GDP

Initialism of English gross domestic product; From English GDP.

国内総生産 国内総生産#Japanese

gross domestic product
gross domestic product#English

(economics) Synonym of 国内総生産 (kokunai sōseisan, “gross domestic product”); GDP (“gross domestic product”)


重い

ja-adj

重(おも)い • (omoi) -i (adverbial 重(おも)く (omoku))

重い (canonical)
omoi (romanization)
重く (adverbial)
重かろ (imperfective stem)
おもかろ (imperfective stem)
omokaro (imperfective)
重く (continuative stem)
おもく (continuative stem)
omoku (continuative)
重い (stem terminative)
おもい (stem terminative)
omoi (terminative)
重い (attributive stem)
おもい (attributive stem)
omoi (attributive)
重けれ (hypothetical stem)
おもけれ (hypothetical stem)
omokere (hypothetical)
重かれ (imperative stem)
おもかれ (imperative stem)
omokare (imperative)
重くない (informal negative)
おもくない (informal negative)
omoku nai (informal negative)
重かった (informal past)
おもかった (informal past)
omokatta (informal past)
重くなかった (informal negative past)
おもくなかった (informal negative past)
omoku nakatta (informal negative past)
重いです (formal)
おもいです (formal)
omoi desu (formal)
重くないです (formal negative)
おもくないです (formal negative)
omoku nai desu (formal negative)
重かったです (formal past)
おもかったです (formal past)
omokatta desu (formal past)
重くなかったです (formal negative past)
おもくなかったです (formal negative past)
omoku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
重くて (conjunctive)
おもくて (conjunctive)
omokute (conjunctive)
重ければ (conditional)
おもければ (conditional)
omokereba (conditional)
重かったら (conditional past)
おもかったら (conditional past)
omokattara (conditional past)
重かろう (volitional)
おもかろう (volitional)
omokarō (volitional)
重く (adverbial)
おもく (adverbial)
omoku (adverbial)
重さ (noun-from-adj)
おもさ (noun-from-adj)
omosa (noun-from-adj)

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *onpo.

急にchromeが重くなった。起動も重い、タブを開くのも、切り替えるのも重い、WEBページを読み込むのも重い。

My Chrome has suddenly become laggy. It takes forever to start up. Opening and switching tabs takes forever. Loading web pages also takes forever.

Kyū ni Kurōmu ga omokunatta. Kidō mo omoi, tabu o hiraku no mo, kirikaeru no mo omoi, webu pēji o yomikomu no mo omoi.

(computing, of computers or programs) sluggish; slow

回線が重い

(computing, of computer networks) congested; having poor performance

重いデータを送る


大きい

大(おお)きい • (ōkii) ^(←おほきい (ofokii)?)-i (adverbial 大(おお)きく (ōkiku))

大きい (canonical)
ōkii (romanization)
ofokii (romanization)
大きく (adverbial)
大きかろ (imperfective stem)
おおきかろ (imperfective stem)
ōkikaro (imperfective)
大きく (continuative stem)
おおきく (continuative stem)
ōkiku (continuative)
大きい (stem terminative)
おおきい (stem terminative)
ōkii (terminative)
大きい (attributive stem)
おおきい (attributive stem)
ōkii (attributive)
大きけれ (hypothetical stem)
おおきけれ (hypothetical stem)
ōkikere (hypothetical)
大きかれ (imperative stem)
おおきかれ (imperative stem)
ōkikare (imperative)
大きくない (informal negative)
おおきくない (informal negative)
ōkiku nai (informal negative)
大きかった (informal past)
おおきかった (informal past)
ōkikatta (informal past)
大きくなかった (informal negative past)
おおきくなかった (informal negative past)
ōkiku nakatta (informal negative past)
大きいです (formal)
おおきいです (formal)
ōkii desu (formal)
大きくないです (formal negative)
おおきくないです (formal negative)
ōkiku nai desu (formal negative)
大きかったです (formal past)
おおきかったです (formal past)
ōkikatta desu (formal past)
大きくなかったです (formal negative past)
おおきくなかったです (formal negative past)
ōkiku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
大きくて (conjunctive)
おおきくて (conjunctive)
ōkikute (conjunctive)
大きければ (conditional)
おおきければ (conditional)
ōkikereba (conditional)
大きかったら (conditional past)
おおきかったら (conditional past)
ōkikattara (conditional past)
大きかろう (volitional)
おおきかろう (volitional)
ōkikarō (volitional)
大きく (adverbial)
おおきく (adverbial)
ōkiku (adverbial)
大きさ (noun-from-adj)
おおきさ (noun-from-adj)
ōkisa (noun-from-adj)
大く (irrealis stem)
大から (irrealis stem)
おほく (irrealis stem)
おほから (irrealis stem)
ofoku (irrealis)
ofokara (irrealis)
大く (continuative stem)
大かり (continuative stem)
おほく (continuative stem)
おほかり (continuative stem)
ofoku (continuative)
ofokari (continuative)
大し (stem terminative)
おほし (stem terminative)
ofosi (terminative)
大き (attributive stem)
大かる (attributive stem)
おほき (attributive stem)
おほかる (attributive stem)
ofoki (attributive)
ofokaru (attributive)
大けれ (realis stem)
おほけれ (realis stem)
ofokere (realis)
大かれ (imperative stem)
おほかれ (imperative stem)
ofokare (imperative)
大からず (negative)
おほからず (negative)
ofokarazu (negative)
大けれど (contrastive)
おほけれど (contrastive)
ofokeredo (contrastive)
大ければ (causative)
おほければ (causative)
ofokereba (causative)
大くば (conditional)
おほくば (conditional)
ofokuba (conditional)
大かりき (past)
おほかりき (past)
ofokariki (past)
大かりけり (past)
おほかりけり (past)
ofokarikeri (past)
大く (adverbial)
おほく (adverbial)
ofoku (adverbial)

/opoki/ → /oɸoki/ → /oɸokiki/ → /owokiː/ → /oːkiː/
Appears in the Muromachi period, 1337 to 1573 CE.
From older adjective 大(おお)き (ōki, ancient reading opoki), derived as the attributive form ōki (ancient opoki) of cognate adjective ōshi (ancient oposi; attributive opoki appearing already in the Man'yōshū of 759 CE, meaning both “large” or “many”, spelled as 多(おお)し (ōshi) or 大(おお)し (ōshi), modern Japanese 多(おお)い (ōi, “many”)), in turn derived from Old Japanese adjective opo (“indistinct; of uncertain size, shape, or amount”; read as ō in modern Japanese, spelled as 凡 or 大).


長い

長(なが)い • (nagai) -i (adverbial 長(なが)く (nagaku))

長い (canonical)
nagai (romanization)
長く (adverbial)
長かろ (imperfective stem)
ながかろ (imperfective stem)
nagakaro (imperfective)
長く (continuative stem)
ながく (continuative stem)
nagaku (continuative)
長い (stem terminative)
ながい (stem terminative)
nagai (terminative)
長い (attributive stem)
ながい (attributive stem)
nagai (attributive)
長けれ (hypothetical stem)
ながけれ (hypothetical stem)
nagakere (hypothetical)
長かれ (imperative stem)
ながかれ (imperative stem)
nagakare (imperative)
長くない (informal negative)
ながくない (informal negative)
nagaku nai (informal negative)
長かった (informal past)
ながかった (informal past)
nagakatta (informal past)
長くなかった (informal negative past)
ながくなかった (informal negative past)
nagaku nakatta (informal negative past)
長いです (formal)
ながいです (formal)
nagai desu (formal)
長くないです (formal negative)
ながくないです (formal negative)
nagaku nai desu (formal negative)
長かったです (formal past)
ながかったです (formal past)
nagakatta desu (formal past)
長くなかったです (formal negative past)
ながくなかったです (formal negative past)
nagaku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
長くて (conjunctive)
ながくて (conjunctive)
nagakute (conjunctive)
長ければ (conditional)
ながければ (conditional)
nagakereba (conditional)
長かったら (conditional past)
ながかったら (conditional past)
nagakattara (conditional past)
長かろう (volitional)
ながかろう (volitional)
nagakarō (volitional)
長く (adverbial)
ながく (adverbial)
nagaku (adverbial)
長さ (noun-from-adj)
ながさ (noun-from-adj)
nagasa (noun-from-adj)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *nanka.
Possibly cognate with 流れる (nagareru, “to flow”, intransitive), and 流す (nagasu, “to flow”, transitive), in reference to extending.

長い間

トイレ長いよ。


酉

rooster (tenth sign of the Chinese zodiac)


酉

From 鶏 (niwatori, tori, “chicken”), from 庭 (niwa, “garden”) + 鳥 (tori, “bird”).

the Rooster, the tenth of the twelve Earthly Branches


酉

酉 (canonical)
Yū (romanization)
iu (romanization)
いう (hiragana historical)


ASCII

[a̠sɨ̥ᵝkʲiː]


数

ja-noun

数(すう) • (sū)


GUI

GUI(ジーユーアイ) or GUI(グイ) or GUI(グーイ) • (jīyūai or gui or gūi)

GUI (canonical)
GUI (canonical)
GUI (canonical)
jīyūai (romanization)
gui (romanization)
gūi (romanization)

[d͡ʑiːjɯ̟ᵝːa̠i]

ja:グラフィカルユーザインタフェース


FBI

ja-pos

FBI(エフビーアイ) or FBI(エフ・ビー・アイ) • (Efubīai or Efu Bī Ai)

FBI (canonical)
FBI (canonical)
Efubīai (romanization)
Efu Bī Ai (romanization)

FBIに聞いたって分かんない
彼女のメッセージ
efubīai ni kītatte wakannai

2020, “るるちゃんの自殺配信 (Ruru-chan no jisatsu haishin) [Ruru-chan's Suicide Livestream]”, in の子 (Noko) (lyrics), 児童カルテ (Jidō karute), performed by 神聖かまってちゃん (Shinsei Kamatte-chan) [Shinsei Kamattechan]

You won't get her message
even if you ask the FBI

連邦捜査局 連邦捜査局#Japanese

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation

Synonym of 連邦捜査局 (Renpō Sōsakyoku, “Federal Bureau of Investigation”); the FBI


OS

98の次のＯＳは2000のはずなのに……このＯＳ『99』だもん

2011 October 21, Hikaru Nakamura, “その45 八百万と九十九 [Chapter 45: Eight Million and Ninety-Nine]”, in 聖☆おにいさん [Saint☆Young Men], volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha

The successor OS of 98 is supposed to be 2000... But this OS is ‘99’

Kyūjūhachi no tsugi no ōesu wa nisen no hazu na noni... Kono ōesu “kyūjūkyū” da mon

『99』 くゅうじゅうくゅう

オペレーティングシステム オペレーティングシステム#Japanese

operating system
operating system#English

Abbreviation of オペレーティングシステム (operētingu shisutemu, “operating system”); an OS


LED

[e̞ɾɯ̟ᵝiːdʲiː]

light-emitting diode
light-emitting diode#English

(electronics) LED (light-emitting diode)


西

西と言うたら東を悟れ

what is called in the west is realized in the east → necessary to understand the back as well as the front

西と言えば東と言う

if they say West, say East → tell the opposite thing every time

西も東も分からない

cannot tell east from west → cannot be understood at all

犬が西向きゃ尾は東

dog faces west while its tail points east → clearly obvious

Originally a compound of 去に (ini, “going away”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 去(い)ぬ (inu, “to go away”)) + し (shi, “wind; (by extension) direction”, as seen in other ancient-derived words as 嵐 (arashi, “storm”, literally “wild + wind”), 旋風 (tsumuji, “whirlwind”), 東 (higashi, “east”, from older pi muka si, literally “sun + facing + wind/direction”)).
First cited in the Kojiki of 712, with the phonetic spelling 爾斯 (nisi).

西向く侍 → 二四六九士

westward-facing samurai → mnemonic for months with less than 31 days, with 士 standing for 十一

the left side of the stage in the Edo-style

the right side of the stage in Kyoto and Osaka styles

(sumo) lower-ranked wrestlers listed on the left side of a banzuke

the West; (later, more specifically) the capitalist states of the West (originally western Europe, as opposed to Eastern Bloc countries)


西

(Buddhism) Synonym of 西方浄土 (Saihō Jōdo): the western paradise of Amitabha Buddha

西方浄土

(Buddhism) Short for 西本願寺 (Nishi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Kyoto

西本願寺

a place name, especially the name of various wards in major cities throughout Japan


西

ja-noun

西(シャー) • (shā)

Possibly a corruption of Mandarin 西 (xī, “west”).

(mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of west wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)


馬

馬 (canonical)
馬 (canonical)
uma (romanization)
匹 (counter)

Horse
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Tōkai–Tōsan dialect
ja:馬

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
The initial m sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word 梅 (ume, mume, “plum”). However, Pellard simply reconstructs Proto-Japonic *uma and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.
The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”), Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), Mandarin 馬／马 (mǎ, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”) and descendants such as Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or English mare (“female horse”). More at *márkos.


車

車 (canonical)
kuruma (romanization)
台 (counter)

→ Marshallese: kurm̧a

[kɯ̟ᵝɾɯ̟ᵝma̠]

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE, with the ideographic spelling 車.
Assuming an initial meaning of wheel, may be a compound of くる (kuru, related to spinning or rotating, as in 繰る (kuru, “to spin (as in thread)”), 枢 (kuru, “hinge”), くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly, round and round”), 転めく (kurumeku, “to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy”)) + ま (ma, a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state).

compound

short for 手車 (te-guruma): a handcart, a wheelbarrow

short for 車座 (kuruma za): sitting in a circle


AIDS

後天性免疫不全症候群 後天性免疫不全症候群#Japanese

acquired immune deficiency syndrome#English

Synonym of 後天性免疫不全症候群 (kōtensei men'eki fuzen shōkōgun, “acquired immune deficiency syndrome”); AIDS


FIFA

国際サッカー連盟 国際サッカー連盟#Japanese

Synonym of 国際サッカー連盟 (Kokusai Sakkā Renmei, “International Federation of Association Football”); FIFA


UFO

Orthographic borrowing from English UFO, but pronounced like an acronym rather than a mere initialism.

