廃刊

廃刊する (canonical)
haikan suru (romanization)
廃刊し (stem)
廃刊した (past)
廃刊し
はいかんし
haikan shi
廃刊する
はいかんする
haikan suru
廃刊すれ
はいかんすれ
haikan sure
廃刊せよ (imperative literary)
廃刊しろ (colloquial imperative)
はいかんせよ (imperative literary)
はいかんしろ (colloquial imperative)
haikan seyo (imperative literary)
haikan shiro (colloquial imperative)
廃刊される (passive)
はいかんされる (passive)
haikan sareru (passive)
廃刊させる (causative)
廃刊さす (causative)
はいかんさせる (causative)
はいかんさす (causative)
haikan saseru (causative)
haikan sasu (causative)
廃刊できる (potential)
はいかんできる (potential)
haikan dekiru (potential)
廃刊しよう (volitional)
はいかんしよう (volitional)
haikan shiyō (volitional)
廃刊しない (negative)
はいかんしない (negative)
haikan shinai (negative)
廃刊せず (continuative negative)
はいかんせず (continuative negative)
haikan sezu (continuative negative)
廃刊します (formal)
はいかんします (formal)
haikan shimasu (formal)
廃刊した (perfective)
はいかんした (perfective)
haikan shita (perfective)
廃刊して (conjunctive)
はいかんして (conjunctive)
haikan shite (conjunctive)
廃刊すれば (conditional hypothetical)
はいかんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
haikan sureba (conditional hypothetical)


長呼

長呼 (canonical)
chōko (romanization)
tyauko (romanization)
ちやうこ (hiragana historical)

(linguistics) lengthening of the vowel of a single mora to produce two morae


キ゚ャ

(nonstandard, linguistics) The katakana syllable キ゚ャ (ngya). Its equivalent in hiragana is き゚ゃ (ngya).


き゚ぇ

(nonstandard, linguistics) The hiragana syllable き゚ぇ (ngye). Its equivalent in katakana is キ゚ェ (ngye).


る゚

(nonstandard, linguistics) The hiragana syllable る゚ (lu). Its equivalent in katakana is ル゚ (lu).


ル゚

(nonstandard, linguistics) The katakana syllable ル゚ (lu). Its equivalent in hiragana is る゚ (lu).

Halfwidth katakana characters ｱｧ ｲｨ ｳｩ ｴｪ ｵｫ ｶ ｷ ｸ ｹ ｺ ｻ ｼ ｽ ｾ ｿ ﾀ ﾁ ﾂｯ ﾃ ﾄ ﾅ ﾆ ﾇ ﾈ ﾉ ﾊ ﾋ ﾌ ﾍ ﾎ ﾏ ﾐ ﾑ ﾒ ﾓ ﾔｬ ﾕｭ ﾖｮ ﾗ ﾘ ﾙ ﾚ ﾛ ﾜ ｦ ﾝ

Taiwanese kana tone signs 𚿰 𚿱 𚿲 𚿳 𚿵 𚿶 𚿷 𚿸 𚿹 𚿺 𚿻 𚿽 𚿾


声量

ja-noun

声(せい)量(りょう) • (seiryō) ^(←せいりやう (seiryau)?)

声量 (canonical)
seiryō (romanization)
seiryau (romanization)
せいりやう (hiragana historical)

日本人離れした声量

vocal power completely unlike a Japanese person


荒ぶ

荒ぶ (canonical)
arabu (romanization)
荒び (irrealis stem)
あらび (irrealis stem)
arabi (irrealis)
荒び (continuative stem)
あらび (continuative stem)
arabi (continuative)
荒ぶ (stem terminative)
あらぶ (stem terminative)
arabu (terminative)
荒ぶる (attributive stem)
あらぶる (attributive stem)
araburu (attributive)
荒ぶれ (realis stem)
あらぶれ (realis stem)
arabure (realis)
荒びよ (imperative stem)
あらびよ (imperative stem)
arabiyo (imperative)
荒びず (negative)
あらびず (negative)
arabizu (negative)
荒ぶれど (contrastive)
あらぶれど (contrastive)
araburedo (contrastive)
荒ぶれば (causative)
あらぶれば (causative)
arabureba (causative)
荒びば (conditional)
あらびば (conditional)
arabiba (conditional)
荒びき (past)
あらびき (past)
arabiki (past)
荒びけり (past)
あらびけり (past)
arabikeri (past)
荒びつ (perfect)
あらびつ (perfect)
arabitu (perfect)
荒びぬ (perfect)
あらびぬ (perfect)
arabinu (perfect)
荒びたり (continuative perfect)
あらびたり (continuative perfect)
arabitari (continuative perfect)
荒びむ (volitional)
あらびむ (volitional)
arabimu (volitional)

From the stem of adjective 荒らし (arashi, “rough, wild”) + ぶ (-bu, “to act like, to be (of a manner)”, precursor to modern suffix びる (-biru)).

荒れる

to become disordered; to become rough; to grow wild

1694, Matsuo Bashō, Rōka ate kyorai chokan [Recurring thoughts on leaving]:

Haikai is not merely simple construction, rude words, something drawn up with coarse tools

俳諧あらび可申候事は、言葉あらく、道具下品の物取出し申候事にては無

Haikai arabi-ka mōshisōra koto wa, kotoba araku, dōgu gehin no mono toridashi mōshisōra koto nite wa nai

(archaic, of poetry) to lack ornamentation, to be simple, be plain


れ゚

(nonstandard, linguistics) The hiragana syllable れ゚ (le). Its equivalent in katakana is レ゚ (le).


ロ゚

(nonstandard, linguistics) The katakana syllable ロ゚ (lo). Its equivalent in hiragana is ろ゚ (lo).


ろ゚

(nonstandard, linguistics) The hiragana syllable ろ゚ (lo). Its equivalent in katakana is ロ゚ (lo).


レ゚

(nonstandard, linguistics) The katakana syllable レ゚ (le). Its equivalent in hiragana is れ゚ (le).


used for emphasis, or to set off metaphors, neologisms and the like.


く゚ゎ

(nonstandard, linguistics) The hiragana syllable く゚ゎ (ngwa). Its equivalent in katakana is ク゚ヮ (ngwa).


ク゚ヮ

(nonstandard, linguistics) The katakana syllable ク゚ヮ (ngwa). Its equivalent in hiragana is く゚ゎ (ngwa).


倒置法

ja-noun

倒(とう)置(ち)法(ほう) • (tōchihō) ^(←たうちはふ (tautifafu)?)

倒置法 (canonical)
tōchihō (romanization)
tautifafu (romanization)
たうちはふ (hiragana historical)


ボカロP

ボカロP (canonical)
bokaro-pī (romanization)

(fandom slang) VOCALOID producer; musician who uses VOCALOID


ボカロ曲

ボカロ曲 (canonical)
bokaro-kyoku (romanization)

2014, “悲(かな)しんでいるときのあなたが好(す)き (Kanashindeiru toki no anata ga suki)” (02:27 from the start), in てさぐれ！部活(ぶかつ)もの あんこーる (Tesagure! Bukatsu-mono Ankōru) [Tesagure! Bukatsu-mono Encore]:

"Especially when there aren't any specific requests, they play what they like and get hyped." "Like, there are people who play nothing but niche Western music, and people who play too much VOCALOID music."

「特にリクエストがないときは、自分のお好きな曲を掛けて、テンションを上げるみたいだね。」「尖った洋楽ばっかりを流す人がいたり、やたらとボカロ曲を推してる人がいたり。」

“Toku ni rikuesuto ga nai toki wa, jibun no o-suki na kyoku o kakete, tenshon o ageru mitai da ne.”“Tongatta yōgaku bakkari o nagasu hito ga itari, yatara to bokaro-kyoku o oshiteru hito ga itari.”

(fandom slang) a song that uses the VOCALOID technology

ja:ボカロ (音楽ジャンル)


クロアチア語

クロアチア語 (canonical)
kuroachiago (romanization)

[kɯ̟ɾo̞a̠t͡ɕia̠ɡo̞]

クロアチア (kuroachia, “Croatia”) + 語 (-go, “language”)

suffix

the Croatian language (the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian)


日英語

ja-noun

日(にち)英(えい)語(ご) • (nichieigo) ^(←にちえいご (nitieigo)?)

日英語 (canonical)
nichieigo (romanization)
nitieigo (romanization)
にちえいご (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟it͡ɕie̞ːɡo̞]


修辞疑問

修(しゅう)辞(じ)疑(ぎ)問(もん) • (shūji gimon) ^(←しうじぎもん (siuzigimon)?)

修辞疑問 (canonical)
shūji gimon (romanization)
siuzigimon (romanization)
しうじぎもん (hiragana historical)

[ɕɨːʑi ɡʲimõ̞ɴ]

From 修(しゅう)辞(じ) (shūji, “rhetoric”) + 疑(ぎ)問(もん) (gimon, “question”). Calque of English rhetorical question.


一文不知

ja-noun

一(いち)文(もん)不(ふ)知(ち) • (ichimon-fuchi) ^(←いちもんふち (itimonfuti)?)

一文不知 (canonical)
ichimon-fuchi (romanization)
itimonfuti (romanization)
いちもんふち (hiragana historical)

[it͡ɕimõ̞ɰ̃ɸɯ̟t͡ɕi]

一文不通

一文不通 いちもんふつう


一文不通

一(いち)文(もん)不(ふ)通(つう) • (ichimon-futsū) ^(←いちもんふつう (itimonfutuu)?)

一文不通 (canonical)
ichimon-futsū (romanization)
itimonfutuu (romanization)
いちもんふつう (hiragana historical)

[it͡ɕimõ̞ɰ̃ɸɯ̟t͡sɨː]


品字様

品(ひん)字(じ)様(よう) • (hinjiyō) ^(←ひんじやう (finzyau)?)

品字様 (canonical)
hinjiyō (romanization)
finzyau (romanization)
ひんじやう (hiragana historical)

[çĩɲ̟d͡ʑijo̞ː]

Han character that is of 3 identical elements arranged in the style of the character 品


翻訳調

翻訳調 (canonical)
hon'yakuchō (romanization)

translationese, the result of a translation that overly resembles the syntax and idioms of the original language.


まぜがき

mazegaki (romanization)
まぜがき (hiragana historical)

From 交(ま)ぜ (maze, “mixing, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 交(ま)ぜる (mazeru, “to mix”).”) + 書(か)き (kaki, “writing, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 書(か)く (kaku, “to write”).”).

ja-compound

(orthography) Writing certain kanji of a Sino-Japanese word in kana instead. This may be motivated by reasons such as a kanji being excluded from the list of 常用漢字 (jōyō kanji).


まぜがき

まぜがきする (canonical)
mazegaki suru (romanization)
mazegaki (romanization)
まぜがきし (stem)
まぜがきした (past)
まぜがきし
mazegaki shi
まぜがきする
mazegaki suru
まぜがきすれ
mazegaki sure
まぜがきせよ (imperative literary)
まぜがきしろ (colloquial imperative)
mazegaki seyo (imperative literary)
mazegaki shiro (colloquial imperative)
まぜがきされる (passive)
mazegaki sareru (passive)
まぜがきさせる (causative)
まぜがきさす (causative)
mazegaki saseru (causative)
mazegaki sasu (causative)
まぜがきできる (potential)
mazegaki dekiru (potential)
まぜがきしよう (volitional)
mazegaki shiyō (volitional)
まぜがきしない (negative)
mazegaki shinai (negative)
まぜがきせず (continuative negative)
mazegaki sezu (continuative negative)
まぜがきします (formal)
mazegaki shimasu (formal)
まぜがきした (perfective)
mazegaki shita (perfective)
まぜがきして (conjunctive)
mazegaki shite (conjunctive)
まぜがきすれば (conditional hypothetical)
mazegaki sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(orthography) to write certain kanji of a Sino-Japanese word in kana instead


詰め

(typography) spacing of glyphs based on a percentage of their sidebearings, rather than a fixed unit or amount as used for kerning and tracking, which allows for proportional spacing of multiple glyphs at once


アクセント核

アクセント核 (canonical)
akusento-kaku (romanization)

From アクセント (akusento, “accent”) + 核(かく) (kaku, “core; kernel; nucleus”).

(Japanese phonology) an accent kernel/nucleus (the so-called "accented" mora of an utterance, which singly occurs for each utterance and which immediately precedes a drop in pitch from high to low)

ja:アクセント#日本語のアクセント

頭高型 for the first accented mora

The accent types are named after the position of the accent kernel in a word

中高型 for any of the morae from second to penultimate

and 尾高型 for the last accented mora. Words with the 平板型 do not have an accent kernel.

Depending on dialects and individual preference

the high pitch of words with an accent kernel could actually be higher than the high pitch of words without one

ちゅう.ご.く.じん

特殊拍 (tokushuhaku, “special morae”) (see 音節 (onsetsu, “syllable”)) such as the 促音 (sokuon, /Q/), the 撥音 (hatsuon, /N/), the lengthening part of a vowel (/ː/) and the offglide of a diphthong (/i/), can never be accent kernels, except when certain apparent trimoraic syllables are involved. Should they be due to certain patterns, the accent kernel will shift to an adjacent mora, usually the one before. For example, the suffix じん (-jin, citizen/native of a place) tends to make the mora immediately before じ (ji) the accent kernel (with few exceptions such as にほんじん (Nihonjin, “Japanese”) /nihoNd͡ʑiꜜN/ where the accent kernel is じ (ji) itself)

*ロン.ドン.じん → ロン.ドン.じん

However, should that mora be a special one, the accent kernel shifts to the mora before it

*ス.ペイン.じん → ス.ペ.イン.じん

This rule seemingly breaks down when it comes to apparently trimoraic syllables, especially introduced by 外来語 (gairaigo, “European loanwords”). Trimoraic syllables are disfavored and seem to be broken into two separate syllables, turning what is supposed to be a special mora into a 自立拍 (jiritsuhaku, “free mora”)

*ロン.ドンっ.こ → ロン.ド.ンっ.こ

Suffixes such as っ子 (-kko) add one extra mora to any syllable before them, causing potential trimoraic syllables that need to be broken down


チェーホフの銃

ja-noun

^チェーホフ の じゅう

チェーホフの銃(じゅう) • (Chēhofu no jū)

チェーホフの銃 (canonical)
Chēhofu no jū (romanization)

[t͡ɕe̞ːho̞ɸɯ̟ no̞ d͡ʑɨː]

From チェーホフ (Chēhofu, “Chekhov”) + の (no) + 銃(じゅう) (jū, “gun”).


合併号

合併号 (canonical)
gappei-gō (romanization)

[ɡa̠p̚pe̞ːɡo̞ː]


漫画喫茶

ja-noun

漫(まん)画(が)喫(きっ)茶(さ) or 漫画喫茶(マンガきっさ) • (manga kissa) ^(←まんがきつさ (mangakitusa)?)

漫画喫茶 (canonical)
漫画喫茶 (canonical)
manga kissa (romanization)
mangakitusa (romanization)
まんがきつさ (hiragana historical)

[mã̠ŋɡa̠ kʲisːa̠]


ボイストレーナー

ボイストレーナー • (boisu torēnā)


ボイストレーニング

[bo̞isɨ to̞ɾe̞ːɲ̟ĩŋɡɯ̟]

ja:ボイストレーニング


自他

自他 (canonical)
jita (romanization)
zita (romanization)
じた (hiragana historical)


うたわり

[ɯ̟ta̠β̞a̠ɾʲi]

From 歌(うた) (uta) + 割(わ)り (wari, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 割(わ)る (waru).”).

ja-compound

(idol fandom) division of a song's vocals between members


巻頭

ja-noun

巻(かん)頭(とう) • (kantō) ^(←くわんとう (kwantou)?)

巻頭 (canonical)
kantō (romanization)
kwantou (romanization)
くわんとう (hiragana historical)


セルビア・クロアチア語

セルビア・クロアチア語 (canonical)
serubia kuroachiago (romanization)

[se̞ɾɯ̟bʲia̠ kɯ̟ɾo̞a̠t͡ɕia̠ɡo̞]


く゚ぃ

(nonstandard, linguistics) The hiragana syllable く゚ぃ (ngwi). Its equivalent in katakana is ク゚ィ (ngwi).


