零

From Middle Chinese 零 (MC leng) with an original meaning of a small rainfall. The character was later repurposed in 1248 by mathematician Li Ye as a placeholder, extending from its a little bit (of rain) meaning to indicate a bit more remaining. In Li Ye's notation, a number like 302 would be represented as 三百零二 (èr), literally three hundred and remaining two, with the 零 character used as a means of skipping the tens place, by indicating zero tens. It would thus implicitly take on the meaning of zero.

lang

「算木」を超えた男: もう一つの近代数学の誕生と関孝和

「算木」を超えた男: もう一つの近代数学の誕生と関孝和


米

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)


米

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
man'yōgana

⟨ko₂me₂⟩ → */kəməj/ → /kome/
From Old Japanese. First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 渠梅. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kəmay.
Many theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Perhaps from 籠め (kome), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 籠める (komeru, “do with one's heart”), from the way rice is farmed. The accent of kome in the Heian period is , while kome- in the Heian period is .
* Possibly cognate with Proto-Vietic *kəːm (“cooked rice”), modern cơm.
* Possibly cognate with Proto-Austronesian *Semay and Old Chinese 糜 (OC *mral). However, this is extremely speculative; none of the known derivations from Proto-Austronesian *Semay develop initial /k/, nor is this shift explainable by any known mechanism within Japonic.


米

⟨yo₂nai⟩ → */jənai/ → */jəne/ → /jone/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Possibly from Proto-Japonic *jənaC- (Vovin, 1998) and related to 稲 (ine, “rice plant”).
Unknown "-C-" consonantal segment, reconstructed by Vovin, seems unlikely considering [a ~ e] vowel alternation, seen in bound form yona- and free form yone:
:Compare 藍 (awi → ai, “indigo”) from 青 (awo → ao, “blue”) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle) against 白い /siroi/ from ⟨siro₁ki₁⟩.
The colloquial sense is derived from the components of the 米 kanji: 八 (hachi, “eight”) + 十 (jū, “ten”) + 八 (hachi, “eight”).


送る

ja-verb

送(おく)る • (okuru) transitive godan (stem 送(おく)り (okuri), past 送(おく)った (okutta))

送る (canonical)
okuru (romanization)
送り (stem)
送った (past)
送ら
おくら
okura
送り
おくり
okuri
送る
おくる
okuru
送れ
おくれ
okure
送られる (passive)
おくられる (passive)
okurareru (passive)
送らせる (causative)
送らす (causative)
おくらせる (causative)
おくらす (causative)
okuraseru (causative)
okurasu (causative)
送れる (potential)
おくれる (potential)
okureru (potential)
送ろう (volitional)
おくろう (volitional)
okurō (volitional)
送らない (negative)
おくらない (negative)
okuranai (negative)
送らず (continuative negative)
おくらず (continuative negative)
okurazu (continuative negative)
送ります (formal)
おくります (formal)
okurimasu (formal)
送った (perfective)
おくった (perfective)
okutta (perfective)
送って (conjunctive)
おくって (conjunctive)
okutte (conjunctive)
送れば (conditional hypothetical)
おくれば (conditional hypothetical)
okureba (conditional hypothetical)

日常生活を送る

日常生活 にちじょうせいかつ


億

Fourth grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)

The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation

w:ja:日本漢字能力検定協会


千

a surname, especially from the line of tea ceremony masters


百

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 百 (MC paek, literally “hundred”).

百千

a large number, all sorts, hundreds and thousands

百も承知: → the state of being fully aware of something


十

ja-pos

十(じゅう) or 十(じっ) • (jū or ji') ^(←じふ (zifu)?)

十 (canonical)
十 (canonical)
jū (romanization)
ji' (romanization)
zifu (romanization)
じふ (hiragana historical)

/ʑipʉ/ → /ʑiɸu/ → /ʑɨu/ → /ʑuː//ʑiʔ/ → /ʑi~̚/
From Middle Chinese 十 (MC dzyip).


十

⟨so₁⟩ → */sʷo/ → /so/
From Old Japanese.
Used in compounds.


二

Japanese numerals#Formal numbers
Old Japanese language
Proto-Japonic language

Originally /huta/: *[puta] > [ɸuta]. The ablaut form of 一 (hito2, “one”), which it doubles.
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *puta. Cognate with Japanese 双(ふた) (futa).


八

From Old Japanese 八 (ya), from Proto-Japonic *ya.
The ablaut form of 四 (yo, “four”), which it doubles.


一

/itʉ/ → /it͡sʉ/ → /it͡su/
From Middle Chinese 一 (ʔiɪt̚).


一

From 始め (hajime, “beginning, first”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 始める (hajimeru, “to begin something”).


この

Originally a compound of Old Japanese elements こ (ko, “this”, pronoun) + の (no, possessive, modifies following noun). こ as a pronoun is no longer used individually in modern Japanese.

compound

(anaphorically) this ... I am talking about (only the speaker knows)


万

From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH). Compare modern Cantonese 萬／万 (maan⁶), Hokkien 萬／万 (bān).

1999 October 17, “３(さん)万(まん)年(ねん)の白(しろ)亀(メ) [30,000-Year White Turtle]”, in BOOSTER 5, Konami:

A giant turtle that has lived for over 30,000 years. It has high defense strength.

３万年も生きつづけている巨大カメ。守備力が高い。

Sanman-nen mo ikitsuzukete iru kyodai kame. Shubiryoku ga takai.


万

From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH). Compare modern Hokkien 萬／万 (bān).


万

万 (canonical)
yorozu (romanization)
yorodu (romanization)
よろづ (hiragana historical)

⟨yo₂ro₂du⟩ → */jərədu/ → /jorod͡zu/ → /jorozu/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
Appears to be a compound or inflection, but the derivation is unclear. Possibly related to Korean 여러 (yeoreo, “several, various”), in which case the final /-du/ in the Old Japanese might be a voiced version of the generic numeral nominalizer つ (tsu).


六

六穴

the six hole of the human body, which are the mouth, eye, ear, nose, anus, and genital


六

The ablaut form of 三 (mi, “three”), which it doubles. From Old Japanese 六 (mu), from Proto-Japonic *mu.


六

From Middle Chinese 六 (MC ljuwk). Compare modern Cantonese reading luk6.


開く

ja-verb

開(ひら)く • (hiraku) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 開(ひら)き (hiraki), past 開(ひら)いた (hiraita))

開く (canonical)
hiraku (romanization)
開き (stem)
開いた (past)
開か
ひらか
hiraka
開き
ひらき
hiraki
開く
ひらく
hiraku
開け
ひらけ
hirake
開かれる (passive)
ひらかれる (passive)
hirakareru (passive)
開かせる (causative)
開かす (causative)
ひらかせる (causative)
ひらかす (causative)
hirakaseru (causative)
hirakasu (causative)
開ける (potential)
ひらける (potential)
hirakeru (potential)
開こう (volitional)
ひらこう (volitional)
hirakō (volitional)
開かない (negative)
ひらかない (negative)
hirakanai (negative)
開かず (continuative negative)
ひらかず (continuative negative)
hirakazu (continuative negative)
開きます (formal)
ひらきます (formal)
hirakimasu (formal)
開いた (perfective)
ひらいた (perfective)
hiraita (perfective)
開いて (conjunctive)
ひらいて (conjunctive)
hiraite (conjunctive)
開けば (conditional hypothetical)
ひらけば (conditional hypothetical)
hirakeba (conditional hypothetical)
開か (irrealis stem)
ひらか (irrealis stem)
firaka (irrealis)
開き (continuative stem)
ひらき (continuative stem)
firaki (continuative)
開く (stem terminative)
ひらく (stem terminative)
firaku (terminative)
開く (attributive stem)
ひらく (attributive stem)
firaku (attributive)
開け (realis stem)
ひらけ (realis stem)
firake (realis)
開け (imperative stem)
ひらけ (imperative stem)
firake (imperative)
開かず (negative)
ひらかず (negative)
firakazu (negative)
開けど (contrastive)
ひらけど (contrastive)
firakedo (contrastive)
開けば (causative)
ひらけば (causative)
firakeba (causative)
開かば (conditional)
ひらかば (conditional)
firakaba (conditional)
開きき (past)
ひらきき (past)
firakiki (past)
開きけり (past)
ひらきけり (past)
firakikeri (past)
開きつ (perfect)
ひらきつ (perfect)
firakitu (perfect)
開きぬ (perfect)
ひらきぬ (perfect)
firakinu (perfect)
開けり (continuative perfect)
開きたり (continuative perfect)
ひらけり (continuative perfect)
ひらきたり (continuative perfect)
firakeri (continuative perfect)
firakitari (continuative perfect)
開かむ (volitional)
ひらかむ (volitional)
firakamu (volitional)

(proofreading, orthography) to write a Japanese word using hiragana


〇

二〇〇七年七月二三日

nisenshichi nen shichigatsu nijūsannichi

positional notation
positional notation#English

Used to write zero in kanji positional notation.


九

九牛一毛

nine cows one hair (a drop in the ocean)


九

九 (canonical)
kyū (romanization)
kiu (romanization)
きう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Borrowed after palatalization occurred in Middle Chinese. Compare modern Hakka 九 (giu³).


九

From Early Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.


九

From Old Japanese from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.


九

/kokono/ → /kono/
Abbreviation of Old Japanese 九 (kokono, “nine”).

ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお


七

From Old Japanese 七 (nana), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *nana.


五

五節句

the five seasonal festivals of the Japanese calendar

五経

(Confucianism) Four Books and Five Classics

五人組

Five Households (Edo era civil defence units)

五稜郭

Goryōkaku, a star-shaped fort in Hakodate


五

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *etu.


五

From Middle Chinese 五 (MC nguX). Compare modern Hokkien reading gō͘.


v

(text messaging, Internet slang, dated) <3


四

ja-pos

四(スー) • (sū)

小四喜

四喜和 (sūshīhō)

大四喜

四喜和 (sūshīhō)


三

三猿

see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil; three monkeys

三大都市

three major cities (usu. Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya)


三

Borrowing from Mandarin 三 (sān), with the pitch accent different from etymology 1.


三

⟨mi₁⟩ → /mi/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *mi.
Likely an apophonic form of 六 (mu, “six”), compare 四 (yo, “four”) with 八 (ya, “eight”).

一、二、三、四、[…]


三

三(みい) • (mī)

一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十

hī, fū, mī, yō, itsu, mū, nā, yā, kō, tō

one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten


日本語

ja-noun

日(に)本(ほん)語(ご) or 日(にっ)本(ぽん)語(ご) • (nihongo or nippongo)

日本語 (canonical)
日本語 (canonical)
nihongo (romanization)
nippongo (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋɡo̞]

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋɡo̞]

From 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suf

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第(だい)131(ひゃくさんじゅういち)局(きょく) 試(ため)される伊(い)角(すみ) [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 56:

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


w

このバカｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ(´∀`*)

ちょ ｗｗｗ お前のツイート伸びすぎ ｗｗｗ 有名人じゃん ｗｗｗｗｗ

cho ｗｗｗ omae no tsuīto nobisugi ｗｗｗ yūmeijin jan ｗｗｗｗｗ

yo hol up, your tweet's crazy popular 🔥😂 you're goddamn famous 😂

(Internet slang, often repeated) LOL; an expression of amusement or laughter.


文

A later borrowing from Middle Chinese. Compare modern Min Nan reading bûn, Hakka vûn.


儘

Sound shift from 随(まにま) (manima, “state of following other's will or the way things develop”).

ja-r

北川さんの「見っけた写真」〔ママ〕


兆

ja-pos

兆(ちょう) • (chō)

5000兆円欲しい！


京

京人形

京人形 きょうにんぎょう

平城京

平城京 へいじょうきょう

ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 10¹⁶


京

京 (canonical)
kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

京言葉 (kyōkotoba)

京料理 (kyōryōri, literally “Kyōto cuisine”)

京の着倒れ、大阪の食い倒れ

Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).


京

宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) + 処 (ko, “place”).


傍

傍線

(typography) sideline; vertical equivalent of the underline


倍

2倍

(typography) a multiple of 全角 (zenkaku, “fullwidth/-height”) or 1 em in Western typography

(typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 88 mils, ⁸⁸⁄₁₀₀₀ in, 8 U (U) and ¹⁄₁₆ 段 (dan)


参

/samʉ/ → /saɴ/
From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sam).

Alternative spelling of 三 (san): 3, three


冠

(poetry) first (traditionally, five) morae of a haiku, etc.; specifically, the first verse or line of a poem


冠

[kã̠mːɯ̟ɾʲi]

[kã̠mbɯ̟ɾʲi]

The modern spelling. A shift from kōburi above, historical kauburi. Also encountered is kanburi.


垓

A number of 10²⁰ in modern Japanese since 17th century.


名

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *na (compare Okinawan 名 (nā)).

名を連ねる

名ばかりの

2013 July 20, “暗(あん)黒(こく)界(かい)の騎(き)士(し) ズール [Zure, Knight of the Dark World]”, in ハーフデッキ 闇(やみ) [Half-Deck: DARK], Konami:

Everyone in the Dark World knows the name of this illustrious knight. He never oppresses the commoners.

暗黒界でその名を知らぬ者はいない、誇り高き騎士。決して弱き者に手を下す事はない。

Ankokukai de sono na o shiranu mono wa inai, hokoritakaki kishi. Kesshite yowaki mono ni te o kudasu koto wa nai.


名

From Middle Chinese 名 (MC mjieng, “name”).


塵

塵 (canonical)
jin (romanization)
ぢん (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 塵 (MC drin). First attested in a Buddhist text from the 600s.


態

(grammar) voice - a particular mode of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses.


字

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

たく郡（河北省）の人。字は玄徳。

Taku-gun (Kahoku-shō) no hito. Azana wa Gentoku.

Of Zhuo Commandery. Courtesy name Xuande.


徒

徒花

blossom that bear no fruit; things which being gorgeous in the pretence but worthless in actuality

蕉風俳諧(しょうふうはいかい) 蕉風俳諧#Japanese

(historical, poetry) the term of the 蕉風俳諧(しょうふうはいかい) (shōfūhaikai, “Bashō style haikai”) to indicate innocent and humorous style


性

From Middle Chinese 性 (MC sjengH, “nature of something, inherent quality”).
The kan'on, so a later borrowing.


感

(grammar) Clipping of 感動詞 (kandōshi, “interjection”).


形

形 (canonical)
形 (canonical)
gata (romanization)
gada (romanization)

Derived from kata above. The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Found most commonly as a suffixing element in compounds.
The standalone noun sense was originally a shortening of 女形 (onnagata, literally “woman form”), a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater. This noun sense is only spelled with the 形 kanji.

(kabuki, theater) Short for 女形 (onnagata), a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater


形

From Middle Chinese 形 (MC heng). Compare modern Mandarin 形 (xíng). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

過去形

将来形

連用形

命令形

(Japanese grammar) a conjugation form of a verb


形

Kyūjitai
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Shinjitai

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
From 成り (nari), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of the verb 成る (naru, “to become”).
First attested as a suffix on a noun in the 曾我物語 (Soga Mongatari), of uncertain dating but probably in the late 1300s. As a suffix on a verb stem, first attested from 1927.


