四つ仮名

四つ仮名 (canonical)
yotsugana (romanization)

From 四(よ)つ (yotsu, “four”) + 仮名(かな) (kana, “kana”). The kana changes to gana as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

(orthography) the four kana pairs of じ/ジ, ず/ズ, ぢ/ヂ and づ/ヅ, the latter two of which represent historical morae that are now pronounced identically to the former two in most major dialects


吃る

ja-verb

吃(ども)る • (domoru) intransitive godan (stem 吃(ども)り (domori), past 吃(ども)った (domotta))

吃る (canonical)
domoru (romanization)
吃り (stem)
吃った (past)
吃ら
どもら
domora
吃り
どもり
domori
吃る
どもる
domoru
吃れ
どもれ
domore
吃られる (passive)
どもられる (passive)
domorareru (passive)
吃らせる (causative)
吃らす (causative)
どもらせる (causative)
どもらす (causative)
domoraseru (causative)
domorasu (causative)
吃れる (potential)
どもれる (potential)
domoreru (potential)
吃ろう (volitional)
どもろう (volitional)
domorō (volitional)
吃らない (negative)
どもらない (negative)
domoranai (negative)
吃らず (continuative negative)
どもらず (continuative negative)
domorazu (continuative negative)
吃ります (formal)
どもります (formal)
domorimasu (formal)
吃った (perfective)
どもった (perfective)
domotta (perfective)
吃って (conjunctive)
どもって (conjunctive)
domotte (conjunctive)
吃れば (conditional hypothetical)
どもれば (conditional hypothetical)
domoreba (conditional hypothetical)

五位は赤くなつて、吃りながら、又、前の答を繰返した。

1916, 芥川龍之介, 芋粥

Goi's face turned red, and stammering, he repeated his previous answer.

Goi wa akaku natte, domori-nagara, mata, mae no kotae o kurikaeshita.


小説家

ja-noun

小(しょう)説(せつ)家(か) • (shōsetsuka) ^(←せうせつか (seusetuka)?)

小説家 (canonical)
shōsetsuka (romanization)
seusetuka (romanization)
せうせつか (hiragana historical)

From 小説(しょうせつ) (shōsetsu, “novel, story, fiction”) + 家(か) (ka, “professional”).


ニーノシュク

Borrowed from Norwegian Bokmål nynorsk (“New Norwegian”).


小文字

(orthography, typography) a minuscule (lower-case letter)


テルグ語

テルグ語 (canonical)
Terugugo (romanization)


アール

The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.


メタ言語

メタ言語 (canonical)
meta-gengo (romanization)

[me̞ta̠ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

From メタ (meta, “meta”) + 言(げん)語(ご) (gengo, “language”).


サンスクリット

[sã̠ɰ̃sɨ̥kɯ̟ɾʲit̚to̞]


広東語

ja-noun

広(かん)東(とん)語(ご) or 広東語(カントンご) • (kantongo)

広東語 (canonical)
広東語 (canonical)
kantongo (romanization)

[kã̠ntõ̞ŋɡo̞]

広東 (Kanton, “Canton”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suf

(historical, Taiwan under Japanese rule) Hakka (language)


チェコ語

チェコ語 (canonical)
Cheko-go (romanization)

チェコ (Cheko, “Czechia”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


清音

Literary Chinese 清音 (qīngyīn, literally “clear sound”)

der

(traditional Chinese phonology) a voiceless and unaspirated onset obstruent, including the glottal stop

五十音中、加・佐・多・波の四行に、濁れる音あり。淸音文字の肩に、゛點を附して、その標とせり。

1897 March, “〇濁音 [〇Muddy Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Among the fifty sounds, those of the ka, sa, ta and ha-rows can be muddied up. They are written by attaching the dots ゛ on the shoulders of the letters for the clear sounds.

Gojūonchū, ka sa ta ha no shigyō ni, nigoreru on ari. Seion moji no kata ni, ゛ ten o fushite, sono shirushi to seri.

五十音中、波行に、半濁の音あり。淸音文字の肩に゜點を附して、その標とせり。

1897 March, “〇半濁音 [〇Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Among the fifty sounds, those of the ha-row can be partially muddied up. They are written by attaching the dot ゜ on the shoulders of the letters for the clear sounds.

Gojūonchū, hagyō ni, handaku no on ari. Seion moji no kata ni, ゜ ten o fushite, sono shirushi to seri.

濁音がある故に、之に對して淸音をも作らねばならず、半濁音（次淸音）と云ふものもあることになる。
ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
の一行五音の半濁音（一名次淸音）として、アカサタナハマヤラワ十行五十音が淸音と云はれて居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 152:

Since there are muddy sounds, it follows that there must also be the opposite, ‘clear sounds’, and additionally what are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (‘quasi-clear sounds’). These five sounds, arranged in one row, are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (i.e. ‘quasi-clear sounds’):
pa pi pu pe po
Then, the fifty sounds arranged in ten rows, a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, ya, ra and wa, are called ‘clear sounds’.

Dakuon ga aru yue ni, kore ni taishite seion o mo tsukarane ba narazu, handakuon (jiseion) to iu mono mo aru koto ni naru.
pa pi pu pe po
no ichigyō goon no handakuon (ichimei jiseion) to shite, a ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra wa jūgyō gojūon ga seion to iwarete iru.

(traditional Japanese phonology) any mora listed on the 五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “chart of the fifty sounds”), without a voiced onset obstruent or /p/


一澗

一 (いち, ichi: “one”) + 澗 (かん, kan: “10³⁶”)

undecillion, 10³⁶, or a sextillion of dated British or Australian English, in modern Japanese since 17th century.


百正

百 (ひゃく, hyaku: “hundred”) + 正 (せい, sei: “10⁴⁰”)

A billion quintillion, 10⁴², or a septillion of dated British or Australian English, in modern Japanese since 17th century.


一穣

一(いち) (ichi, “one”) + 穣(じょう) (jō, “10²⁸”)

ja-compound

10²⁸ in modern Japanese since 17th century.


一秭

A trillion trillion, 10²⁴, or a septillion of modern English in modern Japanese since 17th century.


訓読み

[kɯ̟̃ɰ̃jo̞mʲi]

Compound of 訓 (kun, “meaning”) + 読み (yomi, “reading”). Originally referred to the meanings of Chinese words as expressed in native Japanese words or 大和(やまと)言(こと)葉(ば) (Yamato kotoba), as opposed to the sounds (i.e. pronunciations) to use when reading Chinese text (called 音読み (on'yomi) or 音読 (ondoku), literally “sound reading”).

compound

(linguistics) kun'yomi: a reading of a kanji that is not derived from the kanji's original pronunciation borrowed from Chinese

名乗り

used for the readings of names: given names and sometimes place names


マレー語

マレー (Marē, “Malay”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


アラゴン語

アラゴン語 (canonical)
Aragongo (romanization)


トルコ語

トルコ語 (canonical)
torukogo (romanization)

Turkish - the official language of Turkey


モンゴル語

モンゴル語 (canonical)
Mongoru-go (romanization)

[mõ̞ŋɡo̞ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]

From モンゴル (Mongoru) + 語(ご) (go, “language”).


リトアニア語

リトアニア語 (canonical)
Ritoania-go (romanization)


フィンランド語

フィンランド語 (canonical)
finrandogo (romanization)


イド語

Ido (an artificial language, a reform of Esperanto)


エスペラント語

エスペラント語 (canonical)
Esuperanto-go (romanization)

[e̞sɨ̥pe̞ɾã̠nto̞ɡo̞]

From エスペラント (Esuperanto, “Esperanto”) + 語 (-go, “language”).


分離動詞

分離動詞 (canonical)
bunridōshi (romanization)


ギリシャ語

ギリシャ語 (canonical)
Girishago (romanization)


古代ギリシャ語

古代ギリシャ語 (canonical)
Kodai Girishago (romanization)


現代ギリシャ語

現代ギリシャ語 (canonical)
Gendai Girishago (romanization)

Modern Greek - the Greek language as spoken since the 16th century


ヘブライ語

ヘブライ語 (canonical)
heburaigo (romanization)

ヘブライ (Heburai, “Hebrew”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


母国語

Compound of 母国 (bokoku, “motherland, mother country, country of one's birth”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

native language, mother tongue, first language


機械翻訳

機械翻訳 (canonical)
kikai hon'yaku (romanization)


書道

書道 (canonical)
shodō (romanization)
syodau (romanization)
しよだう (hiragana historical)

書 (sho, “writing”) + 道 (-dō, “-manship”)


詩歌

/ɕika/ → /ɕiːka/
Shift from older shika below.
Now the 慣用読み (kan'yōyomi, “common reading”) form, possibly to avoid confusion with homophones.


禁断の木の実

ja-noun

禁(きん)断(だん)の木(こ)の実(み) • (kindan no konomi)

禁断の木の実 (canonical)
kindan no konomi (romanization)

From 禁断 (kindan, “forbidden”) + の (no, attributive particle) + 木の実 (konomi, “fruit”).

af

禁断の果実 禁断の果実#Japanese

(biblical) Synonym of 禁断の果実 (kindan no kajitsu, “forbidden fruit”)


草冠

草冠 (canonical)
kusakanmuri (romanization)

[kɯ̟sa̠kã̠mːɯ̟ɾʲi]

艹 (radical 140, the grass radical), used in kanji, such as 草, 花, 英, 芋, ... (specifically as a top radical – literally “grass crown”)


口忠実

口忠実 (canonical)
kuchimame (romanization)


筆忠実

ja-adj

筆忠実(ふでまめ) • (fudemame) -na (adnominal 筆忠実(ふでまめ)な (fudemame na), adverbial 筆忠実(ふでまめ)に (fudemame ni))

筆忠実 (canonical)
fudemame (romanization)
筆忠実な (adnominal)
筆忠実に (adverbial)
筆忠実だろ (imperfective stem)
ふでまめだろ (imperfective stem)
fudemame daro (imperfective)
筆忠実で (continuative stem)
ふでまめで (continuative stem)
fudemame de (continuative)
筆忠実だ (stem terminative)
ふでまめだ (stem terminative)
fudemame da (terminative)
筆忠実な (attributive stem)
ふでまめな (attributive stem)
fudemame na (attributive)
筆忠実なら (hypothetical stem)
ふでまめなら (hypothetical stem)
fudemame nara (hypothetical)
筆忠実であれ (imperative stem)
ふでまめであれ (imperative stem)
fudemame de are (imperative)
筆忠実ではない (informal negative)
筆忠実じゃない (informal negative)
ふでまめではない (informal negative)
ふでまめじゃない (informal negative)
fudemame de wa nai (informal negative)
fudemame ja nai (informal negative)
筆忠実だった (informal past)
ふでまめだった (informal past)
fudemame datta (informal past)
筆忠実ではなかった (informal negative past)
筆忠実じゃなかった (informal negative past)
ふでまめではなかった (informal negative past)
ふでまめじゃなかった (informal negative past)
fudemame de wa nakatta (informal negative past)
fudemame ja nakatta (informal negative past)
筆忠実です (formal)
ふでまめです (formal)
fudemame desu (formal)
筆忠実ではありません (formal negative)
筆忠実じゃありません (formal negative)
ふでまめではありません (formal negative)
ふでまめじゃありません (formal negative)
fudemame de wa arimasen (formal negative)
fudemame ja arimasen (formal negative)
筆忠実でした (formal past)
ふでまめでした (formal past)
fudemame deshita (formal past)
筆忠実ではありませんでした (formal negative past)
筆忠実じゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
ふでまめではありませんでした (formal negative past)
ふでまめじゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
fudemame de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
fudemame ja arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
筆忠実で (conjunctive)
ふでまめで (conjunctive)
fudemame de (conjunctive)
筆忠実なら（ば） (conditional)
ふでまめなら（ば） (conditional)
fudemame nara (ba) (conditional)
筆忠実だったら (conditional past)
ふでまめだったら (conditional past)
fudemame dattara (conditional past)
筆忠実だろう (volitional)
ふでまめだろう (volitional)
fudemame darō (volitional)
筆忠実に (adverbial)
ふでまめに (adverbial)
fudemame ni (adverbial)
筆忠実さ (noun-from-adj)
ふでまめさ (noun-from-adj)
fudemamesa (noun-from-adj)

ja-adj-infl

筆忠実

. で は ありません でした

. じゃ ありません でした


筆忠実

good correspondent, someone who can easily write compositions or letters


万葉集

ja-pos

万(まん)葉(よう)集(しゅう) • (Man'yōshū) ^(←まんえふしふ (Man'efusifu)?)

万葉集 (canonical)
Man'yōshū (romanization)
Man'efusifu (romanization)
まんえふしふ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 万葉 (man'yō, “ten thousand/myriad leaves”) + 集 (shū, “collection”).

com

Japan's oldest anthology of poems, compiled in c. 759 CE


万葉集

ja-pos

万(まん)葉(にょう)集(しゅう) • (Mannyōshū) ^(←まんえふしふ (Man'efusifu)?)

万葉集 (canonical)
Mannyōshū (romanization)
Man'efusifu (romanization)
まんえふしふ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 万葉 (mannyō, “ten thousand/myriad leaves”, with renjō) + 集 (shū, “collection”).

com

(rare) Japan's oldest anthology of poems, compiled in c. 759 CE


同音異義語

同音異義語 (canonical)
dōon igigo (romanization)

[do̞ːo̞ɰ̃ iɡʲiɡo̞]

From 同音 (dōon, “homophonous”) + 異義 (igi, “different in meaning”) + 語 (-go, “utterance”).

af

(linguistics) a homophone (words with the same pronunciation)


アストゥリア語

アストゥリア語 (canonical)
Asuturiago (romanization)


アメリカ英語

アメリカ英語 (canonical)
Amerika Eigo (romanization)

アメリカ (Amerika, “America”) + 英語 (Eigo, “English language”)


仏文学

仏文学 (canonical)
futsubungaku (romanization)

From 仏 (futsu, “French”) + 文学 (bungaku, “literature”).


セルビア語

セルビア語 (canonical)
Serubiago (romanization)


オランダ語

オランダ語 (canonical)
orandago (romanization)

[o̞ɾã̠nda̠ɡo̞]

オランダ (Oranda, “the Netherlands”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


人語

人(じん) (jin, “person, human”) + 語(ご) (go, “word, speech”)


清濁

(phonetics) voiced and unvoiced consonants


平上去入

ja-noun

平(ひょう)上(じょう)去(きょ)入(にゅう) • (hyōjōkyonyū) ^(←ひやうじやうきよにふ (fyauzyaukyonifu)?)

平上去入 (canonical)
hyōjōkyonyū (romanization)
fyauzyaukyonifu (romanization)
ひやうじやうきよにふ (hiragana historical)

[ço̞ːʑo̞ːkʲo̞ɲ̟ɨː]

From Middle Chinese 平上去入 (píngshǎngqùrù).

(Chinese phonetics) the four tones of Middle Chinese:

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
平声 (hyōshō, “level tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
上声 (jōshō, “rising tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
去声 (kyoshō, “departing tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
入声 (nisshō, “checked tone”)


ディズニーランド

[dʲizɨɲ̟iːɾã̠ndo̞]


十二

十二 (canonical)
jūni (romanization)
zifuni (romanization)
じふに (hiragana historical)


原語

原語 (canonical)
gengo (romanization)
げんご (hiragana historical)

(linguistics, translation studies) the original language, source language


四字熟語

四字熟語 (canonical)
yoji jukugo (romanization)

[jo̞ʑi d͡ʑɨkɯ̟ɡo̞]

Yojijukugo (四字熟語), from 四 (yo, “four”) + 字 (ji, “character”) + 熟語 (jukugo, “kanji compound”)


(romanization) A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called マクロン (“macron”) in Japanese, and found on Ā/ā, Ē/ē, Ī/ī, Ō/ō and Ū/ū.