ゲバ字

A style of written kanji, encompassing an angular form and a set of ryakuji. It is politically associated with leftist student activism.

全共闘文字

全共闘文字 ぜんきょうとうもじ

全学連文字

全学連文字 ぜんがくれんもじ


丸文字

丸文字 (canonical)
maru-moji (romanization)

a highly rounded feminine handwriting style born in the 1970s


単純語

[tã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑɨ̃ŋɡo̞]


艶書

艶(えん)書(しょ) or 艶(えん)書(じょ) • (ensho or enjo)

艶書 (canonical)
艶書 (canonical)
ensho (romanization)
enjo (romanization)

From 艶 (en, “love”) + 書 (sho, “letter, document”).


くにことば

ja-noun

くにことば • (kuni-kotoba) ^(←くにことば (kunikotoba)?)

kuni-kotoba (romanization)
kunikotoba (romanization)
くにことば (hiragana historical)

「まアおばん様、あぶなかったのし」
と国言葉で云いながら出て来て、祖母を扶けて座敷へ上げて呉れた。

“Mā oban-sama, abunakatta noshi”
to kuni-kotoba de iinagara dete kite, sobo o tasukete zashiki e agete kureta.


せんみょうがき

せんみょうがき • (senmyō-gaki) ^(←せんみゃうがき (senmyaugaki)?)

senmyō-gaki (romanization)
senmyaugaki (romanization)
せんみゃうがき (hiragana historical)

[sẽ̞mʲːo̞ːɡa̠kʲi]

From 宣命(せんみょう) (senmyō) + 書(か)き (kaki, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 書(か)く (kaku).”). The kaki changes to gaki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

A historical form of Japanese writing. Text is written entirely in kanji, with functional morphemes written in smaller-sized man'yōgana.


自由律

ja-noun

自(じ)由(ゆう)律(りつ) • (jiyūritsu) ^(←じいうりつ (ziiuritu)?)

自由律 (canonical)
jiyūritsu (romanization)
ziiuritu (romanization)
じいうりつ (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑijɯ̟ːɾʲit͡sɨ]


六国史

六国史 (canonical)
rikkokushi (romanization)

続(しょく)日(に)本(ほん)後(こう)紀(き) 続日本後紀#Japanese

日(に)本(ほん)文(もん)徳(とく)天(てん)皇(のう)実(じつ)録(ろく) 日本文徳天皇実録#Japanese

日(に)本(ほん)三(さん)代(だい)実(じつ)録(ろく) 日本三代実録#Japanese

the Six National Histories (日(に)本(ほん)書(しょ)紀(き) (Nihon Shoki), 続(しょく)日(に)本(ほん)紀(ぎ) (Shoku Nihongi), 日(に)本(ほん)後(こう)紀(き) (Nihon Kōki), 続(しょく)日(に)本(ほん)後(こう)紀(き) (Shoku Nihon Kōki), 日(に)本(ほん)文(もん)徳(とく)天(てん)皇(のう)実(じつ)録(ろく) (Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku), 日(に)本(ほん)三(さん)代(だい)実(じつ)録(ろく) (Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku))


ガテラル

[ɡa̠te̞ɾa̠ɾɯ̟]


余白

余白 (canonical)
yohaku (romanization)
yofaku (romanization)
よはく (hiragana historical)


具足

From Old Japanese 具足 (gusoku). First cited to a portion of the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) dated to 722.
In turn, borrowed from Middle Chinese compound 具足 (MC gjuH tsjowk, “to suffice; sufficient”, literally “provide, furnish + enough, abundant”), in evidence since at least the Lunheng of the first century CE.
Within Japanese, also analyzable as a compound of 具 (gu, “gear, equipment, furnishings”) + 足 (soku, “adding, making adequate”).

ltc-l

(poetry) the subject matter alluded to by a 連歌 (renga, “linked poem”)


わかちがき

ja-noun

わかちがき • (wakachigaki) ^(←わかちがき (wakatigaki)?)

wakachigaki (romanization)
wakatigaki (romanization)
わかちがき (hiragana historical)

From 分(わ)かち (wakachi, “dividing, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 分(わ)かつ (wakatsu, “to divide”).”) + 書(か)き (kaki, “writing, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 書(か)く (kaku, “to write”).”). The kaki changes to gaki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

writing as separate words, found for example in Japanese children's books or video games, or the modern orthography for the Korean language


電算写植

ja-noun

電(でん)算(さん)写(しゃ)植(しょく) • (densan shashoku)

電算写植 (canonical)
densan shashoku (romanization)

[dẽ̞ɰ̃sa̠ɰ̃ ɕa̠ɕo̞kɯ̟]

From 電算(でんさん) (densan) + 写植(しゃしょく) (shashoku).

ja-compound

電算写植機

電算写植機 でんさんしゃしょくき

手動写植

手動写植 しゅどうしゃしょく


電算写植機

ja-noun

でんさん しゃしょく-き

電(でん)算(さん)写(しゃ)植(しょく)機(き) • (densan shashoku-ki)

電算写植機 (canonical)
densan shashoku-ki (romanization)

[dẽ̞ɰ̃sa̠ɰ̃ ɕa̠ɕo̞kɯ̟kʲi]

From 電算写植(でんさんしゃしょく) (densan shashoku) + 機(き) (ki) or 電算(でんさん) (densan) + 写植機(しゃしょくき) (shashoku-ki).

ja-compound

手動写植機

手動写植機 しゅどうしゃしょくき


肉体文学

ja-noun

肉(にく)体(たい)文(ぶん)学(がく) • (nikutai bungaku)

肉体文学 (canonical)
nikutai bungaku (romanization)

肉体 (nikutai, “body; flesh”) + 文学 (bungaku, “literature”)


ウェブまんが

ja-noun

ウェブまんが or ウェブマンガ • (webu manga)

ウェブまんが (canonical)
ウェブマンガ (canonical)
webu manga (romanization)

[β̞e̞bɯ̟ mã̠ŋɡa̠]


ラブコメディー

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from love + comedy


たすき

tasuki (romanization)
たすき (hiragana historical)

the kanji component 丿 in characters such as 戈


ショートショート

ja-noun

ショートショート • (shōto shōto)

[ɕo̞ːto̞ ɕo̞ːto̞]


書司

(history) a 律令 (ritsuryō) position in the 後宮 (Kōkyū, “Seraglio”) that manages books and stationery


書司

ja-pos

書(ふみの)司(つかさ) or 書(ふんの)司(つかさ) • (Fumi no Tsukasa or Fun no Tsukasa)

書司 (canonical)
書司 (canonical)
Fumi no Tsukasa (romanization)
Fun no Tsukasa (romanization)

From 書 (“writing material”) + の (genitive marker) + 司 (“position”).

af

Alternative spelling of 図書寮 (Fumi no Tsukasa)


図書寮

ja-pos

図(ず)書(しょ)寮(りょう) or 図(と)書(しょ)寮(りょう) • (Zushoryō or Toshoryō)

図書寮 (canonical)
図書寮 (canonical)
Zushoryō (romanization)
Toshoryō (romanization)

(history, government) a 律令 (ritsuryō) department under the 中務省 (Nakatsukasashō, “Ministry of the Center”), responsible for managing books and stationery used by officials

(history, government) a Meiji department under the 宮内省 (Kunaishō, “Ministry of the Imperial Household”), responsible for managing books for the Imperial Household


図書寮

図書寮 (canonical)
Fumi no Tsukasa (romanization)

From 書 (“writing material”) + の (genitive marker) + 司 (“office”).

af

(history, government) a Meiji department under the 宮内省 (Kunaishō, “Ministry of the Imperial Household”), responsible for manageing books for the Imperial Household


詩経

(literature, poetry) the Classic of Poetry


代動詞

Calque of English pro-verb. Compare 代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) (daimeishi, “pronoun”), 動(どう)詞(し) (dōshi, “verb”).

2017 April 13, “do no yōhō [Usage of do]”, in Kōkō netto zemi daigaku juken kōza, archived from the original on 2021-04-28:

The final usage of do is as ‘pro-verb’, the verb version of a pronoun. Since English doesn't like to use the same word again and again, it is common to use do in place of the verb the second time.

doの用法の最後は【代動詞】です。代名詞の動詞版。英語は同じ単語を何回も使うのを嫌うので、動詞も2回目はdoにしてしまうことがよくあります。

Do no yōhō no saigo wa【daidōshi】desu. Daimeishi no dōshi ban. Eigo wa onaji tango o nankai mo tsukau no o kirau no de, dōshi mo nikaime wa do ni shite shimau koto ga yoku arimasu.

(linguistics, grammar) pro-verb, pro-form of a verb


筆脈

筆脈 (canonical)
hitsumyaku (romanization)

(calligraphy) the flow between two disconnected strokes


複合動詞

ja-noun

複(ふく)合(ごう)動(どう)詞(し) • (fukugō dōshi) ^(←ふくがふどうし (fukugafudousi)?)

複合動詞 (canonical)
fukugō dōshi (romanization)
fukugafudousi (romanization)
ふくがふどうし (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟ɡo̞ː do̞ːɕi]

2013 October 4, Okuda Tomoki, “Nihongo no fukugō dōshi kenkyū no shosō [Aspects of research on Japanese compound verbs]”, in Nagoya University Repository, page 1:

According to the National Japanese Language Research Institute’s “Vocabulary for research and education (1)” (1984), the main combining patterns of compound verbs are as follows. (1) verb + verb: yobiyoseru [call together], kikitogameru [question critically], hakidasu [spit out] […]

国立国語研究所『語彙の研究と教育（上）』(1984)によれば、複合動詞の主な結合パターンは以下のとおりである。
(1)動詞＋動詞 呼び寄せる、聞きとがめる、吐き出す、 […]

Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo “Goi no kenkyū to kyōiku (jō)” (1984) ni yoreba, fukugō dōshi no omo na ketsugō patān wa ika no tōri de aru.
(1) dōshi ＋ dōshi yobiyoseru, kikitogameru, hakidasu, […]

複合名詞

複合名詞 ふくごうめいし


複合名詞

複(ふく)合(ごう)名(めい)詞(し) • (fukugō meishi) ^(←ふくがふめいし (fukugafumeisi)?)

複合名詞 (canonical)
fukugō meishi (romanization)
fukugafumeisi (romanization)
ふくがふめいし (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɡo̞ːme̞ːɕi]

2018 February 28, “TOEIC ni deru fukugōmeishi 50 sen! [50 compound nouns that appear in TOEIC]”, in English Hacker:

By remembering lots of business-related compound nouns, let’s aim for a high TOEIC score!

多くのビジネスに関する複合名詞を覚えて、TOEICハイスコアを目指しましょう！

Ōku no bijinesu ni kan suru fukugōmeishi o oboete, TOEIC haisukoa o mezashimashō!

複合動詞

複合動詞 ふくごうどうし


改訳

改訳する (canonical)
kaiyaku suru (romanization)
kaiyaku (romanization)
改訳し (stem)
改訳した (past)
改訳し
かいやくし
kaiyaku shi
改訳する
かいやくする
kaiyaku suru
改訳すれ
かいやくすれ
kaiyaku sure
改訳せよ (imperative literary)
改訳しろ (colloquial imperative)
かいやくせよ (imperative literary)
かいやくしろ (colloquial imperative)
kaiyaku seyo (imperative literary)
kaiyaku shiro (colloquial imperative)
改訳される (passive)
かいやくされる (passive)
kaiyaku sareru (passive)
改訳させる (causative)
改訳さす (causative)
かいやくさせる (causative)
かいやくさす (causative)
kaiyaku saseru (causative)
kaiyaku sasu (causative)
改訳できる (potential)
かいやくできる (potential)
kaiyaku dekiru (potential)
改訳しよう (volitional)
かいやくしよう (volitional)
kaiyaku shiyō (volitional)
改訳しない (negative)
かいやくしない (negative)
kaiyaku shinai (negative)
改訳せず (continuative negative)
かいやくせず (continuative negative)
kaiyaku sezu (continuative negative)
改訳します (formal)
かいやくします (formal)
kaiyaku shimasu (formal)
改訳した (perfective)
かいやくした (perfective)
kaiyaku shita (perfective)
改訳して (conjunctive)
かいやくして (conjunctive)
kaiyaku shite (conjunctive)
改訳すれば (conditional hypothetical)
かいやくすれば (conditional hypothetical)
kaiyaku sureba (conditional hypothetical)


新刊

新(しん)刊(かん) • (shinkan) ^(←しんかん (sinkan)?)

新刊 (canonical)
shinkan (romanization)
sinkan (romanization)
しんかん (hiragana historical)


ラーマーヤナ

ja-pos

ラーマーヤナ • (Rāmāyana)

Learned borrowing from Classical Sanskrit रामायण (rāmāyaṇa).


二重母音

二重母音 (canonical)
nijū boin (romanization)

[ɲ̟iʑɨːbo̞ĩɴ]


たいげんどめ

From 体言(たいげん) (taigen) + 止(と)め (tome, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 止(と)める (tomeru).”). The tome changes to dome as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

(grammar) ending a sentence with a 体言 (taigen), instead of verbs (including だ (da))


ポエジー

ja-noun

ポエジー • (poejī)


フスハー

bor

Arabic الْفُصْحَى (al-fuṣḥā)


戯訓

戯訓 (canonical)
gikun (romanization)
ぎくん (hiragana historical)


近世語

ja-noun

近(きん)世(せい)語(ご) • (kinseigo) ^(←きんせいご (kinseigo)?)

近世語 (canonical)
kinseigo (romanization)
きんせいご (hiragana historical)

[kʲĩɰ̃se̞ːɡo̞]

early modern Japanese
early modern Japanese

early modern Japanese (Edo-period Japanese language)


難訓

難(なん)訓(くん) • (nankun) ^(←なんくん (nankun)?)

難訓 (canonical)
nankun (romanization)
なんくん (hiragana historical)

『万葉集』の難訓歌

songs in the Man'yōshū that are difficult to interpret


悪筆

悪(あく)筆(ひつ) • (akuhitsu) ^(←あくひつ (akufitu)?)

悪筆 (canonical)
akuhitsu (romanization)
akufitu (romanization)
あくひつ (hiragana historical)


テンキー

テンキー • (tenkī)

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from ten + key.


書写体

書写体 (canonical)
shoshatai (romanization)

(calligraphy) non-standard character forms (旧字体, 異体字, 変体仮名, etc.) used in calligraphy


詩語

詩語 (canonical)
shigo (romanization)
sigo (romanization)
しご (hiragana historical)


諺解

ja-noun

諺(げん)解(かい) • (genkai) ^(←げんかい (genkai)?)

諺解 (canonical)
genkai (romanization)
げんかい (hiragana historical)

仏典の諺解

(historical) Korean-language annotation of Chinese-language works


かかりむすび

かかりむすび • (kakarimusubi) ^(←かかりむすび (kakarimusubi)?)

kakarimusubi (romanization)
かかりむすび (hiragana historical)

From 係(かか)り (kakari, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 係(かか)る (kakaru).”) + 結(むす)び (musubi, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 結(むす)ぶ (musubu).”).

ja-compound

kakarimusubi, a phenomenon in classical Japanese where certain words (a subset of 係助詞 (kakari-joshi)) provoke the usage of different verbal inflexion at the end of the sentence (呼応 (koō))


ズーズー弁

ズーズー弁 (canonical)
zū-zū-ben (romanization)

[d͡zɨːzɨːbẽ̞ɴ]

(informal) Japanese dialect that has merged the yotsugana (四つ仮名)


識語

識語 (canonical)
shikigo (romanization)
sikigo (romanization)
しきご (hiragana historical)

Shift from shigo (see below), using the more-common reading of 識 (shiki) for the first kanji.

