美, 奈緒美, 直見: a female given name


最愛

最愛 (canonical)
最愛 (canonical)
Moai (romanization)
Moa (romanization)


ボーパール

ja-pos

ボーパール • (Bōpāru)

Bhopal (the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India)

Bhopal (a district of Madhya Pradesh, India, containing the city of the same name)


ビキニ

Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ビキニ
ja:松村明

From English bikini, Bikini, from French bikini, Bikini, from German Bikini, from Marshallese Pikinni.

ビキニ環礁


カメハメハ

The name of several kings of Hawaii, most notably Kamehameha I.


ビッグバン

[bʲiɡ̚ɡ̊ɯ̟ bã̠ɴ]

2002 September 30 [1996 September 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)と銀(ぎん)河(が)超特急(エクスプレス) [Nobita and the Galaxy Express] (大長編ドラえもん; 16), 20th edition, volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 39:

The universe was just born from a huge explosion!! It is called “the Big Bang”.

生まれたばかりの宇宙が大爆発‼いわゆる「ビッグバン」です。

Umareta bakari no uchū ga daibakuhatsu‼ Iwayuru “Biggu Ban” desu.


釜山

「釜山港へ帰れ」


釜山

ふ(후)さん(산)よ(요)り(리) こ(고)の(노)は(호)う(우)に(니)

(historical, including colonial) Busan (a city in South Korea)


釜山

1906, 大和田建樹, 天谷秀, 満韓鉄道唱歌
あれよと指さす程もなく 船は釜山に着きにけり
are yo to yubisasu hodo mo naku fune wa Fuzan ni tsukinikeri
before one can point to it and say, 'There it is!' our boat has arrived in Pusan

1929, Kōsaku Hamada, Hakubutsukan [The Museum]:

This place (Gyeongju) can be reached by taking a train from Busan to Gyeongseong, arriving at Daegu in about an hour, getting off there, and driving east for three to four hours by car.

こゝは釜山から京城へ行く汽車に乘つて、一時間ばかりで大邱に着き、そこで下車して自動車で東の方へ三四時間も走るとすぐ行かれる所です。

Koko wa Fuzan kara Keijō e yuku kisha ni notte, ichi-jikan bakari de Taikyū ni tsuki, soko de gesha shite jidōsha de higashi no hō e san-yo-jikan mo hashiru to sugu yukareru tokoro desu.


ブリヤート

Buryatia (a republic and federal subject in southeast Russia)


バーガー

バーガー • (Bāgā)

Borrowed from English surname Burger or Berger.

A transliteration of the English surname Burger or Berger


ブルガリア語

ブルガリア語 (canonical)
Burugaria-go (romanization)


バッファロー

バッファロー • (Baffarō)

[ba̠ɸːa̠ɾo̞ː]

Buffalo (a major city, the county seat of Erie County, New York, USA; very near Niagara Falls)

Buffalo (a small city in Scott County, Iowa)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Wright County, Minnesota)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Dallas County, Missouri)

Buffalo (a town, the county seat of Harper County, Oklahoma)

census-designated place
census-designated place

Buffalo (a census-designated place in Union County, South Carolina)

Buffalo (a town, the county seat of Harding County, South Dakota)

Buffalo (a small city in Leon County, Texas)

Buffalo (a town in Putnam County, West Virginia)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Johnson County, Wyoming)


バッキンガム宮殿

バッキンガム きゅうでん

バッキンガム宮殿 (canonical)
Bakkingamu Kyūden (romanization)

[ba̠k̚ʲkʲĩŋɡa̠mɯ̟ kʲɨːdẽ̞ɴ]

バッキンガム (“Buckingham”) + 宮殿 (“palace”), calque of British English Buckingham Palace

af

はっきんがむきゅうでん'

cal

はっきんがむきゅうでん'

Buckingham Palace (the official London residence of the British monarch)


青銅器時代

ja-pos

青(せい)銅(どう)器(き)時(じ)代(だい) • (Seidōki Jidai)

青銅器時代 (canonical)
Seidōki Jidai (romanization)

From 青(せい)銅(どう)器(き) (seidōki, “bronzeware”) + 時(じ)代(だい) (jidai, “age”).


ブレーメン

Bremen (the capital city of the state of Bremen, Germany)


バステール

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


バスティーユ牢獄

ja-pos

^バスティーユ-ろうごく

バスティーユ牢獄 (canonical)
Basutīyu-rōgoku (romanization)


バルセロナ

Barcelona (a city and municipality of the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; the capital city of Catalonia)

Barcelona (a province of Catalonia, Spain)

Rio Grande do Norte
Rio Grande do Norte#English

Barcelona (a municipality of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil)

Barcelona (a hamlet in Pelynt parish, Cornwall, England)

Barcelona (a municipality of Sorsogon, Philippines)

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

Barcelona (an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States)

Barcelona (the capital city of the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela)


飛沫

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 繁吹く (shibuku, “to splash, to spray”).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), borrowed from Chinese 飛沫 /飞沫 (fēimò).


ビュザンティオン

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Βυζάντιον (Buzántion)

lbor

(historical) Byzantium (an ancient Greek city situated on the Bosporus in modern Turkey, renamed Constantinople in 330 C.E.; modern Istanbul)


東ローマ帝国

ja-pos

ひがし ローマ ていこく

東(ひがし)ローマ帝(てい)国(こく) • (Higashi Rōma Teikoku)

東ローマ帝国 (canonical)
Higashi Rōma Teikoku (romanization)

From 東 (higashi, “east”) + ローマ帝国 (Rōma Teikoku, “Roman Empire”).


バタフライ

ja:バタフライ (曖昧さ回避)


ブッシュ

a transliteration of the English surname Bush


バーミンガム

Borrowed from British English Birmingham.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Birmingham (a major city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England)


デウス

Borrowed from Portuguese Deus. First cited to a work from 1598.


最上

Mogami (a town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


巨蟹宮

巨蟹宮 (canonical)
Kyokaikyū (romanization)

巨 (kyo, “giant”) + 蟹 (kai, “crab”) + 宮 (kyū, “astrological sign”)


アプリル

2020, Takaguchi Satosumi, Kuro – ni gurēdo:

そしてアプリルはその日ずっと眠り続けていた
言うべきだトリスタンを殺したのはアプリルだ

Soshite Apuriru wa sono hi zutto nemuri-tsuzuketeita
Iu-beki da Torisutan o koroshita no wa Apuriru da

Then all that day April continued to sleep.
It should be said, the one who killed Tristan is April

A transliteration of the English female given name April


チェチェン

[t͡ɕe̞t͡ɕẽ̞ɴ]

Chechnya (a republic and federal subject of Russia, in the northern Caucasus)


ミケランジェロ

ミケランジェロ・ディ・ロドヴィーコ・ブオナローティ・シモーニ

Mikeranjero di Rodovīko Buonarōti Shimōni

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni

ja:ミケランジェロ・ブオナローティ


ラファエル

[ɾa̠ɸa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

ja:ラファエル
ja:ラファエル (曖昧さ回避)


新潟

ja-pos

新(にい)潟(がた) • (Niigata) ^(←にひがた (Nifigata)?)

新潟 (canonical)
Niigata (romanization)
Nifigata (romanization)
にひがた (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iːɡa̠ta̠]

Compound of 新 (nii-, “new; fresh”) + 潟 (kata, “tidal flat; lagoon”), most likely in reference to the location. The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Niigata (the capital city of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


近衛

近衛 (canonical)
Konoe (romanization)
Konowe (romanization)
このゑ (hiragana historical)

このえ: /koɴ.we/ → /konowe/ → /konoe/
こんえ: /koɴ.we/ → /kon.e/
ちかきまもり: 近き (tikaki, attributive of 近し (tikasi)) + 守り (mamori, “guard”)

af

attributive of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">近し</i> (tikasi)


美濃

⟨mi₁no₁⟩ → /mʲinʷo/ → /mino/
From Old Japanese.
The name of a province in ancient Japan, this appears in the oldest records of the 600s, and again later in the Kojiki of 712 CE, as 三野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “three + farm/field + 's + province”), apparently because the region had three large farms. This shifted to 御野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “honorable + farm/field + 's + province”), by roughly 702 CE, then a few years later in roughly 708 CE the spelling was officially changed to 美濃国 (Mino no kuni, literally “beautiful + rich/concentrated + 's + province”), with this spelling then later becoming the only one.

(historical) short for 美濃国 (Mino no kuni): Mino Province, an old province of Japan

美濃国

short for 美濃市 (Mino-shi): Mino (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

美濃市

short for 美濃紙 (Mino-gami, “traditional Japanese paper made in the Mino area”)

美濃紙

short for 美濃絹 (Mino-ginu, “traditional Japanese silk made in the Mino area”)


天津麻羅

ja-pos

天(あま)津(つ)麻(ま)羅(ら) or 天津麻羅(アマツマラ) • (Amatsumara)

天津麻羅 (canonical)
天津麻羅 (canonical)
Amatsumara (romanization)

Phrase consisting of 天 (ama, “heaven”) + つ (tsu, Old Japanese possessive particle) + まら (mara). The 津 is ateji. The mara portion is of unknown origin, but theories include:
* Alteration from 目占 (meura, “eye divination”), suggesting one-eyed, from how a smith will visually check the temperature of the working metal by looking at it with one eye, or possibly from the way that many smiths lose an eye in the course of their work.
* From a Mongolian word mara meaning iron.
* From Sanskrit-derived Buddhist term 摩羅 (mara, “penis”), by metaphor for a smith's hammer.
The second theory is problematic, as there does not appear to be any Mongolian term with a pronunciation similar to mara that means iron, or even steel or metal or smith. The third theory is problematic as the Buddhist term came into Japanese later than the formative period for myths naming Amatsumara. Thus, if the first theory is accepted as the most likely, Amatsumara is likely the same god as 天目一個 (Amanomahitotsu, literally “heaven's one-eyed”).

compound

(Japanese mythology) Amatsumara, the Japanese god of the forge, metalcraft, and blacksmithing

天目一箇

天目一箇 あまのまひとつ


鍛冶神

Compound of 鍛冶 (kaji, “forge”) + 神 (shin, “god”).

(Japanese mythology) Kajishin, the Japanese god of the forge, metalcraft, and blacksmithing


釧路

Kushiro (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


貴族院

ja-pos

貴(き)族(ぞく)院(いん) • (Kizokuin) ^(←きぞくゐん (Kizokwin)?)

貴族院 (canonical)
Kizokuin (romanization)
Kizokwin (romanization)
きぞくゐん (hiragana historical)

From 貴族 (kizoku, “noble”) + 院 (-in, “institution”, from 議院 (giin, “parliamentary chamber”)).

suf

from <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">議院</i> (giin, “parliamentary chamber”)

(history) the House of Peers (upper house of Japan's Imperial Diet)

the House of Lords (upper house of Britain's or Ireland's Parliament)

(history) the Chamber of Peers (upper house of France's Parliament)


那須

Nasu (a town in Nasu district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

Nasu (a district of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


舞鶴

Maizuru (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


対馬

The kanji were transliterated into Old Chinese by Chen Shou in Wajinden(original text here)

After crossing a sea for the first time, one arrives at Tsushima Province in more than 1,000 li.(Wiktionary translation)

Shǐ dù yī hǎi, qiān yú lǐ zhì Duìmǎ guó.

始度一海，千餘里至對馬國。

始度一海，千余里至对马国。


閻魔

閻魔 (canonical)
閻魔 (canonical)
Enma (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 閻魔 (MC yem ma), from Sanskrit यम (yamá). Doublet of 夜摩 (Yama).

(Buddhism): Enma, the Japanese name for Yama, the Buddhist and Chinese god who presides over naraku (hell).

閻魔大王

閻魔大王 えんまだいおう


富士

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 富士 (Fùshì)

→ Cantonese: 富士 (fu³ si⁶)

→ Dutch: Fuji

→ English: Fuji

→ French: Fuji

→ German: Fuji

→ Italian: Fuji

→ Korean: 후지 (Huji)

→ Portuguese: Fuji

→ Russian: Фудзи (Fudzi)

→ Spanish: Fuji

→ Vietnamese: Phú Sĩ

⟨puzi⟩ → /ɸuʑi/ → /fuʑi/
From Old Japanese 富士 (Puzi).

人知れぬ思ひをつねにするがなる富士の山こそ我が身なりけれ

hito shirenu omoi o tsune ni Suruga naru Fuji-no-yama koso waga mi narikere

富士, 不二, 不尽: short for 富士山 (Fujisan): Mount Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan)

Fuji (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


小倉

小倉 (canonical)
Ogura (romanization)
小倉 (canonical)
Kokura (romanization)


ジョン

A transliteration of the English male given name John

A transliteration of the English surname John


秀吉

ja-pos

秀(ひで)吉(よし) or 秀(ひで)吉(きち) • (Hideyoshi or Hidekichi)

秀吉 (canonical)
秀吉 (canonical)
Hideyoshi (romanization)
Hidekichi (romanization)


筑波

A place name which is often found in Ibaraki Prefecture, such as with the city of Tsukuba.