チベット語

チベット語 (canonical)
Chibettogo (romanization)


入声

ja-noun

入(にっ)声(しょう) or 入(にっ)声(せい) • (nisshō or nissei)

入声 (canonical)
入声 (canonical)
nisshō (romanization)
nissei (romanization)

Middle Chinese 入聲.
/nipusjau/ → /nipsjau/ → /nisshoː/

(Chinese phonetics) the entering tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


ガリシア語

ガリシア語 (canonical)
Garishiago (romanization)


ダニエル

[da̠ɲ̟ie̞ɾɯ̟]


入木

入(じゅ)木(ぼく) • (juboku) ^(←じゆぼく (zyuboku)?)

入(にゅう)木(ぼく) • (nyūboku) ^(←にふぼく (nifuboku)?)

入木 • ^ (canonical)
入木 (canonical)
juboku (romanization)
zyuboku (romanization)
nyūboku (romanization)
nifuboku (romanization)
じゆぼく (hiragana historical)
にふぼく (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑɨbo̞kɯ̟]

[ɲ̟ɨːbo̞kɯ̟]


教育漢字

教(きょう)育(いく)漢(かん)字(じ) • (kyōiku kanji) ^(←けういくかんじ (keuikukanzi)?)

教育漢字 (canonical)
kyōiku kanji (romanization)
keuikukanzi (romanization)
けういくかんじ (hiragana historical)

[kʲo̞ːikɯ̟ kã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑi]

Compound of 教育(きょういく) (kyōiku, “education”) + 漢字(かんじ) (kanji, “Chinese character”).

ja-compound

常用漢字(じょうようかんじ) 常用漢字#Japanese

(education) the 1,026 kanji taught in primary school; a subset of 常用漢字(じょうようかんじ) (jōyō kanji)

常用漢字

常用漢字 じょうようかんじ


ペルソナ〜トリニティ・ソウル〜

Indicates the subtitle of a book, manga, video game, etc.


Lenticular brackets
lenticular bracket#English


ウェールズ語

ウェールズ語 (canonical)
Wēruzugo (romanization)

Borrowed from English Wales + 語(ご) (go, “language”).


五十

⟨i so₁⟩ → */isʷo/ → /iso/
Compound of Old Japanese elements 五(い) (i, “five”, combining form) + 十(そ) (so, “ten”).


五十

五十 (canonical)
isoji (romanization)
isodi (romanization)
いそぢ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 五十(いそ) (iso, “fifty”, see above) + 路(ち) (-chi, "road" → counter for length of time). The chi changes to ji (historical di) as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Alternative spelling of 五十路 (isoji): fifty, 50


五十

Alternative spelling of 五十路 (isoji): a fifty-year-old; the fiftieth year


ベラルーシ語

ベラルーシ語 (canonical)
Berarūshigo (romanization)

[be̞ɾa̠ɾɯ̟ːɕiɡo̞]


教科書

ja-noun

教(きょう)科(か)書(しょ) • (kyōkasho) ^(←けうくわしよ (keukwasyo)?)

教科書 (canonical)
kyōkasho (romanization)
keukwasyo (romanization)
けうくわしよ (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 教科書／教科书 (jiàokēshū)

→ Korean: 교과서(敎科書) (gyogwaseo)


被覆形

被覆形 (canonical)
hifukukei (romanization)

Literally "embedded form". Compound of 被覆 (hifuku) and 形 (-kei).

in Japanese morphology, a type of apophony typically found in compounds: a bound form


露出形

露出形 (canonical)
roshutsukei (romanization)

[ɾo̞ɕɨt͡sɨke̞ː]

Compound of 露出 (roshutsu, “exposure, exposed”) + 形 (-kei, “form”).

suffix

in Japanese morphology, a type of apophony found in word-final form caused by derivational suffixes


異形態

(linguistics) a variant form of a morpheme; an allomorph


膠着語

ja-noun

膠(こう)着(ちゃく)語(ご) • (kōchakugo) ^(←かうちやくご (kautyakugo)?)

膠着語 (canonical)
kōchakugo (romanization)
kautyakugo (romanization)
かうちやくご (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːt͡ɕa̠kɯ̟ɡo̞]

膠着 (kōchaku, “adhesion”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


意訳

意訳する (canonical)
iyaku suru (romanization)
意訳し (stem)
意訳した (past)
意訳し
いやくし
iyaku shi
意訳する
いやくする
iyaku suru
意訳すれ
いやくすれ
iyaku sure
意訳せよ (imperative literary)
意訳しろ (colloquial imperative)
いやくせよ (imperative literary)
いやくしろ (colloquial imperative)
iyaku seyo (imperative literary)
iyaku shiro (colloquial imperative)
意訳される (passive)
いやくされる (passive)
iyaku sareru (passive)
意訳させる (causative)
意訳さす (causative)
いやくさせる (causative)
いやくさす (causative)
iyaku saseru (causative)
iyaku sasu (causative)
意訳できる (potential)
いやくできる (potential)
iyaku dekiru (potential)
意訳しよう (volitional)
いやくしよう (volitional)
iyaku shiyō (volitional)
意訳しない (negative)
いやくしない (negative)
iyaku shinai (negative)
意訳せず (continuative negative)
いやくせず (continuative negative)
iyaku sezu (continuative negative)
意訳します (formal)
いやくします (formal)
iyaku shimasu (formal)
意訳した (perfective)
いやくした (perfective)
iyaku shita (perfective)
意訳して (conjunctive)
いやくして (conjunctive)
iyaku shite (conjunctive)
意訳すれば (conditional hypothetical)
いやくすれば (conditional hypothetical)
iyaku sureba (conditional hypothetical)

to translate liberally, to translate the meaning


風土記

/ɸuːdoki/ → /ɸudoki/ → /fudoki/
Shift from earlier fūdoki.

(historical) common name for Nara-period topographical texts compiled by an imperial decree of Empress Genmei


十三

ja-pos

十(じゅう)三(ぞう) • (Jūzō)


暗黒面

暗黒面 (canonical)
ankokumen (romanization)

[ã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟mẽ̞ɴ]

Compound of 暗黒(あんこく) (ankoku, “darkness”) + 面(めん) (men, “side, face”).


Indicating the start of a part in a song.


新語

(linguistics) neologism, new word, word of recent origin


名乗り

Likely a compound of 名(な) (na) and 乗(の)り (nori).

(linguistics) nanori, Japanese readings of kanji characters that are used for names of people or places


カンナダ語

カンナダ語 (canonical)
Kannadago (romanization)


デーヴァナーガリー

ja-pos

デーヴァナーガリー • (Dēvanāgarī)

[de̞ːba̠na̠ːɡa̠ɾʲiː]

From Sanskrit देवनागरी (devanāgarī), compound of देव (deva, “deity, divine”) + नगर (nagara, “town, city”).

Devanagari (abugida alphabet of India and Nepal)

ja:デーヴァナーガリー


二三

二三枚の葉が枯菊の茂みに落ちた

nisan-mai no ha ga karegiku no shigemi ni ochita

a few leaves fell onto the thicket of withered chrysanthemum


コミカライズ

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from comic + -al + -ize; equivalent to English comicalize.

pseudo-loan

the adaptation of a work into a comic book form from another media, such as a light novel or anime.


リーダー

ja-noun

リーダー • (rīdā)

３点リーダー

(typography, printing) a leader (a row of dots, periods, or hyphens, used in tables of contents, etc., to lead the eye across a space to the right word or number)


リーダー

リーダー • (rīdā)

2019, 大英図書館所蔵天草版『平家物語』『伊曽保物語』『金句集』画像:

大英図書館が所蔵する天草版『平家物語』『伊曽保物語』『金句集』は、16世紀の日本を訪れたキリスト教宣教師の日本語学習向けに編集された読本（リーダー）です。

Daiei Toshokan ga shozō suru Amakusaban “Heike Monogatari”“Isoho Monogatari”“Kinkushū” wa, jūroku-seiki no Nihon o otozureta Kirisutokyō senkyōshi no Nihongo gakushū muke ni henshū sareta dokuhon (rīdā) desu.

The British Library’s Amakusa edition of ‘Feiqe no monogatari’ [Heike monogatari], ‘Esopo no fabulas’ [Isoho monogatari] and ‘Qincuxu’ [Kinkushū] is a reader compiled to help Christian missionaries, who came to Japan in the 16th century, learn Japanese.


カ行変格活用

か-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

か-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

カ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←かぎやうへんかくくわつよう (ka-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

カ行変格活用 (canonical)
ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
ka-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
かぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

かぎょーへんかくかつよー

かぎょーへんかくかつよー

[ka̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of カ行 (kagyō, “ka-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in k-, with minor historical changes

サ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう

ナ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう

ラ行変格活用

行変格活用 ぎょうへんかくかつよう


ナ行変格活用

ja-noun

な-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

な-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

ナ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←なぎやうへんかくくわつよう (na-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

ナ行変格活用 (canonical)
na-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
na-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
なぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

なぎょーへんかくかつよー

なぎょーへんかくかつよー

[na̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of ナ行 (na-gyō, “na-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in n-


サ行変格活用

ja-noun

さ-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

さ-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

サ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←さぎやうへんかくくわつよう (sa-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

サ行変格活用 (canonical)
sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
sa-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
さぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

さぎょーへんかくかつよー

[sa̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of サ行 (sa-gyō, “sa-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in s-

上一段活用

一段活用 いちだんかつよう


四段活用

ja-noun

四(よ)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (yodan katsuyō) ^(←よだんくわつよう (yodan kwatuyou)?)

四段活用 (canonical)
yodan katsuyō (romanization)
yodan kwatuyou (romanization)
よだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 四段 (yodan, “quadrigrade, four-grade”) + 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of four alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, and -e


ラ行変格活用

ja-noun

ら-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

ら-ぎやう へんかく くわつよう

ラ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) • (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō) ^(←らぎやうへんかくくわつよう (ra-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou)?)

ラ行変格活用 (canonical)
ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō (romanization)
ra-gyau fenkaku kwatuyou (romanization)
らぎやうへんかくくわつよう (hiragana historical)

らぎょーへんかくかつよー

らぎょーへんかくかつよー

[ɾa̠ɡʲo̞ː hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Compound of ラ行 (ra-gyō, “ra-row”) + 変格活用 (henkaku katsuyō, “irregular conjugation”).

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in r- with four irregular bases: -a, -i, -u, and -e


五段活用

ja-noun

五(ご)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (godan katsuyō) ^(←ごだんくわつよう (godan kwatuyou)?)

五段活用 (canonical)
godan katsuyō (romanization)
godan kwatuyou (romanization)
ごだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 五段 (godan, “pentagrade; five-grade”) + 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).
Literally, 五段 (godan, “five grades”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. It means five vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "five-voweled conjugation".

com

An extension of the earlier 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) class.

The fifth base, -o, is a pseudo-base derived from the suffix う (-u) attaching to the irrealis conjugation stem that ends in -a, resulting in あう (-au), which phonologically regularly elides into [oː].

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of five alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, -e, and -o


下一段活用

ja-noun

しも いちだん かつよう

しも いちだん くわつよう

下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (shimo ichidan katsuyō) ^(←しもいちだんくわつよう (simo itidan kwatuyou)?)

下一段活用 (canonical)
shimo ichidan katsuyō (romanization)
simo itidan kwatuyou (romanization)
しもいちだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).
Literally, 下一段 (shimo ichidan) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 下 (shimo) means the vowel e, which is written beneath the vowel i, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "one-voweled conjugation in e".

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the stem ends in -e:


上二段活用

ja-noun

かみ にだん くわつよう

上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (kami nidan katsuyō) ^(←かみにだんくわつよう (kami nidan kwatuyou)?)

上二段活用 (canonical)
kami nidan katsuyō (romanization)
kami nidan kwatuyou (romanization)
かみにだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) + 二段活用 (nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”).
Literally, 上二段 (kami nidan, “upper bigrade”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 上 (kami, “upper”) means the vowel イ (i), which is written above the vowel エ (e), the other inflection-related vowel. 二段 (nidan, “two grades”) means two vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “two-voweled conjugation in i”.

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class which has the following inflections: -i/-i/-u/-uru/-ure/-i[yo]


下二段活用

ja-noun

しも にだん くわつよう

下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (shimo nidan katsuyō) ^(←しもにだんくわつよう (simo nidan kwatuyou)?)

下二段活用 (canonical)
shimo nidan katsuyō (romanization)
simo nidan kwatuyou (romanization)
しもにだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 二段活用 (nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”).
Literally, 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 下 (shimo, “lower”) means the vowel e, which is written “below” the vowel i, the other inflection-related vowel. 二段 (nidan, “two grades”) means two vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “two-voweled conjugation in e”.

com

(Classical Japanese grammar) a verbal conjugation class with the following inflections: -e/-e/-u/-uru/-ure/-e[yo]


上一段活用

ja-noun

かみ いちだん かつよう

かみ いちだん くわつよう

上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (kami ichidan katsuyō) ^(←かみいちだんくわつよう (kami itidan kwatuyou)?)

上一段活用 (canonical)
kami ichidan katsuyō (romanization)
kami itidan kwatuyou (romanization)
かみいちだんくわつよう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) + 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).
Literally, 上一段 (kami ichidan, “upper monograde”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 上 (kami, “upper”) means the vowel i, which is written above the vowel e, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “one-voweled conjugation in i”.

com

(grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in -i and consists of four alternating bases: -i, -iru, -ire, and -iyo/-iro


マケドニア語

マケドニア語 (canonical)
Makedoniago (romanization)


ボールペン

[bo̞ːɾɯ̟pẽ̞ɴ]


ナポリ語

ナポリ語 (canonical)
Napori-go (romanization)

ナポリ (Napori, “Naples”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


インターリングア

Interlingua (interlanguage based on Romance languages)


チルダ

[t͡ɕiɾɯ̟da̠]

From Spanish tilde, from Latin titulus (“title”). Doublet of タイトル (taitoru) from English title.


濃音

(phonetics) a tense or fortis sound in the Korean language


平音

(phonetics) an unaspirated sound in the Korean language


パッチム

二重パッチム


激音

(phonetics) an aspirated sound in the Korean language


ハングル

[hã̠ŋɡɯ̟ɾɯ̟]

(proscribed, nonstandard) the Korean language


表外字

[ço̞ːɡa̠iʑi]

Compound of 表(ひょう) (hyō, “chart”) + 外(がい) (gai, “outside”) + 字(じ) (ji, “letter; written character”), literally "a character outside the chart".

ja-compound

Kanji characters outside of the jōyō kanji and jinmeiyō kanji lists. For example, 攪 and its shinjitai form, 撹.