歯

/pa/ > /ɸa/ > /ha/.
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pa. Cognate with Okinawan 歯 (hā).

(typography) a unit equal to 1 Q (kyū) and 0.25 mm, abbreviated as H; ha is used for spacing, while Q is used for font size


段

Meronym: 行 (gyō, “line”)

段数

段間

(typography) the equivalent to a column in Western layout, but that can be horizontal or vertical depending on the writing direction


段

(typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 1408 mils, ¹⁴⁰⁸⁄₁₀₀₀ in, 128 U (U) and 16 倍 (bai)


歌

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ota.


澗

undecillion, a number of 10³⁶ in modern Japanese since 17th century.


溝

ja-noun

溝(こう) • (kō)

海溝


法

法 (canonical)
hō (romanization)
fafu (romanization)
はふ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 法 (MC pjop). Originally, the kan'on was はふ (fafu), and the goon was ほふ (fofu), although both became ほう (hō) in modern Japanese. It is suggested that the kan'on was used in the general senses, while the goon was used in Buddhist contexts.


海

⟨umi₁⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/
From Old Japanese, theorized as descending from Proto-Japonic *omi.
Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Shift from 大 (ō-, “big, great”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form).
: This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
* From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”), and in the 海 (una) element in various ancient terms (see below).

海を渡る

cross over the ocean → go to a foreign country

(calligraphy) in a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”), a reservoir where water is stored


正

ja-pos

正(まさし) or 正(ただし) or 正(たゞし) • (Masashi or Tadashi)

正 (canonical)
正 (canonical)
正 (canonical)
Masashi (romanization)
Tadashi (romanization)


秭

A trillion trillion, 10²⁴, or a septillion of modern English in modern Japanese since 17th century.


穂

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *po.


続

続編

a sequel, a continuation of an earlier work

(by extension, literature and other media) next installment


続

(literature and other media) next installment


相

相 (canonical)
sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese. Goon, so likely an earlier borrowing than the shō reading.


級

級 (canonical)
kyū (romanization)
kifu (romanization)
きふ (hiragana historical)

/kipu/ → /kiɸu/ → */kiwu/ → /kiu/ → /kyuː/.
From Middle Chinese 級 (MC kip).

最上級

最上級 さいじょうきゅう

収束級数

収束級数 しゅうそくきゅうすう

無限級数

無限級数 むげんきゅうすう

等差級数

等差級数 とうさきゅうすう

等比級数

等比級数 とうひきゅうすう

調和級数

調和級数 ちょうわきゅうすう

(typography) a unit equal to 1 H (ha) and 0.25 mm, abbreviated as Q, which happens to be the initial of English quarter; Q is used for font size, while ha is used for spacing


繞

繞 (canonical)
nyō (romanization)
neu (romanization)
ねう (hiragana historical)

Chinese character radical that covers the left and bottom of a Chinese character


ABC

ja-noun

ABC(エービーシー) • (ēbīshī)

[e̞ːbʲiːɕiː]


芝

Compound of し (shi, adjectival ending) + 様 (sama, “kind, type”). The sama changes to zama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 芝 was used as an ateji, probably based on its on'yomi of shi.

compound

This is the nomenclature used in the grammar devised by 富士谷成章 (Fujitani Nariakira), a classical Japanese scholar and grammarian in the middle Edo period. Modern i adjectives still had the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) ending in -shi in the mid-Edo period, hence Fujitani's description of these as the “shi-type” of adjective.

(grammar, obsolete) “shi-type”, referring to the i adjective in Japanese grammar, specifically the ク活用 (ku katsuyō, “ku inflection”), corresponding to modern Japanese adjectives ending in -i but not -shii


言

From Middle Chinese 言 (MC ngjon, “speech”).


語

日本語 ― nihongo ― Japanese

英語 ― eigo ― English

スペイン語 ― supeingo ― Spanish


語

語釈

explanation or explication of a word, term, phrase, or clause

語勢

stress, tone, or emphasis; a manner of speaking

語弊

a misleading expression; a misunderstanding

Short for 物語 (monogatari): story, tale, narrative


話

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *panas-.

何の話をしてるの？


隹

[ɸɯ̟ɾɯ̟to̞ɾʲi]


隹

the name of the "old bird" radical (隹), e.g. 隺


韻

韻 (canonical)
in (romanization)
ゐん (hiragana historical)

(phonetics) a rhyme group in Chinese rhyme dictionaries, consisting of kanji sharing the same or similar finals


項

項 (canonical)
kō (romanization)
kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)


行

行 (canonical)
gyō (romanization)
gyau (romanization)
ぎやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 行 (MC haeng). First cited in Buddhist texts of the early 600s.
The goon pronunciation, so likely an earlier borrowing.
* For the "formations" definition, translation of Sanskrit संस्कार (saṃskāra)
* For "austerities", translation of Sanskrit चर्या (caryā)
* For "walking", translation of Sanskrit गमन (gamana)

(calligraphy) Abbreviation of 行書 (“semi-cursive script”).


鱗

(typography) serif (on Chinese characters)


音

*/ʔiəm/ → /əmʉ/ → /omʉ/ → /oɴ/
From Middle Chinese 音 (MC 'im).


インドネシア語

インドネシア語 (canonical)
Indoneshiago (romanization)

bahasa Indonesia, Indonesian; the national language of Indonesia


字典

ja-noun

字(じ)典(てん) or 字(もじ)典(てん) • (jiten or mojiten)

字典 (canonical)
字典 (canonical)
jiten (romanization)
mojiten (romanization)

dictionary of kanji; Han character dictionary


漢字

→ English: Kanji, kanji

→ French: kanji

→ German: Kanji

→ Indonesian: kanji

→ Portuguese: kanji

→ Russian: кандзи́ (kandzí)

→ Spanish: kanji

→ Thai: คันจิ (kan-jì)

From Middle Chinese compound 漢字 (MC xanH dziH, literally “Han Chinese + character”). Compare modern Mandarin 漢字／汉字 (hànzì), Hokkien 漢字／汉字 (hàn-jī / hàn-lī).

zh-l

漢字／汉字 (hànzì)


英語

Borrowed from Chinese 英語／英语 (Yīngyǔ), or a compound coined in Japan of 英 (ei, “England”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

私は英語で話すことが出来ます。

Watashi wa Eigo de hanasu koto ga dekimasu.

貴方は英語が話せますか？

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は


ほ

ho (romanization)
fo (romanization)
ほ (hiragana historical)


中国語

中国語 (canonical)
Chūgokugo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (chūgoku, “China”) + 語(ご) (-go, “language”)


漢語

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Sino-Japanese vocabulary
ja:漢語

From Middle Chinese 漢語 (MC xanH ngjoX, “Han, Chinese + speech, language”).

ltc-l

kango, a Japanese word of Chinese origin, or a Japanese word coined along Chinese lines (a Sino-Japanese word)

the ancient Chinese language, the language of the Han (漢／汉 (hàn)) ethnicity


国字

kokuji (kanji invented outside of China)


旧字体

ja-noun

旧(きゅう)字(じ)体(たい) • (kyūjitai) ^(←きうじたい (kiuzitai)?)

旧字体 (canonical)
kiuzitai (romanization)
きうじたい (hiragana historical)

旧 (kyū-, “old”) + 字体 (jitai, “character form”)

prefix

kyūjitai (traditional form of Japanese kanji used before 1947)


新字体

[ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑita̠i]

新 (shin-, “new”) + 字体 (jitai, “character form”).

shinjitai (a form of Japanese kanji used after 1947)


熟語

[d͡ʑɨkɯ̟ɡo̞]


字体

the form of a character that belongs to a system, such as "Old", "New", "Simplified", "Traditional", etc.; this concerns the major, systematic differences, such as which radicals to be used, or stroke counts; compare 字形 (jikei)


品詞

→ Korean: 품사 (pumsa)

Coined in Japanese as a compound of 品 (hin, “item, article”) + 詞 (shi, “word”). First appears in reference to Japanese grammar in the 1874 book 小学日本文典 (Shōgaku Nihon Bunten, “Elementary Japan Grammar Book”) by 田中義廉 (Tanaka Yoshikado). Influenced by, and possibly a partial calque of English part of speech, French partie du discours, or Dutch woordsoort (literally “word sort”).

cal

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Part of speech
ja:品詞
ja:田中義廉


ローマ字

ローマ (“Rome, Roman”) + 字 (“character”).
Note: There is no ン ("n") in ローマ字(じ) • (rōmaji) . ローマ is borrowed from Portuguese. Compare however ローマン体 (“roman type”), which uses ローマン; borrowed from English.


用言

用言 (canonical)
yōgen (romanization)
yougen (romanization)
ようげん (hiragana historical)

用 (“use”) + 言 (“word”), literally “word that expresses function; functional word”. See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).

compound

Coordinate term: 体言 (taigen)

(grammar) an inflected 自立語 (jiritsugo, “free word”) in Japanese or Korean grammar


平板型

平板型 (canonical)
heiban-gata (romanization)

[he̞ːbã̠ŋɡa̠ta̠]

Compound of 平板 (heiban, “flat; monotone”) + 型 (gata, “type”)

(phonetics) monotone type: the most common pitch accent pattern in “standard” Japanese or 標(ひょう)準(じゅん)語(ご) (hyōjungo), as used in the mass media, where no syllable is accented: the first syllable has a low pitch and all subsequent syllables have a higher, gradually lowering pitch


平板式

平板式 (canonical)
heiban-shiki (romanization)

[he̞ːbã̠ɰ̃ɕikʲi]

Compound of 平板 (heiban, “flat; monotone”) + 式 (shiki, “style”)

The pitch accent pattern in Japanese where no syllable is accented: the first syllable has low pitch and all subsequent syllables have higher, gradually lowering pitch.


破擦音

破擦音 (canonical)
hasatsuon (romanization)

Blend of 破裂音 (“plosive”) + 摩擦音 (“fricative”)


唇音

From 唇(しん) (shin, “lips”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


軟口蓋音

軟口蓋音 (canonical)
nankōgaion (romanization)

[nã̠ŋko̞ːɡa̠iõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 軟(なん)口(こう)蓋(がい) (nankōgai, “soft palate”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


舌音

From 舌 (した (ゼツ), tongue) + 音 (おと (オン), sound)

舌端歯茎音

舌端歯茎音 ぜったんしけいおん

舌先歯茎音

舌先歯茎音 ぜっせんしけいおん

舌端裏後部歯茎音

舌端裏後部歯茎音 ぜったんりこうぶしけいおん


摩擦音

摩擦音 (canonical)
masatsuon (romanization)

摩擦音は、唇と唇、齒及び口蓋と舌との如く、副管の局部を甚しく狹窄して、息と聲とが、其の狹窄部に摩擦されるに由て生ずる音で、息と聲とが、持ち來られる間はつゞけられる續音である。無聲音では、フの父音サ行ハ行等の父音、有聲音では、ワ行ヤ行ザ行等が之に屬する。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第一節 父音の分類 [Section 1: Types of Consonants]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 78:

Fricatives are sounds generated by air and phonation friction caused by a tight constriction at places of articulation in the vocal tract, such as bilabial, dental and palatal. Such airflow and phonation is continuously sustained. There are voiceless fricatives, such as the consonant /ɸ/, and the consonants of the sa-row, fa-row, etc.; there are also voiced fricatives, such as those of the wa-row, ya-row, za-row, etc.

Masatuon fa, kutibiru to kutibiru, fa oyobi kougai to sita to no gotoku, fukukan no kyokubu wo itasiku kefusaku site, iki to kowe to ga, sono kefusakubu ni masatu sareru ni yotte syauzuru on de, iki to kowe to ga, motikorareru ma fa tudukerareru zokuon de aru. Museion de fa, fu no fuon sagyau fagyau tou no fuon, iuseion de fa, wagyau yagyau zagyau tou ga kore ni zokusuru.


破裂音

破裂音 (canonical)
haretsuon (romanization)

[ha̠ɾe̞t͡sɨõ̞ɴ]


鼻音

(phonology) a mora that contains a nasal sound, such as に (ni), み (mi), ん (n) or the historically nasalized vowel う (u)


ホラー

ja-noun

ホラー • (horā)

ホラー映画

2002 January 17, Yukiru Sugisaki, “STAGE(ステージ)３(さん) Vol.(ボリューム)５(ご)”, in [D](ディー)・[N](エヌ)・[ANGEL](エンジェル)・ [D.N.Angel], volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, →ISBN, page 10:

A movie!? They went to the Movie Area instead of the Attraction Area!? Oh no!! Is there a screening of that popular horror movie called One Hand now!?

映画ですってぇ⁉アトラクションエリアじゃなくてムービーエリアに行っちゃったの⁉大変‼もしかして 今 大人気の「片手」とかゆうホラームービー⁉

Eiga desuttē⁉ Atorakushon Eria ja nakute Mūbī Eria ni itchatta no⁉ Taihen‼ Moshikashite ima daininki no “Wan Hando” toka yū horā mūbī⁉

horror (as a genre or element of fiction)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:ホラー


アイスランド語

アイスランド語 (canonical)
aisurandogo (romanization)

アイスランド (“あいすらんど, Aisurando, Iceland”) + 語 (“language”)


辞書

From Middle Chinese compound 辤書／辤书 (zi syo, literally “quit + writing”).

a formal document of abdication when one emperor steps down and a new emperor ascends the throne


韓国語

韓国語 (canonical)
kankokugo (romanization)

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

韓国 (Kankoku, “South Korea or just Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”), from South Korean 한국어 (han'gugeo)

suf

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は


スペイン語

スペイン語 (canonical)
supeingo (romanization)

[sɨ̥pe̞ĩŋɡo̞]


翻訳

翻訳する (canonical)
hon'yaku suru (romanization)
翻訳し (stem)
翻訳した (past)
翻訳し
ほんやくし
hon'yaku shi
翻訳する
ほんやくする
hon'yaku suru
翻訳すれ
ほんやくすれ
hon'yaku sure
翻訳せよ (imperative literary)
翻訳しろ (colloquial imperative)
ほんやくせよ (imperative literary)
ほんやくしろ (colloquial imperative)
hon'yaku seyo (imperative literary)
hon'yaku shiro (colloquial imperative)
翻訳される (passive)
ほんやくされる (passive)
hon'yaku sareru (passive)
翻訳させる (causative)
翻訳さす (causative)
ほんやくさせる (causative)
ほんやくさす (causative)
hon'yaku saseru (causative)
hon'yaku sasu (causative)
翻訳できる (potential)
ほんやくできる (potential)
hon'yaku dekiru (potential)
翻訳しよう (volitional)
ほんやくしよう (volitional)
hon'yaku shiyō (volitional)
翻訳しない (negative)
ほんやくしない (negative)
hon'yaku shinai (negative)
翻訳せず (continuative negative)
ほんやくせず (continuative negative)
hon'yaku sezu (continuative negative)
翻訳します (formal)
ほんやくします (formal)
hon'yaku shimasu (formal)
翻訳した (perfective)
ほんやくした (perfective)
hon'yaku shita (perfective)
翻訳して (conjunctive)
ほんやくして (conjunctive)
hon'yaku shite (conjunctive)
翻訳すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ほんやくすれば (conditional hypothetical)
hon'yaku sureba (conditional hypothetical)

[hõ̞ɰ̃ja̠kɯ̟]


普通話

[ɸɯ̟t͡sɨːβ̞a̠]

From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).

zh-m

(uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin


ウィクショナリー

[β̞ikɯ̟ɕo̞na̠ɾʲiː]


新約聖書

ja-pos

新(しん)約(やく)聖(せい)書(しょ) • (Shin'yaku Seisho)

新約聖書 (canonical)
Shin'yaku Seisho (romanization)

[ɕĩɰ̃ja̠kɯ̟̊se̞ːɕo̞]

新 (shin-, “neo-; new”) + 約 (yaku, “contract”) + 聖書 (Seisho, “Bible”)


聖書

→ Yami: seysio


言葉

Heian period
Iroha
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese 言葉 (ko₂to₂ba), attestable since at least the Man'yōshū of 759 CE. In turn, reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *kətənpa.
Compound of 言 (koto, “word”) + 端 (ha, “edge; beginning, end”). The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The term 言 (koto) was formerly the main term for word in Japanese. This term is also cognate with 事 (koto, “thing, fact, event”). The ha may have been added to differentiate from 事 (koto).
The 葉 spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).

com

asobase, the stem of the causative form asobaseru of verb 遊ぶ asobu

that consists of suffixing verbs with the term 遊ばせ

天地の詞: an instructional pangram used in the early Heian period


俗字

a kanji variant that is widespread but not orthodox


小篆

ja-noun

小(しょう)篆(てん) • (shōten) ^(←せうてん (seuten)?)