未確認飛行物体 未確認飛行物体#Japanese

unidentified flying object
unidentified flying object

Synonym of 未確認飛行物体 (mikakunin hikō buttai, “unidentified flying object”); a UFO


HIV

ja-noun

HIV(エイチアイブイ) or HIV(エッチアイブイ) • (eichiaibui or etchiaibui)

HIV (canonical)
HIV (canonical)
eichiaibui (romanization)
etchiaibui (romanization)

人免疫不全ウイルス 人免疫不全ウイルス#Japanese

human immunodeficiency virus
human immunodeficiency virus#English

Synonym of 人免疫不全ウイルス (hito men'eki fuzen uirusu, “human immunodeficiency virus”); HIV


DNA

[dʲiːe̞nɯ̟ᵝe̞ː]

デオキシリボ核酸 デオキシリボ核酸#Japanese

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(genetics, biochemistry) Synonym of デオキシリボ核酸 (deokishiribo-kakusan, “deoxyribonucleic acid”); DNA


CM

From コマーシャルメッセージ (komāsharu messēji, literally “commercial message”).

僕はこのポスターは好きですね 好きだけど……何のＣＭかわからないんじゃないですか？
Boku wa kono posutā wa suki desu ne Suki da kedo…… Nan no shīemu ka wakaranai n ja nai desu ka?
I like this poster… But we still don’t know what the commercial’s gonna be like, no?
実は そこがポイントなんです 商品訴求をあえて隠して初芝ＡＶ機器のイメージだけを出したいんです
Jitsu wa soko ga pointo na n desu Shōhin sokyū o aete kakushite Hatsushiba ēbui kiki no imēji dake o dashitai n desu
That’s the point, actually. We want to keep the product’s appeal secret and just put out an image of Hatsushiba AV equipment.
なるほど

2007 April 23, Kenshi Hirokane, “Step 5: Five O'Clock World 1”, in ヤング島耕作 主任編 [Young Shima Kōsaku: Manager Arc], volume 1 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, pages 72–73

commercial message: a commercial or ad on television


SP

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from special + police.


SP

セールスプロモーション セールスプロモーション#Japanese

(business) Initialism of セールスプロモーション (“sales promotion”).


SL

[e̞sɨᵝe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

蒸気機関車 蒸気機関車#Japanese

(rail transport) Synonym of 蒸気機関車 (jōki kikansha, “steam locomotive”)


SI

国際単位系 国際単位系#Japanese

International System of Units
International System of Units#English

Synonym of 国際単位系 (Kokusai Tan'ikei, “International System of Units”); the SI


CA

flight attendant
flight attendant#English


IMF

国際通貨基金 国際通貨基金#Japanese

International Monetary Fund
International Monetary Fund

Synonym of 国際通貨基金 (Kokusai Tsūka Kikin, “International Monetary Fund”); the IMF


赤い

ja-adj

赤(あか)い • (akai) -i (adverbial 赤(あか)く (akaku))

赤い (canonical)
akai (romanization)
赤く (adverbial)
赤かろ (imperfective stem)
あかかろ (imperfective stem)
akakaro (imperfective)
赤く (continuative stem)
あかく (continuative stem)
akaku (continuative)
赤い (stem terminative)
あかい (stem terminative)
akai (terminative)
赤い (attributive stem)
あかい (attributive stem)
akai (attributive)
赤けれ (hypothetical stem)
あかけれ (hypothetical stem)
akakere (hypothetical)
赤かれ (imperative stem)
あかかれ (imperative stem)
akakare (imperative)
赤くない (informal negative)
あかくない (informal negative)
akaku nai (informal negative)
赤かった (informal past)
あかかった (informal past)
akakatta (informal past)
赤くなかった (informal negative past)
あかくなかった (informal negative past)
akaku nakatta (informal negative past)
赤いです (formal)
あかいです (formal)
akai desu (formal)
赤くないです (formal negative)
あかくないです (formal negative)
akaku nai desu (formal negative)
赤かったです (formal past)
あかかったです (formal past)
akakatta desu (formal past)
赤くなかったです (formal negative past)
あかくなかったです (formal negative past)
akaku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
赤くて (conjunctive)
あかくて (conjunctive)
akakute (conjunctive)
赤ければ (conditional)
あかければ (conditional)
akakereba (conditional)
赤かったら (conditional past)
あかかったら (conditional past)
akakattara (conditional past)
赤かろう (volitional)
あかかろう (volitional)
akakarō (volitional)
赤く (adverbial)
あかく (adverbial)
akaku (adverbial)
赤さ (noun-from-adj)
あかさ (noun-from-adj)
akasa (noun-from-adj)

From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 赤し (akashi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out. Cognate with 明るい (akarui, “bright”).
Medial voiceless plosives, like /-k-/, underwent voicing, then spirantization, then gliding, then being dropped, before /-i, -u, -e, -o/. As this intervocalic sound-change did not occur before /-a/(Hamano, 2000), Middle Japanese /akaki/ became /akai/ 赤い.
⟨akaki₁⟩ → */akakʲi/ → */akaɡʲi/ → */akaɣi/ → */akaji/ → */akai/.


青い

ja-adj

青(あお)い • (aoi) ^(←あをい (awoi)?)-i (adverbial 青(あお)く (aoku))

青い (canonical)
aoi (romanization)
awoi (romanization)
青く (adverbial)
青かろ (imperfective stem)
あおかろ (imperfective stem)
aokaro (imperfective)
青く (continuative stem)
あおく (continuative stem)
aoku (continuative)
青い (stem terminative)
あおい (stem terminative)
aoi (terminative)
青い (attributive stem)
あおい (attributive stem)
aoi (attributive)
青けれ (hypothetical stem)
あおけれ (hypothetical stem)
aokere (hypothetical)
青かれ (imperative stem)
あおかれ (imperative stem)
aokare (imperative)
青くない (informal negative)
あおくない (informal negative)
aoku nai (informal negative)
青かった (informal past)
あおかった (informal past)
aokatta (informal past)
青くなかった (informal negative past)
あおくなかった (informal negative past)
aoku nakatta (informal negative past)
青いです (formal)
あおいです (formal)
aoi desu (formal)
青くないです (formal negative)
あおくないです (formal negative)
aoku nai desu (formal negative)
青かったです (formal past)
あおかったです (formal past)
aokatta desu (formal past)
青くなかったです (formal negative past)
あおくなかったです (formal negative past)
aoku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
青くて (conjunctive)
あおくて (conjunctive)
aokute (conjunctive)
青ければ (conditional)
あおければ (conditional)
aokereba (conditional)
青かったら (conditional past)
あおかったら (conditional past)
aokattara (conditional past)
青かろう (volitional)
あおかろう (volitional)
aokarō (volitional)
青く (adverbial)
あおく (adverbial)
aoku (adverbial)
青さ (noun-from-adj)
あおさ (noun-from-adj)
aosa (noun-from-adj)
青く (irrealis stem)
青から (irrealis stem)
あをく (irrealis stem)
あをから (irrealis stem)
awoku (irrealis)
awokara (irrealis)
青く (continuative stem)
青かり (continuative stem)
あをく (continuative stem)
あをかり (continuative stem)
awoku (continuative)
awokari (continuative)
青し (stem terminative)
あをし (stem terminative)
awosi (terminative)
青き (attributive stem)
青かる (attributive stem)
あをき (attributive stem)
あをかる (attributive stem)
awoki (attributive)
awokaru (attributive)
青けれ (realis stem)
あをけれ (realis stem)
awokere (realis)
青かれ (imperative stem)
あをかれ (imperative stem)
awokare (imperative)
青からず (negative)
あをからず (negative)
awokarazu (negative)
青けれど (contrastive)
あをけれど (contrastive)
awokeredo (contrastive)
青ければ (causative)
あをければ (causative)
awokereba (causative)
青くば (conditional)
あをくば (conditional)
awokuba (conditional)
青かりき (past)
あをかりき (past)
awokariki (past)
青かりけり (past)
あをかりけり (past)
awokarikeri (past)
青く (adverbial)
あをく (adverbial)
awoku (adverbial)

Modern form of Old Japanese adjective あおし (awosi); from Old Japanese awo-, from Proto-Japonic *awo.
⟨awosi⟩ (classical 終止形 (shūshikei) or terminal form) → ⟨awoki₁⟩ (classical 連体形 (rentaikei) or attributive form) → /aoi/ (modern shūshikei and rentaikei)
An intervocalic sound-change, before /-i, -u, -e, -o/, caused medial voiceless plosive /-k-/ to undergo voicing, then spirantization, and gliding, before being dropped.
⟨awoki₁⟩ → */awokʲi/ → */awoɡʲi/ → */awoɣi/ → */awoji/ → */awoi/ → /aoi/

隣の芝生は青く見える

the grass is always greener on the other side


月

⟨tuki₂⟩ → */tukɨ/ → */t͡sukɨ/ → /t͡suki/
From Old Japanese 月 (tuki₂), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tukui. For the vowel alternation, see WT:AJPX#Standalone forms and combining forms.

(tarot) the Moon, the eighteenth trump or major arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks

Short for 月囲い (tsukigakoi): a mistress on a monthly allowance


月

月 (canonical)
-gatsu (romanization)
gwatu (romanization)
ぐわつ (hiragana historical)

/ɡʷatɨ/ → /ɡʷat͡su/ → /ɡat͡su/
From Middle Chinese 月 (ŋʉɐt̚).
The 慣用音 (kan'yōon) reading, a pronunciation in common usage based on a corruption of the Middle Chinese borrowing.


月

月 (canonical)
-getsu (romanization)
gwetu (romanization)
ぐゑつ (hiragana historical)

/ɡʷetu/ → /ɡet͡su/
From Middle Chinese 月 (ŋʉɐt̚).
The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Hakka 月 (ngie̍t), Min Nan 月 (ge̍h).


大豆

大豆 (canonical)
daizu (romanization)
daidu (romanization)
だいづ (hiragana historical)

大豆蛋白

大豆蛋白 だいずたんぱく


秋

春夏秋冬

春夏秋冬 しゅんかしゅうとう

春夏秋冬

春夏秋冬 はるなつあきふゆ


安心

安心 (canonical)
anshin (romanization)
安心 (canonical)
anjin (romanization)

From Middle Chinese compound 安心 (*ʔan *sim). Compare modern Chinese 安心 (ānxīn).

安心決定: chanting the name of Buddha with purity of heart and mind

安心決定鈔: a two-volume scripture in Pure Land Buddhism

安心得道: achieving nirvana through equanimity of spirit

keeping an unperturbed mind through faith

安心無き読経は田中の蝦蟇の如し

a sutra recital without peace of mind is just like a toad in a paddy

anshin naki dokyō wa tanaka no gama no gotoshi, “→ reciting the sutras without having the proper spiritual mindset is as meaningful as the croaking of a toad in a rice paddy”


明日

明日は明日の風が吹く

tomorrow let tomorrow's winds blow → tomorrow is a new day

Shift in meaning from 朝 (ashita, “next morning”), itself cognate with 朝 (asa, “morning”).
The kanji spelling is from Chinese 明日 (míngrì).

明日は雨ですね。

明日の夕方


明日

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Possibly a shift from verb 明かす (akasu, “to pass”).
*: */akasu/ → */akusu/ → /asu/
* Possibly an apophonic form of or cognate with 朝 (asa, “morning”).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 明日 (míngrì).

obor

明日もまた、同じ日が来るのだろう。幸福は一生、来ないのだ。それは、わかっている。けれども、きっと来る、あすは来る、と信じて寝るのがいいのでしょう。

The same day will probably come tomorrow again, just like always. True happiness will never come into my life. I know that. But perhaps it is best to go to sleep believing that it will come, that it will come tomorrow.

Asu mo mata, onaji hi ga kuru no darō. Kōfuku wa isshō, konai no da. Sore wa, wakatteiru. Keredo mo, kitto kuru, asu wa kuru, to shinjite neru no ga ii no deshō.


明日

ja-noun

明(みょう)日(にち) • (myōnichi) ^(←みやうにち (myauniti)?)

明日 (canonical)
myōnichi (romanization)
myauniti (romanization)
みやうにち (hiragana historical)

[mʲo̞ːɲ̟it͡ɕi]

/mʲau nʲiti/ → /mʲɔːɲit͡ɕi/ → /mʲoːɲit͡ɕi/
From Middle Chinese compound 明日 (MC mjaeng nyit).


明日

From a later borrowing of Chinese 明日 (míngrì), using the 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”).
Rare reading.


愛

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).
Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).


愛

Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) + な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).
The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).