語順

the order in which words are laid out in a phrase; word order


口蓋音化

口蓋音化 (canonical)
kōgai onka (romanization)

[ko̞ːɡa̠i õ̞ŋka̠]

(phonetics) palatalization (the process by which a sound becomes palatal)


有声音化

有声音化する (canonical)
yūseionka suru (romanization)
有声音化し (stem)
有声音化した (past)
有声音化し
ゆうせいおんかし
yūseionka shi
有声音化する
ゆうせいおんかする
yūseionka suru
有声音化すれ
ゆうせいおんかすれ
yūseionka sure
有声音化せよ (imperative literary)
有声音化しろ (colloquial imperative)
ゆうせいおんかせよ (imperative literary)
ゆうせいおんかしろ (colloquial imperative)
yūseionka seyo (imperative literary)
yūseionka shiro (colloquial imperative)
有声音化される (passive)
ゆうせいおんかされる (passive)
yūseionka sareru (passive)
有声音化させる (causative)
有声音化さす (causative)
ゆうせいおんかさせる (causative)
ゆうせいおんかさす (causative)
yūseionka saseru (causative)
yūseionka sasu (causative)
有声音化できる (potential)
ゆうせいおんかできる (potential)
yūseionka dekiru (potential)
有声音化しよう (volitional)
ゆうせいおんかしよう (volitional)
yūseionka shiyō (volitional)
有声音化しない (negative)
ゆうせいおんかしない (negative)
yūseionka shinai (negative)
有声音化せず (continuative negative)
ゆうせいおんかせず (continuative negative)
yūseionka sezu (continuative negative)
有声音化します (formal)
ゆうせいおんかします (formal)
yūseionka shimasu (formal)
有声音化した (perfective)
ゆうせいおんかした (perfective)
yūseionka shita (perfective)
有声音化して (conjunctive)
ゆうせいおんかして (conjunctive)
yūseionka shite (conjunctive)
有声音化すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ゆうせいおんかすれば (conditional hypothetical)
yūseionka sureba (conditional hypothetical)

[jɯ̟ːse̞ːõ̞ŋka̠]


閉鎖音

[he̞ːsa̠õ̞ɴ]

Compound of 閉鎖 (heisa, “closing”) + 音 (on, “sound”).


閉塞音

閉塞音 (canonical)
heisokuon (romanization)

[he̞ːso̞kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

Compound of 閉塞(へいそく) (heisoku, “blockade”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


クリミア・タタール語

クリミア・タタール語 (canonical)
Kurimia Tatārugo (romanization)

ja:クリミア・タタール語


アメコミ

アメリカンコミック アメリカンコミック#Japanese

Clipping of アメリカンコミック (Amerikan komikku): American comic(s)


つんどく

積ん読: (informal) the act of leaving a book unread after buying it


つんどく

ja-verb

つんどく • (tsundoku) transitive godan (stem つんどき (tsundoki), past つんどいた (tsundoita))

tsundoku (romanization)
つんどき (stem)
つんどいた (past)


短歌

tanka; a form of Japanese verse in five lines of 5-7-5-7-7 syllables.


万年筆

ja-noun

万(まん)年(ねん)筆(ひつ) or 万(まん)年(ねん)筆(ふで) • (mannenhitsu or mannenfude) (counter 本)

万年筆 (canonical)
万年筆 (canonical)
mannenhitsu (romanization)
mannenfude (romanization)
本 (counter)

[mã̠nːẽ̞ɰ̃ɸɯ̟de̞]

[mã̠nːẽ̞ɰ̃çi̥t͡sɨ]

万年 (mannen, “ten thousand years; eternity”) + 筆 (hitsu, fude, “pen”)


平日

Compound of 平(ひら) (hira, “broad, flat”) + 日(ひ) (hi, “day”). The hi of 日 changes to bi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

the "say" radical (曰), literally "the flat 日 (hi, “sun, day”) radical"


平日

From Middle Chinese compound 平日 (MC bjaeng nyit).


英会話

ja-noun

英(えい)会(かい)話(わ) • (eikaiwa) ^(←えいくゎいわ (eikwaiwa)?)

英会話 (canonical)
eikaiwa (romanization)
eikwaiwa (romanization)
えいくゎいわ (hiragana historical)

流暢な英会話

英会話の先生

英会話学校

a school for teaching conversation in English

(especially education) conversation in English


週刊

週(しゅう)刊(かん) • (shūkan) ^(←しうかん (siukan)?)

週刊 (canonical)
shūkan (romanization)
siukan (romanization)
しうかん (hiragana historical)

weekly (publication that is published once a week)


記紀

Abbreviation of 古事記 (Kojiki, “Records of Ancient Matters”) and 日本書紀 (Nihon Shoki, “Chronicles of Japan”).

abbrev

記紀歌謡

記紀神話

the Records of Ancient Matters and the Chronicles of Japan (the two oldest book of Japanese history)


シチリア語

シチリア語 (canonical)
Shichiriago (romanization)


パピアメント語

パピアメント語 (canonical)
Papiamentogo (romanization)


雅歌

From Middle Chinese compound 雅歌 (ngæ^X + ka, literally “elegant + song”).


ラトヴィア語

ラトヴィア語 (canonical)
ratoviago (romanization)


GL

[d͡ʑiːe̞ɾɯ̟]

ガールズラブ ガールズラブ#Japanese

Initialism of ガールズラブ (gāruzu rabu, “girls' love”).

NL

heterosexual love; normal love; nonke love


ティー

The name of the Latin-script letter T/t.


目的語

目的語 (canonical)
mokutekigo (romanization)

Sino-Japanese word from 目的 (mokuteki, “purpose; goal”) + 語 (go, “language”).


ボスニア語

ボスニア語 (canonical)
Bosuniago (romanization)


ウルドゥー語

ウルドゥー語 (canonical)
Urudūgo (romanization)


古高ドイツ語

古高ドイツ語 (canonical)
Kokōdoitsugo (romanization)


クメール語

クメール語 (canonical)
Kumērugo (romanization)

Khmer (the national language of Cambodia)


ペルシア語

ペルシア語 (canonical)
Perushiago (romanization)


マラーティー語

ja-noun

マラーティー語(ご) • (Marātī-go)

マラーティー語 (canonical)
Marātī-go (romanization)

Compound of マラーティー (Marātī, “Marathi”) + 語 (-go, “language”).


BL

ボーイズラブ ボーイズラブ#Japanese

Initialism of ボーイズラブ (bōizu rabu, “boys' love”).


俗語

Compound of 俗 (zoku, “common, vulgar”) + 語 (go, “word, term, language”).


多義

(linguistics, semantics) polysemy, multiple meanings, multiplicity of meaning


骨格

(typography) in type design, the "skeleton" of a glyph, very thin lines that rough out the general stroke position, orientation and curvature, around which the actual outlines will be drawn


パンジャブ語

パンジャブ語 (canonical)
Panjabugo (romanization)

[pã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑa̠bɯ̟ɡo̞]

パンジャブ (Panjabu, “Punjab”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


間隔

ja-noun

間(かん)隔(かく) • (kankaku) ^(←かんかく (kankaku)?)

間隔 (canonical)
kankaku (romanization)
かんかく (hiragana historical)

[kã̠ŋka̠kɯ̟]

(typography) space (a piece of type used to separate words)


シンド語

シンド語 (canonical)
Shindogo (romanization)


華語

台湾華語

(uncommon) the (standard) Chinese language, Mandarin


官話

官話 (canonical)
kanwa (romanization)
kwan'wa (romanization)
くわんわ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 官話 (MC kwan hwaejH).

Mandarin; Guanhua (group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua (Standard Chinese))


ラ変

ラ行変格活用 ラ行変格活用#Japanese

(grammar) Clipping of ラ行変格活用 (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō): r-irregular conjugation


五段

(grammar) Clipping of 五段活用 (godan katsuyō): pentagrade conjugation


上二段

上二段 (canonical)
kami nidan (romanization)

(grammar) an abbreviation for 上二段活用; upper dual grade conjugation


上一段

上一段 (canonical)
kami ichidan (romanization)

上一段活用 上一段活用#Japanese

(grammar) Short for 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō): upper monograde conjugation


下一段

下一段 (canonical)
shimo ichidan (romanization)

(grammar) an abbreviation for 下一段活用; lower monograde conjugation


四段

(grammar) Short for 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō): quadrigrade conjugation


下二段

下二段 (canonical)
shimo nidan (romanization)

下二段活用 下二段活用#Japanese

(grammar) Short for 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō): lower bigrade conjugation


サ変

サ行変格活用 サ行変格活用

(grammar) an abbreviation for サ行変格活用; s-irregular conjugation


古文書

[ko̞mõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞]

(palaeography) historical documents written to convey a specific intention between a sender and receiver; generally inclusive of written material through the mid-19th century


スワヒリ語

スワヒリ語 (canonical)
Suwahirigo (romanization)


パシュトー語

パシュトー語 (canonical)
Pashutōgo (romanization)

Pashto (official language of Afghanistan)


言論

言論の自由


益荒男振り

益(ます)荒(ら)男(お)振(ぶ)り • (masuraoburi) ^(←ますらをぶり (masurawoburi)?)

益荒男振り (canonical)
masuraoburi (romanization)
masurawoburi (romanization)
ますらをぶり (hiragana historical)

[ma̠sɨɾa̠o̞bɯ̟ɾʲi]

Coined by Kamo no Mabuchi.
Compound of 益荒男 (masurao, “strong, brave man”) + 振り (-buri, “style”).

suffix

(poetry) a masculine poetic style exhibited in the 万葉集 (Man'yōshū)


アルメニア語

アルメニア語 (canonical)
arumeniago (romanization)

[a̠ɾɯ̟me̞ɲ̟ia̠ɡo̞]


行書

ja-noun

行(ぎょう)書(しょ) • (gyōsho) ^(←ぎやうしよ (gyausyo)?)

行書 (canonical)
gyōsho (romanization)
gyausyo (romanization)
ぎやうしよ (hiragana historical)


フリウリ語

フリウリ語 (canonical)
Furiurigo (romanization)


西夏文字

西夏文字 (canonical)
Seika moji (romanization)

Compound of 西夏 (Seika, “Western Xia”) + 文字 (moji, “characters”).

compound

the Tangut script (a logographic writing system used for writing the Tangut language of the Western Xia Dynasty)


ウクライナ語

ウクライナ語 (canonical)
ukurainago (romanization)


タガログ語

タガログ語 (canonical)
Tagarogugo (romanization)


愛蔵版

ja-noun

愛(あい)蔵(ぞう)版(ばん) • (aizōban) ^(←あいざうばん (aizauban)?)

愛蔵版 (canonical)
aizōban (romanization)
aizauban (romanization)
あいざうばん (hiragana historical)

Compound of 愛蔵 (aizō, “to treasure or cherish something”, literally “to love something and keep it safe”) + 版 (han, “version, edition”). The han changes to ban as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


スウェーデン語

スウェーデン語 (canonical)
Suwēdengo (romanization)


ケース

ja-noun

ケース • (kēsu)


露語

露 + 語 (“language”)
露(ろ) (Ro) is an abbreviation for 露西亜(ロシア) (Roshia, “Russia”)


行間

行(ぎょう)間(かん) • (gyōkan) ^(←ぎゃうかん (gyaukan)?)

行間 (canonical)
gyōkan (romanization)
gyaukan (romanization)
ぎゃうかん (hiragana historical)

(typography) a line gap, the white space between the left/bottom of one line and the right/top of the next line, corresponding to the original "leading" in letterpress printing


北京語

[pe̞kʲĩŋɡo̞]

北京 (Pekin, “Beijing”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


イディッシュ語

イディッシュ語 (canonical)
Idisshu-go (romanization)

[idʲiɕːɨɡo̞]

Probably from English Yiddish + suffix 語(ご) (go, “language”). Compare German Jiddisch, Yiddish ייִדיש (yidish), Hebrew ייִדיש (Yidish).


ダース

ja-pos

ダース • (Dāsu)

From English Darth, from the Star Wars universe, where it is used as a title for Sith Lords.

ダース・ベイダー


まま

From 儘(まま) (mama, “the same, unchanged state”, noun).

ja-r

是非一度お目にかかりたきまま、御都合の程お聞かせ願えれば幸甚に存じます。

Zehi ichido o-me ni kakaritaki mama, o-tsugō no hodo o-kikase negaereba kōjin ni zon jimasu.

If it's not too much trouble, I would be greatly honored if we could meet in person once. [Therefore,] if you could let me know your availability, it would be much appreciated.

(literary, writing, usually in a letter) Expressing the intention of explaining a reason; because


敬語

2003 August 12, CLAMP, “Chapitre(シャピトル).1 始(はじ)まりの世(せ)界(かい) [Chapitre.1 The World Where It Began]”, in ツバサ ＲＥＳＥＲＶｏｉｒ ＣＨＲｏＮｉＣＬＥ [Tsubasa: RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 14:

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

はい あ いや う‥うん‥‥

(linguistics) respectful or honorific language


謙譲語

ja-noun

謙(けん)譲(じょう)語(ご) • (kenjōgo) ^(←けんじやうご (kenzyaugo)?)

謙譲語 (canonical)
kenjōgo (romanization)
kenzyaugo (romanization)
けんじやうご (hiragana historical)

[kẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ːɡo̞]


文豪

文豪 (canonical)
bungō (romanization)
bungau (romanization)
ぶんがう (hiragana historical)

eminent writer or author; literary giant


著者

その本は同じ著者による。

That book is written by the same author.


正書法

正(せい)書(しょ)法(ほう) • (seishohō) ^(←せいしよはふ (seisyofafu)?)

正書法 (canonical)
seishohō (romanization)
seisyofafu (romanization)
せいしよはふ (hiragana historical)


清書

(calligraphy) rewriting in a cleaner hand


清書

清書する (canonical)
seisho suru (romanization)
清書し (stem)
清書した (past)
清書し
せいしょし
seisho shi
清書する
せいしょする
seisho suru
清書すれ
せいしょすれ
seisho sure
清書せよ (imperative literary)
清書しろ (colloquial imperative)
せいしょせよ (imperative literary)
せいしょしろ (colloquial imperative)
seisho seyo (imperative literary)
seisho shiro (colloquial imperative)
清書される (passive)
せいしょされる (passive)
seisho sareru (passive)
清書させる (causative)
清書さす (causative)
せいしょさせる (causative)
せいしょさす (causative)
seisho saseru (causative)
seisho sasu (causative)
清書できる (potential)
せいしょできる (potential)
seisho dekiru (potential)
清書しよう (volitional)
せいしょしよう (volitional)
seisho shiyō (volitional)
清書しない (negative)
せいしょしない (negative)
seisho shinai (negative)
清書せず (continuative negative)
せいしょせず (continuative negative)
seisho sezu (continuative negative)
清書します (formal)
せいしょします (formal)
seisho shimasu (formal)
清書した (perfective)
せいしょした (perfective)
seisho shita (perfective)
清書して (conjunctive)
せいしょして (conjunctive)
seisho shite (conjunctive)
清書すれば (conditional hypothetical)
せいしょすれば (conditional hypothetical)
seisho sureba (conditional hypothetical)


正体

Traditional Chinese
Traditional Chinese#English

(calligraphy, typography, of a Han character) the "standard", most recognized form

(typography, of a glyph) the undistorted form (as opposed to a scaled or oblique form, for example, originally in phototypesetting)


疑問符

[ɡʲimõ̞ɰ̃ɸɯ̟]


喉内

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, consonants made with the throat; the dorsal (/k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/) consonants


唇内

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, consonants made with the lips; the labial (/p/, /b/, /m/) consonants


三内

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a general term for the three places of articulation that consonants are grouped into: dorsal (/k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/), coronal (/t/, /d/, /n/), and labial (/p/, /b/, /m/)


舌内音

舌内音 (canonical)
zetsunaion (romanization)

Compound of 舌内(ぜつない) (zetsunai) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

ja-compound

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a consonant made with the tongue; a coronal (/t, d, n/) consonant


唇内音

唇内音 (canonical)
shinnaion (romanization)

[ɕĩnːa̠iõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 唇内(しんない) (shinnai, “labial”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a consonant made with the lips; a labial (/p, b, m/) consonant


三内音

[sã̠nːa̠iõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 三内(さんない) (sannai) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a consonant produced using one of the three places of articulation: dorsal (/k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/), coronal (/t/, /d/, /n/), or labial (/p/, /b/, /m/)


喉内音

Compound of 喉内(こうない) (kōnai) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, a consonant made with the throat; a dorsal (/k, g, ŋ/) consonant


舌内

(phonetics) in Sanskrit phonology, consonants made with the tongue; the coronal (/t/, /d/, /n/) consonants


音節

[õ̞ɰ̃se̞t͡sɨ]

音 (“sound”) + 節 (“segment”) Not related to English onset despite similarity.

