大鹿

Probably coined in Japan from Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 大 (dai, “great”) + 鹿 (roku, “stag, male deer”).

(shogi) the great stag, a piece in 大局将棋 (taikyoku shogi, a huge chess variant, played on a 36×36 grid)


反重力

反重力 (canonical)
hanjūryoku (romanization)

From 反(はん, han) (anti-) + 重力 (じゅうりょく, jūryoku) (gravity)


お化け

From お (o-, general honorific prefix) + 化け (bake, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 化(ば)ける (bakeru, “to change oneself into”)).

pre

お化けが出る。

提灯お化け

chochinobake, a ghost that resembles a lantern; paper lantern ghost


六ヶ月

六ヶ月 (canonical)
rokkagetsu (romanization)

六 (ろく, roku) "six" + ヶ (箇, か, ka), the counter for months + 月 (げつ, getsu) "month"


一ヶ月

一ヶ月 (canonical)
ikkagetsu (romanization)

一(いち) (ichi, “one”) + ヶ(か) (ka, a simplified form of 箇(か) (ka), the counter for months) + 月(がつ) (gatsu, “month”)

ja-compound

a simplified form of 箇(か) (ka</span>), the counter for months


二ヶ月

二ヶ月 (canonical)
nikagetsu (romanization)

Compound of 二(に) (ni, “two”) + ヶ(か) (ka, a simplified form of 箇(か) (ka), the counter for months) + 月(げつ) (getsu, “month”).


四ヶ月

四ヶ月 (canonical)
yonkagetsu (romanization)

四(よん) (yon, “four”) + ヶ(か) (ka, the counter for months) + 月(げつ) (getsu, “month”)


三ヶ月

三ヶ月 (canonical)
sankagetsu (romanization)

Compound of 三(さん) (san, “three”) + ヶ(か) (ka, a simplified form of 箇(か) (ka), the counter for months) + 月(げつ) (getsu, “month”).


葉月

葉月 (canonical)
Hazuki (romanization)
葉月 (canonical)
Hatsuki (romanization)

葉 (は, ha), "leaf" + 月 (つき, tsuki), "month"


晴れる

ja-verb

晴(は)れる • (hareru) intransitive ichidan (stem 晴(は)れ (hare), past 晴(は)れた (hareta))

晴れる (canonical)
hareru (romanization)
晴れ (stem)
晴れた (past)
晴れ
はれ
hare
晴れる
はれる
hareru
晴れれ
はれれ
harere
晴れよ (imperative literary)
晴れろ (colloquial imperative)
はれよ (imperative literary)
はれろ (colloquial imperative)
hareyo (imperative literary)
harero (colloquial imperative)
晴れられる (passive)
はれられる (passive)
harerareru (passive)
晴れさせる (causative)
晴れさす (causative)
はれさせる (causative)
はれさす (causative)
haresaseru (causative)
haresasu (causative)
晴れられる (potential)
晴れれる (colloquial potential)
はれられる (potential)
はれれる (colloquial potential)
harerareru (potential)
harereru (colloquial potential)
晴れよう (volitional)
はれよう (volitional)
hareyō (volitional)
晴れない (negative)
晴れぬ (negative)
晴れん (negative)
はれない (negative)
はれぬ (negative)
はれん (negative)
harenai (negative)
harenu (negative)
haren (negative)
晴れず (continuative negative)
はれず (continuative negative)
harezu (continuative negative)
晴れます (formal)
はれます (formal)
haremasu (formal)
晴れた (perfective)
はれた (perfective)
hareta (perfective)
晴れて (conjunctive)
はれて (conjunctive)
harete (conjunctive)
晴れれば (conditional hypothetical)
はれれば (conditional hypothetical)
harereba (conditional hypothetical)

[ha̠ɾe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

晴れた空
hareta sora
clear sky
(literally, “sky that has cleared”)


反義語

[hã̠ŋʲɡʲiɡo̞]

反 (はん, han), "anti-" + 義 (ぎ, gi), "meaning" + 語 (ご, go), "word"


成り行き

成り行き (canonical)
nariyuki (romanization)


神無月

神無月 (canonical)
kannazuki (romanization)

Shift from kaminazuki or kamunazuki below.


師走

師走 (canonical)
shiwasu (romanization)
sifasu (romanization)
しはす (hiragana historical)

/sipasu/ → /ɕifasu/ → /ɕiwasu/
Shift from shihasu, ancient sipasu (see below).

本 乎美名古乃左衣八 末 志毛月志波須乃 加伊古本千

c. 859-985, Kagura Uta, Kodai Kayōshū, page 337

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(archaic) the twelfth month of the lunar calendar

(poetic) the month of preparation for the new year: December


師走

師走 (canonical)
Shiwasu (romanization)
sifasu (romanization)
しはす (hiragana historical)


連語

Possibly coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 連 (ren, “linking, joining”) + 語 (go, “word”).

compound

(linguistics) a compound word: a multiple-word term used as a set phrase or single term


弥生

弥生 (canonical)
Yayoi (romanization)
yayofi (romanization)
やよひ (hiragana historical)

/ijaopi/ → /ijaofi/ → */jaofi/ → /jajofi/ → /jajowi/ → /jajoi/
Shift from iyaoi below.

三月に生まれた私が「弥生」だから 五月に生まれたあなたは「さつき」にしようって———
Sangatsu ni umareta watashi ga “Yayoi” da kara Gogatsu ni umareta anata wa “Satsuki” ni shiyōtte———

1997 October 17, Seimaru Amagi with Kanari, Yozaburo and Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル18 魔神遺跡殺人事件⑪ [File 18: The Demonic Ruins Murder Case ⑪]”, in 金田一少年の事件簿 (金田一少年の事件簿) [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 26 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 105

I’m “Yayoi” because I was born in March. We named you “Satsuki” because you were born in May


正月

[ɕo̞ːɡa̠t͡sɨᵝ]

From Middle Chinese 正月 (MC tsyeng ngjwot)


卯月

From 卯 (u, short for 卯の花 (unohana), “deutzia flower”) + 月 (tsuki, “month”).
The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

short for <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">卯の花</i> (unohana), “deutzia flower”


掘削機

掘削機 (canonical)
kussakuki (romanization)


笑う

ja-verb

笑(わら)う • (warau) ^(←わらふ (warafu)?)intransitive godan (stem 笑(わら)い (warai), past 笑(わら)った (waratta))

笑(わら)う • (warau) ^(←わらふ (warafu)?)transitive godan (stem 笑(わら)い (warai), past 笑(わら)った (waratta))

笑う (canonical)
warau (romanization)
warafu (romanization)
笑い (stem)
笑った (past)
笑う (canonical)
warau (romanization)
warafu (romanization)
笑い (stem)
笑った (past)
笑わ
わらわ
warawa
笑い
わらい
warai
笑う
わらう
warau
笑え
わらえ
warae
笑われる (passive)
わらわれる (passive)
warawareru (passive)
笑わせる (causative)
笑わす (causative)
わらわせる (causative)
わらわす (causative)
warawaseru (causative)
warawasu (causative)
笑える (potential)
わらえる (potential)
waraeru (potential)
笑おう (volitional)
わらおう (volitional)
waraō (volitional)
笑わない (negative)
わらわない (negative)
warawanai (negative)
笑わず (continuative negative)
わらわず (continuative negative)
warawazu (continuative negative)
笑います (formal)
わらいます (formal)
waraimasu (formal)
笑った (perfective)
わらった (perfective)
waratta (perfective)
笑って (conjunctive)
わらって (conjunctive)
waratte (conjunctive)
笑えば (conditional hypothetical)
わらえば (conditional hypothetical)
waraeba (conditional hypothetical)

[ɰᵝa̠ɾa̠ɯ̟ᵝ]

Derived from verb 割る (waru, “to split, to break, to crack”), as imperfect form wara- + auxiliary verb ふ (fu, indicating repetition or ongoing state: modern verb ending う u): "to be in the act of cracking up / breaking open".

笑薬

a drug or medicine that makes someone laugh for no reason

笑尉

in Noh theatre, the traditional mask of a smiling man

笑い皺

a laugh line, a facial wrinkle from smiling

so called for the spontaneous laughter it causes when eaten due to its neurotoxic effect

笑い本: a book of 笑い絵: a book of funny picture

笑翡翠

Dacelo novaeguineae, the laughing kookaburra

a repository for sūtras and chronicles of a temple's history

statues of ancient poets of similar appearance and placed in front of a 経蔵

笑う顔に矢立たず: → someone approaching in friendship will not be fired upon

笑う顔は打たれぬ: → someone approaching in friendship will not be attacked

you can't take the measure of a smiling man

笑うものは測るべからず: → someone who is always smiling is hard to read

and may thus be more predator than pal: be wary of charmer

crying three months" → a metaphorical rule of thumb for how long it takes to learn proper expression in the traditional 義太夫 style of dramatic recital

to sharpen a sword while laughing / smiling

笑いの内に刀を礪ぐ: → to make oneself appear happy while thinking hostile thoughts

笑って損するは箔屋ばかり: → if an embosser laughs

the only one to make a loss on laughing is an embosser

the gold foil they work with would go flying

笑って暮らすも一生泣いて暮らすも一生

waratte kurasu mo isshō naite kurasu mo isshō

naite kurasu mo isshō waratte kurasu mo isshō

泣いて暮らすも一生笑って暮らすも一生: "you can live crying

warawazareba motte michi to nasu ni tarazu

笑わざれば以て道と為すに足らず: "if it's not laughed at

it's not enough to be the right way" → from the way a fool will laugh when told the way to do something

so if it's not enough for even a fool to laugh at

to spontaneously express joy or amusement by means of the voice or facial expression:

マイクがよく笑いますよね。

縫い目が笑っている

膝が笑う

(slang) to become weak and wobbly (as in the knees)


担当

(host industry) host / hostess who attends to a patron


爬虫類

[ha̠t͡ɕɨᵝːɾɯ̟ᵝi]

From 爬虫 (hachū, “a reptile”) + 類 (rui, “class or order”).


未然形

Compound of 未然 (mizen, literally “not yet occurred”) + 形 (kei, “form”). Historically called 将然言(しょうぜんげん) (shōzengen), 未然段(みぜんだん) (mizendan).

compound

Indicates that something has not yet happened, or not yet begun.

(grammar) a Japanese verbal inflectional category: the irrealis form

ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ


午前

午前８時25分


連用形

連用形 (canonical)
ren'yōkei (romanization)

[ɾẽ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːke̞ː]

Compound of 連用 (ren'yō, “attaching to an inflecting word”, where 用 (yō) is short for 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”)) + 形 (kei, “form”).

This is the base form after which various conjugational endings are added, such as て (te) or ます (masu). See Appendix:Japanese verbs for more details.

(grammar) an inflectional category: the continuative or stem form for verbs, the adverbial form for adjectives


共和国

共和国 (canonical)
kyōwakoku (romanization)

[kʲo̞ːɰᵝa̠ko̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Compound of 共和 (kyōwa, “shared harmony”) + 国 (koku, “country”).

Daijirin Daijisen Republic ja:共和国 ja:松村明

中華人民共和国: People's Republic of China)

中華人民共和国 ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく


辞典

ja-noun

辞(じ)典(てん) or 辞(ことば)典(てん) • (jiten or kotobaten)

辞典 (canonical)
辞典 (canonical)
jiten (romanization)
kotobaten (romanization)

Amis: citing

Kavalan: ziting

Sakizaya: zitin

Tsou: ziten

文法辞典

文法辞典 ぶんぽうじてん


世紀

20世紀

21世紀


公園

公園 (canonical)
kōen (romanization)
kowen (romanization)
こうゑん (hiragana historical)


語法

語法 (canonical)
gohō (romanization)
gofafu (romanization)
ごはふ (hiragana historical)


資本主義

資本主義 (canonical)
shihonshugi (romanization)

[ɕihõ̞ɰ̃ɕɨᵝɡʲi]

共産主義

共産主義 きょうさんしゅぎ

民主主義

民主主義 みんしゅしゅぎ

社会主義

社会主義 しゃかいしゅぎ


領土

領土侵犯

領土侵犯 りょうどしんぱん


温泉

温泉 (canonical)
onsen (romanization)
wonsen (romanization)
をんせん (hiragana historical)

→ English: onsen

→ Russian: онсэ́н m (onsɛ́n)

*/wonsen/ → /onsen/
From Middle Chinese 溫泉 (MC 'won dzjwen, literally “warm + spring”). Compare modern Chinese 溫泉／温泉 (wēnquán).


喜ぶ

ja-verb

喜(よろこ)ぶ • (yorokobu) intransitive godan (stem 喜(よろこ)び (yorokobi), past 喜(よろこ)んだ (yorokonda))

喜ぶ (canonical)
yorokobu (romanization)
喜び (stem)
喜んだ (past)
喜ば
よろこば
yorokoba
喜び
よろこび
yorokobi
喜ぶ
よろこぶ
yorokobu
喜べ
よろこべ
yorokobe
喜ばれる (passive)
よろこばれる (passive)
yorokobareru (passive)
喜ばせる (causative)
喜ばす (causative)
よろこばせる (causative)
よろこばす (causative)
yorokobaseru (causative)
yorokobasu (causative)
喜べる (potential)
よろこべる (potential)
yorokoberu (potential)
喜ぼう (volitional)
よろこぼう (volitional)
yorokobō (volitional)
喜ばない (negative)
よろこばない (negative)
yorokobanai (negative)
喜ばず (continuative negative)
よろこばず (continuative negative)
yorokobazu (continuative negative)
喜びます (formal)
よろこびます (formal)
yorokobimasu (formal)
喜んだ (perfective)
よろこんだ (perfective)
yorokonda (perfective)
喜んで (conjunctive)
よろこんで (conjunctive)
yorokonde (conjunctive)
喜べば (conditional hypothetical)
よろこべば (conditional hypothetical)
yorokobeba (conditional hypothetical)
喜ば (irrealis stem)
よろこば (irrealis stem)
yorokoba (irrealis)
喜び (continuative stem)
よろこび (continuative stem)
yorokobi (continuative)
喜ぶ (stem terminative)
よろこぶ (stem terminative)
yorokobu (terminative)
喜ぶ (attributive stem)
よろこぶ (attributive stem)
yorokobu (attributive)
喜べ (realis stem)
よろこべ (realis stem)
yorokobe (realis)
喜べ (imperative stem)
よろこべ (imperative stem)
yorokobe (imperative)
喜ばず (negative)
よろこばず (negative)
yorokobazu (negative)
喜べど (contrastive)
よろこべど (contrastive)
yorokobedo (contrastive)
喜べば (causative)
よろこべば (causative)
yorokobeba (causative)
喜ばば (conditional)
よろこばば (conditional)
yorokobaba (conditional)
喜びき (past)
よろこびき (past)
yorokobiki (past)
喜びけり (past)
よろこびけり (past)
yorokobikeri (past)
喜びつ (perfect)
よろこびつ (perfect)
yorokobitu (perfect)
喜びぬ (perfect)
よろこびぬ (perfect)
yorokobinu (perfect)
喜べり (continuative perfect)
喜びたり (continuative perfect)
よろこべり (continuative perfect)
よろこびたり (continuative perfect)
yorokoberi (continuative perfect)
yorokobitari (continuative perfect)
喜ばむ (volitional)
よろこばむ (volitional)
yorokobamu (volitional)


老師

老師 (canonical)
rōshi (romanization)
rausi (romanization)
らうし (hiragana historical)

/rauɕi/ → /rɔːɕi/ → /roːɕi/
From Middle Chinese compound 老師 (MC lawX srij). Compare modern Mandarin 老師／老师 (lǎoshī).

(Buddhism) an elderly monk, especially one who is learned and virtuous


静電気

[se̞ːdẽ̞ŋʲkʲi]

静(せい) (sei, “motionless”) + 電(でん)気(き) (denki, “electricity”)


計算機

ja-noun

計(けい)算(さん)機(き) • (keisanki) ^(←けいさんき (keisanki)?)

計算機 (canonical)
keisanki (romanization)
けいさんき (hiragana historical)

[ke̞ːsã̠ŋʲkʲi]

a machine used for performing calculations; a calculator


女性

女(じょ)性(せい) • (josei) ^(←ぢよせい (dyosei)?) (counter 人)

女性 (canonical)
josei (romanization)
dyosei (romanization)
人 (counter)
ぢよせい (hiragana historical)

Spelling repurposed from nyoshō below during the Meiji period (1868–1912), using the relatively newer kan'on readings of the characters.