(bibliography) the description of the provenance of a book, compare English preface


識語

識語 (canonical)
shigo (romanization)
sigo (romanization)
しご (hiragana historical)

From 識 (shi, “marker, sign”) + 語 (go, “speech, word”).

com

(bibliography, uncommon) the description of the provenance of a book


かきくだす

ja-verb

かきくだす • (kakikudasu) ^(←かきくだす (kakikudasu)?)godan (stem かきくだし (kakikudashi), past かきくだした (kakikudashita))

kakikudasu (romanization)
かきくだし (stem)
かきくだした (past)
かきくださ
kakikudasa
かきくだし
kakikudashi
かきくだす
kakikudasu
かきくだせ
kakikudase
かきくだされる (passive)
kakikudasareru (passive)
かきくださせる (causative)
かきくださす (causative)
kakikudasaseru (causative)
kakikudasasu (causative)
かきくだせる (potential)
kakikudaseru (potential)
かきくだそう (volitional)
kakikudasō (volitional)
かきくださない (negative)
kakikudasanai (negative)
かきくださず (continuative negative)
kakikudasazu (continuative negative)
かきくだします (formal)
kakikudashimasu (formal)
かきくだした (perfective)
kakikudashita (perfective)
かきくだして (conjunctive)
kakikudashite (conjunctive)
かきくだせば (conditional hypothetical)
kakikudaseba (conditional hypothetical)

From 書(か)き (kaki, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 書(か)く (kaku).”) + 下(くだ)す (kudasu).

ja-compound

書(か)き下(くだ)し文(ぶん) 書き下し文#Japanese

to annotate a literary Chinese text, transforming it into 書(か)き下(くだ)し文(ぶん) (kakikudashi bun)


半母音

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Semivowel
ja:半母音
Ōsaka

Compound of 半(はん) (han-, “semi-”) + 母音(ぼいん) (boin, “vowel”).
First cited to a text from 1912 with the now-obsolete reading of hanboon. The reading appears to have shifted from hanboon to hanboin by 1922.

1912, 淸 榊原, “5-(2) 母音と半母音 [5-2: Vowels and Semi-vowels]”, in 自習速記術 [Self-Taught Stenography], 以文館, pages 11–12:

‘Vowels’ are the five letters a, i, u, e and o. ‘Semivowels’ are the five letters wa, wi, u, we and wo.

母音と云ふものはアイウエオの五字、半母音と云ふものはワヰウヱヲの五字を云ふのであります。

Boin to ifu mono wa aiueo no goji, hanboin to ifu mono wa waiueo no goji o ifu no de arimasu.

(obsolete, phonology) a mora with a semivowel onglide, such as や (ya) or わ (wa)


パンマル

[pã̠mːa̠ɾɯ̟]

ため口

roughly equivalent phenomenon in Japanese


欠ページ

欠ページ (canonical)
ketsu-pēji (romanization)

(publishing, bibliography) page absence; missing page


にくづき

nikuzuki (romanization)
nikuduki (romanization)
にくづき (hiragana historical)

From 肉(にく) (niku) + 付(つ)き (tsuki, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 付(つ)く (tsuku).”). The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

build (of the body); the way in which one has flesh and body


にくづき

From 肉(にく) (niku, “meat; flesh”) + 月(つき) (tsuki, “moon”), referring to its etymological origin as the character 肉 (“meat; flesh”) and its present appearance as 月. Compare Jin 月肉旁. The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

⿰月虎は又字に引かれている𬿚〔臕〕の意味で使われている俗字である。現代北京語でも彪はbiāoという発音であるように，流摂幽韻の虎を声符に肉月の偏旁をプラスした造字であろう。

1986, 砂岡和子, “敦煌出土『字宝碎金』の語彙と字体”, in 中国語学, number 233:

The kanji component 月, appearing on the left, etymologically 肉 (“meat; flesh”) and used in words related to the body.


るまた

rumata (romanization)
るまた (hiragana historical)

Decomposition of 殳 as ル (ru, katakana syllable) and 又(また) (mata).


のぎへん

nogi-hen (romanization)
nogi-fen (romanization)
のぎへん (hiragana historical)

[no̞ɡʲihẽ̞ɴ]

Decomposition of 禾 as ノ (no, katakana syllable) and 木(き) (ki), + 偏(へん) (hen).


いちたへん

ja-noun

いちたへん • (ichita-hen) ^(←いちたへん (itita-fen)?)

ichita-hen (romanization)
itita-fen (romanization)
いちたへん (hiragana historical)

Decomposition of 歹 as 一(いち) (ichi) and タ (ta, katakana syllable), + 偏(へん) (hen).


わかんむり

わかんむり • (wa-kanmuri) ^(←わかんむり (wa-kanmuri)?)

wa-kanmuri (romanization)
わかんむり (hiragana historical)

[β̞a̠kã̠mːɯ̟ɾʲi]

ワ (wa, katakana syllable), in reference to its shape, + 冠(かんむり) (kanmuri).


病垂れ

病(やまい)垂(だ)れ • (yamaidare) ^(←やまひだれ (yamafidare)?)

病垂れ (canonical)
yamaidare (romanization)
yamafidare (romanization)
やまひだれ (hiragana historical)

病(やまい) (yamai, “disease”) + 垂(た)れ (tare, “hanging down”). The tare changes to dare as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

the kanji component 疒, used with characters relating to disease


句意

句意 (canonical)
kui (romanization)
くい (hiragana historical)


外典

ja-pos

外(がい)典(てん) • (Gaiten) ^(←ぐゎいてん (Gwaiten)?)

外典 (canonical)
Gaiten (romanization)
Gwaiten (romanization)
ぐゎいてん (hiragana historical)


うたいまわし

ja-noun

うたいまわし • (utaimawashi) ^(←うたひまはし (utafimafasi)?)

utaimawashi (romanization)
utafimafasi (romanization)
うたひまはし (hiragana historical)

From 歌(うた)い (utai, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 歌(うた)う (utau).”) + 回(まわ)し (mawashi, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 回(まわ)す (mawasu).”).


烏口

烏口 (canonical)
karasuguchi (romanization)

[ka̠ɾa̠sɨɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

烏 (“crow; raven”) + 口 (“mouth”), from the resemblance of the tip to a crow's beak


糸偏

From 糸(いと) (ito, “thread”) + 偏(へん) (hen, “left-hand side kanji component”).


うけばこ

ukebako (romanization)
うけばこ (hiragana historical)

From 受(う)け (uke, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 受(う)ける (ukeru).”) + 箱(はこ) (hako). The hako changes to bako as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


伝本

ja-noun

伝(でん)本(ぽん) • (denpon) ^(←でんぽん (denpon)?)

伝本 (canonical)
denpon (romanization)
でんぽん (hiragana historical)

本書の伝本は少ない。

(bibliography) existing / surviving copy


邦語

邦語 (canonical)
hōgo (romanization)
faugo (romanization)
はうご (hiragana historical)


真片仮名

真片仮名 (canonical)
shinkatakana (romanization)

Blend of 真名 (mana, “non-phonetic kanji”) + 片仮名 (katakana)

blend

a mixed script of kanji and katakana, or a use of such script, that was common in formal writing, before modern orthographic reforms which favored hiragana over katakana for grammatical elements such as particles and inflectional affixes


大和仮名

大和仮名 (canonical)
Yamatogana (romanization)

大和 (“Yamato nation; Japan”) + 仮名. So called because hiragana and katakana were Japanese inventions, as opposed to 真名 (mana, “non-phonetic Chinese characters”) and 真仮名 (magana, “phonetic Chinese characters”).


真仮名

真 (“true”) + 仮名. It is called "true", as opposed to hiragana and katakana which no longer retain the original shape of the Han characters (kanji) they derive from, even though it is still "false" as a type of 仮名 (kana, literally “false name”) because it is used phonetically. See also 真名 (mana, “non-phonetic kanji”, literally “true name”) and 真片仮名 (shinkatakana, “non-phonetic kanji and katakana”).

(history) a syllabary with characters drawn from kanji, such as the 万葉仮名 (Man'yōgana), that is the precursor to hiragana and katakana


アラム

アラム語

アラム人


自句自解

自句自解 (canonical)
jikujikai (romanization)


吟社

ja-noun

吟(ぎん)社(しゃ) • (ginsha) ^(←ぎんしや (ginsya)?)

吟社 (canonical)
ginsha (romanization)
ginsya (romanization)
ぎんしや (hiragana historical)


句会

句会 (canonical)
kukai (romanization)
kukwai (romanization)
くくわい (hiragana historical)


山海経

ja-pos

山(せん)海(がい)経(きょう) • (Sengaikyō) ^(←せんがいきゃう (Sengaikyau)?)

山(さん)海(かい)経(きょう) • (Sankaikyō) ^(←さんかいきゃう (Sankaikyau)?)

山海経 (canonical)
Sengaikyō (romanization)
Sengaikyau (romanization)
せんがいきゃう (hiragana historical)
山海経 (canonical)
Sankaikyō (romanization)
Sankaikyau (romanization)
さんかいきゃう (hiragana historical)

[sẽ̞ŋɡa̠ikʲo̞ː]


日本書紀

[ɲ̟iho̞ɰ̃ ɕo̞kʲi]

From 日本(にほん) (nihon, “Japan”) + 書(しょ) (sho, “book”) + 紀(き) (ki, “record”).

ja-com

The Chronicles of Japan (Japan's famous mythological and historical text, written mostly in Literary Chinese)


戯作

ja-noun

戯(げ)作(さく) or 戯作(ぎさく) or 戯作(けさく) or 戯作(きさく) • (gesaku or gisaku or kesaku or kisaku)

戯作 (canonical)
戯作 (canonical)
戯作 (canonical)
戯作 (canonical)
gesaku (romanization)
gisaku (romanization)
kesaku (romanization)
kisaku (romanization)


ク語法

ク語法 (canonical)
ク語法 (canonical)
ku-gohō (romanization)

[kɯ̟ɡo̞ho̞ː]

(grammar) the use of the Classical Japanese nominalizer く (ku)


二段活用

二段活用 (canonical)
nidan katsuyō (romanization)

上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) 上二段活用#Japanese

下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) 下二段活用#Japanese

(grammar) The Classical Japanese bigrade verb conjugation class, consisting of the two subclasses of 上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper-bigrade conjugation”) and 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower-bigrade conjugation”)

一段活用

一段活用 いちだんかつよう


一段活用

一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (ichidan katsuyō)

一段活用 (canonical)
ichidan katsuyō (romanization)

上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) 上一段活用#Japanese

下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) 下一段活用#Japanese

(grammar) The monograde verb conjugation class, consisting of the two subclasses of 上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper-monograde conjugation”) and 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower-monograde conjugation”)


曲用

曲(きょく)用(よう) • (kyokuyō) ^(←きよくよう (kyokuyou)?)

曲用 (canonical)
kyokuyō (romanization)
kyokuyou (romanization)
きよくよう (hiragana historical)

Coordinate term: 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”)


現代仮名遣い

現(げん)代(だい)仮(か)名(な)遣(づか)い • (gendai kanazukai) ^(←げんだいかなづかひ (gendai kanadukafi)?)

現代仮名遣い (canonical)
gendai kanazukai (romanization)
gendai kanadukafi (romanization)
げんだいかなづかひ (hiragana historical)

From 現代 (gendai, “modern”) + 仮名遣い (kanazukai, “kana usage”).

compound

the method of using kana to write Japanese that has been used after the 1946 (post-war) Japanese national language reform; unlike its predecessor, it is almost entirely phonetic, reflecting the modern language with little ambiguity


同訓

同訓 (canonical)
dōkun (romanization)
doukun (romanization)
どうくん (hiragana historical)

of multiple kanji: having the same kun (訓)


異字同訓

ja-noun

異(い)字(じ)同(どう)訓(くん) • (iji dōkun) ^(←いじどうくん (izidoukun)?)

異字同訓 (canonical)
iji dōkun (romanization)
izidoukun (romanization)
いじどうくん (hiragana historical)

[iʑi do̞ːkɯ̟̃ɴ]

different kanji with the same 訓(くん) (kun, “kun'yomi”)


共時的

ja-adj

共(きょう)時(じ)的(てき) • (kyōjiteki) ^(←きようじてき (kyouziteki)?)-na (adnominal 共(きょう)時(じ)的(てき)な (kyōjiteki na), adverbial 共(きょう)時(じ)的(てき)に (kyōjiteki ni))

共時的 (canonical)
kyōjiteki (romanization)
kyouziteki (romanization)
共時的な (adnominal)
共時的に (adverbial)
共時的だろ (imperfective stem)
きょうじてきだろ (imperfective stem)
kyōjiteki daro (imperfective)
共時的で (continuative stem)
きょうじてきで (continuative stem)
kyōjiteki de (continuative)
共時的だ (stem terminative)
きょうじてきだ (stem terminative)
kyōjiteki da (terminative)
共時的な (attributive stem)
きょうじてきな (attributive stem)
kyōjiteki na (attributive)
共時的なら (hypothetical stem)
きょうじてきなら (hypothetical stem)
kyōjiteki nara (hypothetical)
共時的であれ (imperative stem)
きょうじてきであれ (imperative stem)
kyōjiteki de are (imperative)
共時的ではない (informal negative)
共時的じゃない (informal negative)
きょうじてきではない (informal negative)
きょうじてきじゃない (informal negative)
kyōjiteki de wa nai (informal negative)
kyōjiteki ja nai (informal negative)
共時的だった (informal past)
きょうじてきだった (informal past)
kyōjiteki datta (informal past)
共時的ではなかった (informal negative past)
共時的じゃなかった (informal negative past)
きょうじてきではなかった (informal negative past)
きょうじてきじゃなかった (informal negative past)
kyōjiteki de wa nakatta (informal negative past)
kyōjiteki ja nakatta (informal negative past)
共時的です (formal)
きょうじてきです (formal)
kyōjiteki desu (formal)
共時的ではありません (formal negative)
共時的じゃありません (formal negative)
きょうじてきではありません (formal negative)
きょうじてきじゃありません (formal negative)
kyōjiteki de wa arimasen (formal negative)
kyōjiteki ja arimasen (formal negative)
共時的でした (formal past)
きょうじてきでした (formal past)
kyōjiteki deshita (formal past)
共時的ではありませんでした (formal negative past)
共時的じゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
きょうじてきではありませんでした (formal negative past)
きょうじてきじゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
kyōjiteki de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
kyōjiteki ja arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
共時的で (conjunctive)
きょうじてきで (conjunctive)
kyōjiteki de (conjunctive)
共時的なら（ば） (conditional)
きょうじてきなら（ば） (conditional)
kyōjiteki nara (ba) (conditional)
共時的だったら (conditional past)
きょうじてきだったら (conditional past)
kyōjiteki dattara (conditional past)
共時的だろう (volitional)
きょうじてきだろう (volitional)
kyōjiteki darō (volitional)
共時的に (adverbial)
きょうじてきに (adverbial)
kyōjiteki ni (adverbial)
共時的さ (noun-from-adj)
きょうじてきさ (noun-from-adj)
kyōjitekisa (noun-from-adj)

ja-adj-infl

共時的

. で は ありません でした

. じゃ ありません でした


通時的

ja-adj

通(つう)時(じ)的(てき) • (tsūjiteki) ^(←つうじてき (tuuziteki)?)-na (adnominal 通(つう)時(じ)的(てき)な (tsūjiteki na), adverbial 通(つう)時(じ)的(てき)に (tsūjiteki ni))