音節文字

(loosely, phonology, poetry) Synonym of モーラ (mōra, “a mora”)


休刊

休刊する (canonical)
kyūkan suru (romanization)
休刊し (stem)
休刊した (past)
休刊し
きゅうかんし
kyūkan shi
休刊する
きゅうかんする
kyūkan suru
休刊すれ
きゅうかんすれ
kyūkan sure
休刊せよ (imperative literary)
休刊しろ (colloquial imperative)
きゅうかんせよ (imperative literary)
きゅうかんしろ (colloquial imperative)
kyūkan seyo (imperative literary)
kyūkan shiro (colloquial imperative)
休刊される (passive)
きゅうかんされる (passive)
kyūkan sareru (passive)
休刊させる (causative)
休刊さす (causative)
きゅうかんさせる (causative)
きゅうかんさす (causative)
kyūkan saseru (causative)
kyūkan sasu (causative)
休刊できる (potential)
きゅうかんできる (potential)
kyūkan dekiru (potential)
休刊しよう (volitional)
きゅうかんしよう (volitional)
kyūkan shiyō (volitional)
休刊しない (negative)
きゅうかんしない (negative)
kyūkan shinai (negative)
休刊せず (continuative negative)
きゅうかんせず (continuative negative)
kyūkan sezu (continuative negative)
休刊します (formal)
きゅうかんします (formal)
kyūkan shimasu (formal)
休刊した (perfective)
きゅうかんした (perfective)
kyūkan shita (perfective)
休刊して (conjunctive)
きゅうかんして (conjunctive)
kyūkan shite (conjunctive)
休刊すれば (conditional hypothetical)
きゅうかんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
kyūkan sureba (conditional hypothetical)


タッチペン

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from touch + pen.


俳諧

→ English: haikai

→ Mandarin: 俳諧／俳谐 (páixié)

(poetry) haikai (form of Japanese comic verse, featuring satire and puns)


書き初め

書き初め (canonical)
kakizome (romanization)

kakizome, or the first calligraphy written at the beginning of a year


本草綱目

ja-pos

本(ほん)草(ぞう)綱(こう)目(もく) • (Honzō Kōmoku) ^(←ほんざうかうもく (Fonzaukaumoku)?)

本草綱目 (canonical)
Honzō Kōmoku (romanization)
Fonzaukaumoku (romanization)
ほんざうかうもく (hiragana historical)


マラーティーご

ja-noun

マラーティーご • (Marātī-go)

マラーティー語 マラーティー語#Japanese

マラーティー語: Marathi, the language of Maharashtra


正字法

正(せい)字(じ)法(ほう) • (seijihō) ^(←せいじはふ (seizifafu)?)

正字法 (canonical)
seijihō (romanization)
seizifafu (romanization)
せいじはふ (hiragana historical)


正字

正字 (canonical)
seiji (romanization)
seizi (romanization)
せいじ (hiragana historical)


かんりょう

かんりょう • (kanryō)


自然言語

自然言語 (canonical)
shizengengo (romanization)

[ɕize̞ŋ ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

Compound of 自然(しぜん) (shizen, “natural”) + 言語(げんご) (gengo, “language”).

ja-compound

Daijirin
Daijisen
Natural language
ja:松村明
ja:自然言語


完了

[kã̠n̺ɾʲo̞ː]


春秋

[ɕɨ̃ɲ̟d͡ʑɨː]

From Middle Chinese compound 春秋 (MC tsyhwin tshjuw, literally “spring and autumn”). The kan'on, so probably a shift in reading after initial borrowing.


式神

ja-noun

式(しき)神(がみ) or 式(しき)神(じん) • (shikigami or shikijin)

式神 (canonical)
式神 (canonical)
shikigami (romanization)
shikijin (romanization)

Compound of 式 (shiki, “ceremony”) + 神 (kami, “god, spirit”). The kami changes to gami due to rendaku (連濁).
Alternately, compound of 式 (shiki, “ceremony”) + 神 (jin, “god, spirit”).

compound

A kind of familiar spirit, summoned-up in service as a servant to the will of a practitioner of the onmyōdō (陰陽道) religion, very much like a western familiar.


名古屋弁

名古屋弁 (canonical)
nagoyaben (romanization)


関西弁

ja-noun

関(かん)西(さい)弁(べん) • (Kansaiben) ^(←くわんさいべん (kwansaiben)?)

関西弁 (canonical)
Kansaiben (romanization)
kwansaiben (romanization)
くわんさいべん (hiragana historical)

[kã̠ɰ̃sa̠ibẽ̞ɴ]

1993 November 15 [1989 August 25], Sasaki, Noriko, “○動(どう)物(ぶつ)のお医(い)者(しゃ)さん 登(とう)場(じょう)人(じん)物(ぶつ)紹(しょう)介(かい) [○ The Veterinarian: Character Intro]”, in 動物のお医者さん [The Veterinarian], 44th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Hakusensha, →ISBN, page 7:

Calico: Grandma’s cat. She speaks Kansai for some reason.

ミケ：おばあさんのネコ。なぜか関西弁。

Mike: Obā-san no neko. Naze ka Kansaiben.

The Kansai dialect. Culturally, it is associated with comedy (specifically, ツッコミ) and is sometimes imitated by people from other regions (エセ関西弁(かんさいべん)) to exploit this.


阜偏

a certain kanji radical, namely 阝, such as the left side of 防


衣偏

the left alignment of kanji radical 145, meaning "clothes", 衤


止める

ja-verb

止(と)める • (tomeru) transitive ichidan (stem 止(と)め (tome), past 止(と)めた (tometa))

止める (canonical)
tomeru (romanization)
止め (stem)
止めた (past)
止め
とめ
tome
止める
とめる
tomeru
止めれ
とめれ
tomere
止めよ (imperative literary)
止めろ (colloquial imperative)
とめよ (imperative literary)
とめろ (colloquial imperative)
tomeyo (imperative literary)
tomero (colloquial imperative)
止められる (passive)
とめられる (passive)
tomerareru (passive)
止めさせる (causative)
止めさす (causative)
とめさせる (causative)
とめさす (causative)
tomesaseru (causative)
tomesasu (causative)
止められる (potential)
止めれる (colloquial potential)
とめられる (potential)
とめれる (colloquial potential)
tomerareru (potential)
tomereru (colloquial potential)
止めよう (volitional)
とめよう (volitional)
tomeyō (volitional)
止めない (negative)
止めぬ (negative)
止めん (negative)
とめない (negative)
とめぬ (negative)
とめん (negative)
tomenai (negative)
tomenu (negative)
tomen (negative)
止めず (continuative negative)
とめず (continuative negative)
tomezu (continuative negative)
止めます (formal)
とめます (formal)
tomemasu (formal)
止めた (perfective)
とめた (perfective)
tometa (perfective)
止めて (conjunctive)
とめて (conjunctive)
tomete (conjunctive)
止めれば (conditional hypothetical)
とめれば (conditional hypothetical)
tomereba (conditional hypothetical)

Coordinate term: 払う

(calligraphy) to write as a thrown stroke to the bottom right (㇔)


はてなマーク

はてな (hatena, “expression of doubt”) + マーク (māku, “mark”)


りょうしんおん

両唇音: (phonetics) a speech sound articulated with both lips; bilabial


カッパ

From English kappa or learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κάππα (káppa).


のうき

ja-noun

のうき • (nōki)


詰まる

ja-verb

詰(つ)まる • (tsumaru) intransitive godan (stem 詰(つ)まり (tsumari), past 詰(つ)まった (tsumatta))

詰まる (canonical)
tsumaru (romanization)
詰まり (stem)
詰まった (past)
詰まら
つまら
tsumara
詰まり
つまり
tsumari
詰まる
つまる
tsumaru
詰まれ
つまれ
tsumare
詰まられる (passive)
つまられる (passive)
tsumarareru (passive)
詰まらせる (causative)
詰まらす (causative)
つまらせる (causative)
つまらす (causative)
tsumaraseru (causative)
tsumarasu (causative)
詰まれる (potential)
つまれる (potential)
tsumareru (potential)
詰まろう (volitional)
つまろう (volitional)
tsumarō (volitional)
詰まらない (negative)
つまらない (negative)
tsumaranai (negative)
詰まらず (continuative negative)
つまらず (continuative negative)
tsumarazu (continuative negative)
詰まります (formal)
つまります (formal)
tsumarimasu (formal)
詰まった (perfective)
つまった (perfective)
tsumatta (perfective)
詰まって (conjunctive)
つまって (conjunctive)
tsumatte (conjunctive)
詰まれば (conditional hypothetical)
つまれば (conditional hypothetical)
tsumareba (conditional hypothetical)
詰まら (irrealis stem)
つまら (irrealis stem)
tumara (irrealis)
詰まり (continuative stem)
つまり (continuative stem)
tumari (continuative)
詰まる (stem terminative)
つまる (stem terminative)
tumaru (terminative)
詰まる (attributive stem)
つまる (attributive stem)
tumaru (attributive)
詰まれ (realis stem)
つまれ (realis stem)
tumare (realis)
詰まれ (imperative stem)
つまれ (imperative stem)
tumare (imperative)
詰まらず (negative)
つまらず (negative)
tumarazu (negative)
詰まれど (contrastive)
つまれど (contrastive)
tumaredo (contrastive)
詰まれば (causative)
つまれば (causative)
tumareba (causative)
詰まらば (conditional)
つまらば (conditional)
tumaraba (conditional)
詰まりき (past)
つまりき (past)
tumariki (past)
詰まりけり (past)
つまりけり (past)
tumarikeri (past)
詰まりつ (perfect)
つまりつ (perfect)
tumaritu (perfect)
詰まりぬ (perfect)
つまりぬ (perfect)
tumarinu (perfect)
詰まれり (continuative perfect)
詰まりたり (continuative perfect)
つまれり (continuative perfect)
つまりたり (continuative perfect)
tumareri (continuative perfect)
tumaritari (continuative perfect)
詰まらむ (volitional)
つまらむ (volitional)
tumaramu (volitional)

[t͡sɨma̠ɾɯ̟]

(phonetics, phonology) pronounce with a geminate consonant


ネズミーランド

Blend of ネズミ (nezumi, “mouse; rat”) + ディズニーランド (Dizunīrando, “Disneyland”)

blend

ディズニーランド ディズニーランド#Japanese

(slang) Synonym of ディズニーランド (Dizunīrando, “Disneyland”)


さんずい

三水, 氵: (orthography) the "water" radical, namely 氵


字源

字源 (canonical)
jigen (romanization)
zigen (romanization)
じげん (hiragana historical)


三上

[sã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ː]

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 三上. Attested from at least the 17th century.

Meronyms: 馬上 (bajō), 枕上 (chinjō), 厠上 (shijō)

(literature) The three most convenient moments for thinking about writing: when riding a horse, when lying in bed, and when in the restroom.


再帰動詞

再帰動詞 (canonical)
saiki dōshi (romanization)

Compound of 再帰 (saiki, “reflexive”) + 動詞 (dōshi, “verb”).


東北弁

東北弁 (canonical)
Tōhoku-ben (romanization)

東北方言

東北方言 とうほくほうげん


マーカー

ja-noun

マーカー • (mākā)


腹話術

腹話術 (canonical)
fukuwajutsu (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟β̞a̠ʑɨt͡sɨ]


接続助詞

接続助詞 (canonical)
setsuzokujoshi (romanization)

(grammar) conjunctive particle (abbr. 接助)


接助

(grammar) Abbreviation of 接続助詞 (“conjunctive particle”).


サインペン

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from sign + pen ('sign' meaning 'signature'). Compare Korean 싸인펜 (ssainpen).


単複同形

単複同形 (canonical)
tanpuku dōkei (romanization)

単複 (“singular and plural”) + 同形 (“same form”)

compound

(grammar) noun with the same form in plural and singular, as in English


典故

典故 (canonical)
tenko (romanization)
てんこ (hiragana historical)


十八

[d͡ʑɨːha̠t͡ɕi]


十九

ja-pos

十(じゅう)九(きゅう) • (jūkyū)


おしゃべり

おしゃべりする (canonical)
oshaberi suru (romanization)
おしゃべりし (stem)
おしゃべりした (past)
おしゃべりし
oshaberi shi
おしゃべりする
oshaberi suru
おしゃべりすれ
oshaberi sure
おしゃべりせよ (imperative literary)
おしゃべりしろ (colloquial imperative)
oshaberi seyo (imperative literary)
oshaberi shiro (colloquial imperative)
おしゃべりされる (passive)
oshaberi sareru (passive)
おしゃべりさせる (causative)
おしゃべりさす (causative)
oshaberi saseru (causative)
oshaberi sasu (causative)
おしゃべりできる (potential)
oshaberi dekiru (potential)
おしゃべりしよう (volitional)
oshaberi shiyō (volitional)
おしゃべりしない (negative)
oshaberi shinai (negative)
おしゃべりせず (continuative negative)
oshaberi sezu (continuative negative)
おしゃべりします (formal)
oshaberi shimasu (formal)
おしゃべりした (perfective)
oshaberi shita (perfective)
おしゃべりして (conjunctive)
oshaberi shite (conjunctive)
おしゃべりすれば (conditional hypothetical)
oshaberi sureba (conditional hypothetical)

お (o-, honorific prefix) + 喋り (shaberi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 喋る (shaberu).)


正義の女神

正義の女神 (canonical)
Seigi no Megami (romanization)

From 正義 (seigi, “justice”) + の (no, attributive marker) + 女神 (megami, “goddess”).


自由の女神

自由の女神 (canonical)
Jiyū no Megami (romanization)

From 自由 (jiyū, “freedom; liberty”) + の (no, attributive marker) + 女神 (megami, “goddess”).


エルフ

1999 March 18, “エルフの剣(けん)士(し) [Elvish Swordsman]”, in Starter(スターター) Box(ボックス), Konami:

An elf who learned swordsmanship. He trifles with his enemies with his swift attacks.

剣術を学んだエルフ。素早い攻撃で敵を翻弄する。

Kenjutsu o mananda erufu. Subayai kōgeki de teki o honrō suru.

1999 March 27, “ホーリー・エルフ [Holy Elf]”, in Vol.2, Konami:

As delicate as she may be, this elf has formidable defense strength and holy power to protect herself with.

かよわいエルフだが、聖なる力で身を守りとても守備が高い。

Kayowai erufu da ga, sei naru chikara de mi o mamori totemo shubi ga takai.

1999 July 22, “エンシェント・エルフ [Ancient Elf]”, in Vol.4, Konami:

An elf who has lived for thousands of years. She attacks with her army of spirits.

何千年も生きているエルフ。精霊をあやつり攻撃をする。

Nansennen mo ikiteiru erufu. Seirei o ayatsuri kōgeki o suru.

1999 August 26, “ヂェミナイ・エルフ [Jemini Elves]”, in BOOSTER 4, Konami:

Elvish twin sisters who attack simultaneously.

交互に攻撃を仕掛けてくる、エルフの双子姉妹。

Kōgo ni kōgeki o shikaketekuru, erufu no futago shimai.

2008 February 1, “エルフの戦(せん)士(し) [Elvish Warrior]”, in Morningtide(モーニングタイド), Wizards of the Coast:

Elvish warriors are as graceful as a deer leaping a stream and as deadly as the wolf waiting in ambush on the other side. They are the eyes of the forest as well as its unsheathed claws.

エルフの戦士は小川を飛び越える鹿のように優雅であり、それを反対側で待ち受ける狼のように危険だ。彼らは森の眼であり、むき出しの爪なのだ。

Erufu no senshi wa ogawa o tobikoeru shika no yō ni yūga de ari, sore o hantaigawa de machiukeru ōkami no yō ni kiken da. Karera wa mori no me de ari, mukidashi no tsume na no da.