アーサー

アーサー • (Āsā)


ジョージ

ジョージ • (Jōji)

A transliteration of the English male given name George


民主党

民(みん)主(しゅ)党(とう) • (Minshutō) ^(←みんしゅたう (Minsyutau)?)

民主党 (canonical)
Minshutō (romanization)
Minsyutau (romanization)
みんしゅたう (hiragana historical)

日本民主党

(of various countries) the Democratic Party


カリフォルニア

[ka̠ɾʲiɸo̞ɾɯ̟ɲ̟ia̠]

カリフォルニア州

California (a state of the United States)

ja:カリフォルニア (曖昧さ回避)


迦具土

迦(か)具(ぐ)土(つち) or 迦具土(カグツチ) • (Kagutsuchi)

迦具土 (canonical)
迦具土 (canonical)
Kagutsuchi (romanization)

[ka̠ɡɯ̟t͡sɨ̥t͡ɕi]

Originally an Old Japanese compound of かぐ (kagu, obsolete verb root meaning “to shine, to sparkle”, seen in modern verbs 耀う kagayou, 輝く kagayaku “to shine, to sparkle”) + つ (tsu, Old Japanese possessive particle) + ち (chi, “power, life force”, found as root component in terms 命 inochi “life”, 力 chikara “power, strength”). The kanji are ateji (当て字).

com

(Japanese mythology) Kagutsuchi (the fire god, who, when he was born, burnt his mother 伊弉冉 (Izanami)'s genitals, injured her, caused her to spontaneously birth more gods from her vomit, and eventually killed her, which then caused him to be killed by his father 伊弉諾 (Izanagi))


ウィリアム

[β̞iɾʲia̠mɯ̟]


カトリック

Either from Dutch katholiek or French catholique

カトリック教会 カトリック教会#Japanese

short for カトリック教会 (Katorikku Kyōkai, “Catholic Church”)


ジェームズ

ja-pos

ジェームズ • (Jēmuzu)


慶応

(short form, fully 「慶應義塾大学」) Keio University (the oldest institute of higher education in Japan (est. 1858), located in Minato, Tokyo)


薬師如来

薬(やく)師(し)如(にょ)来(らい) or 薬師如来(ヤクシニョライ) • (Yakushi Nyorai)

薬師如来 (canonical)
薬師如来 (canonical)
Yakushi Nyorai (romanization)

(mythology, Buddhism) Yakushi Nyorai, the Japanese name for Bhaiṣajyaguru, the Buddha of medicine


永禄

Coined in Japan of Sinitic elements, as a compound of 永 (ei, “forever”) + 禄 (roku, “fortuitous”).


漫湖

Compound of Sinitic elements 漫 (man, “spreading”) + 湖 (ko, “lake”).

Lake Man, a mangrove wetlands located in Naha and Tomigusuku cities on Okinawa


佐渡

Sado (an island, city, and former province of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


ため

⟨tame₂⟩ → */taməi̯/ → /tame/
From Old Japanese, attested alongside with older た (ta).


アフロ・ユーラシア

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɾo̞ jɯ̟ːɾa̠ɕia̠]


松平

松平 (canonical)
Matsudaira (romanization)

From 松 (matsu, “pine tree”) + 平 (taira, “plain”).
The surname comes from their origin from the historical township of Matsudaira in Mikawa Province.

com

a placename, especially of a district in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture

a surname, especially the older name for the Tokugawa before their rise to power during the Edo period


北条

ja-pos

北(ほう)条(じょう) or 北(きた)条(じょう) • (Hōjō or Kitajō)

北条 (canonical)
北条 (canonical)
Hōjō (romanization)
Kitajō (romanization)

Hojō (a former city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Matsuyama)

Hōjō (a former town in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Kasai)

Kitajō (a former town in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Kashiwazaki)

北条早雲


愛知

a place name, such as that of Aichi Prefecture


岡山

岡(おか)山(やま) • (Okayama) ^(←をかやま (Wokayama)?)

岡山(かんしゃん) or 岡山(カンシャン) • (Kanshan)

岡山 (canonical)
Okayama (romanization)
Wokayama (romanization)
をかやま (hiragana historical)
岡山 (canonical)
岡山 (canonical)
Kanshan (romanization)

Okayama (the capital city of Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

Kangshan, Gangshan (a suburban district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan)


埼玉

Russian: Са́йтама f (Sájtama)

⟨saki₁tama⟩ → */sakʲitama/ → /saĩtama//saĩdama/ → /saitama/
Shift from Old Japanese 埼玉 (Saki₁tama).
Also read as Saidama in older texts.

(historical) Saitama (ellipsis of 埼玉郡 (Saitama-gun): a former district in northeastern Musashi Province, facing the Tone River, in the Kantō Region, Japan)

Saitama, Saitama Prefecture (ellipsis of 埼玉県 (Saitama-ken): a prefecture of Japan)

alternative spelling of さいたま (Saitama): Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


兵庫

兵庫 (canonical)
Hyōgo (romanization)
Fyaugo (romanization)
ひやうご (hiragana historical)

a place name, such as that of Hyōgo prefecture


熊本

Kumamoto (the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)

Kumamoto (a prefecture in southwestern Kyushu, Japan)


秋田

Akita (the capital city of Akita Prefecture, Japan)

Akita (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


岐阜

→ English: Gifu

→ Russian: Ги́фу m (Gífu)

Blend of 岐山 + 曲阜, of which the former is the place where Zhou Dynasty originated and the latter is the place of birth of Confucius. Coined by Oda Nobunaga.

Gifu (the capital city of Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


徳島

Tokushima (the capital city of Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)

Tokushima (a prefecture in eastern Shikoku, Japan)


青森

青(あお)森(もり) • (Aomori) ^(←あをもり (Awomori)?)

青森 (canonical)
Aomori (romanization)
Awomori (romanization)
あをもり (hiragana historical)

Aomori (the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, Japan)

Aomori (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


富山

Toyama (the capital city of Toyama Prefecture, Japan)

Toyama (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


八咫鏡

八咫鏡 (canonical)
Yata no Kagami (romanization)

Phrase consisting of 八 (ya, “eight”) + 咫 (ata, an ancient unit of circumference) + の (no, possessive particle) + 鏡 (kagami, “mirror”).
The name is a description of the mirror's size. A circle with a diameter of one 尺 (shaku, ancient foot, unit of length) would have a circumference of four ata. A circumference of eight ata would thus mean a mirror with a diameter of two shaku. The shaku at that time was roughly 23 centimeters, so the mirror would have been roughly 46 centimeters across.

compound

the "Eight-Hand Mirror", one of the three sacred treasures comprising the Imperial Regalia of Japan


山形

Yamagata (the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)

Yamagata (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


岩手

岩手 (canonical)
Iwate (romanization)
Ifate (romanization)
いはて (hiragana historical)

a place name, such as that of Iwate Prefecture


トマス

使徒トマス


伊勢

an ancient kingdom in Japan located in modern-day Mie Prefecture

a name used by certain historical figures in Japan


伯剌西爾

伯剌西爾 (canonical)
Burajiru (romanization)

The spelling, as with most obsolete ateji, is based off of pseudo-Mandarin sound values — in this case, 伯剌西爾 would represent *bólàxī'ěr. (The regular Sino-Japanese pronunciation of 伯剌西爾 would be *はくらつせいじ (hakuratsuseiji).)

obsolete spelling of ブラジル: Brazil (a large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


ジャン

A transliteration of the French male given name Jean, John


栃木

Also called 橡木 or 杤木, the use of 栃 as official name was proposed in October 1872, and finalized in April 1879.

Tochigi (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

Tochigi (a prefecture in eastern Honshu, Japan)


和歌山

Wakayama (the capital city of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)

Wakayama (a prefecture in southern Honshu, Japan)


群馬

アメリカ人の群馬.wav

a place name, such as that of Gunma Prefecture


マリア

Hikaru Nakamura, “その89(はちじゅうきゅう) ママ友(とも)会(かい)in(イン)立(たち)川(かわ) [Chapter 89: Moms’ club in Tachikawa]”, in 聖(セイント)☆おにいさん [Saint☆Young Men], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha:

What, Mary? The Dark Lord is my mother!?

待ってマリアさん 暗黒卿ってうちの母さん⁉

Matte Maria-san Ankokukyō tte uchi no kā-san⁉

ja:イエスの母マリア ja:マリア ja:聖母マリア


ヘンリー

ja-pos

ヘンリー • (Henrī)

A transliteration of the English male given name Henry

Henry (a small city in Marshall County, Illinois; named for Illinois militia officer James D. Henry)


戦国

[sẽ̞ŋɡo̞kɯ̟]

From 戦 (sen, “battle, war”) + 国 (koku, “country”). The koku changes to goku as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

short for 戦国時代 (sengoku jidai, “the Warring States period (of both Chinese and Japanese history)”)


ルイ

A transliteration of the French male given name Louis

A transliteration of the Spanish male given name Ruy


フィールド

ja-pos

フィールド • (Fīrudo)

[ɸʲiːɾɯ̟do̞]


グリーン

グリーン • (Gurīn)


テキサス

テキサス州

テキサス共和国

Texas (a state in the south-central region of the United States)

ja:テキサス (曖昧さ回避)


佐賀

Russian: Са́га f (Sága)

Saga (the capital city of Saga Prefecture, Japan)

Saga (a prefecture in northern Kyushu, Japan)

Saga (several smaller localities in Japan)


下部

Compound of 下(しも) (shimo, “lower”) + 部(べ) (be, “servant to the imperial court”).


たなばた

七夕, 棚機, 織女: the Tanabata Japanese star festival held on 7 July


ケン

A transliteration of the English male given name Ken


八幡神

八幡神 (canonical)
Hachimanjin (romanization)

(Shinto) the Japanese god of archery and tutelary deity to samurai


八幡

(Shinto mythology) short for 八幡神 (Hachimanjin): the Japanese god of archery and tutelary deity to samurai

八幡神

(Shinto) short for 八幡宮 (Hachimangū): a shrine to Hachimanjin


天叢雲剣

ja-pos

^あま の ^むらくも の ^つるぎ

天叢雲剣(あまのむらくものつるぎ) • (Ama no Murakumo no Tsurugi)

天叢雲剣 (canonical)
Ama no Murakumo no Tsurugi (romanization)

[a̠ma̠ no̞ mɯ̟ɾa̠kɯ̟mo̞ no̞ t͡sɨɾɯ̟ɡʲi]

Compound of 天 (ama, “heaven”, ancient combining form) + の (no, possessive particle) + 叢雲 (murakumo, “cloudbank”) + の + 剣 (tsurugi, “double-edged sword”).

compound

the original name of the Sword of Kusanagi


八尺瓊勾玉

ja-pos

^やさかに の ^まがたま

八尺瓊勾玉(やさかにのまがたま) • (Yasakani no Magatama)

八尺瓊勾玉 (canonical)
Yasakani no Magatama (romanization)

Compound of 八尺瓊 (yasakani, “long or large jewel”, literally “eight-foot jewel”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 勾玉 (magatama, “curved jewel”, type of ancient curved bead resembling a bear claw). The “eight-foot” may have originally referred to a long cord or necklace on which such magatama beads were strung, as magatama themselves were never so large.

compound

one of the three sacred treasures comprising the Imperial Regalia of Japan

草薙剣

草薙剣 くさなぎのつるぎ


木花咲耶姫

ja-pos

木花咲耶姫(このはなのさくやひめ) or 木花咲耶姫(コノハナノサクヤヒメ) • (Konohananosakuya-Hime)

木花咲耶姫 (canonical)
木花咲耶姫 (canonical)
Konohananosakuya-Hime (romanization)

(Japanese mythology, Shinto) the goddess of Mount Fuji, the blossom-princess and symbol of delicate earthly life


桃果

A given name. Compound of 桃 (momo, “peach”, kun'yomi) + 果 (ka, “fruit”, on'yomi).


桃果

A given name. Compound of 桃 (tō, “peach”, on'yomi) + 果 (ka, “fruit”, on'yomi). Probably derived as an alternative spelling of 桃花 (tōka, “peach blossom”).


ももか

桃果, 桃香, 桃花, 桃華, 百花, 百香, 百華, 百夏: a female given name

百佳, 杏佳, 杏果, 杏花, 杏香, 桃伽, 李香: a female given name

雲雲海, 雲々海, もも果, もゝ果, もも加, もも夏, もも花, もも香: a female given name


高句麗

ja-pos

高(こう)句(く)麗(り) • (Kōkuri) ^(←かうくり (Kaukuri)?)

高句麗 (canonical)
Kōkuri (romanization)
Kaukuri (romanization)
かうくり (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːkɯ̟ɾʲi]

/kaukuri/ → /kɔːkuri/ → /koːkuri/
From written Middle Chinese 高句麗, in turn likely from some variety of Old Korean.

(historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)

百済

Kudara, Hyakusai, another of the Three Kingdoms

新羅

Silla; Shiragi, another of the Three Kingdoms


高句麗

/koːkuri/ → /kokuri/
Alteration from Kōkuri. This usage developed after the two failed attempts in 1274 and 1281 to invade Japan by the combined forces of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Goryeo kingdom. Goryeo was a successor kingdom to Goguryeo, but in the popular Japanese language of the time, Goryeo was still referred to as 高句麗 (Kōkuri or Kokuri, i.e. “Goguryeo”) instead of 高麗 (Kōrai, the Japanese reading of “Goryeo”).
The adverb こくり (kokuri, “startedly, startlingly, (jumping up) suddenly”) likely derives from this usage.

(rare) (historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)


ケンブリッジ

ja:ケンブリッジ (曖昧さ回避)

Cambridge (a city and local government district with borough status of Cambridgeshire, England, famous for its university)

University of Cambridge
w:University of Cambridge

Dorchester County
Dorchester County#English

Cambridge (a city, the county seat of Dorchester County, Maryland, United States)

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

Cambridge (a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, famous for being the location of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

Cambridge (a city, the county seat of Isanti County, Minnesota, United States)

Cambridge (a city, the county seat of Guernsey County, Ohio, United States)

Cambridge (a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada)

Cambridge (a town in Waikato, New Zealand)


女郎花

女郎花(おみなめし) • (Ominameshi) ^(←をみなめし (Wominamesi)?)

女郎花 (canonical)
Ominameshi (romanization)
Wominamesi (romanization)
をみなめし (hiragana historical)

Shift from variant pronunciation ominabeshi above. The /-b-/ loses plosive and becomes nasal /-m-/.


藤袴

藤(ふじ)袴(ばかま) • (Fujibakama) ^(←ふぢばかま (Fudibakama)?)

藤袴 (canonical)
Fujibakama (romanization)
Fudibakama (romanization)
ふぢばかま (hiragana historical)

Compound of 藤(ふじ) (fuji, “wisteria”) + 袴(はかま) (hakama, “traditional Japanese trousers, leafsheath”).
The hakama changes to bakama as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Eupatorium fortunei
Eupatorium japonicum
ja:フジバカマ

the thirtieth chapter of The Tale of Genji


清朝

[ɕĩɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]


沼間

Compound of Old Japanese elements 沼 (nu, “swamp, marsh, bog”) + 間 (ma, “space, area”).


桐生

桐生 (canonical)
Kiryū (romanization)
Kirifu (romanization)
きりふ (hiragana historical)

Kiryū (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


金山

a place name, such as that of Jinshan District, New Taipei


金山

Kaneyama (a town in Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


庄内

a place name, such as that of a region of Yamagata Prefecture, or Shōnai River


本庄

Honjō (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


フォークナー

ja-pos

フォークナー • (Fōkunā)

A transliteration of the English surname Faulkner


鳥取

Tottori (the capital city of Tottori Prefecture, Japan)

Tottori (a prefecture on the north west coast of Honshu, Japan)


高松

Takamatsu (a city, the capital of Kagawa Prefecture, Japan)


チャールズ

A transliteration of the English male given name Charles


プロイセン

[pɯ̟ɾo̞isẽ̞ɴ]

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:プロイセン
ja:松村明

Northeast Europe
Northeast Europe#English

(chiefly historical) Prussia (a geographical area on the Baltic coast of Northeast Europe)

(historical) Prussia (a former duchy, kingdom and (after German unification in 1871) a province of Germany, existing from 1525 to 1947 in parts of modern Germany, Poland and Russia)


宝塚

宝塚 (canonical)
Takarazuka (romanization)

Takarazuka (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


バイエルン

[ba̠ie̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]

Bavaria (a historic region, former duchy, former kingdom, and modern state of Germany; the modern state includes parts of historical Swabia and Franconia as well as historical Bavaria)


琉球

琉(りゅう)球(きゅう) • (Ryūkyū) ^(←りうきう (Riukiu)?)

琉球 (canonical)
Ryūkyū (romanization)
Riukiu (romanization)
りうきう (hiragana historical)

Japanese_pitch_accent#Noun ending in 特殊拍+の

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 流求.
First attested to a text in roughly 835 CE.

琉球藍

琉球藍 リュウキュウアイ


琉球

琉球(じゅきゅ) or 琉球(じきゅ) or 琉球(じく) or 琉球(ぢき) • (Jukyu or Jikyu or Jiku or Jiki)

琉球 (canonical)
琉球 (canonical)
琉球 (canonical)
琉球 (canonical)
Jukyu (romanization)
Jikyu (romanization)
Jiku (romanization)
Jiki (romanization)


信濃

First attested in Kojiki, as man'yōgana 斯那奴(しなぬ) (shinanu) and kanji 科野, which later became 信野, and finally 信濃. Further origin remains unknown.

Shinano Province, an old province of Japan in present-day Nagano Prefecture

Shinano (a town in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


ランド

Clipping of ディズニーランド (Dizunīrando, “Disneyland”).

clipping

ディズニーランド ディズニーランド#Japanese

clipping of ディズニーランド (Dizunīrando, “Disneyland”)


リード

ja-pos

リード • (Rīdo)


足利

Ashikaga (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

足利義輝


リチャード

[ɾʲit͡ɕa̠ːdo̞]


ソニー

ソニー • (Sonī)


大日如来

大(だい)日(にち)如(にょ)来(らい) • (Dainichi Nyorai)

大日如来 (canonical)
Dainichi Nyorai (romanization)

English: Dainichi Nyorai

大日 (Dainichi, literally “great sun”) is a calque of Sanskrit महावैरोचन (Mahāvairocana), while 如来 (nyorai, literally “thus going”) is a calque of Sanskrit तथागत (tathāgata, literally “thus coming and going”).

calque

(Shingon Buddhism) Vairocana (or Mahāvairocana) as the sun Buddha, the embodiment of the Buddhist concept of emptiness (sunyata), and one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas

Daijirin Daijisen Vairocana ja:大日如来 ja:松村明 tathāgata


観音菩薩

観音菩薩 (canonical)
Kannon Bosatsu (romanization)

観音 + 菩薩: The bodhisattva of Avalokiteśvara".

(Buddhism): Kannon Bosatsu; the Japanese name for Guanyin, the bodhisattva of mercy and compassion.


如来

From the Middle Chinese compound 如來 (MC nyo loj), an abbreviation of either 如去如來 (MC nyo khjoX nyo loj) or 如來如去 (MC nyo loj nyo khjoX, “coming from suchness, going back into suchness”), translations of Sanskrit तथागत (tathāgata, “coming from suchness, going back into suchness; thus coming, thus going”, exact meaning uncertain, see Tathāgata on Wikipedia.Wikipedia).
First cited to a section of the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) dated to 766 CE.

calque

exact meaning uncertain, see <b class="Latn" lang="en">Tathāgata</b> on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


阿閦如来

阿閦如来 (canonical)
Ashuku Nyorai (romanization)

English: Ashuku Nyorai

From 阿閦 (Ashuku, “Akṣobhya”) + 如来 (nyorai, “tathāgata”, literally “thus going”).

com

(Shingon Buddhism) Akṣobhya as the Eastern Buddha and one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas


阿弥陀如来

English: Amida Nyorai

From 阿弥陀 (Amida, “Amitābha”) + 如来 (nyorai, “tathāgata”, literally “thus going”).

(Shingon Buddhism) Amitābha as the Western Buddha and one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas


宝生如来

宝生如来 (canonical)
Hōshō Nyorai (romanization)

English: Hōshō Nyorai

From 宝生 (Hōshō, “Ratnasaṃbhava”, literally “born from a jewel”) + 如来 (nyorai, “tathāgata”, literally “thus going”).

(Shingon Buddhism) Ratnasaṃbhava as the Southern Buddha and one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas


不空成就如来

ja-pos

ふくうじょうじゅ にょらい

不(ふ)空(くう)成(じょう)就(じゅ)如(にょ)来(らい) • (Fukūjōju Nyorai)

不空成就如来 (canonical)
Fukūjōju Nyorai (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ːʑo̞ːʑɨ ɲ̟o̞ɾa̠i]

From Middle Chinese 不空成就如來 (pjuw khuwng dzyeng dzjuwH njo loj). Compare modern Mandarin 不空成就佛 (bùkōng chéngjiù fō), exchanging 如來 /如来 (rúlái) for roughly synonymous 佛 (fō).
The Middle Chinese term itself is a compound of 不空成就 + 如來 (nyo loj):
* 不空成就 is a translation of Sanskrit अमोघसिद्धि (amoghasiddhi), the name of this entity, and a compound of अमोघ (amogha, “not in vain”) + सिद्धि (siddhi, “perfection; accomplishment, attainment; success”).
* 如來 (nyo loj) is an abbreviation of either 如去如來 or 如來如去 (“coming from suchness, going back into suchness”), translations of Sanskrit तथागत (tathāgata, “coming from suchness, going back into suchness; thus coming, thus going”, exact meaning uncertain, see Tathāgata on Wikipedia.Wikipedia).

der

ふくうじょうじゅにょらい

(religion, Buddhism) Fukūjōju Nyorai: the Buddha of the North, called Amoghasiddhi; the embodiment of the accomplishment of the Buddhist path and the overcoming of envy, one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas, and an important entity in Shingon Buddhism


高知

高知 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kauti (romanization)
かうち (hiragana historical)

Kōchi (the capital city of Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)

Kōchi (a prefecture in southern Shikoku, Japan)


ナショナル

(historical) NATIONAL, former name of Panasonic; Matsushita Electric


愛媛

⟨epi₁me₁⟩ → /epʲimʲe/ → /eɸime/ → /ehime/
From Old Japanese 愛比賣 (epi₁me₁, literally “loveable girl”), an epithet of Iyo Province according to the Kojiki (712 CE).

inh

short for 愛媛県 (Ehime-ken): Ehime Prefecture


フランク

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ŋkɯ̟]

A transliteration of the English male given name Frank

A transliteration of the English surname Frank

A transliteration of the French surname Franck


武蔵

Alexander Vovin
John Batchelor
John Batchelor (missionary)
Kantō Plain
Kojiki
Wamyō Ruijushō
folk etymology
man'yōgana

/muzasi/ → /musaɕi/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki spelled phonetically in man'yōgana as 无耶志 (Muzashi).
Ultimate derivation unknown. One theory is based on an earlier placename, 身狭 (Musa), which was apparently divided into upper 身狭上 (Musa-gami) and lower 身狭下 (Musa-shimo) portions, roughly corresponding to the later provinces of 相模 (Sagami) and 武蔵 (Musashi). The modern name Sagami then arose as a corruption of Musa-gami, while Musashi derived from Musa-shimo. However, this may be only a folk etymology.
A separate theory suggests that Musashi derives from an old Ainu borrowing. Linguist Alexander Vovin derives this from ムンサリ (mun-sar-i) or ムンサリヒ (mun-sar-ihi, “weed-marsh-[possessive suffix]”), hypothetical Ainu forms that would mean "marsh/wetland of (i.e. belonging to) weeds/inedible or otherwise useless plants," and Musashi sits in the middle of the Kantō Plain. However, John Batchelor's 1905 Ainu dictionary and grammar includes no mention of a possessive suffix -i or -ihi. Another possible Ainu source could be ムンサシㇼ (mun sa shir, “nettle plain land”).
The kanji spelling 武藏 probably first appeared in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 938 CE, but that origin is also unknown.

Musashi Province: a region of old Japan consisting of modern-day Tokyo, Saitama, and Kanagawa prefectures.

Japanese battleship Musashi
w:Japanese battleship Musashi

a battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II (see Japanese battleship Musashi on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)


武蔵

ja-pos

武蔵(ぶぞう) • (Buzō)


武蔵

武蔵(むぞう) • (Muzō)


ルイス

A transliteration of the English male given name Louis

A transliteration of the English male given name Lewis

A transliteration of the Spanish male given name Luis


上杉

上杉


上杉

a place name, such as that of Kamisugi Town in Sendai, Japan


ボストン

[bo̞sɨ̥tõ̞ɴ]

ja:ボストン (曖昧さ回避)

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


フィル

A transliteration of the English male given name Phil


エドワード

A transliteration of the English male given name Edward


文部

(historical) short for 文部省 (Monbu-shō): the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture

文部卿

Minister of Education, Science, and Culture


フィリップ

[ɸʲiɾʲip̚pɯ̟]


ヴィルヘルム

ヴィルヘルム • (Viruherumu) ^(←ヸルヘルム (Viruferumu)?)

Viruherumu (romanization)
Viruferumu (romanization)
ヸルヘルム (historical katakana)

[bʲiɾɯ̟he̞ɾɯ̟mɯ̟]


五智如来

五智如来 (canonical)
Go Chi Nyorai (romanization)

五 + 智 + 如来: lit. "Five Dhyani (Wisdom) Buddhas".