年頃の女性が自分の腸なんか見ていていいのだろうか

1993 December 15 [1990 March 25], Sasaki, Noriko, 動物のお医者さん (動物のお医者さん) [The Veterinarian], 36th edition, volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Hakusensha, page 19

Is it okay for a woman of marriageable age to stare at her own guts?

Toshigoro no josei ga jibun no chō nan ka mite ite ii no darō ka

女性のおなかに命が宿った事を知らせてくれると言われている。

1999 August 26, “誕生の天使 [Angel of Birth]”, in BOOSTER 4, Konami

Legend has it that it can tell you when a woman gets with child.

Josei no onaka ni inochi ga yadotta koto o shirasete kureru to iwarete iru.

花の中の女性が毒花粉をまき散らす。近づいてはいけない。

2000 January 27, “アルラウネ [Alraune]”, in Vol.7, Konami

A flower-dwelling woman who spreads poisonous pollen. Never get anywhere near her.

Hana no naka no josei ga doku kafun o makichirasu. Chikazuite wa ikenai.

これで興福寺学園を処分する理由が出来ました 多勢で一人の女性を暴行した罪は重く…その償いは死
Kore de Kōfukuji Gakuen o shobun suru riyū ga dekimashita Tazei de hitori no josei o bōkō shita tsumi wa omoku… Sono tsugunai wa shi

2015 March 10 [2014 December 10], Yūji Shiozaki, “第百五拾参話 [Chapter 153]”, in 一騎当千 [One vs. Thousands], 2nd edition, volume 23 (fiction), Tokyo: Wani Books

I now have a justification to dispose of Kōfukuji Academy. Ganging up on a lone woman, that shall not go unpunished… And the punishment is death.


従兄弟

[d͡ʑɨᵝːke̞ːte̞ː]

From 従 (jū-, “secondary”) + 兄弟 (keitei, “brothers”).


従姉妹

[d͡ʑɨᵝːɕima̠i]

From 従 (jū-, “secondary”) + 姉妹 (shimai, “sisters”).


花魁

→ English: oiran

/oira no/ → /oiran/
A contraction of 己等 (oira, first-person pronoun) + の (no, possessive particle). Young assistants used to call their elder courtesans 己等の (oira no), an ellipse for 己等の姉さん (oira no nēsan, literally "my elder sister").
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), borrowed from Chinese 花魁 (huākuí).

(archaic, slang) an oiran (elder courtesan in Edo-period Yoshiwara)


旅行

旅行 (canonical)
ryokō (romanization)
ryokau (romanization)
りよかう (hiragana historical)

/rjokau/ → /rjokɔː/ → /rjokoː/
From Middle Chinese compound 旅行 (ljo^X hæng, literally “to travel + to walk”). Compare modern Hakka reading lî-hàng, Min Nan readings lí-hêng, lú-hêng.

夏休みには旅行に行こう。

travel, a trip, a journey, a voyage, a tour

新婚旅行

新婚旅行 しんこんりょこう

修学旅行

修学旅行 しゅうがくりょこう


旅行

旅行する (canonical)
ryokō suru (romanization)
ryokau (romanization)
旅行し (stem)
旅行した (past)
旅行し
りょこうし
ryokō shi
旅行する
りょこうする
ryokō suru
旅行すれ
りょこうすれ
ryokō sure
旅行せよ (imperative literary)
旅行しろ (colloquial imperative)
りょこうせよ (imperative literary)
りょこうしろ (colloquial imperative)
ryokō seyo (imperative literary)
ryokō shiro (colloquial imperative)
旅行される (passive)
りょこうされる (passive)
ryokō sareru (passive)
旅行させる (causative)
旅行さす (causative)
りょこうさせる (causative)
りょこうさす (causative)
ryokō saseru (causative)
ryokō sasu (causative)
旅行できる (potential)
りょこうできる (potential)
ryokō dekiru (potential)
旅行しよう (volitional)
りょこうしよう (volitional)
ryokō shiyō (volitional)
旅行しない (negative)
りょこうしない (negative)
ryokō shinai (negative)
旅行せず (continuative negative)
りょこうせず (continuative negative)
ryokō sezu (continuative negative)
旅行します (formal)
りょこうします (formal)
ryokō shimasu (formal)
旅行した (perfective)
りょこうした (perfective)
ryokō shita (perfective)
旅行して (conjunctive)
りょこうして (conjunctive)
ryokō shite (conjunctive)
旅行すれば (conditional hypothetical)
りょこうすれば (conditional hypothetical)
ryokō sureba (conditional hypothetical)

彼は家族と旅行したいようだ。

It seems that he wants to travel with his family.

to travel, to journey, to go on a trip, to go for a voyage, to tour


男性

男性経験

男性経験 だんせいけいけん

男性社会

男性社会 だんせいしゃかい

独身男性

独身男性 どくしんだんせい


奇跡

From Middle Chinese compound 奇跡／奇迹 (gje + tsjek, literally “strange + footprint, traces”).

奇跡を起こす


ゴキブリ

ゴキブリ (canonical)
ごきぶり (canonical)
gokiburi (romanization)
匹 (counter)

[ɡo̞kʲibɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

From 御器噛り (gokikaburi), a compound of 御器 (goki, “dish”) + 齧り (kaburi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 齧る (kaburu), “to bite, nibble”). This original form persisted up until the Meiji period.
Due to typographical errors, the か (ka) was omitted, while its original form still exists today in certain dialects. Variations of the word across dialects exist as well.
The "Sony fanboy" sense originates from "GK", an initialism of "Gate Keeper", a proxy server used by Sony and its various companies. Overzealous Sony fans were thus referred to as "GK-buri", or "GK-esque", which was ultimately corrupted into "gokiburi".

com

(slang, derogatory, video games) a Sony fanboy, Sony pony


タイムアタック

→ English: time attack (calque)

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from time + attack, equivalent to タイム (taimu) + アタック (atakku).

pseudo-loan

(cycling, motor racing, video games) a time trial; a race against the clock

(video games, by extension) a speedrun, including tool-assisted speedruns


タイムアタック

タイムアタックする (canonical)
taimu atakku suru (romanization)
タイムアタックし (stem)
タイムアタックした (past)


アイヌ

Borrowed from Ainu アイヌ (aynu, “person, human being”).

bor+

Ainu language
Ainu people
Ainu-ken
Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shiraoi, Hokkaido
ja:アイヌ
ja:松村明


大根

大根 (canonical)
daikon (romanization)
でこん (alternative hiragana)
デコン (alternative hiragana katakana)
dekon (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)

On'yomi form of the native Japanese word 大根(おおね) (ōne).

ja-r

大根(おおね) (ōne)

山葵大根: horseradish

山葵大根 わさびだいこん

(acting) a ham, an actor known for an exaggerated, over-wrought style


日の出

From 日(ひ) (hi, “sun”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 出(で) (de, “coming out”).


公子

Literary Chinese 公子 (gōngzǐ, literally “duke's son”)

der

(historical) the son of a duke in China or Vietnam; compare 王子 (son of a king) and 皇子 (son of an emperor)


蝸牛

蝸牛 (canonical)
kagyū (romanization)
kwagiu (romanization)
くわぎう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese compound 蝸牛／蜗牛 (kwæ ngjuw, literally “snail + cow”).


陰門

陰(いん) (in, “female”) + 門(もん) (mon, “gate”).


林檎

林檎 (canonical)
林檎 (canonical)
ringo (romanization)

→ Ainu: リンゴ

→ Hakka: 林檎 (lin-ngò)

→ Marshallese: diin̄ko

→ Min Nan: 林檎 (lìn-gò)

/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riŋɡõː/ → /riŋɡo/
From Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Originally referred to the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) imported from China, it has expanded to mean any apple of the Malus genus.
First cited in 918 in the 本草和名 (Honzō Wamyō, “Japanese names for medicinal plants”).

よく林檎の審査通ったなこれ。

I can't believe this has passed Apple's censorship.

(slang) the company Apple Inc. or its products


空手

→ Afrikaans: karate

desc

→ Arabic: كَارَاتِيه m (karātē), كَارَاطِي (kārāṭī)

→ Chinese: 空手道

→ Mandarin: 空手道 (kōngshǒudào)

→ Cantonese: 空手道 (hung¹ sau² dou⁶)

→ Hokkien: 空手道 (khong-chhiú-tō)

→ Korean: 공수도 (gongsudo)

→ Vietnamese: không thủ đạo

→ Czech: karate n

→ Danish: karate c

→ Dutch: karate n or m

→ English: karate

→ Finnish: karate

→ French: karaté m

→ German: Karate n

→ Icelandic: karate n

→ Indonesian: karate

→ Italian: karatè m

→ Latvian: karatē m

→ Norwegian Bokmål: karate m

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: karate m

→ Polish: karate n

→ Portuguese: karaté m, caraté

→ Romanian: karate n

→ Serbo-Croatian: karate m

→ Spanish: karate m, kárate

→ Swahili: karate

→ Swedish: karate c

→ Tagalog: karate

→ Vietnamese: không thủ

Orthographic borrowing from Okinawan 唐手(とーでぃー) (tōdī) to Japanese 唐手(からて) (karate), compound of 唐 (kara, “Tang Dynasty; China”) + 手 (te, “hand”), as the art was originally transmitted from China to Okinawa, and thence to mainland Japan.
The use of 空 to spell the kara portion is an example of ateji (当て字) to express the idea of “empty-handed” or “unarmed”.

ryu-r

唐手(とーでぃー) (tōdī)

compound+

空手道

karate-ism, school of karate, tao of karate


死亡

死亡 (canonical)
shibō (romanization)
sibau (romanization)
しばう (hiragana historical)

死亡者数

死亡者数 しぼうしゃすう

死亡診断書

死亡診断書 しぼうしんだんしょ

死亡証明書

死亡証明書 しぼうしょうめいしょ

死亡証書

死亡証書 しぼうしょうしょ

死亡率

a death rate, rate of mortality, a fatality rate

死亡一時金

死亡一時金 しぼういちじきん

under the Japanese national pension system, a lump sum payment to surviving family members

a payment to the surviving family of a government official who died on the job


和食

[ɰᵝa̠ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Japanese style food, Japanese foods, Japanese cuisine


台風

Ultimately from Chinese 大風／大风 (dàfēng), but precisely how it entered Japanese is unclear. For more, see typhoon.
台 is a daiyōji replacing 颱.


白血病

ja-noun

白(はっ)血(けつ)病(びょう) • (hakketsubyō) ^(←はくけつびやう (fakuketubyau)?)

白血病 (canonical)
hakketsubyō (romanization)
fakuketubyau (romanization)
はくけつびやう (hiragana historical)


ガオー

roar (sound a big animal or a monster makes)


ウキー

(onomatopoeia) ook (the sound a monkey makes)


キーキー

ja-pos

キーキー • (kīkī)

(onomatopoeia) ook ook (the sound a monkey makes)


メーメー

メーメー • (mēmē)


ワンワン

ワンワン (canonical)
わんわん (canonical)
wanwan (romanization)

[ɰᵝã̠ɰ̃ɰᵝã̠ɴ]

Onomatopoeia, reduplication of ワン (wan).

(onomatopoeia) the sound of a dog barking: bow-wow


コケコッコー

コケコッコー or こけこっこー • (kokekokkō)

コケコッコー (canonical)
こけこっこー (canonical)
kokekokkō (romanization)

(onomatopoeia) cock-a-doodle-doo (the sound a rooster makes)


大統領

ja-noun

大(だい)統(とう)領(りょう) • (daitōryō) ^(←だいとうりやう (daitouryau)?)

大統領 (canonical)
daitōryō (romanization)
daitouryau (romanization)
だいとうりやう (hiragana historical)

→ Korean: 대통령 (daetongnyeong)

→ Palauan: Daitorio, Daitoro

大 (dai-, “great”) + 統領 (tōryō, “leader”)

pre

例えばユーゴスラビアには以前チトー大統領という指導者がいて民族をまとめていた

1999 September 16, Motohiro Katou, “ヤコブの階段 [Jacob’s Ladder]”, in Ｑ.Ｅ.Ｄ. 証明終了 (Ｑ.Ｅ.Ｄ. 証明終了) [Q.E.D.], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 176

For example, former President Tito was known for having united the peoples of Yugoslavia

Tatoeba Yūgosurabia ni wa izen Chitō Daitōryō to iu shidōsha ga ite minzoku o matometeita

ワシントン リンカーン ケネディ ビル・クリントン そして今 ジョン・Ｂ・リード‼ 清廉潔白正義の人————汚点のない所が最大の汚点といわれる程クリーンな第57代アメリカ大統領
Washinton Rinkān Kenedi Biru Kurinton Soshite ima Jon Bī Rīdo‼ Seiren keppaku seigi no hito————Oten no nai tokoro ga saidai no oten to iwareru hodo kurīn na daigojūshichi-dai Amerika Daitōryō

2003 August 31 [2001 December 24], Reiko Shimizu, “秘密 THE TOP SECRET 1999 [THE TOP SECRET 1999]”, in 秘密 -トップ・シークレット- [Himitsu – Top Secret], 12th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Hakusensha, page 9

Washington. Lincoln. Kennedy. Bill Clinton. And now, John B. Reed!! The man of impartiality, uprightness and justice. — When talking about the 57th President of the United States, it’s no exaggeration to say that his only flaw is that he has none.

a president (the head of state of a republic)


銀行

ja-noun

銀(ぎん)行(こう) • (ginkō) ^(←ぎんかう (ginkau)?) (counter 行)

銀行 (canonical)
ginkō (romanization)
ginkau (romanization)
行 (counter)
ぎんかう (hiragana historical)

→ Sakizaya: gingku

銀 (gin, “medium of exchange; money”) + 行 (kō, “business establishment; firm”)

compound

一六銀行

一六銀行 いちろくぎんこう

角膜銀行

角膜銀行 かくまくぎんこう

仮想銀行

仮想銀行 かそうぎんこう

為替銀行

為替銀行 かわせぎんこう

眼球銀行

眼球銀行 がんきゅうぎんこう

巨大銀行

巨大銀行 きょだいぎんこう

血液銀行

血液銀行 けつえきぎんこう

興業銀行

興業銀行 こうぎょうぎんこう

国立銀行

国立銀行 こくりつぎんこう

市中銀行

市中銀行 しちゅうぎんこう

正金銀行

正金銀行 しょうきんぎんこう

商業銀行

商業銀行 しょうぎょうぎんこう

信託銀行

信託銀行 しんたくぎんこう

準備銀行

準備銀行 じゅんびぎんこう

人材銀行

人材銀行 じんざいぎんこう

住友銀行

住友銀行 すいともぎんこう

世界銀行

世界銀行 せかいぎんこう

善意銀行

善意銀行 ぜんいぎんこう

相互銀行

相互銀行 そうごぎんこう

兌換銀行

兌換銀行 だかんぎんこう

地方銀行

地方銀行 ちほうぎんこう

中央銀行

中央銀行 ちゅうおうぎんこう

中国銀行

中国銀行 ちゅうごくぎんこう

日本銀行

日本銀行 にっぽんぎんこう


天文

From Old Japanese, from Literary Chinese 天文 (tiānwén, “heavenly phenomena; behaviors of heavenly bodies”). Compare modern Cantonese reading tin¹ man⁴. Compare 人文 (jinbun, “humanity; humanism”, literally “human behaviors”), 水文学 (suimongaku, “hydrology”, literally “study of water behaviors”) and 地理 (chiri, “geography”, literally “nature of the earth”).

der

天文方: an official government position during the Edo period

天文航法

astronomical navigation, navigating by the star

天文道: an ancient area of study of the movements of heavenly bodies and their influence on events

天文博士: an official government position in the Ritsuryō system


天文

[tẽ̞mbɯ̟̃ᵝɴ]

From Middle Chinese 天文 (MC then mjun, literally “heavens + patterns”). Likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Min Nan reading thian-bûn.


リットル

[ɾʲit̚to̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]


グラム

[ɡɯ̟ᵝɾa̠mɯ̟ᵝ]

From French gramme or English gramme, gram.