訓点

characters and marks that are applied to assist in reading kanbun (Chinese texts) as Japanese


輪廻

輪廻 (canonical)
rinne (romanization)
rin'we (romanization)
りんゑ (hiragana historical)

貧は菩提の種富は輪廻の絆

hin wa bodai no tane tomi wa rinne no kizuna

/rinwe/ → /rinɰe/ → /rinːe/
From Middle Chinese 輪迴 (MC lwin hwoj, literally “wheel + revolve”), itself a translation of Sanskrit संसार (saṃsāra, literally “passing, wandering”).
The e reading for 廻 changes to ne as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjo

(poetry) repeating of the same words and/or meanings in one volume of haikai or renga


枕詞

枕詞 (canonical)
makura kotoba (romanization)

→ English: pillow word (calque)

→ English: makurakotoba

Compound of 枕 (makura, “pillow”) + 詞 (kotoba, “word”). The pillow meaning is in reference to the way that makura kotoba in poetry are used as introductions to something else.

compound

711–712, Kojiki, poem 2:
… 爾波都登理 迦祁波那久 … [Man'yōgana]
… 庭つ鳥 鶏は鳴く … [Modern spelling]

Over time, certain makura kotoba may become full metonyms to replace the term they originally only alluded to, such as the Old Japanese phrase 庭つ鳥 (niwa tsu tori) or "garden bird" replacing the older term 鶏 (kake) to mean "chicken", as in the modern Japanese term 鶏 (niwatori). An example of such a makura kotoba

...the garden bird, the chicken clucks...

(poetry) a pillow word, an epithet, specifically a poetic device where a certain introductory phrase is commonly used to allude to something else, traditionally used in 和歌 (waka, “traditional Japanese poetry”)


返り点

[ka̠e̞ɾʲitẽ̞ɴ]

in kambun, marks that are placed in the lower left corner of a character to indicate the reading order; types include ichiniten, kōotsuten, jōgeten, tenchiten, and reten


吏読

吏読 (canonical)
吏読 (canonical)
rito (romanization)
ritō (romanization)

Unknown. The name is first found in 1444 in the work of Choe Manri, but the practice was in use for many centuries preceding that. Variously written 吏読, 吏道, 吏吐, etc. Only the first character "clerk" is common and suggests that it was a system used by government clerks.

Idu, an archaic method of writing Korean with Chinese characters; the syntax is Korean order and includes Chinese characters to represent Korean grammar


ゆとうよみ

湯桶読み: A reading pattern for certain kanji compound words, using the native Japanese kun'yomi for the first kanji, and the Chinese-derived on'yomi for the second kanji.


湯桶読み

湯桶読み (canonical)
yutōyomi (romanization)

Compound of 湯桶 (yutō, “a hot-water bucket or spouted container”) + 読み (yomi, “reading, pronunciation”). For the way in which the word 湯桶 is read with a kun'yomi for the first kanji and an on'yomi for the second kanji.

com

(linguistics) a reading pattern for a kanji-compound word, using the native Japanese kun'yomi for the first portion, and the Chinese-derived on'yomi for the second portion

using the Chinese-derived on'yomi for the first portion

and the native Japanese kun'yomi for the second portion


部分冠詞

部分冠詞 (canonical)
bubunkanshi (romanization)

[bɯ̟bɯ̟ŋ kã̠ɰ̃ɕi]

From 部分 (bubun, “part”) + 冠詞 (kanshi, “article”).


重箱読み

ja-noun

重(じゅう)箱(ばこ)読(よ)み • (jūbakoyomi) ^(←ぢゆうばこよみ (dyuubakoyomi)?)

重箱読み (canonical)
jūbakoyomi (romanization)
dyuubakoyomi (romanization)
ぢゆうばこよみ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 重箱 (jūbako, “tiered boxes”) + 読み (yomi, “reading, pronunciation”). For the way in which the word 重箱 is read with an on'yomi for the first kanji and a kun'yomi for the second kanji.

com

(linguistics) a reading pattern for kanji-compound words, using the Chinese-derived on'yomi for the first portion, and the native Japanese kun'yomi for the second portion

Daijirin Daijisen Kanji#Mixed_readings ja:松村明 ja:重箱読み

using the native Japanese kun'yomi for the first kanji

and the Chinese-derived on'yomi for the second kanji


むき

無季: not belonging to any particular season; (poetry) not including any seasonal terms or allusions


構文

(linguistics) structure, syntax of an expression


双数

双数 (canonical)
sōsū (romanization)
sausuu (romanization)
さうすう (hiragana historical)


閉じる

ja-verb

閉(と)じる • (tojiru) ^(←とぢる (todiru)?)transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 閉(と)じ (toji), past 閉(と)じた (tojita))

閉じる (canonical)
tojiru (romanization)
todiru (romanization)
閉じ (stem)
閉じた (past)
閉じ
とじ
toji
閉じる
とじる
tojiru
閉じれ
とじれ
tojire
閉じよ (imperative literary)
閉じろ (colloquial imperative)
とじよ (imperative literary)
とじろ (colloquial imperative)
tojiyo (imperative literary)
tojiro (colloquial imperative)
閉じられる (passive)
とじられる (passive)
tojirareru (passive)
閉じさせる (causative)
閉じさす (causative)
とじさせる (causative)
とじさす (causative)
tojisaseru (causative)
tojisasu (causative)
閉じられる (potential)
閉じれる (colloquial potential)
とじられる (potential)
とじれる (colloquial potential)
tojirareru (potential)
tojireru (colloquial potential)
閉じよう (volitional)
とじよう (volitional)
tojiyō (volitional)
閉じない (negative)
閉じぬ (negative)
閉じん (negative)
とじない (negative)
とじぬ (negative)
とじん (negative)
tojinai (negative)
tojinu (negative)
tojin (negative)
閉じず (continuative negative)
とじず (continuative negative)
tojizu (continuative negative)
閉じます (formal)
とじます (formal)
tojimasu (formal)
閉じた (perfective)
とじた (perfective)
tojita (perfective)
閉じて (conjunctive)
とじて (conjunctive)
tojite (conjunctive)
閉じれば (conditional hypothetical)
とじれば (conditional hypothetical)
tojireba (conditional hypothetical)

From Old Japanese. Derived from older form 閉(と)づ (tozu) via regular historical processes in the shift to the 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) pattern. Over time, the distinction between ぢ (dji) and じ (ji) was lost, leading to the modern spelling of とじる (tojiru).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 閉づ entry.

(proofreading, orthography) to write a Japanese word using kanji


甲骨文

甲骨文 (canonical)
kōkotsubun (romanization)

[ko̞ːko̞t͡sɨbɯ̟̃ɴ]

Synonym of 甲骨文字 (kōkotsu moji, “oracle bone script”)


ガールズラブ

→ English: girls' love, GL

→ Chinese: GL

[ɡa̠ːɾɯ̟zɨɾa̠bɯ̟]

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from girls + love


括弧

括弧 (canonical)
kakko (romanization)
kwatuko (romanization)
くわつこ (hiragana historical)

a parenthesis; a bracket (either of a pair of brackets ( ))


空き

二分アキ

四分アキ

二分四分アキ

(typography) whitespace before or after a character, especially a punctuation mark, such as the space after 。 、 」 』 ） etc. or before 「 『 （ etc., used for monospace typesettings (often spelled in katakana as アキ)


濁る

ja-verb

濁(にご)る • (nigoru) intransitive godan (stem 濁(にご)り (nigori), past 濁(にご)った (nigotta))

濁る (canonical)
nigoru (romanization)
濁り (stem)
濁った (past)
濁ら
にごら
nigora
濁り
にごり
nigori
濁る
にごる
nigoru
濁れ
にごれ
nigore
濁られる (passive)
にごられる (passive)
nigorareru (passive)
濁らせる (causative)
濁らす (causative)
にごらせる (causative)
にごらす (causative)
nigoraseru (causative)
nigorasu (causative)
濁れる (potential)
にごれる (potential)
nigoreru (potential)
濁ろう (volitional)
にごろう (volitional)
nigorō (volitional)
濁らない (negative)
にごらない (negative)
nigoranai (negative)
濁らず (continuative negative)
にごらず (continuative negative)
nigorazu (continuative negative)
濁ります (formal)
にごります (formal)
nigorimasu (formal)
濁った (perfective)
にごった (perfective)
nigotta (perfective)
濁って (conjunctive)
にごって (conjunctive)
nigotte (conjunctive)
濁れば (conditional hypothetical)
にごれば (conditional hypothetical)
nigoreba (conditional hypothetical)

2007, 新時代日漢辭典／新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局／大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:

濁点のついた仮名は濁って読む


間投助詞

間投助詞 (canonical)
kantōjoshi (romanization)

interjectory particle (さ sa, よ yo, and ね ne)


並立助詞

並立助詞 (canonical)
heiritsu joshi (romanization)

[he̞ːɾʲit͡sɨ d͡ʑo̞ɕi]

parallel marker, a particle that lists items (abbr. 並詞)


係助詞

係助詞 (canonical)
kakarijoshi (romanization)


ムード

ja-noun

ムード • (mūdo)


十四

ja-pos

十(じゅう)四(し) or 十(じゅう)四(よん) • (jūshi or jūyon)

十四 (canonical)
十四 (canonical)
jūshi (romanization)
jūyon (romanization)


述語

述語 (canonical)
述語 (canonical)
jutsugo (romanization)


ためぐち

casual talk, usage of an informal speech style


モンテネグロ語

モンテネグロ語 (canonical)
Montenegurogo (romanization)


水辺

1960, Kaneko Kinjirō, “Ryōki renga ron ni okeru ‘te ni wo ha’ no igi [Significance of grammatical particles in ryōki literary theory]”, in Kokubungaku kō, page 337:

Division by meaning. (This can be seen in the division of lyrics into yamarui [mountain words], suihen [water words] of constitution or use, or shiki [four seasons] and so on.)

意味の両。（山類・水辺、体・用、四季などの詞の分類に見られることき。）

Imi no ryō. (Yamarui suihen, karada yō, shiki nado no shi no bunrui ni mirareru koto ki.)

(poetry, haiku, renga) a word or phrase related to water


ビルマ語

ビルマ語 (canonical)
Birumago (romanization)


伊語

伊(い) (i, abbreviation for 伊太利亜(イタリア) (Itaria, “Italy”)) + 語(ご) (-go, “language of”)


加語

加(か) (ka, which is ateji (当て字) abbreviation for 加泰羅尼亜(カタルーニャ) (katarūnya, “Catalonia”)) + 語(ご) (go, “language”)


葡語

葡 (po, “Portugal”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


トルクメン語

トルクメン語 (canonical)
torukumengo (romanization)


修飾

修飾する (canonical)
shūshoku suru (romanization)
siusyoku (romanization)
修飾し (stem)
修飾した (past)
修飾し
しゅうしょくし
shūshoku shi
修飾する
しゅうしょくする
shūshoku suru
修飾すれ
しゅうしょくすれ
shūshoku sure
修飾せよ (imperative literary)
修飾しろ (colloquial imperative)
しゅうしょくせよ (imperative literary)
しゅうしょくしろ (colloquial imperative)
shūshoku seyo (imperative literary)
shūshoku shiro (colloquial imperative)
修飾される (passive)
しゅうしょくされる (passive)
shūshoku sareru (passive)
修飾させる (causative)
修飾さす (causative)
しゅうしょくさせる (causative)
しゅうしょくさす (causative)
shūshoku saseru (causative)
shūshoku sasu (causative)
修飾できる (potential)
しゅうしょくできる (potential)
shūshoku dekiru (potential)
修飾しよう (volitional)
しゅうしょくしよう (volitional)
shūshoku shiyō (volitional)
修飾しない (negative)
しゅうしょくしない (negative)
shūshoku shinai (negative)
修飾せず (continuative negative)
しゅうしょくせず (continuative negative)
shūshoku sezu (continuative negative)
修飾します (formal)
しゅうしょくします (formal)
shūshoku shimasu (formal)
修飾した (perfective)
しゅうしょくした (perfective)
shūshoku shita (perfective)
修飾して (conjunctive)
しゅうしょくして (conjunctive)
shūshoku shite (conjunctive)
修飾すれば (conditional hypothetical)
しゅうしょくすれば (conditional hypothetical)
shūshoku sureba (conditional hypothetical)


前号

[d͡zẽ̞ŋɡo̞ː]


語呂合わせ

ja-noun

語(ご)呂(ろ)合(あ)わせ • (goroawase) ^(←ごろあはせ (goroafase)?)

語呂合わせ (canonical)
goroawase (romanization)
goroafase (romanization)
ごろあはせ (hiragana historical)

[ɡo̞ɾo̞a̠β̞a̠se̞]

語呂(ごろ) (goro, “sound of an expression or word”) + 合(あ)わせ (awase, “joining together”)


カザフ語

カザフ語 (canonical)
kazafugo (romanization)

[ka̠za̠ɸɯ̟ɡo̞]


獣偏

the left "dog" radical, number 94, namely 犭


ズールー語

ja-pos

ズールー語(ご) • (Zūrū-go)

ズールー語 (canonical)
Zūrū-go (romanization)


悪役

a villain (bad person in a stage or screen play)


ガブリエル

ja:ガブリエル
ja:ガブリエル (曖昧さ回避)

[ɡa̠bɯ̟ɾʲie̞ɾɯ̟]

(Judaism, Christianity, Islam, biblical) Gabriel


アイマラ語

アイマラ語 (canonical)
Aimarago (romanization)


エー

Ａ－アサルト・コア

ＡＢＣ－ドラゴン・バスター

ＡtoＺ－ドラゴン・バスターキャノン

The name of the Latin-script letter A/a.


へのへのもへじ

From the hiragana characters used to draw it.
The first two he are the eyebrows, the two no are the eyes, the mo is a nose, and the last he is the mouth. The outline of the face is made by the character shi, with the ear formed by the two short strokes of the dakuten (a diacritic indicating a voiced sound, here turning shi into ji).

2004, 古野宣雄 [Nobuo Furuno], 影, →ISBN, page 151:

「家の近くにあった畑の棚にカボチャがなっていて、小さいうちに、へのへのもへじを書いておくと、大きくなった時、大きな傷になっていて、誰が付けたかすぐ解ってしまって、困ったことあったよネ—」

“Ie no chikaku ni atta hatake no tana ni kabocha ga natteite, chīsai uchi ni, henohenomoheji o kaiteoku to, ōkiku natta toki, ōki na kizu ni natteite, dare ga tsuketa ka sugu wakatteshimatte, komatta koto atta yo ne—”

a face drawn using the hiragana characters へ (he), の (no), も (mo), and じ (ji)


欠格

(grammar) abessive case (case used to express the lack of something)


抽象名詞

ja-noun

抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)名(めい)詞(し) • (chūshō meishi) ^(←ちうしやうめいし (tiusyaumeisi)?)

抽象名詞 (canonical)
chūshō meishi (romanization)
tiusyaumeisi (romanization)
ちうしやうめいし (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːɕo̞ː me̞ːɕi]

Compound of 抽象 (chūshō, “abstract”) + 名詞 (meishi, “noun”).

compound

(grammar) abstract noun (a noun that denotes an abstract concept)


ちゅうしょうめいし

ja-noun

ちゅうしょうめいし • (chūshō meishi)

抽象名詞: (grammar) abstract noun (a noun that denotes an abstract concept)


ルート

ルート • (rūto)


へのへのもへ

From the hiragana characters used to draw it.