愛

ja-pos

愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あゝい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(こゝろ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi)

愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
Azumi (romanization)
Āi (romanization)
Aika (romanization)
Aisu (romanization)
Aki (romanization)
Ako (romanization)
Amika (romanization)
Aoi (romanization)
Arisa (romanization)
Aya (romanization)
Ayu (romanization)
Chigiri (romanization)
Chika (romanization)
Chikashi (romanization)
Erina (romanization)
Hāto (romanization)
Hikari (romanization)
Ito (romanization)
Itoshi (romanization)
Itsumi (romanization)
Izumi (romanization)
Kana (romanization)
Kanae (romanization)
Kanasa (romanization)
Kizuna (romanization)
Kokoro (romanization)
Konomu (romanization)
Madoka (romanization)
Manabu (romanization)
Manami (romanization)
Mezuru (romanization)
Mego (romanization)
Megu (romanization)
Megumi (romanization)
Megumu (romanization)
Mei (romanization)
Naru (romanization)
Naruko (romanization)
Nozomi (romanization)
Rabu (romanization)
Rui (romanization)
Sara (romanization)
Saran (romanization)
Tsugumi (romanization)
Tsukumi (romanization)
Ui (romanization)
Yoshi (romanization)
Yoshiki (romanization)
Yoshimi (romanization)
ちかしいとしかなえかなさめぐみめぐむなるこさらんよしきよしみ (hiragana)

Used as nanori in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many names.


青

青 (canonical)
ao (romanization)
awo (romanization)
あを (hiragana historical)

/sawo/ (uncertain, may be compound as opposed to root) → /awo/ → /ao/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *awo.
Appears as the latter part in older compounds with an -s- infix or prefix. It is unclear if this leading /s/ is indicative of an earlier form (sawo), or if this was an addition for euphony to avoid vowel clusters, or for other reasons. This /s/ is also seen in 雨(あめ) (ame, “rain”, becoming same in old compounds) and 稲(いね) (ine, “rice”, becoming shine in old compounds).
Given that this /s/ only ever appears interstitially, and given the semantics, this /s/ may be cognate with Korean interfix ㅅ (-s-) used to mark possession; compare German -s-.

ja-r

(card games) Short for 青短, 青丹 (aotan): one of the three hanafuda cards bearing a blue 短冊 (tanzaku, “narrow card used for poetry”); a 役 (yaku) of the three aotan cards, worth 3 points

青短

天正カルタ 天正カルタ#Japanese

(card games) a blue card in 天正カルタ (Tenshō karuta)


青

青 (canonical)
Ao (romanization)
awo (romanization)
あを (hiragana historical)


青

Unknown. The reading might be an obscure term from Old Japanese or dialect. The use of the character 青 arises from its 宋音(そうおん) (sōon, “Song-dynasty pronunciation”).

(rare, archaic, mythology) a beast that looks like a weasel, and is said to have lived in present-day Fukuoka and Yamaguchi prefectures

(rare, archaic, mythology) a beast that looks like a wolf, and is said to have appeared around Mount Yoshino


零

From Middle Chinese 零 (MC leng) with an original meaning of a small rainfall. The character was later repurposed in 1248 by mathematician Li Ye as a placeholder, extending from its a little bit (of rain) meaning to indicate a bit more remaining. In Li Ye's notation, a number like 302 would be represented as 三百零二 (èr), literally three hundred and remaining two, with the 零 character used as a means of skipping the tens place, by indicating zero tens. It would thus implicitly take on the meaning of zero.

lang

「算木」を超えた男: もう一つの近代数学の誕生と関孝和

「算木」を超えた男: もう一つの近代数学の誕生と関孝和


米

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
man'yōgana

⟨ko₂me₂⟩ → */kəməj/ → /kome/
From Old Japanese. First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 渠梅. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kəmay.
Many theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Perhaps from 籠め (kome), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 籠める (komeru, “do with one's heart”), from the way rice is farmed. The accent of kome in the Heian period is , while kome- in the Heian period is .
* Possibly cognate with Proto-Vietic *kəːm (“cooked rice”), modern cơm.
* Possibly cognate with Proto-Austronesian *Semay and Old Chinese 糜 (OC *mral). However, this is extremely speculative; none of the known derivations from Proto-Austronesian *Semay develop initial /k/, nor is this shift explainable by any known mechanism within Japonic.


米

⟨yo₂nai⟩ → */jənai/ → */jəne/ → /jone/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Possibly from Proto-Japonic *jənaC- (Vovin, 1998) and related to 稲 (ine, “rice plant”).
Unknown "-C-" consonantal segment, reconstructed by Vovin, seems unlikely considering [a ~ e] vowel alternation, seen in bound form yona- and free form yone:
:Compare 藍 (awi → ai, “indigo”) from 青 (awo → ao, “blue”) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle) against 白い /siroi/ from ⟨siro₁ki₁⟩.
The colloquial sense is derived from the components of the 米 kanji: 八 (hachi, “eight”) + 十 (jū, “ten”) + 八 (hachi, “eight”).


赤

赤 (canonical)
赤 (canonical)
aka (romanization)

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *aka.


氷

氷 (canonical)
Kōri (romanization)
kofori (romanization)
こほり (hiragana historical)

⟨ko₂pori⟩ → */kəpori/ → /koɸori/ → /kowori/ → /koːri/
From Old Japanese.
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 凍る (kōru, “to freeze”).


ドラキュラ

[do̞ɾa̠kʲɨᵝɾa̠]


朝

朝 (canonical)
chō (romanization)
teu (romanization)
てう (hiragana historical)

table
/teu/ → /t͡ɕeu/ → /t͡ɕoː/
The “morning” and “Korea” senses are from Middle Chinese 朝 (MC trjew).
The “imperial court”, “dynasty”, and “epoch” senses are from Middle Chinese 朝 (MC drjew), using the 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) borrowing.


餡蜜

[ã̠mʲːit͡sɨᵝ]


悪魔

From Middle Chinese 惡魔 (MC 'ak ma, literally “bad, evil + demon”).

ltc-l

(Buddhism) a mara, a demon seeking to prevent enlightenment


引力

[ĩnɾʲo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Calque of Dutch aantrekkingskracht (“attraction force”).

cal

君は引力を信じるか

attractive force, attraction, affinity, magnetism, gravitation

(metaphoric) attractiveness, allure, magnetism


行く

ja-verb

行(い)く or 行(ゆ)く • (iku or yuku) intransitive godan (stem 行(い)き (iki), past 行(い)った (itta))

行く (canonical)
行く (canonical)
iku (romanization)
yuku (romanization)
行き (stem)
行った (past)
行か (imperfective stem)
いか (imperfective stem)
ゆか (imperfective stem)
ika (imperfective stem)
yuka (imperfective stem)
行き (continuative stem)
いき (continuative stem)
ゆき (continuative stem)
iki (continuative stem)
yuki (continuative stem)
行く (stem terminative)
いく (stem terminative)
ゆく (stem terminative)
iku (stem terminative)
yuku (stem terminative)
行く (attributive stem)
いく (attributive stem)
ゆく (attributive stem)
iku (attributive stem)
yuku (attributive stem)
行け (hypothetical stem)
いけ (hypothetical stem)
ゆけ (hypothetical stem)
ike (hypothetical stem)
yuke (hypothetical stem)
行け (imperative stem)
いけ (imperative stem)
ゆけ (imperative stem)
ike (imperative stem)
yuke (imperative stem)
行かれる (passive)
いかれる (passive)
ゆかれる (passive)
ikareru (passive)
yukareru (passive)
行かせる (causative)
行かす (causative)
いかせる (causative)
ゆかせる (causative)
いかす (causative)
ゆかす (causative)
ikaseru (causative)
yukaseru (causative)
ikasu (causative)
yukasu (causative)
行ける (potential)
いける (potential)
ゆける (potential)
ikeru (potential)
yukeru (potential)
行こう (volitional)
いこう (volitional)
ゆこう (volitional)
ikō (volitional)
yukō (volitional)
行かない (negative)
いかない (negative)
ゆかない (negative)
ikanai (negative)
yukanai (negative)
行かず (continuative negative)
いかず (continuative negative)
ゆかず (continuative negative)
ikazu (continuative negative)
yukazu (continuative negative)
行きます (formal)
いきます (formal)
ゆきます (formal)
ikimasu (formal)
yukimasu (formal)
行った (perfective)
行いた (perfective)
いった (perfective)
ゆいた (perfective)
itta (perfective)
yuita (perfective)
行って (conjunctive)
行いて (conjunctive)
いって (conjunctive)
ゆいて (conjunctive)
itte (conjunctive)
yuite (conjunctive)
行けば (conditional hypothetical)
いけば (conditional hypothetical)
ゆけば (conditional hypothetical)
ikeba (conditional hypothetical)
yukeba (conditional hypothetical)
行か (irrealis stem)
ゆか (irrealis stem)
yuka (irrealis)
行き (continuative stem)
ゆき (continuative stem)
yuki (continuative)
行く (stem terminative)
ゆく (stem terminative)
yuku (terminative)
行く (attributive stem)
ゆく (attributive stem)
yuku (attributive)
行け (realis stem)
ゆけ (realis stem)
yuke (realis)
行け (imperative stem)
ゆけ (imperative stem)
yuke (imperative)
行かず (negative)
ゆかず (negative)
yukazu (negative)
行けど (contrastive)
ゆけど (contrastive)
yukedo (contrastive)
行けば (causative)
ゆけば (causative)
yukeba (causative)
行かば (conditional)
ゆかば (conditional)
yukaba (conditional)
行きき (past)
ゆきき (past)
yukiki (past)
行きけり (past)
ゆきけり (past)
yukikeri (past)
行きつ (perfect)
ゆきつ (perfect)
yukitu (perfect)
行きぬ (perfect)
ゆきぬ (perfect)
yukinu (perfect)
行けり (continuative perfect)
行きたり (continuative perfect)
ゆけり (continuative perfect)
ゆきたり (continuative perfect)
yukeri (continuative perfect)
yukitari (continuative perfect)
行かむ (volitional)
ゆかむ (volitional)
yukamu (volitional)

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *iku. Cognate with Okinawan 行(い)ちゅん (ichun), Miyako 行きぃ (iksï).

2009, Ichiro Suzuki in an interview after the World Baseball Classic
気持ち良かったっすねえ。ほぼイキかけました。
Kimochi yokatta ssu nē. Hobo ikikakemashita.
It felt great. I almost came.

イく: (slang) to have an orgasm, to come, to cum


送る

送(おく)る • (okuru) transitive godan (stem 送(おく)り (okuri), past 送(おく)った (okutta))

送る (canonical)
okuru (romanization)
送り (stem)
送った (past)
送ら
おくら
okura
送り
おくり
okuri
送る
おくる
okuru
送れ
おくれ
okure
送られる (passive)
おくられる (passive)
okurareru (passive)
送らせる (causative)
送らす (causative)
おくらせる (causative)
おくらす (causative)
okuraseru (causative)
okurasu (causative)
送れる (potential)
おくれる (potential)
okureru (potential)
送ろう (volitional)
おくろう (volitional)
okurō (volitional)
送らない (negative)
おくらない (negative)
okuranai (negative)
送らず (continuative negative)
おくらず (continuative negative)
okurazu (continuative negative)
送ります (formal)
おくります (formal)
okurimasu (formal)
送った (perfective)
おくった (perfective)
okutta (perfective)
送って (conjunctive)
おくって (conjunctive)
okutte (conjunctive)
送れば (conditional hypothetical)
おくれば (conditional hypothetical)
okureba (conditional hypothetical)

[o̞kɯ̟ᵝɾɯ̟ᵝ]

日常生活を送る

日常生活 にちじょうせいかつ


倉庫

倉庫 (canonical)
sōko (romanization)
sauko (romanization)
さうこ (hiragana historical)

倉庫会社

倉庫会社 そうこがいしゃ


象牙

象牙 (canonical)
zōge (romanization)
zauge (romanization)
ざうげ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 象牙 (MC zjangX ngae, literally “elephant tusk”)


姫

⟨pi₁ me₁⟩ → */pʲimʲe/ → /fime/ → /hime/
From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”, a prefix or appellation used in reference to the imperial family) + 女 (me, “female person: girl, woman”).


漢

From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH), in reference to the Han Chinese ethnic group.
The sense of man arose from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.


漢

Daijirin Daijisen Kyūjitai Shinjitai ja:松村明

From Old Japanese, in reference to clans purportedly originating from China. Appears to be cognate with 文 / 紋 / 綾 / 絢 (aya, “a pattern or design; a pattern of diagonally interweaving lines; twill; how something fits together, the reason or background of a thing; skillful expression in color or words; melody, tune”), possibly in distant reference to technologies and cultural practices brought to Japan by the original Chinese immigrants.

short for 漢氏 (Aya uji): name of one of two ancient clans, purportedly descendants from Han Chinese, and notable historically for major achievements in fields including literature, diplomacy, and finance, among others


送信

送信する (canonical)
sōshin suru (romanization)
送信し (stem)
送信した (past)
送信し
そうしんし
sōshin shi
送信する
そうしんする
sōshin suru
送信すれ
そうしんすれ
sōshin sure
送信せよ (imperative literary)
送信しろ (colloquial imperative)
そうしんせよ (imperative literary)
そうしんしろ (colloquial imperative)
sōshin seyo (imperative literary)
sōshin shiro (colloquial imperative)
送信される (passive)
そうしんされる (passive)
sōshin sareru (passive)
送信させる (causative)
送信さす (causative)
そうしんさせる (causative)
そうしんさす (causative)
sōshin saseru (causative)
sōshin sasu (causative)
送信できる (potential)
そうしんできる (potential)
sōshin dekiru (potential)
送信しよう (volitional)
そうしんしよう (volitional)
sōshin shiyō (volitional)
送信しない (negative)
そうしんしない (negative)
sōshin shinai (negative)
送信せず (continuative negative)
そうしんせず (continuative negative)
sōshin sezu (continuative negative)
送信します (formal)
そうしんします (formal)
sōshin shimasu (formal)
送信した (perfective)
そうしんした (perfective)
sōshin shita (perfective)
送信して (conjunctive)
そうしんして (conjunctive)
sōshin shite (conjunctive)
送信すれば (conditional hypothetical)
そうしんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
sōshin sureba (conditional hypothetical)


戦

Shift in meaning from 軍 (ikusa, “soldier, army”), by extension of “archery”, and then to “an exchange of arrows → a battle”.