グラム

[ɡɯ̟ᵝɾa̠mɯ̟ᵝ]


自動販売機

ja-noun

自(じ)動(どう)販(はん)売(ばい)機(き) • (jidō hanbaiki)

自動販売機 (canonical)
jidō hanbaiki (romanization)

From 自動 (jidō, “automatic”) + 販売 (hanbai, “sales”) + 機 (-ki, “machine”).


墓地

From Middle Chinese compound 墓地 (muᴴ dijᴴ, literally “grave, tomb + ground, region”). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Mandarin reading mùdì, Min Nan bōng-tē.


墓地

Compound of 墓 (haka, “grave”, from Old Japanese) + 地 (chi, “ground, region”, from Middle Chinese).


エスカレーター

ja-noun

エスカレーター • (esukarētā)

[e̞sɨ̥ᵝka̠ɾe̞ːta̠ː]

Borrowed from English escalator.
First cited to a text from 1920.


連濁

[ɾẽ̞nda̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

From 連 (ren, “continuous, sequential”) + 濁 (daku, “voicing”).

compound

(linguistics) a morphological change of an initial syllable of the second word of a compound in Japanese from an unvoiced sound to a corresponding voiced one (more precisely, a change to the sound of corresponding kana with a 濁点).


題目

From Middle Chinese 題目 (MC dej|dejH mjuwk).

南無妙法蓮華経 南無妙法蓮華経#Japanese

妙法蓮華経 妙法蓮華経#Japanese

(Buddhism) in Nichiren Buddhism, the chanting of the 南無妙法蓮華経 (Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō, “Glory to the Lotus Sutra”) and the 妙法蓮華経 (Myōhō Renge Kyō, “Lotus Sutra”)


飲み放題

飲み放題 (canonical)
nomihōdai (romanization)

飲む (“drink”) + 放題 (“as much as one wants”)


ケチュア語

ケチュア語 (canonical)
Kechuago (romanization)


彫刻

ja-noun

彫(ちょう)刻(こく) • (chōkoku) ^(←てうこく (teukoku)?)

彫刻 (canonical)
chōkoku (romanization)
teukoku (romanization)
てうこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːko̞kɯ̟ᵝ]


修士

修士 (canonical)
shūshi (romanization)
siusi (romanization)
しうし (hiragana historical)


ネプツニウム

[ne̞pɯ̟̊ᵝt͡sɨᵝɲ̟iɯ̟ᵝmɯ̟ᵝ]


来年

来年は１７歳になる。

来年の事を言うと鬼が笑う

talk about next year and the devil will laugh


来年

(dialectal, Kagoshima) next year, coming year


豆腐

豆腐 (canonical)
tōfu (romanization)
丁 (counter)

From Middle Chinese 豆腐 (MC duwH bjuX, literally “bean + curdled”). Compare modern Mandarin reading dòufu.

豆腐化け

a form of corrupted text display, where code point that are not included in the current font are instead displayed with empty rectangles that resemble blocks of tofu

brine salt used as a coagulant in making tofu

(computing) tofu, an empty rectangle displayed by some systems in place of a character not supported by available fonts.


十一

[d͡ʑɨᵝːit͡ɕi]


獅子舞

ja-noun

獅(し)子(し)舞(まい) • (shishimai) ^(←ししまひ (sisimafi)?)

獅子舞 (canonical)
shishimai (romanization)
sisimafi (romanization)
ししまひ (hiragana historical)

lion dance (traditional Chinese dance where performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume)


離合詞

(Chinese grammar) (grammar) separable verb


柔術

柔(じゅう)術(じゅつ) • (jūjutsu) ^(←じうじゆつ (ziuzyutu)?)

柔術 (canonical)
jūjutsu (romanization)
ziuzyutu (romanization)
じうじゆつ (hiragana historical)

→ English: jujitsu

→ Portuguese: jiu-jitsu

[d͡ʑɨᵝːʑɨᵝt͡sɨᵝ]


太極拳

太極拳 (canonical)
taikyokuken (romanization)

[ta̠ikʲo̞kɯ̟̊ᵝkẽ̞ɴ]

From Chinese 太極拳／太极拳 (tàijíquán), equivalent to 太極 (taikyoku, “taiji”) + 拳 (-ken, “martial arts style”).


王国

ja-noun

王(おう)国(こく) • (ōkoku) ^(←わうこく (waukoku)?)

王国 (canonical)
ōkoku (romanization)
waukoku (romanization)
わうこく (hiragana historical)

[o̞ːko̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

/waukoku/ → /wɔːkoku/ → /oːkoku/
From Middle Chinese 王國 (hjwang kwok). Compare Mandarin 王国 (wángguó), Cantonese 王国 (wong4 gwok3), Korean 왕국 (wangguk), Vietnamese vương quốc.

君主ゼフィールの戦死を知ったベルン軍兵士は武器を手放した 一部の残党は逃亡を図ったがこれ以上の戦いを望まなかったロイはあえてそれを見逃した ベルン王国は陥落したのであった‼

2007 October 20, Izawa, Hiroshi with Yamada, Kotaro, “第40話 消えない炎 [Chapter 40: The Undying Flame]”, in ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], Jump Remix edition, volume 5 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, page 159

Once word of the death of their monarch Zephiel spread, Bern’s soldiers started to drop their weapons. Although some managed to flee, Roy did not wish to pursue them further and decided to let them go instead. The Kingdom of Bern had now officially fallen!!

Kunshu Zefīru no senshi o shitta Berun gun heishi wa buki o tebana shita Ichibu no zantō wa tōbō o hakatta ga kore ijō no tatakai o nozomanakatta Roi wa aete sore o minogashita Berun Ōkoku wa kanraku shita no de atta‼

こうして 後に「ベルン動乱」と呼ばれる大陸全土を巻き込んだ大乱は幕を閉じだ ベルン王国は国王ゼフィールの死とともにエトルリア王国に降伏した エトルリア王国は 一度ベルン王国を解体 遠方であることを理由に直接の統治はせず 改めてベルンの地に ギネヴィアを女王とする 新ベルン王国を建国させる ゼフィールの側近く仕えた「暗闇の巫女」イドゥンの行方はつかめずに終わった 世界はエトルリア王国の主導のもと再び安定と平和を取り戻していった

2007 October 20, Izawa, Hiroshi with Yamada, Kotaro, “最終話 それぞれの道へ [Final Chapter: Epilog]”, in ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], Jump Remix edition, volume 5 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, pages 340–341

And thus, the long struggle that had shaken the whole continent, known as the “Bern Upheaval”, came to an end. With King Zephiel’s death, the Kingdom of Bern surrendered to the Kingdom of Etruria. Etruria dissolved Bern’s monarchy for a time, but ultimately decided not to directly rule it due to geographical distance. Instead, Princess Guinevere was crowned queen, and a new kingdom was reestablished in Bern’s territory. One of Zephiel’s closest servants, Idun the “Dark Priestess”, was nowhere to be found. Peace and stability had a chance to prosper again in the world under Etruria’s leadership.

Kō shite nochi ni “Berun dōran” to yobareru tairiku zendo o makikonda tairan wa maku o tojida Berun Ōkoku wa kokuō Zefīru no shi to tomo ni Etoruria Ōkoku ni kōfuku shita Etoruria Ōkoku wa ichido Berun Ōkoku o kaitai enpō de aru koto o riyū ni chokusetsu no tōchi wa sezu Aratamete Berun no chi ni Ginevia o jōu to suru Shin Berun Ōkoku o kenkoku saseru Zefīru no sobachikaku tsukaeta “Kurayami no Miko” Idun no yukue wa tsukamezu ni owatta Sekai wa Etoruria Ōkoku no shudō no moto futatabi antei to heiwa o torimodoshite itta

kingdom (realm ruled by a king and/or queen)

自動車王国

(figuratively) kingdom (realm or conceptual space where something is dominant)


療法

療(りょう)法(ほう) • (ryōhō) ^(←れうはふ (reufafu)?)

療法 (canonical)
ryōhō (romanization)
reufafu (romanization)
れうはふ (hiragana historical)

/reupapu/ → /reufafu/ → /reuhafu/ → /reuhau/ → /reuhɔː/ → /rjoːhoː/
From Middle Chinese compound 療法／疗法 (liæu? pjop, literally “treat, heal + method, way of doing things”). Compare modern Min Nan reading liâu-hoat.

音楽療法

音楽療法 おんがくりょうほう

精神療法

精神療法 せいしんりょうほう

電気療法: electrotherapy

電気療法 でんきりょうほう


武術

[bɯ̟ᵝʑɨᵝt͡sɨᵝ]


胡志明

[ho̞ː t͡ɕi mʲĩɴ]


空想

空想 (canonical)
kūsō (romanization)
kuusau (romanization)
くうさう (hiragana historical)

Meiji era
Mohe Zhiguan
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Rangaku

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 空想 (kʰuŋ sɨɐŋ^X, literally “fictional, fabricated + think, thought”).
The sense of fantasy is first cited in Japanese to 1886, and probably reflects a Rangaku and Meiji era style of repurposing older terminology to translate unfamiliar Western concepts.
The Buddhist sense is older, and was borrowed into Japanese along with various Chinese Buddhist texts. This term is included in the 摩訶止観 (Maka Shikan), better known in English by its Chinese pronunciation, the Mohe Zhiguan, completed some time in the early 600s.

der

(Buddhism) thought that exhibits attachment to sunyata


空想

空想する (canonical)
kūsō suru (romanization)
kuusau (romanization)
空想し (stem)
空想した (past)
空想し
くうそうし
kūsō shi
空想する
くうそうする
kūsō suru
空想すれ
くうそうすれ
kūsō sure
空想せよ (imperative literary)
空想しろ (colloquial imperative)
くうそうせよ (imperative literary)
くうそうしろ (colloquial imperative)
kūsō seyo (imperative literary)
kūsō shiro (colloquial imperative)
空想される (passive)
くうそうされる (passive)
kūsō sareru (passive)
空想させる (causative)
空想さす (causative)
くうそうさせる (causative)
くうそうさす (causative)
kūsō saseru (causative)
kūsō sasu (causative)
空想できる (potential)
くうそうできる (potential)
kūsō dekiru (potential)
空想しよう (volitional)
くうそうしよう (volitional)
kūsō shiyō (volitional)
空想しない (negative)
くうそうしない (negative)
kūsō shinai (negative)
空想せず (continuative negative)
くうそうせず (continuative negative)
kūsō sezu (continuative negative)
空想します (formal)
くうそうします (formal)
kūsō shimasu (formal)
空想した (perfective)
くうそうした (perfective)
kūsō shita (perfective)
空想して (conjunctive)
くうそうして (conjunctive)
kūsō shite (conjunctive)
空想すれば (conditional hypothetical)
くうそうすれば (conditional hypothetical)
kūsō sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(Buddhism) to think in a way that exhibits attachment to sunyata


東西

From Middle Chinese 東西 (MC tuwng sej). The sai of 西 changes to zai due to rendaku (連濁).

南北

north and south - literally, south and north


江湖

江湖 (canonical)
kōko (romanization)
kauko (romanization)
かうこ (hiragana historical)


江湖

江湖 (canonical)
gōko (romanization)
gauko (romanization)
がうこ (hiragana historical)


衣冠

衣冠 (canonical)
ikan (romanization)
ikwan (romanization)
いくわん (hiragana historical)

(historical, clothing) regular court dress, originally for night-attendance


大出血

大出血 (canonical)
daishukketsu (romanization)

From 大 (dai-, “great, big”) + 出血 (shukketsu, “bleeding, hemorrhage”).

大量出血

大量出血 たいりょうしゅっけつ

(medicine) major hemorrhaging, massive bleeding, flooding


弁当

弁当 (canonical)
bentō (romanization)
bentau (romanization)
べんたう (hiragana historical)

→ Cantonese: 便當／便当 (bin⁶ dong³)

→ English: bento

→ Hokkien: 便當／便当 (piān-tong)

→ Indonesian: bento

→ Korean: 벤토 (bento)

→ Mandarin: 便當／便当 (biàndāng)

desc

→ Russian: бэнто́ (bɛntó), бэ́нто (bɛ́nto)

/bentau/ → /bentɔː/ → /bentoː/
Borrowed from Chinese 便當／便当 (biàndang, “convenient”).
The use of 弁 for ben is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字), due to 便 having another sense of "human excrement'.

(law) Synonym of 執行猶予 (shikkō yūyo): a suspended sentence


弁当

(dialectal, Kagoshima) bento (takeaway lunch served in a box)


中学校

ja-noun

中(ちゅう)学(がっ)校(こう) • (chūgakkō) (counter 校)

中学校 (canonical)
chūgakkō (romanization)
校 (counter)

[t͡ɕɨᵝːɡa̠k̚ko̞ː]

(education) middle school, junior high school


教会

教(きょう)会(かい) • (kyōkai) ^(←けうくわい (keukwai)?)

教会 (canonical)
kyōkai (romanization)
keukwai (romanization)
けうくわい (hiragana historical)

→ Yami: kiokay

→ Sakizaya: kiwkay

全能神教会


笑顔

笑顔 (canonical)
egao (romanization)
wegafo (romanization)
ゑがほ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 笑(え) (e, “smiling; laughing”) + 顔(かお) (kao, “face”). The kao changes to gao as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

君の笑顔が見たい。


賛美歌

賛美 (sanbi, “praise”) + 歌 (ka, “song”)
賛 is a daiyōji replacing 讃.


尊敬語

[sõ̞ŋke̞ːɡo̞]

尊敬 (sonkei, “respect”) + 語 (go, “word”).


高校

ja-noun

高(こう)校(こう) • (kōkō) ^(←かうかう (kaukau)?) (counter 校)

高校 (canonical)
kōkō (romanization)
kaukau (romanization)
校 (counter)
かうかう (hiragana historical)

Contraction of 高(こう)等(とう)学(がっ)校(こう) (kōtō-gakkō, “high school”).

ja-r

こう%とう%-がっ%こう

(education) high school; senior high school

Certificate for Students Achieving the Proficiency Level of Upper Secondary School Graduates

高校進学

continuing one's education into high school

高校デビュー

changing one's image and becoming more social and extroverted upon entering high school


成人

成人の平均身長

平均身長 へいきんしんちょう

成人向けゲーム

video game for adults; pornographic video game

成人済み
seijin-zumi
(social media) minors DNI
(literally, “already an adult”)


成人

成人する (canonical)
seijin suru (romanization)
成人し (stem)
成人した (past)
成人し
せいじんし
seijin shi
成人する
せいじんする
seijin suru
成人すれ
せいじんすれ
seijin sure
成人せよ (imperative literary)
成人しろ (colloquial imperative)
せいじんせよ (imperative literary)
せいじんしろ (colloquial imperative)
seijin seyo (imperative literary)
seijin shiro (colloquial imperative)
成人される (passive)
せいじんされる (passive)
seijin sareru (passive)
成人させる (causative)
成人さす (causative)
せいじんさせる (causative)
せいじんさす (causative)
seijin saseru (causative)
seijin sasu (causative)
成人できる (potential)
せいじんできる (potential)
seijin dekiru (potential)
成人しよう (volitional)
せいじんしよう (volitional)
seijin shiyō (volitional)
成人しない (negative)
せいじんしない (negative)
seijin shinai (negative)
成人せず (continuative negative)
せいじんせず (continuative negative)
seijin sezu (continuative negative)
成人します (formal)
せいじんします (formal)
seijin shimasu (formal)
成人した (perfective)
せいじんした (perfective)
seijin shita (perfective)
成人して (conjunctive)
せいじんして (conjunctive)
seijin shite (conjunctive)
成人すれば (conditional hypothetical)
せいじんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
seijin sureba (conditional hypothetical)


大祖父

ja-noun

大(おお)祖父(おおじ) • (ōōji) ^(←おほおほぢ (ofoofodi)?)

大祖父 (canonical)
ōōji (romanization)
ofoofodi (romanization)
おほおほぢ (hiragana historical)

曾祖伯父

曾祖伯父 おおおおじおじ


辻斬り

辻斬り (canonical)
tsujigiri (romanization)

[t͡sɨᵝʑiɡʲiɾʲi]

辻 (tsuji, “street”) + 斬り (kiri), from 斬る (kiru, “cut, murder”).

The killing of a passerby on the road at night, in order to test the sharpness of a sword, or to improve one’s skill.