あみだにょらい あみだにょらい

(religion, Buddhism) In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Five Dhyani Buddhas, also known as the Five Wisdom Tathāgatas, the Five Great Buddhas and the Five Jinas (Sanskrit for "conqueror" or "victor"), are representations of the five qualities of the Buddha, and an important entity in Shingon Buddhism. These five are:

あしゅくにょらい あしゅくにょらい

だいにちにょらい だいにちにょらい

大日如来 (だいにちにょらい, Dainichi Nyorai): center

不空成就如来 不空成就如来

ふくじょうじゅにょらい ふくじょうじゅにょらい

不空成就如来 (ふくじょうじゅにょらい, Fukūjōju Nyorai): north


五経

五経 (canonical)
Gokyō (romanization)
Gokyau (romanization)
ごきやう (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese, in turn from Literary Chinese 五經 (MC nguX keng, literally “five + Chinese classics”).
First cited in Japanese in the Nihon Shoki of 720.


ルーヴェン

ja-pos

ルーヴェン • (Rūven)


ラーオコオーン

ラーオコオーン • (Rāokoōn)

[ɾa̠ːo̞ko̞õ̞ːɴ]

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Λαοκόων (Laokóōn)


養老

ja-pos

養(よう)老(ろう) • (Yōrō)

English: Yoro

養老律令

養老律令 ようろうりつりょう

養老山地

養老山地 ようろうさんち

養老神社

養老神社 ようろうじんじゃ


ジョー

A transliteration of the English male given name Joe


ジェイド

A transliteration of the English female given name Jade


ミコノス島

ミコノス島 (canonical)
Mikonosutō (romanization)


パパモビル

Popemobile (any of various vehicles with bulletproof glass sides used to transport the Pope)


ミュンヘン

[mʲɨ̃ɰ̃hẽ̞ɴ]

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


宇都宮

宇都宮 (canonical)
Utsunomiya (romanization)

Utsunomiya (the capital city of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


北九州

北九州 (canonical)
Kita Kyūshū (romanization)

ja:北九州 ja:北九州市


北九州

北九州 (canonical)
Kitakyūshū (romanization)

ja:北九州 ja:北九州市

Kitakyūshū (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


五輪

From 五 (itsu, “five, 5”) + 輪 (wa, “ring”).


ディズニー

ディズニー • (Dizunī)

A transliteration of the English surname Disney


島根

Shimane, the name of a prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan


マリー

マリー • (Marī)


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Φιλαδέλφεια (Philadélpheia).

lbor

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]

(historical) Philadelphia (a city of the Decapolis; modern Amman, Syria)

(historical) Philadelphia (a city in Lydia; modern Alaşehir, Turkey)


フィラデルフィア

wp

フィラデルフィア (イタリア)

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]

Filadélfia (a town in Tocantins, Brazil)


エリザベス

A transliteration of the English female given name Elizabeth


親衛隊

ja-pos

親(しん)衛(えい)隊(たい) • (Shin'eitai) ^(←しんゑいたい (Sin'weitai)?)

親衛隊 (canonical)
Shin'eitai (romanization)
Sin'weitai (romanization)
しんゑいたい (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 親衛隊 /亲卫队 (qīnwèiduì)

→ Korean: 친위대 (親衛隊, chinwidae)

Calque of German Schutzstaffel, 親衛 (shin'ei), from Middle Chinese 親衛 (MC tshin hjwejH) + 隊 (tai).

[ɕĩɰ̃e̞ːta̠i]

武装親衛隊

装親衛隊 そうしんえいたい

一般親衛隊

一般親衛隊 いっぱんしんえいたい


ピーター

ピーター • (Pītā)


豊臣

豊臣秀吉


長岡

Nagaoka (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


共和党

共(きょう)和(わ)党(とう) • (Kyōwatō) ^(←きょうわたう (Kyouwatau)?)

共和党 (canonical)
Kyōwatō (romanization)
Kyouwatau (romanization)
きょうわたう (hiragana historical)

[kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠to̞ː]

(of various countries) the Republican Party


横須賀

Yokosuka (a major city and station in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)

a neighborhood of Tone, Ibaraki Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Kakegawa and Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Sōsa and Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture


ヨハン

A transliteration of the German male given name Johan or Johann


函館

→ English: Hakodate

→ Russian: Хакода́те m (Xakodátɛ)

Probably borrowed from Ainu ハㇰ チャシ (hak casi), meaning "shallow fort".

函館市: Hakodate (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


大韓民国

大韓民国 (canonical)
Daikan Minkoku (romanization)

Republic of Korea
Republic of Korea#English:_Q884

Republic of Korea (official name of South Korea: a country in East Asia)


マサチューセッツ

(~州) Massachusetts (a state of the United States)

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Massachusetts (an avenue in Washington, D.C., United States)


ペンシルベニア

ja:ペンシルベニア (曖昧さ回避)

Pennsylvania (a state of the United States)

Pennsylvania (an avenue in Washington, D.C., United States)


アテネ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:アテネ
ja:松村明

Learned borrowing from Latin Athēnae, from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).

Athens (a city, the capital city of Greece)


アテネ

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ᾰ̓θήνη (Ăthḗnē).

lbor

アテーナー アテーナー#Japanese

alternative form of アテーナー (Atēnā, “Athena”); Athene


コール

ja-pos

コール • (Kōru)

A transliteration of the English surname Cole


コール

コール • (Kōru)

A transliteration of the German surname Kohl


小田原

Odawara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


山中

a place name, such as that of Lake Yamanaka


ハインリヒ

A transliteration of the German surname Heinrich


姫路

Himeji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


越後

越後 (canonical)
Echigo (romanization)
Wetigo (romanization)
ゑちご (hiragana historical)

Named after the ancient province of Koshi (越国 (こしのくに, Koshinokuni)), which was split into three provinces under Emperor Monmu in the 7th century AD.

Echigo (a historical province of Japan, roughly corresponding to present-day Niigata Prefecture)


イスラーム

[isɨɾa̠ːmɯ̟]

alternative form of イスラム (Isuramu, “Islam”)


ザクセン

Saxony (a state of modern Germany, located in the east, far from historical Saxon lands)

Saxony (a historical region and former duchy in north-central Germany)


熊野

Kumano (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


盛岡

Morioka (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


イエス

Learned borrowing from Latin Iēsūs. Appears from around the Meiji period, superseding older ゼス (Zesu) and ゼズス (Zezusu).

……あっ その前(まえ)にそ(・)れ(・)なんとかして隠(かく)して イエス！福(ふく)引(び)きでもらった仏(ふつ)像(ぞう)……変(へん)な宗(しゅう)教(きょう)団(だん)体(たい)か強(きょう)烈(れつ)なナルシストだと思(おも)われるから‼

2008 July 16 [2008 January 23], Hikaru Nakamura, “その５(ご) Oh(オー) my(マイ) ホビー [Chapter 5: Oh my hobby]”, in [聖](セイント)☆おにいさん [Saint Young Men], 6th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha:

…Oh! We gotta hide THAT thing first, Jesus! The Buddha statue I won from that raffle… I don’t want her to think I’m some sorta freaky denomination member or enthusiastic narcissist!!

…A'! Sono mae ni SORE nan toka shite kakushite, Iesu! Fukubiki de moratta Futsuzō… Hen na shūkyō dantai ka kyōretsu na narushisuto da to omowareru kara!!


フランツ

A transliteration of the German male given name Franz

A transliteration of the German surname Franz


尾張

尾張 (canonical)
Owari (romanization)
Wofari (romanization)
をはり (hiragana historical)

(historical) Owari, an old province of Japan


フロリダ

Florida Peninsula
Florida Peninsula#English

Florida, Florida Peninsula (the peninsula which makes up most of the state of Florida, United States)


元禄

The Selections of Refined Literature, 520 – 530 CE

Jiàn lì yuán xūn, yǐ lì xiǎn lù, fú zhī shàng yě.

建立元勳，以歷顯祿，福之上也。

建立元勋，以历显禄，福之上也。

(historical) the Genroku era, 1688-1704; considered to be the golden age of the Edo period


ロス

ロサンゼルス ロサンゼルス#Japanese

short for ロサンゼルス: Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


ニック

A transliteration of the English male given name Nick or Nic


ラリー

ラリー • (Rarī)

A transliteration of the English male given name Larry


オハイオ

Ohaio (romanization)
Wofaiwo (romanization)
ヲハイヲ (historical katakana)

ja:オハイオ (曖昧さ回避)

オハイオ州

オハイオ川

Ohio (a river in the United States, flowing 981 miles from the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania through Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois along state borders and emptying into the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois)


近江

近江 (canonical)
Ōmi (romanization)
Afumi (romanization)
あふみ (hiragana historical)

⟨apa umi₁⟩ → ⟨apumi₁⟩ → /apumi/ → /afumi/ → */awumi/ → /aumi/ → /ɔːmi/ → /oːmi/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Shift from 淡海 (awaumi, “freshwater lake”).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), 近 is derived from 近つ淡海 (Chika-tsu-ōmi, literally “near freshwater lake”), and 江 (Kō), both being old names for Lake Biwa.

short for 近江国 (Ōmi-no-kuni): Ōmi Province

another name for 琵琶湖 (Biwako, “Lake Biwa”)


近江

近江(ちかつおうみ) • (Chika-tsu-Ōmi) ^(←ちかつあふみ (Tikatuafumi)?)

近江 (canonical)
Chika-tsu-Ōmi (romanization)
Tikatuafumi (romanization)
ちかつあふみ (hiragana historical)

alternative spelling of 近つ淡海 (Chika-tsu-ōmi): an old name for 琵琶湖 (Biwako, “Lake Biwa”)


鹿島

Kashima (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


浦和

浦和 (canonical)
Urawa (romanization)
うらわ (hiragana historical)

ja:浦和区 ja:浦和市

Urawa (a ward of Saitama city, Saitama Prefecture, Japan)

Urawa (a former city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan) (–2001)


ブライアン

A transliteration of the English male given name Brian or Bryan


テネシー

From English Tennessee, from Cherokee ᏔᎾᏏ (tanasi).

ja:テネシー (曖昧さ回避)

Tennessee (a state of the United States)

Tennessee, Tennessee River (a river in Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi and Kentucky, United States, that flows from eastern Tennessee into the Ohio River)


ルー

A transliteration of the French surname Roux


ルー

A transliteration of the English unisex given name Lou


加賀

Kaga (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


ジョージア

ジョージア • (Jōjia)

[d͡ʑo̞ːʑia̠]

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
ja:ジョージア
ja:ジョージア (国)
ja:ジョージア州

Borrowed from English Georgia.
In reference to the country, this term officially displaced the Russian-derived name グルジア (Gurujia) in April 2015 for diplomatic reasons. Compare Korean 조지아 (Jojia).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

Georgia (a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


アトランタ

ja:アトランタ (曖昧さ回避)

Atlanta (the capital city of Georgia, United States)


浅草

Asakusa (a district of Taitō, Tokyo, Japan)

(~区) one of the 35 former wards of Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943), Tokyo City.


ケンタッキー

ja:ケンタッキー (曖昧さ回避)

Kentucky, Kentucky River (a tributary of the Ohio River in Kentucky, United States)

ケンタッキーフライドチキン ケンタッキーフライドチキン#Japanese

clipping of ケンタッキーフライドチキン (Kentakkī Furaido Chikin, “Kentucky Fried Chicken”)


浜松

Hamamatsu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Hamamatsu (several smaller localities in Japan)


三河

三河 (canonical)
Mikawa (romanization)
Mikafa (romanization)
みかは (hiragana historical)

From the presence of three rivers in the former province: 男(おと)川(がわ) (Otogawa), 豊(とよ)川(かわ) (Toyokawa), and 矢(や)作(はぎ)川(がわ) (Yahagigawa). The name 三川 (Mikawa) is included in the Kojiki.

Mikawa Province, an old province of Japan

a region in modern Aichi Prefecture where the province was located


カルロス

A transliteration of the Spanish male given name Carlos

A transliteration of the Portuguese male given name Carlos


箱根

Hakone, a region of Kanagawa Prefecture.


ミラノ

ja:ミラノ (曖昧さ回避)


カンザス

ja:カンザス (曖昧さ回避)


伏見

Thought to be derived from 伏し水 (fushimizu, literally “unflowing water”).

都人暮るれば帰る今よりはふしみの里の名をもたのまじ

miyakobito kurureba kaeru ima yori wa Fushimi-no-sato no na o mo tanomaji

a placename, such that of a ward in southern Kyoto


アントニオ

A transliteration of the Italian male given name Antonio

A transliteration of the Spanish male given name Antonio

A transliteration of the Portuguese male given name Antônio

A transliteration of the Portuguese male given name António


エリック

A transliteration of the English male given name Eric


荒川

Arakawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


ハリー

ja-pos

ハリー • (Harī)

A transliteration of the English male given name Harry


淡路

淡路 (canonical)
Awaji (romanization)
Afadi (romanization)
あはぢ (hiragana historical)

Awaji Province, an old province of Japan

Awaji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


白河

[ɕiɾa̠ka̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 白 (shira, “white”, compounding form) + 河 (kawa, “river”).

compound

Shirakawa (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


白河

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 白河 (MC baek ha).