小篆 (canonical)
shōten (romanization)
seuten (romanization)
せうてん (hiragana historical)


言語学

言語学 (canonical)
gengogaku (romanization)

[ɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞ɡa̠kɯ̟]

Compound of 言語 (gengo, “language”) + 学 (-gaku, “-logy; -graphy”).

suf

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “超兵器ガ壱號 [Super-Weapon GA Mk I]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 76:

Yes, sir… I dreamed of being able to decipher ancient texts, such as Mayan logograms or Cretan…

は…… 古代文学の解読が夢でありましてマヤの絵文字やクレタの……

Ha…… kodai bungaku no kaidoku ga yume de arimashite Maya no emoji ya Kureta no……

は…… 古代文学の解読が夢でありましてマヤの絵文字やクレタの……


会意

(Chinese character classification) compound indicatives

指事: ideogram

六書 (rikusho): The six types of Han characters


六書

The six principles for composing Chinese script.


象形

(Chinese character classification) pictogram, particularly in the sense of 六書 pictograms.


無声

Compound of 無 (mu, “not, non-, without”) + 声 (sei, “voice”).

com

無声音

voiceless sound, voiceless pronunciation


受身形

Compound of 受け身 (ukemi, “passivity; passive voice”) + 形 (kei, “shape, form; grammatical form”).

compound

the passive form or conjugation of a verb


ねほりはほり【根掘り葉掘り】（〜尋ねる）
ネ＼ホリ・ハ＼ホリ
ネホリハ＼ホリ

2016, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典, Tokyo: NHK出版, →ISBN, ね, page 1041:

(lexicography, linguistics) used to denote pitch accent drops


Indicating the lengthening of a pronunciation.


繁体字

From Chinese 繁體字／繁体字 (fántǐzì) (left: traditional / right: simplified).

Traditional Chinese character(s); Traditional Chinese


ポルトガル語

ポルトガル語 (canonical)
porutogarugo (romanization)

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]

ポルトガル (Porutogaru, “Portugal”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


語彙

語彙 (canonical)
goi (romanization)
gowi (romanization)
ごゐ (hiragana historical)

語(ご) (go, “word”) + 彙(い) (i, “collection”)

ja-compound

語彙力

strength (extent, size) of one's vocabulary


To-kyo-

(rare) A romanization of the ー (long vowel mark).


ハム

Daijisen
ja:ハム (曖昧さ回避)
ja:ハム (聖書)
ja:松村明


私語

私語をするんじゃない！

whisper, whispering; private or secret talk


私語

私語する (canonical)
shigo suru (romanization)
私語し (stem)
私語した (past)
私語し
しごし
shigo shi
私語する
しごする
shigo suru
私語すれ
しごすれ
shigo sure
私語せよ (imperative literary)
私語しろ (colloquial imperative)
しごせよ (imperative literary)
しごしろ (colloquial imperative)
shigo seyo (imperative literary)
shigo shiro (colloquial imperative)
私語される (passive)
しごされる (passive)
shigo sareru (passive)
私語させる (causative)
私語さす (causative)
しごさせる (causative)
しごさす (causative)
shigo saseru (causative)
shigo sasu (causative)
私語できる (potential)
しごできる (potential)
shigo dekiru (potential)
私語しよう (volitional)
しごしよう (volitional)
shigo shiyō (volitional)
私語しない (negative)
しごしない (negative)
shigo shinai (negative)
私語せず (continuative negative)
しごせず (continuative negative)
shigo sezu (continuative negative)
私語します (formal)
しごします (formal)
shigo shimasu (formal)
私語した (perfective)
しごした (perfective)
shigo shita (perfective)
私語して (conjunctive)
しごして (conjunctive)
shigo shite (conjunctive)
私語すれば (conditional hypothetical)
しごすれば (conditional hypothetical)
shigo sureba (conditional hypothetical)


アルファベット

[a̠ɾɯ̟ɸa̠be̞t̚to̞]


外国語

外国語 (canonical)
gaikokugo (romanization)

外国 (gaikoku, “foreign country”) + 語 (-go, “language, -ese”).

suffix

外国語を知らない者は自分自身の言語について何も知らない。

Gaikokugo o shiranai mono wa jibun jishin no gengo ni tsuite nani mo shiranai .

Those who do not know foreign languages know nothing about their own language.


新聞

lang

言(げん)泉(せん) : 日(にっ)本(ぽん)大(だい)辞(じ)典(てん). 第(だい)3(さん)巻(かん)

lj

􂀿言􂁀(げん)􂀿泉􂁀(せん) : 􂀿日􂁀(にっ)􂀿本􂁀(ぽん)􂀿大􂁀(だい)􂀿辞􂁀(じ)􂀿典􂁀(てん). 􂀿第􂁀(だい)􂀿3􂁀(さん)􂀿巻􂁀(かん)


P

From English producer. The VOCALOID sense may have arisen from an extension of the concept of producers in THE IDOLM@STER; both THE IDOLM@STER and VOCALOID were/are popular topics on the Niconico video sharing website.

ささくれP

(more specifically) Used in the names of musicians who produce music featuring VOCALOID or adjacent software.


P

MS Pゴシック

プロポーショナル プロポーショナル#Japanese

(typography, especially in typeface names) Initialism of プロポーショナル (puropōshonaru, “proportional”).


U

(typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 11 mils, ¹¹⁄₁₀₀₀ in, ¹⁄₈ 倍 (bai) and ¹⁄₁₂₈ 段 (dan)


文字

From Middle Chinese 文字 (MC mjun dziH, literally “writing + character”). Compare modern Cantonese reading man⁴ zi⁶.


文字

/mond͡ʑi/ → /mod͡ʑi/
Sound shift from monji above.

transfer through an inappropriate character set


百科事典

ja-noun

百(ひゃっ)科(か)事(じ)典(てん) • (hyakka jiten) ^(←ひやくくわじてん (fyakukwaziten)?)

百科事典 (canonical)
hyakka jiten (romanization)
fyakukwaziten (romanization)
ひやくくわじてん (hiragana historical)

[ça̠k̚ka̠ d͡ʑitẽ̞ɴ]

百科 (hyakka, “all categories”) + 事典 (jiten, “subject-book”)


キリル文字

キリル文字 (canonical)
Kiriru moji (romanization)

[kʲiɾʲiɾɯ̟ mo̞ʑi]

キリル (Kiriru, Slavic given name Kirill, cognate of Cyril) + 文字 (moji, “letters, characters, script”). See キリル for more.


オメガ

From English omega, or learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὦ μέγα (ô méga).

lbor

ja:Ω
ja:オメガ (曖昧さ回避)


未来

From Middle Chinese 未來 (MC mj+jH loj). Originally a Buddhist calque of Sanskrit अनागत (anāgata, “not yet come; future”, past participle), from अन्- (an-, “not”) + आगत (āgata, “what has come”), from the verb root आगम् (āgam, “to come”).


二十

二十 (canonical)
nijū (romanization)
nizifu (romanization)
にじふ (hiragana historical)


二十

Believed to be cognate with 果(は)て (hate, “end”), with 20 signifying the "limit" of one person's counting ability using two feet and two hands. Already in declining use by the Heian period in favour of 二十(にじゅう) (nijū). Note also Ainu ホッ (hot, “twenty”).

ja-r

二十(にじゅう) (nijū)


二十

ja-noun

二十(ふたそじ) • (futasoji) ^(←ふたそぢ (futasodi)?)

二十 (canonical)
futasoji (romanization)
futasodi (romanization)
ふたそぢ (hiragana historical)


地名

地名のない土地


外来語

外(がい)来(らい)語(ご) • (gairaigo) ^(←ぐわいらいご (gwairaigo)?)

外来語 (canonical)
gairaigo (romanization)
gwairaigo (romanization)
ぐわいらいご (hiragana historical)

Compound of 外来 (gairai, “foreign”) + 語 (-go, “morpheme; word; expression”). First used by Ueda Kazutoshi in 1895, likely as a calque of German Fremdwort.

suf

「ググる」とは外来語だ。

(linguistics) a "recent" loanword, a Japanese word that has been borrowed since the modernization of Japan during the Meiji era from a modern foreign language, especially a European one; compare 借用語 (shakuyōgo)

Gairaigo
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:上田萬年
ja:外来語


ルビ

Coordinate term: 親文字


事典

ja-noun

事(じ)典(てん) or 事(こと)典(てん) • (jiten or kototen)

事典 (canonical)
事典 (canonical)
jiten (romanization)
kototen (romanization)

(literally) subject-book, such as a terminology dictionary, flower book, animal book and encyclopedia, etc.

百科事典

百科事典 ひゃっかじてん


振り仮名

振り仮名 (canonical)
furigana (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟ɾʲiɡa̠na̠]

From 振り (furi, “assigning”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 振る (furu, “to assign, to stick on, to apportion”)) + 仮名 (kana). The kana changes to gana as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First cited to 1813.

com

smaller kana printed next to (vertical) or above (horizontal) non-kana text as pronunciation guide


漫画

ja-noun

漫(まん)画(が) or 漫画(マンガ) • (manga) ^(←まんぐわ (mangwa)?)

漫画 (canonical)
漫画 (canonical)
mangwa (romanization)
まんぐわ (hiragana historical)

→ Cantonese: 漫畫／漫画 (maan⁶ waa⁶⁻²)

→ Danish: manga

desctree

→ English: manga
→ Hindi: मांगा (māṅgā), माँगा (māṅgā), मैंगा (maiṅgā)

→ French: manga

→ German: Manga

→ Hakka: 漫畫／漫画 (man-fa, mang-ká)

desc

→ Hokkien: 漫畫／漫画 (bān-ōa, bān-ūi, bān-ōe, bàng-gà)

→ Khmer: ម៉ានហ្គា (maangaa)

→ Indonesian: manga

desctree

→ Korean: 만화 (manhwa)
→ English: manhwa
→ French: manhwa
→ Russian: ма́нхва (mánxva)
→ Ukrainian: ма́нхва (mánxva)

→ Macedonian: манга (manga)

→ Mandarin: 漫畫／漫画 (mànhuà)

→ English: manhua

→ French: manhua

→ Russian: маньхуа́ (manʹxuá)

desc

→ Ukrainian: маньхуа́ (manʹxuá), ма́ньхва (mánʹxva)

→ Mongolian: манга (manga)

→ Portuguese: mangá

desctree

→ Russian: ма́нга (mánga)
→ Bashkir: манга (manga)
→ Tatar: манга (manga)

→ Thai: มังงะ (mang-ngá)

→ Ukrainian: ма́нґа (mánga)

→ Vietnamese: mạn họa

→ Wu: 漫畫／漫画 (⁶me-gho)

National Diet Library
Santō Kyōden
ja:国立国会図書館
ja:山東京伝
ja:鶴屋喜右衛門

/manɡwa/ → /manɡa/
Coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 漫 (man, “as one pleases”) + 画 (ga, “picture”). First appears in 1798 in the foreword to Santō Kyōden's picture book 四時交加 (Shīshi Kōga) already using the modern simplified kanji spelling of 漫画.


母語

英語を母語として話す人。

2009, Okada, Hideo [岡田英夫], 日(に)本(ほん)語(ご)教(きょう)育(いく)能(のう)力(りょく)検(けん)定(てい)試(し)験(けん)に合(ごう)格(かく)するための基(き)礎(そ)知(ち)識(しき) [Fundamentals for Passing the JLPT], revised edition, page 24:

Around the world, and in some parts of Japan, English immersion is becoming a widespread method of second language acquisition which sacrifices neither one's mother tongue nor traditional education.

母語と教科学習のいずれも犠牲にしない第二言語獲得の方式として世界各地に広まり、日本でも一部で、英語イマージョン教育が取り入れられています。

Bogo to kyōka gakushū no izure mo gisei ni shinai daini gengo kakutoku no hōshiki to shite sekai kakuchi ni hiromari, Nihon de mo ichibu de, Eigo imājon kyōiku ga toriirerarete imasu.

a first language, a mother tongue, a native tongue, a native language


母語

Calque of French langue mère, or of German Ursprache.