も、顔の部分だけ皮を削って、「へのへのもへ」のような簡単な顔を描くだけなのですが……。

2008, 久保田裕道, 「日本の神さま」おもしろ小事典: 氏神、道祖神から狛犬、ナマハゲまで, PHP研究所, →ISBN, page 28:

a face drawn using the hiragana characters he (へ), no (の), he (へ), no (の), mo (も), and he (へ)


寓話

Probably from Middle Chinese 寓話 (MC ngjuH hwaejH, literally “imply + story, speech”). Compare modern Mandarin 寓言 (yùyán).

ltc-l

(rhetoric) an allegory, a fable (fictitious narration to enforce some useful truth or precept)


下心

下心 (canonical)
shitagokoro (romanization)

ulterior motive (alternative or hidden reason)


表意文字

表意文字 (canonical)
hyōi moji (romanization)


入格

[ɲ̟ɨːka̠kɯ̟]

illative case (case used to indicate movement into something)


使徒行伝

使徒行伝 (canonical)
Shitogyōden (romanization)

[ɕito̞ɡʲo̞ːdẽ̞ɴ]


アダム

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “神(かみ)さまごっこ [God Simulator]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 143:

I’ll call you two Adam and Eve. I’m the one who created you. Feel free to enjoy your lives here in Paradise. One thing, though. You must not eat fruit from this tree. This is the fruit of wisdom. Hey, are you listening to what I'm saying?

きみたちをアダムとイブと名づける ぼくがきみたちをこさえたんだからね この楽園で自由に楽しくくらしなさい ひとつだけ注意しておく この木の実だけは絶対に食べてはいけない これは知恵の木の実といって おいこら聞いてるのか

Kimi-tachi o Adamu to Ibu to nazukeru Boku ga kimi-tachi o kosaeta n da kara ne Kono rakuen de jiyū ni tanoshiku kurashinasai Hitotsu dake chūi shite oku Kono ki no mi dake wa zettai ni tabete wa ikenai Kore wa chie no ki no mi to itte Oi kora kiiteru no ka


接辞

(linguistic morphology) an affix (a bound morpheme added to a word’s stem)


なのり

奈乃李: Nanori, a female Japanese given name


偽名

From 偽 (gi-, “pseudo-”) + 名 (mei, “name”).


エイチ

The name of the Latin-script letter H/h.


アンソロジー

[ã̠ɰ̃so̞ɾo̞ʑiː]

(manga, specifically) official fan work collection


黙示録

黙示録 (canonical)
Mokushiroku (romanization)

[mo̞kɯ̟̊ɕiɾo̞kɯ̟]

黙示(もくし) (mokushi, “apocalypse”) + 録(ろく) (-roku, “record”).
First attested in 1898.


後舌母音

後舌母音 (canonical)
atojita boin (romanization)

後舌(あとじた) (atojita, “tongue positioned relatively back”) + 母音(ぼいん) (boin, “vowel”).


後舌母音

後舌母音 (canonical)
kōzetsu boin (romanization)

後舌(こうぜつ) (kōzetsu, “tongue positioned relatively back”) + 母音(ぼいん) (boin, “vowel”).


ブルガリア語

ブルガリア語 (canonical)
Burugaria-go (romanization)


ブイ

The name of the Latin-script letter V/v.


ヘイトスピーチ

憎悪表現

憎悪表現 ぞうおひょうげん


大文字

ja-noun

大(おお)文(も)字(じ) • (ōmoji) ^(←おほもじ (ofomozi)?)

大文字 (canonical)
ōmoji (romanization)
ofomozi (romanization)
おほもじ (hiragana historical)

(orthography, typography) a capital letter; a majuscule


大文字

大 (dai, “big”) + 文字 (monji, “character”)

af

(orthography, typography) the Chinese character 大


翻訳借用

ja-noun

翻(ほん)訳(やく)借(しゃく)用(よう) • (hon'yakushakuyō)

翻訳借用 (canonical)
hon'yakushakuyō (romanization)


カルトゥーシュ

[ka̠ɾɯ̟tɯ̟ːɕɨ]


同根語

[do̞ːkõ̞ŋɡo̞]

Compound of 同根 (dōkon, “cognate; sibling”, literally “same + root”) + 語 (go, “word”).


複合語

ja-noun

複(ふく)合(ごう)語(ご) • (fukugōgo) ^(←ふくがふご (fukugafugo)?)

複合語 (canonical)
fukugōgo (romanization)
fukugafugo (romanization)
ふくがふご (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟ɡo̞ːɡo̞]

複合動詞

複合動詞 ふくごうどうし

複合名詞

複合名詞 ふくごうめいし


猫撫で声

猫(ねこ)撫(な)で声(ごえ) • (nekonadegoe) ^(←ねこなでごゑ (nekonadegowe)?)

猫撫で声 (canonical)
nekonadegoe (romanization)
nekonadegowe (romanization)
ねこなでごゑ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 猫(ねこ) (neko, “cat”) + 撫(な)で (nade, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 撫(な)でる (naderu, “to stroke, caress”)) + 声(こえ) (koe, “voice”).


ラファエル

[ɾa̠ɸa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

ja:ラファエル
ja:ラファエル (曖昧さ回避)


ニュー

Borrowed from English nu or a learned borrowing from Ancient Greek νῦ (nû).

lbor

nu (name for the letter of the Greek alphabet: Ν and ν)


コミック

ja-adj

コミック • (komikku) -na (adnominal コミックな (komikku na), adverbial コミックに (komikku ni))

komikku (romanization)
コミックな (adnominal)
コミックに (adverbial)
コミックだろ (imperfective stem)
komikku daro (imperfective stem)
コミックで (continuative stem)
komikku de (continuative stem)
コミックだ (stem terminative)
komikku da (stem terminative)
コミックな (attributive stem)
komikku na (attributive stem)
コミックなら (hypothetical stem)
komikku nara (hypothetical stem)
コミックであれ (imperative stem)
komikku de are (imperative stem)
コミックではない (informal negative)
コミックじゃない (informal negative)
komikku de wa nai (informal negative)
komikku ja nai (informal negative)
コミックだった (informal past)
komikku datta (informal past)
コミックではなかった (informal negative past)
コミックじゃなかった (informal negative past)
komikku de wa nakatta (informal negative past)
komikku ja nakatta (informal negative past)
コミックです (formal)
komikku desu (formal)
コミックではありません (formal negative)
コミックじゃありません (formal negative)
komikku de wa arimasen (formal negative)
komikku ja arimasen (formal negative)
コミックでした (formal past)
komikku deshita (formal past)
コミックではありませんでした (formal negative past)
コミックじゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
komikku de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
komikku ja arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
コミックで (conjunctive)
komikku de (conjunctive)
コミックなら（ば） (conditional)
komikku nara (ba) (conditional)
コミックだったら (conditional past)
komikku dattara (conditional past)
コミックだろう (volitional)
komikku darō (volitional)
コミックに (adverbial)
komikku ni (adverbial)
コミックさ (noun-from-adj)
komikkusa (noun-from-adj)

ja-adj-infl

コミック

. で は ありません でした

. じゃ ありません でした

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:松村明


スペース

(typography) space (a piece of type used to separate words)

(typography) an interglyph space (space between glyphs)


創刊

創刊 (canonical)
sōkan (romanization)
saukan (romanization)
さうかん (hiragana historical)


創刊

創刊する (canonical)
sōkan suru (romanization)
創刊し (stem)
創刊した (past)
創刊し
そうかんし
sōkan shi
創刊する
そうかんする
sōkan suru
創刊すれ
そうかんすれ
sōkan sure
創刊せよ (imperative literary)
創刊しろ (colloquial imperative)
そうかんせよ (imperative literary)
そうかんしろ (colloquial imperative)
sōkan seyo (imperative literary)
sōkan shiro (colloquial imperative)
創刊される (passive)
そうかんされる (passive)
sōkan sareru (passive)
創刊させる (causative)
創刊さす (causative)
そうかんさせる (causative)
そうかんさす (causative)
sōkan saseru (causative)
sōkan sasu (causative)
創刊できる (potential)
そうかんできる (potential)
sōkan dekiru (potential)
創刊しよう (volitional)
そうかんしよう (volitional)
sōkan shiyō (volitional)
創刊しない (negative)
そうかんしない (negative)
sōkan shinai (negative)
創刊せず (continuative negative)
そうかんせず (continuative negative)
sōkan sezu (continuative negative)
創刊します (formal)
そうかんします (formal)
sōkan shimasu (formal)
創刊した (perfective)
そうかんした (perfective)
sōkan shita (perfective)
創刊して (conjunctive)
そうかんして (conjunctive)
sōkan shite (conjunctive)
創刊すれば (conditional hypothetical)
そうかんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
sōkan sureba (conditional hypothetical)

start a newspaper, magazine, or other periodical


トマス

使徒トマス


マリア

Hikaru Nakamura, “その89(はちじゅうきゅう) ママ友(とも)会(かい)in(イン)立(たち)川(かわ) [Chapter 89: Moms’ club in Tachikawa]”, in 聖(セイント)☆おにいさん [Saint☆Young Men], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha:

What, Mary? The Dark Lord is my mother!?

待ってマリアさん 暗黒卿ってうちの母さん⁉

Matte Maria-san Ankokukyō tte uchi no kā-san⁉

ja:イエスの母マリア ja:マリア ja:聖母マリア


ネーム

ja-noun

ネーム • (nēmu)

2009 January 10, Tsugumi Ohba with Obata, Takeshi, “３(さん)ページ ペンとネーム [Page 3: Pens and Names]”, in BAKUMAN(バクマン)。 [BAKUMAN.], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 104:

It’s basically a rough sketch for manga. First you make one and show it to the editor, and only if it’s okayed can you go ahead with the draft. You may have to do it over a couple of times till it gets okayed. Though good manga artists can just pass with the storyboard alone.

マンガの下描きみたいなもん まずこれを描いて編集者に見せてＯＫが出たら初めて原稿にできる ＯＫが出るまでは何度でも描き直し もっともネームで見せていいのはマンガ家としての才能を認められた奴な

Manga no shitagaki mitai na mon Mazu kore o kaite henshūsha ni misete ōkē ga detara hajimete genkō ni dekiru ōkē ga deru made wa nando demo kakinaoshi Motto mo nēmu de misete ii no wa mangaka toshite no sainō o mitomerareta yatsu na

(manga) a manga storyboard, focusing on the words in the speech or thought bubbles to help determine the drawing and frame layout


しざま

芝: (grammar, obsolete) “shi-type”, referring to the i adjective in Japanese grammar, specifically the ク活用 (ku katsuyō, “ku inflection”), corresponding to modern Japanese adjectives ending in -i but not -shii


門構え

門(もん)構(がま)え or 門(かど)構(がま)え • (mongamae or kadogamae)

門構え (canonical)
門構え (canonical)
mongamae (romanization)
kadogamae (romanization)

[mõ̞ŋɡa̠ma̠e̞]

the 門 ("door" or "gate") radical, e.g. in 開 and 閉

2005, ラーメンズ (Rāmenzu) [Rahmens], バニー部 (Banī-bu), in ALICE (ALICE) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8KfKAsao-Y
悶〜。悶〜。悶〜。門構えに心。悶〜。
Mon~. Mon~. Mon~. Mongamae ni kokoro. Mon~.
Mwon. Mwon. Mwon. 心 inside 門, mwon.


続編

[d͡zo̞kɯ̟̊hẽ̞ɴ]


二詞一意

二詞一意 (canonical)
nishi-ichii (romanization)


大字

formal way of writing numbers (e.g., writing 参 instead of 三 for three)


五経

五経 (canonical)
Gokyō (romanization)
Gokyau (romanization)
ごきやう (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese, in turn from Literary Chinese 五經 (MC nguX keng, literally “five + Chinese classics”).
First cited in Japanese in the Nihon Shoki of 720.


みずいれ

mizuire (romanization)
miduire (romanization)
みづいれ (hiragana historical)

tray for holding water that will be used on an inkstone


音源

音源配布

(fandom slang) singing voice synthesis voicebank


新聞紙

新聞紙 (canonical)
shinbunshi (romanization)

[ɕĩmbɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕi]

Calque of English newspaper, equivalent to compound of 新(しん)聞(ぶん) (shinbun, “news”) + 紙(し) (shi, “paper”).

com-ja

新聞紙条例


町名

name of a town or a town-level subdivision of an urban area


ディズニー

ja-pos

ディズニー • (Dizunī)

A transliteration of the English surname Disney


ヒーロー

ja-noun

ヒーロー • (hīrō)


調教

調(ちょう)教(きょう) • (chōkyō)

良調教

神調教

OSTER project『ボーカロイドユーザーのための調教・ミックステクニック』

Osutā purojekuto “Bōkaroido yūzā no tame no chōkyō mikkusu tekunikku”

OSTER project, Tuning and Mixing Techniques for VOCALOID Users

(fandom slang) adjustment of the parameters of singing voice synthesis software such as VOCALOID; tuning


調教

調教する (canonical)
chōkyō suru (romanization)
調教し (stem)
調教した (past)
調教し
ちょうきょうし
chōkyō shi
調教する
ちょうきょうする
chōkyō suru
調教すれ
ちょうきょうすれ
chōkyō sure
調教せよ (imperative literary)
調教しろ (colloquial imperative)
ちょうきょうせよ (imperative literary)
ちょうきょうしろ (colloquial imperative)
chōkyō seyo (imperative literary)
chōkyō shiro (colloquial imperative)
調教される (passive)
ちょうきょうされる (passive)
chōkyō sareru (passive)
調教させる (causative)
調教さす (causative)
ちょうきょうさせる (causative)
ちょうきょうさす (causative)
chōkyō saseru (causative)
chōkyō sasu (causative)
調教できる (potential)
ちょうきょうできる (potential)
chōkyō dekiru (potential)
調教しよう (volitional)
ちょうきょうしよう (volitional)
chōkyō shiyō (volitional)
調教しない (negative)
ちょうきょうしない (negative)
chōkyō shinai (negative)
調教せず (continuative negative)
ちょうきょうせず (continuative negative)
chōkyō sezu (continuative negative)
調教します (formal)
ちょうきょうします (formal)
chōkyō shimasu (formal)
調教した (perfective)
ちょうきょうした (perfective)
chōkyō shita (perfective)
調教して (conjunctive)
ちょうきょうして (conjunctive)
chōkyō shite (conjunctive)
調教すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ちょうきょうすれば (conditional hypothetical)
chōkyō sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(fandom slang) to adjust the parameters of singing voice synthesis software such as VOCALOID (in order to achieve certain singing techniques, increase the human quality of the voice, etc.); to tune


イエス

Learned borrowing from Latin Iēsus. Appears from around the Meiji period, superseding older ゼス (Zesu) and ゼズス (Zezusu).

……あっ その前(まえ)にそ(・)れ(・)なんとかして隠(かく)して イエス！福(ふく)引(び)きでもらった仏(ふつ)像(ぞう)……変(へん)な宗(しゅう)教(きょう)団(だん)体(たい)か強(きょう)烈(れつ)なナルシストだと思(おも)われるから‼

2008 July 16 [2008 January 23], Hikaru Nakamura, “その５(ご) Oh(オー) my(マイ) ホビー [Chapter 5: Oh my hobby]”, in [聖](セイント)☆おにいさん [Saint Young Men], 6th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha:

…Oh! We gotta hide THAT thing first, Jesus! The Buddha statue I won from that raffle… I don’t want her to think I’m some sorta freaky denomination member or enthusiastic narcissist!!

…A'! Sono mae ni SORE nan toka shite kakushite, Iesu! Fukubiki de moratta Futsuzō… Hen na shūkyō dantai ka kyōretsu na narushisuto da to omowareru kara!!


旧姓

旧(きゅう)姓(せい) • (kyūsei) ^(←きうせい (kiusei)?)