石原

石原 (canonical)
Ishihara (romanization)
石原 (canonical)
Ishiwara (romanization)
石原 (canonical)
Ishibara (romanization)

→ Chinese: 石原 (Shíyuán)

→ English: Ishihara, Ishiwara

[iɕiβ̞a̠ɾa̠]

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 原(はら) (hara, “field, meadow”). Literally, “stone meadow”.

ja-com

石原忍

Shinobu Ishihara, designer of the color vision test

Ishihara (multiple neighborhoods in Japan):

a neighborhood of Mihara, Sakai, Osaka Prefecture

The neighborhoods of Gifu and Motosu, Gifu Prefecture

a neighborhood of Shibukawa, Gunma Prefecture

a neighborhood of Kumagaya, Saitama Prefecture

a neighborhood of Misato, Ōchi district, Shimane Prefecture

a neighborhood of Kaita, Aki district, Hiroshima Prefecture

a neighborhood of Kami, Kami district, Miyagi Prefecture

a neighborhood of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture

Ishiwara (several neighborhoods in Japan):

a neighborhood of Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture

a neighborhood of Hino, Gamō district, Shiga Prefecture

a neighborhood of Sumida, Tokyo prefecture

a neighborhood of Murakami, Niigata Prefecture

Ishibara (a neighborhood of Ōsato, Kurokawa district, Miyagi Prefecture)


石原

Isa (a neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


スターリン

Ста́лин Сталин#Russian

A transliteration of the Russian surname Ста́лин (Stálin), Stalin


佐世保

Sasebo (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


ニコライ

Никола́й Николай#Russian

A transliteration of the Russian male given name Никола́й (Nikoláj), Nikolay

A transliteration of the Danish male given name Nikolai


ホークス

A transliteration of the English surname Hawks


下関

下関 (canonical)
Shimonoseki (romanization)

Shimonoseki (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)

下関条約

下関条約 しものせきじょうやく


湘南

相模(さがみの)国(くに) (Sagami no kuni, “Sagami Province, shortened to 相”) + 南(なん) (nan, “southern part”). The use of 湘 instead of 相 is influenced by the name of Chinese river.

ja-compound

Shōnan, a region along the coast of Sagami Bay


リンカーン

ja-pos

リンカーン • (Rinkān)

a city and borough in Lincolnshire, England


ルートヴィヒ

A transliteration of the German male given name Ludwig


ビクター

A transliteration of the English male given name Victor


ウィルソン

A transliteration of the English male given name Wilson

A transliteration of the English surname Wilson


ムハンマド

Borrowed from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad).


大井

大井 (canonical)
Ōi (romanization)
Ofowi (romanization)
おほゐ (hiragana historical)


デトロイト

Detroit (a city in Michigan, United States)


豊橋

Toyohashi (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


アドルフ

A transliteration of the German male given name Adolf or Adolph

A transliteration of the English male given name Adolf or Adolph

A transliteration of the French male given name Adolphe


ヒューストン

ja:ヒューストン (曖昧さ回避)

Houston (a large city in Texas, United States)

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Houston (a town in the Bulkley Valley, British Columbia, Canada)

Houston (a village in Renfrewshire council area, Scotland)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Winston County, Alabama, United States)

Matanuska-Susitna Borough
Matanuska-Susitna Borough#English

Houston (a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States)

Houston (a small town in Perry County, Arkansas, United States)

Houston (a small town in Kent County, Delaware, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Suwannee County, Florida, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Heard County, Georgia, United States)

Salt Creek Township
Salt Creek Township#English

Houston (an unincorporated community in Salt Creek Township, Jackson County, Indiana, United States)

Houston (a small city in Houston County, Minnesota, United States)

Chickasaw County
Chickasaw County#English

Houston (A small city in and one of the two county seats of Chickasaw County, Mississippi, United States)

Houston (a small city, the county seat of Texas County, Missouri, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in York County, Nebraska, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Union County, North Carolina, United States)

Loramie Township
Loramie Township#English

Houston (an unincorporated community in Loramie Township, Shelby County, Ohio, United States)

Washington County
Washington County#English

Houston (a borough of Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Tennessee, United States)

Lake Houston (a lake near Houston, Texas, United States)


ハーバード

ja-pos

ハーバード • (Hābādo)


フランソワ

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃so̞β̞a̠]


バート

バート • (Bāto)


マレー

マレー • (Marē)

Borrowed from English Malay, Moray, Murray, Mallet, Marais.


マット

A transliteration of the English male given name Matt


マンチェスター

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

Manchester (a major city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in northwestern England)

Manchester (a small community in Nova Scotia, Canada)

United States of America
United States of America

census-designated place
census-designated place

Mendocino County
Mendocino County#English

Any of several towns and cities in the United States of America:

Manchester (a census-designated place in Mendocino County, California)

Manchester (a town in Hartford County, Connecticut)

Meriwether County
Meriwether County#English

Manchester (a city in Meriwether County and Talbot County, Georgia)

Manchester (a village in Scott County, Illinois)

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

Manchester (an unincorporated community in Manchester Township, Dearborn County, Indiana)

Montgomery County
Montgomery County#English

Manchester (an unincorporated community in Union Township, Montgomery County, Indiana)

Manchester (a city, the county seat of Delaware County, Iowa)

Dickinson County
Dickinson County#English

Manchester (a tiny city in Dickinson County, Kansas)

Manchester (a home rule city, the county seat of Clay County, Kentucky)

Manchester (a town in Kennebec County, Maine)

Manchester (a small incorporated town in Carroll County, Maryland)

Manchester (a town in Essex County, Massachusetts)

Washtenaw County
Washtenaw County#English

Manchester (a village in Washtenaw County, Michigan)

Manchester (a tiny city in Freeborn County, Minnesota)

St. Louis County
St. Louis County#English

Manchester (a city in St. Louis County, Missouri)

Hillsborough County
Hillsborough County#English

Manchester (the largest city in New Hampshire, United States and one of the two county seats of Hillsborough County)

Manchester (a town and village in Ontario County, New York)

Manchester (a village in Adams County, Ohio)

Manchester (a town in Grant County, Oklahoma)

Manchester (a borough of York County, Pennsylvania)

Manchester (a neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Manchester (a ghost town and former unincorporated community in Kingsbury, South Dakota)

Manchester (a city, the county seat of Coffee County, Tennessee)

Manchester (a community in southeastern Houston, Texas)

Bennington County
Bennington County#English

Manchester (A town in Vermont, United States and one of the two shire towns of Bennington County)

Chesterfield County
Chesterfield County#English

Manchester (a former independent city in Chesterfield County, Virginia)

Manchester (an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Kitsap County, Washington)

Green Lake County
Green Lake County#English

Manchester (a town and unincorporated community in Green Lake County, Wisconsin)

Manchester (a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin)


ナポリ

From Italian Napoli. Doublet of ネイプルズ (Neipuruzu).

ナポリ県


播磨

Harima Province, an old province of Japan

Harima (a town in Kako district, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


ヴィクトリア

Victoria (a state of Australia, located in the southeastern part of the continent; a former British colony from 1851 to 1901)

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Victoria (a city, the capital of British Columbia)

Victoria (a city, the capital of Seychelles)

Victoria (the capital city of Gozo, the second-largest island of Malta)

Victoria, Lake Victoria (a lake in Africa)


秩父

Chichibu (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


フランシス

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃ɕisɨ]


三叉

Compound of 三つ (mitsu, “three”) + 叉 (mata, “fork, bifurcation”).

compound

an area along the Sumida River in Tokyo between the Shin Ōhashi and the Kiyosu-bashi bridges, near the inlet of the Onagi Canal


ハンター

ja-pos

ハンター • (Hantā)

A transliteration of the English surname Hunter


和泉

Izumi (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


マーティン

マーティン • (Mātin)


石垣

Ishigaki (a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


ガリシア

autonomous community
autonomous community

Galicia (a former kingdom and autonomous community in northwestern Spain)


安芸

Aki Province, an old province of Japan in modern-day Hiroshima Prefecture.

安芸区広島市

any of various places in southwest Japan


丹波

Tanba (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)

Tanba Province, an old province of Japan.


四日市

四日市 (canonical)
Yokkaichi (romanization)

Yokkaichi (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


摂津

Settsu (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)

Settsu Province, an old province of Japan.


出羽

出羽 (canonical)
Dewa (romanization)
Defa (romanization)
では (hiragana historical)

Shift from Idewa below.
Compare the shift of classical verb 出づ (izu) → 出る (deru, “to come, leave”).

short for 出羽国 (Dewa-no-kuni): Dewa Province, an old province of Japan on which is today Yamagata and Akita Prefectures


出羽

出羽 (canonical)
出羽 (canonical)
Idewa (romanization)
Ideha (romanization)

(obsolete) short for 出羽国 (Idewa/Ideha-no-kuni): Idewa Province, an old province of Japan on which is today Yamagata and Akita Prefectures


ビリー

ビリー • (Birī)


ヨーゼフ

A transliteration of the German male given name Josef


ハミルトン

Hamilton (a port city in Ontario, Canada)


フェルディナンド

A transliteration of the Italian male given name Ferdinando


朝倉

Asakura (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


関ヶ原

関(せき)ヶ原(はら) or 関(せき)ヶ原(はら) • (Sekigahara)

関ヶ原 (canonical)
Sekigahara (romanization)


小笠原

小(お)笠(がさ)原(わら) • (Ogasawara) ^(←をがさはら (Wogasafara)?)

小笠原 (canonical)
Ogasawara (romanization)
Wogasafara (romanization)
をがさはら (hiragana historical)

(historical) Ogasawara (a former village in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

Bonins (an island group of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonins (a larger archipelago in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonin (a village in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonin (a subprefecture of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


千代田

Chiyoda (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


ノーベル

[no̞ːbe̞ɾɯ̟]

A transliteration of the Swedish surname Nobel


オットー

オットー • (Ottō)

A transliteration of the German surname Otto


一宮

一宮 (canonical)
Ichinomiya (romanization)

a place name
a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan

a town in Hoi district, Aichi Prefecture, Japan

a town in Chōsei district, Chiba Prefecture, Japan

a town in Higashiyatsushiro district, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan

a town in Shisō district, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan

a town in Tsuna district, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan


エルンスト

A transliteration of the German male given name Ernst


鈴鹿

Suzuka (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


アンドレ

A transliteration of the French male given name André

A transliteration of the Portuguese male given name André

A transliteration of the French female given name Andrée


鶴見

Tsurumi, a place name in Japan such as of Tsurumi Ward in Yokohama or Tsurumi Ward in Osaka.


古フランス語

古フランス語 (canonical)
Kofuransugo (romanization)


バーデン

バーデン • (Bāden)


玉川

Tamagawa (a former town in Ehime Prefecture, Japan, now part of the city of Imabari)

Tamagawa (a village in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Tamagawa (a former village in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, now part of the town of Tokigawa)


フランクリン

A transliteration of the English surname Franklin


富田

富(とみ)田(た) or 富(とみ)田(だ) • (Tomita or Tomida)

富田 (canonical)
富田 (canonical)
Tomita (romanization)
Tomida (romanization)

Tomida (a railway station in the city of Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture, Japan)


ルドルフ

A transliteration of the German male given name Rudolf or Rudolph


リック

A transliteration of the English male given name Rick


前橋

Maebashi (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


ニュータウン

ニュータウン • (Nyūtaun)


インディアナ

ja:インディアナ (曖昧さ回避)


エルサレム

[e̞ɾɯ̟sa̠ɾe̞mɯ̟]

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)

Kingdom of Jerusalem
w:Kingdom of Jerusalem

(historical) Kingdom of Jerusalem (former Crusader kingdom of the 12th and 13th centuries, in modern-day Israel and Palestine)


シアトル

[ɕia̠to̞ɾɯ̟]

1985 December 20, Taeko Watanabe, “第(だい)四(よん)十(じゅう)八(はち)話(わ) 家(か)族(ぞく) Ⅰ(いち) [Chapter 48: Family I]”, in ファミリー！ [Family!], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 72:

I came here (LA) from Seattle… to look for my son …I am — Jonathan Allen’s father

シアトルからＬＡへは…息子を尋ねてきました…ぼくは———ジョナサン・アレンの父親です

Shiatoru kara koko e wa… musuko o tazunetekimashita …Boku wa ———Jonasan Aren no chichioya desu

Seattle (a city in Washington, United States)


アラスカ

ja:アラスカ (曖昧さ回避)


ノーフォーク

ノーフォーク • (Nōfōku)


青葉

A place name, such as that of Aoba Castle in the city of Sendai.


ガイア

(Greek mythology) Gaia/Gaea, the Greek goddess of the earth.