通時的 (canonical)
tsūjiteki (romanization)
tuuziteki (romanization)
通時的な (adnominal)
通時的に (adverbial)
通時的だろ (imperfective stem)
つうじてきだろ (imperfective stem)
tsūjiteki daro (imperfective)
通時的で (continuative stem)
つうじてきで (continuative stem)
tsūjiteki de (continuative)
通時的だ (stem terminative)
つうじてきだ (stem terminative)
tsūjiteki da (terminative)
通時的な (attributive stem)
つうじてきな (attributive stem)
tsūjiteki na (attributive)
通時的なら (hypothetical stem)
つうじてきなら (hypothetical stem)
tsūjiteki nara (hypothetical)
通時的であれ (imperative stem)
つうじてきであれ (imperative stem)
tsūjiteki de are (imperative)
通時的ではない (informal negative)
通時的じゃない (informal negative)
つうじてきではない (informal negative)
つうじてきじゃない (informal negative)
tsūjiteki de wa nai (informal negative)
tsūjiteki ja nai (informal negative)
通時的だった (informal past)
つうじてきだった (informal past)
tsūjiteki datta (informal past)
通時的ではなかった (informal negative past)
通時的じゃなかった (informal negative past)
つうじてきではなかった (informal negative past)
つうじてきじゃなかった (informal negative past)
tsūjiteki de wa nakatta (informal negative past)
tsūjiteki ja nakatta (informal negative past)
通時的です (formal)
つうじてきです (formal)
tsūjiteki desu (formal)
通時的ではありません (formal negative)
通時的じゃありません (formal negative)
つうじてきではありません (formal negative)
つうじてきじゃありません (formal negative)
tsūjiteki de wa arimasen (formal negative)
tsūjiteki ja arimasen (formal negative)
通時的でした (formal past)
つうじてきでした (formal past)
tsūjiteki deshita (formal past)
通時的ではありませんでした (formal negative past)
通時的じゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
つうじてきではありませんでした (formal negative past)
つうじてきじゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
tsūjiteki de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
tsūjiteki ja arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
通時的で (conjunctive)
つうじてきで (conjunctive)
tsūjiteki de (conjunctive)
通時的なら（ば） (conditional)
つうじてきなら（ば） (conditional)
tsūjiteki nara (ba) (conditional)
通時的だったら (conditional past)
つうじてきだったら (conditional past)
tsūjiteki dattara (conditional past)
通時的だろう (volitional)
つうじてきだろう (volitional)
tsūjiteki darō (volitional)
通時的に (adverbial)
つうじてきに (adverbial)
tsūjiteki ni (adverbial)
通時的さ (noun-from-adj)
つうじてきさ (noun-from-adj)
tsūjitekisa (noun-from-adj)

ja-adj-infl

通時的

. で は ありません でした

. じゃ ありません でした

通時的コーパス


つづりじはつおん

ja-noun

つづりじはつおん • (tsuzuriji hatsuon) ^(←つづりじはつおん (tudurizifatuon)?)

tsuzuriji hatsuon (romanization)
tudurizifatuon (romanization)
つづりじはつおん (hiragana historical)

[t͡sɨzɨɾʲiʑi ha̠t͡sɨõ̞ɴ]

From 綴(つづ)り字(じ) (tsuzuriji) + 発音(はつおん) (hatsuon).

ja-compound

spelling pronunciation
spelling pronunciation


国定教科書

ja-noun

国(こく)定(てい)教(きょう)科(か)書(しょ) • (kokutei kyōkasho) ^(←こくていけうくわしよ (kokutei keukwasyo)?)

国定教科書 (canonical)
kokutei kyōkasho (romanization)
kokutei keukwasyo (romanization)
こくていけうくわしよ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 国(こく)定(てい) (kokutei, “established by the national government”) + 教(きょう)科(か)書(しょ) (kyōkasho, “textbook”).


排他形

ja-noun

排(はい)他(た)形(けい) • (haita-kei) ^(←はいたけい (faitakei)?)

排他形 (canonical)
haita-kei (romanization)
faitakei (romanization)
はいたけい (hiragana historical)


包括形

包(ほう)括(かつ)形(けい) • (hōkatsu-kei) ^(←はうくわつけい (faukwatukei)?)

包括形 (canonical)
hōkatsu-kei (romanization)
faukwatukei (romanization)
はうくわつけい (hiragana historical)


除外形

除(じょ)外(がい)形(けい) • (jogai-kei) ^(←ぢよぐわいけい (dyogwaikei)?)

除外形 (canonical)
jogai-kei (romanization)
dyogwaikei (romanization)
ぢよぐわいけい (hiragana historical)


セディーユ

セディーユ • (sedīyu)


韻士

韻士 (canonical)
inshi (romanization)
winsi (romanization)
ゐんし (hiragana historical)


かけことば

かけことば • (kakekotoba) ^(←かけことば (kakekotoba)?)

kakekotoba (romanization)
かけことば (hiragana historical)

From 掛(か)け (kake, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 掛(か)ける (kakeru).”) + 詞(ことば) (kotoba).

ja-compound

pivot word (a form of punning in traditional Japanese poetry)


ファミコンことば

From ファミレス (famiresu, “family restaurant”) + コンビニ (konbini, “convenience store”) + 言葉(ことば) (kotoba, “language”). Homophony to ファミコン (famikon, “NES”) is probably intentional.

the polite language used by part-time workers customers


ショートストーリー

ja-noun

ショートストーリー • (shōto sutōrī)

[ɕo̞ːto̞ sɨ̥to̞ːɾʲiː]

短編小説

短編小説 たんぺんしょうせつ


虫損

虫(ちゅう)損(そん) • (chūson) ^(←ちゆうそん (tyuuson)?)

虫損 (canonical)
chūson (romanization)
tyuuson (romanization)
ちゆうそん (hiragana historical)


英単語

英(えい)単(たん)語(ご) • (eitango) ^(←えいたんご (eitango)?)

英単語 (canonical)
eitango (romanization)
えいたんご (hiragana historical)

[e̞ːtã̠ŋɡo̞]


超訳

[t͡ɕo̞ːja̠kɯ̟]

(translation studies) an idiomatic translation that is further rewritten to read as fully natural Japanese


字解

字解 (canonical)
jikai (romanization)
zikai (romanization)
じかい (hiragana historical)


国構え

国構え (canonical)
kunigamae (romanization)

the kanji radical 囗, which encloses other elements to form characters such as 国, 囲, etc.


いろはじゅん

いろはじゅん • (iroha-jun) ^(←いろはじゆん (irofazyun)?)

iroha-jun (romanization)
irofazyun (romanization)
いろはじゆん (hiragana historical)

[iɾo̞ha̠ʑɨ̃ɴ]

From いろは (iroha) + 順(じゅん) (jun, “order”).

the traditional collation order for the Japanese language consistent with the いろは歌 (Iroha Uta) pangrammatic poem, nowadays dated, having been replaced by the 五十音順 (gojūon-jun, “fifty sounds order”)


ボキャブラリービルディング

ボキャブラリー ビルディング

[bo̞kʲa̠bɯ̟ɾa̠ɾʲiː bʲiɾɯ̟dʲĩŋɡɯ̟]


カナン人

カナン人 (canonical)
Kanan-bito (romanization)

(biblical) a Canaanite (member of ancient Semitic people)


サマリア人

サマリア人(じん) or サマリア人(びと) • (Samaria-jin or Samaria-bito)

サマリア人 (canonical)
サマリア人 (canonical)
Samaria-jin (romanization)
Samaria-bito (romanization)

よきサマリア人

(biblical) a Samaritan (a native or inhabitant of Samaria)


ヘブル人

ヘブル人 (canonical)
Heburu-bito (romanization)

ヘブル人への手紙

ヘブライ人 ヘブライ人#Japanese

(biblical) Synonym of ヘブライ人 (Heburai-jin, “Hebrew”) (person)


ペリシテ人

ペリシテ人(じん) or ペリシテ人(びと) • (Perishite-jin or Perishite-bito)

ペリシテ人 (canonical)
ペリシテ人 (canonical)
Perishite-jin (romanization)
Perishite-bito (romanization)

(biblical) a Philistine (non-Semitic person from ancient Philistia)


パリサイ人

パリサイ人 (canonical)
Parisai-bito (romanization)

(biblical) a Pharisee (member of an ancient Jewish political party, social movement, etc)


ナザレ人

ナザレ人 (canonical)
Nazare-bito (romanization)

(biblical) a Nazarene (person from Nazareth; member of the Church of the Nazarene)


ナザレ人

(biblical) the Nazarene (epithet of Jesus Christ)


画数

画(かく)数(すう) • (kakusū) ^(←くわくすう (kwakusuu)?)

画数 (canonical)
kakusū (romanization)
kwakusuu (romanization)
くわくすう (hiragana historical)

[ka̠kɯ̟̊sɨː]

number of strokes in a Chinese character


女庭訓

女庭訓 (canonical)
onnateikin (romanization)

[õ̞nːa̠te̞ːkʲĩɴ]

女 (“female”) + 庭訓 (“homeschooling”) or blend of 女 + 庭訓往来 (Teikin Ōrai, homeschooling textbook)

blend

妹背山婦女庭訓

(history) a Meiji-era homeschooling textbook for girls and women


親字

親字 (canonical)
oyaji (romanization)
oyazi (romanization)
おやじ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 親(おや) (oya, “parent”) + 字(じ) (ji, “letter, character”).

ja-compound

the headword character of an entry in a Han character dictionary


ポエマー

ja-noun

ポエマー • (poemā)

ポエム + er (er). Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from poem + -er.

pseudo-loan

(slang) person with a tendency for purple prose


露文

露文 (canonical)
robun (romanization)
ろぶん (hiragana historical)


神代文字

神代文字 (canonical)
jindai moji (romanization)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Emperor Jimmu
Jindai moji
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:神代文字

Compound of 神代 (jindai, “the age of the gods, a mythological age before the reign of Emperor Jimmu”) + 文字 (moji, “character, writing”).
Attested since at least 1895.

compound

any of various writing systems claimed to predate Japan's adoption of Chinese characters and perpetuated by feudal scholars, but widely discredited by modern scholars


神代文字

神代文字 (canonical)
kamiyo moji (romanization)

Likely a shift from jindai moji, adopting the kun'yomi of kamiyo for the first portion.
Also analyzable as a compound of 神代 (kamiyo, “the age of the gods, a mythological age before the reign of Emperor Jimmu”) + 文字 (moji, “character, writing”).
Date of first appearance is unclear. This reading is unusual, and usage might be regional; it is not included in many references.

(possibly dialect, Tōhoku) any of various writing systems claimed to predate Japan's adoption of Chinese characters and perpetuated by feudal scholars, but widely discredited by modern scholars


おれっこ

おれっこ (canonical)
オレっこ (canonical)
orekko (romanization)

(ACG) girl who uses the masculine pronoun おれ (ore)


ぼくっこ

ぼくっこ (canonical)
ボクっこ (canonical)
bokukko (romanization)

(ACG) girl who uses the masculine pronoun ぼく (boku)


現在進行形

ja-noun

現(げん)在(ざい)進(しん)行(こう)形(けい) • (genzai shinkōkei) ^(←げんざいしんかうけい (genzaisinkaukei)?)

現在進行形 (canonical)
genzai shinkōkei (romanization)
genzaisinkaukei (romanization)
げんざいしんかうけい (hiragana historical)

[ɡẽ̞nd͡za̠i ɕĩŋko̞ːke̞ː]

From 現在(げんざい) (genzai) + 進行(しんこう) (shinkō) + 形(けい) (kei).


ゲエズ語

From ゲエズ (Geezu, “Ge'ez”) + 語 (-go, “language”).


三点リーダー

三点リーダー (canonical)
santen rīdā (romanization)


和字

和字 (canonical)
waji (romanization)
wazi (romanization)
わじ (hiragana historical)


ふたことめ

ja-noun

ふたことめ • (futakotome) ^(←ふたことめ (futakotome)?)

futakotome (romanization)
ふたことめ (hiragana historical)

"one's second words": saying reflexively


宸翰

宸(しん)翰(かん) • (shinkan) ^(←しんかん (sinkan)?)

宸翰 (canonical)
shinkan (romanization)
sinkan (romanization)
しんかん (hiragana historical)

Borrowed from Literary Chinese 宸翰 (chénhàn).


つめぐみ

ja-noun

つめぐみ or ツメぐみ • (tsumegumi) ^(←つめぐみ (tumegumi)?)

つめぐみ (canonical)
ツメぐみ (canonical)
tsumegumi (romanization)
tumegumi (romanization)
つめぐみ (hiragana historical)

en:Tokyō (architecture)#Tsumegumi
ja:組物
ja:詰め組み

Coordinate term: べたぐみ


ぱ行

ぱ行 (canonical)
pagyō (romanization)
pagyau (romanization)
ぱぎゃう (hiragana historical)

(phonology, orthography) a row derived from the は行 (“ha-row”) of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”) (but not included in the table) by adding the diacritical mark ゜, consisting of the five kana ぱ/パ (pa), ぴ/ピ (pi), ぷ/プ (pu), ぺ/ペ (pe) and ぽ/ポ (po)


五十音仮名

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん)仮(が)名(な) • (gojūongana) ^(←ごじふおんがな (gozifuongana)?)

五十音仮名 (canonical)
gojūongana (romanization)
gozifuongana (romanization)
ごじふおんがな (hiragana historical)

[ɡo̞ʑɨːõ̞ŋɡa̠na̠]

五十音 (literally “fifty sounds”) + 仮名 (kana), so called because historically, mainly katakana were arranged in 五十音順 (literally “order of the fifty sounds”), as opposed to hiragana which were historically arranged in 伊呂波順 (“Iroha order”).

af

Coordinate term: 伊呂波仮名


あ行

あ行 (canonical)
agyō (romanization)
agyau (romanization)
あぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ア行上一段/下一段/下二段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the first row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana あ/ア (a), い/イ (i), う/ウ (u), え/エ (e) and お/オ (o)


や行

や行 (canonical)
yagyō (romanization)
yagyau (romanization)
やぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ヤ行上一段/上二段/下二段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the eighth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana や/ヤ (ya), い/イ (i) (alternatively, 𛀆/𛄠 (yi)), ゆ/ユ (yu), え/エ (e) (alternatively, 𛀁/𛄡 (ye)) and よ/ヨ (yo), two of which are taken from the あ行 (“a-row”) to represent classical grammatical inflection in modern text


あ段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the first and highest-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the ten kana あ/ア (a), か/カ (ka), さ/サ (sa), た/タ (ta), な/ナ (na), は/ハ (ha), ま/マ (ma), や/ヤ (ya), ら/ラ (ra) and わ/ワ (wa)


わ行

わ行 (canonical)
wagyō (romanization)
wagyau (romanization)
わぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ワ行上一段/下二段/五段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the tenth and last row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana わ/ワ (wa), ゐ/ヰ (wi), う/ウ (u) (alternatively, 𛄟 (𛄟)/𛄢 (wu)), ゑ/ヱ (we) and を/ヲ (wo), one of which is taken from the あ行 (“a-row”) to represent classical grammatical inflection in modern text


ば行

ば行 (canonical)
bagyō (romanization)
bagyau (romanization)
ばぎゃう (hiragana historical)

バ行上一段/下一段/上二段/四段/五段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) a row derived from the は行 (“ha-row”) of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”) (but not included in the table) by adding the diacritical mark ゛, consisting of the five kana ば/バ (ba), び/ビ (bi), ぶ/ブ (bu), べ/ベ (be) and ぼ/ボ (bo)


は行

は行 (canonical)
hagyō (romanization)
fagyau (romanization)
はぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ハ行下一段/上二段/下二段/四段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the sixth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana は/ハ (ha), ひ/ヒ (hi), ふ/フ (fu), へ/ヘ (he) and ほ/ホ (ho)


伊呂波仮名

伊呂波仮名 (canonical)
irohagana (romanization)

伊呂波 (Iroha) + 仮名 (kana), so called because historically, hiragana were arranged in 伊呂波順 (“Iroha order”), as opposed to katakana which were historically arranged in 五十音順 (literally “order of the fifty sounds”).

Coordinate term: 五十音仮名


五十音図

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん)図(ず) • (gojūonzu) ^(←ごじふおんづ (gozifuondu)?)