(archaic) a battle, conflict, fight, war


戦

(especially in sports) match, competition, contest


千

a surname, especially from the line of tea ceremony masters


百

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 百 (MC paek, literally “hundred”).

百千

a large number, all sorts, hundreds and thousands

百も承知: → the state of being fully aware of something


百

百 (canonical)
o (romanization)
fo (romanization)
ほ (hiragana historical)

/po/ → /ɸo/ → /ho/ → /o/
From Old Japanese. Change in pronunciation from ho (see above).


水

水 (canonical)
mizu (romanization)
midu (romanization)
みづ (hiragana historical)

⟨mi₁du⟩ → */mʲidu/ → /mid͡zu/ → /mizu/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *mentu. Ryukyuan cognates support the existence of the first vowel having an initial mid vowel.
Possibly cognate with 瑞 (mizu, “freshness, youth”).
Possible cognate with Proto-Tungusic *mū, Jurchen 木克 (mu-ke /muke/), Manchu ᠮᡠᡴᡝ (muke), Goguryeo 買 (*me, “river; water”), Mongolian мөрөн (mörön, “river”), Korean 물 (mul, “water”).

⦃⦃ja-r¦水は方%円の器に随う¦みず は ほう%えん の うつわ に したがう⦄⦄

⦃⦃ja-r¦君%子の交わりは淡きこと水の如し¦くん%し の まじわり は あわき こと みず の ごとし⦄⦄

(sumo) Short for 力水 (chikara mizu): water offered to sumo wrestlers before a bout


GNP

GNP (canonical)
jī-enu-pī (romanization)

[d͡ʑiːe̞nɯ̟ᵝpʲiː]

国民総生産 国民総生産#Japanese

gross national product
gross national product#English

(economics) Synonym of 国民総生産 (kokumin sōseisan, “gross national product”); GNP


十

十 (canonical)
jū (romanization)
zifu (romanization)
じふ (hiragana historical)

/ʑipʉ/ → /ʑiɸu/ → /ʑɨu/ → /ʑuː//ʑiʔ/ → /ʑi~̚/
From Middle Chinese 十 (MC dzyip).


十

ja-pos

十(じゅう) or 十(じっ) • (jū or ji') ^(←じふ (zifu)?)

十 (canonical)
十 (canonical)
jū (romanization)
ji' (romanization)
zifu (romanization)
じふ (hiragana historical)


十

十 (canonical)
tō (romanization)
towo (romanization)
とを (hiragana historical)

十で神童十五で才子二十過ぎればただの人

tō de shindō jūgo de saishi hatachi sugireba tada no hito

⟨to₂wo⟩ → */təwo/ → /towo/ → /toː/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *təwə.


十

⟨so₁⟩ → */sʷo/ → /so/
From Old Japanese.
Used in compounds.


空

ja-noun

空(くう) • (kū)

From Middle Chinese 空 (MC khuwng|khuwngH).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit शून्यता (śūnyatā).

For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see the following entry: 虚

For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see the following entry: うつぼ

(Buddhism) sunyata: emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness

(Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally “great five”) and the highest of the five elements


人

人 (canonical)
人 (canonical)
hito (romanization)
人 (counter)

⟨pi₁to₂⟩ → */pʲitə/ → /fito/ → /hito/ → /çito/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pitə.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

someone who is very honest and straightforward


XML

XML (canonical)
ekkusuemueru (romanization)

[e̞k̚kɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝe̞mɯ̟ᵝe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]


プロレス

[pɯ̟ᵝɾo̞ɾe̞sɨᵝ]

Clipping of プロフェッショナルレスリング (purofesshonaru resuringu, from English professional wrestling), プロレスリング (pro resuringu, from English pro wrestling)

professional wrestling
professional wrestling


URL

[jɯ̟ᵝːa̠ːɾɯ̟ᵝe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Uniform Resource Locator
Uniform Resource Locator


魔界

From 魔(ま) (ma, “magical; demonic”) + 界(かい) (-kai, “realm; world”).


紋章

ja-noun

紋(もん)章(しょう) • (monshō) ^(←もんしやう (monsyau)?)

紋章 (canonical)
monshō (romanization)
monsyau (romanization)
もんしやう (hiragana historical)


むら

table
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *mura.
Either formed from the nominalization of 群れる (mureru, “to gather”), or from Old Korean. In Old Korean toponyms, this appears with the phonetic spelling 牟羅 (*mura). Compare Korean 무리 (muri, “group, crowd”), also possibly cognate with 群れる (mureru, “to gather”).

疫病に苦しむ故郷の村を救うため、霊薬の原料となるドラゴンの角を乱獲する女戦士。その村はすでに、棲み処を追われたドラゴンたちによって踏み荒らされ、焼き尽くされてしまった事を、彼女はまだ知らない・・・。

2015 September 19, “竜角の狩猟者 [Dragon Horn Hunter]”, in EXTRA PACK 2015, Konami

A female warrior who was on the hunt for dragon horns, to make a medicine for her home village, which was suffering from a plague. Unbeknownst to her, those displaced dragons went on to lay waste and burn down her village….

Ekibyō ni kurushimu kokyō no mura o sukū tame, reiyaku no genryō to naru doragon no tsuno o rankakusuru onnasenshi. Sono mura wa sude ni, sumika o owareta doragon-tachi ni yotte fumiarasare, yakitsukusarete shimatta koto o, kanojo wa mada shiranai .

村, 𨛗: village (a rural habitation of size between a hamlet and a town)


メインページ

ウィクショナリーのメインページ

ユーザーとサイトの会話は、普通サイトのメインページから始まります。その会話がどれだけうまくいくかを察知するには、サイトのメインページを見て自問してみてください。「このページで目立っているラベルは自分が見ても突出した印象を受けるのだろうか?、もしそうなら、それはなぜだろう?」

2003, Web jōhō no ākitekucha [Web information architecture], page 78

The conversation between user and site typically begins with the site’s main page. To see how well that conversation is going, try looking at the main page and asking yourself, “Do the labels that stand out on this page make an impression? If so, how?”

Yūzā to saito no kaiwa wa, futsū saito no mein pēji kara hajimarimasu. Sono kaiwa ga doredake umaku iku ka o satchi suru ni wa, saito no mein pēji o mite jimon shite mite kudasai. “Kono pēji de medatteiru raberu wa jibun ga mite mo tosshutsu shita inshō o ukeru no darō ka?, moshi sō nara, sore wa naze darō?”

図１実験用アプリ。左からメインページ、第１のページ、第２のページ。

2013, Shimizu Haruki, Android apuri kaihatsu [Android app development], page 312

Fig. 1: Test app. From left: main page, first page, second page.

Zu ichi jikken yō apuri. Hidari kara mein pēji, dai-ichi no pēji, dai-ni no pēji.

メインページはWikiの起点となるページであり、プロジェクトメニューのWikiをクリックすると最初に表示されるページです。

2016, Maeda Gō, Nyūmon Redmine [Introduction to Redmine], 5th edition, page 260

The main page is the starting page for the Wiki, the first page shown when you click the Wiki project menu.

Mein pēji wa Wiki no kiten to naru pēji deari, purojekuto menyū no Wiki o kurikku suru to saisho ni hyōji sareru pēji desu.


乙

Originally from Middle Chinese 乙 (MC 'it), arising from the proper noun sense. Appears in texts from at least 833 CE.

(music) one tone lower than the note indicated by 甲 (kō, “something A”)

(noh theater) in noh musical accompaniment, a specific kind of muffled drum beat played by striking the head of the taiko drum and keeping the mallet pressed against the head


乙

Compound of 木 (Ki, “Wood”, one of the Five Elements) + の (no, attributive marker) + 弟 (oto, “younger brother”).


乙

Kojiki
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Cognate with the initial oto- in 劣る (otoru, “to be less than; to be younger than”), 落とす (otosu, “to drop something”). Also the first element in 弟 (otōto, “younger brother”).
First attested in the Kojiki of 712.
This is distinct from the initial oto- in 乙女(おとめ) (otome), which can instead be traced to an earlier woto- root, cognate with 復(を)つ (wotu).

(archaic, Noh theater) clipping of 乙御前 (oto goze): a stock character in 狂言 (kyōgen) comic interludes, played as a plump and clumsy but earnest young woman


八

From Middle Chinese 八 (MC peat). The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.


八

From Old Japanese 八 (ya), from Proto-Japonic *ya.
The ablaut form of 四 (yo, “four”), which it doubles.


二

From Middle Chinese 二 (ȵiɪᴴ, “two”). Compare modern Eastern Min reading nê.


二

Japanese numerals#Formal numbers
Old Japanese language
Proto-Japonic language

Originally /huta/: *[puta] > [ɸuta]. The ablaut form of 一 (hito2, “one”), which it doubles.
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *puta. Cognate with Japanese 双(ふた) (futa).


ドラゴン

[do̞ɾa̠ɡõ̞ɴ]

(especially fantasy) Western dragon (mythical creature)


この

/kokono/ → /kono/
Abbreviation of Old Japanese kokono (“nine”).

ひい、ふう、みい、よう、いつ、むう、なな、やあ、この、とお。

One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

Hī, fū, mī, yō, itsu, mū, nana, yā, kono, tō.


編

From Middle Chinese 編 (MC pen|pjien|penX).


人造人間

ja-noun

人(じん)造(ぞう)人(にん)間(げん) • (jinzō ningen) ^(←じんざうにんげん (zinzauningen)?)

人造人間 (canonical)
jinzō ningen (romanization)
zinzauningen (romanization)
じんざうにんげん (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑĩnd͡zo̞ː ɲ̟ĩŋɡẽ̞ɴ]

人造 (jinzō, “artificial”) + 人間 (ningen, “human”)


界

From Middle Chinese 界 (MC keajH, “boundary”).
In Buddhist contexts, derived from the Middle Chinese term used as a translation of Sanskrit धातु (dhātu, “layer, stratum”).

(Buddhism) the world or realm of a thing

(geology) a stratum corresponding to a geologic age


京都

京都 (canonical)
Kyōto (romanization)
kyauto (romanization)
きやうと (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kyoto

→ Korean: 교토 (Gyoto)

→ Portuguese: Kyoto

→ Russian: Кио́то m (Kióto)

→ Vietnamese: Kinh Đô

/kjauto/ → /kjɔːto/ → /kjoːto/
From Middle Chinese 京都 (kˠiæŋ tuo, literally “capital city”).

京都五山

京都五山 きょうとござん

京都御所

京都御所 きょうとごしょ

京都所司代

京都所司 きょうとしょし

京都代官

京都代官 きょうとだいかん

京都盆地

京都盆地 きょうとぼんち

京都守護

京都守護 きょうとしゅご


人間

From a Buddhist term: 人間界(にんげんかい) (ningenkai, “human world”).

人間社会

(Buddhism) literally meaning: "human society", referring to one of the six realms of reincarnation in Buddhist cosmology.


万

From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH). Compare modern Cantonese 萬／万 (maan⁶), Hokkien 萬／万 (bān).

３万年も生きつづけている巨大カメ。守備力が高い。

1999 October 17, “３万年の白亀 [30,000-Year White Turtle]”, in BOOSTER 5, Konami

A giant turtle that has lived for over 30,000 years. It has high defense strength.

Sanman-nen mo ikitsuzukete iru kyodai kame. Shubiryoku ga takai.


万

From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH). Compare modern Hokkien 萬／万 (bān).


万

万 (canonical)
yorozu (romanization)
yorodu (romanization)
よろづ (hiragana historical)

⟨yo₂ro₂du⟩ → */jərədu/ → /jorod͡zu/ → /jorozu/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
Appears to be a compound or inflection, but the derivation is unclear. Possibly related to Korean 여러 (yeoreo, “several, various”), in which case the final /-du/ in the Old Japanese might be a voiced version of the generic numeral nominalizer つ (tsu).