おっぱい

おっぱい or オッパイ • (oppai)

おっぱい (canonical)
オッパイ (canonical)
oppai (romanization)

zh-l

歐派／欧派 (ōupài)

Chinese: 歐派／欧派 (ōupài)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明

Generally agreed upon as originating from baby talk.
Derivation unclear. Possibilities include:
* A shift from ををうまい (wo wo umai, literally “huh huh delicious”), as something a baby might say while breastfeeding.
:: /wo wo umai/ → /o o umai/ → /oːmai/ → /opːai/
: While suggestive, the phonetic changes required seem unlikely. Moreover, the pitch accent differs, in that うまい (umai) has a high pitch on the ma followed by a downstep, while おっぱい (oppai) has a high pitch on the initial o followed by a downstep.
* A shift from 一杯 (ippai, “one serving, one cupful; full”), as something a baby might say when done breastfeeding, or when asking to do so.
:: /ipːai/ → /opːai/
: This seems more likely, as the phonetics align better: only one vowel changes, and the pitch accent in ippai is similar with a high pitch on the initial i followed by a downstep.

おっぱいが出るようになる

キャサリーン！オッパイ 大きくなれよぉー！

2000 August 10, Yūma Andō with Asaki, Masashi, “喧嘩屋 国光 [Kunimitsu, Brawl Delivery]”, in サイコメトラー[EIJI](エイジ) [Psychometrer Eiji], volume 24 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha

Katharine! Your boobs! Grow them bigger, okay!?

八ツ橋のやわらかさは小学生のおっぱいと同じ… まじかよ 京都人ってど変態だな…

2015, 谷川ニコ [Nico Tanigawa], “喪79 (喪79) [Fail 79]”, in 私がモテないのはどう考えてもお前らが悪い！ [No Matter How I Look at It, It's You Guys' Fault I'm Not Popular!], ガンガンONLINE [Gangan Online]

Yatsuhashi are as soft as the tits of an elementary schooler… You serious? Kyoto must be seriously perverted…

Yatsuhashi no yawarakasa wa shōgakusei no oppai to onaji… maji ka yo Kyōto-jin tte do-hentai da na…

(anatomy, childish) boobies, titties (breasts)


高祖母

ja-noun

高(こう)祖(そ)母(ぼ) • (kōsobo) ^(←かうそぼ (kausobo)?)

高祖母 (canonical)
kōsobo (romanization)
kausobo (romanization)
かうそぼ (hiragana historical)

great-great-grandmother, a grandparent's grandmother


破傷風

[ha̠ɕo̞ːɸɯ̟ᵝː]


外祖母

外(がい)祖(そ)母(ぼ) • (gaisobo) ^(←ぐわいそぼ (gwaisobo)?)

外祖母 (canonical)
gaisobo (romanization)
gwaisobo (romanization)
ぐわいそぼ (hiragana historical)

maternal grandmother
maternal grandmother

(rare) maternal grandmother, mother's mother


駟馬

駟馬 (canonical)
駟馬 (canonical)
shiba (romanization)
shime (romanization)


酔っ払い

酔っ払い (canonical)
yopparai (romanization)

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 酔(よ)っ払(ぱら)う (yopparau).


忍術

[ɲ̟ĩɲ̟d͡ʑɨᵝt͡sɨᵝ]

Appears to have been coined in Japan from Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 忍 (nin, “patience; enduring, putting up with; secrecy”) + 術 (jutsu, “technique”).


ピアノ

From Italian piano, possibly via English piano. Some sources derive this as a clipping of ピアノフォルテ (pianoforute, “pianoforte”), itself borrowed from Italian pianoforte.


最期

彼は戦争で悲惨な最期を遂げた。

Kare wa sensō de hisan na saigo o togeta.

帝国の最期

death; downfall, collapse; end of life; last moment


羊水

羊水 (canonical)
yōsui (romanization)
yausui (romanization)
やうすい (hiragana historical)


睾丸

ja-noun

睾(こう)丸(がん) • (kōgan) ^(←かうぐわん (kaugwan)?)

睾丸 (canonical)
kōgan (romanization)
kaugwan (romanization)
かうぐわん (hiragana historical)


かすみ

霞, 嘉純, 伽澄, 春見, 夏澄, 夏清, 圭純, 嘉菫: a female given name


恵み

[me̞ɡɯ̟ᵝmʲi]


真夜中

Compound of 真 (ma, “real, true”) + 夜 (yo, “night”) + 中 (naka, “middle”). Also analyzable as 真 (ma, “real, true”) + 夜中 (yonaka, “middle of the night”).


男色

[dã̠ɰ̃ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]


男色

[nã̠ɰ̃ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]


時計

Clock
Daijirin
Daijisen
Zhou Dynasty
automaton clock
ja:時計
ja:松村明

zh-l

時計／时计 (shíjì)

Chinese: 時計／时计 (shíjì)

Korean: 시계 (sigye)

From Middle Chinese 土圭 (tʰuo^X kwei, literally “earth, clay + stack of clay tablets”, a kind of sundial used in the Zhou Dynasty).
The 土圭 spelling is the original form, with the kan'on reading of tokei. This has been largely superseded by the spelling 時計 in modern writing, which uses the 時 character as ateji (当て字). Alternatively, the kanji spelling could be interpreted as jukujikun (熟字訓), using the meanings of the characters as 時 (“time”) + 計 (“measurement”).

der

a clock, a watch, a timepiece, a timekeeper


時計

時計 (canonical)
tokihakari (romanization)

Compound of 時(とき) (toki, “time”) + 計(はか)り (hakari, “measuring”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 計(はか)る (hakaru, “to measure”).).

ja-compound

(rare, possibly obsolete) a clock, a watch, a timepiece, a timekeeper


微笑む

ja-verb

微笑(ほほえ)む • (hohoemu) ^(←ほほゑむ (fofowemu)?)intransitive godan (stem 微笑(ほほえ)み (hohoemi), past 微笑(ほほえ)んだ (hohoenda))

微笑む (canonical)
hohoemu (romanization)
fofowemu (romanization)
微笑み (stem)
微笑んだ (past)
微笑ま
ほほえま
hohoema
微笑み
ほほえみ
hohoemi
微笑む
ほほえむ
hohoemu
微笑め
ほほえめ
hohoeme
微笑まれる (passive)
ほほえまれる (passive)
hohoemareru (passive)
微笑ませる (causative)
微笑ます (causative)
ほほえませる (causative)
ほほえます (causative)
hohoemaseru (causative)
hohoemasu (causative)
微笑める (potential)
ほほえめる (potential)
hohoemeru (potential)
微笑もう (volitional)
ほほえもう (volitional)
hohoemō (volitional)
微笑まない (negative)
ほほえまない (negative)
hohoemanai (negative)
微笑まず (continuative negative)
ほほえまず (continuative negative)
hohoemazu (continuative negative)
微笑みます (formal)
ほほえみます (formal)
hohoemimasu (formal)
微笑んだ (perfective)
ほほえんだ (perfective)
hohoenda (perfective)
微笑んで (conjunctive)
ほほえんで (conjunctive)
hohoende (conjunctive)
微笑めば (conditional hypothetical)
ほほえめば (conditional hypothetical)
hohoemeba (conditional hypothetical)

[ho̞ːe̞mɯ̟ᵝ]

Compound of 頬 (hoho, “cheek”) + 笑む (emu, “smile”).
The spelling appears to be an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), based on Chinese 微笑 (wēixiào, literally “slight smile”).


本屋

[hõ̞ɰ̃o̞kɯ̟ᵝ]


抹茶

ja-noun

抹(まっ)茶(ちゃ) • (matcha) ^(←まつちや (matutya)?)

抹茶 (canonical)
matcha (romanization)
matutya (romanization)
まつちや (hiragana historical)

From 抹(まつ) (matsu, “to rub”) + 茶(ちゃ) (cha, “tea”).

ja-compound

The Japanese green tea made from mixing hot water with this powder.


亡くなる

ja-verb

亡(な)くなる • (naku naru) intransitive godan (stem 亡(な)くなり (naku nari), past 亡(な)くなった (naku natta))

亡くなる (canonical)
naku naru (romanization)
亡くなり (stem)
亡くなった (past)
亡くなら
なくなら
naku nara
亡くなり
なくなり
naku nari
亡くなる
なくなる
naku naru
亡くなれ
なくなれ
naku nare
亡くなられる (passive)
なくなられる (passive)
naku narareru (passive)
亡くならせる (causative)
亡くならす (causative)
なくならせる (causative)
なくならす (causative)
naku naraseru (causative)
naku narasu (causative)
亡くなれる (potential)
なくなれる (potential)
naku nareru (potential)
亡くなろう (volitional)
なくなろう (volitional)
naku narō (volitional)
亡くならない (negative)
なくならない (negative)
naku naranai (negative)
亡くならず (continuative negative)
なくならず (continuative negative)
naku narazu (continuative negative)
亡くなります (formal)
なくなります (formal)
naku narimasu (formal)
亡くなった (perfective)
なくなった (perfective)
naku natta (perfective)
亡くなって (conjunctive)
なくなって (conjunctive)
naku natte (conjunctive)
亡くなれば (conditional hypothetical)
なくなれば (conditional hypothetical)
naku nareba (conditional hypothetical)

[na̠kɯ̟ᵝ na̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

The adverbial -く (-ku) form of adjective 無い (nai, “not, missing, not present”) + verb なる (naru, “to become”): literally, "to become not, to become nonexistent".
The 亡 spelling of the na- root of nai and naku naru is reserved for the meaning of "dead, gone".
Cognate with 無(な)くなる (naku naru).


霞む

霞む (canonical)
kasumu (romanization)
霞め (irrealis stem)
かすめ (irrealis stem)
kasume (irrealis)
霞め (continuative stem)
かすめ (continuative stem)
kasume (continuative)
霞む (stem terminative)
かすむ (stem terminative)
kasumu (terminative)
霞むる (attributive stem)
かすむる (attributive stem)
kasumuru (attributive)
霞むれ (realis stem)
かすむれ (realis stem)
kasumure (realis)
霞めよ (imperative stem)
かすめよ (imperative stem)
kasumeyo (imperative)
霞めず (negative)
かすめず (negative)
kasumezu (negative)
霞むれど (contrastive)
かすむれど (contrastive)
kasumuredo (contrastive)
霞むれば (causative)
かすむれば (causative)
kasumureba (causative)
霞めば (conditional)
かすめば (conditional)
kasumeba (conditional)
霞めき (past)
かすめき (past)
kasumeki (past)
霞めけり (past)
かすめけり (past)
kasumekeri (past)
霞めつ (perfect)
かすめつ (perfect)
kasumetu (perfect)
霞めぬ (perfect)
かすめぬ (perfect)
kasumenu (perfect)
霞めたり (continuative perfect)
かすめたり (continuative perfect)
kasumetari (continuative perfect)
霞めむ (volitional)
かすめむ (volitional)
kasumemu (volitional)

[ka̠sɨᵝmɯ̟ᵝ]

From Old Japanese.
From stem kasu-, cognate with classical adjective 幽し (kasukeshi, “faint”), adjective 微か (kasuka, “faint, dim”), and adverb かすかす (kasukasu, “barely”).

(theater, archaic) in kabuki, for the 下座 (geza) musicians to play weakly and quietly


丹毒

From tan (丹, cinnabar red, vermilion, red) + doku (毒, poison, toxin).


乙姫

乙 (oto, “young girl; youngest girl”) + 姫 (hime, “daughter or young lady of noble or gentle birth; princess”)

compound

Otohime, princess of Ryūgū Castle in the tale of Urashima Tarō

リュウグウノオトヒメノモトユイノキリハズシ

Zostera marina; cutting of the hairtie of Otohime of Ryūgū

浦島太郎: Urashima Tarō

浦島太郎 うらしまたろう


尺八

尺八 (canonical)
shakuhachi (romanization)

→ Korean: 사까시 (sakkasi, “fellatio”)

[ɕa̠kɯ̟ᵝha̠t͡ɕi]

From 尺(しゃく) (shaku, archaic measure of length approximately equal to 30.3 cm) + 八(はち) (hachi, “eight”, as in 八(はち)寸(すん) (hachi sun), one 寸(すん) (sun) is about 3.03 cm).

ja-compound

時代劇では、虚無僧が尺八を吹きながら現れる。

In Japanese historical drama, mendicant Zen priests show up while playing shakuhachi.

Jidaigeki de wa, komusō ga shakuhachi o fukinagara arawareru.


日光

ja-noun

日(にっ)光(こう) • (nikkō) ^(←につくわう (nitukwau)?)

日光 (canonical)
nikkō (romanization)
nitukwau (romanization)
につくわう (hiragana historical)


乱層雲

[ɾã̠ɰ̃so̞ːɯ̟̃ᵝɴ]

From 乱 (ran, “disturbance”) + 層雲 (sōun, “stratus”).


乗じる

ja-verb

乗(じょう)じる • (jōjiru) ichidan (stem 乗(じょう)じ (jōji), past 乗(じょう)じた (jōjita))

乗じる (canonical)
jōjiru (romanization)
乗じ (stem)
乗じた (past)
乗じ
じょうじ
jōji
乗じる
じょうじる
jōjiru
乗じれ
じょうじれ
jōjire
乗じよ (imperative literary)
乗じろ (colloquial imperative)
じょうじよ (imperative literary)
じょうじろ (colloquial imperative)
jōjiyo (imperative literary)
jōjiro (colloquial imperative)
乗じられる (passive)
じょうじられる (passive)
jōjirareru (passive)
乗じさせる (causative)
乗じさす (causative)
じょうじさせる (causative)
じょうじさす (causative)
jōjisaseru (causative)
jōjisasu (causative)
乗じられる (potential)
乗じれる (colloquial potential)
じょうじられる (potential)
じょうじれる (colloquial potential)
jōjirareru (potential)
jōjireru (colloquial potential)
乗じよう (volitional)
じょうじよう (volitional)
jōjiyō (volitional)
乗じない (negative)
乗じぬ (negative)
乗じん (negative)
じょうじない (negative)
じょうじぬ (negative)
じょうじん (negative)
jōjinai (negative)
jōjinu (negative)
jōjin (negative)
乗じず (continuative negative)
じょうじず (continuative negative)
jōjizu (continuative negative)
乗じます (formal)
じょうじます (formal)
jōjimasu (formal)
乗じた (perfective)
じょうじた (perfective)
jōjita (perfective)
乗じて (conjunctive)
じょうじて (conjunctive)
jōjite (conjunctive)
乗じれば (conditional hypothetical)
じょうじれば (conditional hypothetical)
jōjireba (conditional hypothetical)

[d͡ʑo̞ːʑiɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Shift from verb 乗(じょう)ずる (jōzuru), by natural progression from サ行変格活用 (sagyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) verbs ending in -uru to 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.


美学

[bʲiɡa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

From 美 (bi, “beauty”) + 学 (-gaku, “-logy; -graphy; -ics”).


天体

From Middle Chinese 天體 (MC then thejX). Analyzable as
天 (ten, “heaven”) + 体 (tai, “body”).

天体写真

天体写真 てんたいしゃしん


物語

物語 (canonical)
monogatari (romanization)

源氏物語

指輪物語

パイの物語

この物語は革命前夜の帝政ロシアにおいて退廃と貧困にあけくれたぺテルブルグの町に起こった……

1998 December 18 [1977 August 15], Fyodor Dostoyevsky with Tezuka, Osamu, 罪と罰 [Crime and Punishment], 10th edition (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 8

This story takes place on the eve of a revolution, in the town of Petersburg where there is but decadence and poverty under the rule of the Russian monarchy…

Kono monogatari wa kakumei zen'ya no teisei Roshia ni oite taihan to hinkon ni akekureta Peteruburugu no machi ni okotta……


矮惑星

矮惑星 (canonical)
waiwakusei (romanization)


恒星

Probably from Middle Chinese compound 恆星 (MC hong seng, “fixed star”). Compare modern Mandarin 恒星. Used as a translation for the English term fixed star.

(astronomy) a fixed star: a star that does not appear to move relative to other celestial objects

恒星系

a star cluster or cloud, such as the Magellanic Cloud

恒星光行差

a stellar aberration, an aberration of light

恒星天

the ancient Greek theory of the heavens with the Earth at the center of seven concentric spheres


軌道

軌道 (canonical)
kidō (romanization)
kidau (romanization)
きだう (hiragana historical)


冥王星

ja-pos

冥(めい)王(おう)星(せい) • (Meiōsei) ^(←めいわうせい (meiwausei)?)