(linguistics, uncommon) a proto-language, a mother language (from which later daughter languages evolve)


直訳

直訳する (canonical)
chokuyaku suru (romanization)
直訳し (stem)
直訳した (past)
直訳し
ちょくやくし
chokuyaku shi
直訳する
ちょくやくする
chokuyaku suru
直訳すれ
ちょくやくすれ
chokuyaku sure
直訳せよ (imperative literary)
直訳しろ (colloquial imperative)
ちょくやくせよ (imperative literary)
ちょくやくしろ (colloquial imperative)
chokuyaku seyo (imperative literary)
chokuyaku shiro (colloquial imperative)
直訳される (passive)
ちょくやくされる (passive)
chokuyaku sareru (passive)
直訳させる (causative)
直訳さす (causative)
ちょくやくさせる (causative)
ちょくやくさす (causative)
chokuyaku saseru (causative)
chokuyaku sasu (causative)
直訳できる (potential)
ちょくやくできる (potential)
chokuyaku dekiru (potential)
直訳しよう (volitional)
ちょくやくしよう (volitional)
chokuyaku shiyō (volitional)
直訳しない (negative)
ちょくやくしない (negative)
chokuyaku shinai (negative)
直訳せず (continuative negative)
ちょくやくせず (continuative negative)
chokuyaku sezu (continuative negative)
直訳します (formal)
ちょくやくします (formal)
chokuyaku shimasu (formal)
直訳した (perfective)
ちょくやくした (perfective)
chokuyaku shita (perfective)
直訳して (conjunctive)
ちょくやくして (conjunctive)
chokuyaku shite (conjunctive)
直訳すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ちょくやくすれば (conditional hypothetical)
chokuyaku sureba (conditional hypothetical)


アクセント

Japanese pitch accent
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:アクセント

(linguistics) accent (stronger articulation)

大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉

(fashion, design) an accessory, an accent piece

京阪式アクセント

Kansai pitch accent, Kyoto-Osaka type accent

(linguistics) accent (regional pronunciation)


半角

[hã̠ŋka̠kɯ̟]

半 (“half-”) + 角 (“square”), modeled after 全角 (zenkaku)

半角クワタ

半角スペース

半角ダッシュ

半角文字

(attributive, computing, typography, of an East Asian character or glyph) the state of being halfwidth which, in early computer encoding, occupies 1 byte, and in modern typography, visually either equals 1 en or proportional


漢文

漢文訓読

漢文訓読 かんぶんくんどく

annotating Literary Chinese so that it can be read using Japanese grammatical structure

変体漢文

変体漢文 へんたいかんぶん

Literary Chinese with heavy Japanese-language influence


外字

外字 (canonical)
gaiji (romanization)
gwaizi (romanization)
ぐわいじ (hiragana historical)

A character not included in a standard set of characters, such as JIS or Unicode. Often found in names of Japanese people and places.


平仮名

Compound of 平 (hira, “flat, smooth”) + 仮名 (kana). The kana changes to gana as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Firagana. ヒラガナ (平仮名) 日本の文字の一種.


片仮名

Compound of 片 (kata, “part”) + 仮名 (kana). 片 is in turn a cognate with 方 (kata).

カタカナ語 カタカナ語#Japanese

Katakana, a set of Japanese syllabary characters, secondary to hiragana, derived from portions of Chinese characters whose sounds approximate the Japanese sound being represented. Chiefly thought of as being used for loanwords (cf. カタカナ語 (“loanword”, literally “katakana word”)), it has a number of other uses too, complementing hiragana; see Katakana on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


アイ

The name of the Latin-script letter I/i.


左側

左側 (canonical)
hidarigawa (romanization)

[çida̠ɾʲiɡa̠β̞a̠]

(fandom slang) top (referring to the order of names in pairings)


ベータ

ja-noun

ベータ • (bēta)

From English beta or learned borrowing from Ancient Greek βῆτα (bêta).


アイルランド語

アイルランド語 (canonical)
airurandogo (romanization)

[a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞ɡo̞]

アイルランド (airurando, “Ireland”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


言語

言語 (canonical)
gengo (romanization)
げんご (hiragana historical)


言語

言語 (canonical)
gongo (romanization)
ごんご (hiragana historical)


言語

ja-noun

言(げん)語(ぎょ) • (gengyo) ^(←げんぎよ (gengyo)?)

言語 (canonical)
gengyo (romanization)
げんぎよ (hiragana historical)


語彙素

語彙 (goi, “vocabulary”) + 素 (so, “element”)


形態素

Compound of 形態 (keitai, “form”) + 素 (so, “element”).


無量大数

ja-noun

無(む)量(りょう)大(たい)数(すう) • (muryōtaisū) ^(←むりやうたいすう (muryautaisuu)?)

無量大数 (canonical)
muryōtaisū (romanization)
muryautaisuu (romanization)
むりやうたいすう (hiragana historical)

In the traditional Japanese number system, 10⁶⁸ or one hundred unvigintillion in the American system. Also said to be 10⁸⁸.


阿僧祇

In the traditional Japanese number system, 10⁵⁶ or one hundred septendecillion of the American system.


恒河沙

[ɡo̞ːɡa̠ɕa̠]

From Middle Chinese 恆河沙 (MC hong ha srae), calque of Sanskrit गंगानदी वालुका (gaṃgānadī vālukā, “sand of the Ganges River”).
The current usage as the number 10⁵² was first fixed by the Jinkōki (塵劫記), 1634.

cog

गंगानदी वालुका

(etymology, Buddhism) a metaphor of the extremely large number


那由他

In the traditional Japanese number system, 10⁶⁰ or one novemdecillion of the American system.


印欧祖語

印欧祖語 (canonical)
In'ō Sogo (romanization)

[ĩɰ̃o̞ː so̞ɡo̞]

Compound of 印(いん) (in, “Indian, Indo-”) + 欧(おう) (ō, “European”) + 祖(そ)語(ご) (sogo, “proto-language”).


いけ

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *ikay.

池: (calligraphy) part of an inkstone where water is stored


アラビア語

アラビア語 (canonical)
Arabia-go (romanization)


容認発音

容認発音 (canonical)
yōnin hatsuon (romanization)

Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation


妨げ音

妨げ音 (canonical)
samatageon (romanization)


共鳴音

[kʲo̞ːme̞ːõ̞ɴ]

From 共鳴(きょうめい) (kyōmei, “resonance”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


作者

→ Chinese: 作者 (zuòzhě)

→ Korean: 작자 (jakja)

→ Vietnamese: tác giả

[sa̠kɯ̟̊ɕa̠]

1993 November 25 [1989 May 20], Mitsuru Adachi, “第(だい)27(にじゅうしち)話(わ) 直(なお)人(と)の想(おも)い [Chapter 27: What Naoto Wants]”, in スロー(SLOW)ステップ(STEP) [Slow Step], 11th edition, volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 74:

……作者思いだね

……作者思いだね

……作者思いだね

……作者思いだね

……作者思いだね

……作者思いだね

the creator of a work, such as an author, writer, poet, or artist


鉛筆

鉛筆 (canonical)
enpitsu (romanization)
本 (counter)


鉛筆

(dialect, Ibaraki) a pencil (graphite writing-instrument)


書法

書法 (canonical)
shohō (romanization)
syofau (romanization)
しょはう (hiragana historical)


ドイツ語

ドイツ語 (canonical)
doitsugo (romanization)


フランス語

フランス語 (canonical)
Furansu-go (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨɡo̞]

From フランス (Furansu, “France”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suf

ジョンさんはフランス語ができる。

1997 July 17, Seimaru Amagi with Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル17(じゅうしち) 仏(ふ)蘭(らん)西(す)銀(ぎん)貨(か)殺(さつ)人(じん)事(じ)件(けん)⑭(じゅうよん) [File 17: The French Silver Coin Murder Case #14]”, in 金(きん)田(だ)一(いち)少(しょう)年(ねん)の事(じ)件(けん)簿(ぼ) [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 25 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN:

“L’Oiseau” — meaning “The Bird” in French

「ロワゾ」——フランス語で「鳥」という意味よ

“Rowazo”—— Furansu-go de “Tori” to iu imi yo


草書

草書 (canonical)
sōsho (romanization)
sausyo (romanization)
さうしよ (hiragana historical)


不可算

ja-noun

不(ふ)可(か)算(ざん) or 不(ふ)可(か)算(さん) • (fukazan or fukasan)

不可算 (canonical)
不可算 (canonical)
fukazan (romanization)
fukasan (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟ka̠sã̠ɴ]

不(ふ) (fu-, “un-”) + 可(か)算(さん) (kasan, “countable”)

com-ja

不可算名詞

不可算名詞 ふかざんめいし


孟子

孟子 (canonical)
Mōshi (romanization)
Mausi (romanization)
まうし (hiragana historical)

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics


カレリア語

カレリア語 (canonical)
Kareriago (romanization)


和語

Probably a coinage in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 和 (wa, “Japan, Japanese”) + 語 (go, “language, word”).

compound

Japanese language
Yamato kotoba
ja:大和言葉
ja:日本語

外来語: foreign words

generally more recent borrowings from other languages


大和言葉

大和言葉 (canonical)
Yamato-kotoba (romanization)

Originally a compound of 大和(やまと) (Yamato, “Japan”) + 言(こと)葉(ば) (kotoba, “word, language”).

ja-compound

a Japanese word of ancient Japanese origin (as opposed to a word borrowed from Chinese, or composed in Japan from Chinese-derived roots)

Japanese songs or poetry (such as tanka)

refined diction, especially the language used in the Heian period, 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally “women's language”), or 女中詞 (jochū kotoba, “the language of court women after the Muromachi period”)


主人公

[shújíńꜜkòò]

From Middle Chinese 主人公 (MC tsyuX nyin kuwng).

この物語の主人公は蛙である。

Kono monogatari no shujinkō wa kaeru de aru.

The main character in this story is a frog.


音読み

[õ̞ɰ̃jo̞mʲi]

Compound of 音 (on, “sound”) + 読み (yomi, “reading”). Originally referred to the sounds (i.e. pronunciations) to use when reading Chinese text, as opposed to the meanings of these Chinese words in Japanese (called 訓読み (kun'yomi) or 訓読 (kundoku)).

(linguistics) the reading of a Japanese word written in kanji that is roughly based on the pronunciation of the kanji characters in the originating Chinese lect at the time the word was introduced into Japanese

漢文

Chinese writing, Chinese literature, Chinese classic

as opposed to more recent borrowings, usually classified as gairaigo

漢語: a Chinese-derived word borrowed into Japanese generally before the 1300s

外来語

a foreign word borrowed into Japanese generally in the 1300s or later


名字

名字 (canonical)
myōji (romanization)
myauzi (romanization)
みやうじ (hiragana historical)


受ける

ja-verb

受(う)ける • (ukeru) transitive ichidan (stem 受(う)け (uke), past 受(う)けた (uketa))

受(う)ける • (ukeru) intransitive ichidan (stem 受(う)け (uke), past 受(う)けた (uketa))

受ける (canonical)
ukeru (romanization)
受け (stem)
受けた (past)
受ける (canonical)
ukeru (romanization)
受け (stem)
受けた (past)
受け
うけ
uke
受ける
うける
ukeru
受けれ
うけれ
ukere
受けよ (imperative literary)
受けろ (colloquial imperative)
うけよ (imperative literary)
うけろ (colloquial imperative)
ukeyo (imperative literary)
ukero (colloquial imperative)
受けられる (passive)
うけられる (passive)
ukerareru (passive)
受けさせる (causative)
受けさす (causative)
うけさせる (causative)
うけさす (causative)
ukesaseru (causative)
ukesasu (causative)
受けられる (potential)
受けれる (colloquial potential)
うけられる (potential)
うけれる (colloquial potential)
ukerareru (potential)
ukereru (colloquial potential)
受けよう (volitional)
うけよう (volitional)
ukeyō (volitional)
受けない (negative)
受けぬ (negative)
受けん (negative)
うけない (negative)
うけぬ (negative)
うけん (negative)
ukenai (negative)
ukenu (negative)
uken (negative)
受けず (continuative negative)
うけず (continuative negative)
ukezu (continuative negative)
受けます (formal)
うけます (formal)
ukemasu (formal)
受けた (perfective)
うけた (perfective)
uketa (perfective)
受けて (conjunctive)
うけて (conjunctive)
ukete (conjunctive)
受ければ (conditional hypothetical)
うければ (conditional hypothetical)
ukereba (conditional hypothetical)

連体修飾語を受けて

連体修飾語 れんたいしゅうしょくご


働く

働(はたら)く • (hataraku) intransitive godan (stem 働(はたら)き (hataraki), past 働(はたら)いた (hataraita))

働く (canonical)
hataraku (romanization)
働き (stem)
働いた (past)
働か
はたらか
hataraka
働き
はたらき
hataraki
働く
はたらく
hataraku
働け
はたらけ
hatarake
働かれる (passive)
はたらかれる (passive)
hatarakareru (passive)
働かせる (causative)
働かす (causative)
はたらかせる (causative)
はたらかす (causative)
hatarakaseru (causative)
hatarakasu (causative)
働ける (potential)
はたらける (potential)
hatarakeru (potential)
働こう (volitional)
はたらこう (volitional)
hatarakō (volitional)
働かない (negative)
はたらかない (negative)
hatarakanai (negative)
働かず (continuative negative)
はたらかず (continuative negative)
hatarakazu (continuative negative)
働きます (formal)
はたらきます (formal)
hatarakimasu (formal)
働いた (perfective)
はたらいた (perfective)
hataraita (perfective)
働いて (conjunctive)
はたらいて (conjunctive)
hataraite (conjunctive)
働けば (conditional hypothetical)
はたらけば (conditional hypothetical)
hatarakeba (conditional hypothetical)

Most likely derived ultimately from a mimetic word はた (hata, adverb, referring to the sound of objects bumping together), in turn possibly cognate with 旗 (hata, “flag”, from the sound of a flag flapping) and 機 (hata, “a loom”, from the sound of the shuttle or the workings of the batten).
Compare also adverb はたはた (hatahata, “working diligently”), verb はためく (hatameku, “to flutter, flap, flicker, whip”).
First cited in the late 900s, with the sense of "to move one's body".

ja-r

(grammar) to conjugate; to inflect; to decline


ギリシア語

ギリシア語 (canonical)
Girishiago (romanization)


反義語

[hã̠ŋʲɡʲiɡo̞]

反 (はん, han), "anti-" + 義 (ぎ, gi), "meaning" + 語 (ご, go), "word"


連語

Possibly coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 連 (ren, “linking, joining”) + 語 (go, “word”).

compound

(linguistics) a compound word: a multiple-word term used as a set phrase or single term


未然形

Compound of 未然 (mizen, literally “not yet occurred”) + 形 (kei, “form”). Historically called 将然言(しょうぜんげん) (shōzengen), 未然段(みぜんだん) (mizendan).

Indicates that something has not yet happened, or not yet begun.

(grammar) a Japanese verbal inflectional category: the irrealis form

ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ


連用形

連用形 (canonical)
ren'yōkei (romanization)

[ɾẽ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːke̞ː]

Compound of 連用 (ren'yō, “attaching to an inflecting word”, where 用 (yō) is short for 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”)) + 形 (kei, “form”).

This is the base form after which various conjugational endings are added, such as て (te) or ます (masu). See Appendix:Japanese verbs for more details.

(grammar) an inflectional category: the continuative or stem form for verbs, the adverbial form for adjectives


語法

語法 (canonical)
gohō (romanization)
gofafu (romanization)
ごはふ (hiragana historical)


辞典

ja-noun

辞(じ)典(てん) or 辞(ことば)典(てん) • (jiten or kotobaten)

辞典 (canonical)
辞典 (canonical)
jiten (romanization)
kotobaten (romanization)

Amis: citing

Kavalan: ziting

Sakizaya: zitin

Tsou: ziten

文法辞典

文法辞典 ぶんぽうじてん


女性

女(じょ)性(せい) • (josei) ^(←ぢよせい (dyosei)?) (counter 人)

女性 (canonical)
josei (romanization)
dyosei (romanization)
人 (counter)
ぢよせい (hiragana historical)

Spelling repurposed from nyoshō below during the Meiji period (1868–1912), using the relatively newer kan'on readings of the characters.


