中国語

中国語 (canonical)
Chūgokugo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (chūgoku, “China”) + 語(ご) (-go, “language”)


普通話

[ɸɯ̟t͡sɨːβ̞a̠]

From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).

zh-m

(uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin


漢文

漢文訓読

漢文訓読 かんぶんくんどく

annotating Literary Chinese so that it can be read using Japanese grammatical structure

変体漢文

変体漢文 へんたいかんぶん

Literary Chinese with heavy Japanese-language influence


声調

[se̞ːt͡ɕo̞ː]


濁音

Literary Chinese 濁音 (zhuóyīn, literally “muddy sound”)

der

五十音の外に、また、一種の熟音あり。これを濁音、及び、半濁音といふ。濁音とは、本音を濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、加、佐、多、波、の四行の諸音をいふ。この音を示すには別に、その文字なく、本音の假字の肩に、二個の小點を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 10:

Outside the fifty sounds, there is yet another class of complex sounds. These are called ‘muddy sounds’ and ‘semi-muddy sounds’. Muddy sounds are the base child sounds of the four rows ka, sa, ta and ha, being muddied up when they are pronounced. There are no letters to specifically note these sounds, so two small dots are added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Gojūon no soto ni, mata, isshu no jukuon ari. Kore o dakuon, oyobi, handakuon to iu. Dakuon to wa, hon’on o nigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, ka, sa, ta, ha, no shigyō no shoon o iu. Kono on o shimesu ni wa betsu ni, sono moji naku, hon’on no kana no kata ni, niko no shōten o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

舊來の音韻では濁音といふものがあって、
が ぎ ぐ げ ご
ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
だ ぢ づ で ど
ば び ぶ べ ぼ
の四行二十音を之に充てゝ居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 151:

In traditional phonology, ‘muddy sounds’ are the twenty sounds arranged in four rows as follows:
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo

Kyūrai no on’in de wa dakuon to iu mono ga atte,
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo
no shigyō nijūon o kore ni atete iru.

濁音は假字の右肩に二箇の點（゛）を附して濁音符とおす、次ぎの例を見るべし、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “濁音の符 [Noting Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 22:

A ‘muddy sound’ is noted by attaching two dots (゛) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

Dakuon wa kana no migikata ni niko no ten (゛) o fushite dakuonpu to osu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora with a voiced onset obstruent


声母

Chinese 声母 (shēngmǔ, literally “sound mother”)

bor

Coordinate term: 韻母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the onset of a Chinese syllable


韻母

韻母 (canonical)
inbo (romanization)
winbo (romanization)
ゐんぼ (hiragana historical)

Chinese 韻母 /韵母 (yùnmǔ, literally “rime mother”)

Meronyms: 韻尾, 介音, 主母音

Coordinate term: 声母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the rhyme of a Chinese syllable


清音

Literary Chinese 清音 (qīngyīn, literally “clear sound”)

der

(traditional Chinese phonology) a voiceless and unaspirated onset obstruent, including the glottal stop


平上去入

ja-noun

平(ひょう)上(じょう)去(きょ)入(にゅう) • (hyōjōkyonyū) ^(←ひやうじやうきよにふ (fyauzyaukyonifu)?)

平上去入 (canonical)
hyōjōkyonyū (romanization)
fyauzyaukyonifu (romanization)
ひやうじやうきよにふ (hiragana historical)

[ço̞ːʑo̞ːkʲo̞ɲ̟ɨː]

From Middle Chinese 平上去入 (píngshǎngqùrù).

