See あい in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "哀",
"2": "愛",
"3": "隘",
"4": "埃",
"5": "娃",
"6": "靄"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ja-see"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "あう"
},
"expansion": "あう (au)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese stem form of verb あう (au): to meet, to be together, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ai-",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "afi-",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あひ",
"roman": "afi-",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix",
"hhira": "あひ"
},
"expansion": "あい • (ai-) ^(←あひ (afi-)?)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "prefix",
"redirects": [
"哀",
"愛",
"隘",
"埃",
"娃",
"靄"
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "partner; opponent",
"roman": "aite",
"ruby": [
[
"相",
"あい"
],
[
"手",
"て"
]
],
"text": "相手"
},
{
"english": "Brothers (siblings) will always fight (with each other).",
"roman": "Kyōdai wa itsumo ai-tatakau mono da.",
"ruby": [
[
"兄弟",
"きょうだい"
],
[
"相",
"あい"
],
[
"戦",
"たたか"
]
],
"text": "兄弟はいつも相戦うものだ。",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mutual, together, each other"
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-prefix-rbztd4Yu",
"links": [
[
"mutual",
"mutual"
],
[
"together",
"together"
],
[
"each other",
"each other"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"used in official or epistolary writings for elegance or politeness"
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-prefix-AAzZC0T6",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "あい"
},
{
"ipa": "[a̠i]"
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_text": "Same as 相 above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "-afi",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あひ",
"roman": "-afi",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"hhira": "あひ"
},
"expansion": "あい • (-ai) ^(←あひ (-afi)?)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "implication, shade of meaning, nuance",
"roman": "imiai",
"ruby": [
[
"意",
"い"
],
[
"味",
"み"
],
[
"合",
"あ"
]
],
"text": "意味合い"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mutual, together, each other, meeting"
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-suffix--Z3okdNw",
"links": [
[
"mutual",
"mutual"
],
[
"together",
"together"
],
[
"each other",
"each other"
],
[
"meet",
"meet"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_text": "Same as 相 above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "afi",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あひ",
"roman": "afi",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hhira": "あひ"
},
"expansion": "あい • (ai) ^(←あひ (afi)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "あいふく, aifuku, “clothing worn in spring or autumn”",
"word": "合い服"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Short for 合い服 (あいふく, aifuku, “clothing worn in spring or autumn”)."
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-noun-Fd0GJ1wq",
"links": [
[
"合い服",
"合い服#Japanese"
],
[
"あいふく",
"あいふく#Japanese"
],
[
"clothing",
"clothing"
],
[
"worn",
"worn"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"forms": [
{
"form": "ai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "afi",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あひ",
"roman": "afi",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "あい",
"hhira": "あひ"
},
"expansion": "あい • (ai) ^(←あひ (afi)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 12 36 2 13 13 13 1 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 37 3 15 13 13 1 4 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 11 35 3 14 13 12 1 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 11 34 6 13 12 12 1 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 13 35 2 14 14 13 1 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 13 36 1 14 14 14 0 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "something is sticking between the teeth",
"roman": "ha no ai ni mono ga hasamu",
"ruby": [
[
"歯",
"は"
],
[
"間",
"あい"
],
[
"挟",
"はさ"
]
],
"text": "歯の間にものが挟む"
}
],
"glosses": [
"interval of time or space; time; during; between; leisure"
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-noun-zmgoUI3~",
"links": [
[
"interval",
"interval"
],
[
"time",
"time"
],
[
"space",
"space"
],
[
"during",
"during"
],
[
"between",
"between"
],
[
"leisure",
"leisure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary or dialectal) interval of time or space; time; during; between; leisure"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "76 1 8 8 7",
"roman": "ma",
"sense": "interval of time or space",
"word": "間"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 1 8 8 7",
"roman": "aida",
"sense": "interval of time or space",
"word": "間"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 1 8 8 7",
"roman": "aima",
"sense": "interval of time or space",
"word": "合間"
}
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the husband and wife are on bad terms",
"roman": "fūfu ai ga warui",
"ruby": [
[
"夫",
"ふう"
],
[
"婦",
"ふ"
],
[
"間",
"あい"
],
[
"悪",
"わる"
]
],
"text": "夫婦間が悪い"
}
],
"glosses": [
"relation; relationship; terms (between people)"
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-noun-FbL8B0cu",
"links": [
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"relationship",
"relationship"
],
[
"terms",
"terms"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "35 59 3 2 2",
"roman": "aidagara",
"sense": "relationship between people, terms",
"word": "間柄"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 59 3 2 2",
"roman": "naka",
"sense": "relationship between people, terms",
"word": "仲"
}
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "aikyōgen",
"word": "間狂言"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Short for 間狂言 (aikyōgen)."
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-noun-bxpVgGlU",
"links": [
[
"間狂言",
"間狂言#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "aigoma",
"word": "間駒"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Short for 間駒 (aigoma)."
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-noun-fr-rSTqM",
"links": [
[
"間駒",
"間駒#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "ai no te",
"word": "間の手"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Short for 間の手 (ai no te)."
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-noun-x5~XfTTa",
"links": [
[
"間の手",
"間の手#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "あい"
},
{
"other": "あい"
},
{
"ipa": "[a̠i]"
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"forms": [
{
"form": "ai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "interjection"
},
"expansion": "あい • (ai)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "hai",
"word": "はい"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Clipping of はい (hai)."
],
"id": "en-あい-ja-intj-fnfjIq2m",
"links": [
[
"はい",
"はい#Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) Clipping of はい (hai)."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"clipping",
"informal"
]
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "soft-redirect",
"redirects": [
"藍",
"鮎"
],
"senses": [
{
"id": "en-あい-ja-soft-redirect-47DEQpj8",
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese prefixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for audio pronunciation in Japanese entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "哀",
"2": "愛",
"3": "隘",
"4": "埃",
"5": "娃",
"6": "靄"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ja-see"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "あう"
},
"expansion": "あう (au)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese stem form of verb あう (au): to meet, to be together, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ai-",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "afi-",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あひ",
"roman": "afi-",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix",
"hhira": "あひ"
},
"expansion": "あい • (ai-) ^(←あひ (afi-)?)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "prefix",
"redirects": [
"哀",
"愛",
"隘",
"埃",
"娃",
"靄"
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "partner; opponent",
"roman": "aite",
"ruby": [
[
"相",
"あい"
],
[
"手",
"て"
]
],
"text": "相手"
},
{
"english": "Brothers (siblings) will always fight (with each other).",
"roman": "Kyōdai wa itsumo ai-tatakau mono da.",
"ruby": [
[
"兄弟",
"きょうだい"
],
[
"相",
"あい"
],
[
"戦",
"たたか"
]
],
"text": "兄弟はいつも相戦うものだ。",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mutual, together, each other"
],
"links": [
[
"mutual",
"mutual"
],
[
"together",
"together"
],
[
"each other",
"each other"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"used in official or epistolary writings for elegance or politeness"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "あい"
},
{
"ipa": "[a̠i]"
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_text": "Same as 相 above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "-afi",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あひ",
"roman": "-afi",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"hhira": "あひ"
},
"expansion": "あい • (-ai) ^(←あひ (-afi)?)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "implication, shade of meaning, nuance",
"roman": "imiai",
"ruby": [
[
"意",
"い"
],
[
"味",
"み"
],
[
"合",
"あ"
]
],
"text": "意味合い"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mutual, together, each other, meeting"
],
"links": [
[
"mutual",
"mutual"
],
[
"together",
"together"
],
[
"each other",
"each other"
],
[
"meet",
"meet"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_text": "Same as 相 above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "afi",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あひ",
"roman": "afi",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hhira": "あひ"
},
"expansion": "あい • (ai) ^(←あひ (afi)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "あいふく, aifuku, “clothing worn in spring or autumn”",
"word": "合い服"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese short forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 合い服 (あいふく, aifuku, “clothing worn in spring or autumn”)."
],
"links": [
[
"合い服",
"合い服#Japanese"
],
[
"あいふく",
"あいふく#Japanese"
],
[
"clothing",
"clothing"
],
[
"worn",
"worn"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"forms": [
{
"form": "ai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "afi",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "あひ",
"roman": "afi",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "あい",
"hhira": "あひ"
},
"expansion": "あい • (ai) ^(←あひ (afi)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese dialectal terms",
"Japanese literary terms",
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "something is sticking between the teeth",
"roman": "ha no ai ni mono ga hasamu",
"ruby": [
[
"歯",
"は"
],
[
"間",
"あい"
],
[
"挟",
"はさ"
]
],
"text": "歯の間にものが挟む"
}
],
"glosses": [
"interval of time or space; time; during; between; leisure"
],
"links": [
[
"interval",
"interval"
],
[
"time",
"time"
],
[
"space",
"space"
],
[
"during",
"during"
],
[
"between",
"between"
],
[
"leisure",
"leisure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary or dialectal) interval of time or space; time; during; between; leisure"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the husband and wife are on bad terms",
"roman": "fūfu ai ga warui",
"ruby": [
[
"夫",
"ふう"
],
[
"婦",
"ふ"
],
[
"間",
"あい"
],
[
"悪",
"わる"
]
],
"text": "夫婦間が悪い"
}
],
"glosses": [
"relation; relationship; terms (between people)"
],
"links": [
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"relationship",
"relationship"
],
[
"terms",
"terms"
]
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "aikyōgen",
"word": "間狂言"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese short forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 間狂言 (aikyōgen)."
],
"links": [
[
"間狂言",
"間狂言#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "aigoma",
"word": "間駒"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese short forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 間駒 (aigoma)."
],
"links": [
[
"間駒",
"間駒#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "ai no te",
"word": "間の手"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese short forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 間の手 (ai no te)."
],
"links": [
[
"間の手",
"間の手#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "あい"
},
{
"other": "あい"
},
{
"ipa": "[a̠i]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "ma",
"sense": "interval of time or space",
"word": "間"
},
{
"roman": "aida",
"sense": "interval of time or space",
"word": "間"
},
{
"roman": "aima",
"sense": "interval of time or space",
"word": "合間"
},
{
"roman": "aidagara",
"sense": "relationship between people, terms",
"word": "間柄"
},
{
"roman": "naka",
"sense": "relationship between people, terms",
"word": "仲"
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese interjections",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"forms": [
{
"form": "ai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "interjection"
},
"expansion": "あい • (ai)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "hai",
"word": "はい"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese clippings",
"Japanese informal terms"
],
"glosses": [
"Clipping of はい (hai)."
],
"links": [
[
"はい",
"はい#Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) Clipping of はい (hai)."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"clipping",
"informal"
]
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "soft-redirect",
"redirects": [
"藍",
"鮎"
],
"senses": [
{
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"word": "あい"
}
Download raw JSONL data for あい meaning in Japanese (8.3kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "あい",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "あい",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "あい",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "あい",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "あい",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "あい",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "あい",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "あい",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"あい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "interjection",
"title": "あい",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.