旧姓 (canonical)
kyūsei (romanization)
kiusei (romanization)
きうせい (hiragana historical)

From 旧 (kyū-, “paleo-”) + 姓 (sei, “family name”).

pre

a "former family name" (a maiden name, or any family name that has been changed due to marriage or adoption)


デルタ

From English delta or learned borrowing from Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta).


増刊

増刊する (canonical)
zōkan suru (romanization)
増刊し (stem)
増刊した (past)
増刊し
ぞうかんし
zōkan shi
増刊する
ぞうかんする
zōkan suru
増刊すれ
ぞうかんすれ
zōkan sure
増刊せよ (imperative literary)
増刊しろ (colloquial imperative)
ぞうかんせよ (imperative literary)
ぞうかんしろ (colloquial imperative)
zōkan seyo (imperative literary)
zōkan shiro (colloquial imperative)
増刊される (passive)
ぞうかんされる (passive)
zōkan sareru (passive)
増刊させる (causative)
増刊さす (causative)
ぞうかんさせる (causative)
ぞうかんさす (causative)
zōkan saseru (causative)
zōkan sasu (causative)
増刊できる (potential)
ぞうかんできる (potential)
zōkan dekiru (potential)
増刊しよう (volitional)
ぞうかんしよう (volitional)
zōkan shiyō (volitional)
増刊しない (negative)
ぞうかんしない (negative)
zōkan shinai (negative)
増刊せず (continuative negative)
ぞうかんせず (continuative negative)
zōkan sezu (continuative negative)
増刊します (formal)
ぞうかんします (formal)
zōkan shimasu (formal)
増刊した (perfective)
ぞうかんした (perfective)
zōkan shita (perfective)
増刊して (conjunctive)
ぞうかんして (conjunctive)
zōkan shite (conjunctive)
増刊すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ぞうかんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
zōkan sureba (conditional hypothetical)


古フランス語

古フランス語 (canonical)
Kofuransugo (romanization)


シー

Ｃ－クラッシュ・ワイバーン ― Shī－Kurasshu Waibān ― C-Crush Wyvern

ＡＢＣ－ドラゴン・バスター

The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.


都都逸

Clipping of 都都逸節 (dodoitsu-bushi, “a specific form of poetry popular in the early 1800s, during the late Edo period”).

clipping

(poetry) dodoitsu: a specific form of Japanese poem without rhyme, having lines of 7-7-7-5 morae


記号論

ja-noun

記(き)号(ごう)論(ろん) • (kigōron) ^(←きがうろん (kigauron)?)

記号論 (canonical)
kigōron (romanization)
kigauron (romanization)
きがうろん (hiragana historical)

[kʲiɡo̞ːɾõ̞ɴ]


孤立語

孤立語 (canonical)
koritsugo (romanization)

孤立 (koritsu, “isolating”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


屈折語

屈折語 (canonical)
kussetsugo (romanization)

[kɯ̟̊sːe̞t͡sɨɡo̞]

屈折 (kussetsu, “inflection”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


語源学

語源学 (canonical)
gogengaku (romanization)

[ɡo̞ɡẽ̞ŋɡa̠kɯ̟]

語源 (gogen, “etymology”) + 学 (-gaku, “study”)

etymology (study of the historical development of languages, particularly of individual words)


イングーシ語

イングーシ語 (canonical)
Ingūshigo (romanization)


チェチェン語

チェチェン語 (canonical)
Chechen-go (romanization)

[t͡ɕe̞t͡ɕẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

チェチェン (Chechen, “Chechnya”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


トンガ語

トンガ語 (canonical)
Tonga-go (romanization)

Compound of トンガ (“Tonga”) + 語 (-go, “language”), ultimately from Tongan Tonga.

ja:トンガ語
ja:トンガ語 (ポリネシア)

[tõ̞ŋɡa̠ɡo̞]


アヴァル語

アヴァル語 (canonical)
Avarugo (romanization)


西遊記

ja-pos

西(さい)遊(ゆう)記(き) • (Saiyūki) ^(←さいいうき (Saiiuki)?)

西遊記 (canonical)
Saiyūki (romanization)
Saiiuki (romanization)
さいいうき (hiragana historical)


音引き

(lexicography) phonetic collocation, ordering by pronunciation


ハッピーエンド

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from happy + end, calque of English happy ending


テータ

ja-noun

テータ • (tēta)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek θῆτα (thêta).


バベルの塔

バベルの塔 (canonical)
Baberu no Tō (romanization)

バベル (Baberu, “Babel”) + の (no, possessive marker) + 塔 (tō, “tower”)


組版

[kɯ̟mʲihã̠ɴ]

Meronyms: 植字, 文選

組版工


組版

組版する (canonical)
kumihan suru (romanization)
組版し (stem)
組版した (past)

[kɯ̟mʲihã̠ɴ]


ユプシロン

[jɯ̟pɯ̟̊ɕiɾõ̞ɴ]

From English upsilon or learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὖ ψιλόν (û psilón).


ユー

The name of the Latin-script letter U/u.


ワルキューレ

[β̞a̠ɾɯ̟kʲɨːɾe̞]


エフ

The name of the Latin-script letter F/f.


イー

The name of the Latin-script letter E/e.


エックス

[e̞k̚kɯ̟̊sɨ]

The name of the Latin-script letter X/x.


キュー

The name of the Latin-script letter Q/q.


ディー

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.


エヌ

The name of the Latin-script letter N/n.


ダブリュー

[da̠bɯ̟ɾʲɨː]

The name of the Latin-script letter W/w.


ビー

Ｂ－バスター・ドレイク

ＡＢＣ－ドラゴン・バスター

The name of the Latin-script letter B/b.


エス

The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.


ゼット

Borrowed from English zed. The English word-final voiced sound /d/ is sometimes transcribed as if it was voiceless, as tto, instead of the usual (and more accurate) ddo, because Japanese didn’t have a voiced geminate. Perhaps also influenced by Dutch [zɛt], which ends in a voiceless sound. Some English words ending in the voiced sound /z/ are also transcribed as if they ended in the voiceless sound /s/ (e.g.: ニュース (nyūsu, “news”). Doublet of ゼータ (zēta, “zeta”).

The name of the Latin-script letter Z/z.


出格

[ɕɨk̚ka̠kɯ̟]


エム

The name of the Latin-script letter M/m.


ワイ

The name of the Latin-script letter Y/y.


ジー

The name of the Latin-script letter G/g.


エル

The name of the Latin-script letter L/l.


ピー

The name of the Latin-script letter P/p.


ピー

Learned borrowing from Latin pi, from Ancient Greek πεῖ (peî).


語尾

ending (grammar: last morpheme of a word)


叙事詩

From 叙事 (joji, “narration”) + 詩 (shi, “poetry; poem”).


エプシロン

[e̞pɯ̟̊ɕiɾõ̞ɴ]

From English epsilon, or learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἒ ψιλόν (è psilón).


裏声

ja-noun

裏(うら)声(ごえ) • (uragoe) ^(←うらごゑ (uragowe)?)

裏声 (canonical)
uragoe (romanization)
uragowe (romanization)
うらごゑ (hiragana historical)

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ɡo̞e̞]

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明

Compound of 裏 (ura, “back side, hidden side, opposite”) + 声 (koe, “voice”). The koe changes to goe as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


多音字

[ta̠õ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑi]

(linguistics) character with two or more readings, heteronym


筆名

ペンネーム ペンネーム#Japanese


発刊

発刊する (canonical)
hakkan suru (romanization)
発刊し (stem)
発刊した (past)
発刊し
はっかんし
hakkan shi
発刊する
はっかんする
hakkan suru
発刊すれ
はっかんすれ
hakkan sure
発刊せよ (imperative literary)
発刊しろ (colloquial imperative)
はっかんせよ (imperative literary)
はっかんしろ (colloquial imperative)
hakkan seyo (imperative literary)
hakkan shiro (colloquial imperative)
発刊される (passive)
はっかんされる (passive)
hakkan sareru (passive)
発刊させる (causative)
発刊さす (causative)
はっかんさせる (causative)
はっかんさす (causative)
hakkan saseru (causative)
hakkan sasu (causative)
発刊できる (potential)
はっかんできる (potential)
hakkan dekiru (potential)
発刊しよう (volitional)
はっかんしよう (volitional)
hakkan shiyō (volitional)
発刊しない (negative)
はっかんしない (negative)
hakkan shinai (negative)
発刊せず (continuative negative)
はっかんせず (continuative negative)
hakkan sezu (continuative negative)
発刊します (formal)
はっかんします (formal)
hakkan shimasu (formal)
発刊した (perfective)
はっかんした (perfective)
hakkan shita (perfective)
発刊して (conjunctive)
はっかんして (conjunctive)
hakkan shite (conjunctive)
発刊すれば (conditional hypothetical)
はっかんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
hakkan sureba (conditional hypothetical)

一九四五年以後言論の自由と出版の自由とのために全国に日刊紙が続々と発刊されはじめた。

1949, 宮本百合子, 今日の日本の文化問題

Due to freedom of speech and freedom of the press after 1945, more and more daily newspapers were published all across the country.

1945 Nen igo genron no jiyū to shuppan no jiyū to no tame ni zenkoku ni nikkanshi ga zokuzoku to hakkō sarehajimeta.


聖母

From 聖 (sei-, “holy”) + 母 (bo, “mother”).

聖母マリア


接中辞

[se̞t̚t͡ɕɨːʑi]


こそあど

こそあど (canonical)
コソアド (canonical)
kosoado (romanization)

From こ (ko) + そ (so) + あ (a) + ど (do), the initial kana of each series of demonstratives; see below.


流音

流音 (canonical)
ryūon (romanization)
riuon (romanization)
りうおん (hiragana historical)


切韻

ja-pos

切(せつ)韻(いん) • (Setsuin) ^(←せつゐん (Setuwin)?)

切韻 (canonical)
Setsuin (romanization)
Setuwin (romanization)
せつゐん (hiragana historical)


上声

ja-noun

上(じょう)声(しょう) or 上(じょう)声(せい) • (jōshō or jōsei) ^(←じやうしやう (zyausyau) or じやうせい (zyausei)?)

上声 (canonical)
上声 (canonical)
jōshō (romanization)
jōsei (romanization)
zyausyau (romanization)
zyausei (romanization)
じやうしやう (hiragana historical)
じやうせい (hiragana historical)

(Chinese phonetics) the rising tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


去声

去(きょ)声(しょう) or 去(きょ)声(せい) • (kyoshō or kyosei)

去声 (canonical)
去声 (canonical)
kyoshō (romanization)
kyosei (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics) the departing tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


擬声語

onomatopoeia (word that sounds like what it represents)


シャープペンシル

shāpu penshiru (romanization)
本 (counter)

→ Korean: 샤프펜실 (syapeupensil)

[ɕa̠ːpɯ̟̊ pẽ̞ɰ̃ɕiɾɯ̟]

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from sharp + pencil. Name after the company Sharp, which started its business with mechanical pencils and was one of its earliest manufacturers in Japan.

pseudo-loan

a mechanical pencil (US) / a propelling pencil (UK)


抒情

ja-noun

抒(じょ)情(じょう) • (jojō) ^(←じよじやう (zyozyau)?)

抒情 (canonical)
jojō (romanization)
zyozyau (romanization)
じよじやう (hiragana historical)


詞句

詞句 (canonical)
shiku (romanization)
siku (romanization)
しく (hiragana historical)

後置詞句


連声

連(れん)声(じょう) • (renjō) ^(←れんじやう (renzyau)?)

連声 (canonical)
renjō (romanization)
renzyau (romanization)
れんじやう (hiragana historical)

[ɾẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ː]

Compound of 連 (ren, “connect”) and 声 (shō, “voice”). The shō changes to jō as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

(linguistics) a morphological change of an initial syllable of the second kanji under the influence of the historical coda of the first kanji in a word, such as 天皇, whose pronunciation is not *ten’ō but tennō.


孫子

From 孫 (mago, “grandchild”) + 子 (ko, “child”).

af

Synonym of 子孫 (shison, “grandchildren and children; descendants”)


韻事

韻事 (canonical)
inji (romanization)
winzi (romanization)
ゐんじ (hiragana historical)

poetic occasion, elegant situation, the cue for a poem


コーラン

ja-noun

コーラン • (kōran)


非口腔音化

非口腔音化 (canonical)
hikōkōonka (romanization)

[çiko̞ːko̞ːõ̞ŋka̠]


バイブル

[ba̠ibɯ̟ɾɯ̟]


オリジナルキャラクター

オリジナル キャラクター

original character (a fan-created character in a fanwork)


単文

simple sentence (sentence containing one independent clause and no dependent clause)


渾名

Compound of あだ (ada, “other, different, separate”, often spelled in kanji as 他 or 異) + 名 (na, “name”).
First attested in 1614.


渾名

Appears to be an instance of applying the on'yomi reading to existing term 渾名 (adana) to impart a more formal sense. Compare the different register for English synonyms of Germanic derivation versus Latinate or Greek derivation, such as everyday nickname versus more formal epithet or agnomen.
First cited to 1870.

(rare) a nickname, a pet name, especially one used for humorous or endearing effect


渾名

渾名する (canonical)
konmei suru (romanization)
渾名し (stem)
渾名した (past)
渾名し
こんめいし
konmei shi
渾名する
こんめいする
konmei suru
渾名すれ
こんめいすれ
konmei sure
渾名せよ (imperative literary)
渾名しろ (colloquial imperative)
こんめいせよ (imperative literary)
こんめいしろ (colloquial imperative)
konmei seyo (imperative literary)
konmei shiro (colloquial imperative)
渾名される (passive)
こんめいされる (passive)
konmei sareru (passive)
渾名させる (causative)
渾名さす (causative)
こんめいさせる (causative)
こんめいさす (causative)
konmei saseru (causative)
konmei sasu (causative)
渾名できる (potential)
こんめいできる (potential)
konmei dekiru (potential)
渾名しよう (volitional)
こんめいしよう (volitional)
konmei shiyō (volitional)
渾名しない (negative)
こんめいしない (negative)
konmei shinai (negative)
渾名せず (continuative negative)
こんめいせず (continuative negative)
konmei sezu (continuative negative)
渾名します (formal)
こんめいします (formal)
konmei shimasu (formal)
渾名した (perfective)
こんめいした (perfective)
konmei shita (perfective)
渾名して (conjunctive)
こんめいして (conjunctive)
konmei shite (conjunctive)
渾名すれば (conditional hypothetical)
こんめいすれば (conditional hypothetical)
konmei sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(rare) to call someone a nickname or pet name, especially one used for humorous or endearing effect


客家語

客家 (Hakka, “Hakkas”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


合字

合字 (canonical)
gōji (romanization)
gafuzi (romanization)
がふじ (hiragana historical)

typographic ligature
typographic ligature


悪漢小説

ja-noun

悪(あっ)漢(かん)小(しょう)説(せつ) • (akkan shōsetsu) ^(←あくかんせうせつ (akukan seusetu)?)

悪漢小説 (canonical)
akkan shōsetsu (romanization)
akukan seusetu (romanization)
あくかんせうせつ (hiragana historical)

[a̠k̚ka̠ɰ̃ ɕo̞ːse̞t͡sɨ]

Compound of 悪(あっ)漢(かん) (akkan, “villain, scoundrel”) + 小(しょう)説(せつ) (shōsetsu, “novel”).


コンマ

Borrowed from English comma, from Latin comma.


句点

Coordinate term: 読点

ideographic full stop
ideographic full stop


唐歌

Compound of 唐 (kara, “China”) + 歌 (uta, “poetry”).