冥王星 (canonical)
Meiōsei (romanization)
meiwausei (romanization)
めいわうせい (hiragana historical)

From 冥王 (Meiō, “King of the Underworld”) + 星 (-sei, “planet”), coined by Hōei Nojiri in 1930 as a reference to Pluto, the Greco-Roman god of the underworld.

suf

——そして 冥界の星冥王星を守護にもつセーラープルート
——Soshite Meikai no Hoshi Meiōsei o shugo ni motsu Sērā Purūto

2009 February 13 [2004 February 23], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act 32 無限６ ３戦士 [Act 32: Infinity 6: 3 Warriors]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 5th edition, volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 67

—And I am Sailor Pluto, keeper of Pluto the Underworld Planet

Pluto (Kuiper belt object - a dwarf planet)


仕事

From し (shi, “doing”, continuative form of する (suru, “to do”)) + 事 (koto, “thing; stuff”). The koto reading for 事 changes to goto as an instance of rendaku (連濁). 仕 is ateji (当て字).

com

continuative form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">する</i> (suru, “to do”)

仕事を辞めたい。

仕事は最後な動力引く最初の動力から見付かれる。

Work is found by subtracting the final energy by the initial energy.

Shigoto wa saigo na dōryoku hiku saisho no dōryoku kara mitsukareru.


衛星

衛星 (canonical)
eisei (romanization)
weisei (romanization)
ゑいせい (hiragana historical)

衛 (ei, “to guard”) + 星 (-sei, “celestial body”)

suf

(astronomy) a satellite (a body orbiting a larger one; man-made apparatus designed to be placed in orbit around a celestial body)


質量

ja-noun

質(しつ)量(りょう) • (shitsuryō) ^(←しつりやう (situryau)?)

質量 (canonical)
shitsuryō (romanization)
situryau (romanization)
しつりやう (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 質量／质量

→ Korean: 질량 (jillyang)

→ Vietnamese: chất lượng

[ɕi̥t͡sɨᵝɾʲo̞ː]


木星

[mo̞kɯ̟̊ᵝse̞ː]

From Middle Chinese 木星 (muk̚ seŋ, in reference to Wu Xing, literally “wood star”).

der

あたしたちは仲間なの——もちろん 木星の守護を受けた雷と勇気の戦士 セーラージュピター あなたもね
Atashitachi wa nakama na no——mochiron Mokusei no shugo o uketa kaminari to yūki no senshi Sērā Jupitā anata mo ne

2004 July 20 [2003 September 22], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act 5 まこと SAILORJUPITER [Act 5: Makoto: SAILOR JUPITER]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 5th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 196

We are comrades—and of course, warrior of thunder and bravery under Jupiter, Sailor Jupiter, so are you.

木製型惑星

a Jovian planet, a Jupiter-type planet, a gas giant


天王星

ja-pos

天(てん)王(のう)星(せい) • (Tennōsei) ^(←てんわうせい (ten'wausei)?)

天王星 (canonical)
Tennōsei (romanization)
ten'wausei (romanization)
てんわうせい (hiragana historical)

[tẽ̞nːo̞ːse̞ː]

From Literary Chinese 天王 (tiānwáng, “heavenly king”) + 星 (xīng, “star”), named after Uranus, the personification of the sky in Greco-Roman mythology.
The ō reading for 王 changes to nō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

そして——風の星天王星を守護にもつ天空の戦士 セーラーウラヌス 参上！
Soshite ——Kaze no Hoshi Tennōsei o shugo ni motsu tenkū no senshi Sērā Uranusu sanjō!

2009 March 30 [2004 January 23], Naoko Takeuchi, “Act 29 無限３ ２人 NEW SOLDIERS [Act 29: Infinity 3: Two New Soldiers]”, in [美少女戦士](Pretty Guardian)[セーラームーン](SAILORMOON) [Pretty Guardian SAILOR MOON], 6th edition, volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, pages 182–183

And I am... the warrior of the ether, keeper of Uranus the Wind Planet. Sailor Uranus enters the scene!


仙人

From sen (仙, supernatural being, hermit) + nin (人, human being).

(Taoism) immortal mountain fairy or wizard.


水星

From Chinese 水星 (Shuǐxīng, in reference to Wu Xing, literally “water star”).


気化

気化する (canonical)
kika suru (romanization)
気化し (stem)
気化した (past)
気化し
きかし
kika shi
気化する
きかする
kika suru
気化すれ
きかすれ
kika sure
気化せよ (imperative literary)
気化しろ (colloquial imperative)
きかせよ (imperative literary)
きかしろ (colloquial imperative)
kika seyo (imperative literary)
kika shiro (colloquial imperative)
気化される (passive)
きかされる (passive)
kika sareru (passive)
気化させる (causative)
気化さす (causative)
きかさせる (causative)
きかさす (causative)
kika saseru (causative)
kika sasu (causative)
気化できる (potential)
きかできる (potential)
kika dekiru (potential)
気化しよう (volitional)
きかしよう (volitional)
kika shiyō (volitional)
気化しない (negative)
きかしない (negative)
kika shinai (negative)
気化せず (continuative negative)
きかせず (continuative negative)
kika sezu (continuative negative)
気化します (formal)
きかします (formal)
kika shimasu (formal)
気化した (perfective)
きかした (perfective)
kika shita (perfective)
気化して (conjunctive)
きかして (conjunctive)
kika shite (conjunctive)
気化すれば (conditional hypothetical)
きかすれば (conditional hypothetical)
kika sureba (conditional hypothetical)


金星

From Middle Chinese 金星 (MC kim seng, “metal star; Venus”).

The template Template:list:planets of the Solar System

ja does not use the parameter(s): Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.(planets of the Solar System) 太陽系の惑星


金星

Compound of 金 (kin, “gold”) + 星 (hoshi, “star”). The hoshi changes to boshi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

銀星: a win by a rikishi of the lower maegashira rank over an ōzeki

(sumo) a win by a rikishi of the lower maegashira rank over a yokozuna

(sumo) a gold star mark displayed on the name and ranking board at a sumo competition indicating such a win


第一

From Middle Chinese 第一 (MC dejH 'jit). First attested in a text from 772.


位数

(graph theory) a number of vertices in a graph; order


無向グラフ

無向グラフ (canonical)
mukōgurafu (romanization)


出次数

出次数 (canonical)
shutsujisū (romanization)


次数

(arithmetic) degree (of the power of a number, or a variable)

(graph theory) the number of edges that a vertex takes part in; degree


有向グラフ

有向グラフ (canonical)
yūkōgurafu (romanization)

[jɯ̟ᵝːko̞ːɡɯ̟ᵝɾa̠ɸɯ̟ᵝ]

From 有(ゆう) (yū, “having”) + 向(こう) (kō, “direction”) + ぐらふ (gurafu, “graph”).


グラフ

[ɡɯ̟ᵝɾa̠ɸɯ̟ᵝ]


直径

宇宙の直径は約930億光年だ。

The diameter of the universe is some ninety-three billion light years.

Uchū no chokkei wa yaku kyūhyakusanjū-oku kōnen da.


月光

ja-noun

月(げっ)光(こう) • (gekkō) ^(←げつくわう (getukwau)?)

月光 (canonical)
gekkō (romanization)
getukwau (romanization)
げつくわう (hiragana historical)


凝視

凝視する (canonical)
gyōshi suru (romanization)
凝視し (stem)
凝視した (past)
凝視し
ぎょうしし
gyōshi shi
凝視する
ぎょうしする
gyōshi suru
凝視すれ
ぎょうしすれ
gyōshi sure
凝視せよ (imperative literary)
凝視しろ (colloquial imperative)
ぎょうしせよ (imperative literary)
ぎょうししろ (colloquial imperative)
gyōshi seyo (imperative literary)
gyōshi shiro (colloquial imperative)
凝視される (passive)
ぎょうしされる (passive)
gyōshi sareru (passive)
凝視させる (causative)
凝視さす (causative)
ぎょうしさせる (causative)
ぎょうしさす (causative)
gyōshi saseru (causative)
gyōshi sasu (causative)
凝視できる (potential)
ぎょうしできる (potential)
gyōshi dekiru (potential)
凝視しよう (volitional)
ぎょうししよう (volitional)
gyōshi shiyō (volitional)
凝視しない (negative)
ぎょうししない (negative)
gyōshi shinai (negative)
凝視せず (continuative negative)
ぎょうしせず (continuative negative)
gyōshi sezu (continuative negative)
凝視します (formal)
ぎょうしします (formal)
gyōshi shimasu (formal)
凝視した (perfective)
ぎょうしした (perfective)
gyōshi shita (perfective)
凝視して (conjunctive)
ぎょうしして (conjunctive)
gyōshi shite (conjunctive)
凝視すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ぎょうしすれば (conditional hypothetical)
gyōshi sureba (conditional hypothetical)

相手を凝視する


分析

[bɯ̟̃ᵝɰ̃se̞kʲi]

Literary Chinese 分析 (fēnxī, “to separate, divide or split apart; to reason; to justify”)


微笑み

ja-noun

微(ほほ)笑(え)み • (hohoemi) ^(←ほほゑみ (fofowemi)?)

微笑み (canonical)
hohoemi (romanization)
fofowemi (romanization)
ほほゑみ (hiragana historical)

Nominative form of 微(ほほ)笑(え)む (hohoemu, “to smile”), corresponding to 頬(ほほ) (hoho, “cheek”) + 笑(え)み (emi, “a smile”).


月球

ja-noun

月(げっ)球(きゅう) • (gekkyū) ^(←げつきゆ (getukyu)?)

月球 (canonical)
gekkyū (romanization)
getukyu (romanization)
げつきゆ (hiragana historical)

[ɡe̞k̚ʲkʲɨᵝː]

(astronomy) the Moon (referring to the astronomical object)


和服

[ɰᵝa̠ɸɯ̟̊ᵝkɯ̟ᵝ]


雪花

雪花 (canonical)
sekka (romanization)
setukwa (romanization)
せつくわ (hiragana historical)


天国

[tẽ̞ŋɡo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

行きたい天国？

‥いらん‥助かりたくない 俺は‥‥ 関係のない緒方先生まで手にかけてしまったんだ‥‥このまま冬子のいる所へ‥‥‥‥といっても‥こんな俺が天国なんて行けるわけねえか‥‥

1995 June 1 [1993 April 17], Yōzaburō Kanari with Satō, Fumiya, “オペラ座館殺人事件⑥ [The Opera House Murder Case #6]”, in 金田一少年の事件簿 (金田一少年の事件簿) [The Kindaichi Case Files], 14th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha

...Don’t... I don’t want help... I... didn’t mean to kill Ogata-sensei... She had nothing to do with all this... I can go where Fuyuko is now... Then again... there’s no way I’ll make it to heaven like this, is there...

‥Iran‥ Tasukaritaku nai Ore wa‥‥ kankei no nai Ogata Sensei made te ni kakete shimatta n da‥‥ Kono mama Fuyuko no iru tokoro e‥‥ ‥‥To itte mo‥ konna ore ga tengoku nante ikeru wake nē ka‥‥

起きたか 小僧
Okita ka kozō
You’ve come to, boy.
ここは‥‥！
Koko wa‥‥!
This place is...!
天国だ！
Tengoku da!
Heaven!
‥‥て 天国？
‥‥Te Tengoku?
...He– Heaven?
そうだ お前はすでに死んでいる
Sō da omae wa sude ni shinde iru
That’s right, you’ve just died.
し 死んだって じゃあ あのまま？
Shi Shinda tte jā ano mama?
I– I died just like that?
そうだ 満足か？

2000 August 10, Yūma Andō with Asaki, Masashi, “BREAK.41 ケンカの神様 [Break 41: God of the Brawl]”, in サイコメトラーEIJI [Psychometrer Eiji], volume 24 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha


パソコン

オレはパソコンで勝手に遊んでるから 伊角君 パソコンは？

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第131局 試される伊角 [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, page 67

I like playing around on my PC. Do you like playing on PCs, Isumi?

Ore wa pasokon de katte ni asonderu kara Isumi-kun pasokon wa?

パーソナルコンピューター パーソナルコンピューター#Japanese

大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉

広辞苑 w:ja:広辞苑

(computing) Clipping of パーソナルコンピューター (pāsonaru konpyūtā, “personal computer”); a PC


国語

[ko̞kɯ̟ᵝɡo̞]

From 国 (koku, “nation”) + 語 (go, “language”). The sense of "Mandarin" is derived from Taiwanese usage of the identical Chinese word 國語／国语 (guóyǔ).

zh-l

國語／国语 (guóyǔ)

現在の台湾人が台湾ナショナリズムを主張する際、そこには台湾の国語と中国の普通話の違いはどこにあるのかという問題に直面する。

2018 June 2, “Taiwan no wakamono de ‘chūinfugō’ ga aisareteiru wake [Why Taiwan’s young people love ‘bopomofo’]”, in Nippon.com

For Taiwanese people currently asserting Taiwan nationalism, articulating the differences between Taiwanese Guoyu and Mainland China’s Putonghua has emerged as an issue.

Genzai no Taiwan-jin ga Taiwan nashonarizumu o shuchō suru sai, soko ni wa Taiwan no Kokugo to Chūgoku no Futsūwa no chigai wa doko ni aru no ka to iu mondai ni chokumen suru.


古琴

古琴を弾く

古琴を奏でる


仏語

[ɸɯ̟̊ᵝt͡sɨᵝɡo̞]

仏 (Futsu, “France”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suffix

ja:仏語 (曖昧さ回避)


仏語

[bɯ̟ᵝt͡sɨᵝɡo̞]

仏 (Butsu, “Buddha”) + 語 (-go, “words, speech”).

ja:仏語 (曖昧さ回避)


西語

西(せい) (sei, which is an ateji (当て字) abbreviation for 西班牙(スペイン) (Supein, “Spain”)) + 語(ご) (go, “language”)


独語

独語 (canonical)
独語 (canonical)
dokugo (romanization)

From 独(どく) (doku, an abbreviation for 独逸(ドイツ) (Doitsu, “Germany”)) + 語(ご) (-go, “language of”). The kanji 独 is an ateji (当て字).

com-ja

an abbreviation for 独逸(ドイツ) (Doitsu</span>, “Germany”)

[do̞kɯ̟ᵝɡo̞]


朝鮮語

ja-noun

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)語(ご) • (chōsengo) ^(←てうせんご (teusengo)?)