男性

男性経験

男性経験 だんせいけいけん

男性社会

男性社会 だんせいしゃかい

独身男性

独身男性 どくしんだんせい


連濁

[ɾẽ̞nda̠kɯ̟]

From 連 (ren, “continuous, sequential”) + 濁 (daku, “voicing”).

compound

(linguistics) a morphological change of an initial syllable of the second word of a compound in Japanese from an unvoiced sound to a corresponding voiced one (more precisely, a change to the sound of corresponding kana with a 濁点).


ケチュア語

ケチュア語 (canonical)
Kechuago (romanization)


十一

[d͡ʑɨːit͡ɕi]


離合詞

(Chinese grammar) (grammar) separable verb


尊敬語

[sõ̞ŋke̞ːɡo̞]

尊敬 (sonkei, “respect”) + 語 (go, “word”).


国語

From 国 (koku, “nation”) + 語 (go, “language”). The sense of "Mandarin" is derived from Taiwanese usage of the identical Chinese word 國語／国语 (guóyǔ).

zh-l

國語／国语 (guóyǔ)

2018 June 2, “Taiwan no wakamono de ‘chūinfugō’ ga aisareteiru wake [Why Taiwan’s young people love ‘bopomofo’]”, in Nippon.com:

For Taiwanese people currently asserting Taiwan nationalism, articulating the differences between Taiwanese Guoyu and Mainland China’s Putonghua has emerged as an issue.

現在の台湾人が台湾ナショナリズムを主張する際、そこには台湾の国語と中国の普通話の違いはどこにあるのかという問題に直面する。

Genzai no Taiwan-jin ga Taiwan nashonarizumu o shuchō suru sai, soko ni wa Taiwan no Kokugo to Chūgoku no Futsūwa no chigai wa doko ni aru no ka to iu mondai ni chokumen suru.


独語

独語 (canonical)
独語 (canonical)
dokugo (romanization)

From 独(どく) (doku, an abbreviation for 独逸(ドイツ) (Doitsu, “Germany”)) + 語(ご) (-go, “language of”). The kanji 独 is an ateji (当て字).


仏語

[ɸɯ̟̊t͡sɨɡo̞]

仏 (Futsu, “France”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suffix

ja:仏語 (曖昧さ回避)


西語

西(せい) (sei, which is an ateji (当て字) abbreviation for 西班牙(スペイン) (Supein, “Spain”)) + 語(ご) (go, “language”)


朝鮮語

ja-noun

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)語(ご) • (chōsengo) ^(←てうせんご (teusengo)?)

朝鮮語 (canonical)
chōsengo (romanization)
teusengo (romanization)
てうせんご (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”)

suf

(linguistics) the Korean language (academically or about the North Korean standard)


創世記

ja-pos

創(そう)世(せい)記(き) • (Sōseiki) ^(←さうせいき (Sauseiki)?)

創世記 (canonical)
Sōseiki (romanization)
Sauseiki (romanization)
さうせいき (hiragana historical)

From 創世 (sōsei, “world creation”) + 記 (-ki, “chronicle”).

suf

Holonym: モーセ五書


活用

活用する (canonical)
katsuyō suru (romanization)
kwatuyou (romanization)
活用し (stem)
活用した (past)
活用し
かつようし
katsuyō shi
活用する
かつようする
katsuyō suru
活用すれ
かつようすれ
katsuyō sure
活用せよ (imperative literary)
活用しろ (colloquial imperative)
かつようせよ (imperative literary)
かつようしろ (colloquial imperative)
katsuyō seyo (imperative literary)
katsuyō shiro (colloquial imperative)
活用される (passive)
かつようされる (passive)
katsuyō sareru (passive)
活用させる (causative)
活用さす (causative)
かつようさせる (causative)
かつようさす (causative)
katsuyō saseru (causative)
katsuyō sasu (causative)
活用できる (potential)
かつようできる (potential)
katsuyō dekiru (potential)
活用しよう (volitional)
かつようしよう (volitional)
katsuyō shiyō (volitional)
活用しない (negative)
かつようしない (negative)
katsuyō shinai (negative)
活用せず (continuative negative)
かつようせず (continuative negative)
katsuyō sezu (continuative negative)
活用します (formal)
かつようします (formal)
katsuyō shimasu (formal)
活用した (perfective)
かつようした (perfective)
katsuyō shita (perfective)
活用して (conjunctive)
かつようして (conjunctive)
katsuyō shite (conjunctive)
活用すれば (conditional hypothetical)
かつようすれば (conditional hypothetical)
katsuyō sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(intransitive, grammar) to inflect, to conjugate


(informal) An emoticon indicating a singsong tone of voice or playful attitude.


幽霊文字

ja-noun

幽(ゆう)霊(れい)文(も)字(じ) • (yūrei moji) ^(←いうれいもじ (iurei mozi)?)

幽霊文字 (canonical)
yūrei moji (romanization)
iurei mozi (romanization)
いうれいもじ (hiragana historical)

[jɯ̟ːɾe̞ː mo̞ʑi]

幽霊 (yūrei, “ghost”) + 文字 (moji, “character”)

compound

(computing) ghost character (kanji included in JIS X 0208 but of unknown origin)


対語

ja-noun

対(つい)語(ご) or 対(たい)語(ご) • (tsuigo or taigo)

対語 (canonical)
対語 (canonical)
tsuigo (romanization)
taigo (romanization)


文学

[bɯ̟̃ŋɡa̠kɯ̟]


複数形

複数形 (canonical)
fukusūkei (romanization)


複数

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟sɨː]


万葉仮名

万(まん)葉(よう)仮(が)名(な) • (man'yōgana) ^(←まんえふがな (man'efugana)?)

万葉仮名 (canonical)
man'yōgana (romanization)
man'efugana (romanization)
まんえふがな (hiragana historical)

[mã̠ɰ̃jo̞ːɡa̠na̠]

Compound of 万葉 (man'yō, “ten thousand leaves”, from the title of the Old Japanese poetry anthology, Man'yōshū, “Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves”) + 仮名 (kana, “phonetic character”, literally “borrowed characters” or “borrowed names”, from the way the characters were borrowed for their phonetic values). The kana changes to gana as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
This kind of phonetic re-use of Chinese characters was broadly popularized by the Man'yōshū. Chinese used phonetically to spell Japanese occurs even earlier in the historical record, such as on the Inariyama Sword, dated to 471 or 531.

compound

Man'yōgana, the early Japanese syllabary using Chinese characters to represent Japanese sounds: the predecessor of hiragana and katakana


世界語

zh-l

世界語／世界语 (shìjièyǔ)

→ Chinese: 世界語／世界语 (shìjièyǔ)

→ Korean: 세계어 (segyeeo)

→ Vietnamese: thế giới ngữ


アムハラ語

アムハラ語 (canonical)
Amuhara-Go (romanization)


連体詞

連体詞 (canonical)
rentaishi (romanization)

Compound of 連体 (rentai, “attribution”, of a noun; limited to grammatical contexts, literally “accompanying an uninflecting word”) + 詞 (-shi, “word; part of speech”).
First cited to a text from 1937.

suf

(grammar) an adnominal (attributive word: cannot be used predicatively and must precede a 体言 (taigen, “uninflecting word”) in Japanese grammar; examples are この (kono, “this”), 所謂 (iwayuru, “so-called”), 主たる (shu-taru, “main”), 単なる (tan-naru, “mere”), etc.)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Japanese adjectives#Attributives
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:連体詞


自動

(grammar) intransitive verb (Abbreviation of 自動詞.)


ノルウェー語

ノルウェー語 (canonical)
noruwēgo (romanization)

[no̞ɾɯ̟β̞e̞ːɡo̞]


イタリア語

イタリア語 (canonical)
itariago (romanization)


ラテン語

ラテン語 (canonical)
Raten-go (romanization)

[ɾa̠tẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

ラテン (Raten, “Latin”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


古期英語

古期英語 (canonical)
Kokieigo (romanization)

* 古期 (“ancient period”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


ハンガリー語

ハンガリー語 (canonical)
hangarīgo (romanization)

[hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiːɡo̞]


ロシア語

ロシア語 (canonical)
Roshia-go (romanization)

[ɾo̞ɕia̠ɡo̞]

ジョンはロシア語が出来る。


ベトナム語

ベトナム語 (canonical)
Betonamu-go (romanization)

ベトナム (Betonamu, “Vietnam”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


ヒンディー語

ヒンディー語 (canonical)
hindīgo (romanization)

[çĩndʲiːɡo̞]


ブルトン語

ブルトン語 (canonical)
Buruton-go (romanization)


中期英語

中期英語 (canonical)
Chūki Eigo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːkʲi e̞ːɡo̞]

* 中期 (“middle period”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


ケルト語

ケルト語 (canonical)
Keruto-go (romanization)


現代英語

現代英語 (canonical)
Gendai Eigo (romanization)

* 現代 (“modern”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


キリバス語

キリバス語 (canonical)
Kiribasugo (romanization)


マラヤーラム語

マラヤーラム語 (canonical)
Marayāramugo (romanization)


接尾辞

接尾辞 (canonical)
setsubiji (romanization)


五十音順

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん)順(じゅん) • (gojūonjun) ^(←ごじふおんじゅん (gozifuonzyun)?)

五十音順 (canonical)
gojūonjun (romanization)
gozifuonzyun (romanization)
ごじふおんじゅん (hiragana historical)

[ɡo̞ʑɨːõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑɨ̃ɴ]

五十音 (literally “fifty sounds”) + 順 (“order”)

suf

Coordinate term: 伊呂波順

(orthography) the sort order for kana (historically, mainly for katakana) as arranged in the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”)


五十音

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん) • (gojūon) ^(←ごじふおん (gozifuon)?)

五十音 (canonical)
gojūon (romanization)
gozifuon (romanization)
ごじふおん (hiragana historical)

From 五十 (gojū, “fifty”) + 音 (on, “sound”).

(phonology, orthography, grammar) all Japanese morae that can be spelled with 45 single modern kana and 2 historical kana (ゐ/ヰ and ゑ/ヱ) customarily without diacritical marks (゛ and ゜), excluding っ and ん, arranged in a 5x10 table (五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “table of the fifty sounds”)), used for phonological and grammatical analysis


濁点

[da̠kɯ̟̊tẽ̞ɴ]

濁 (daku, “muddy; voiced”) + 点 (ten, “dot”)

af

a voicing diacritical mark, such as ゛ on が, used to:

derive the kana for a voiced-onsetted mora from the kana for a base voiceless-onsetted mora;

(informal) orthographically convey a guttural tone, such as that of a cry or scream


簡体字

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 簡體字／简体字 (jiǎntǐzì).

zh-l

簡體字／简体字 (jiǎntǐzì)

Simplified Chinese character(s); Simplified Chinese


調音部位

調音部位 (canonical)
chōon bui (romanization)

place of articulation
place of articulation

調音位置

調音位置 ちょうおんいち


調音音声学

ja-noun

ちょうおん おんせいがく

調(ちょう)音(おん)音(おん)声(せい)学(がく) • (chōon onseigaku) ^(←てうおんおんせいがく (teuon onseigaku)?)

調音音声学 (canonical)
chōon onseigaku (romanization)
teuon onseigaku (romanization)
てうおんおんせいがく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːo̞ɰ̃ õ̞ɰ̃se̞ːɡa̠kɯ̟]


調音位置

調音位置 (canonical)
chōon ichi (romanization)

From 調音(ちょうおん) (chōon, “articulation”) + 位置(いち) (ichi, “position”).

調音部位

調音部位 ちょうおんぶい


国際音声記号

ja-pos

こくさい おんせい きごう

こくさい おんせい きがう

国(こく)際(さい)音(おん)声(せい)記(き)号(ごう) • (Kokusai Onsei Kigō) ^(←こくさいおんせいきがう (Kokusai Onsei Kigau)?)

国際音声記号 (canonical)
Kokusai Onsei Kigō (romanization)
Kokusai Onsei Kigau (romanization)
こくさいおんせいきがう (hiragana historical)

[ko̞kɯ̟sa̠i õ̞ɰ̃se̞ː kʲiɡo̞ː]

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) International Phonetic Alphabet


音声学

音声学 (canonical)
onseigaku (romanization)

[õ̞ɰ̃se̞ːɡa̠kɯ̟]

音声 (onsei, “sound”) + 学 (-gaku, “-logy; -graphy”)

suf

Coordinate term: 音韻論


音響音声学

ja-noun

おんきょう おんせいがく

おんきゃう おんせいがく

音(おん)響(きょう)音(おん)声(せい)学(がく) • (onkyō onseigaku) ^(←おんきゃうおんせいがく (onkyau onseigaku)?)

音響音声学 (canonical)
onkyō onseigaku (romanization)
onkyau onseigaku (romanization)
おんきゃうおんせいがく (hiragana historical)

[õ̞ŋʲkʲo̞ː õ̞ɰ̃se̞ːɡa̠kɯ̟]


聴覚音声学

ちょうかく おんせいがく

聴(ちょう)覚(かく)音(おん)声(せい)学(がく) • (chōkaku onseigaku)

聴覚音声学 (canonical)
chōkaku onseigaku (romanization)


エルジャ語

エルジャ語 (canonical)
Erujago (romanization)


音声記号

音声記号 (canonical)
onseikigō (romanization)

[õ̞ɰ̃se̞ːkʲiɡo̞ː]

From 音(おん)声(せい) (onsei, “speech”) + 記(き)号(ごう) (kigō, “symbol”).

ja-compound

発音記号

発音記号 はつおんきごう


発音記号

ja-noun

発(はつ)音(おん)記(き)号(ごう) • (hatsuonkigō) ^(←はつおんきがう (fatuonkigau)?)

発音記号 (canonical)
hatsuonkigō (romanization)
fatuonkigau (romanization)
はつおんきがう (hiragana historical)

[ha̠t͡sɨõ̞ŋʲkʲiɡo̞ː]

From 発(はつ)音(おん) (hatsuon, “pronunciation”) + 記(き)号(ごう) (kigō, “symbol”).

ja-compound

音声記号

音声記号 おんせいきごう


無声子音

無声子音 (canonical)
musei shiin (romanization)

有声子音

有声子音 ゆうせいしいん

From 無声(むせい) (musei, “voiceless”) + 子音(しいん) (shiin, “consonant”).


有声子音

有声子音 (canonical)
yūsei shiin (romanization)

From 有声(ゆうせい) (yūsei, “voiced”) + 子音(しいん) (shiin, “consonant”).


両唇音

ja-noun

両(りょう)唇(しん)音(おん) • (ryōshin'on) ^(←りやうしんおん (ryausin'on)?)

両唇音 (canonical)
ryōshin'on (romanization)
ryausin'on (romanization)
りやうしんおん (hiragana historical)

[ɾʲo̞ːɕĩɰ̃õ̞ɴ]

両 (ryō, “both”) + 唇音 (shin'on, “labial”)


音声器官

ja-noun

音(おん)声(せい)器(き)官(かん) • (onsei kikan) ^(←おんせいきくわん (onsei kikwan)?)