読点

読 (“reading”) + 点 (“mark”), because it indicates pauses while reading

a comma (punctuation mark ',')
an ideographic comma


疾風怒濤

ja-noun

疾(しっ)風(ぷう)怒(ど)濤(とう) • (shippū dotō) ^(←しつぷうどたう (situpuudotau)?)

疾風怒濤 (canonical)
shippū dotō (romanization)
situpuudotau (romanization)
しつぷうどたう (hiragana historical)

[ɕi̥p̚pɯ̟ː do̞to̞ː]

Calque of German Sturm und Drang, equivalent to 疾風 (shippū, “gale”) + 怒濤 (dotō, “surging waves”)

af

シュトゥルム・ウント・ドラング シュトゥルム・ウント・ドラング#Japanese

(literature, music) Synonym of シュトゥルム・ウント・ドラング (Shuturumu unto Dorangu, “Sturm und Drang”)


ズィー

(rare) The name of the Latin-script letter Z/z.


異体字

"髙"は"高"の異体字です。

variant Chinese character, variant kanji


名著

ja-noun

名(めい)著(ちょ) • (meicho) ^(←めいちよ (meityo)?)

名著 (canonical)
meicho (romanization)
meityo (romanization)
めいちよ (hiragana historical)


震え音

震(ふる)え音(おん) • (furueon) ^(←ふるへおん (furufeon)?)

震え音 (canonical)
furueon (romanization)
furufeon (romanization)
ふるへおん (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ɾɯ̟e̞õ̞ɴ]

suf

<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">震える</i> (“to vibrate”)


顫動音

[sẽ̞ndo̞ːõ̞ɴ]

顫動音は、實は摩擦音の一種である。空氣が口腔の一狹窄門を通過する際に、局部に著しい顫動を生ずるによつて發する音である。ラ行音が之に屬する。卽ちラ行音は、聲帶の顫動に成りたる聲が、懸壅垂を刺戟して、之を振動し、一の顫音を生ずるのである。此顫音が、更に舌頭と口蓋との狹窄門に摩擦せられて、ラ行音は成り立つものである。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第一節 父音の分類 [Section 1: Types of Consonants]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, pages 78–79:

Trills are actually a type of fricatives. They are caused by significant vibrations at places of articulation where air passes through a constriction in the oral cavity. The sounds of the ra-row are trills. Specifically for the ra-row, phonation starts with vibrations at the vocal folds, then stimulates the uvula and shakes it, making a vibrating sound. This sound further undergoes friction at the constriction formed by the blade of the tongue and the palate, resulting in a sound of the ra-row.

Sendōon wa, jitsu wa masatsuon no isshu de aru. Kūki ga kōkō no ichikyōsakumon o tsūka suru sai ni, kyokubu ni ichijirushii sendō o shōzuru ni yotte hassuru on de aru. Ragyōon ga kore ni zokusuru. Sunawachi ragyōon wa, seitai no sendō ni nari taru koe ga, ken'yōsui o shigeki shite, kore o shindō shi, ichi no sen'on o shōzuru no de aru. Kono sen'on ga, sara ni zettō to kōgai to no kyōsakumon ni masatsu serarete, ragyōon wa naritatsu mono de aru.

(phonetics) Synonym of 震え音 (furueon, “trill”)


四声

ja-noun

四(し)声(せい) or 四(し)声(しょう) • (shisei or shishō)

四声 (canonical)
四声 (canonical)
shisei (romanization)
shishō (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics, of Middle Chinese) the four tones


四字成句

四字成句 (canonical)
yojiseiku (romanization)

chengyu (Chinese four-character phrase or idiomatic expression)


四角号碼

ja-pos

四(し)角(かく)号(ごう)碼(ま) • (Shikaku Gōma) ^(←しかくがうま (Sikakugauma)?)

四角号碼 (canonical)
Shikaku Gōma (romanization)
Sikakugauma (romanization)
しかくがうま (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 四角號碼／四角号码 (sìjiǎo hàomǎ). (The usual Japanese word for "number" in this context would be 番号(ばんごう) (bangō).)

zh-m

四角號碼／四角号码 (sìjiǎo hàomǎ)

蘇州号碼

蘇州号碼 そしゅうごうま


字彙

字彙 (canonical)
Jii (romanization)
Ziwi (romanization)
じゐ (hiragana historical)


働き詞

働き詞 (canonical)
hataraki kotoba (romanization)

Compound of 働き (hataraki, “working, functioning”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 働く hataraku、 “to work, to function”) + 詞 (kotoba, “word”).

compound

(archaic, grammar) any word that declines or conjugates

(archaic, grammar) more specifically, a verb


譬え話

ja-noun

譬(たと)え話(ばなし) • (tatoebanashi) ^(←たとへばなし (tatofebanasi)?)

譬え話 (canonical)
tatoebanashi (romanization)
tatofebanasi (romanization)
たとへばなし (hiragana historical)

From 譬(たと)え (tatoe, “example”) + 話(はなし) (hanashi, “narrative”). The hanashi changes to banashi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


国際補助語

ja-noun

国(こく)際(さい)補(ほ)助(じょ)語(ご) • (kokusai hojogo)

国際補助語 (canonical)
kokusai hojogo (romanization)

international auxiliary language
international auxiliary language


国際語

国際語 (canonical)
kokusaigo (romanization)

国際補助語

国際補助語 こくさいほじょご


詠嘆

(grammar) The use of particles or jodōshi to show an admirative tone


詠嘆

詠嘆する (canonical)
eitan suru (romanization)
詠嘆し (stem)
詠嘆した (past)
詠嘆し
えいたんし
eitan shi
詠嘆する
えいたんする
eitan suru
詠嘆すれ
えいたんすれ
eitan sure
詠嘆せよ (imperative literary)
詠嘆しろ (colloquial imperative)
えいたんせよ (imperative literary)
えいたんしろ (colloquial imperative)
eitan seyo (imperative literary)
eitan shiro (colloquial imperative)
詠嘆される (passive)
えいたんされる (passive)
eitan sareru (passive)
詠嘆させる (causative)
詠嘆さす (causative)
えいたんさせる (causative)
えいたんさす (causative)
eitan saseru (causative)
eitan sasu (causative)
詠嘆できる (potential)
えいたんできる (potential)
eitan dekiru (potential)
詠嘆しよう (volitional)
えいたんしよう (volitional)
eitan shiyō (volitional)
詠嘆しない (negative)
えいたんしない (negative)
eitan shinai (negative)
詠嘆せず (continuative negative)
えいたんせず (continuative negative)
eitan sezu (continuative negative)
詠嘆します (formal)
えいたんします (formal)
eitan shimasu (formal)
詠嘆した (perfective)
えいたんした (perfective)
eitan shita (perfective)
詠嘆して (conjunctive)
えいたんして (conjunctive)
eitan shite (conjunctive)
詠嘆すれば (conditional hypothetical)
えいたんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
eitan sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(usually with admiration) to intone, to sing, to chant


てにをは

tenioha (romanization)
teniwofa (romanization)
てにをは (hiragana historical)

# て (te), modern で (de, particle indiating location, time, or means of action)
# に (ni, particle expressing direction, for example)
# を (o, accusative case particle)
# は (wa, topic marker particle)

(Japanese) particle, postposition (part of speech)


昔昔

昔昔 (canonical)
mukashi mukashi (romanization)

Reduplication of 昔(むかし) (mukashi, “the past, old times”).

昔昔、遠いところに…


字形

見慣れない字形

forms of characters that one is not used to seeing

the form or shape of a character that concerns only minor differences, such as how certain strokes or stroke combinations are drawn, reflecting calligraphic or regional differences; compare 字体 (jitai)


七十

七(しち)十(じゅう) or 七(なな)十(じゅう) or 七(なな)十(そ) • (shichijū or nanajū or nanaso)

七十 (canonical)
七十 (canonical)
七十 (canonical)
shichijū (romanization)
nanajū (romanization)
nanaso (romanization)


音便

(Japanese phonology and phonetics) euphony (sound change)

Japanese grammar#Euphonic changes (音便, onbin)


カリグラフィー

[ka̠ɾʲiɡɯ̟ɾa̠ɸʲiː]

Borrowed from English calligraphy, from French calligraphie, from Ancient Greek καλλιγραφία (kalligraphía).

der

calligraphy (art of writing with decorative strokes)


エストニア語

エストニア語 (canonical)
esutoniago (romanization)

[e̞sɨ̥to̞ɲ̟ia̠ɡo̞]

Compound of エストニア (Esutonia, “Estonia”) + 語 (-go, “language”).


縦中横

縦中横 (canonical)
tatechūyoko (romanization)

縦 (tate, “vertical”) + 中 (chū, “in between”) + 横 (yoko, “horizontal”)

af

(typography) a block of horizontal type laid out within vertical type lines, usually containing halfwidth characters, especially numbers


文字揃え

ja-noun

文(も)字(じ)揃(そろ)え or 文(も)字(じ)揃(ぞろ)え • (mojisoroe or mojizoroe)

文字揃え (canonical)
文字揃え (canonical)
mojisoroe (romanization)
mojizoroe (romanization)


割注

割(わり)注(ちゅう) • (warichū) ^(←わりちゆう (warityuu)?)

割注 (canonical)
warichū (romanization)
warityuu (romanization)
わりちゆう (hiragana historical)

[β̞a̠ɾʲit͡ɕɨː]

(typography) a block of small-sized text, used as a note and placed right next to the word or phrase which it clarifies


組文字

組 (kumi, “group; set”) + 文字 (moji, “character”)

af

(typography, printing) a block of multiple characters arranged in a space equivalent to that of a single character (an imaginary square), usually containing katakana, used to save space


修飾語

ja-noun

修(しゅう)飾(しょく)語(ご) • (shūshokugo) ^(←しうしよくご (siusyokugo)?)

修飾語 (canonical)
shūshokugo (romanization)
siusyokugo (romanization)
しうしよくご (hiragana historical)

[ɕɨːɕo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

Compound of 修(しゅう)飾(しょく) (shūshoku, “to modify”) + 語(ご) (-go, “word; expression”).

ja-compound

Coordinate term: 被修飾語 (hi-shūshokugo)


トークン

ja-noun

トークン • (tōkun)


突厥文字

突厥文字 (canonical)
tokketsu moji (romanization)

Compound of 突厥(とっけつ) (tokketsu) + 文字(もじ) (moji).


接近音

接近音 (canonical)
sekkin'on (romanization)


歯擦音

歯擦音 (canonical)
shisatsuon (romanization)

[ɕisa̠t͡sɨõ̞ɴ]

歯 (shi, “tooth”) + 擦音 (satsuon, “fricative”)


側面音

側面音 (canonical)
sokumen'on (romanization)

[so̞kɯ̟mẽ̞ɰ̃õ̞ɴ]


入破音

ja-noun

入(にゅう)破(は)音(おん) • (nyūhaon) ^(←にふはおん (nifufaon)?)

入破音 (canonical)
nyūhaon (romanization)
nifufaon (romanization)
にふはおん (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟ɨːha̠õ̞ɴ]


舌唇音

舌(ぜっ)唇(しん)音(おん) • (zesshin'on) ^(←ぜつしんおん (zetusin'on)?)

舌唇音 (canonical)
zesshin'on (romanization)
zetusin'on (romanization)
ぜつしんおん (hiragana historical)


反舌音

反舌音 (canonical)
sorijitaon (romanization)

(phonetics) Alternative spelling of 反り舌音: retroflex


吸着音

吸(きゅう)着(ちゃく)音(おん) • (kyūchakuon) ^(←きふちやくおん (kifutyakuon)?)

吸着音 (canonical)
kyūchakuon (romanization)
kifutyakuon (romanization)
きふちやくおん (hiragana historical)

[kʲɨːt͡ɕa̠kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]


放出音

放(ほう)出(しゅつ)音(おん) • (hōshutsuon) ^(←はうしゆつおん (fausyutuon)?)

放出音 (canonical)
hōshutsuon (romanization)
fausyutuon (romanization)
はうしゆつおん (hiragana historical)

[ho̞ːɕɨt͡sɨõ̞ɴ]


声門破裂音

声(せい)門(もん)破(は)裂(れつ)音(おん) • (seimon haretsuon)

声門破裂音 (canonical)
seimon haretsuon (romanization)


唇歯音

唇歯音 (canonical)
shinshion (romanization)


反り舌音

反り舌音 (canonical)
sorijitaon (romanization)

[so̞ɾʲiʑita̠õ̞ɴ]


咽頭音

From 咽頭(いんとう) (intō, “pharynx”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


口蓋垂音

口蓋垂音 (canonical)
kōgaisuion (romanization)

[ko̞ːɡa̠isɨiõ̞ɴ]

From 口(こう)蓋(がい)垂(すい) (kōgaisui, “palatine uvula”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


声門音

声門音 (canonical)
seimon'on (romanization)

[se̞ːmõ̞ɰ̃õ̞ɴ]

声門破裂音

声門破裂音 せいもんはれつおん


硬口蓋音

ja-noun

硬(こう)口(こう)蓋(がい)音(おん) • (kōkōgaion) ^(←かうこうがいおん (kaukougaion)?)

硬口蓋音 (canonical)
kōkōgaion (romanization)
kaukougaion (romanization)
かうこうがいおん (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːko̞ːɡa̠iõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 硬(こう)口(こう)蓋(がい) (kōkōgai, “hard palate”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


舌背音

ja-noun

舌(ぜっ)背(ぱい)音(おん) • (zeppaion) ^(←ぜつぱいおん (zetupaion)?)

舌背音 (canonical)
zeppaion (romanization)
zetupaion (romanization)
ぜつぱいおん (hiragana historical)


前舌母音

前(まえ)舌(じた)母(ぼ)音(いん) • (maejita boin) ^(←まへじたぼいん (mafezitaboin)?)

前舌母音 (canonical)
maejita boin (romanization)
mafezitaboin (romanization)
まへじたぼいん (hiragana historical)


前舌母音

前舌母音 (canonical)
zenzetsu boin (romanization)


舌頂音

舌(ぜっ)頂(ちょう)音(おん) • (zetchōon) ^(←ぜつちやうおん (zetutyauon)?)

舌頂音 (canonical)
zetchōon (romanization)
zetutyauon (romanization)
ぜつちやうおん (hiragana historical)


歯茎音

[ha̠ɡɯ̟kʲiõ̞ɴ]

From 歯(は)茎(ぐき) (haguki, “gingiva; gums”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


歯茎音

From 歯(し)茎(けい) (shikei, “gingiva; gums”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


中舌母音

中舌母音 (canonical)
nakajita boin (romanization)


中舌母音

ja-noun

中(ちゅう)舌(ぜつ)母(ぼ)音(いん) • (chūzetsu boin) ^(←ちゆうぜつぼいん (tyuuzetuboin)?)

中舌母音 (canonical)
chūzetsu boin (romanization)
tyuuzetuboin (romanization)
ちゆうぜつぼいん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːze̞t͡sɨbo̞ĩɴ]


語用論

[ɡo̞jo̞ːɾõ̞ɴ]


形態論

形態論 (canonical)
keitairon (romanization)

[ke̞ːta̠iɾõ̞ɴ]


記号学

記(き)号(ごう)学(がく) • (kigōgaku) ^(←きがうがく (kigaugaku)?)

記号学 (canonical)
kigōgaku (romanization)
kigaugaku (romanization)
きがうがく (hiragana historical)

[kʲiɡo̞ːɡa̠kɯ̟]


社会言語学

社(しゃ)会(かい)言(げん)語(ご)学(がく) • (shakai gengogaku) ^(←しやくわいげんごがく (syakwaigengogaku)?)

社会言語学 (canonical)
shakai gengogaku (romanization)
syakwaigengogaku (romanization)
しやくわいげんごがく (hiragana historical)

[ɕa̠ka̠i ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞ɡa̠kɯ̟]