調べる

ja-verb

調(しら)べる • (shiraberu) transitive ichidan (stem 調(しら)べ (shirabe), past 調(しら)べた (shirabeta))

調べる (canonical)
shiraberu (romanization)
調べ (stem)
調べた (past)
調べ
しらべ
shirabe
調べる
しらべる
shiraberu
調べれ
しらべれ
shirabere
調べよ (imperative literary)
調べろ (colloquial imperative)
しらべよ (imperative literary)
しらべろ (colloquial imperative)
shirabeyo (imperative literary)
shirabero (colloquial imperative)
調べられる (passive)
しらべられる (passive)
shiraberareru (passive)
調べさせる (causative)
調べさす (causative)
しらべさせる (causative)
しらべさす (causative)
shirabesaseru (causative)
shirabesasu (causative)
調べられる (potential)
調べれる (colloquial potential)
しらべられる (potential)
しらべれる (colloquial potential)
shiraberareru (potential)
shirabereru (colloquial potential)
調べよう (volitional)
しらべよう (volitional)
shirabeyō (volitional)
調べない (negative)
調べぬ (negative)
調べん (negative)
しらべない (negative)
しらべぬ (negative)
しらべん (negative)
shirabenai (negative)
shirabenu (negative)
shiraben (negative)
調べず (continuative negative)
しらべず (continuative negative)
shirabezu (continuative negative)
調べます (formal)
しらべます (formal)
shirabemasu (formal)
調べた (perfective)
しらべた (perfective)
shirabeta (perfective)
調べて (conjunctive)
しらべて (conjunctive)
shirabete (conjunctive)
調べれば (conditional hypothetical)
しらべれば (conditional hypothetical)
shirabereba (conditional hypothetical)
調べ (irrealis stem)
しらべ (irrealis stem)
sirabe (irrealis)
調べ (continuative stem)
しらべ (continuative stem)
sirabe (continuative)
調ぶ (stem terminative)
しらぶ (stem terminative)
sirabu (terminative)
調ぶる (attributive stem)
しらぶる (attributive stem)
siraburu (attributive)
調ぶれ (realis stem)
しらぶれ (realis stem)
sirabure (realis)
調べよ (imperative stem)
しらべよ (imperative stem)
sirabeyo (imperative)
調べず (negative)
しらべず (negative)
sirabezu (negative)
調ぶれど (contrastive)
しらぶれど (contrastive)
siraburedo (contrastive)
調ぶれば (causative)
しらぶれば (causative)
sirabureba (causative)
調べば (conditional)
しらべば (conditional)
sirabeba (conditional)
調べき (past)
しらべき (past)
sirabeki (past)
調べけり (past)
しらべけり (past)
sirabekeri (past)
調べつ (perfect)
しらべつ (perfect)
sirabetu (perfect)
調べぬ (perfect)
しらべぬ (perfect)
sirabenu (perfect)
調べたり (continuative perfect)
しらべたり (continuative perfect)
sirabetari (continuative perfect)
調べむ (volitional)
しらべむ (volitional)
sirabemu (volitional)

[ɕiɾa̠be̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

The seemingly unrelated senses "to investigate" and "to play an instrument" are probably a semantic loan from Middle Chinese 調 (MC dewH) via kanbun kundoku.

(music) to play, to perform (an instrument)


死ぬ

死(し)ぬ • (shinu) intransitive godan (stem 死(し)に (shini), past 死(し)んだ (shinda))

死ぬ (canonical)
shinu (romanization)
死に (stem)
死んだ (past)
死な
しな
shina
死に
しに
shini
死ぬ
しぬ
shinu
死ね
しね
shine
死なれる (passive)
しなれる (passive)
shinareru (passive)
死なせる (causative)
死なす (causative)
しなせる (causative)
しなす (causative)
shinaseru (causative)
shinasu (causative)
死ねる (potential)
しねる (potential)
shineru (potential)
死のう (volitional)
しのう (volitional)
shinō (volitional)
死なない (negative)
しなない (negative)
shinanai (negative)
死なず (continuative negative)
しなず (continuative negative)
shinazu (continuative negative)
死にます (formal)
しにます (formal)
shinimasu (formal)
死んだ (perfective)
しんだ (perfective)
shinda (perfective)
死んで (conjunctive)
しんで (conjunctive)
shinde (conjunctive)
死ねば (conditional hypothetical)
しねば (conditional hypothetical)
shineba (conditional hypothetical)
死な (irrealis stem)
しな (irrealis stem)
sina (irrealis)
死に (continuative stem)
しに (continuative stem)
sini (continuative)
死ぬ (stem terminative)
しぬ (stem terminative)
sinu (terminative)
死ぬる (attributive stem)
しぬる (attributive stem)
sinuru (attributive)
死ぬれ (realis stem)
しぬれ (realis stem)
sinure (realis)
死ね (imperative stem)
しね (imperative stem)
sine (imperative)
死なず (negative)
しなず (negative)
sinazu (negative)
死ぬれど (contrastive)
しぬれど (contrastive)
sinuredo (contrastive)
死ぬれば (causative)
しぬれば (causative)
sinureba (causative)
死なば (conditional)
しなば (conditional)
sinaba (conditional)
死にき (past)
しにき (past)
siniki (past)
死にけり (past)
しにけり (past)
sinikeri (past)
死につ (perfect)
しにつ (perfect)
sinitu (perfect)
死にぬ (perfect)
しにぬ (perfect)
sininu (perfect)
死にたり (continuative perfect)
しにたり (continuative perfect)
sinitari (continuative perfect)
死なむ (volitional)
しなむ (volitional)
sinamu (volitional)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Man'yōshū
Meiji period
Muromachi period
Nihon Shoki
ja:松村明

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sinu. Appears in the oldest Japanese texts, including the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of 759 CE.
The ぬ (nu) ending historically had an irregular conjugation pattern, shared only by now-obsolete verb 往ぬ, 去ぬ (inu, “go away; pass; disappear”) and auxiliary verb ぬ (nu, indicating completion, generally reserved for non-intentional, spontaneous, or intransitive actions). The ぬ (nu) in verb 死ぬ was viewed as identical to the auxiliary, and the verb 死ぬ initially was thus never conjugated with this auxiliary as an additional suffix.
The auxiliary itself may have derived from the verb 往ぬ, 去ぬ (inu, “go away; pass; disappear”), raising the possibility that the verb 死ぬ may have derived from a fusion of 死 (shi, “death”) + 往ぬ, 去ぬ (inu, “go away; pass; disappear”).
The transition from the ナ行変格活用 (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “na irregular conjugation”) pattern to the regular 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) appears in texts from the Muromachi period (1336–1573). The na irregular pattern persisted in increasingly limited use until the Meiji period (1868–1929).

of people of high position) 卒去(しゅっきょ)する (shukkyo suru)

of people of high position) 卒(しゅっ)する (shussuru)

(euphemistic) 天国(てんごく)へ旅立(たびだ)つ (tengoku e tabidatsu)

(by extension) to die, to perish, to cease to be anymore

目が死んだような人
me ga shinda yō na hito
person with dead eyes
(literally, “person with eyes that appear to have died”)

to become lifeless, to lack vitality, to show a lack of vigor


六

六穴

the six hole of the human body, which are the mouth, eye, ear, nose, anus, and genital


六

The ablaut form of 三 (mi, “three”), which it doubles. From Old Japanese 六 (mu), from Proto-Japonic *mu.


六

From Middle Chinese 六 (MC ljuwk). Compare modern Cantonese reading luk6.


中国人

中国人 (canonical)
Chūgokujin (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨᵝːɡo̞kɯ̟ᵝʑĩɴ]


開く

開(ひら)く • (hiraku) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 開(ひら)き (hiraki), past 開(ひら)いた (hiraita))

開く (canonical)
hiraku (romanization)
開き (stem)
開いた (past)
開か
ひらか
hiraka
開き
ひらき
hiraki
開く
ひらく
hiraku
開け
ひらけ
hirake
開かれる (passive)
ひらかれる (passive)
hirakareru (passive)
開かせる (causative)
開かす (causative)
ひらかせる (causative)
ひらかす (causative)
hirakaseru (causative)
hirakasu (causative)
開ける (potential)
ひらける (potential)
hirakeru (potential)
開こう (volitional)
ひらこう (volitional)
hirakō (volitional)
開かない (negative)
ひらかない (negative)
hirakanai (negative)
開かず (continuative negative)
ひらかず (continuative negative)
hirakazu (continuative negative)
開きます (formal)
ひらきます (formal)
hirakimasu (formal)
開いた (perfective)
ひらいた (perfective)
hiraita (perfective)
開いて (conjunctive)
ひらいて (conjunctive)
hiraite (conjunctive)
開けば (conditional hypothetical)
ひらけば (conditional hypothetical)
hirakeba (conditional hypothetical)
開か (irrealis stem)
ひらか (irrealis stem)
firaka (irrealis)
開き (continuative stem)
ひらき (continuative stem)
firaki (continuative)
開く (stem terminative)
ひらく (stem terminative)
firaku (terminative)
開く (attributive stem)
ひらく (attributive stem)
firaku (attributive)
開け (realis stem)
ひらけ (realis stem)
firake (realis)
開け (imperative stem)
ひらけ (imperative stem)
firake (imperative)
開かず (negative)
ひらかず (negative)
firakazu (negative)
開けど (contrastive)
ひらけど (contrastive)
firakedo (contrastive)
開けば (causative)
ひらけば (causative)
firakeba (causative)
開かば (conditional)
ひらかば (conditional)
firakaba (conditional)
開きき (past)
ひらきき (past)
firakiki (past)
開きけり (past)
ひらきけり (past)
firakikeri (past)
開きつ (perfect)
ひらきつ (perfect)
firakitu (perfect)
開きぬ (perfect)
ひらきぬ (perfect)
firakinu (perfect)
開けり (continuative perfect)
開きたり (continuative perfect)
ひらけり (continuative perfect)
ひらきたり (continuative perfect)
firakeri (continuative perfect)
firakitari (continuative perfect)
開かむ (volitional)
ひらかむ (volitional)
firakamu (volitional)

(proofreading, orthography) to write a Japanese word using hiragana


九

九牛一毛

nine cows one hair (a drop in the ocean)


九

九 (canonical)
kyū (romanization)
kiu (romanization)
きう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Borrowed after palatalization occurred in Middle Chinese. Compare modern Hakka 九 (giu³).


九

(divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin


九

From Early Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.


九

From Old Japanese from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.


九

/kokono/ → /kono/
Abbreviation of Old Japanese 九 (kokono, “nine”).

ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお

one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten


〇

二〇〇七年七月二三日

nisenshichi nen shichigatsu nijūsannichi

positional notation
positional notation#English

Used to write zero in kanji positional notation.


一

/itɨ/ → /it͡sɨ/ → /it͡ɕɨ/
From Middle Chinese 一 (ʔiɪt̚).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Compare modern Hokkien reading it.

term relating to the number one:
(card games) an ace


一

/itʉ/ → /it͡sʉ/ → /it͡su/
From Middle Chinese 一 (ʔiɪt̚).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.


一

From 始め (hajime, “beginning, first”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 始める (hajimeru, “to begin something”).


五

五節句

the five seasonal festivals of the Japanese calendar

五経

(Confucianism) Four Books and Five Classics

五人組

Five Households (Edo era civil defence units)

五稜郭

Goryōkaku, a star-shaped fort in Hakodate


五

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *etu.


五

From Middle Chinese 五 (MC nguX). Compare modern Hokkien reading gō͘.


七

From Old Japanese 七 (nana), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *nana.


v

(text messaging, Internet slang, dated) <3


三

三猿

see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil; three monkeys

三大都市

three major cities (usu. Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya)


三

Borrowing from Chinese 三 (sān), with the pitch accent different from etymology 1.


三

⟨mi₁⟩ → /mi/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *mi.
Likely an apophonic form of 六 (mu, “six”), compare 四 (yo, “four”) with 八 (ya, “eight”).

hi, fu, mi, yo,[…]


三

ja-pos

三(みい) • (mī)

一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十

one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten

hī, fū, mī, yō, itsu, mū, nā, yā, kō, tō


萬

Likely a shift from ban above. See 万 for more senses.


日本語

ja-noun

日(に)本(ほん)語(ご) or 日(にっ)本(ぽん)語(ご) • (nihongo or nippongo)

日本語 (canonical)
日 (にっ)本語 (canonical)
nihongo (romanization)
nippongo (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋɡo̞]

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋɡo̞]

From 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suf

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第131局 試される伊角 [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, page 56

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


四

/si/ → /ɕi/
From Middle Chinese 四 (MC siɪᴴ).
Compare modern Hakka 四 (si).


四

ja-pos

四(スー) • (sū)

小四喜

四喜和 (sūshīhō)

大四喜

四喜和 (sūshīhō)


曜

曜 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)
eu (romanization)
えう (hiragana historical)

/jieu/ → /jeu/ → /jəː/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 曜 (MC yewH).


刀

Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
ja:刀
ja:松村明

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE. From Proto-Japonic *katana.
Compound of 片 (kata, “one side”) + な (na, “edge”). This na element is spelled in monolingual Japanese sources as 刃 (“edge, blade”), but there is no historical attestation for any na reading for this character. A comparison with Middle Korean ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (nólh, “blade”) and modern Korean 날 (nal) suggests a Koreanic origin for this latter element.

刀引: giving a sword worn on one's hip to another as a gift at a banquet

刀に懸けて: → a metaphor for firm resolve to see something through

the way that blood can cause the steel of a sword to rust

a derogatory term for someone who isn't even worth soil a sword

怨念により蘇った武者。闇雲にふりまわすカタナに注意。
Onnen ni yori yomigaetta musha. Yamikumo ni furimawasu katana ni chūi.

1999 September 23, “鎧武者ゾンビ [Armored Musha Zombie]”, in Vol.5, Konami

A musha reanimated by deep hatred. Watch out when he brandishes his katana.

(weaponry) a single-edged sword, such as a katana


神様

From 神 (kami, “deity, god”) + 様 (-sama, honorific suffix).

suf

医師⁉
Sensei⁉
Doctor!?
ああ お父さんですか？大丈夫 もう心配いりませんよ 手術は成功です
Ā O-tō-san desu ka? Daijōbu mō shinpai irimasen yo Shujutsu wa seikō desu
Yes? You’re the father, right? Everything’s okay, no need to worry. The surgery was a success.
…あ…あ 感謝します————神さま…！
…A…a Kansha shimasu———— Kami-sama…!

1985 August 20, Taeko Watanabe, “第四十六話 時の絆 Ⅲ [Chapter 46: The Bond of Time III]”, in ファミリー！ [Family!], volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, pages 159–160

オレなんかいらねェ！もう打ちたいって言わねェよ！だから 神さま！お願いだ！はじめにもどして！アイツを会った一番はじめに時間をもどして‼

2003 March 19 [2001 December 29], Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第129局 もどって来い！ [Game 129: Come Back!]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], 6th edition, volume 15 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, pages 78–79

I don’t need anything! I won’t ask to play any more! So, God! I’m begging you! Return things back to the beginning! Turn time back to when I first met him, please!!