朝鮮語 (canonical)
chōsengo (romanization)
teusengo (romanization)
てうせんご (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”)

suf

(linguistics) the Korean language (academically or about the North Korean standard)


茶色い

ja-adj

茶(ちゃ)色(いろ)い • (chairoi) -i (adverbial 茶(ちゃ)色(いろ)く (chairoku))

茶色い (canonical)
chairoi (romanization)
茶色く (adverbial)
茶色かろ (imperfective stem)
ちゃいろかろ (imperfective stem)
chairokaro (imperfective)
茶色く (continuative stem)
ちゃいろく (continuative stem)
chairoku (continuative)
茶色い (stem terminative)
ちゃいろい (stem terminative)
chairoi (terminative)
茶色い (attributive stem)
ちゃいろい (attributive stem)
chairoi (attributive)
茶色けれ (hypothetical stem)
ちゃいろけれ (hypothetical stem)
chairokere (hypothetical)
茶色かれ (imperative stem)
ちゃいろかれ (imperative stem)
chairokare (imperative)
茶色くない (informal negative)
ちゃいろくない (informal negative)
chairoku nai (informal negative)
茶色かった (informal past)
ちゃいろかった (informal past)
chairokatta (informal past)
茶色くなかった (informal negative past)
ちゃいろくなかった (informal negative past)
chairoku nakatta (informal negative past)
茶色いです (formal)
ちゃいろいです (formal)
chairoi desu (formal)
茶色くないです (formal negative)
ちゃいろくないです (formal negative)
chairoku nai desu (formal negative)
茶色かったです (formal past)
ちゃいろかったです (formal past)
chairokatta desu (formal past)
茶色くなかったです (formal negative past)
ちゃいろくなかったです (formal negative past)
chairoku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
茶色くて (conjunctive)
ちゃいろくて (conjunctive)
chairokute (conjunctive)
茶色ければ (conditional)
ちゃいろければ (conditional)
chairokereba (conditional)
茶色かったら (conditional past)
ちゃいろかったら (conditional past)
chairokattara (conditional past)
茶色かろう (volitional)
ちゃいろかろう (volitional)
chairokarō (volitional)
茶色く (adverbial)
ちゃいろく (adverbial)
chairoku (adverbial)
茶色さ (noun-from-adj)
ちゃいろさ (noun-from-adj)
chairosa (noun-from-adj)


政治

ja-noun

政(せい)治(じ) • (seiji) ^(←せいぢ (seidi)?) (uncountable)

政治 (canonical)
seiji (romanization)
seidi (romanization)
せいぢ (hiragana historical)

→ Okinawan: 政治

→ Chinese: 政治 (zhèngzhì)

→ Korean: 정치 (jeongchi)

→ Vietnamese: chính trị

米国議会: the Congress

米国議会 べいこくぎかい

英国議会: the Parliament

英国議会 えいこくぎかい

議員

member of the Diet, Congress or Parliament


慈悲

お慈悲を！

R. Sorẽgaxĩga cotòxi Deus no vòn jifino vie iòri Chriſtian ni nàri maràxitẽ gozàru iùie, ni, mãda confeſion vo mõsaĩdẽ gozàru.
R. Ego ex Dei miſericordia hoc anno Chriſtianus factus, nunquam confeſſionem Sacramentalem feci: vnde hæc, quam modo incipio, erit prima.
(Having become Christian out of the mercy of God this year, I have never made sacramental confession; whence, as I am just beginning, it will be the first.)
R. Sorẽgaxĩga cotòxi Deus no vòn jifino vie iòri Chriſtian ni nàri maràxitẽ gozàru iùie, ni, mãda confeſion vo mõsaĩdẽ gozàru.

1632, Diego Collado, Niffon no Cotõbani Yô Confesion, page 4

(Having become Christian out of the mercy of God this year, I have never made sacramental confession; whence, as I am just beginning, it will be the first.)
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Miſericordia, æ, eleemoſina, [sic] æ, miſericordia y limoſna, [sic] jifi.
Miſericordia, æ, eleemoſina, [sic] æ, miſericordia y limoſna, [sic] jifi.

1632, Diego Collado, Dictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae Compendium, page 81


創世記

ja-pos

創(そう)世(せい)記(き) • (Sōseiki) ^(←さうせいき (sauseiki)?)

創世記 (canonical)
Sōseiki (romanization)
sauseiki (romanization)
さうせいき (hiragana historical)

From 創世 (sōsei, “world creation”) + 記 (-ki, “chronicle”).

suf

Holonym: モーセ五書


酒色

[ɕɨ̥ᵝɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

alcohol and beautiful women; drinking and womanizing


玩具

Alteration of 御 (o-, honorific prefix) + 持ち遊び (mochiasobi, “toy”).

prefix

きょうはおもちゃの おまつりだ みんなたのしく うたいましょ

1959, “おもちゃのチャチャチャ [Toy dancing Cha Cha Cha]”, 野坂昭如 (lyrics), 越部信義 (music)

Today is a festival for toys. Everyone, let's singing happily.

kyōha omochano omatsurida minna tanoshiku uta imasho


玩具

玩具 (canonical)
gangu (romanization)
gwangu (romanization)
ぐわんぐ (hiragana historical)

/ɡwan ɡu/ → /ɡaŋɡu/
From Middle Chinese 玩具 (MC ngwanH gjuH).


路面電車

路面電車 (canonical)
romen densha (romanization)

[ɾo̞mẽ̞ndẽ̞ɰ̃ɕa̠]

Compound of 路面 (romen, “road surface; on the road”) + 電車 (densha, “electric train”).


ボート

ja-noun

ボート • (bōto)


榴弾砲

榴(りゅう)弾(だん)砲(ほう) or 榴(りゅう)弾(だん)砲(ぽう) • (ryūdanhō or ryūdanpō) ^(←りうだんはう (riudanfau)?)

榴弾砲 (canonical)
榴弾砲 (canonical)
ryūdanhō (romanization)
ryūdanpō (romanization)
riudanfau (romanization)
りうだんはう (hiragana historical)

[ɾʲɨᵝːdã̠ɰ̃ho̞ː]

榴弾 (ryūdan, “high explosive”) + 砲 (hō, “cannon”)

com

韓国は榴弾砲で応戦した。

Korea fired back with rounds of howitzers.


機関銃

ja-noun

機(き)関(かん)銃(じゅう) • (kikanjū) ^(←きくわんじゆう (kikwanzyuu)?) (counter 挺)

機関銃 (canonical)
kikanjū (romanization)
kikwanzyuu (romanization)
挺 (counter)
きくわんじゆう (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥kã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑɨᵝː]


夕食

夕(ゆう)食(しょく) • (yūshoku) ^(←ゆふしよく (yufusyoku)?)

夕食 (canonical)
yūshoku (romanization)
yufusyoku (romanization)
ゆふしよく (hiragana historical)

[jɯ̟ᵝːɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]


拳銃

拳(けん)銃(じゅう) • (kenjū) ^(←けんじゆう (kenzyuu)?) (counter 丁／挺)

拳銃 (canonical)
kenjū (romanization)
kenzyuu (romanization)
丁／挺 (counter)
けんじゆう (hiragana historical)

[kẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑɨᵝː]

From 拳 (ken, “fist”) + 銃 (jū, “gun”).
Appeared in 五国対照兵語字書 (Gokoku Taishō Heigo Jisho) of 1881 as a translation of French pistolet.

lw

国立国会図書館#国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション

国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション

国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション (“National Diet Library Digital Collections”)

拳銃は最後の武器！銃口を人に向けてはダメ！

2004 July 7, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第26話 トレーニング・デイ [Chapter 26: Training Day]”, in 武装錬金 (武装錬金) [Armed Alchemy], volume 3, Tokyo: Shueisha, page 161

Handguns are weapons of last resort! Do not casually point muzzles at people!

Kenjū wa saigo no buki! Jūkō o hito ni mukete wa dame!

National Diet Library#National Diet Library Digital Collections


地下鉄

地下鉄 (canonical)
chikatetsu (romanization)

Abbreviation for 地下鉄道 (ちかてつどう, chikatetsudō, “underground railway”), from 地下 (ちか, chika, “underground”) + 鉄道 (てつどう, tetsudō, “railway”).

(rail transport) rapid transit, metro, (AmE) subway, (BrE) underground


衛生兵

衛生 (eisei, “health”) + 兵 (-hei, “soldier”)


朝食

ja-noun

朝(ちょう)食(しょく) • (chōshoku) ^(←てうしよく (teusyoku)?)

朝食 (canonical)
chōshoku (romanization)
teusyoku (romanization)
てうしよく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 朝食 (MC trjew zyik, literally “morning + eating”). Appears in 1713.


弁才天

弁才天 (canonical)
Benzaiten (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 辯才天 (MC bjenX dzoj then, literally “Eloquent Deva”). First referenced in Japanese in the 700s in the 最勝王経 (Saishōō-kyō, “Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra”).
The Hindu goddess Sarasvati entered Japanese Buddhism during the late Heian period (794–1185). She came to be regarded in Japan as a goddess of wealth, and her name written as 弁財天 (Benzaiten) with the character 財 (zai, “treasure”). The name is attested with 才 (sai, “genius”) as 辯才天 from the thirteenth century, with the initial character simplified to 弁 in modern Japanese.

(Buddhism, Shinto) Benzaiten, Japanese name for the Hindu and Buddhist goddess Saraswati

Benzaiten
Golden Light Sutra
Heian period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:弁才天

commerce and trade. Ebisu and Daikoku are often paired and represented as carvings

masks on the walls of small retail shops

Hotei: the fat and happy god of abundance and good health


無知

ja-adj

無(む)知(ち) • (muchi) -na (adnominal 無(む)知(ち)な (muchi na), adverbial 無(む)知(ち)に (muchi ni))

無知 (canonical)
muchi (romanization)
無知な (adnominal)
無知に (adverbial)
無知だろ (imperfective stem)
むちだろ (imperfective stem)
muchi daro (imperfective)
無知で (continuative stem)
むちで (continuative stem)
muchi de (continuative)
無知だ (stem terminative)
むちだ (stem terminative)
muchi da (terminative)
無知な (attributive stem)
むちな (attributive stem)
muchi na (attributive)
無知なら (hypothetical stem)
むちなら (hypothetical stem)
muchi nara (hypothetical)
無知であれ (imperative stem)
むちであれ (imperative stem)
muchi de are (imperative)
無知ではない (informal negative)
無知じゃない (informal negative)
むちではない (informal negative)
むちじゃない (informal negative)
muchi de wa nai (informal negative)
muchi ja nai (informal negative)
無知だった (informal past)
むちだった (informal past)
muchi datta (informal past)
無知ではなかった (informal negative past)
無知じゃなかった (informal negative past)
むちではなかった (informal negative past)
むちじゃなかった (informal negative past)
muchi de wa nakatta (informal negative past)
muchi ja nakatta (informal negative past)
無知です (formal)
むちです (formal)
muchi desu (formal)
無知ではありません (formal negative)
無知じゃありません (formal negative)
むちではありません (formal negative)
むちじゃありません (formal negative)
muchi de wa arimasen (formal negative)
muchi ja arimasen (formal negative)
無知でした (formal past)
むちでした (formal past)
muchi deshita (formal past)
無知ではありませんでした (formal negative past)
無知じゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
むちではありませんでした (formal negative past)
むちじゃありませんでした (formal negative past)
muchi de wa arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
muchi ja arimasen deshita (formal negative past)
無知で (conjunctive)
むちで (conjunctive)
muchi de (conjunctive)
無知なら（ば） (conditional)
むちなら（ば） (conditional)
muchi nara (ba) (conditional)
無知だったら (conditional past)
むちだったら (conditional past)
muchi dattara (conditional past)
無知だろう (volitional)
むちだろう (volitional)
muchi darō (volitional)
無知に (adverbial)
むちに (adverbial)
muchi ni (adverbial)
無知さ (noun-from-adj)
むちさ (noun-from-adj)
muchisa (noun-from-adj)

ja-adj-infl

無知

. で は ありません でした

. じゃ ありません でした


活用

活用する (canonical)
katsuyō suru (romanization)
kwatuyou (romanization)
活用し (stem)
活用した (past)
活用し
かつようし
katsuyō shi
活用する
かつようする
katsuyō suru
活用すれ
かつようすれ
katsuyō sure
活用せよ (imperative literary)
活用しろ (colloquial imperative)
かつようせよ (imperative literary)
かつようしろ (colloquial imperative)
katsuyō seyo (imperative literary)
katsuyō shiro (colloquial imperative)
活用される (passive)
かつようされる (passive)
katsuyō sareru (passive)
活用させる (causative)
活用さす (causative)
かつようさせる (causative)
かつようさす (causative)
katsuyō saseru (causative)
katsuyō sasu (causative)
活用できる (potential)
かつようできる (potential)
katsuyō dekiru (potential)
活用しよう (volitional)
かつようしよう (volitional)
katsuyō shiyō (volitional)
活用しない (negative)
かつようしない (negative)
katsuyō shinai (negative)
活用せず (continuative negative)
かつようせず (continuative negative)
katsuyō sezu (continuative negative)
活用します (formal)
かつようします (formal)
katsuyō shimasu (formal)
活用した (perfective)
かつようした (perfective)
katsuyō shita (perfective)
活用して (conjunctive)
かつようして (conjunctive)
katsuyō shite (conjunctive)
活用すれば (conditional hypothetical)
かつようすれば (conditional hypothetical)
katsuyō sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(intransitive, grammar) to inflect, to conjugate


(informal) An emoticon indicating a singsong tone of voice or playful attitude.


麻黄

ja-noun

麻(ま)黄(おう) or 麻黄(マオウ) • (maō) ^(←まわう (mawau)?)

麻黄 (canonical)
麻黄 (canonical)
maō (romanization)
mawau (romanization)
まわう (hiragana historical)


教師

教師 (canonical)
kyōshi (romanization)
keusi (romanization)
けうし (hiragana historical)


神話

建国神話

a myth of the national foundation, a founding myth

神話の世界に出てくるヘビ。非常に長い。

1999 July 5, “ヨルムンガルド [Jormungarde]”, in BOOSTER 3, Konami

An unfathomably long serpent from the world of mythology.

Shinwa no sekai ni detekuru hebi. Hijō ni nagai.

神話に出てくる闘いの天使。手にする槍で天罰を下す。

2000 April 20, “ヴァルキリー [Valkyrie]”, in Magic Ruler －魔法の支配者－, Konami

A fighting angel featured in mythology. She passes down divine punishment with the spear in her hand.

Shinwa ni detekuru tatakai no tenshi. Te ni suru yari de tenbatsu o kudasu.


変化

変化 (canonical)
henka (romanization)
fenkwa (romanization)
へんくわ (hiragana historical)

変 (hen, “to change”) + 化 (ka, “to change into”)

compound

(sumo) a step to one side during the tachiai, the initial charge at the start of a sumo match; a sidestep


幽霊文字

ja-noun

幽(ゆう)霊(れい)文(も)字(じ) • (yūrei moji) ^(←いうれいもじ (iurei mozi)?)

幽霊文字 (canonical)
yūrei moji (romanization)
iurei mozi (romanization)
いうれいもじ (hiragana historical)

[jɯ̟ᵝːɾe̞ː mo̞ʑi]

幽霊 (yūrei, “ghost”) + 文字 (moji, “character”)

compound

(computing) ghost character (kanji included in JIS X 0208 but of unknown origin)


パ

Initial of パシフィック・リーグ (Pashifikku Rīgu).

ja-r

^パシフィック・^リーグ


ドル

Dollar
Kōjien
Meiji period
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ドル

From Dutch dollar. Originally transcribed phonetically into Japanese as ドルラル (doruraru), then shortened during the Meiji period to just ドル (doru).

a dollar (designation for specific currency)


桂馬

桂馬の高上がり

reckless move of a keima → going up to an unsuitable status can lead to a negative outcome

From Middle Chinese-derived elements 桂 (kei, “Chinese cinnamon, laurel”) + 馬 (ma, “horse”).

com

*These 3 abbreviations are only used as a typographical convention. They are pronounced the same as their full names.

(shogi) a cassia or laurelled horse (piece that can move two spaces forward then one space left or right), erroneously called in most literature as the equivalent of the “knight” in Western chess

(go) a stone placed orthogonally similar to how a keima in shogi or knight in Western chess moves from another stone of the same color

such a move with one stone is called a 小桂馬 (shō-geima)

such a move done with two stones (may be in succession) is called a 大桂馬 (dai-geima)


ズボン

Borrowed from French jupon (“petticoat, underskirt”), from French jupe (“skirt”), from old Italian jupa, from Arabic جُوبَّة (jūbba, “long garment”).
Note that the meaning has changed from “underskirt” to “trousers/pants”, and the second consonant has changed from /p/ to /b/, possibly influenced by native Japanese onomatopoeia ずぼん (zubon), describing the action of something sliding into place, as when one puts on or takes off trousers.

trousers (AUS, UK), pants (AUS, Canada, US), strides (AUS), generally refers specifically to men's pants.

鳶ズボン: → trousers with a wide flare that then gather again at the ankle

vaguely similar in appearance to cargo pants and commonly worn by construction worker in Japan


家内

Literally ‘inside the house’ from the Sino-Japanese (on'yomi) readings of
家 (か, ka, “house”)
+ 内 (ない, nai, “inside”).