音声器官 (canonical)
onsei kikan (romanization)
onsei kikwan (romanization)
おんせいきくわん (hiragana historical)

[õ̞ɰ̃se̞ː kʲikã̠ɴ]

Compound of 音(おん)声(せい) (onsei, “speech sound, voice”) + 器(き)官(かん) (kikan, “organ”)。


有声音

Compound of 有声 (yūsei, “voiced”) + 音 (on, “sound”).


有声

Compound of 有 (yū, “to have, possess, own”) + 声 (sei, “voice”).

com

(phonetics) sonant, vocal, phonic; the quality of being voiced

有声子音

有声子音 ゆうせいしいん


統語論

[to̞ːɡo̞ɾõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 統語 (tōgo, “syntax”, less common on its own than synonym 構文 kōbun) + 論 (ron, “theory”).

compound

less common on its own than synonym <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">構文</i> kōbun

(linguistics) syntax (as a field of study), syntactics

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Syntax
ja:松村明
ja:統語論


人工言語

人工言語 (canonical)
jinkō gengo (romanization)

[d͡ʑĩŋko̞ːɡẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

constructed language
constructed language

constructed language, artificial language


母音

→ Chinese: 母音 (mǔyīn)

→ Korean: 모음 (mo'eum)

→ Vietnamese: mẫu âm

母 (“mother”) + 音 (“sound”). From the notion of a mothering vowel mating with a fathering consonant and giving birth to an onsetted mora, according to Meiji-era linguists, as in father /k/ + mother あ (/a/) = child か (/ka/). Compare 字母 (jibo, “letter”, literally “character mother”), 声母 (seibo, “onset”, literally “sound mother”) and 韻母 (inbo, “rhyme”, literally “rime mother”), all of which compare the process of generating words, syllables, etc. from a basic set of segments to motherhood.

Holonym: 子音 (shion)

Coordinate term: 父音 (fuon)

五十音の中、阿行の五音を母音といふ。こは、單純なる音にして、いかに延長して發音するも、（あ……ア）、（い……イ）の如く、その音聲の變ずることなきものなり。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第二章 母音 父音 子音 [Chapter 2: Mother Sounds, Father Sounds and Child Sounds]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, pages 5–6:

Among the fifty sounds, the five sounds of the a-row are called ‘mother sounds’. They are simple sounds, and however long they are pronounced, as in (a……a) or (i……i), their quality does not change.

Gojūon no naka, agyō no goon o boon to iu. Kowa, tanjun naru on ni shite, ika ni enchō shite hatsuon suru mo, (a……a), (i……i) no gotoku, sono onsei no henzuru koto naki mono nari.

五十音を分ちて、母音と、子音との二となす。母音は、單純なる喉音にして、その數五あり、アイウエオ是なり。

1897 March, “〇母音 [〇Mother Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Dividing the fifty sounds into two groups, there are mother sounds and child sounds. Mother sounds are simple guttural sounds, and there are five of them, namely a, i, u, e and o.

Gojūon o wakachite, BOON to, SHION to no ni to nasu. Boon wa, tanjun naru kōon ni shite, sono kazu go ari, a i u e o kore nari.

この五音は、最も單一なる淸める音にて、これを母音と稱す。

1897 November, Shioi, Ukō, “第一 母音 [Number 1: Mother Sounds]”, in 中學日本文典 [A Middle-School Japanese Grammar], 六盟館, pages 2–3:

These five sounds are the simplest clear sounds, and they are called ‘mother sounds’.

Kono goon wa, motto mo tan'itsu kiyomeru on ni te, kore o boon to shōsu.

母音は、吾國語音では、唯一なる喉音である。聲門帶で規律ある顫動を受けたる音が、副管部に共鳴せられて、吾人の耳に聞ゆるものを母音と云ふ。母音は、種々の音色を得るために、口腔內に共鳴されるが、決して或る局部に於て、吾等の聽き得られ、感じ得られる樣の摩擦を生ずるが如きことは無い。若し、有つたならば、其は母音では無くて父音である。此の區別法は、極めて重大おる要件である。後のヤ行ワ行が、頗る母音に近い音であるけれども、父音たることを免れないのは是が爲である。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十二章 母 音 [Chapter 12: Vowels]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, pages 53–54:

Vowels are the only guttural sounds among the sounds of our language. What are known as vowels are sounds that undergo systematic vibrations at the vocal folds, resonate in the vocal tract, and wind up being heard by our ears. A vowel resonates in the oral cavity in order to achieve its diverse tonal quality, but there must be no such thing as friction that can be heard or felt by us at certain places of articulation. Otherwise, it will not be a vowel, but a consonant. This distinction is of utmost importance. Later when we discuss the ya-row and wa-row, which sound very similar to vowels, this point must be noticed in order to explain the fact that they still contain consonants.

Boon wa, waga kuni goon de wa, yuiitsu naru kōon de aru. Seimontai de kiritsu aru sendō o uke taru on ga, fukukanbu ni kyōmei serarete, gojin no mimi ni kikoyuru mono o boon to iu. Boon wa, shuju no onshoku o eru tame ni, kōkōnai ni kyōmei sareru ga, kesshite aru kyokubu ni oite, warera no kikierare, kanjierareru yō no masatsu o shōzuru ga gotoki koto wa nai. Moshi, atta nara ba, sore wa boon de wa nakute fuon de aru. Kono kubetsuhō wa, kiwamete jūdai oru yōken de aru. Ato no yagyō wagyō ga, sukoburu boon ni chikai on de aru kere do mo, fuon taru koto o manukarenai no wa kore ga tame de aru.

ア、イ、ウ、エ、オの五文字を、母音と云ふ、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “母音 [Mother Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 14:

The five letters a, i, u, e and o are called ‘mother sounds’

母(ぼ)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはアイウエオの五字(じ)、半(はん)母(ぼ)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはワヰウヱヲの五字(じ)を云(い)ふのであります。

1912, 淸 榊原, “⑵ 母音と半母音 [⑵ Mother Sounds and Semi-Mother Sounds]”, in 自習速記術 [Self-Taught Stenography], 以文館, pages 11–12:

‘Mother sounds’ are the five letters a, i, u, e and o. ‘Semi-mother sounds’ are the five letters wa, wi, u, we and wo.

Boon to iu mono wa a i u e o no goji, hanboon to iu mono wa wa wi u we wo no goji o iu no de arimasu.

(obsolete, phonology) one of the five morae of the あ行 (agyō, “a-row”), that consists solely of a vowel

Coordinate term: 子音 (shiin)


子音

ja-noun

子(し)音(いん) or 子(し)音(おん) • (shiin or shion)

子音 (canonical)
子音 (canonical)
shiin (romanization)
shion (romanization)

→ Chinese: 子音 (zǐyīn)

→ Korean: 자음 (ja'eum)

子 (“child”) + 音 (“sound”). From the notion of a mothering vowel mating with a fathering consonant and giving birth to an onsetted mora, according to Meiji-era linguists, as in father /k/ + mother あ (/a/) = child か (/ka/).

Meronyms: 父音 (fuon), 母音 (boon)

子音とは、五十音の中より、五個の母音を除きたる、他の四十五音をいふ。こは、父母兩音の配合して成れるものなれば、その音聲單純ならず。故に、（か……ア）、（き……イ）の如く、聲を長く延くときは、その韻必ず母音に歸するなり。今、こゝに父音と母音と配合して、子音を生ずる順序を示さむ。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第二章 母音 父音 子音 [Chapter 2: Mother Sounds, Father Sounds and Child Sounds]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 6:

Excluding the five mother sounds from the fifty sounds, the forty-five remaining sounds are called ‘child sounds’. Since they result from combining father and mother sounds, their quality is not simple. Thus, if the voicing is prolonged, as in (ka……a) or (ki……i), the rhymes always turn back into mother sounds. Now, I shall demonstrate the order in which father sounds and mother sounds combine and bear child sounds.

Shion to wa, gojūon no naka yori, goko no boon o nozoki taru, hoka no shijūgoon o iu. Kowa, fubo ryōon no haigō shite nareru mono nare ba, sono onsei tanjun narazu. Yue ni, (ka……a), (ki……i) no gotoku, koe o nagaku hiku toki wa, sono in kanarazu boon ni kisuru nari. Ima, koko ni fuon to boon to haigō shite, shion o shōzuru junjo o shimesamu.

五十音中、母音外の四十五音を、子音といふ。子音は、母音と、他の一種幽微なる音との、配合して生じたるものにして、その音純ならず。故に、之を長く引きて呼べば、皆、母音にかへらむ。卽ち、カ—ア、キ—イの如し。

1897 March, “〇子音 [〇Child Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Among the fifty sounds, the forty-five ones other than the mother sounds are called child sounds. Child sounds are born by mother sounds combined with a sort of subtle sound, and their quality is not pure. That is, if you prolong them, they should turn back into mother sounds, as in, for example ka—a or ki—i.

Gojūonchū, boongai no shijūgoon o, SHION to iu. Shion wa, boon to, hoka no isshu yūbi naru on to no, haigō shite shōji taru mono ni shite, sono on jun narazu. Yue ni, kore o nagaku hikite yobe ba, mina, boon ni kaeramu. Sunawachi, ka—a, ki—i no gotoshi.

故に、此の四十五音を、子音と稱し、其のクスツヌフムユル𛄢の如き九音を、父音と稱す。此の父音は、極めて隱微なるものにて、明に聲に發する能はざれど、やゝ、これ等に似たる故に、此の九個の音の文字にて、これを示せるなり。

1897 November, Shioi, Ukō, “第二 子音 [Number 2: Child Sounds]”, in 中學日本文典 [A Middle-School Japanese Grammar], 六盟館, page 3:

Thus, the forty-five sounds are called ‘child sounds’, and the nine sounds such as ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru and wu are called ‘father sounds’. The father sounds are highly obscure, and even though they can be clearly uttered, they can only be approximated by these nine phonetic characters that sound close to them.

Yue ni, kono shijūgoon o, shion to shōshi, sono ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru wu no gotoki kuon o, fuon to shōsu. Kono fuon wa, kiwamete inbi naru mono ni te, saya ni koe ni hassuru nō wa zaredo, yaya, korera ni ni taru ni, kono kuko no on no moji ni te, kore o shimeseru nari.

子音は、父音と母音と相合して、生するなり、左の如し

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “子音 [Child Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 14:

‘Child sounds’ are born by combining father sounds and mother sounds, as shown on the left page

Shion wa, fuon to boon to aiai site, shōzuru nari, hidari no gotoshi

子(し)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはカ行(ぎやう)のキクケコ、サ行(ぎやう)のシスセソのやうなものであります。子(し)音(おん)が父(ふ)音(おん)と母(ぼ)音(おん)との爲(た)めに生(う)まれると云(い)ふ事(こと)は既(すで)に說(と)いて置(お)いた通(とほ)りでありますが、左(さ)の表(へう)に依(よ)つて明(あきら)かになるであらうと思(おも)ひます。但(ただ)し表(へう)は母(ぼ)音(おん)のアだけは省(はぶ)きます。

1912, 淸 榊原, “⑷ 子音 [⑷ Child Sounds]”, in 自習速記術 [Self-Taught Stenography], 以文館, pages 15–16:

‘Child sounds’ are letters such as ki, ku, ke and ko of the ka-row or shi, su, se and so of the sa-row. Child sounds are said to be born by father sounds and mother sounds, which I have already explained, so I assume the demonstration on the left chart should be easily understood. Note that the mother sound a is left out of the chart.

Shion to iu mono fa kagyō no ki ku ke ko, sagyō no shi su se so no yō na mono de arimasu. Shion ga fuon to boon to no tame ni umareru to iu koto wa sude ni toite oita tōri de arimasu ga, sa no hō ni yotte akiraka ni naru de arau to omoimasu. Tadashi hō wa boon no a dake wa habukimasu.

(obsolete, phonology) any of the morae with an onset consonant listed on the 五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “chart of the fifty sounds”), such as か (ka) or し (shi), but not あ (a) or い (i), and not が (ga), じ (ji) or ぱ (pa)

Coordinate term: 母音 (boin)


旧約聖書

ja-pos

旧(きゅう)約(やく)聖(せい)書(しょ) • (Kyūyaku Seisho) ^(←きうやくせいしょ (Kiuyakuseisyo)?)

旧約聖書 (canonical)
Kyūyaku Seisho (romanization)
Kiuyakuseisyo (romanization)
きうやくせいしょ (hiragana historical)

旧 (kyū-, “paleo-; old”) + 約 (yaku, “contract”) + 聖書 (Seisho, “Bible”)


終止形

ja-noun

終(しゅう)止(し)形(けい) • (shūshikei) ^(←しゆうしけい (syuusikei)?)

終止形 (canonical)
shūshikei (romanization)
syuusikei (romanization)
しゆうしけい (hiragana historical)

[ɕɨːɕi̥ke̞ː]

(grammar) an inflectional category; the conclusive form (the form used at the ends of clauses in predicate positions)


命令形

命令形 (canonical)
meireikei (romanization)

[me̞ːɾe̞ːke̞ː]

(grammar) the imperative form; an inflectional category


連体形

連体形 (canonical)
rentaikei (romanization)

Compound of 連体 (rentai, “connecting to an uninflectable word”, where 体 is short for 体言 (taigen, “uninflectable word”)) + 形 (kei, “form”).

compound

(grammar) the attributive form; an inflectional category


仮定形

(grammar) a verbal inflectional category; the conditional form. Evolved from the 已然形 (realis form).


擬音語

(grammar) an onomatopoeic word, a word that sounds like the sound that it represents; onomatopoeia


文法

ja-noun

文(ぶん)法(ぽう) • (bunpō) ^(←ぶんぱふ (bunpafu)?)

文法 (canonical)
bunpō (romanization)
bunpafu (romanization)
ぶんぱふ (hiragana historical)


福音書

福音書 (canonical)
fukuinsho (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟ĩɰ̃ɕo̞]

From 福音 (fukuin, “good news”) + 書 (-sho, “book”).


擬態語

(grammar) an ideophone; a word the sound of which represents something inaudible, a non-auditory sensation, or a psychological state, phenomime


マルタ語

マルタ語 (canonical)
Marutago (romanization)


ナワトル語

ナワトル語 (canonical)
Nawatorugo (romanization)


アゼルバイジャン語

アゼルバイジャン語 (canonical)
Azerubaijan-Go (romanization)

アゼルバイジャン + 語 (“language”)

suffix

アゼルバイジャン + 語 (“language”)


スロベニア語

スロベニア語 (canonical)
surobeniago (romanization)

[sɨɾo̞be̞ɲ̟ia̠ɡo̞]


ギルバート語

ギルバート語 (canonical)
Girubātogo (romanization)


同義語

[do̞ːɡʲiɡo̞]


形態学

形態学 (canonical)
keitaigaku (romanization)

(geology, biology, linguistics) morphology


三人称

三人称 (canonical)
sanninshō (romanization)


一人称

一人称 (canonical)
ichininshō (romanization)


過去時制

過去時制 (canonical)
kako jisei (romanization)

From 過去(かこ) (kako, “past”) + 時制(じせい) (jisei, “tense”).