五十音図 (canonical)
gojūonzu (romanization)
gozifuondu (romanization)
ごじふおんづ (hiragana historical)

[ɡo̞ʑɨːõ̞nd͡zɨ]

五十音 (literally “fifty sounds”) + 図 (“diagram”)

suf

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the 5x10 table used for arranging all the 47 kana used for the 五十音 (literally “fifty sounds”), whose 列 (“columns”) are arranged by the vowels (/a/, /i/, /ɯ/, /e/, /o/) and 行 (“rows”) are arranged by the consonants (Ø, /k/, /s/, /t/, /n/, /h/, /m/, /j/, /ɾ/, /w/; voiced obstruents and /p/ are customarily not included because they were rarely distinguished in writing); columns are ranked by 段 (“grade”), with the vowel /a/ being the highest grade and the vowel /o/ being the lowest; the missing cells of the や行 (“ya-row”) and わ行 (“wa-row”) are filled with い/イ (i), え/エ (e) and う/ウ (u) taken from the あ行 (“a-row”), in order to represent classical grammatical inflection with modern text (or alternatively, artificially filled with rare kana such as 𛀆/𛄠 (yi), 𛀁/𛄡 (ye) and 𛄟 (𛄟)/𛄢 (wu))


蕃語

蕃語 (canonical)
bango (romanization)
ばんご (hiragana historical)

(Taiwan under Japanese rule) aboriginal language

"barbarian language"
aboriginal language


蛮語

蛮語 (canonical)
bango (romanization)
ばんご (hiragana historical)

(obsolete) "barbarian language"
(Edo-period Japan) European language


詩題

詩題 (canonical)
shidai (romanization)
sidai (romanization)
しだい (hiragana historical)


学習参考書

ja-noun

がくしゅう さんこうしょ

学(がく)習(しゅう)参(さん)考(こう)書(しょ) • (gakushū sankōsho) ^(←がくしふさんかうしよ (gakusifusankausyo)?)

学習参考書 (canonical)
gakushū sankōsho (romanization)
gakusifusankausyo (romanization)
がくしふさんかうしよ (hiragana historical)

[ɡa̠kɯ̟ɕɨː sã̠ŋko̞ːɕo̞]


エッダ

古エッダ

新エッダ


キリシタン版

キリシタン版 (canonical)
kirishitan-ban (romanization)

[kʲiɾʲiɕi̥tã̠mbã̠ɴ]

(history, Christianity, literature, grammar, lexicography) prose, grammar and vocabulary literature written and printed by Portuguese Jesuits in Japan during the late 16th and early 17th century


改刻

改(かい)刻(こく) • (kaikoku) ^(←かいこく (kaikoku)?)

改刻 (canonical)
kaikoku (romanization)
かいこく (hiragana historical)

recutting of a stamp or movable type; (typography, by extension) redesign of lettering


改刻

改刻する (canonical)
kaikoku suru (romanization)
kaikoku (romanization)
改刻し (stem)
改刻した (past)
改刻し
かいこくし
kaikoku shi
改刻する
かいこくする
kaikoku suru
改刻すれ
かいこくすれ
kaikoku sure
改刻せよ (imperative literary)
改刻しろ (colloquial imperative)
かいこくせよ (imperative literary)
かいこくしろ (colloquial imperative)
kaikoku seyo (imperative literary)
kaikoku shiro (colloquial imperative)
改刻される (passive)
かいこくされる (passive)
kaikoku sareru (passive)
改刻させる (causative)
改刻さす (causative)
かいこくさせる (causative)
かいこくさす (causative)
kaikoku saseru (causative)
kaikoku sasu (causative)
改刻できる (potential)
かいこくできる (potential)
kaikoku dekiru (potential)
改刻しよう (volitional)
かいこくしよう (volitional)
kaikoku shiyō (volitional)
改刻しない (negative)
かいこくしない (negative)
kaikoku shinai (negative)
改刻せず (continuative negative)
かいこくせず (continuative negative)
kaikoku sezu (continuative negative)
改刻します (formal)
かいこくします (formal)
kaikoku shimasu (formal)
改刻した (perfective)
かいこくした (perfective)
kaikoku shita (perfective)
改刻して (conjunctive)
かいこくして (conjunctive)
kaikoku shite (conjunctive)
改刻すれば (conditional hypothetical)
かいこくすれば (conditional hypothetical)
kaikoku sureba (conditional hypothetical)

to recut a stamp or movable type; (typography, by extension) to redesign lettering


連体

Coined in Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 連 (ren, “accompanying”) + 体 (tai, “nominative”, short for 体言 (taigen, “uninflecting word”)).
First cited to a text from 1834.

compound

short for <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">体言</i> (taigen, “uninflecting word”)

連体形

attributive form; rentaikei, of an inflecting word

連体言

rentaigen, older synonym for modern rentaikei

連体詞

rentaishi, word that can only be used attributively before a nominative, and cannot be used predicatively

Coordinate term: 連用 (ren'yō)

(grammar, attributive) attribution (of a quality to a nominative in Japanese grammar)


主節

ja-noun

主(しゅ)節(せつ) • (shusetsu) ^(←しゆせつ (syusetu)?)

主節 (canonical)
shusetsu (romanization)
syusetu (romanization)
しゆせつ (hiragana historical)


従属節

従(じゅう)属(ぞく)節(せつ) • (jūzokusetsu) ^(←じゆうぞくせつ (zyuuzokusetu)?)

従属節 (canonical)
jūzokusetsu (romanization)
zyuuzokusetu (romanization)
じゆうぞくせつ (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑɨːzo̞kɯ̟se̞t͡sɨ]

From 従属(じゅうぞく) (jūzoku) + 節(せつ) (setsu).


イ音便

(phonology, grammar) a form of euphony whereby certain historical morae became い (i)


長子音

Coordinate term: 長母音

(phonology) a long consonant; a geminate consonant


促音便

促音便 (canonical)
sokuonbin (romanization)

[so̞kɯ̟õ̞mbʲĩɴ]

Blend of 促音 (sokuon, “moraic obstruent”) + 音便 (onbin, “euphony”)

blend

(phonology, grammar) a form of euphony whereby certain historical morae became sokuon before a stop, especially before /t/


撥音便

撥音便 (canonical)
hatsuonbin (romanization)

[ha̠t͡sɨõ̞mbʲĩɴ]

Blend of 撥音 (hatsuon, “moraic nasal”) + 音便 (onbin, “euphony”)

(phonology, grammar) a form of euphony whereby certain historical morae became a moraic nasal


ウ音便

(phonology, grammar) a form of euphony whereby certain historical morae became う (u)


短母音

短母音 (canonical)
tanboin (romanization)
短母音 (canonical)
mijikaboin (romanization)


長母音

ja-noun

長(ちょう)母(ぼ)音(いん) • (chōboin) ^(←ちゃうぼいん (tyauboin)?)

長母音 (canonical)
chōboin (romanization)
tyauboin (romanization)
ちゃうぼいん (hiragana historical)
長母音 (canonical)
nagaboin (romanization)

[t͡ɕo̞ːbo̞ĩɴ]

Coordinate term: 長子音


第二形容詞

第(だい)二(に)形(けい)容(よう)詞(し) • (daini keiyōshi)

第二形容詞 (canonical)
daini keiyōshi (romanization)

第二 (“second”) + 形容詞 (“adjective”), literally “second adjective”

af

a Classical Japanese adjective with シク活用 (shiku-katsuyō, “shiku-inflection”)


第一形容詞

ja-noun

第(だい)一(いち)形(けい)容(よう)詞(し) • (daiichi keiyōshi)

第一形容詞 (canonical)
daiichi keiyōshi (romanization)

第一 (“first”) + 形容詞 (“adjective”), literally “first adjective”

af

a Classical Japanese adjective with ク活用 (ku-katsuyō, “ku-inflection”)


格変化

ja-noun

格(かく)変(へん)化(か) • (kakuhenka) ^(←かくへんくわ (kakufenkwa)?)

格変化 (canonical)
kakuhenka (romanization)
kakufenkwa (romanization)
かくへんくわ (hiragana historical)

[ka̠kɯ̟̊hẽ̞ŋka̠]

Compound of 格(かく) (kaku, “case”) + 変(へん)化(か) (henka, “transformation”).


正格活用

ja-noun

正(せい)格(かく)活(かつ)用(よう) • (seikaku katsuyō) ^(←せいかくくゎつよう (seikaku kwatuyou)?)

正格活用 (canonical)
seikaku katsuyō (romanization)
seikaku kwatuyou (romanization)
せいかくくゎつよう (hiragana historical)

a Japanese verbal inflection that is considered regular


形式名詞

形式名詞 (canonical)
keishiki meishi (romanization)

形式 (“form; formality; format”) + 名詞 (“noun”), literally “noun in form only”

af

a Japanese noun that can be grammaticalized and nominalize clauses


補助形容詞

ja-noun

補(ほ)助(じょ)形(けい)容(よう)詞(し) • (hojo keiyōshi)

補助形容詞 (canonical)
hojo keiyōshi (romanization)

Coordinate term: 補助動詞

a free Japanese adjective (自立語 (jiritsugo)) that can be grammaticalized by being attached to an inflectional form of another 用言 (yōgen, “inflected word”)


変格活用

変(へん)格(かく)活(かつ)用(よう) • (henkaku katsuyō) ^(←へんかくくゎつよう (fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

変格活用 (canonical)
henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
へんかくくゎつよう (hiragana historical)

[hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟̊ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

a Japanese verbal inflection that is considered irregular


イエズス

(Catholicism) Alternative form of イエス (Iesu, “Jesus”)


本動詞

Compound of 本 (hon, “main”) + 動詞 (dōshi, “verb”).
First cited in 1930.


連体修飾語

れんたい しゅうしょくご

連(れん)体(たい)修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) • (rentai shūshokugo) ^(←れんたいしうしよくご (rentai siusyokugo)?)

連体修飾語 (canonical)
rentai shūshokugo (romanization)
rentai siusyokugo (romanization)
れんたいしうしよくご (hiragana historical)

[ɾẽ̞nta̠i ɕɨːɕo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

Compound of 連(れん)体(たい) (rentai, “attributive”) + 修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) (shūshokugo, “modifier”).

ja-compound

Coordinate term: 連用修飾語 (ren'yō shūshokugo)

(grammar) a 体言 (taigen, “nominal”) modifier

ja:修飾語#連体修飾語


被修飾語

ja-noun

被(ひ)修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) • (hi-shūshokugo) ^(←ひしうしよくご (fi-siusyokugo)?)

被修飾語 (canonical)
hi-shūshokugo (romanization)
fi-siusyokugo (romanization)
ひしうしよくご (hiragana historical)

[çi̥ɕɨːɕo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

Compound of 被(ひ) (hi-, “-ed”) + 修(しゅう)飾(しょく) (shūshoku, “to modify”) + 語(ご) (-go, “word; expression”).

ja-compound

Coordinate term: 修飾語 (shūshokugo)


連用修飾語

ja-noun

れんよう しゅうしょくご

連(れん)用(よう)修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) • (ren'yō shūshokugo) ^(←れんようしうしよくご (ren'you siusyokugo)?)

連用修飾語 (canonical)
ren'yō shūshokugo (romanization)
ren'you siusyokugo (romanization)
れんようしうしよくご (hiragana historical)

[ɾẽ̞ɰ̃jo̞ː ɕɨːɕo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

Compound of 連(れん)用(よう) (ren'yō, “continuative”) + 修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) (shūshokugo, “modifier”).

ja-compound

Coordinate term: 連体修飾語 (rentai shūshokugo)

(grammar) a 用言 (yōgen, “inflected word”) modifier

ja:修飾語#連用修飾語


体用

ja-noun

体(たい)用(ゆう) or 体(たい)用(よう) • (taiyū or taiyō)

体用 (canonical)
体用 (canonical)
taiyū (romanization)
taiyō (romanization)
体用 (canonical)
taiyō (romanization)

体 (“body”) + 用 (“use”), from Middle Chinese 體用. Also blend of 体言 + 用言.

(philosophy, Buddhism, poetry) Essence-Function; Substance and Function; Form and Attribute; that which is absolutely inherent and that which relatively manifests


オロチョン語

オロチョン語 (canonical)
Orochon-go (romanization)

[o̞ɾo̞t͡ɕõ̞ŋɡo̞]


ギリヤーク語

ギリヤーク語 (canonical)
Giriyāku-go (romanization)

[ɡʲiɾʲija̠ːkɯ̟ɡo̞]


曖昧アクセント

曖昧アクセント (canonical)
aimai akusento (romanization)

(phonology) in certain Japanese dialects, pitch accent that is highly inconsistent and unpredictable


一型アクセント

一型アクセント (canonical)
ikkei akusento (romanization)

一型 (“1 type”) + アクセント (“accent”), literally “uniform accent”

af

(phonology) the lack of any phonemic pitch accent in certain dialects of Japanese (all words have the same accent)

(phonology) the lack of any phonemic pitch accent among words with the same mora count in certain dialects of Japanese (words with the same mora count have the same accent)


ジェダイ

Borrowed from English Jedi, said to be adapted from Japanese 時代劇 (jidaigeki, “period drama”).


直音

[t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

(Japanese orthography and phonology) a mora that consists of either (1) one vowel or (2) one consonant and one vowel, and is spelt with only one full-sized kana, such as あ (a), き (ki) or ぶ (bu)


サーカムフレックス サーカムフレックス#Japanese

(romanization) A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called サーカムフレックス (“circumflex”) in Japanese, and found on Â/â, Ê/ê, Î/î, Ô/ô and Û/û.


攵繞

[bo̞kɯ̟ɲ̟o̞ː]


攴繞

[bo̞kɯ̟ɲ̟o̞ː]

the right-side "rap" radical (攴), e.g. 救


(棒)

From 棒読(ぼうよ)み (bōyomi, literally “stick reading”).

ja-r

(Internet slang) Used at the end of a phrase to indicate flat or deadpan intonation.


モーラ

ja-noun

モーラ • (mōra)

Learned borrowing from Latin mora, via English mora.

Meronyms: 子音 (shiin, “consonant”), 母音 (boin, “vowel”)


歺偏

[ɡa̠t͡sɨhẽ̞ɴ]


歹偏

[ɡa̠t͡sɨhẽ̞ɴ]

the left-side "death" radical (歹), e.g. 死


特殊拍

特殊拍 (canonical)
tokushuhaku (romanization)

アクセント核 アクセント核#Japanese

(Japanese phonology) a mora that is variously dubbed in English "special mora" (literal translation), "non-syllabic mora" (by Kubozono Haruo), "non-head mora", or "deficient mora" (by Laurence Labrune), and that is unique in that it cannot form a 音節 (onsetsu, “syllable”) on its own, that it never occurs at the beginning of a word, and that is incapable of acting as an アクセント核 (akusento-kaku, “accent kernel”); morae like these include the 促音 (sokuon, “moraic obstruent”), the 撥音 (hatsuon, “moraic nasal”), the second half of a 長音 (chōon, “long vowel”), and the second half of a 二重母音 (nijū boin, “diphthong”)


父音

父音 (canonical)
父音 (canonical)
fuin (romanization)
fuon (romanization)

父 (“father”) + 音 (“sound”). From the notion of a mothering vowel mating with a fathering consonant and giving birth to an onsetted mora, according to Meiji-era linguists, as in father /k/ + mother あ (/a/) = child か (/ka/).

Holonym: 子音 (shion)

Coordinate term: 母音 (boon)

父音とは、母音と配合して、子音をつくる一種の音なり。その音隱微にして、 いまだ、判然と口外にあらはれたるものにあらず。されば、また、これを標すべき文字のあることなし。今、假に、片假字を以て示すときは、五十音の宇列の、ク、ス、ツ、ヌ、フ、ム、ユ、ル、ウ、九個の子音より、母音を引き去りたる跡にのこれるもの、卽ちこれなり。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第二章 母音 父音 子音 [Chapter 2: Mother Sounds, Father Sounds and Child Sounds]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 6:

‘Father sounds’ are a class of sounds that combines with mother sounds to make child sounds. They are obscure: there is no obvious way to enunciate them. As such, there are no letters for representing them either. Now, if we tentatively note them with katakana, using this column of the fifty sounds, ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru and u, they shall be just whatever is left after we take the mother sounds out of these nine child sounds.