Ore nan ka ira nē! Mō uchitaitte iwa nē yo! Dakara Kami-sama! O-negai da! Hajime ni modoshite! Aitsu o atta ichiban hajime ni jikan o modoshite‼

Abrahamic religions
w:Abrahamic religions

(honorific) an honorific reference to any god or deity, including the God of the Abrahamic religions


神様

ja-noun

神(かん)様(さあ) or 神様(かんさぁ) or 神(かん)様(さ) • (kansā or kansa)

神様 (canonical)
神様 (canonical)
神様 (canonical)
kansā (romanization)
kansa (romanization)

(Kagoshima) god; gods; goddess; goddesses

仏様

hotoke-sama, an honorific reference to any buddha


神

→ English: kami

Ainu language
Japanese language
Korean language
Kyūjitai
Old Japanese language
Proto-Japonic language
Shinjitai

⟨kami₂⟩ → */kamɨ/ → /kami/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kamuy.
Not related to 上 (kami₁ → kami, “top, upper”) or 髪 (kami, “hair”).
Often appears in compounds as kamu- or kan-, indicating that kami is a unbound form deriving from */kamui/. Such apophony has occurred in other Japanese terms, such as 目 (me, ma-, “eye”) or 酒 (sake, saka-, “sake, liquor”). See also WT:AJPX#Standalone forms and combining forms.
Compare Korean 검 (geom, “god, spirit”) and Ainu カムイ (kamuy, “god”).

(Shinto) a spirit or an essence present in all things, the main subject of worship of Shinto


神

Kyūjitai
Mandarin language
Middle Chinese language
Shinjitai

From Middle Chinese 神 (MC zyin). The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Compare modern Mandarin 神 (shén).


神

Kyūjitai
Middle Chinese language
Shinjitai

From Middle Chinese 神 (MC zyin).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the earlier borrowing from Middle Chinese.


女神

Compound of 女 (me, “female”) + 神 (kami, “god”). The kami changes to gami as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

聖なる力で弱き者を守り、逆転の力を与える女神。

1999 December 16, “逆転の女神 [Goddess of Reversal]”, in ＥＸ [ＥＸ], Konami

A goddess who grants reversal power and protects the weak with her holy power.

Seinaru chikara de yowakimono o mamori, gyakuten no chikara o ataeru megami.

西方の女神エキドナ

2007 October 20, Izawa, Hiroshi with Yamada, Kotaro, “最終話 それぞれの道 [Final Chapter: Epilog]”, in ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], Jump Remix edition, volume 5 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, page 352


女神

女神 (canonical)
me no kami (romanization)

From 女 (me, “woman”) + の (no, attributive particle) + 神 (kami, “god”), literally “female god”. Akin to the derivation of megami above.


女神

ja-noun

女(おんな)神(がみ) • (onnagami) ^(←をんながみ (wonnagami)?)

女神 (canonical)
onnagami (romanization)
wonnagami (romanization)
をんながみ (hiragana historical)

[õ̞nːa̠ɡa̠mʲi]

By surface analysis, 女 (onna, “woman”) + 神 (kami, “god”), whereby The kami changes to gami as an instance of rendaku (連濁); may separately be a shift from ominagami above, as the omina component, meaning “woman”, separately shifted to onna in general (see etymology of 女(おんな) (onna). However, the development of the “goddess” meaning is more difficult to explain through this analysis, so a plain compound may be the more likely.
Akin to the formations of megami and me no kami above.


女神

ja-noun

女(じょ)神(しん) • (joshin) ^(←ぢよしん (dyosin)?)

女神 (canonical)
joshin (romanization)
dyosin (romanization)
ぢよしん (hiragana historical)

/djosin/ → /d͡ʑoɕin/
From Middle Chinese 女神 (MC nrjoX zyin).


円

Japanese simplification of 圓, via a simplified character similar to 𠮚.
Specifically, starting in the beginning of the Meiji period, the 員 in the middle of the character was abbreviated to 丨 in handwriting. As time went on, the bottom stroke of 囗 gradually rose, until by the time of the adoption of the shinjitai characters, it had reached or even surpassed the box's centre.


円

円 (canonical)
en (romanization)
wen (romanization)
ゑん (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 円

→ English: yen

→ Vietnamese: yên

→ French: yen

→ German: Yen

→ Greek: γιεν (gien)

→ Korean: 엔 (en)

→ Portuguese: iene

→ Russian: иена (ijena)

→ Thai: เยน (yeen)

/wen/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 圓 (MC zjwen|hjwen), with the original sense of "circle, roundness".
The yen sense came much later in the Meiji period, from Chinese 圓／圆 (yuán), itself from 銀圓／银圆 (yínyuán, “round silver object(s), especially a piece of eight”). Compare Chinese 元 (yuán, “yuan”) and Korean 원 (won, “Korean won”). Doublet of 元 (gen, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), ユアン (yuan, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), and ウォン (won, “won (Korean currency)”).
The yen became the official currency of Japan in 1871, succeeding the 両 (ryō) and the 文 (mon).

doublet

(mathematics) circle (set of all points in plane at a given distance and at a given point)

one yen is equal to 100 銭 (sen)

一億円⁉いらん帰れ
Ichioku-en⁉ Iran kaere
100 million yen!? Get outta here!
一千万円でいい 百万円！十万円！一万円！

1989 November 10 [1988 May 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “ミニチュア製造カメラ [Miniature-Generating Camera]”, in 征地球論 [A Debate over Conquering Earth] (藤子・Ｆ・不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 3), 2nd edition, volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, 第二章, page 322

Okay, 10 million yen then. 1 million! 100,000! 10,000!

Issenman-en de ii Hyakuman-en! Jūman-en! Ichiman-en!


円

円 (canonical)
En (romanization)
wen (romanization)
ゑん (hiragana historical)


円

/maro/ → /maru/
Sound shift from maro above.


円

ja-pos

円(のどか) or 円(つぶら) or 円(まどか) or 円(まろか) or 円(みつ) or 円(めぐる) • (Nodoka or Tsubura or Madoka or Maroka or Mitsu or Meguru)

円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
Nodoka (romanization)
Tsubura (romanization)
Madoka (romanization)
Maroka (romanization)
Mitsu (romanization)
Meguru (romanization)


w

kono baka ｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ (´ ∀ ` *)

このバカｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ(´∀`*)

ちょ ｗｗｗ お前のツイート伸びすぎ ｗｗｗ 有名人じゃん ｗｗｗｗｗ
cho ｗｗｗ omae no tsuīto nobisugi ｗｗｗ yūmeijin jan ｗｗｗｗｗ
yo hol up, your tweet's crazy popular 🔥😂 you're goddamn famous 😂

(Internet slang, often repeated) LOL; an expression of amusement or laughter.


年

From Middle Chinese 年 (nen, “year”). Compare modern Mandarin reading nián, Hakka ngièn, Cantonese nin⁴.


丙

the third of the ten heavenly stems; something of the third rank

甲乙丙丁

甲乙丙丁 こうおつへいてい


丙

火 (Hi, “Fire”, one of the Five Elements) + の (no, attributive marker) + 兄 (e, “elder brother”)


北

北 (canonical)
北 (canonical)
Kita (romanization)

Attributed to Old Japanese, although the exact phonetics are not clear, as the term is not cited in phonetic man'yōgana.
Ultimate derivation unknown.


北

ja-noun

北(ペー) • (pē)

(mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of north wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)


乗

乗 (canonical)
-jō (romanization)
zyou (romanization)
じよう (hiragana historical)

３の３乗は27である。


心

⟨ko₂ko₂ro₂⟩ → */kəkərə/ → /kokoro/
From Old Japanese 心 (ko₂ko₂ro₂), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kəkərə. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Compare Okinawan 心 (kukuru).

心温まる風景

heart, feelings, emotion, emotional state


心

心 (canonical)
心 (canonical)
Kokoro (romanization)


心

From Old Japanese.
Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).


心

/simʉ/ → */ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/
From Middle Chinese 心 (MC sim).
The Buddhist sense is a translation of Pali and Sanskrit चित्त (citta).

Short for 心王 (shinnō):
Short for 心王 (shinnō)

(theater) Alternative spelling of 真 (shin):

the center of focus:
Alternative spelling of 真 (shin):
Alternative spelling of 真 (shin)


心

(Chinese astronomy) the Heart constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions


亥

亥 (canonical)
I (romanization)
wi (romanization)
ゐ (hiragana historical)

the Boar, the twelfth of the twelve Earthly Branches


南

⟨mi₁nami₁⟩ → */mʲinamʲɨ/ → /minami/
From Old Japanese.


南

南 (canonical)
南 (canonical)
Minami (romanization)


南

/namʉ/ → /naɴ/
From Middle Chinese 南 (MC nom).


南

(mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of south wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)


丈

丈 (canonical)
Jō (romanization)
dyau (romanization)
ぢやう (hiragana historical)


丑

The ox, the second sign of Chinese zodiac.


丑

the Ox, the second of the twelve Earthly Branches


丑

丑 (canonical)
Chū (romanization)
tiu (romanization)
ちう (hiragana historical)


亜

亜硫酸

(chemistry) indicates a lower oxidation number: -ous


伸

伸 (canonical)
伸 (canonical)
Noburu (romanization)


仁

ja-pos

仁(ひとし) or 仁(じん) or 仁(まさし) • (Hitoshi or Jin or Masashi)

仁 (canonical)
仁 (canonical)
仁 (canonical)
Hitoshi (romanization)
Jin (romanization)
Masashi (romanization)


佑

佑(ゆう) • (Yū)


侑

侑(ゆう) • (Yū)


亮

亮 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)
亮 (canonical)
Akira (romanization)


但

但 (canonical)
但 (canonical)
Tadashi (romanization)


主

主 (canonical)
Shu (romanization)
syu (romanization)
しゆ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 主 (MC tsyuX).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

主の兄弟ヤコブ


丹

Short for 丹波国 (Tanba-koku, “Tanba Province”)


丹

From Old Japanese, also used as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ni⟩.
Cognate with 土 (ni, “earth, ground”).


丹

From Middle Chinese 丹 (MC tan).
Used in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ta⟩.

a yellowish-red pigment made from lead oxide, used, for example, in nihonga


仏

Baekje
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

*⟨poto₂ke₂⟩ → */pətəkəi̯/ → /ɸotoke/ → /hotoke/
From Old Japanese, most likely from Proto-Koreanic *Pwutukye, hence related to modern Korean 부처 (Bucheo), Manchu ᡶᡠᠴᡳᡥᡳ (fucihi); see the Proto-Korean entry for more. The word was presumably disseminated by the Baekje people of southwestern Korea, who first introduced Buddhism to Japan. The first two syllables are ultimately from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddhá), via Middle Chinese 佛陀 (MC bjut da) or some similar Sinitic form. Thomas Pellard speculates that the final element is an ancient Koreanic word for "king; lord".
The more traditional explanation still given in Japanese dictionaries is that the final ke element might be the Chinese-derived suffix 気 (ke, “spirit”), but a Koreanic explanation is more plausible.
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

(Buddhism) a buddha (enlightened or awakened sentient being)

(Buddhism) a statue or image of any buddha

(Buddhism) performing a Buddhist memorial service


仏

(Buddhism) the Sakyamuni Buddha, Nepalese spiritual and philosophical teacher and founder of Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama

(Buddhism) any of the other buddhas named in Buddhist scriptures


仏

From Middle Chinese 佛 (MC bjut), shortened from 佛陀 (MC bjut da), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha).

儒、仏、道


酒

→ English: saké, sake, saki

desctree

→ French: saké m
→ Romanian: sake n
→ Turkish: sake

Kojiki
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

table
⟨sake₂⟩ → /sakəɨ/ → /sake/
From Old Japanese 酒 (sake₂), from Proto-Japonic *sakai. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *sake. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE, with the ideographic spelling 酒. Additionally, appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE. This is the standalone form of saka- below.
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Might be cognate with 栄え (sakae), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to flourish”).
* Might be derived from 避ける (sakeru, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
* Might be derived from or a corruption of 酒 (kushi, “rice wine, rice vodka, sake”); however, the phonological shifts required are completely unexplainable.
* The final -ke may be an apophonic form of Old Japanese 酒 (ki₁).

(especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine)

drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages


酒

table
Originally a 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally “women's word”) term, possibly derived from reduplication of the first syllable sa from sake. Alternately, may be derived by metaphor from the Chinese-derived euphemism for sake, 竹葉 (chikuyō, literally “bamboo leaves”), as 笹 (sasa) refers to a type of short, leafy bamboo.

(archaic) any alcoholic beverage, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)


酒

table
From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC tsjuwX).

an alcoholic drink, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)


借

Originally the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of classical verb 借る (karu, “to borrow”), now also the 連用形 (ren'yōkei) of modern verb 借りる (kariru, “to borrow”).

(accounting, abbreviation) borrower, debtor: short for 借り方 (karikata)


京

京人形

京人形 きょうにんぎょう

平城京

平城京 へいじょうきょう

ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 10¹⁶


京

宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) + 処 (ko, “place”).


仙

From Middle Chinese 仙 (MC sjen, literally “immortal”). Compare modern Mandarin reading xiān and Cantonese reading sin¹.

(mythology) short for 仙人 (sennin): a wizard or mage; an immortal living as a hermit in the mountains


健

健 (canonical)
Ken (romanization)
健 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)


体

From Middle Chinese 體 (MC thejX).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

(algebra) field (commutative ring with invertible nonzero elements)


串

/kusi/ → /kuɕi/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Nihon Shoki, finished CE 720.
Cognate with 櫛 (kushi, “comb”).