現在時制

現在時制 げんざいじせい


ベルベル語

ベルベル語 (canonical)
Beruberugo (romanization)


体言

Coinage in Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 体 (tai, “body”) + 言 (gen, “word”), literally “substantive word”. Compare English substantive.
In Japanese grammar, contrasts with 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”, literally “function word”). See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).
First cited in 1851.

compound

Coordinate term: 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”)

(grammar) a Japanese or Korean word that does not inflect and can be used as a grammatical subject


指示形容詞

ja-noun

指(し)示(じ)形(けい)容(よう)詞(し) • (shiji keiyōshi)

指示形容詞 (canonical)
shiji keiyōshi (romanization)

From 指示 (“demonstrative”) + 形容詞 (“adjective”).

compound

demonstrative adjective
demonstrative adjective

こんな

this such; When the subject is near to the speaker, physically or in their mind.

そんな

that such; When the subject is indicated by a gesture or the previous sentences.

あんな

that such; When the subject is far from the speaker, physically or in their mind.


時制

From 時 (ジ, ji, time) + 制 (セイ, sei, control)

現在時制: present tense

現在時制 げんざいじせい

現在完了時制: present perfect tense

現在完了時制 げんざいかんりょうじせい

過去完了時制

過去完了時制 かこかんりょうじせい

未来完了時制: future perfect tense

未来完了時制 みらいかんりょうじせい

完了時制: perfect tense

完了時制 かんりょうじせい

未完了時制

未完了時制 みかんりょうじせい

条件時制

条件時制 じょうけんじせい


ボールド体

ボールド体 (canonical)
bōrudo-tai (romanization)


指示代名詞

ja-noun

指(し)示(じ)代(だい)名(めい)詞(し) • (shiji daimeishi)

指示代名詞 (canonical)
shiji daimeishi (romanization)

From 指示(しじ) (shiji, “demonstrative”): + 代名詞(だいめいし) (daimeishi, “pronoun”).

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun

あれ: that

are; Mostly in Japanese, the thing is far from the speaker physically

これ: this

Mostly in Japanese, the thing is near to the speaker physically

that

Mostly in Japanese, the thing is pointed by a gesture or the previous sentences


疑問詞

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun

interrogative adverb
interrogative adverb

interrogative adjective
interrogative adjective

(grammar) interrogative, including the interrogative pronoun, interrogative adverb, and interrogative adjective.

疑問代名詞: interrogative pronoun

疑問代名詞 ぎもんだいめいし

疑問形容詞: interrogative adjective

疑問形容詞 ぎもんけいようし


分詞

現在分詞: present participle

現在分詞 げんざいぶんし


現在分詞

現在分詞 (canonical)
genzai bunshi (romanization)


過去分詞

過去分詞 (canonical)
kakobunshi (romanization)

[ka̠ko̞bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕi]

現在分詞: present participle

現在分詞 げんざいぶんし


漫画家

漫(まん)画(が)家(か) or 漫画家(マンガか) • (mangaka) ^(←まんぐわか (mangwaka)?)

漫画家 (canonical)
漫画家 (canonical)
mangaka (romanization)
mangwaka (romanization)
まんぐわか (hiragana historical)

→ English: mangaka

→ French: mangaka

desctree

→ Korean: 만화가(漫畫家) (manhwaga)
→ English: manhwaga

→ Mandarin: 漫畫家／漫画家 (mànhuàjiā)

→ English: manhuajia

→ Russian: манга́ка (mangáka)

[mã̠ŋɡa̠ka̠]

2007 July 23, Mitsuru Adachi, “メモリーオフ 前編 [Memory Off: First Chapter]”, in SHORT(ショート) PROGRAM(プログラム) [SHORT PROGRAM], volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 112:

White… All over the place, endless white… So this is the otherworld. A true paradise for comics artists. So quiet… I can't hear a thing.

白い……どこもかしこも、まっ白だ……これがあの世なのか。漫画家にとっては本当の天国だな。静かだ……何も聞こえない。

Shiroi…… Doko mo kashiko mo, masshiro da…… Kore ga ano yo na no ka. Mangaka ni totte wa hontō no tengoku da na. Shizuka da…… Nani mo kikoenai.


幽霊

幽霊 (canonical)
yūrei (romanization)
iurei (romanization)
いうれい (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese compound 幽靈／幽灵 (ʔjiw leng, literally “dark + supernatural”). Compare modern Mandarin reading yōulíng, Min Nan iu-lêng.

死霊, 死霊

a spirit of the dead, a ghost, a departed soul

幽霊会社: a phantom company: a paper company

phantom stock: company stock that has not actually been traded

幽霊人口 ゆうれいじんこう

幽霊人口: phantom population: population figures that are artificially inflated from fraudulent paperwork

幽霊文字

ghost characters, Chinese characters of unknown origin or meaning

幽霊屋敷

幽霊屋敷 ゆうれいやしき


楷書

ja-noun

楷(かい)書(しょ) • (kaisho) ^(←かいしよ (kaisyo)?)

楷書 (canonical)
kaisho (romanization)
kaisyo (romanization)
かいしよ (hiragana historical)

regular script: a style of Chinese characters that is square and straight-lined


(lexicography) used to separate furigana from okurigana when giving kanji readings in some dictionaries

ねほりはほり【根掘り葉掘り】（〜尋ねる）
ネ＼ホリ・ハ＼ホリ
ネホリハ＼ホリ

2016, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典, Tokyo: NHK出版, →ISBN, ね, page 1041:

(lexicography, linguistics) used to denote accent phrase boundaries


最上級

最(さい)上(じょう)級(きゅう) • (saijōkyū)

[sa̠iʑo̞ːkʲɨː]

最上級生 senior

最上級生 さいじょうきゅうせい


比較級

比較級(ひかっきゅう) • (hikakkyū)

比較級 (canonical)
hikakukyū (romanization)
比較級 (canonical)
hikakkyū (romanization)

最上級: superlative

最上級 さいじょうきゅう


連体格

連体格 (canonical)
rentaikaku (romanization)


絶対格

絶対格 (canonical)
zettaikaku (romanization)


文章

文(ぶん)章(しょう) • (bunshō) ^(←ぶんしやう (bunsyau)?)

文章 (canonical)
bunshō (romanization)
bunsyau (romanization)
ぶんしやう (hiragana historical)

[bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕo̞ː]


所有格

所有格 (canonical)
shoyūkaku (romanization)


前置格

前置格 (canonical)
zenchikaku (romanization)


具格

具格 (canonical)
gukaku (romanization)
ぐかく (hiragana historical)


半濁点

半濁点 (canonical)
handakuten (romanization)

[hã̠nda̠kɯ̟̊tẽ̞ɴ]

a diacritical mark, such as ゜ on ぱ, used to:

orthographically phonetically denote [ŋ], a realization of /ɡ/ especially occurring word-medially, instead of the standard dakuten ゛, chiefly in pronunciation dictionaries


未来時制

未来時制 (canonical)
mirai jisei (romanization)

From 未来(みらい) (mirai, “future”) + 時制(じせい) (jisei, “tense”).

現在時制

現在時制 げんざいじせい


促音

Coordinate term: 撥音

(Japanese phonology and phonetics) a moraic obstruent (the first half of a Japanese geminate obstruent, such as the first [k] in [kk], usually phonologically noted as /Q/, bearing one mora as the coda of a syllable)

(Japanese orthography) the small kana っ/ッ used to spell a moraic obstruent


現在時制

現在時制 (canonical)
genzai jisei (romanization)

Compound of 現在 (genzai, “present, now”) + 時制 (jisei, “grammatical tense”).


声調

[se̞ːt͡ɕo̞ː]


イスラエル

[isɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

(biblical) Israel (A Biblical region of Western Asia roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel, known in the Bible as the Land of Israel and considered the ancestral homeland of the Jewish people)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel and the Land of Israel)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom that occupied the northern part of the Land of Israel and modern State of Israel, as distinct from Judah)

ミカエル（Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌ）
ユダヤ教(きょう)・キリスト教(きょう)・イスラム教(きょう)の天(てん)使(し)の名(な)。旧(きゅう)約(やく)聖(せい)書(しょ)ではイスラエルの守(しゅ)護(ご)天(てん)使(し)とされ、新(しん)約(やく)聖(せい)書(しょ)ではサタンとの闘(たたか)いを指(し)揮(き)する
その役(やく)割(わり)から武(ぶ)装(そう)した青(せい)年(ねん)の姿(すがた)をとって描(ねが)かれることが多(おお)い

1996 June 15 [1995 October 10], Narita, Minako, “ＳＣＥＮＥ.１ ミカエルという名(な)の生(い)き物(もの) [SCENE.1 A Living Namesake of Archangel Michael]”, in ＮＡＴＵＲＡＬ(ナチュラル), 3rd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Hakusensha, →ISBN, page 100:

Michael
The name of an angel in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. He is regarded as the Guardian Angel of Israel as per the Old Testament, and he is said to have commanded the forces against Satan as per the New Testament
As such, he is commonly depicted as an armed young man

Mikaeru (Michael)
Yudaya-kyō, Kirisuto-kyō, Isuramu-kyō no tenshi no na. Kyūyaku Seisho de wa Isuraeru no Shugo Tenshi to sare, Shin’yaku Seisho de wa Satan to no tatakai o shikisuru
Sono yakuwari kara busōshita seinen no sugata o totte negakareru koto ga ōi


和製英語

和製英語 (canonical)
wasei eigo (romanization)

[β̞a̠se̞ː e̞ːɡo̞]

Compound of 和製(わせい) (wasei, “Japanese-made”) + 英語(えいご) (eigo, “English (language)”).

ja-compound

Japanese pseudo-anglicisms: Japanese coinages using English roots, the majority of have not been borrowed into English or used by anglophone countries or English native speakers, but instead only by speakers of Japanese


口語

the vernacular language (as opposed to the classical language); (in Japanese contexts) modern Japanese (as opposed to Classical Japanese)


全角

[d͡zẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟]

全 (“full-”) + 角 (“square”), as in the square ボディ (bodi, “body”) or the 仮想ボディ (kasō bodi, “em square”, literally “imaginary body”) of a CJK glyph

全角アキ

全角クワタ

全角スペース

全角ダッシュ

全角文字

an fullwidth and -height/em-width/double-byte character

(attributive, computing, typography, of an East Asian character or glyph) the state of being fullwidth and full-height which, in early computer encoding, occupies 2 bytes, and in modern typography, equals 1 em


打ち消し

打ち消し (canonical)
uchikeshi (romanization)

(grammar) negative (for instance, negative verb forms in Japanese)


雑誌

雑誌 (canonical)
zasshi (romanization)
冊 (counter)

→ Chinese: 雜誌／杂志 (zázhì)

→ Korean: 잡지 (japji)

→ Vietnamese: tạp chí

雑 (zatsu, “miscellaneous”) + 誌 (shi, “record”)

af

医学雑誌

SF 雑誌

科学雑誌

学術雑誌

同人雑誌

婦人雑誌

1988 July 30 [1985 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “山(やま)寺(でら)グラフィティ [Mountain Temple Graffiti]”, in 宇宙船製造法 [How to Build a Spaceship] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 3), 6th edition, volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 119:

I managed to get cutting and illustrating jobs for magazines and things like that.

カットやさし絵が、雑誌などにのるようになった。

Katto ya sashie ga, zasshi nado ni noru yō ni natta.


. (full stop or period, marking the end of a sentence)


Coordinate term: 。


アラム語

アラム語 (canonical)
Aramu-go (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠mɯ̟ɡo̞]


俳句

haiku, a poem that usually consists of 5-7-5 morae


形声

From Middle Chinese compound 形聲 (MC heng syeng, literally “form, shape + sound”).
The kan'on, so likely a borrowing from later in the history of Middle Chinese.

ltc-l

One of the types of Han characters, containing those characters comprising a part that indicates the meaning, and a part that indicates the pronunciation.


指事

(Chinese character classification) ideogram, particularly in the sense of 六書 ideogram. One of the types of Han characters, containing those characters such as 上 (“above”) and 下 (“below”) that indicate an abstract idea with a non-arbitrary logogram.


号外

ja-noun

号(ごう)外(がい) • (gōgai) ^(←がうぐわい (gaugwai)?)

号外 (canonical)
gōgai (romanization)
gaugwai (romanization)
がうぐわい (hiragana historical)

1927, Kunio Kishida, Tsui ni, “Shiran” bunroku (Sanba):

「号外」「号外」と呼ぶ声。


語源

語源俗界

語源俗界 ごげんぞっかい


死語

From 死 (shi, “death, dead”) + 語 (go, “language”).
The first sense is a calque of English dead language.

com

(linguistics) a dead language (language that no longer has native speakers)

(lexicography) an obsolete word, paleologism


半濁音

半濁音 (canonical)
handakuon (romanization)

[hã̠nda̠kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

半濁音とは、本音を半濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、波行の五音のみに限れり。この音を示すには、本音の假字の肩に、圈點一個を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 11:

Semi-muddy sounds are the five base child sounds of, specifically, the ha-row, being partially muddied up when they are pronounced. To note these sounds, a circle is added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Handakuon to wa, hon’on o hannigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, hagyō no goon nomi ni kagireri. Kono on o shimesu ni wa, hon’on no kana no kata ni, kenten ikko o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

濁音がある故に、之に對して淸音をも作らねばならず、半濁音（次淸音）と云ふものもあることになる。
ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
の一行五音の半濁音（一名次淸音）として、アカサタナハマヤラワ十行五十音が淸音と云はれて居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 152:

Since there are muddy sounds, it follows that there must also be the opposite, ‘clear sounds’, and additionally what are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (‘quasi-clear sounds’). These five sounds, arranged in one row, are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (i.e. ‘quasi-clear sounds’):
pa pi pu pe po
Then, the fifty sounds arranged in ten rows, a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, ya, ra and wa, are called ‘clear sounds’.

Dakuon ga aru yue ni, kore ni taishite seion o mo tsukarane ba narazu, handakuon (jiseion) to iu mono mo aru koto ni naru.
pa pi pu pe po
no ichigyō goon no handakuon (ichimei jiseion) to shite, a ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra wa jūgyō gojūon ga seion to iwarete iru.