Fuon to wa, boon to haigō shite, shion o tsukuru isshu no on nari. Sono on inbi ni shite, imada, hanzen to kōgai ni araware taru mono ni arazu. Sare ba, mata, kore o shirusu beki moji no aru koto nashi. Ima, kari ni, katakana o motte shimesu toki wa, gojūon no jiretsu no, ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru, u, kuko no shion yori, boon o hikisari taru ato ni nokoreru mono, sunawachi kore nari.

母音と配合して、子音を生ずる、幽微なる音を、父音といふ。父音をあらはすべき、文字は無けれど、假に、クスツヌフムユル𛄢の九字と以て、之にあつ。父母兩音の配合して、子音を生ずる狀、左の如し。

1897 March, “〇父音 [Father Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Father sounds are subtle sounds that combine with mother sounds to bear child sounds. There are no letters for representing father sounds, so the nine letters ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru and u are tentatively used here. The ways father and mother sounds combine and bear child sounds are illustrated on the left.

Boon to haigō shite, shion o shōzuru, iubi naru on o, FUON to iu. Fuon o arawasu beki, moji wa nakere do, kari ni, ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru u no kuji to motte, kore ni atsu. Fubo ryōon no haigō shite, shion o shōzuru jō, hidari no gotoshi.

故に、此の四十五音を、子音と稱し、其のクスツヌフムユル𛄢の如き九音を、父音と稱す。此の父音は、極めて隱微なるものにて、明に聲に發する能はざれど、やゝ、これ等に似たる故に、此の九個の音の文字にて、これを示せるなり。

1897 November, Shioi, Ukō, “第二 子音 [Number 2: Child Sounds]”, in 中學日本文典 [A Middle-School Japanese Grammar], 六盟館, page 3:

Thus, the forty-five sounds are called ‘child sounds’, and the nine sounds such as ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru and u are called ‘father sounds’. The father sounds are highly obscure, and even though they can be clearly uttered, they can only be approximated by these nine phonetic letters that sound close to them.

Yue ni, kono shijūgoon o, shion to shōshi, sono ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru u no gotoki kuon o, fuon to shōsu. Kono fuon wa, kiwamete inbi naru mono ni te, saya ni koe ni hassuru nō wa zaredo, yaya, korera ni ni taru ni, kono kuko no on no moji ni te, kore o shimeseru nari.

父音は、モルガニー竇以上、卽ち副管中の或る局部に於ける、音の摩擦、密閉等によりて生ずるものである。前に母音の特質として擧げたるものを知らば、母音ならざるものゝ特質も推量せられるであらうが、とにかく、父音と母音との根本的區別に於て、下の如く說くことが出來る。母音に於ては、口腔は單に有聲の音を共鳴するので、有聲の音と云ふが母音の本質であるが、父音は口腔內に於ける音の通路を狹窄して、摩擦音を生じたり、密閉して之を破裂して、一種の破裂音を生じたりするので、口鼻腔內の調節が其の要素で、聲門の開閉はどうでもよいので、時には開いて息の音たり、時には閉ぢて聲の音たることが出來る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十四章 父音 [Chapter 14: Consonants]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 75:

Consonants are sounds generated due to friction, closure, etc., at specific places of articulation above the sinus of Morgagni in the vocal tract. The characteristics of vowels have been discussed earlier, so it should not be too difficult to infer the characteristics of non-vowels. As such, the fundamental distinction between consonants and vowels can be explained as follows. For vowels, the voiced sound merely resonates in the oral cavity, and that voiced sound is characteristic of vowels. Whereas for consonants, the path of the sound through the oral cavity may be constricted in the case of fricatives, or closed and followed by a burst in the case of plosives; there may also be modulation in the oral and nasal cavities, the opening and closing of the glottis may not be relevant, or an opening may result in airflow, or a closure may result in phonation.

Fuon wa, Moruganī-tō ijō, sunawachi fukukanchū no aru kyokubu ni okeru, on no masatsu, mippei tō ni yorite shōzuru mono de aru. Mae ni boon no tokushitsu to shite age taru mono o shira ba, boon narazaru mono no tokushitsu mo suiryō serareru de arō ga, to ni kaku, fuon to boon to no konponteki kubetsu ni oite, shita no gotoku toku koto ga dekiru. Boon ni oite wa, kōkō wa tan ni yūsei no on o kyōmei suru no de, yūsei no on to iu ga boon no honshitsu de aru ga, fuon wa kōkōnai ni okeru on no tsūro o kyōsaku shite, masatsuon o shōji tari, mippei shite kore o haretsu shite, isshu no haretsuon o shōji tari suru no de, kōbikōnai no chōsetsu ga sono yōso de, seimon no kaihei wa dō de mo yoi no de, toki ni wa aite iki no on tari, toki ni wa tojite koe no on taru koto ga dekiru.

ク、ス、ツ、ヌ、フ、ム、ユ、ル、ウの九文字を、父音と云ふ、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “父音 [Father Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 14:

The nine letters ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru and u are called ‘father sounds’

Ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru, u no kumoji o, fuon to iu,

父(ふ)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはカサタナハマヤラの八字(じ)を云(い)ふのでありまして、大(おほ)きな環(くわん)から左(さ)に示(しめ)す圖(づ)式(しき)のやうに取(と)るのであります。

1912, 淸 榊原, “⑶ 父音 [(3) Father Sounds]”, in 自習速記術 [Self-Taught Stenography], 以文館, page 13:

‘Father sounds’ are the eight letters ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, ya and ra, and they are written as shown in the diagram on the left page, around the big circle.

Fuon to iu mono wa ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra no hachiji o iu no de arimashite, ōki na kan kara sa ni shimesu zushiki no yō ni toru no de arimasu.

(obsolete, phonetics, phonology) Synonym of 子音 (shiin, “a consonant”)


熟音

[d͡ʑɨkɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

五十音の外に、また、一種の熟音あり。これを濁音、及び、半濁音といふ。濁音とは、本音を濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、加、佐、多、波、の四行の諸音をいふ。この音を示すには別に、その文字なく、本音の假字の肩に、二個の小點を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 10:

Outside the fifty sounds, there is yet another class of complex sounds. These are called ‘muddy sounds’ and ‘semi-muddy sounds’. Muddy sounds are the base child sounds of the four rows ka, sa, ta and ha, being muddied up when they are pronounced. There are no letters to specifically note these sounds, so two small dots are added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Gojūon no soto ni, mata, isshu no jukuon ari. Kore o dakuon, oyobi, handakuon to iu. Dakuon to wa, hon'on o nigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, ka, sa, ta, ha, no shigyō no shoon o iu. Kono on o shimesu ni wa betsu ni, sono moji naku, hon'on no kana no kata ni, niko no shōten o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

(Japanese phonology) a mora with an onset consonant, such as か (ka) or が (ga)


中黒

[na̠ka̠ɡɯ̟ɾo̞]


重文

重(じゅう)文(ぶん) • (jūbun) ^(←ぢゆうぶん (dyuubun)?)

重文 (canonical)
jūbun (romanization)
dyuubun (romanization)
ぢゆうぶん (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑɨːbɯ̟̃ɴ]


ルーンもじ

ルーン文字 ルーン文字#Japanese


ルーン文字

ルーン文字 (canonical)
rūn moji (romanization)

[ɾɯ̟ːm mo̞ʑi]


(ぉ

(Internet slang, dated) Used at the end of a statement to riposte it oneself.


口高

口 (kuchi, “mouth”) + 高 (taka). The taka changes to daka as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


希望語

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 希望語／希望语 (Xīwàngyǔ), or a compound of 希望 (kibō, “hope”) + 語 (-go, “language”), literally “hope language”.


い段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the second and second-highest-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the nine kana い/イ (i), き/キ (ki), し/シ (shi), ち/チ (chi), に/ニ (ni), ひ/ヒ (hi), み/ミ (mi), り/リ (ri) and ゐ/ヰ (wi), and sometimes additionally 𛀆/𛄠 (yi)


え段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the fourth and second-lowest-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the nine kana え/エ (e), け/ケ (ke), せ/セ (se), て/テ (te), ね/ネ (ne), へ/ヘ (he), め/メ (me), れ/レ (re) and ゑ/ヱ (we), and sometimes additionally 𛀁/𛄡 (ye)


お段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the fifth and lowest-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the ten kana お/オ (o), こ/コ (ko), そ/ソ (so), と/ト (to), の/ノ (no), ほ/ホ (ho), も/モ (mo), よ/ヨ (yo), ろ/ロ (ro) and を/ヲ (wo)


た行

た行 (canonical)
tagyō (romanization)
tagyau (romanization)
たぎゃう (hiragana historical)

タ行上一段/上二段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the fourth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana た/タ (ta), ち/チ (chi), つ/ツ (tsu), て/テ (te) and と/ト (to)


さ行

さ行 (canonical)
sagyō (romanization)
sagyau (romanization)
さぎゃう (hiragana historical)

サ行下一段/下二段/四段/五段/変格活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the third row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana さ/サ (sa), し/シ (shi), す/ス (su), せ/セ (se) and そ/ソ (so)


ま行

ま行 (canonical)
magyō (romanization)
magyau (romanization)
まぎゃう (hiragana historical)

マ行上一段/上二段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the sixth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana ま/マ (ma), み/ミ (mi), む/ム (mu), め/メ (me) and も/モ (mo)


う段

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the third and middle-graded column of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the nine kana う/ウ (u), く/ク (ku), す/ス (su), つ/ツ (tsu), ぬ/ヌ (nu), ふ/フ (fu), む/ム (mu), ゆ/ユ (yu) and る/ル (ru), and sometimes additionally 𛄟 (𛄟)/𛄢 (wu)


ら行

ら行 (canonical)
ragyō (romanization)
ragyau (romanization)
らぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ラ行上一段/上二段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段/変格活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the ninth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana ら/ラ (ra), り/リ (ri), る/ル (ru), れ/レ (re) and ろ/ロ (ro)


か行

か行 (canonical)
kagyō (romanization)
kagyau (romanization)
かぎゃう (hiragana historical)

カ行上一段/上二段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段/変格活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the second row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana か/カ (ka), き/キ (ki), く/ク (ku), け/ケ (ke) and こ/コ (ko)


な行

な行 (canonical)
nagyō (romanization)
nagyau (romanization)
なぎゃう (hiragana historical)

ナ行上一段/下一段/下二段/四段/五段/変格活用

(phonology, orthography, grammar) the fifth row of the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”), consisting of the five kana な/ナ (na), に/ニ (ni), ぬ/ヌ (nu), ね/ネ (ne) and の/ノ (no)


西フリジア語

西フリジア語 (canonical)
Nishi-Furijia-go (romanization)


オーディオブック

ja-noun

オーディオブック • (ōdiobukku)

[o̞ːdʲio̞bɯ̟k̚kɯ̟]


ノマ点

ノ + マ + 点 (“point; dot; mark”), literally “the mark of ノマ”, of which 々 appears to be composed.

af

the mark of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">ノマ</i>

(typography) Synonym of 同の字点 (dō no jiten)


同の字点

同の字点 (canonical)
dō no jiten (romanization)

同 + の (genitive/attributive particle) + 字 (“character; letter”) + 点 (“point; dot; mark”), literally “the mark of the character 同 (“same”)”, from which it derives.

the mark of the character <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">同</i> (“same”)

(typography) the iteration mark 々, used to repeat kanji


踊り字

踊り (“dancing; bouncing”, 連用形 (ren'yōkei) of 踊る (odoru, “to dance; to bounce”)) + 字 (“character; letter”), alluding to how an iteration mark looks like a hastily written character with a "bouncy" or "jumpy" pattern

(writing) chicken scratch (cramped or illegible handwriting)


くの字点

くの字点 (canonical)
ku no jiten (romanization)

[kɯ̟ no̞ d͡ʑitẽ̞ɴ]

く + の (genitive/attributive particle) + 字 (“character; letter”) + 点 (“point; dot; mark”), literally “the mark of the character く”, which they resemble.

the mark of the character <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">く</i>

(typography) either of the iteration marks 〱 and 〲, respectively used to repeat more than one 清音 (seion) and 濁音 (dakuon) in vertical text, as well as their decomposed counterparts, 〳, 〴 and 〵


一の字点

一の字点 (canonical)
ichi no jiten (romanization)

一 + の (genitive/attributive particle) + 字 (“character; letter”) + 点 (“point; dot; mark”), literally “the mark of the character 一 (“one”)”

the mark of the character <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">一</i> (“one”)

(typography) each mark of the pairs of iteration marks ゝ/ゞ and ヽ/ヾ, respectively used to repeat 清音 (seion)/濁音 (dakuon) hiragana and katakana


ぶら下がり

ぶら下がり (canonical)
burasagari (romanization)

(typography) the deliberate "hanging" of certain punctuation marks outside the invisible bounding box of a body of text whenever they occur at the start or end of a line


連数字

(typography) the ban on separating multiple successive digits during line breaking


起こし

(typography, of a punctuation mark) the state of being a mark with an 空き (aki) before it, such as the opening parenthesis （ or the opening quotation mark 「


分離禁止

分離禁止 (canonical)
bunri kinshi (romanization)

(typography) the ban on separating multiple successive instances of certain leading punctuation marks, such as multiple successive em dashes, wavy dashes, two-dot leaders, ellipses, etc., during line breaking


植字

ja-noun

植(しょく)字(じ) or 植(ちょく)字(じ) • (shokuji or chokuji)

植字 (canonical)
植字 (canonical)
shokuji (romanization)
chokuji (romanization)

[t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟ʑi]

植 (“to plant”) + 字 (“character”), as in "planting" movable type into a frame for printing

Holonym: 組版

Meronym: 文字組み

Coordinate term: 文選

植字工


植字

植字する (canonical)
植字する (canonical)
shokuji suru (romanization)
chokuji suru (romanization)
植字し (stem)
植字した (past)

[t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟ʑi]


連綿体

連(れん)綿(めん)体(たい) • (renmentai) ^(←れんめんたい (renmentai)?)

連綿体 (canonical)
renmentai (romanization)
れんめんたい (hiragana historical)

[ɾẽ̞mːẽ̞nta̠i]

en:Cursive script (East Asia)#Styles
ja:連綿体


新字

新字 (canonical)
shinji (romanization)
sinzi (romanization)
しんじ (hiragana historical)

"new characters": Synonym of 新字体 (shinjitai)


旧字

旧字 (canonical)
kyūji (romanization)
kiuzi (romanization)
きうじ (hiragana historical)

旧字旧仮名

old kanji and old kana (pre-war orthography)

"old characters": Synonym of 旧字体 (kyūjitai)


熟語集

熟語集 (canonical)
jukugoshū (romanization)

[d͡ʑɨkɯ̟ɡo̞ɕɨː]


古印体

古 (“ancient”) + 印 (“seal”) + 体 (“style”)

af

(typography) a typestyle that mimics the look of 隷書 (reisho, “clerical script”) being stamped (thus, with broken and irregular strokes) rather than handwritten; this "ancient seal" look arose in Nara-period Japan, and has no relation to the original Chinese 篆書 (tensho, “seal script”)


庵点

ja-noun

庵(いおり)点(てん) • (ioriten) ^(←いほりてん (iforiten)?)

庵点 (canonical)
ioriten (romanization)
iforiten (romanization)
いほりてん (hiragana historical)

[io̞ɾʲitẽ̞ɴ]


べた組み

べた組み (canonical)
betagumi (romanization)

Coordinate term: つめぐみ

(typography, printing) solid composition (text composition with no spacing)


込め物

Coordinate term: 約物

(typography) an interglyph or interline space, or a physical object used to make such space


クワタ

[kɯ̟β̞a̠ta̠]

Borrowed from English quad. Alternatively, may be a shift from English quadrat (from which quad is a shortening).
First cited to a bookmaking and printing-related work from 1948.

全角クワタ、半角クワタ

(typography) a quad: a spacer used in metal typesetting

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Quad (typography)
Shinmura Izuru


約物

Coordinate term: 込め物

起こし約物

a punctuation mark that has an 空き (aki) before it, such as 「, （, etc.

受け約物

a punctuation mark that has an 空き (aki) after it, such as 」, ）, 、, 。, etc.