将棋

将棋 (canonical)
shōgi (romanization)
syaugi (romanization)
しやうぎ (hiragana historical)

→ English: shogi

→ Indonesian: sogi

→ Korean: 쇼기 (syogi)

First attested in Shinsarugakuki (11th century) as 將基, but also later as 象戯 or 象棋 in other literatures. Probably cognate with Chinese 象棋 (xiàngqí).

lang

新猿楽記 十一の君の夫 日本古典籍ビューア

新猿楽記 十一の君の夫 日本古典籍ビューア

資料．古典将棋に関する文献一覧 日本中将棋連盟

資料．古典将棋に関する文献一覧 日本中将棋連盟

二歩

placing two pawn on a same file (illegal move)

日本将棋連盟

これは俺とオッサンの昼メシ賭けた勝負なんだぜ？それにチェックメイトは「チェス」の用語じゃん！俺ら将棋やってんだぜ⁉
Kore wa ore to ossan no hirumeshi kaketa shōbu nan da ze? Sore ni chekkumeito wa “chesu” no yōgo jan! Orera shōgi yatten da ze⁉
I was playing betting on lunch with pops, damn it! And isn’t checkmate a chess term? We were playing shogi!
将棋もチェスも元は同じインド将棋からきてるんですよ！基本的なルールは変わりません‼

2000 July 7 [2000 May 17], Seimaru Amagi with Sato, Fumiya, “FILE 3 死者のチェックメイト The Great Chess Player Akechi 〈問題編１〉 [File 3: Dead Man’s Checkmate: The Great Chess Player Akechi ‹Problem 1›]”, in 明智警視の優雅なる事件簿 [Superintendent Akechi Elegant Case Files], 3rd edition (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha

Both shogi and chess originate from Indian chess! The core rules aren’t really so different!

Shōgi mo chesu mo moto wa onaji Indo shōgi kara kiterun desu yo! Kihonteki na rūru wa kawarimasen‼


仏教

ja-pos

仏(ぶっ)教(きょう) • (Bukkyō) ^(←ぶつけう (butukeu)?)

仏教 (canonical)
Bukkyō (romanization)
butukeu (romanization)
ぶつけう (hiragana historical)

[bɯ̟ᵝk̚ʲkʲo̞ː]

From 仏 (Butsu, “Buddha”) + 教 (-kyō, “religion”)

suf

目覚めた人ブッダ 神の子イエス 言わずと知れた仏教とキリスト教の祖である

2008 July 16 [2008 January 23], Hikaru Nakamura, “その２ 最聖珍道中 [Chapter 2: The Ultimate Holy Journey]”, in [聖](セイント)☆おにいさん [Saint☆Young Men], 6th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha

Buddha, the Enlightened. Jesus, Son of God. They are widely regarded as the founders of Buddhism and Christianity, respectively.

Mezameta hito Budda Kami no ko Iesu Iwazu to shireta Bukkyō to Kirisuto-kyō no so de aru

鎌倉新仏教

new schools of Japanese Buddhism founded during the Kamakura period


午後

Compound of 午 (go, “noon”) + 後 (-go, “after-, post-”).

午後 ４時半


勝利

勝利 (canonical)
Katsutoshi (romanization)


水爆

Clipping of 水素爆弾 (suiso bakudan, “hydrogen bomb”); H-bomb


水蒸気

From 水 (sui, "water," "cold water) + 蒸気 (jōki, "steam," "vapor").


水温

水温 (canonical)
suion (romanization)
suiwon (romanization)
すいをん (hiragana historical)


水薬

ja-noun

水(すい)薬(やく) or 水(みず)薬(ぐすり) • (suiyaku or mizugusuri)

水薬 (canonical)
水薬 (canonical)
suiyaku (romanization)
mizugusuri (romanization)

[mʲizɨᵝɡɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝɾʲi]


水成岩

水成岩 (canonical)
suiseigan (romanization)

[sɨᵝise̞ːɡã̠ɴ]


水神

Probably from Middle Chinese 水神 (MC sywijX zyin, literally “water god”).

ltc-l

There are numerous such kami.

(mythology, Shinto): a Japanese god of water


水色

From 水 (mizu, “water”) + 色 (iro, “color”).

light blue, sky blue, turquoise blue, aqua blue, pale blue


水質

[sɨᵝiɕi̥t͡sɨᵝ]


水管

ja-noun

水(すい)管(かん) • (suikan) ^(←すいくわん (suikwan)?)

水管 (canonical)
suikan (romanization)
suikwan (romanization)
すいくわん (hiragana historical)

(anatomy) siphon, a part of the mollusk body


インターネット

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:インターネット


三一

ja-pos

三(み)一(かず) or 三(さん)一(いち) or 三(み)一(いち) • (Mikazu or San'ichi or Miichi)

三一 (canonical)
三一 (canonical)
三一 (canonical)
Mikazu (romanization)
San'ichi (romanization)
Miichi (romanization)

[sã̠ɰ̃it͡ɕi]


学院

ja-noun

学(がく)院(いん) • (gakuin) ^(←がくゐん (gakwin)?)

学院 (canonical)
gakuin (romanization)
gakwin (romanization)
がくゐん (hiragana historical)

From 学 (gaku, “study”) + 院 (-in, “institute”).

suf

an academy (specialized school; college or university)


天下

From Middle Chinese 天下 (MC then haeX, “heaven + under”). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

(card games) in traditional Japanese card games, one of the strong cards known as 蠣 (aza)


宇宙飛行士

ja-noun

宇(う)宙(ちゅう)飛(ひ)行(こう)士(し) • (uchū hikōshi) ^(←うちうひかうし (utiufikausi)?)

宇宙飛行士 (canonical)
uchū hikōshi (romanization)
utiufikausi (romanization)
うちうひかうし (hiragana historical)

[ɯ̟ᵝt͡ɕɨᵝː çi̥ko̞ːɕi]

From 宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (uchū, “universe, space”) + 飛(ひ)行(こう)士(し) (hikōshi, “pilot”).

ja-compound

an astronaut (member of the crew of a spaceship or other spacecraft, or someone trained for that purpose)


対語

ja-noun

対(つい)語(ご) or 対(たい)語(ご) • (tsuigo or taigo)

対語 (canonical)
対語 (canonical)
tsuigo (romanization)
taigo (romanization)


陰道

陰道 (canonical)
indō (romanization)
indau (romanization)
いんだう (hiragana historical)


発生

ヒトの発生生物学


赤外線

赤(せき)外(がい)線(せん) • (sekigaisen) ^(←せきぐわいせん (sekigwaisen)?)

赤外線 (canonical)
sekigaisen (romanization)
sekigwaisen (romanization)
せきぐわいせん (hiragana historical)

→ Korean: 적외선 (jeogoeseon)

From 赤 (seki, “red”) + 外 (gai, “outside”) + 線 (sen, “ray”). Compare Chinese 紅外線／红外线 (hóngwàixiàn).


爆薬

[ba̠kɯ̟ᵝja̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

From 爆(ばく) (baku, “explode, detonate, burst”) + 薬(やく) (yaku, “chemical, compound”).

ja-compound

explosive, explosive compound, blasting powder

液酸爆薬

液酸爆薬 えきさんばくやく

液体空気爆薬

液体空気爆薬 えきたいくうきばくやく

含水爆薬

含水爆薬 がんすいばくやく

硝安爆薬

硝安爆薬 しょうあんばくやく

硝安油剤爆薬: ANFO

硝安油剤爆薬 しょうあんゆざいばくやく


水晶

ja-noun

水(すい)晶(しょう) • (suishō) ^(←すいしやう (suisyau)?)

水晶 (canonical)
suishō (romanization)
suisyau (romanization)
すいしやう (hiragana historical)

水(すい) (sui, “water”) + 晶(しょう) (shō, “crystal”).


微笑

微笑 (canonical)
bishō (romanization)
biseu (romanization)
びせう (hiragana historical)


高潮

ja-noun

高(こう)潮(ちょう) • (kōchō) ^(←かうてう (kauteu)?)

高潮 (canonical)
kōchō (romanization)
kauteu (romanization)
たかしお (alternative hiragana)
takashio (Rōmaji)
たかしほ (hiragana historical)
かうてう (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːt͡ɕo̞ː]

高潮警報

高潮警報 たかしおけいほう


植物園

植(しょく)物(ぶつ)園(えん) • (shokubutsuen) ^(←しょくぶつゑん (syokubutwen)?)

植物園 (canonical)
shokubutsuen (romanization)
syokubutwen (romanization)
しょくぶつゑん (hiragana historical)

[ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝbɯ̟ᵝt͡sɨᵝẽ̞ɴ]

Compound of 植物(しょくぶつ) (shokubutsu, “plant”) + 園(えん) (en, “garden”).


阿修羅

ja-noun

阿(あ)修(しゅ)羅(ら) or 阿(あ)修(す)羅(ら) or 阿修羅(アスラ) • (ashura or asura)

阿修羅 (canonical)
阿修羅 (canonical)
阿修羅 (canonical)
ashura (romanization)
asura (romanization)

From Chinese 阿修羅／阿修罗 (āxiūluó), from Sanskrit असुर (asura).

ja:アスラ ja:阿修羅


心付け

心付け (canonical)
kokorozuke (romanization)


飛竜

飛(ひ)竜(りゅう) or 飛竜(ひりょう) • (hiryū or hiryō)

飛竜 (canonical)
飛竜 (canonical)
hiryū (romanization)
hiryō (romanization)

ワイバーン ワイバーン#Japanese


囲碁

囲碁 (canonical)
igo (romanization)
wigo (romanization)
ゐご (hiragana historical)


心眼

心(しん)眼(げん) • (shingen) ^(←しんげん (singen)?)

心眼 (canonical)
shingen (romanization)
singen (romanization)
しんげん (hiragana historical)


文学

[bɯ̟̃ᵝŋɡa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]


楽譜

楽譜 (canonical)
gakufu (romanization)
がくふ (hiragana historical)

[ɡa̠kɯ̟̊ᵝɸɯ̟ᵝ]


剣道

剣道 (canonical)
kendō (romanization)
kendau (romanization)
けんだう (hiragana historical)

From 剣(けん) (ken, “sword”) + 道(どう) (dō, “way; discipline”).


飛龍

ja-noun

飛(ひ)龍(りゅう) or 飛龍(ひりょう) • (hiryū or hiryō)

飛龍 (canonical)
飛龍 (canonical)
hiryū (romanization)
hiryō (romanization)


地球温暖化

地(ち)球(きゅう)温(おん)暖(だん)化(か) • (chikyū ondanka)

地球温暖化 (canonical)
chikyū ondanka (romanization)

[t͡ɕikʲɨᵝːõ̞ndã̠ŋka̠]

From 地球(ちきゅう) (chikyū, “Earth”) + 温暖(おんだん) (ondan, “warmth”) + 化(か) (-ka, “-ization, -isation”).


利用者

[ɾʲijo̞ːɕa̠]

利(り)用(よう) (riyō, “use”) + 者(しゃ) (-sha, “-er”)


定石

(go) A studied and standardized sequence of moves in board games such go, reversi and renju; joseki.


花柳病

ja-noun

花(か)柳(りゅう)病(びょう) • (karyūbyō) ^(←くわりうびやう (kwariubyau)?)

花柳病 (canonical)
karyūbyō (romanization)
kwariubyau (romanization)
くわりうびやう (hiragana historical)

[ka̠ɾʲɨᵝːbʲo̞ː]

花柳 (“red-light district”) + 病 (“sickness”)

suffix

sexually transmitted disease
sexually transmitted disease

(obsolete) venereal disease, sexually transmitted disease


流行性感冒

ja-noun

りゅうこうせい かんぼう

流(りゅう)行(こう)性(せい)感(かん)冒(ぼう) • (ryūkōsei kanbō) ^(←りうかうせいかんぼう (riukausei kanbou)?)

流行性感冒 (canonical)
ryūkōsei kanbō (romanization)
riukausei kanbou (romanization)
りうかうせいかんぼう (hiragana historical)

[ɾʲɨᵝːko̞ːse̞ː kã̠mbo̞ː]

Compound of 流(りゅう)行(こう) (ryūkō, “prevalence”) + 性(せい) (-sei, “-ity, -ness”) + 感(かん)冒(ぼう) (kanbō, “cold”).


遊覧船

遊覧 (yūran, “sightseeing”) + 船 (sen, “boat; ship”)

compound

sightseeing boat; tour boat; pleasure boat (ship)


歩兵

From an earlier borrowing of Middle Chinese 步兵 (MC buH pjaeng), utilizing the 漢音 (kan’on, literally “Han sound”) reading of both characters.

(shogi, archaic or colloquial) Synonym of 歩 (fu) or 歩 (ho): a foot soldier (piece that can move one space forward), erroneously called in most literature as the equivalent of the “pawn” in Western chess


歩兵

歩兵 (canonical)
fuhyō (romanization)
fufyau (romanization)
ふひやう (hiragana historical)

/ɸu ɸʲau/ → /ɸuçau/ → /ɸuçɔː/ → /ɸuçoː/
From a much-later or orthographic borrowing from Chinese 步兵, utilizing the 慣用音 (kan’yōon, “commonly-accepted sound”) reading of 歩 and 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading of 兵.

*The abbreviations are only used as a typographical convention. They are pronounced the same as their full names.

歩

(shogi) Synonym of 歩 (fu): a foot soldier (piece that can move one space forward), erroneously called in most literature as the equivalent of the “pawn” in Western chess


大宇宙

[da̠iɯ̟ᵝt͡ɕɨᵝː]

A calque of German Makrokosmos, equivalent to 大(だい) (dai) + 宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (uchū).


亜燐酸

[a̠ɾʲĩɰ̃sã̠ɴ]


亜砒酸

Compound of 亜(あ) (a-, “prefix for acid that containing oxygen”) + 砒(ひ)酸(さん) (hisan, “arsenic acid”)


電話番号

電話番号 (canonical)
denwa bangō (romanization)

電話 (denwa, “telephone”) + 番号 (bangō, “number”)

compound

キムさんの電話番号を知っていますか。

Kimu-san no denwa bangō o shitte imasu ka.


コンピューター

ja-noun

コンピューター • (konpyūtā)

[kõ̞mpʲɨᵝːta̠ː]


ミルク

[mʲiɾɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝ]

Borrowed from English milk.
First cited in the 1870s.

dairy products such as condensed milk or powdered milk


精子

(biology, cytology) a spermatozoon, a sperm cell


チェス

これは俺とオッサンの昼メシ賭けた勝負なんだぜ？それにチェックメイトは「チェス」の用語じゃん！俺ら将棋やってんだぜ⁉
Kore wa ore to ossan no hirumeshi kaketa shōbu nan da ze? Sore ni chekkumeito wa “chesu” no yōgo jan! Orera shōgi yatten da ze⁉
I was playing betting on lunch with pops, damn it! And isn’t checkmate a “chess” term? We were playing shōgi!!
将棋もチェスも元は同じインド将棋からきてるんですよ！基本的なルールは変わりません‼
Shōgi mo chesu mo moto wa onaji Indo-shōgi kara kiterun desu yo! Kihonteki na rūru wa kawarimasen‼

Both shōgi and chess originate from Indian chess! The core rules aren’t really so different!!

chess (specifically Western chess as opposed to shōgi)

Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:チェス
ja:松村明


たいし

大使 太子 大志 太師 隊士 太史 大旨 体脂 大祀 太始 大疵 胎屎

(The following entries are uncreated: 太師, 隊士, 太史, 大旨, 体脂, 大祀, 太始, 大疵, 胎屎.)


先週

ja-noun

先(せん)週(しゅう) • (senshū) ^(←せんしう (sensiu)?)

先週 (canonical)
senshū (romanization)
sensiu (romanization)
せんしう (hiragana historical)


心地

心(しん)地(じ) or 心(しん)地(ち) • (shinji or shinchi) ^(←しんぢ (sindi)?)

心地 (canonical)
心地 (canonical)
shinji (romanization)
shinchi (romanization)
sindi (romanization)
しんぢ (hiragana historical)

/siːm diː/ → /simdi/ → /ɕimd͡ʑi/ → /ɕiɲd͡ʑi/
From Middle Chinese 心地 (MC sim dijH).

(Buddhism)
(Buddhism)
(Buddhism)
(Zen Buddhism)


血液

血液型占い

血液型占 けつえきがたうらな

血液銀行

血液銀行 けつえきぎんこう

血液検査

血液検査 けつえきけんさ


パンケーキ

ホットケーキ ホットケーキ#Japanese

Synonym of ホットケーキ (hottokēki, “hotcake”); a pancake


武士道

武(ぶ)士(し)道(どう) • (bushidō) ^(←ぶしだう (busidau)?)