レーク

レーク • (Rēku)

A transliteration of the English surname Lake


ドイツみんしゅきょうわこく

ドイツ みんしゅ きょうわこく

ドイツみんしゅきょうわこく • (Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ民主共和国 ドイツ民主共和国#Japanese

German Democratic Republic
German Democratic Republic

ドイツ民主共和国: the German Democratic Republic (the former East Germany)


ドイツれんぽうきょうわこく

ドイツ れんぽう きょうわこく

ドイツれんぽうきょうわこく • (Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ連邦共和国 ドイツ連邦共和国#Japanese

Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Republic of Germany

ドイツ連邦共和国: the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany from 1949-1990, Germany as a whole after 1990)


イタリー

イタリー • (Itarī)

(dated) Italy (a country in Southern Europe)


ブルマ

A transliteration of the Dutch surname Bruma

a Dutch surname: the pen-name of Dutch-British author Ian Buruma


ジャーマニー

ジャーマニー • (Jāmanī)

[d͡ʑa̠ːma̠ɲ̟iː]


プロシア

[pɯ̟ɾo̞ɕia̠]

プロイセン プロイセン#Japanese

(historical) synonym of プロイセン (Puroisen, “Prussia”)


あかね

あかね (canonical)
アカネ (canonical)
Akane (romanization)


りな

莉菜, 莉那, 理奈, 利奈, 里奈, 莉奈, 里菜, 莉娜: a female given name


天目一箇

天目一箇(あまのまひとつ) or 天目一箇(アマノマヒトツ) • (Amanomahitotsu)

天目一箇 (canonical)
天目一箇 (canonical)
Amanomahitotsu (romanization)

(Japanese mythology, Shinto) the Japanese god of the forge, metalcraft, and blacksmithing


桃矢

桃矢 (canonical)
Tōya (romanization)
たうや (hiragana historical)


結びの神

結びの神 (canonical)
Musubi no Kami (romanization)

Originally 産霊 (musuhi, “motive force, life force”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 神 (kami, “god, spirit”). The musuhi portion is itself a compound of 産す (musu, “to happen, to develop, to grow”) + 霊 (hi, “mystical power”).
Musuhi no Kami is one of the kami of creation, responsible for producing heaven and earth and all things. The musuhi (“mystic power of growth”) eventually changed into musubi (“tying together”). The 結び spelling for this portion is an example of ateji. In popular culture, this kami is now responsible for romantic matchmaking.

compound

(pop culture): the Japanese god of matchmaking, love and marriage

⇒ 産霊の神 (Musuhi no Kami)

(Japanese mythology, Shinto): one of the Japanese gods of creation


一位

一位 (canonical)
Itsui (romanization)
Itwi (romanization)
いつゐ (hiragana historical)


一位

一位 (canonical)
Kazui (romanization)
Kazwi (romanization)
かずゐ (hiragana historical)


大山積命

ja-pos

^おおやまつみ の ^みこと

大山積命(おおやまつみのみこと) • (Ōyamatsumi no Mikoto) ^(←おほやまつみのみこと (Ofoyamatuminomikoto)?)

大山積命 (canonical)
Ōyamatsumi no Mikoto (romanization)
Ofoyamatuminomikoto (romanization)
おほやまつみのみこと (hiragana historical)

Originally a compound of 大 (ō, “great”) + 山 (yama, “mountain”) + つ (tsu, Old Japanese possessive particle) + 神 (mi, “god, spirit”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 命 (mikoto, honorific epithet for gods). The use of 積 (tsumi, “packing; piling; loading”) to spell the tsu mi portion is an example of phonetic ateji.

compound

大山祇: (mythology, Shinto) the kami of the mountains, brother of Amaterasu, Tsukuyomi, and Susanoo


コリア

Borrowed from English Korea, from Korean 고려 (Goryeo).


ダカール

[da̠ka̠ːɾɯ̟]


浮雲

[ɯ̟kʲiɡɯ̟mo̞]

Shift from older ukikumo, itself a compound of 浮(う)き (uki, “floating”) + 雲(くも) (kumo, “cloud”). The kumo changes to gumo as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

a novel by Futabatei Shimei (see The Drifting Cloud on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)


チェチェン語

チェチェン語 (canonical)
Chechen-go (romanization)

[t͡ɕe̞t͡ɕẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

チェチェン (Chechen, “Chechnya”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


イングーシ語

イングーシ語 (canonical)
Ingūshigo (romanization)


トンガ語

トンガ語 (canonical)
Tonga-go (romanization)

Compound of トンガ (“Tonga”) + 語 (-go, “language”), ultimately from Tongan Tonga.

ja:トンガ語
ja:トンガ語 (ポリネシア)

[tõ̞ŋɡa̠ɡo̞]


トンガ語

ja:トンガ語
ja:トンガ語 (ザンビア)
ja:トンガ語 (ニアサ)
ja:トンガ語 (ポリネシア)

Compound of トンガ (“Tonga”) + 語 (-go, “language”), ultimately from a Bantu root.

[tõ̞ŋɡa̠ɡo̞]

any of several related Bantu languages sharing the same Tonga label:

the Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)

the Tonga (Nyasa) language, spoken in Malawi


アヴァル語

アヴァル語 (canonical)
Avarugo (romanization)


西遊記

ja-pos

西(さい)遊(ゆう)記(き) • (Saiyūki) ^(←さいいうき (Saiiuki)?)

西遊記 (canonical)
Saiyūki (romanization)
Saiiuki (romanization)
さいいうき (hiragana historical)


中書省

中書省 (canonical)
Chūshoshō (romanization)

(history, government) the Central Secretariat


大内

大内 (canonical)
Ōuchi (romanization)
Ofouti (romanization)
おほうち (hiragana historical)

From 大(おお) (ō, “great”) + 内(うち) (uchi, “inside”).

ja-compound

synonym of 内裏 (Dairi, “Imperial Palace”)

a village in Haga district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

a village in Nasu district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

(historical) a town in Yoshiki district, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

(historical) a town in Hata district, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan

(historical) a village in Igu district, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan


大内

(historical) a town in Ōkawa district, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan


大内

clipping of 大内裏 (Daidairi, “Outer Palace Precincts”)


ふうちょう座

ja-pos

ふうちょう座(ざ) • (Fūchōza)

ふうちょう座 (canonical)
Fūchōza (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟ːt͡ɕo̞ːza̠]

風鳥 (fūchō, “bird of paradise”) + 座 (-za, “constellation”)


立春

ja-pos

立(りっ)春(しゅん) • (Risshun) ^(←りつしゆん (Ritusyun)?)

立春 (canonical)
Risshun (romanization)
Ritusyun (romanization)
りつしゆん (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 立春 (lip tsyhwin) > Japanese /*ɾit̚t͡ʃʰjun/ > /ɾiʃːjun/.

the first day of spring according to the traditional lunisolar calendar

雨水

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立夏

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立秋

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立冬

二十四節気 (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter


ダゲスタン

Dagestan (a republic and federal subject of Russia, located in the Caucasus region)


ダーウィン

ダーウィン • (Dāwin)


ダース・ヴェイダー

ダース・ヴェイダー • (Dāsu Veidā)


国際日付変更線

こくさい ひづけ へんこうせん

こくさい ひづけ へんかうせん

国(こく)際(さい)日(ひ)付(づけ)変(へん)更(こう)線(せん) • (Kokusai Hizuke Henkōsen) ^(←こくさいひづけへんかうせん (Kokusai Fiduke Fenkausen)?)

国際日付変更線 (canonical)
Kokusai Hizuke Henkōsen (romanization)
Kokusai Fiduke Fenkausen (romanization)
こくさいひづけへんかうせん (hiragana historical)

International Date Line
International Date Line

International Date Line (line on the Earth's surface)


ダマン

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu#English

Daman (the state capital of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India)


ダマスカス

Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)


ダマン・ディーウ

ダマン・ディーウ • (Daman Dīu)


ダニエル書

ダニエル書 (canonical)
Danierusho (romanization)


ダレイオス

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Δᾱρεῖος (Dāreîos).


ドバイ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Dubai (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates)

Dubai (the capital city of Dubai emirate, United Arab Emirates)


ドゥシャンベ

Dushanbe (the capital city of Tajikistan)


龍山

ja:龍山村 (岡山県)
ja:龍山村 (静岡県)

(historical) Tatsuyama (a village in Iwata district, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

(historical) Tatsuyama (a village in Kume district, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


龍山

ja:龍山区 (ソウル特別市)

龍山区: Yongsan (a district of Seoul, South Korea)


龍山

龍山鎮: Longshan (a town in Zhangqiu district, Jinan, Shandong, China), where the Longshan culture was discovered


レイキャビク

[ɾe̞ːkʲa̠bʲikɯ̟]


ロジャー

ja-pos

ロジャー • (Rojā)

A transliteration of the English male given name Roger


タイミル半島

タイミル半島 (canonical)
Taimiru Hantō (romanization)

Taimyr (a large peninsula in the Russian North)


チャイコフスキー

Чайко́вский Чайковский#Russian

A transliteration of the Russian surname Чайко́вский (Čajkóvskij), Tchaikovsky


テグシガルパ

[te̞ɡɯ̟ɕiɡa̠ɾɯ̟pa̠]

Tegucigalpa (the capital city of Honduras)


テルアビブ

[te̞ɾɯ̟ a̠bʲibɯ̟]


ドイツ騎士団

ドイツ騎士団 (canonical)
Doitsu Kishidan (romanization)


感謝祭

感謝祭 (canonical)
Kanshasai (romanization)

[kã̠ɰ̃ɕa̠sa̠i]

感謝 (kansha, “thanks”) + 祭 (-sai, “feast”)


ティンプー

ja-pos

ティンプー • (Tinpū)


チューリンゲン

[t͡ɕɨːɾʲĩŋɡẽ̞ɴ]

テューリンゲン テューリンゲン#Japanese


ティファニー

ティファニー • (Tifanī)

A transliteration of the English female given name Tiffany


ティラスポリ

Tiraspol (the capital city of Transnistria)


トリヤッチ

Russian Толья́тти (Tolʹjátti), in turn after Italian politician Palmiro Togliatti (1893–1964).

Tolyatti, Togliatti (a city in Samara Oblast, Russia)


トンガ

Tonga (a country and archipelago of Polynesia in Oceania)


トゥールーズ

トゥールーズ • (Tūrūzu)

[tɯ̟ːɾɯ̟ːzɨ]

Toulouse (the capital city of Haute-Garonne department, France; the capital city of the region of Occitania)


バベルの塔

バベルの塔 (canonical)
Baberu no Tō (romanization)

バベル (Baberu, “Babel”) + の (no, possessive marker) + 塔 (tō, “tower”)


三畳紀

ja-pos

三(さん)畳(じょう)紀(き) • (Sanjōki) ^(←さんでふき (Sandefuki)?)

三畳紀 (canonical)
Sanjōki (romanization)
Sandefuki (romanization)
さんでふき (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 三疊紀 /三叠纪 (Sāndié Jì)

[sã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ːkʲi]

Calque of German Trias, first used in 1888.


二畳紀

二(に)畳(じょう)紀(き) • (Nijōki) ^(←にでふき (Nidefuki)?)

二畳紀 (canonical)
Nijōki (romanization)
Nidefuki (romanization)
にでふき (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 二疊紀 /二叠纪 (Èrdié Jì)

[ɲ̟iʑo̞ːkʲi]

Calque of German Dyasformation, first appears in 1888 book 二十万分の一東京図幅地質説明書.

lang

二十万分の一東京図幅地質説明書

二十万分の一東京図幅地質説明書


ペルム紀

ペルム紀 (canonical)
Perumu-ki (romanization)

[pe̞ɾɯ̟mɯ̟ kʲi]


トリプラ

トリプラスンダリ: Tripura Sundari's name sounded out in katakana


北回帰線

ja-pos

北(きた)回(かい)帰(き)線(せん) • (Kitakaikisen) ^(←きたくわいきせん (Kitakwaikisen)?)

北回帰線 (canonical)
Kitakaikisen (romanization)
Kitakwaikisen (romanization)
きたくわいきせん (hiragana historical)

From 北 (kita, “north”) + 回帰線 (kaikisen, “tropic”).

af

南回帰線

南回帰線 みなみかいきせん


トリノ

ja:トリノ ja:トリノ県


トスカーナ

administrative region
administrative region

Tuscany (an administrative region of Italy, located north of Lazio and south of Emilia-Romagna)


ファッキン

First Kitchen
Shinjuku Station
Tokyo
ja:ファッキン

Abbreviation of ファーストキッチン (Fāsuto Kitchin), the name of a fast-food chain of restaurants.

ja-r

^ファースト ^キッチン

[ɸa̠k̚ʲkʲĩɴ]

(colloquial, sometimes vulgar) First Kitchen


ゆみこ

弓子, 悠実子, 夢実子, 佑実子, 祐実子, 愉実子, 結実子, 由実子: a female given name

侑実子, 裕実子, 有美子, 優美子, 祐美子, 由美子: a female given name


ウファ

Ufa (the capital and largest city of Bashkortostan, Russia)


アンクル・サム

[ã̠ŋkɯ̟ɾɯ̟ sa̠mɯ̟]


ウプサラ

[ɯ̟pɯ̟̊sa̠ɾa̠]

Borrowed from Swedish Uppsala, from Old Norse Uppsalir (literally “upper halls, upper dwellings”), from upp (“up”) + salir (“halls, rooms”), plural of salr.

der

Uppsala (a city in eastern central Sweden)


こうちょう

ja-pos

こうちょう • (Kōchō)


てんちょう

てんちょう • (Tenchō)


天長

天(てん)長(ちょう) • (Tenchō) ^(←てんちやう (Tentyau)?)