中付き約物

a punctuation mark that has an 空き (aki) before it and one after it, each of which is only half as wide or tall as the aki used for okoshi yakumono and uke yakumono, such as ：


当用漢字

当用漢字 (canonical)
tōyō kanji (romanization)

[to̞ːjo̞ːkã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑi]

From 当用 (“general use, daily use”) + 漢字 (“kanji”).

compound

(orthography, historical) tōyō kanji (kanji that were declared official by the Ministry of Education of Japan on November 16, 1946, later replaced by 常用漢字 (jōyō kanji))


仮想ボディ

仮想ボディ (canonical)
kasō bodi (romanization)

仮想 (“imaginary”) + ボディ (“body”), as in the "imaginary body" of a sort in movable type printing

Coordinate term: 平均字面

(typography) a em-square or em-box, sometimes literally translated as "imaginary body" or "virtual body", whose dimension is 1em, that defines the bounds of a CJK glyph, or that is used for defining font size


平均字面

平均字面 (canonical)
heikin jizura (romanization)

平均 (“average”) + 字面 (“character face; letter face; typeface”)

af

仮想ボディ 仮想ボディ#Japanese

(typography) an ideographic character face (ICF), a square that roughly defines an average bounding box of the contours of CJK glyphs and that is positioned inside an 仮想ボディ (kasō bodi, “em-square”)


平体

(typography) the form of a glyph whose height is scaled down, originally with a distorting lens in phototypesetting


字送り

(typography) the distance between the two center points of the advance widths of two successive monospace CJK characters, sometimes mistranslated as "tracking" by Western software localizers


長体

ja-noun

長(ちょう)体(たい) • (chōtai) ^(←ちゃうたい (tyautai)?)

長体 (canonical)
chōtai (romanization)
tyautai (romanization)
ちゃうたい (hiragana historical)

(typography) the form of a glyph whose width is scaled down, originally with a distorting lens in phototypesetting


行送り

(typography) line height, the distance between the center points of the advance heights (in horizontal text) or advance widths (in vertical text) of glyphs in two successive lines, often called "leading" in modern Western typography


字間

(typography) an intercharacter space, the white space between the bottom/right edge of one character and the top/left edge of the next character, corresponding to "tracking" in Western typography


デザイン書体

デザイン書体 (canonical)
dezain shotai (romanization)

デザイン (“design”) + 書体 (“typestyle; typeface”)

af

ゴシック体 ゴシック体#Japanese

(typography) a typestyle or typeface that is more design-oriented and graphical, and that deviates significantly from traditional styles such as the 五体 (gotai, “five styles”), the 明朝体 (Minchōtai, “Ming style”), the ゴシック体 (Goshikku-tai, “Gothic style”), etc.


行取り

行 (“line”) + 取り (“taking; holding; securing; anchoring”)

Coordinate term: 字取り

(typography) the distribution of any plural number of lines and leads so that they fit a specific number of ems, for example, 2 or 3 lines within 4 ems


字取り

字 (“character, letter”) + 取り (“taking, holding, securing”)

Coordinate term: 行取り

(typography) the distribution of any plural number of CJK characters and whitespaces so that they are justified within a specific number of ems, for example, 2 or 3 characters within 4 ems; typically used for titles and headers


上付き

上付き記号/数字/文字

(attributive, typography) the state of being superscript


下付き

下付き (canonical)
shitatsuki (romanization)

下付き記号/数字/文字

(attributive, typography) the state of being subscript


上揃え

ja-noun

上(うえ)揃(そろ)え or 上(うえ)揃(ぞろ)え • (uesoroe or uezoroe)

上揃え (canonical)
上揃え (canonical)
uesoroe (romanization)
uezoroe (romanization)

(typography) flush-top alignment in vertical text

仮想ボディ 仮想ボディ#Japanese

(typography) alignment of characters to the top side of their 仮想ボディ (kasō bodi, “em squares”) or 平均字面 (heikin jizura, “ideographic character faces”), especially in horizontal text


左揃え

左(ひだり)揃(そろ)え or 左(ひだり)揃(ぞろ)え • (hidarisoroe or hidarizoroe)

左揃え (canonical)
左揃え (canonical)
hidarisoroe (romanization)
hidarizoroe (romanization)

(typography) flush-left alignment in horizontal text

仮想ボディ 仮想ボディ#Japanese

(typography) alignment of characters to the left side of their 仮想ボディ (kasō bodi, “em squares”) or 平均字面 (heikin jizura, “ideographic character faces”), especially in vertical text


両端揃え

両(りょう)端(たん)揃(そろ)え or 両(りょう)端(たん)揃(ぞろ)え • (ryōtansoroe or ryōtanzoroe)

両端揃え (canonical)
両端揃え (canonical)
ryōtansoroe (romanization)
ryōtanzoroe (romanization)


下揃え

下(した)揃(そろ)え or 下(した)揃(ぞろ)え • (shitasoroe or shitazoroe)

下揃え (canonical)
下揃え (canonical)
shitasoroe (romanization)
shitazoroe (romanization)

(typography) flush-bottom alignment in vertical text

仮想ボディ 仮想ボディ#Japanese

(typography) alignment of characters to the bottom side of their 仮想ボディ (kasō bodi, “em squares”) or 平均字面 (heikin jizura, “ideographic character faces”), especially in horizontal text


行頭揃え

行(ぎょう)頭(とう)揃(そろ)え or 行(ぎょう)頭(とう)揃(ぞろ)え • (gyōtōsoroe or gyōtōzoroe)

行頭揃え (canonical)
行頭揃え (canonical)
gyōtōsoroe (romanization)
gyōtōzoroe (romanization)

(typography) alignment of characters toward the start (left or top) of a line


右揃え

右(みぎ)揃(そろ)え or 右(みぎ)揃(ぞろ)え • (migisoroe or migizoroe)

右揃え (canonical)
右揃え (canonical)
migisoroe (romanization)
migizoroe (romanization)

(typography) flush-right alignment in horizontal text

仮想ボディ 仮想ボディ#Japanese

(typography) alignment of characters to the right side of their 仮想ボディ (kasō bodi, “em square”) or 平均字面 (heikin jizura, “ideographic character faces”), especially in vertical text


中央揃え

中(ちゅう)央(おう)揃(そろ)え or 中(ちゅう)央(おう)揃(ぞろ)え • (chūōsoroe or chūōzoroe)

中央揃え (canonical)
中央揃え (canonical)
chūōsoroe (romanization)
chūōzoroe (romanization)

(graphic design, typography) center alignment

仮想ボディ 仮想ボディ#Japanese

(typography) alignment of characters to the center of their 仮想ボディ (kasō bodi, “em squares”) or 平均字面 (heikin jizura, “ideographic character faces”)


行末揃え

行(ぎょう)末(まつ)揃(そろ)え or 行(ぎょう)末(まつ)揃(ぞろ)え • (gyōmatsusoroe or gyōmatsuzoroe)

行末揃え (canonical)
行末揃え (canonical)
gyōmatsusoroe (romanization)
gyōmatsuzoroe (romanization)

(typography) alignment of characters toward the end (right or bottom) of a line


トラッキング

[to̞ɾa̠k̚ʲkʲĩŋɡɯ̟]


親文字

Compound of 親 (oya, “parent”) + 文字 (moji, “character, letter”).

compound

synonym of 親字 (oyaji, “Han character dictionary headword”)

親字

Coordinate term: ルビ (rubi, “ruby character”)

(typography) parent or base character (main text character, as opposed to ruby character)


リポーター

ja-noun

リポーター • (ripōtā)


訓詁学

訓(くん)詁(こ)学(がく) • (kunkogaku) ^(←くんこがく (kunkogaku)?)

訓詁学 (canonical)
kunkogaku (romanization)
くんこがく (hiragana historical)

[kɯ̟̃ŋko̞ɡa̠kɯ̟]


グロットグラム

→ English: glottogram

[ɡɯ̟ɾo̞t̚to̞ɡɯ̟ɾa̠mɯ̟]

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from glotto- + -gram. The glottogram was invented by Japanese dialectologists.

pseudo-loan

(linguistics) glottogram (table showing dialectal features correlated with age and location)


ファンブック

[ɸã̠mbɯ̟k̚kɯ̟]


駅名

ja-noun

駅(えき)名(めい) • (ekimei) ^(←えきめい (ekimei)?)

駅名 (canonical)
ekimei (romanization)
えきめい (hiragana historical)


週刊誌

週(しゅう)刊(かん)誌(し) • (shūkanshi) ^(←しうかんし (siukansi)?)

週刊誌 (canonical)
shūkanshi (romanization)
siukansi (romanization)
しうかんし (hiragana historical)

[ɕɨːkã̠ɰ̃ɕi]

From 週(しゅう)刊(かん) (shūkan, “weekly”) + 誌(し) (shi, “magazine”).

ja-compound

1997, Yoshio Kataoka, Michijun wa kanojo ni kiku:

週刊誌のページを切り取ったものが二ページ、ファイルのなかに入っているだけだった。

Shūkanshi no pēji o kiritotta mono ga ni-pēji, fairu no naka ni haitte iru dake datta.

Two pages that cut out of a weekly were the all in the file.


ホームズ

A transliteration of the English surname Holmes


英称

ja-noun

英(えい)称(しょう) • (eishō) ^(←えいしよう (eisyou)?)

英称 (canonical)
eishō (romanization)
eisyou (romanization)
えいしよう (hiragana historical)


言語接触

言(げん)語(ご)接(せっ)触(しょく) • (gengo sesshoku) ^(←げんごせつしよく (gengosetusyoku)?)

言語接触 (canonical)
gengo sesshoku (romanization)
gengosetusyoku (romanization)
げんごせつしよく (hiragana historical)

[ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞ se̞ɕːo̞kɯ̟]


プロレタリア文学

プロレタリア文(ぶん)学(がく) • (puroretaria bungaku)

プロレタリア文学 (canonical)
puroretaria bungaku (romanization)

[pɯ̟ɾo̞ɾe̞ta̠ɾʲia̠ bɯ̟̃ŋɡa̠kɯ̟]

proletarian literature
proletarian literature


アメリカ式ポイント

^アメリカ-しき ポイント

アメリカ式ポイント (canonical)
Amerika-shiki pointo (romanization)

アメリカ (“America”) + 式 (“-style”) + ポイント (“point”), calque of English American point


サイドストーリー

ja-noun

サイドストーリー • (saido sutōrī)


ダッシュ

全角ダッシュ

波/波形ダッシュ

半角/二分ダッシュ


原音

原(げん)音(おん) • (gen'on) ^(←げんおん (gen'on)?)

原音 (canonical)
gen'on (romanization)
げんおん (hiragana historical)


夫婦別姓

夫(ふう)婦(ふ)別(べっ)姓(せい) • (fūfu bessei) ^(←ふうふべつせい (fuufubetusei)?)

夫婦別姓 (canonical)
fūfu bessei (romanization)
fuufubetusei (romanization)
ふうふべつせい (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ːɸɯ̟ be̞sːe̞ː]

husband and wife retaining different surnames


別姓

別(べっ)姓(せい) • (bessei) ^(←べつせい (betusei)?)

別姓 (canonical)
bessei (romanization)
betusei (romanization)
べつせい (hiragana historical)


三段活用

三(さん)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (san-dan katsuyō)

三段活用 (canonical)
san-dan katsuyō (romanization)

(linguistics, uncommon) trigrade conjugation


初音

From 初 (hatsu-, “first..., new...”) + 音 (ne, “voice, sound”).

prefix

Japanese bush warbler
Japanese bush warbler

(especially) a Japanese bush warbler birdcall that signals the beginning of spring


役割語

役割語 (canonical)
yakuwarigo (romanization)

[ja̠kɯ̟β̞a̠ɾʲiɡo̞]

From 役割(やくわり) (yakuwari) + 語(ご) (go). Coined by Satoshi Kinsui.

(linguistics) "role language": unique language usage serving as a marker of social identity in fictional speech


キャラ語尾

キャラ語尾 (canonical)
kyara gobi (romanization)

"character ending": unique morpheme ending the speech of a fictional character


方言コスプレ

方言コスプレ (canonical)
hōgen kosupure (romanization)

[ho̞ːɡe̞ŋ ko̞sɨpɯ̟ɾe̞]

(linguistics) "dialect dressup": appropriation of dialect features by a non-dialect speaker


自立拍

自立拍 (canonical)
jiritsuhaku (romanization)

自立 (jiritsu, “autonomous”) + 拍 (haku, “mora”)

af

(Japanese phonology) any mora that is capable of carrying an accent and that is said to be able to form a 音節 (onsetsu, “syllable”) by itself


義経記

義経 (Yoshitsune) + 記 (“chronicle; record”), with an artificial on-reading for 義経

suf

the Gikeiki; the Chronicle of Yoshitsune; Yoshitsune


ヨブ

ヨブ記


レビ記

Holonym: モーセ五書


モーセ五書

モーセ五書 (canonical)
Mōse Gosho (romanization)

Meronyms: 申命記, 創世記, 出エジプト記, 民数記, レビ記


艶文

From 艶 (en, “love, charm, lustre”) + 文 (bun, “writing”).


文法違反

文法違反 (canonical)
bunpō ihan (romanization)

[bɯ̟̃mpo̞ːihã̠ɴ]

From 文法(ぶんぽう) (bunpō, “grammar”) + 違反(いはん) (ihan, “violation”).


枕草子

ja-noun

^まくら の% ^そう%し

枕(まくらの)草(そう)子(し) • (Makura no Sōshi) ^(←まくらのさうし (Makura no Sausi)?)

枕草子 (canonical)
Makura no Sōshi (romanization)
Makura no Sausi (romanization)
まくらのさうし (hiragana historical)

The Pillow Book (collection of writings by Sei Shōnagon)


言語聴覚士

言(げん)語(ご)聴(ちょう)覚(かく)士(し) • (gengo chōkakushi) ^(←げんごちやうかくし (gengotyaukakusi)?)

言語聴覚士 (canonical)
gengo chōkakushi (romanization)
gengotyaukakusi (romanization)
げんごちやうかくし (hiragana historical)

[ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞ t͡ɕo̞ːka̠kɯ̟ɕi]

Compound of 言(げん)語(ご) (gengo, “language, speech”) + 聴(ちょう)覚(かく) (chōkaku, “acoustic sense; auditory sense”) + 士(し) (-shi, “specialist”).


生格

ja-noun

生(せい)格(かく) • (seikaku) ^(←せいかく (seikaku)?)

生格 (canonical)
seikaku (romanization)
せいかく (hiragana historical)

2015, 岡本崇男, “中世ロシア年代記における時の生格”, in 神戸外大論叢, volume 65, number 2, page 6:

一般に、古教会スラヴ語訳新約聖書はギリシャ語原典の逐語訳的な性格が強いことが知られている。 […] ところが、新約聖書ギリシャ語テクストでは頻繁に現れる時間の属格（＝ GT）に対して古教会スラヴ語の訳文では生格が使用されていないのである。

語訳新約聖書 ごやくしんやくせいしょ

逐語訳的 ちくごやくてき

新約聖書 しんやくせいしょ

Ippan ni, ko-kyōkai suravugo-yaku shin'yaku seisho wa girishago genten no chikugoyakuteki na seikaku ga tsuyoi koto ga shirarete iru. […] Tokoro ga, shin'yaku seisho girishago tekusuto de wa hinpan ni arawareru jikan no zokkaku (= GT) ni taishite ko-kyōkai suravugo no yakubun de wa seikaku ga shiyō sarete inai no de aru.

Generally, the Old Church Slavonic translation of the New Testament is known for its strong inclination toward word-for-word translations of the original Greek. […] Yet, for the genitive of time (= GT) which frequently appears in Greek text of the New Testament, in the Old Church Slavonic translated sentences, the genitive case is not used.


衣毛

(calligraphy) white decorative bristles on a brush surrounding the main bristles


劇詩

劇詩 (canonical)
gekishi (romanization)
gekisi (romanization)
げきし (hiragana historical)


活用語

活(かつ)用(よう)語(ご) • (katsuyōgo) ^(←くわつようご (kwatuyougo)?)