武士道 (canonical)
bushidō (romanization)
busidau (romanization)
ぶしだう (hiragana historical)

→ Cantonese: 武士道 (mou5 si6 dou6)

→ English: bushido

→ French: bushido

→ German: Bushido

→ Hokkien: 武士道 (bú-sū-tō)

→ Malay: busudo

→ Italian: bushido

→ Korean: 무사도 (musado)

→ Malay: bushido, busyido

Indonesian: bushido

→ Mandarin: 武士道 (wǔshìdào)

→ Portuguese: bushido

→ Russian: бусидо (busido)

→ Spanish: bushido

→ Vietnamese: võ sĩ đạo

[bɯ̟ᵝɕido̞ː]

武士 (bushi, “warrior; samurai”) + 道 (-dō, “way; path”)

suf

武士道との結びつきは、名誉を汚されし者達をいつか戻すであろう。我はそれを待つ。
Bushidō to no musubitsuki wa, meiyo o yogosareshi monotachi o itsuka modosu de arō. Ware wa sore o matsu.

2005 February 4, “笑む猫、憲太郎 [Kentarō, the Smiling Cat]”, in 神河謀叛 [Betrayal of Kamigawa], Wizards of the Coast

The bonds of bushidō will draw the dishonored back someday, and I will be there waiting.


飲み物

Compound of 飲み (nomi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 飲む (nomu, “to drink; to swallow”)) + 物 (mono, “thing”).


黄昏

Used to be pronounced as tasokare but in the Edo period (1603–1868) this changed to tasogare. The main theory for its derivation is from the expression 誰そ彼 tasokare, which meant something like ‘who is that?’. Since this expression was used at dusk, when it became impossible to discern one another’s faces, it became associated with dusk itself. The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 黃昏／黄昏 (huánghūn).

神々の黄昏
Kamigami no Tasogare
Götterdämmerung, twilight of the gods


黄昏

ja-noun

黄(こう)昏(こん) • (kōkon) ^(←くわうこん (kwaukon)?)

黄昏 (canonical)
kōkon (romanization)
kwaukon (romanization)
くわうこん (hiragana historical)


合気道

合(あい)気(き)道(どう) • (aikidō) ^(←あひきだう (afikidau)?)

合気道 (canonical)
aikidō (romanization)
afikidau (romanization)
あひきだう (hiragana historical)

→ Catalan: aikido

→ Czech: aikido

→ Danish: aikido

→ English: aikido

→ Finnish: aikido

→ French: aïkido

→ German: Aikido

→ Malay: aikido

→ Polish: aikido

→ Portuguese: aikido, aikidô

→ Russian: айкидо́ (ajkidó)

→ Spanish: aikido

→ Turkish: aikido


作曲家

作(さっ)曲(きょく)家(か) • (sakkyokuka) (counter 人)

作曲家 (canonical)
sakkyokuka (romanization)
人 (counter)

[sa̠k̚ʲkʲo̞kɯ̟̊ᵝka̠]


テレビ

→ Korean: 텔레비 (tellebi)

テレビ東京
Terebi Tōkyō
TV Tokyo

しかし、テレビの設置は思わぬ波紋を広げた。

1994 July 16, Isao Takahata, 平成狸合戦ぽんぽこ [Heisei Raccoon Dog War Ponpoko], spoken by the main narrator (Sandaimoku Kokontei Shinchō), Toho

However, the installation of the TV has helped spread the unforeseen interests.

Shikashi, terebi no setchi wa omowanu hamon o hirogeta.

ぼくは、別にあわててはいなかった。もちろん初めての経験だったけど、ＴＶやまんがではよく起きることだし、タイムスリップや、タイムトリップとかいう言葉も知っていた。

1996 September 15, Mitsuru Adachi, “帰リ道その２ [The Way Home 2]”, in SHORT PROGRAM (SHORT PROGRAM) [SHORT PROGRAM], volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, page 260

I’m not really panicking right now. Of course this is the first time I’ve been in this situation, but this sort of thing happens on telly and in comics all the time, and it’s called time travel or something.

Boku wa, betsu ni awatete wa inakatta. Mochiron hajimete no keiken datta kedo, terebi ya manga de wa yoku okiru koto dashi, taimu surippu ya, taimu torippu to ka iu kotoba mo shitteita.

テレビジョン テレビジョン#Japanese

Clipping of テレビジョン (terebijon, “television”); a TV


棋士

professional shogi player; professional go player


牛乳

牛(ぎゅう)乳(にゅう) • (gyūnyū) ^(←ぎうにゆう (giunyuu)?)

牛乳 (canonical)
gyūnyū (romanization)
giunyuu (romanization)
ぎうにゆう (hiragana historical)

[ɡʲɨᵝːɲ̟ɯ̟ᵝː]


工廠

工(こう)廠(しょう) • (kōshō) ^(←こうしやう (kousyau)?)

工廠 (canonical)
kōshō (romanization)
kousyau (romanization)
こうしやう (hiragana historical)


食べ物

Compound of 食(た)べ (tabe, “eating”, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 食(た)べる (taberu, “to eat”)) + 物(もの) (mono, “thing”).

ja-com

食べ物にはうるさい

to be particular or finicky about one's diet


太子

(shogi) crown prince (promoted drunk elephant, 醉象/酔象)


儒学

[d͡ʑɨᵝɡa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]


純粋数学

純粋数学 (canonical)
junsui sūgaku (romanization)

純粋 (junsui, “pure”) + 数学 (sūgaku, “mathematics”)


応用数学

ja-noun

応(おう)用(よう)数(すう)学(がく) • (ōyō sūgaku)

応用数学 (canonical)
ōyō sūgaku (romanization)

[o̞ːjo̞ː sɨᵝːɡa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

応用 (ōyō, “application”) + 数学 (sūgaku, “mathematics”)


三菱

三菱 (canonical)
Mitsubishi (romanization)

Chinese: 三菱 (Sānlíng)

From 三つ (mitsu, “three”) + 菱 (hishi, “water caltrop → rhombus”), from the three-diamond 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) design.
The hishi changes to bishi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


作曲

[sa̠k̚ʲkʲo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]


作曲

作曲する (canonical)
sakkyoku suru (romanization)
作曲し (stem)
作曲した (past)
作曲し
さっきょくし
sakkyoku shi
作曲する
さっきょくする
sakkyoku suru
作曲すれ
さっきょくすれ
sakkyoku sure
作曲せよ (imperative literary)
作曲しろ (colloquial imperative)
さっきょくせよ (imperative literary)
さっきょくしろ (colloquial imperative)
sakkyoku seyo (imperative literary)
sakkyoku shiro (colloquial imperative)
作曲される (passive)
さっきょくされる (passive)
sakkyoku sareru (passive)
作曲させる (causative)
作曲さす (causative)
さっきょくさせる (causative)
さっきょくさす (causative)
sakkyoku saseru (causative)
sakkyoku sasu (causative)
作曲できる (potential)
さっきょくできる (potential)
sakkyoku dekiru (potential)
作曲しよう (volitional)
さっきょくしよう (volitional)
sakkyoku shiyō (volitional)
作曲しない (negative)
さっきょくしない (negative)
sakkyoku shinai (negative)
作曲せず (continuative negative)
さっきょくせず (continuative negative)
sakkyoku sezu (continuative negative)
作曲します (formal)
さっきょくします (formal)
sakkyoku shimasu (formal)
作曲した (perfective)
さっきょくした (perfective)
sakkyoku shita (perfective)
作曲して (conjunctive)
さっきょくして (conjunctive)
sakkyoku shite (conjunctive)
作曲すれば (conditional hypothetical)
さっきょくすれば (conditional hypothetical)
sakkyoku sureba (conditional hypothetical)

[sa̠k̚ʲkʲo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]


鼠色

鼠色 (canonical)
nezumi iro (romanization)

Compound of 鼠(ねずみ) (nezumi, “mouse, rat”) + 色(いろ) (iro, “color”).


複数形

複数形 (canonical)
fukusūkei (romanization)


複数

[ɸɯ̟̊ᵝkɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝː]


愛する

ja-verb

愛(あい)する • (aisuru) transitive suru (stem 愛(あい)し (aishi), past 愛(あい)した (aishita))

愛する (canonical)
aisuru (romanization)
愛し (stem)
愛した (past)
愛さ
愛し
あいさ
あいし
aisa
aishi
愛する
あいする
aisuru
愛すれ
あいすれ
aisure
愛せ
愛しろ
愛せよ
あいせ
あいしろ
あいせよ
aise
aishiro
aiseyo
愛される (passive)
あいされる (passive)
aisareru (passive)
愛させる (causative)
愛さす (causative)
あいさせる (causative)
あいさす (causative)
aisaseru (causative)
aisasu (causative)
愛せる (potential)
あいせる (potential)
aiseru (potential)
愛そう (volitional)
愛しよう (volitional)
あいそう (volitional)
あいしよう (volitional)
aisō (volitional)
aishiyō (volitional)
愛さない (negative)
愛しない (negative)
あいさない (negative)
あいしない (negative)
aisanai (negative)
aishinai (negative)
愛さず (continuative negative)
あいさず (continuative negative)
aisazu (continuative negative)
愛します (formal)
あいします (formal)
aishimasu (formal)
愛した (perfective)
あいした (perfective)
aishita (perfective)
愛して (conjunctive)
あいして (conjunctive)
aishite (conjunctive)
愛すれば (conditional hypothetical)
愛せば (conditional hypothetical)
あいすれば (conditional hypothetical)
あいせば (conditional hypothetical)
aisureba (conditional hypothetical)
aiseba (conditional hypothetical)

[a̠isɨᵝɾɯ̟ᵝ]

愛してるんだ。

愛してあげる それがあなたなら 愛してあげる

2004 February 17, Yukiru Sugisaki, “ＳＴＡＧＥ３ Ｖｏｌ.６ [ＳＴＡＧＥ３ Ｖｏｌ.６]”, in [D](ディー)・[N](エヌ)・[ANGEL](エンジェル)・ [D.N.Angel], volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, pages 47–48

I will love you. Even if THAT’s who you are, I will still love you.

Aishite ageru SORE ga anata nara aishite ageru


儒教

ja-pos

儒(じゅ)教(きょう) • (Jukyō) ^(←じゆけう (zyukeu)?)

儒教 (canonical)
Jukyō (romanization)
zyukeu (romanization)
じゆけう (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑɨᵝkʲo̞ː]


天皇

ja-noun

天(てん)皇(のう) • (tennō) ^(←てんわう (ten'wau)?)

天皇 (canonical)
tennō (romanization)
ten'wau (romanization)
てんわう (hiragana historical)

→ English: tenno, Tenno, Tennou

→ English: God Emperor (calque)

→ German: Tenno, Tennou

→ Italian: tenno

/ten wau/ → /tenwɔː/ → /tenːɔː/ → /tenːoː/
From Middle Chinese 天皇 (MC then hwang) with the original sense of “heavenly sovereign”.
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese. The ō reading for 皇 changes to nō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

天皇陛下

Your/His Majesty the Emperor/Her Majesty the Empress (Regnant)

明治天皇

大日本帝國ハ萬世一系ノ天皇之ヲ統治ス

1889, Imperial Diet of Japan, “1, article 1”, in Meiji Constitution

The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal.

Dainipponteikoku wa banseīkkei no tennō no o tōchi su

大日本帝國 だいにっぽんていこく

萬世一系 ばんせいいっけい

an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan


天皇

ja-pos

天(てん)皇(こう) • (Tenkō) ^(←てんくわう (tenkwau)?)

天皇 (canonical)
Tenkō (romanization)
tenkwau (romanization)
てんくわう (hiragana historical)

/ten kʷau/ → /tenkʷɔː/ → /tenkɔː/ → /tenkoː/
From Middle Chinese 天皇 (MC then hwang).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

(Chinese mythology) the first of the Three Sovereigns, possibly 伏羲 (Fukki, “Fu Xi”)


天皇

[sɨᵝbe̞ɾa̠ɡʲi]

/sumeraɡi/ → /suberaɡi/
Shift from sumeragi below, with the nasal /m/ becoming a plosive /b/.
The kanji spelling is from tennō above.

(archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan


天皇

[sɨᵝme̞ɾa̠ɡʲi]

⟨sume₁ro₂ki₁⟩ → */sumʲerəkʲi/ → */sumeraki/ → /sumeraɡi/
Possibly a shift from Old Japanese 天皇 (sume₁ro₂ki₁).
The kanji spelling is from tennō above.

(honorific, archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan


天皇

天皇 (canonical)
sumeragimi (romanization)

From 皇 (sumera-, prefix of praise and respect) + 君 (kimi, “lord, master → sovereign”). The kimi changes to gimi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The kanji spelling is from tennō above.


天皇

天皇 (canonical)
sumeramikoto (romanization)

From Old Japanese.
From 皇 (sumera-, prefix of praise and respect) + 尊 (mikoto, “Highness”).
The kanji spelling is from tennō above.

始馭天下之天皇


後生

後生 (canonical)
goshō (romanization)
gosyau (romanization)
ごしやう (hiragana historical)

後生だから。


ゆたか

豊か 寛 穣 胖 裕 豊 隆

(The following entry is uncreated: 豊.)
Shift in usage from the adjective 豊か (yutaka, “bounteous, ample, rich”).

ゆた賀, 優宇, 優教, 弓貴, 柚多香, 温, 由多加, 由多賀, 由教, 由貴, 結多香, 裕, 裕香, 裕高, 豊, 豊花, 豊香: a female given name


武士

武士 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)
武士 (canonical)
Takehito (romanization)


飛車

From Middle Chinese-derived elements 飛 (hi, “flight, flying”) + 車 (sha, “vehicle”).

com

(shogi) a flying chariot (piece with movement corresponding to the rook in Western chess)


毎日

ja-pos

毎(まい)日(にち) or 毎(まい)日(じつ) • (mainichi or maijitsu)

毎日 (canonical)
毎日 (canonical)
mainichi (romanization)
maijitsu (romanization)

毎 (mai-, “each; every”) + 日 (nichi, jitsu, “day”)

pre

彼は殆ど毎日ここへ来る。

毎日行く。

犬に毎日餌を上げて下さい。

あの子の未来がどうなるか…………それはわからないが………、ただひとついえることは、これからの毎日を……、一日一日たいせつに、生きていってくれるだろうということ

1988 July 30 [1983 December 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “未来ドロボウ (未来ドロボウ) [The Future Thief]”, in ひとりぼっちの宇宙戦争 [The One-Man Cosmic War] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 1), 16th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, page 120

What does the future have in store for him… That is yet to be determined…, one thing for certain though, from now on…, he will treasure every single day of his life.

Ano ko no mirai ga dō naru ka………… Sore wa wakaranai ga………, tada hitotsu ieru koto wa, kore kara no mainichi o……, ichinichi ichinichi taisetsu ni, ikiteitte kureru darō to iu koto


万葉仮名

ja-noun

万(まん)葉(よう)仮(が)名(な) • (man'yōgana) ^(←まんえふがな (man'efugana)?)

万葉仮名 (canonical)
man'yōgana (romanization)
man'efugana (romanization)
まんえふがな (hiragana historical)

[mã̠ɰ̃jo̞ːɡa̠na̠]

Compound of 万葉 (man'yō, “ten thousand leaves”, from the title of the Old Japanese poetry anthology, Man'yōshū, “Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves”) + 仮名 (kana, “phonetic character”, literally “borrowed characters” or “borrowed names”, from the way the characters were borrowed for their phonetic values). The kana changes to gana as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
This kind of phonetic re-use of Chinese characters was broadly popularized by the Man'yōshū. Chinese used phonetically to spell Japanese occurs even earlier in the historical record, such as on the Inariyama Sword, dated to 471 or 531.

compound

Man'yōgana, the early Japanese syllabary using Chinese characters to represent Japanese sounds: the predecessor of hiragana and katakana


教室

ja-noun

教(きょう)室(しつ) • (kyōshitsu) ^(←けうしつ (keusitu)?)

教室 (canonical)
kyōshitsu (romanization)
keusitu (romanization)
けうしつ (hiragana historical)

[kʲo̞ːɕi̥t͡sɨᵝ]


海馬

海馬 (canonical)
海馬 (canonical)
kaiba (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 海馬 (xoj^X mæ^X, literally “sea + horse”). Compare Mandarin 海馬／海马 (hǎimǎ), Cantonese 海馬／海马 (hoi2 maa5), Min Nan 海馬／海马 (hái-bé).

der

(anatomy) the hippocampus (a part of the brain)