(Chinese phonetics) the four tones of Middle Chinese:

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
平声 (hyōshō, “level tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
上声 (jōshō, “rising tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
去声 (kyoshō, “departing tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
入声 (nisshō, “checked tone”)


入声

入(にっ)声(しょう) or 入(にっ)声(せい) • (nisshō or nissei)

入声 (canonical)
入声 (canonical)
nisshō (romanization)
nissei (romanization)

Middle Chinese 入聲.
/nipusjau/ → /nipsjau/ → /nisshoː/

(Chinese phonetics) the entering tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


北京語

[pe̞kʲĩŋɡo̞]

北京 (Pekin, “Beijing”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


正体

Traditional Chinese
Traditional Chinese#English


訓点

characters and marks that are applied to assist in reading kanbun (Chinese texts) as Japanese


返り点

[ka̠e̞ɾʲitẽ̞ɴ]

in kambun, marks that are placed in the lower left corner of a character to indicate the reading order; types include ichiniten, kōotsuten, jōgeten, tenchiten, and reten


切韻

ja-pos

切(せつ)韻(いん) • (Setsuin) ^(←せつゐん (Setuwin)?)

切韻 (canonical)
Setsuin (romanization)
Setuwin (romanization)
せつゐん (hiragana historical)


去声

ja-noun

去(きょ)声(しょう) or 去(きょ)声(せい) • (kyoshō or kyosei)

去声 (canonical)
去声 (canonical)
kyoshō (romanization)
kyosei (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics) the departing tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


上声

上(じょう)声(しょう) or 上(じょう)声(せい) • (jōshō or jōsei) ^(←じやうしやう (zyausyau) or じやうせい (zyausei)?)

上声 (canonical)
上声 (canonical)
jōshō (romanization)
jōsei (romanization)
zyausyau (romanization)
zyausei (romanization)
じやうしやう (hiragana historical)
じやうせい (hiragana historical)

(Chinese phonetics) the rising tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


四声

四(し)声(せい) or 四(し)声(しょう) • (shisei or shishō)

四声 (canonical)
四声 (canonical)
shisei (romanization)
shishō (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics, of Middle Chinese) the four tones


反切

[hã̠ɰ̃se̞t͡sɨ]

(Chinese phonetics) fanqie (in traditional Chinese lexicography, a method of indicating the pronunciation of a character by using two other characters, each giving part of the pronunciation)


和製漢語

和製漢語 (canonical)
wasei kango (romanization)

[β̞a̠se̞ː kã̠ŋɡo̞]

和製 (wasei, “Japanese-made”) + 漢語 (kango, “Japanese word of Chinese origin”)

com

Japanese-made Chinese-character-based words, wasei kango


平声

ja-noun

平(ひょう)声(しょう) or 平(へい)声(せい) • (hyōshō or heisei)

平声 (canonical)
平声 (canonical)
hyōshō (romanization)
heisei (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics) the level tone (contrasting with the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


唐話

唐話 (canonical)
tōwa (romanization)
tauwa (romanization)
たうわ (hiragana historical)

(obsolete, Edo) spoken vernacular Chinese


乎古止点

乎古止点 (canonical)
okototen (romanization)

marks to aid in reading Chinese classics


平仄

[ço̞ːso̞kɯ̟]

Derived from Middle Chinese 平仄 (MC bjien|bjaeng tsrik).

level and oblique tones (technical term for classical Chinese rhythmic poetry)

tonal patterns in classical Chinese poetry


書き下し文

書き下し文 (canonical)
kakikudashi bun (romanization)

Classical Chinese (kanbun) texts read with kun'yomi and the Japanese word order


仄声

仄(そく)声(せい) or 仄(そく)声(しょう) • (sokusei or sokushō)

仄声 (canonical)
仄声 (canonical)
sokusei (romanization)
sokushō (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics) an oblique tone (the 上声 (jōshō, “rising tone”), the 去声 (kyoshō, “departing tone”) or the 入声 (nisshō, “entering tone”), contrasting with the 平声 (hyōshō, “level tone”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


読み下す

ja-verb

読(よ)み下(くだ)す • (yomikudasu) transitive godan (stem 読(よ)み下(くだ)し (yomikudashi), past 読(よ)み下(くだ)した (yomikudashita))