半濁音は、假字の右肩に一箇の圈點（゜）を附して、半濁音の符となす、次ぎの例を見る可し、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “半濁音の符 [Noting Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 26:

A ‘semi-muddy sound’ is noted by attaching a circle (゜) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

handakuon wa, kana no migikata ni ikko no kenten (゜) o fushite, handakuon no fu to nasu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora of the ぱ行 (pagyō, “pa-row”), with the onset obstruent /p/


濁音

Literary Chinese 濁音 (zhuóyīn, literally “muddy sound”)

der

(traditional Chinese phonology) a voiced onset obstruent

五十音の外に、また、一種の熟音あり。これを濁音、及び、半濁音といふ。濁音とは、本音を濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、加、佐、多、波、の四行の諸音をいふ。この音を示すには別に、その文字なく、本音の假字の肩に、二個の小點を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 10:

Outside the fifty sounds, there is yet another class of complex sounds. These are called ‘muddy sounds’ and ‘semi-muddy sounds’. Muddy sounds are the base child sounds of the four rows ka, sa, ta and ha, being muddied up when they are pronounced. There are no letters to specifically note these sounds, so two small dots are added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Gojūon no soto ni, mata, isshu no jukuon ari. Kore o dakuon, oyobi, handakuon to iu. Dakuon to wa, hon’on o nigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, ka, sa, ta, ha, no shigyō no shoon o iu. Kono on o shimesu ni wa betsu ni, sono moji naku, hon’on no kana no kata ni, niko no shōten o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

舊來の音韻では濁音といふものがあって、
が ぎ ぐ げ ご
ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
だ ぢ づ で ど
ば び ぶ べ ぼ
の四行二十音を之に充てゝ居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 151:

In traditional phonology, ‘muddy sounds’ are the twenty sounds arranged in four rows as follows:
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo

Kyūrai no on’in de wa dakuon to iu mono ga atte,
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo
no shigyō nijūon o kore ni atete iru.

濁音は假字の右肩に二箇の點（゛）を附して濁音符とおす、次ぎの例を見るべし、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “濁音の符 [Noting Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 22:

A ‘muddy sound’ is noted by attaching two dots (゛) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

Dakuon wa kana no migikata ni niko no ten (゛) o fushite dakuonpu to osu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora with a voiced onset obstruent


傍点

傍点 (canonical)
bōten (romanization)
bauten (romanization)
ばうてん (hiragana historical)

傍 (“side”) + 点 (“dot”), because emphasis dots are placed to the right side of vertical text


略字

ja-noun

略(りゃく)字(じ) • (ryakuji) ^(←りやくじ (ryakuzi)?)

略字 (canonical)
ryakuji (romanization)
ryakuzi (romanization)
りやくじ (hiragana historical)

a colloquial, simplified form of a kanji


送り仮名

送り仮名 (canonical)
okurigana (romanization)

[o̞kɯ̟ɾʲiɡa̠na̠]

Compound of 送り (okuri, “sending”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 送る (okuru, “to send”), from the sense of sending something afterward or adding something on the end) + 仮名 (kana, “kana”, the Japanese syllabary characters). The kana changes to gana as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First cited to a text from 1477.

compound

(orthography) okurigana (in the Japanese language, the kana which follow a stem written with kanji, which record how that stem is inflected, and guides recognition of the appropriate kun'yomi reading (word stem associated with the kanji); for example, く (ku) and かべる (kaberu) in 浮(う)く (uk-u, “to float”, intransitive) and 浮(う)かべる (uk-aberu, “to float”, transitive), or む (mu) and きる (kiru) in 生(う)む (umu, “to birth”) and 生(い)きる (ikiru, “to live”))


撥音

[ha̠t͡sɨõ̞ɴ]

From 撥(はつ) (hatsu, “pick”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

ja-compound

Coordinate term: 促音

(Japanese phonology and phonetics) a moraic nasal (usually phonologically noted as /N/, variously realized as [m], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ] or a nasalized vowel, bearing one mora as the coda of a syllable)

(Japanese orthography) the kana ん/ン (n) used to spell a moraic nasal


已然形

(grammar) a verbal inflectional category; the realis form as used in classical Japanese, which indicates that something is already the case, or in the process of happening. This form has evolved into the conditional form in modern Japanese without phonemic change.


払う

ja-verb

払(はら)う • (harau) ^(←はらふ (farafu)?)transitive godan (stem 払(はら)い (harai), past 払(はら)った (haratta))

払う (canonical)
harau (romanization)
farafu (romanization)
払い (stem)
払った (past)
払わ
はらわ
harawa
払い
はらい
harai
払う
はらう
harau
払え
はらえ
harae
払われる (passive)
はらわれる (passive)
harawareru (passive)
払わせる (causative)
払わす (causative)
はらわせる (causative)
はらわす (causative)
harawaseru (causative)
harawasu (causative)
払える (potential)
はらえる (potential)
haraeru (potential)
払おう (volitional)
はらおう (volitional)
haraō (volitional)
払わない (negative)
はらわない (negative)
harawanai (negative)
払わず (continuative negative)
はらわず (continuative negative)
harawazu (continuative negative)
払います (formal)
はらいます (formal)
haraimasu (formal)
払った (perfective)
はらった (perfective)
haratta (perfective)
払って (conjunctive)
はらって (conjunctive)
haratte (conjunctive)
払えば (conditional hypothetical)
はらえば (conditional hypothetical)
haraeba (conditional hypothetical)
払は (irrealis stem)
はらは (irrealis stem)
farafa (irrealis)
払ひ (continuative stem)
はらひ (continuative stem)
farafi (continuative)
払ふ (stem terminative)
はらふ (stem terminative)
farafu (terminative)
払ふ (attributive stem)
はらふ (attributive stem)
farafu (attributive)
払へ (realis stem)
はらへ (realis stem)
farafe (realis)
払へ (imperative stem)
はらへ (imperative stem)
farafe (imperative)
払はず (negative)
はらはず (negative)
farafazu (negative)
払へど (contrastive)
はらへど (contrastive)
farafedo (contrastive)
払へば (causative)
はらへば (causative)
farafeba (causative)
払はば (conditional)
はらはば (conditional)
farafaba (conditional)
払ひき (past)
はらひき (past)
farafiki (past)
払ひけり (past)
はらひけり (past)
farafikeri (past)
払ひつ (perfect)
はらひつ (perfect)
farafitu (perfect)
払ひぬ (perfect)
はらひぬ (perfect)
farafinu (perfect)
払へり (continuative perfect)
払ひたり (continuative perfect)
はらへり (continuative perfect)
はらひたり (continuative perfect)
faraferi (continuative perfect)
farafitari (continuative perfect)
払はむ (volitional)
はらはむ (volitional)
farafamu (volitional)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 波羅賦.

Coordinate term: 止める

(calligraphy) to write as a sweeping stroke to the bottom right (㇏)


拗音

拗音 (canonical)
yōon (romanization)
euon (romanization)
えうおん (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 拗音 (ǎoyīn)

(Japanese orthography and phonology) in 和語 (wago, “native words”) and 漢語 (kango, “Classical Chinese words”), a mora that is spelt with:

one of the full-sized kana, き (ki), ぎ (gi), し (shi), じ (ji), ち (chi), ぢ (ji), に (ni), ひ (hi), び (bi), ぴ (pi), み (mi) and り (ri), followed by one the small kana, ゃ, ゅ and ょ, to represent the palatalization of the mora

one of the full-sized kana, く (ku) and ぐ (gu), followed by the small kana ゎ, to represent the historical labialization of the mora


箴言

From Middle Chinese compound 箴言 (tsyim + ngjon, literally “admonish + speech”).


セブアノ語

セブアノ語 (canonical)
Sebuano-go (romanization)


コーンウォール語

ja-pos

コーンウォール語(ご) • (Kōnwōrugo)

コーンウォール語 (canonical)
Kōnwōrugo (romanization)


ベンガル語

ベンガル語 (canonical)
bengarugo (romanization)

[bẽ̞ŋɡa̠ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]


アルバニア語

アルバニア語 (canonical)
arubaniago (romanization)

[a̠ɾɯ̟ba̠ɲ̟ia̠ɡo̞]


タジク語

タジク語 (canonical)
Tajikugo (romanization)


ルーマニア語

ルーマニア語 (canonical)
Rūmania-go (romanization)


ポーランド語

ポーランド語 (canonical)
Pōrandogo (romanization)


感嘆詞

感嘆詞 (canonical)
kantanshi (romanization)


小字

小字 (canonical)
shōji (romanization)
seuzi (romanization)
せうじ (hiragana historical)

小字双行


声母

Chinese 声母 (shēngmǔ, literally “sound mother”)

bor

Coordinate term: 韻母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the onset of a Chinese syllable


韻尾

韻尾 (canonical)
inbi (romanization)
winbi (romanization)
ゐんび (hiragana historical)


音韻論

ja-noun

音(おん)韻(いん)論(ろん) • (on'inron) ^(←おんゐんろん (on'winron)?)

音韻論 (canonical)
on'inron (romanization)
on'winron (romanization)
おんゐんろん (hiragana historical)

[õ̞ɰ̃ĩn̺ɾõ̞ɴ]

From 音韻 (on'in, “phoneme”) + 論 (-ron, “theory”).


韻母

韻母 (canonical)
inbo (romanization)
winbo (romanization)
ゐんぼ (hiragana historical)

Chinese 韻母／韵母 (yùnmǔ, literally “rime mother”)

bor

Meronyms: 韻尾, 介音, 主母音

Coordinate term: 声母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the rhyme of a Chinese syllable


月刊

monthly publication (such as a magazine)


ルガンダ語

ルガンダ語 (canonical)
Rugandago (romanization)


音韻

音韻 (canonical)
on'in (romanization)
on'win (romanization)
おんゐん (hiragana historical)


変格

[hẽ̞ŋka̠kɯ̟]

変 (“change/strange”) + 格 (“grammatical case”)


嫌い

/kiraɸi/ → /kirawi/ → /kirai/
The 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 嫌う (kirau, “to detest, dislike, hate”).

(poetry) in 俳諧 (haikai) and 連歌 (renga), arrangement of verses that tend to be avoided or otherwise disliked


歴史的仮名遣い

ja-noun

歴(れき)史(し)的(てき)仮(か)名(な)遣(づか)い • (rekishiteki kanazukai) ^(←れきしてきかなづかひ (rekisiteki kanadukafi)?)

歴史的仮名遣い (canonical)
rekishiteki kanazukai (romanization)
rekisiteki kanadukafi (romanization)
れきしてきかなづかひ (hiragana historical)

歴史的 (rekishiteki, “historical”) + 仮名遣い (kanazukai, “kana usage”)

compound

"Historical kana usage", a prescriptive method of using kana to write Japanese. Devised in the Edo period by Keichū (契沖) and taught in schools until 1946, it aims to be etymologically faithful and reflects earlier stages of the language (Heian period and earlier).

現代仮名遣い

現代仮名遣 げんだいかなづか


振る

ja-verb

振(ふ)る • (furu) transitive godan (stem 振(ふ)り (furi), past 振(ふ)った (futta))

振る (canonical)
furu (romanization)
振り (stem)
振った (past)
振ら
ふら
fura
振り
ふり
furi
振る
ふる
furu
振れ
ふれ
fure
振られる (passive)
ふられる (passive)
furareru (passive)
振らせる (causative)
振らす (causative)
ふらせる (causative)
ふらす (causative)
furaseru (causative)
furasu (causative)
振れる (potential)
ふれる (potential)
fureru (potential)
振ろう (volitional)
ふろう (volitional)
furō (volitional)
振らない (negative)
ふらない (negative)
furanai (negative)
振らず (continuative negative)
ふらず (continuative negative)
furazu (continuative negative)
振ります (formal)
ふります (formal)
furimasu (formal)
振った (perfective)
ふった (perfective)
futta (perfective)
振って (conjunctive)
ふって (conjunctive)
futte (conjunctive)
振れば (conditional hypothetical)
ふれば (conditional hypothetical)
fureba (conditional hypothetical)

手を振る

to shake; (of a hand or flag) to wave; (of a tail) to wag; (of a baseball bat) to swing; to move something back and forth in a circular motion

ルビを振る


術語

[d͡ʑɨt͡sɨɡo̞]


フリジア語

フリジア語 (canonical)
Furijia-go (romanization)


デンマーク語

デンマーク語 (canonical)
denmākugo (romanization)

[dẽ̞mːa̠ːkɯ̟ɡo̞]


コロン

ja:コロン
ja:コロン (記号)

Borrowed from English colon, from Latin cōlon.


アフガニスタン語

アフガニスタン語 (canonical)
Afuganisutan-Go (romanization)


アフリカーンス語

アフリカーンス語 (canonical)
Afurikānsu-Go (romanization)


タイプライター

a typewriter (machine used to print text by pressing keys)


感嘆符

[kã̠ntã̠ɰ̃ɸɯ̟]

感嘆 (kantan, “admiration”) + 符 (fu, “mark”)

compound

an exclamation point; an exclamation mark


出エジプト記

ja-pos

^しゅつ-^エジプト-き

出エジプト記 (canonical)
Shutsu-Ejiputo-ki (romanization)

出 (shutsu, “ex-; out-”) + エジプト (Ejiputo, “Egypt”) + 記 (ki, “-graphy; record”)

af

Holonym: モーセ五書

Exodus (book of Torah and Old Testament)


民数記

Holonym: モーセ五書


The handakuten, which indicates that a kana with an initial of h- should be pronounced with p- (i.e. ha with a handakuten is pronounced as pa). It is also sometimes used with k- kana to indicate ng- (a phoneme that is usually an allophone of /g/).


The dakuten, which indicates voicing (i.e. ka with a dakuten is pronounced as ga).

(colloquial) It is also sometimes colloquially used to indicate a strained or shouting vocalization.


Likely derived from the 米 (“rice, uncooked rice”) character. Used on signage for rice sellers.

similar in function to an asterisk or bullet point


バスク語

バスク語 (canonical)
basukugo (romanization)

From バスク (Basuku, “Basque Country”) + 語 (-go, “language”).


変体仮名

変体仮名 (canonical)
hentaigana (romanization)

Compound of 変体 (hentai, “variant form”) + 仮名 (kana, “the hiragana or katakana syllabaries; a syllabary character”). The kana changes to gana as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

compound

hentaigana: any of the hiragana made obsolete in Meiji-era reforms that enforced having one hiragana for each syllable

the ancestors of modern kana as derived from cursive forms of kanji used phonetically in the Man'yōshū collection of poetry


楔形文字

ja-noun

楔(くさび)形(がた)文(も)字(じ) or 楔(せっ)形(けい)文(も)字(じ) or 楔(けっ)形(けい)文(も)字(じ) • (kusabigata moji or sekkei moji or kekkei moji)

楔形文字 (canonical)
楔形文字 (canonical)
楔形文字 (canonical)
kusabigata moji (romanization)
sekkei moji (romanization)
kekkei moji (romanization)

From 楔形 (kusabigata, sekkei, kekkei, “wedge shape”) + 文字 (moji, “character; script”).


川柳

ja-noun

川(せん)柳(りゅう) • (senryū) ^(←せんりう (senriu)?)

川柳 (canonical)
senryū (romanization)
senriu (romanization)
せんりう (hiragana historical)

/senriu/ → /senriʲuː/ → /senrjuː/
Named after Karai Senryū (1718-1790), its creator.


川柳

川(かわ)柳(やなぎ) or 川柳(カワヤナギ) • (kawayanagi) ^(←かはやなぎ (kafayanagi) or カハヤナギ (kafayanagi)?)

川柳 (canonical)
川柳 (canonical)
kawayanagi (romanization)
kafayanagi (romanization)
かはやなぎ (hiragana historical)
カハヤナギ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 川(かわ) (kawa, “river, stream, brook”) + 柳(やなぎ) (yanagi, “willow”).