天長 (canonical)
Tenchō (romanization)
Tentyau (romanization)
てんちやう (hiragana historical)

[tẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]


どうぞう

どうぞう • (Dōzō)


始皇帝

始(し)皇(こう)帝(てい) • (Shikōtei) ^(←しくわうてい (Sikwautei)?)

始皇帝 (canonical)
Shikōtei (romanization)
Sikwautei (romanization)
しくわうてい (hiragana historical)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 始皇帝 (syi^X hwang tejᴴ).


ヴァレリー

ja-pos

ヴァレリー • (Varerī)


バンクーバー

バンクーバー • (Bankūbā)

[bã̠ŋkɯ̟ːba̠ː]

バンクーバー バンクーバー#Japanese

晩香坡, バンクーバー: Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a large island of British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a river in southern British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a mountain between Alaska, United States and Yukon, Canada in the Saint Elias Mountains)

Vancouver (a mountain in the Southern Alps, on the South Island, New Zealand)

Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)

Vancouver (a lake in Clark County, Washington, United States)


エドモントン

Edmonton (the capital city of Alberta, Canada)


いあん

依杏, 以杏, 伊安, 伊杏, 偉杏, 威杏, 維安, 維行: a female given name


エディンバラ

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)

ja:エディンバラ (曖昧さ回避)


ジー

ja:ジー (ジュネーヴ州)

Gy (municipality in Canton of Geneva, in Switzerland)


エマ

A transliteration of the English female given name Emma


こうきょう

こうきょう • (Kōkyō)


禁書目録

禁(きん)書(しょ)目(もく)録(ろく) • (Kinsho Mokuroku)

禁書目録 (canonical)
Kinsho Mokuroku (romanization)

[kʲĩɰ̃ɕo̞ mo̞kɯ̟ɾo̞kɯ̟]

Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Index Librorum Prohibitorum


蘇州

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, China)


北大

北海道大学 w:ja:北海道大学

short for 北海道大学 (Hokkaidō Daigaku, “Hokkaido University”)


金牛宮

金(きん)牛(ぎゅう)宮(きゅう) • (Kingyūkyū) ^(←きんぎうきゆう (Kingiukyuu)?)

金牛宮 (canonical)
Kingyūkyū (romanization)
Kingiukyuu (romanization)
きんぎうきゆう (hiragana historical)

[kʲĩŋʲɡʲɨːkʲɨː]

金 (kin, “gold”) + 牛 (gyū, “ox”) + 宮 (kyū, “astrological sign”)


ペリカン

ja:ペリカン (曖昧さ回避)

[pe̞ɾʲikã̠ɴ]

Pelican (a minor city on Chichagof Island, Alaska)

Pelican (a town in Oneida County, Wisconsin, named after Pelican Lake (Oneida County, Wisconsin))


スコピエ

Skopje (a city, the capital city of North Macedonia)


倉敷

→ Chinese: 倉敷 /仓敷 (Cāngfū)

→ English: Kurashiki

Kurashiki (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


コロラド

From English Colorado, from Spanish Colorado (literally “Colored”).

ja:コロラド (曖昧さ回避)


モントリオール

From English Montreal, from French Montréal. Doublet of モンレアル (Monrearu).

Montreal (an island on which is situated the largest city in Quebec, Canada)

ja:モントリオール (曖昧さ回避)


鎮守

[t͡ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑɨ]


サウスカロライナ

South Carolina
South Carolina#English:_Q1456

South Carolina (a state of the United States)

ja:サウスカロライナ州


ルーズベルト

[ɾɯ̟ːzɨbe̞ɾɯ̟to̞]

A transliteration of the English surname Roosevelt


聖母

From 聖 (sei-, “holy”) + 母 (bo, “mother”).

聖母マリア


クリーブランド

ja:クリーブランド (曖昧さ回避)

Cleveland (a geographic area of hills and dales in North Yorkshire, England)

Cleveland (a former county in northeast England, bordering North Yorkshire and County Durham, created in 1974 from parts of those two counties (mainly the County Borough of Teesside) and abolished in 1996)

Cleveland (a major city, the county seat of Cuyahoga County, Ohio)

Cleveland (a city, the county seat of White County, Georgia, named after General Benjamin Cleveland, grandson of Colonel Benjamin Cleveland)

Cleveland (a small city in Cass County, Missouri)

Cleveland (a small city, the county seat of Bradley County, Tennessee)

Cleveland (a city in Liberty County, Texas)

Cleveland (a suburb of Redland City, Queensland, Australia)


アレックス

A transliteration of the English male given name Alex


文化大革命

ja-pos

ぶんくわ だい-かくめい

文(ぶん)化(か)大(だい)革(かく)命(めい) • (Bunka Dai-Kakumei) ^(←ぶんくわだいかくめい (Bunkwa Dai-Kakumei)?)

文化大革命 (canonical)
Bunka Dai-Kakumei (romanization)
Bunkwa Dai-Kakumei (romanization)
ぶんくわだいかくめい (hiragana historical)

Cultural Revolution (Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution)


文革

[bɯ̟̃ŋka̠kɯ̟]

文化大革命 文化大革命#Japanese


白亜紀

白亜 (hakua, “white chalk”) + 紀 (-ki, “period”); appears no later than 1883 (in the book 地学要略), but the precise time is unknown.
亜 is a daiyōji replacing 堊.

suf

2002 September 30 [1996 September 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)と銀(ぎん)河(が)超特急(エクスプレス) [Nobita and the Galaxy Express] (大長編ドラえもん; 16), 20th edition, volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 126:

Ornithomimus: Ostrich-like dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous. These are extremely fast runners. They are also omnivores. They eat fruit and other things.

「オルニトミムス」白亜紀後半のダチョウ型恐竜。猛スピードで走りまわる。雑食性。木の実などなんでも食べる。

“Orunitomimusu” Hakuaki kōhan no dachōgata kyōryū. Mō-supīdo de hashirimawaru. Zasshokusei. Ko no mi nado nan demo taberu.


オーウェル

ja-pos

オーウェル • (Ōweru)


大黒天

大黒天 (canonical)
Daikokuten (romanization)

Middle Chinese 大黑天 (literally “Great Black Deva”)

der

(Buddhism, Shinto) Daikokuten, Japanese name for the Buddhist god Mahākāla

恵比須

god of fishers or merchants, often depicted carrying a sea bream.

布袋

the fat and happy god of abundance and good health.

弁才天

The Japanese name for the Hindu and Buddhist goddess Saraswati. The goddess of knowledge, art, beauty, music, language, wisdom, poetry and rivers.

吉祥天

the goddess of happiness, charm and beauty, of fertility, nature, and of human creativity, and the patronesses of joy, amusement and festivities.


ヴュルテンベルク

Württemberg (a cultural region in southwestern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, roughly corresponding to Swabia)


うちなー

ja-pos

うちなー or ウチナー • (Uchinā)

うちなー (canonical)
ウチナー (canonical)
Uchinā (romanization)

[ɯ̟t͡ɕina̠ː]

Unadapted borrowing from Okinawan 沖縄(うちなー) (Uchinā).

Okinawa (a prefecture and island group of Japan)

Okinawa (the main island of the Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands, in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)

Okinawa (the second-largest city on Okinawa Island, in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


論語

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics

Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書) of Confucianism)


法輪

法(ほう)輪(りん) • (Hōrin) ^(←ほふりん (Fofurin)?)

法輪 (canonical)
Hōrin (romanization)
Fofurin (romanization)
ほふりん (hiragana historical)

/popu rin/ → /ɸoɸurin/ → /hoːrin/
From Middle Chinese 法輪 (MC pjop lwin), itself a translation of Sanskrit धर्मचक्र (dharmacakra).


ポー平原

ポー平原 (canonical)
Pō Heigen (romanization)

Po valley (large plain in northern Italy)


はやし

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 生(は)やす (hayasu, “to grow something, to make something grow”)..


歐亞

ja-pos

歐(おう)亞(あ) • (Ōa)

Kyūjitai form of 欧亜: Eurasia (a supercontinent consisting of Europe and Asia)


昇天

(religion) the Ascension, the Assumption


キリル

From Ancient Greek Κύριλλος (Kúrillos) via Russian Кири́лл (Kiríll), compare Russian кири́ллица (kiríllica, “Cyrillic alphabet/script”).


ホワイトデー

desc

→ Chinese: 白色情人節 /白色情人节 (Báisè Qíngrénjié) (calque)

→ English: White Day

→ Korean: 화이트데이 (Hwaiteudei)

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from white + day. There are various theories for the origin of the custom. The most widely discussed is that it was coined by 全国飴菓子工業協同組合 (Zenkoku ame kashi kōgyō kyōdō kumiai “National Candy and Confectioners Union”) in 1978 to increase sales. Prior to coinage of the name, similar occasions for giving gifts in return of Valentine’s Day gifts were variously known as ポピーデー (Poppy Day), フラワーデー (Flower Day), クッキーデー (Cookie Day), and マシュマロデー (Marshmallow Day).


諸子百家

諸子百家 (canonical)
Shoshi Hyakka (romanization)

zh-l

諸子百家／诸子百家 (Zhūzǐ Bǎijiā)


ふみこ

*/pumiko/ → /fumiko/
A surface analysis suggests that this may have originated as a compound of 文 (fumi, “letters, writing; literature”) + 子 (ko, “child”, also a diminutive suffix common in female given names). Compare the English expression woman of letters.
As with many names, there is a wide variety of possible kanji spellings, where the kanji characters themselves lend additional meanings and nuances to the name.


とみこ

実子, 富子, 和実子, 冬実子, 東実子, 土実子, 尊実子, 利実子: a female given name


まみこ

真実子, 麻実子, 眞実子, 舞実子, 磨実子, 眉実子, 雅実子, 妙実子: a female given name


るみこ

流実子, 累実子, 琉実子, 瑠実子, 留実子, 留美子: a female given name


七不思議

七不思議 (canonical)
Nana Fushigi (romanization)

[na̠na̠ɸɯ̟̊ɕiɡʲi]

From 七 (nana, “seven”) + 不思議 (fushigi, “a mystery, wonder”).

世界の七不思議

本所七不思議

the Seven Mysteries of Honjo (a collective term for nine Edo period urban legends)

seven or more strange events or phenomena, usually in a particular region or location


ななふしぎ

Seven Wonders of the World
Seven Wonders of the World


林邑

ja-pos

林(りん)邑(ゆう) • (Rin'yū) ^(←りんいふ (Rin'ifu)?)

林邑 (canonical)
Rin'yū (romanization)
Rin'ifu (romanization)
りんいふ (hiragana historical)

Linyi, Lâm Ấp (an ancient kingdom in present-day Vietnam, possibly the predecessor of Champa.)


聖子

聖(しょう)子(こ) or 聖(せい)子(こ) • (Shōko or Seiko)

聖子 (canonical)
聖子 (canonical)
Shōko (romanization)
Seiko (romanization)


はえ

From Proto-Japonic *pape. Cognate with Okinawan 南 (ふぇー, fē, “south”) and Yonaguni 南 (はい, hai, “south”).
Common usage in western Japan.


古神道

古(こ)神(しん)道(とう) • (Koshintō) ^(←こしんたう (Kosintau)?)

古神道 (canonical)
Koshintō (romanization)
Kosintau (romanization)
こしんたう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 古 (ko, “old”) + 神道 (shintō, “Shintō”).

This focuses on Shintō as expressed mainly in classical writings such as the Kojiki; the Nihon Shoki; records of court ceremony, laws, and customs written by members of the Fujiwara clan in the 900s through 1100s CE, primarily the Engishiki, and the Daiki (台記) memoirs of Fujiwara no Yorinaga; and the Man'yōshū.

(religion, Shinto) a reconstruction of Shintō as practiced originally before any influence from Buddhism or Confucianism


そしん

蘇秦: Su Qin (?? - 284 BCE), a political strategist during the Warring States period of Chinese history


露国

露国 (canonical)
Rokoku (romanization)
魯國 (alternative)
魯国 (alternative)

The first kanji character in 露西亞 (Roshia, “Russia”) + 國 (koku, “country”).