活用語 (canonical)
katsuyōgo (romanization)
kwatuyougo (romanization)
くわつようご (hiragana historical)

Compound of 活(かつ)用(よう) (katsuyō, “inflection”) + 語(ご) (go, “word, term”).

ja-compound

(Japanese grammar) conjugational parts of speech


接尾

(linguistic morphology) Clipping of 接尾辞 (setsubiji).


接尾詞

接尾詞 (canonical)
setsubishi (romanization)

(linguistic morphology) Synonym of 接尾辞 (setsubiji, “suffix”)


パロール

[pa̠ɾo̞ːɾɯ̟]


通覧

From Middle Chinese 通覽 (/tʰuŋlɑm/, mod. tōnglǎn).

overview, summary, an abridged and focused account


図説

From Middle Chinese 圖說 (/duoɕiuᴇt̚/, mod. túshuō).

illustrated description, a book with pictures or explained as with the clarity of a picture


エニェ

The name of the Latin-script letter Ñ/ñ.


謄写

謄写 (canonical)
tōsha (romanization)
tousya (romanization)
とうしや (hiragana historical)


ダリー語

[da̠ɾʲiːɡo̞]


公用文

ja-noun

公(こう)用(よう)文(ぶん) • (kōyōbun) ^(←こうようぶん (kouyoubun)?)

公用文 (canonical)
kōyōbun (romanization)
kouyoubun (romanization)
こうようぶん (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːjo̞ːbɯ̟̃ɴ]

formal (governmental, legal, etc.) writing


バイエル

Transliteration from German in the stage pronunciation (Bühnenaussprache); compare バイヤー (baiyā), バイアー (baiā).

Ferdinand Beyer, German composer and pianist (1803–1863)

Vorschule im Klavierspiel op. 101, book written by Ferdinand Beyer for piano beginners

A transliteration of the German surname Beyer, Bayer, Beier, Baier, Bejer, or Bajer


読後感

読(どく)後(ご)感(かん) • (dokugokan) ^(←どくごかん (dokugokan)?)

読後感 (canonical)
dokugokan (romanization)
どくごかん (hiragana historical)

[do̞kɯ̟ɡo̞kã̠ɴ]


左右固定

左右固定 (canonical)
sayū kotei (romanization)

Referring to the "top"–"bottom" ordering of names in pairings.

左右固定過激派

(fandom slang) accepted top and bottom status


コロケーション

[ko̞ɾo̞ke̞ːɕõ̞ɴ]


ローラリンクス

[ɾo̞ː ɾa̠ɾʲĩŋkɯ̟sɨ]


ハイラリンクス

[ha̠i ɾa̠ɾʲĩŋkɯ̟sɨ]


福建語

[ɸɯ̟k̚kẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

福建 (Fukken, “Fujian”) + 語 (-go, “language”).


立崎

ja-noun

立(たつ)崎(さき) or 立(たつ)崎(ざき) • (tatsusaki or tatsuzaki)

立崎 (canonical)
立崎 (canonical)
tatsusaki (romanization)
tatsuzaki (romanization)

[2023 March 30, ABEMAニュース, 【フォント】絶滅危機の書体を救え！ライバル"モリサワ&写研"が再タッグ｜社会部 西井紘輝記者:

この「崎」という字、たまに石崎さんとか、川崎さんの名前でですね、いわゆる「立崎」と呼ばれるものがあります。

Kono “saki” to iu ji, tama ni Ishizaki-san toka, Kawasaki-san no namae de desu ne, iwayuru “tatsuzaki” to yobareru mono ga arimasu.

A nickname for the 﨑 character, a variant of 崎.


逆斜線

逆斜線 (canonical)
gyakushasen (romanization)

[ɡʲa̠kɯ̟ɕa̠sẽ̞ɴ]


井戸端会議

井(い)戸(ど)端(ばた)会(かい)議(ぎ) • (idobata kaigi) ^(←ゐどばたくわいぎ (widobata kwaigi)?)

井戸端会議 (canonical)
idobata kaigi (romanization)
widobata kwaigi (romanization)
ゐどばたくわいぎ (hiragana historical)

From 井戸(いど)端(ばた) (idobata, “wellside, the vicinity of the well”) + 会(かい)議(ぎ) (kaigi, “meeting, conference”). Originally a humorous name for housewives chatting while washing clothes around a communal well.


約音

(linguistics) syncope, contraction (phonetic phenomenon whereby neighbouring sounds are lost from the interior of a word)


蟹行文字

蟹行文字 (canonical)
kaikōmonji (romanization)

From 蟹行 (“walking sideways”) + 文字 (“character, writing”)

af

(historical, typography) character set written horizontally, especially Roman alphabet


敬体

(grammar) polite form, in which sentence ends in です (desu) or ます (masu)


重唱

ja-noun

重(じゅう)唱(しょう) • (jūshō) ^(←ぢゅうしゃう (dyuusyau)?)

重唱 (canonical)
jūshō (romanization)
dyuusyau (romanization)
ぢゅうしゃう (hiragana historical)

二重唱

二重唱 にじょううしょう

三重唱

三重唱 さんじゅうしょう


制詞

(poetry) a word that is forbidden due to scansion, rarity, or unfamiliarity


吃音症

吃音症 (canonical)
kitsuonshō (romanization)

[kʲit͡sɨõ̞ɰ̃ɕo̞ː]

吃音 (kitsuon, “stuttering”) + 症 (-shō, “condition”)


広韻

ja-pos

広(こう)韻(いん) • (Kōin) ^(←くわうゐん (Kwauwin)?)

広韻 (canonical)
Kōin (romanization)
Kwauwin (romanization)
くわうゐん (hiragana historical)

Guangyun (a Song rhyming dictionary, a revised and expanded edition of Qieyun)


リヴァイアサン

Borrowed from English leviathan, ultimately from Biblical Hebrew לִוְיָתָן (liv'yatán).


カムリ語

カムリ語 (canonical)
Kamurigo (romanization)

Borrowed from Welsh Cymru (“Wales”) + 語(ご) (go, “language”).


私小説

ja-noun

私小説(ししょうせつ) or 私小説(わたくししょうせつ) • (shishōsetsu or watakushi-shōsetsu)

私小説 (canonical)
私小説 (canonical)
shishōsetsu (romanization)
watakushi-shōsetsu (romanization)

(literature) I-novel, a genre of Japanese literature


意向形

意(い)向(こう)形(けい) • (ikōkei) ^(←いかうけい (ikaukei)?)

意向形 (canonical)
ikōkei (romanization)
ikaukei (romanization)
いかうけい (hiragana historical)

意向 (ikō, “intention, inclination”) + 形 (-kei, “conjugation form”)

suffix

(grammar) an inflectional category: the volitional form of verbs


ビスラマ語

ビスラマ語 (canonical)
bisuramago (romanization)


ツバル語

ツバル語 (canonical)
tsubarugo (romanization)

[t͡sɨba̠ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]


ナウル語

[na̠ɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]


ナバホ語

ナバホ語 (canonical)
nabahogo (romanization)


アブハズ語

アブハズ語 (canonical)
abuhazugo (romanization)


グアラニー語

グアラニー語 (canonical)
guaranīgo (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟a̠ɾa̠ɲ̟iːɡo̞]


ヒリモツ語

ヒリモツ語 (canonical)
hirimotsugo (romanization)


ティグリニャ語

ティグリニャ語 (canonical)
tigurinyago (romanization)

[tʲiɡɯ̟ɾʲiɲ̟a̠ɡo̞]


マダガスカル語

マダガスカル語 (canonical)
Madagasukarugo (romanization)

[ma̠da̠ɡa̠sɨka̠ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]


アフロ・アジア語族

アフロ・アジア語族 (canonical)
Afuro Ajia Gozoku (romanization)

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɾo̞a̠ʑia̠ɡo̞zo̞kɯ̟]

ja:アフロ・アジア語族


イラク語

[iɾa̠kɯ̟ɡo̞]


ルワンダ語

ルワンダ語 (canonical)
ruwandago (romanization)

[ɾɯ̟β̞ã̠nda̠ɡo̞]


太玄経

太玄経 (canonical)
Taigenkyō (romanization)

[ta̠iɡẽ̞ŋʲkʲo̞ː]


オスマン語

オスマン語 (canonical)
osumango (romanization)

[o̞sɨmã̠ŋɡo̞]


直説法

直説法 (canonical)
chokusetsuhō (romanization)

By surface analysis, 直 (choku, “direct”) + 説 (setsu, “explanation”) + 法 (hō, “mood”).


拾遺和歌集

ja-pos

拾(しゅう)遺(い)和(わ)歌(か)集(しゅう) • (Shūi Wakashū) ^(←しふゐわかしふ (Sifuwi Wakasifu)?)

拾遺和歌集 (canonical)
Shūi Wakashū (romanization)
Sifuwi Wakasifu (romanization)
しふゐわかしふ (hiragana historical)

From 拾遺 (shūi, “gleaning”) + 和歌 (waka, “classical Japanese poem”) + 集 (shū, “collection”).

com

勅撰和歌集 勅撰和歌集#Japanese

the third of the 勅撰和歌集 (chokusen wakashū, “imperial waka anthologies”), compiled in c. 1005-07 CE


歴史言語学

ja-noun

歴(れき)史(し)言(げん)語(ご)学(がく) • (rekishi gengogaku)

歴史言語学 (canonical)
rekishi gengogaku (romanization)

[ɾe̞kʲiɕi ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞ɡa̠kɯ̟]

Compound of 歴(れき)史(し) (rekishi, “history”) + 言(げん)語(ご)学(がく) (gengogaku, “linguistics”).

ja-compound

historical linguistics
historical linguistics


第四権力

ja-noun

第(だい)四(よん)権(けん)力(りょく) • (daiyon kenryoku)

第四権力 (canonical)
daiyon kenryoku (romanization)

[da̠ijo̞ŋ kẽ̞n̺ɾʲo̞kɯ̟]

Compound of 第(だい)四(よん) (daiyon, “fourth”) + 権(けん)力(りょく) (kenryoku, “power, authority”).


ヘンタイ

Borrowed from English hentai, a semantic shift from Japanese 変態(へんたい) (hentai, “pervert”), short for 変態性欲者(へんたいせいよくしゃ) (hentai seiyoku-sha, literally “person with abnormal sexual desires”).

ja-r

へんたい せいよく-しゃ

hentai (work of anime or manga (or any similar medium) that contains heavily sexual or pornographic art)


説文解字

説文解字 (canonical)
Setsumonkaiji (romanization)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 說文解字／说文解字 (Shuōwén Jiězì)

obor

(literature) Shuowen Jiezi (an early 2nd-century Chinese dictionary from the Han dynasty)


発語行為

発語行為 (canonical)
hatsugo kōi (romanization)

Compound of 発(はつ)語(ご) (hatsugo, “utterance”) + 行(こう)為(い) (kōi, “act”)


発語媒介行為

ja-noun

はつご ばいかい こうい

発(はつ)語(ご)媒(ばい)介(かい)行(こう)為(い) • (hatsugo baikai kōi)

発語媒介行為 (canonical)
hatsugo baikai kōi (romanization)

Compound of 発(はつ)語(ご) (hatsugo, “utterance”) + 媒(ばい)介(かい) (baikai, “mediation”) + 行(こう)為(い) (kōi, “act”)


発語内行為

ja-noun

発(はつ)語(ご)内(ない)行(こう)為(い) • (hatsugonai kōi)

発語内行為 (canonical)
hatsugonai kōi (romanization)

Compound of 発(はつ)語(ご) (hatsugo, “utterance”) + 内(ない) (nai, “inner”) + 行(こう)為(い) (kōi, “act”)


行為遂行

行為遂行 (canonical)
kōi suikō (romanization)

Compound of 行(こう)為(い) (kōi, “act”) + 遂(すい)行(こう) (suikō, “performing; execution”)


植え物

ja-noun

植(う)え物(もの) • (uemono) ^(←うゑもの (uwemono)?)

植え物 (canonical)
uemono (romanization)
uwemono (romanization)
うゑもの (hiragana historical)

Compound of 植え (ue, “planting”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 植える (ueru, “to plant”)) + 物 (mono, “thing”).

com

(poetry) types of plants used as subjects in renga and haikai


転訛

転訛 (canonical)
tenka (romanization)
tenkwa (romanization)
てんくわ (hiragana historical)


転訛

転訛する (canonical)
tenka suru (romanization)
tenkwa (romanization)
転訛し (stem)
転訛した (past)
転訛し
てんかし
tenka shi
転訛する
てんかする
tenka suru
転訛すれ
てんかすれ
tenka sure
転訛せよ (imperative literary)
転訛しろ (colloquial imperative)
てんかせよ (imperative literary)
てんかしろ (colloquial imperative)
tenka seyo (imperative literary)
tenka shiro (colloquial imperative)
転訛される (passive)
てんかされる (passive)
tenka sareru (passive)
転訛させる (causative)
転訛さす (causative)
てんかさせる (causative)
てんかさす (causative)
tenka saseru (causative)
tenka sasu (causative)
転訛できる (potential)
てんかできる (potential)
tenka dekiru (potential)
転訛しよう (volitional)
てんかしよう (volitional)
tenka shiyō (volitional)
転訛しない (negative)
てんかしない (negative)
tenka shinai (negative)
転訛せず (continuative negative)
てんかせず (continuative negative)
tenka sezu (continuative negative)
転訛します (formal)
てんかします (formal)
tenka shimasu (formal)
転訛した (perfective)
てんかした (perfective)
tenka shita (perfective)
転訛して (conjunctive)
てんかして (conjunctive)
tenka shite (conjunctive)
転訛すれば (conditional hypothetical)
てんかすれば (conditional hypothetical)
tenka sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(linguistics, for a word) to be corrupted


半臂

(poetry) Short for 半臂の句 (hanpi no ku, “(poetry) an adorned third line in a tanka”).


エスツェット

The name of the Latin-script letter ẞ/ß, called eszett in English.


食偏

食(しょく) (shoku, “food”) + 偏(へん) (hen, “left-hand component”).


示偏

ja-noun

示偏(しめすへん) • (shimesu-hen) ^(←しめすへん (simesu-fen)?)

示偏 (canonical)
shimesu-hen (romanization)
simesu-fen (romanization)
しめすへん (hiragana historical)

示(しめ)す (shimesu), the kun'yomi term associated with the character 示, + 偏(へん) (hen).


隅付き括弧

隅付き括弧 (canonical)
sumitsukikakko (romanization)

From 隅(すみ) (sumi, “interior corner”) + 付(つ)き (tsuki, “appearance”) + 括(かっ)弧(こ) (kakko, “bracket; paranthesis”).

ja-compound

lenticular bracket
lenticular bracket#English:_Q126914343

(typography) lenticular bracket (either of a pair of symbols,【 】, generally used in Chinese and Japanese dictionaries to enclose headwords, and sometimes for other purposes)


亀甲括弧

亀甲括弧 (canonical)
kikkōkakko (romanization)

From 亀甲(きっこう) (kikkō, “tortoise shell”) + 括(かっ)弧(こ) (kakko, “bracket; paranthesis”).

(typography) tortoise shell bracket (either of a pair of symbols,〔 〕, sometimes used in Japanese to enclose comments in quoted text)


裏白

裏白 (canonical)
裏白 (canonical)
urajiro (romanization)

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾo̞]

Literally, “back white”, 裏(うら) (ura, “back, reverse”) + 白(しろ) (shiro, “white”)

(poetry) Clipping of 裏白連歌 (urajiro renga).


モングォル語

モングォル語 (canonical)
Mongworu-go (romanization)

[mõ̞ŋᵝɡᵝo̞ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]

From モングォル (Mongworu) + 語(ご) (go, “language”).


ウェブトゥーン

ja-noun

ウェブトゥーン • (webutūn)


偽りの友

偽りの友 (canonical)
itsuwari no tomo (romanization)


空似言葉

空似言葉 (canonical)
sorani kotoba (romanization)


懐紙

懐紙 (canonical)
kaishi (romanization)
kwaisi (romanization)
くわいし (hiragana historical)