其の御幣の串に書付て奉りたりける

c. 1120–1140, Konjaku Monogatarishū (book 24, story 51)

That branch of streamers, written and presented...

sono gohei no kushi ni kakitsukete tatematsuritarikeru

any slender object that can pierce other objects, especially:

(Shinto) Short for 玉串 (tamagushi): a branch of a 榊 (sakaki) tree used as a Shinto offering


串

Clipping of プロクシ, from English proxy; possibly reinforced by the idea of "going through". Kanji is an ateji (当て字).

中国串


倍

2倍
nibai
2 ems

(typography) a multiple of 全角 (zenkaku, “fullwidth/-height”) or 1 em in Western typography

(typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 88 mils, ⁸⁸⁄₁₀₀₀ in, 8 U (U) and ¹⁄₁₆ 段 (dan)


儘

Sound shift from 随(まにま) (manima, “state of following other's will or the way things develop”).

ja-r

北川さんの「見っけた写真」〔ママ〕
Kitagawa-san no “mikketa shashin”〔mama〕
Ms. Kitagawa's “finded pictures” [sic]


冽

冽 (canonical)
冽 (canonical)
Tadashi (romanization)


世

From Middle Chinese 世 (MC syejH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.


傍

傍線

(typography) sideline; vertical equivalent of the underline


充

充 (canonical)
充 (canonical)
Mitsuru (romanization)
Takashi (romanization)


白

⟨siro₁⟩ → */sirʷo/ → /ɕiro/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *siro.
The standalone apophonic form of shira below.


白

⟨sira⟩ → /ɕira/
From Old Japanese.
The combining apophonic form of shiro above, mostly used in compounds.

Combining form of しろ (shiro) above:
white


白

白 (canonical)
白 (canonical)
haku (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 白 (MC baek).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

(mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of white dragon tiles, worth 1 翻 (han, “double”)


白

From Middle Chinese 白 (MC baek).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the original borrowing from Middle Chinese.


東

→ English: higashi

/ɸiŋɡaɕi/ → /ɸiɡaɕi/ → /hiɡaɕi/
Sound shift from hingashi (see Etymology 2 below).
Now the standard word for east.

(sumo) higher-ranked wrestlers listed on the right of a banzuke


東

a historical red-light district in Edo located east of Edo Castle, today in Fukagawa, Kōtō, Tokyo prefecture

(Buddhism) Short for 東本願寺 (Higashi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Shimogyō, Kyoto, Japan


東

東 (canonical)
Azuma (romanization)
aduma (romanization)
あづま (hiragana historical)

⟨aduma⟩ → /ad͡zuma/ → /azuma/
From Old Japanese, itself of unknown derivation.


東

ja-noun

東(とう) • (tō)


東

From Mandarin 東／东 (dōng).
Compare Wu 東／东 (ton), Hakka 東／东 (tûng), Min Nan 東／东 (tong).

(mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of east wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)


東

Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear”).


東

Nominalization of verb 上る, 登る (noboru, “to ascend, rise”).


東

Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 始める (hajimeru, “to begin, start”).


偶

偶(ぐう) • (gū)

table
Derived from Middle Chinese 偶 (MC nguwX|nguwH).

数字には奇も偶もある。


偽

/ŋui/ → /ɡwi/ → /ɡi/
From Middle Chinese 僞 (MC ngjweH).

(logic) a false statement (usually based without facts)


兆

ja-pos

兆(ちょう) • (chō)

5000兆円欲しい！


匁

→ English: momme

→ Russian: мо́мме (mómmɛ)

A 国字 (kokuji, “Japanese-coined character”). ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 文 + メ, a ligature of 文 (mon) and メ (me), used to phonetically spell out the word. The unit of distance could also be written as 文(もん)目(め) (monme), and in this character the 目 is rendered in katakana and fused with 文.
漢典 (zdic.net) posits the origin as a regular script form of 兩(りょう) (ryō), but this is dubious because the value of the 兩 was between 4 and 10 momme, and is now either 50g (mainland China) or 37.5g (Taiwan), and of similar value in Hong Kong; i.e., the units are essentially not equivalent.

ja-etym-kokuji

momme; unit of mass equal to 3.75 grams (one thousandth of a 貫(かん) (kan))


令

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

(rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system


令

令 (canonical)
ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)

/rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/
From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

(law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system


令

令 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)


努

[t͡sɨᵝto̞mɯ̟ᵝ]

Nominalization of the classical Japanese verb 努む (tsutomu) (modern 努める (tsutomeru, “to work, to toil”)).


兜

From Old Japanese. Found in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE with the reading kaputo.
Derivation currently unknown.
* A surface analysis might suggest a derivation from 被る (kaburu, “to wear something on the head”). However, that reading derives from older form kagafuru and does not appear until 850, some time after the first appearance of kabuto.
* An alternative analysis might suggest a compound of 頭 (kabu, “head”, kun'yomi and native Japanese term) + 兜 (to, “helmet”, on'yomi and borrowing from Chinese). However, the “head” sense with the kabu reading does not appear until near the end of the Muromachi period.
* Word-medial bilabial plosives usually underwent lenition, shifting along the lines of /p/ → /f/ → /w/, then vanishing altogether except where the following vowel was /a/. This lenition often did not happen at morpheme boundaries in compound words. The persistence of the /b/ in kabuto might thus suggest that this term was originally a compound of ka + puto. The ka element is uncertain, possibly the か (ka-) intensifying prefix added to adjectives; Old Japanese puto would be the stem and root of modern 太い (futoi, “thick; fat; stout”), possibly in reference to the protective strength provided by a helmet. This puto would then have undergone rendaku (連濁) to become buto.
: Compare the phonology of adjective か細い (kabosoi, “very slender”), composed of this ka- prefix and adjective 細い (hosoi, ancient pososi) and demonstrating a similar retention of the bilabial plosive and rendaku (連濁).


僧

ja-noun

僧(そう) • (sō)

Clipping of 僧伽 (sōgya), borrowed from Sanskrit संघ (saṃgha).


卍

From the on'yomi readings of 卍字 or 万字.
Sense 3, the youth slang usage, comes from the similarity of the word's pronunciation to マジ (maji, “seriously, for real”).

(cartography) indicates Buddhist temples on maps


文

A later borrowing from Middle Chinese. Compare modern Min Nan reading bûn, Hakka vûn.


優

優 (canonical)
Yū (romanization)
iu (romanization)
いう (hiragana historical)


火

table
⟨pi₂⟩ → */pʷɨ/ → /ɸi/ → /hi/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *poy.
Apophonic form of ho (see below). Compare 木 (ki, ko-, “tree”).

in which sinner are transported: a metaphor for being in a difficult situation

篝火: a fire set in an iron cage-like bucket and used as illumination by guard

火を見るよりも明らか

clear than see the fire → as plain as day, as plain as the nose on one's face, as clear as a bell

火を貸してもらえる？


火

table
/po/ → /ɸo/ → /ho/
From Old Japanese.
Combining form of hi above. Probably the oldest form, possibly cognate with Korean 불 (bul, “fire”).

焔

flames, metaphorical flames; homura, connoting strong emotions such as anger or jealousy, or such as ambition or passion


火

火 (canonical)
ka (romanization)
kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)

table
/kwa/ → /ka/
From Middle Chinese 火 (MC xwaX).

風林火山

風林火山 ふうりんかざん


卿

卿(きょう) • (kyō)

水戸侯、徳川頼房卿
Mito Kō, Tokugawa Yorifusa Kyō
Lord Tokugawa Yorifusa, Marquis of Mito

ウインストン・チャーチル卿


具

(cooking) secondary ingredient, such as spices, seasonings, and sauces


卓

卓 (canonical)
Takashi (romanization)
卓 (canonical)
Suguru (romanization)


剛

ja-pos

剛(ごう) • (Gō)

剛 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)
剛 (canonical)
Tsuyoshi (romanization)
剛 (canonical)
Gō (romanization)


卯

the Rabbit, the fourth of the twelve Earthly Branches


卯

卯 (canonical)
Bō (romanization)
bau (romanization)
ばう (hiragana historical)


午

the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches


創

創 (canonical)
Sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

/t͡ʃau/ → /sau/ → /sɔː/ → /soː/
From Middle Chinese 創 (MC tsrhjang|tsrhjangH).


創

Nominalization of verb 創る (tsukuru, “to create (new things)”).


升

升 (canonical)
升 (canonical)
masu (romanization)
chīto (romanization)

From the similarity of the character to the katakana チート (chīto, “cheat”).


傷

傷 (canonical)
shō (romanization)
syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

/sjau/ → /sʲɔː/ → /sʲoː/
From Middle Chinese 傷 (MC syang|syangH).


剣

/kem/ → /kemʉ/ → /keɴ/
From Middle Chinese 劍 (MC kjaemH).
Compare modern Mandarin 劍／剑 (jiàn).


剣

[t͡sɨᵝɾɯ̟ᵝɡʲi]

⟨turuki₁⟩ → */turukʲi/ → /t͡suruɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese turuki, itself of unknown derivation.
A surface analysis suggests that this might be a compound of 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang, as at one's side”) + ki, but there is no clear etymon for the ki portion. One possibility would be 牙 (“fang”), read as kiba in modern Japanese but also appearing as ki in Old Japanese contexts. Such usage might parallel the combined tooth and blade meanings of the term ha, spelled more specifically as 歯 (“tooth”) and 刃 (“blade”), with these two senses listed as cognates in Japanese dictionaries.
More tentative suggestions have been connections to Austronesian, such as Tagalog suligi (“dart, short spear”) , but such possibilities seem only speculative at present.


剣

Unknown. Japanese names often apply readings from other words to allude to different meanings.


哲

哲 (canonical)
哲 (canonical)
Satoshi (romanization)
Tetsu (romanization)


参

/ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/
The “Three Stars mansion” and “carrot, ginseng” senses are from Middle Chinese 參 (MC srim).
The “jagged, uneven” affix is from Middle Chinese 參 (MC tsrhim).

(Chinese astronomy) the Three Stars constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions


参

/ɕamʉ/ → /samʉ/ → /saɴ/
From Middle Chinese 參 (MC tshom).

(Zen Buddhism) a gathering of Zen members in meditation, preaching, and invocation


参

(Chinese astronomy, rare) the Three Stars constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions


参

/samʉ/ → /saɴ/
From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sam).

(law) Financial form of 三 (san): 3, three


参

Alternative spelling of 三 (san): 3, three


勺

勺 (canonical)
shaku (romanization)
勺 (canonical)
seki (romanization)

18.039 milliliters (a tenth of a 合(ごう) (gō) and 10 撮(さつ) (satsu))

0.033 square meters (a hundredth of a tsubo)


劫

劫 (canonical)
kō (romanization)
kofu (romanization)
こふ (hiragana historical)

/kopu/ → /kofu/ → */kowu/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep), short form of 劫波 (MC kjaep pa), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa, “aeon”).

(Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology


劫

(go) a position in which two alternating stones can be captured and recaptured indefinitely


劫

劫 (canonical)
gō (romanization)
gofu (romanization)
ごふ (hiragana historical)

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → */ɡowu/ → /ɡoː/
Possibly a shift from kō above.


友

友 (canonical)
Yū (romanization)
iu (romanization)
いう (hiragana historical)


冬

冬(とう) • (tō)


営

From Middle Chinese 營 (MC yweng).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.


兄

From Old Japanese of unclear derivation:
* Probably originally a compound of 吾 (a, Eastern Old Japanese first-person pronoun) + の (no, possessive particle) + 兄 (ye → e, “eldest sibling”, see below):
*: ⟨a no₂ ye⟩ → */anʉʲɨe/ → /ani/
* Alternatively, an apophonic form of 姉 (ane, “elder sister”), itself possibly from the same derivation above.
* Several other theories have also been suggested.


兄

, text here
加都賀都母伊夜佐岐陀弖流延袁斯麻加牟 [Man'yōgana]
かつがつもいや先立てる兄をし枕かむ [Modern spelling]

If I have to choose, the one standing there in front―the eldest one I'll wed.

katsugatsu mo iya sakidateru e o shi makamu

伊夜佐岐陀弖流 いやさきだてる


兄

From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 子 (ko, “child”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 上 (kami, “upper”).

(archaic) (by extension) an elder sibling


代

(indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds


冠

[ka̠ɡa̠ɸɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

/kaɡapuri/ → /kaɡafuri/
From Old Japanese.

(archaic, possibly obsolete) head covering; headdress, crown


冠

[ka̠bɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

Likely a shift from kagafuri above, ancient kagapuri.


冠

[ka̠mɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

(poetry) first (traditionally, five) morae of a haiku, etc.; specifically, the first verse or line of a poem


冠

[kã̠mːɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

[kã̠mbɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

The modern spelling. A shift from kōburi above, historical kauburi. Also encountered is kanburi.


初

table
table
Nominalization of 始め (hajime, “beginning, first”).


唇

[kɯ̟̊ᵝt͡ɕibʲiɾɯ̟ᵝ]

The くち (kuchi) element is 口 (“mouth”); several dictionaries, such as Kōjien gloss the meaning of this overall term as 口縁 (kuchiberi), consisting of 口 (kuchi, “mouth”) + 縁 (heri, “edge”). Therefore the current pronunciation kuchibiru may be a shift from an earlier kuchiberi. The h of heri now becomes a b in an instance of rendaku, but may not have in older Japanese.

唇口 上音眞, 訓久知比流
Lips. The Chinese pronunciation above is like shin; the Japanese reading is kuchibiru < kutibi₁ru.