読み下す (canonical)
yomikudasu (romanization)
読み下し (stem)
読み下した (past)
読み下さ
よみくださ
yomikudasa
読み下し
よみくだし
yomikudashi
読み下す
よみくだす
yomikudasu
読み下せ
よみくだせ
yomikudase
読み下される (passive)
よみくだされる (passive)
yomikudasareru (passive)
読み下させる (causative)
読み下さす (causative)
よみくださせる (causative)
よみくださす (causative)
yomikudasaseru (causative)
yomikudasasu (causative)
読み下せる (potential)
よみくだせる (potential)
yomikudaseru (potential)
読み下そう (volitional)
よみくだそう (volitional)
yomikudasō (volitional)
読み下さない (negative)
よみくださない (negative)
yomikudasanai (negative)
読み下さず (continuative negative)
よみくださず (continuative negative)
yomikudasazu (continuative negative)
読み下します (formal)
よみくだします (formal)
yomikudashimasu (formal)
読み下した (perfective)
よみくだした (perfective)
yomikudashita (perfective)
読み下して (conjunctive)
よみくだして (conjunctive)
yomikudashite (conjunctive)
読み下せば (conditional hypothetical)
よみくだせば (conditional hypothetical)
yomikudaseba (conditional hypothetical)

to read a Classical Chinese text as Japanese (using the kanbun kundoku technique)


読み下し

読み下し (canonical)
yomikudashi (romanization)

reading a Classical Chinese text as Japanese (using the kanbun kundoku technique)


読み下し文

読み下し文 (canonical)
yomikudashi-bun (romanization)

the result of rendering Classical Chinese text into Japanese using kanbun kundoku


変体漢文

変体漢文 (canonical)
hentai kanbun (romanization)

From 変体(へんたい) (hentai, “variant”) + 漢文(かんぶん) (kanbun, “Literary Chinese”).

ja-compound

pseudo-Literary Chinese that records the Japanese language


和習

和習 (canonical)
washū (romanization)
wasifu (romanization)
わしふ (hiragana historical)

変体漢文

変体漢文 へんたいかんぶん

Japanism that appears in Literary Chinese composed by a Japanese person


漢文訓読

漢文訓読 (canonical)
kanbun kundoku (romanization)

[kã̠mbɯ̟ŋ kɯ̟̃ndo̞kɯ̟]

From 漢文 (kanbun, “Literary Chinese”) + 訓読 (kundoku, “native reading of kanji”).

com

(orthography) the Japanese reading of Literary Chinese by a literal translation


諺解

ja-noun

諺(げん)解(かい) • (genkai) ^(←げんかい (genkai)?)

諺解 (canonical)
genkai (romanization)
げんかい (hiragana historical)

仏典の諺解

(historical) Korean-language annotation of Chinese-language works


かきくだす

ja-verb

かきくだす • (kakikudasu) ^(←かきくだす (kakikudasu)?)godan (stem かきくだし (kakikudashi), past かきくだした (kakikudashita))

kakikudasu (romanization)
かきくだし (stem)
かきくだした (past)
かきくださ
kakikudasa
かきくだし
kakikudashi
かきくだす
kakikudasu
かきくだせ
kakikudase
かきくだされる (passive)
kakikudasareru (passive)
かきくださせる (causative)
かきくださす (causative)
kakikudasaseru (causative)
kakikudasasu (causative)
かきくだせる (potential)
kakikudaseru (potential)
かきくだそう (volitional)
kakikudasō (volitional)
かきくださない (negative)
kakikudasanai (negative)
かきくださず (continuative negative)
kakikudasazu (continuative negative)
かきくだします (formal)
kakikudashimasu (formal)
かきくだした (perfective)
kakikudashita (perfective)
かきくだして (conjunctive)
kakikudashite (conjunctive)
かきくだせば (conditional hypothetical)
kakikudaseba (conditional hypothetical)

From 書(か)き (kaki, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 書(か)く (kaku).”) + 下(くだ)す (kudasu).

ja-compound

書(か)き下(くだ)し文(ぶん) 書き下し文#Japanese

to annotate a literary Chinese text, transforming it into 書(か)き下(くだ)し文(ぶん) (kakikudashi bun)