1904 or 1905, 小林清親, 百撰百笑
露國の海陸軍は、日本軍に一度も勝つ事なく、…
Rokoku no kairikugun wa, Nihongun ni ichido mo katsu koto naku,…
Russia's navy and army is, without winning against the Japanese army even once, […]

(obsolete) Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


西半球

西半球 (canonical)
Nishihankyū (romanization)

[ɲ̟iɕihã̠ŋʲkʲɨː]

Western Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere#English:_Q181982

Western Hemisphere (the hemisphere in Earth to the west of the Greenwich meridian (zero degree longitude) and east of 180 degrees longitude (approximately the International Date Line), containing the Americas and a small part of eastern Russia)


にしはんきゅう

西半球: Western Hemisphere (hemisphere of the Earth)


東半球

東半球 (canonical)
Higashihankyū (romanization)

Eastern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere#English:_Q186198

Eastern Hemisphere (the hemisphere in Earth to the east of the Greenwich meridian (zero degree longitude) and west of 180 degrees longitude (approximately the International Date Line), containing Africa, Asia and Europe, except for a small part of eastern Russia)


ひがしはんきゅう

東半球: Eastern Hemisphere (hemisphere of the Earth)


紅毛

紅毛 (canonical)
紅毛 (canonical)
Oranda (romanization)

By extension from the red hair meaning being applied to the Dutch, used as jukujikun (熟字訓) for オランダ (Oranda, “Holland”).


こうもう

こうもう • (Kōmō)


ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ソビエト しゃかいしゅぎ きょうわこく れんぽう

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ソビエト社(しゃ)会(かい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Sobieto Shakaishugi Kyōwakoku Renpō)

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (canonical)
Sobieto Shakaishugi Kyōwakoku Renpō (romanization)

[so̞bʲie̞to̞ ɕa̠ka̠iɕɨɡʲi kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

ソビエト (sobieto, “soviet”) + 社会主義 (shakai shugi, “socialism”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”) + 連邦 (renpō, “union; federation; confederation”)

af

そびえとしゃかいしゅぎきょうわこくれんぽう

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics#English:_Q15180

ソビエト連邦 ソビエト連邦#Japanese

(historical) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (a former transcontinental country in Europe and Asia (1922–1991), now split into Russia and 14 other countries; short form ソビエト連邦 (Sobieto Renpō))


天河

From Middle Chinese 天河 (*ten *ha, literally “heavenly river”). Compare Mandarin 天河 (Tiānhé, “Milky Way”), Vietnamese thiên hà (“galaxy”).

der

(astronomy) synonym of 銀河系 (Gingakei, “Milky Way”)

Tianhe (a district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


クリミア

Crimea (a geographic region and peninsula in Eastern Europe, jutting out into the Black Sea; de facto occupied and annexed in 2014 as a republic of Russia, but internationally recognized as an autonomous republic of Ukraine :)


海牙

ja-pos

海牙(ハーグ) • (Hāgu)

The Hague (the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


オスロ

Oslo (a tiny city in Marshall County, in northwest Minnesota, United States)

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

Oslo (an unincorporated community in Vernon Township, Dodge County, Minnesota, United States)

Indian River County
Indian River County#English

Oslo (an unincorporated community in Indian River County, Florida, United States)


コペンハーゲン

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)

ja:コペンハーゲン (曖昧さ回避)


ブリュッセル

[bɯ̟ɾʲɨsːe̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from French Bruxelles, or possibly from Dutch Brussel.

Brussels (a city, the capital city of Belgium)


ベルン

Bern (the capital city of Switzerland; the capital city of Bern canton)


サラエボ

Saraebo (romanization)
Sarawevo (romanization)
サラヱヺ (historical katakana)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Sarajevo (the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina)


サライェヴォ

Borrowed from English or Serbo-Croatian Sarajevo.


リュブリャナ

Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


ウェリントン

[β̞e̞ɾʲĩntõ̞ɴ]


ポートモレスビー

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

Port Moresby (the capital of Papua New Guinea)


ハバナ

Ultimately from Spanish La Habana, in turn from Taíno Habaguanex.
Japanese sources list the term as a borrowing of Havana, but do not indicate the source language.
The term is first cited to the early 1890s. This would suggest that the term was borrowed from English Havana, since the ⟨ h ⟩ in Spanish has been silent for centuries. Considering that the pitch accent is on the first mora, the borrowing was likely via the written rather than the spoken form, as the accent on the second syllable in either Spanish or English would likely result in a higher pitch on the second mora instead.


ブラチスラヴァ

[bɯ̟ɾa̠t͡ɕisɨɾa̠ba̠]

Bratislava (the capital city of Slovakia)


ブラチスラバ

[bɯ̟ɾa̠t͡ɕisɨ̥ɾa̠ba̠]


ドーハ

ドーハ • (Dōha)

Doha (a city, the capital city of Qatar)


リヤド

Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


リマ

ja:リマ (曖昧さ回避)


ジョージタウン

ジョージタウン • (Jōji Taun)

George Town
George Town#English:_Q172996

George Town (the capital of the Cayman Islands)

George Town (the capital of Penang, Malaysia)

George Town
George Town#English:_Q1508377

George Town (a town and local government area (George Town Council) in northern Tasmania, Australia)


ジョージタウン

ジョージタウン • (Jōjitaun)

Georgetown (the capital city of Guyana; named for George III of the United Kingdom)

Ascension Island
Ascension Island#English

Georgetown (the capital city of Ascension Island; named for George III)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English

Georgetown (a town in Saint Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Georgetown (a neighborhood of Washington, D.C.; named for George II of Great Britain)

(informal) Georgetown (Georgetown University)

Clear Creek County
Clear Creek County#English

Georgetown (a territorial charter municipality, the county seat of Clear Creek County, Colorado; named for founder George Griffith)

Georgetown (a town, the county seat of Sussex County, Delaware; named for Delaware statesman George Mitchell)

Georgetown (a city in Illinois; perhaps named for landowner George Beckwith, or George Haworth, son of James Haworth, who platted the city)

Georgetown (a city, the county seat of Scott County, Kentucky; named for George Washington)

Georgetown (a village, the county seat of Brown County, Ohio; named for the city in Kentucky)

Georgetown County
Georgetown County#English

Georgetown (a city, the county seat of Georgetown County, South Carolina; named for George III)

Williamson County
Williamson County#English

Georgetown (a city, the county seat of Williamson County, Texas; named for landowner George Washington Glasscock)


プレトリア

[pɯ̟ɾe̞to̞ɾʲia̠]


ラバト

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


ハルツーム

[ha̠ɾɯ̟t͡sɨːmɯ̟]


ケープタウン

Cape Town (a city, the legislative capital of South Africa)


ブルームフォンテーン

ブルームフォンテーン • (Burūmufontēn)


キンシャサ

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Kinshasa (a city, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


キエフ・ルーシ

(historical) Kievan Rus (a medieval principality in Eastern Europe centred around Kyiv; at its maximum extent covering much of modern Ukraine, Belarus and western Russia and considered an early predecessor of each country)


ガザ地区

Gaza Strip (a region in Palestine between Egypt and Israel)


クラスノヤルスク

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai#English

Krasnoyarsk (a city, the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia, Russia)


ウラン・ウデ

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ɰ̃ ɯ̟de̞]

Ulan-Ude (the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia)


ペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー

ペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー • (Petoropaburofusuku Kamuchatsukī)

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (a city in Russia)


サマーラ

Samara (a city, the administrative center of Samara Oblast, Russia)

Samara (a tributary of the Volga in Russia)


西サハラ

Western Sahara
Western Sahara#English:_Q6250

Western Sahara (a territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory)


にしサハラ

西サハラ: Western Sahara (a territory of North Africa)


サイゴン

Ultimately borrowed from Vietnamese Sài Gòn.
The kanji spellings 西貢, 柴棍 are considered to be ateji. However, the 柴棍 spelling is rooted in the Vietnamese etymology of the name; see Sài Gòn for more.

(historical or informal) Saigon (the former name of Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam; the former capital of South Vietnam)


ホーチミン

Hōchimin (romanization)
ホー・チ・ミン (alternative)
胡志明 (alternative)

Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader)

Ho Chi Minh, Ho Chi Minh City (largest city of Vietnam)


北韓

北(ほっ)韓(かん) • (Hokkan) ^(←ほくかん (Fokukan)?)

北韓 (canonical)
Hokkan (romanization)
Fokukan (romanization)
ほくかん (hiragana historical)


南韓

南(なん)韓(かん) • (Nankan) ^(←なんかん (Nankan)?)

南韓 (canonical)
Nankan (romanization)
なんかん (hiragana historical)


南朝鮮

南朝鮮 (canonical)
Minami Chōsen (romanization)

From 南 (minami, “south”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 남조선 (Namjoseon).

af

(rare) South Korea (a country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula)

大韓民国

大韓民国 だいかんみんこく


上園

ja-pos

上(うえ)園(ぞの) • (Uezono) ^(←うへぞの (Ufezono)?)

上園 (canonical)
Uezono (romanization)
Ufezono (romanization)
うへぞの (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (ue, “up, upper”) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”). The sono changes to zono as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


上園

ja-pos

上(うえ)園(その) • (Uesono) ^(←うへその (Ufesono)?)

上園 (canonical)
Uesono (romanization)
Ufesono (romanization)
うへその (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (ue, “up, upper”) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”).


上園

上(うわ)園(ぞの) • (Uwazono) ^(←うはぞの (Ufazono)?)

上園 (canonical)
Uwazono (romanization)
Ufazono (romanization)
うはぞの (hiragana historical)

[ɯ̟β̞a̠zo̞no̞]

Compound of 上 (uwa, “up, upper”, bound form of ue) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”). The sono changes to zono as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


上園

Compound of 上 (kami, “up, upper”) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”). The sono changes to zono as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


上園

Compound of 上 (kami, “up, upper”) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”).


教宗

ja-pos

教(きょう)宗(しゅう) • (Kyōshū)


清明節

清明節 (canonical)
Seimeisetsu (romanization)

清明 (Seimei) + 節 (-setsu, “-day; festival; celebration”)

suf

Tomb Sweeping Day, an annual Chinese holiday observed 15 days after the vernal equinox (April 4 or 5)


不動明王

ja-pos

不(ふ)動(どう)明(みょう)王(おう) • (Fudō Myōō)

不動明王 (canonical)
Fudō Myōō (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟do̞ː mʲo̞ːo̞ː]

(religion, Buddhism) a guardian deity primarily revered in Vajrayana Buddhism as the principal of the Five Wisdom Kings, known outside of Japan by his Sanskrit name, अचल (acala)


降三世明王

降(ごう)三(ざん)世(ぜ)明(みょう)王(おう) • (Gōzanze Myōō)

降三世明王 (canonical)
Gōzanze Myōō (romanization)

(religion, Buddhism) Trailokyavijaya, the Wisdom King of the east, primarily revered in Vajrayana Buddhism


軍荼利明王

軍(ぐん)荼(だ)利(り)明(みょう)王(おう) • (Gundari Myōō)

軍荼利明王 (canonical)
Gundari Myōō (romanization)

(religion, Buddhism) Gundari Myōō, the Japanese name for Kuṇḍali, the Wisdom King of the South, primarily revered in Vajrayana Buddhism, in Japan, China and elsewhere.


大威德明王

だい.いとく みょうおう

大(だい)威(い)德(とく)明(みょう)王(おう) • (Daiitoku Myōō)

大威德明王 (canonical)
Daiitoku Myōō (romanization)

(religion, Buddhism) Daiitoku Myōō, the Japanese name for Yamantaka, the Wisdom King of the West, primarily revered in Vajrayana Buddhism, in Japan, China and elsewhere.


金剛夜叉明王

こんごう やしゃ みょうおう

金(こん)剛(ごう)夜(や)叉(しゃ)明(みょう)王(おう) • (Kongō Yasha Myōō)

金剛夜叉明王 (canonical)
Kongō Yasha Myōō (romanization)

(religion, Buddhism) Kongo Yasha Myōō, the Japanese name for Vajrayaksa, the Wisdom King of the North, primarily revered in Vajrayana Buddhism, in Japan, China and elsewhere.


デーンロウ

デーンロウ • (Dēnrō)


オハイオ州

オハイオ州 (canonical)
Ohaio-Shū (romanization)

Compound of オハイオ (Ohaio, “Ohio”) + 州 (-shū, “state”).
As with many place names in Japanese, this term consists of [placename]-[type of place].


達磨

Bodhidharma
Daijirin
Daijisen
Daruma doll
ja:だるま
ja:松村明
ja:達磨

Ultimately from Sanskrit धर्म (dharma, “law; morality; code”), either via Middle Chinese 達磨 (MC dat ma) as a transliteration of the Sanskrit, or as a clipping of 菩提達磨 (Bodaidaruma), in turn from Middle Chinese 菩提達磨 (MC bu dej dat ma) as a transliteration from Sanskrit.

der

Dharma, clipping of 菩提達磨 (Bodaidaruma, “Bodhidharma”)