内

table
From Middle Chinese 內 (MC nwojH).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

(Buddhism) Buddhist teachings on the inner self or ego, as opposed to non-Buddhist ones


唯

/juwi/ → /jui/
From Middle Chinese 唯 (MC ywij).


圏

圏 (canonical)
ken (romanization)
kwen (romanization)
くゑん (hiragana historical)

/kwen/ → /ken/
From Middle Chinese 圏 (kyuen?, “to circle something; a corral”).


址

基址


圦

Clipping of 圦樋 (irihi), from 入(い)り (iri, “entering, entrance”) + 樋(ひ) (hi, “sluice gate”). Literally, “sluice gate underground (in the ground)”.


力

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) + 柄 (kara, “source, origin”).

com

the traditional sumo stomp at the beginning of a match

力合わせ: matching strength: a competition of strength

力軍

a test of strength, a competition of strength

力石

a large stone used as a dumbbell for purposes of test of strength


力

From Middle Chinese 力 (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese reading lik⁶.

(Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power

(Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism


品

(history) a type of rank for officials in East Asian courts


品

一品

三品


商

商 (canonical)
shō (romanization)
syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 商 (syang, “commerce”).


匙

From Middle Chinese 匙 (zhiɛ, “spoon”). The goon, so likely the earliest borrowing from Middle Chinese.

香匙

a spoon or scoop used to scoop out incense


匙

From Middle Chinese 匙 (zhiɛ, “spoon”). The kan'on, so a later borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese 匙 (ci⁴), Min Nan 匙 (sî).

鑰匙: a key

from the vague similarity in shape to a spoon, with the bowl of the spoon as the handle of the key


匙

Likely an alteration of the kan'on reading shi: /si/ → /hi/


匙

Originally a compound of 茶 (sa, “tea”, the tōon or Tang reading) + 匙 (ji, “spoon, scoop”). This on'yomi reading for a two-character term was then applied to the single-character 匙 spelling, and re-interpreted as kun'yomi.

a doctor

especially one tending to a high-ranking samurai family

the degree of skill in compounding medicine

匙が回る:: → to be skillful at compounding medicine

used historically when working with medicine

灰匙

a spoon or scoop used to scoop out ashes from the brazier used for tea ceremony

一匙飯: a single scoop of cooked rice

viewed as inadequate and bad luck to eat just this amount, with some superstitions that eating just this would cause one to become a stepmother or stepchild

匙の先より口の先: “not so much the tip of their spoon

as the tip of their tongue” → a pejorative comment about a doctor

stating that they are better at flattery and speaking nicely

than they are at actual medical treatment

私たちは匙でスープを飲む。


匙

匙 (canonical)
sukui (romanization)
sukufi (romanization)
すくひ (hiragana historical)

Alternative spelling of 掬い (sukui, “scoop”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 掬う (sukuu, “to scoop”).
Rare. Only found in compounds.


中

(mahjong) Short for 紅中 (honchun): a red dragon tile

(mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand combination”) with a meld of red dragon tiles, worth 1 翻 (han, “double”)


中

中 (canonical)
Atari (romanization)
中 (canonical)
Ataru (romanization)
中 (canonical)
Nakaba (romanization)


唵

唵 (canonical)
唵 (canonical)
on (romanization)

*/om/ → /omu/ → /oɴ/
From Middle Chinese 唵 (ʔʌm^X), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit ॐ (oṃ).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.


下

⟨simo₁⟩ → /simʷo/ → /ɕimo/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *simo.

下一段活用

下一段活用 しもいちだんかつよう

下二段活用

下二段活用 しもにだんかつよう

(euphemistic) feces and urine, excrement


垓

A number of 10²⁰ in modern Japanese since 17th century.


喉

/nomito/ > /nomto/ > /nomdo/ > /nondo/ > /nodo/.

(printing, of a page) the inside margin, whichever vertical margin that is adjacent to the spine of the book


型

Noun senses are attested from the 8th century, with suffix use later. See 形(かた) (kata). Compare also 姿(すがた) (sugata, “appearance, likeness”), 模(かたぎ) (katagi, “model, pattern, template”).

ja-r

(martial arts) kata (choreographed training exercises)


壮

壮 (canonical)
Sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)


味

味 (canonical)
aji (romanization)
adi (romanization)
あぢ (hiragana historical)

/adi/ → /ad͡ʑi/ → /aʑi/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *anti.

食べる？ママの味 正確にはママの出来損ないの成れの果ての味

2006 April 9, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “武装錬金ピリオド [Armed Alchemy: The End]”, in 武装錬金 (武装錬金) [Armed Alchemy], volume 10, Tokyo: Shueisha

You want some? It has my mom’s taste. Well, actually it has the taste of my failed attempts at cloning her taste.

Taberu? Mama no aji Seikaku ni wa mama no dekisokonai no nare no hate no aji

味が悪い
aji ga warui
there is bad aji
(literally, “the flavour is bad”)

(go) aji, the ‘flavour’ or lingering possibilities of a position

(go) bad aji, a lingering weakness in a position


味

From Middle Chinese 味 (MC mj+jH).
Also used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨mi₂⟩.


卵

From 玉 (tama, “ball”) + 子 (ko, “child, small thing”). The ko reading for 子 changes to go as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

たまごのカラに身を包む天使。大きな羽で攻撃を防ぐ。

1999 September 23, “ウィング・エッグ・エルフ [Wing Egg Elf]”, in Vol.5, Konami

An angel sheltered inside an eggshell. It fends off attacks with its massive wings.

Tamago no kara ni mi o tsutsumu tenshi. Ōki na hane de kōgeki o fusegu.

卵のカラをかぶっているドラゴン。子供と間違えると痛い目にあうぞ！

2000 July 13, “ドラゴン・エッガー [Dragon Egger]”, in Pharaoh’s Servant －ファラオのしもべ－, Konami

A dragon who shelters in an eggshell. Never mistake him for a literal baby!

Tamago no kara o kabutte iru doragon. Kodomo to machigaeru to itaime ni au zo!

暗黒海の主として恐れられている巨大なシャケ。その卵は暗黒界一の美味として知られている。

2003 July 17, “ジェノサイドキングサーモン [Genocide King Salmon]”, in 暗黒の侵略者 [Invader of Darkness], Konami

A giant salmon worst feared in the Dark Sea. Its roe is best known as the ultimate delicacy of the Dark World.

Ankokukai no nushi to shite osorerarete iru kyodai na shake. Sono tamago wa Ankokukaīchi no bimi to shiteshirarete iru.


右

From Middle Chinese 右 (MC hjuwX).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

右衛門

右大臣

(history, government) "of the right", junior or subordinate to 左 (sa-, “of the left”)


垢

垢BAN

Sakki puremiamu aka ni shitekita no de gashitsu tesuto ban desu.

さっきプレミアム垢にしてきたので画質テスト版です。http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm27024908

I just made my account a premium account, so this is a video quality test version.


塾

ところで草太君の通ってるこの塾——ホント名前どおりのコワソーな塾ね！
Tokoro de Sōta-kun no kayotteru kono juku—— honto namae dōri no kowasō na juku ne!
By the way Sōta, this cram school you’re studying at, it seems as hellish as its name suggests!
ああ！「極問塾」だろ？ホントは学問を極めるっていう意味の「極問」らしいんだけど あんまりスパルタなんでこっちの「獄門」って陰ではいわれてるんだ！
Ā!“Gokumon-juku” daro? Honto wa gakumon o kiwameru tte iu imi no “Gokumon” rashii n da kedo anmari Suparuta na n de kotchi no “Gokumon”tte kage de wa iwareteru n da!
Oh! You mean “Gokumon Cram School”? “Gokumon” actually means something like ‘studying a field deeply’, but people just go with “Gokumon” as in ‘prison gate’ because of its harsh conditions!
やだ！コワイ！

2006 November 17, Seimaru Amagi with Sato, Fumiya, “獄門塾殺人事件１ [The Prison Gate Cram School Murder Case #1]”, in 獄門塾殺人事件（上） [The Prison Gate Cram School Murder Case (First Book)] (金田一少年の事件簿) (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha


吃

From Mandarin 吃 (chī, literally “to eat”).

(mahjong) a call for an open 順子 (shuntsu, “sequence of three suited tiles”), compare English chow


光

光 (canonical)
hikari (romanization)
筋 (counter)

⟨pi₁kari⟩ → */pʲikari/ → /ɸikari/ → /hikari/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).

光通信ケーブル

optical communication cable, fiberoptic cable

光ファイバー

(optics) relating to light or vision: optical, photo-


光

Nominalization of the verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).


光

光 (canonical)
Kō (romanization)
kwau (romanization)
くわう (hiragana historical)

/kʷau/ → /kʷɔː/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 光 (MC kwang).
Compare modern Mandarin 光 (guāng), Hakka 光 (kông), and Min Nan 光 (kong).


分

/pun/ → /fun/
From Middle Chinese 分 (MC pjun, “a minute”).


園

園 (canonical)
En (romanization)
wen (romanization)
ゑん (hiragana historical)

/wen/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 園 (MC hjwon).


園

⟨so₂no₂⟩ → */sənə/ → /sono/
From Old Japanese.


元

⟨mo₂to₂⟩ → /moto/
From Old Japanese. Cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *mətə. Cognate with Okinawan 元 (mutu).

2000円の元を取る
nisen-en no moto o toru
to get one's 2000 yen's worth
(literally, “to take the 2000 yen principal”)


元

From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.


塩

塩 (canonical)
shio (romanization)
sifo (romanization)
しほ (hiragana historical)

⟨sipo⟩ → /ɕiɸo/ → /ɕiwo/ → /ɕio/
From Old Japanese, cited in the Kojiki of 712 CE. The Old Japanese term is cognate to Ainu シッポ (sippo).
Cognate with 潮 (shio, “[ocean] tide”).
The medial consonant had already lenited to /w/ by 1603, as recorded in the Nippo Jisho.

(colloquial) Short for 塩屋 (shioya): a salter


塩

From Middle Chinese 鹽 (MC yem, “salt”) and 鹽 (MC yemH, “to salt; salting”).

(chemistry) Short for 塩素 (enso): chlorine


塩

(chemistry) a salt (substance mostly made in neutralization, such as sodium chloride)


周

西周
Nishi Amane
Nishi Amane (Meiji period philosopher)


姉

From Old Japanese of unclear derivation:
* Probably originally a compound of 吾 (a, Eastern Old Japanese first-person pronoun) + の (no, possessive particle) + 兄 (ye → e, “eldest sibling”):
*: ⟨a no₂ ye⟩ → */anʉʲɨe/ → /ane/
This word is an apophonic form of 兄 (ani, “elder brother”).
* Several other theories have also been suggested.


壬

the ninth of the ten heavenly stems; something I


壬

壬 (canonical)
Mizunoe (romanization)
midunoe (romanization)
みづのえ (hiragana historical)

水 (Mizu, “Water”, one of the Five Elements) + の (no, attributive marker) + 兄 (e, “elder brother”)


基

アミノ基


境

境 (canonical)
kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

(Buddhism) something that can be perceived with the mind or senses


声

声 (canonical)
shō (romanization)
syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

/sjau/ → /ɕau/ → /ɕɔː/ → /ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 聲 (MC syeng).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, likely an earlier borrowing.


名

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *na (compare Okinawan 名 (nā)).

名を連ねる

名ばかりの

暗黒界でその名を知らぬ者はいない、誇り高き騎士。決して弱き者に手を下す事はない。

2013 July 20, “暗黒界の騎士 ズール [Zure, Knight of the Dark World]”, in ハーフデッキ 闇 [Half-Deck: DARK], Konami

Everyone in the Dark World knows the name of this illustrious knight. He never oppresses the commoners.

Ankokukai de sono na o shiranu mono wa inai, hokoritakaki kishi. Kesshite yowaki mono ni te o kudasu koto wa nai.


名

From Middle Chinese 名 (MC mjieng, “name”).


喝

(Buddhism) an interjection uttered by Zen Buddhist masters to scold their students


日

⟨pi₁⟩ → */pʲi/ → /ɸi/ → /hi/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pi (“day”).


央

ja-pos

央(よう) • (Yō)

央 (canonical)
Ataru (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Ō (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Tōru (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Nakaba (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Hisashi (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Hiroshi (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)


塔

塔主, 塔司

job title for the caretaker of a Buddhist cemetery

the location of a stupa for a past master

the title of the monk in charge of that stupa


塔

塔 (canonical)
tō (romanization)
tafu (romanization)
たふ (hiragana historical)

/tapu/ → /taɸu/ → */tawu/ → /tau/ → /tɔː/ → /toː/
From Middle Chinese 塔 (MC thap, “tower, pagoda, spire”).
An abbreviation for 卒塔婆 (sotoba, sotōba), a transliteration of Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa, “heap”).

塔は下から組め

no good building without a good foundation; build a tower from the bottom up


塔

塔 (canonical)
-tō (romanization)
tafu (romanization)
たふ (hiragana historical)


塔

[a̠ɾa̠ɾa̠ɡʲi]

First appears in the Engishiki compilation of laws created in the early 900s, spelled phonetically in kanji as 阿良良伎. Spelled as 蘭, araragi literally means “wild onion” and refers to the wild rocambole, possibly hardneck garlic, notable for its tall green stalk sticking straight up. Used as a euphemism for 塔 (tafu at the time), as that word's Buddhist connotations were viewed as taboo in contexts having to do with the religious center of Itsuki no Miya (斎宮, also known as Saikū).

(tarot) The Tower, the sixteenth trump or major arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks