UFO

Orthographic borrowing from English UFO, but pronounced like an acronym rather than a mere initialism.

未確認飛行物体 未確認飛行物体#Japanese

unidentified flying object
unidentified flying object

Synonym of 未確認飛行物体 (mikakunin hikō buttai, “unidentified flying object”); a UFO


月

⟨tuki₂⟩ → */tukɨ/ → */t͡sukɨ/ → /t͡suki/
From Old Japanese 月 (tuki₂), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tukui.
For the vowel alternation, see WT:AJPX#Standalone forms and combining forms.


明日

Shift in meaning from 朝 (ashita, “next morning”), itself cognate with 朝 (asa, “morning”).
The kanji spelling is from Chinese 明日 (míngrì).


明日

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Possibly a shift from verb 明かす (akasu, “to pass”).
*: */akasu/ → */akusu/ → /asu/
* Possibly an apophonic form of or cognate with 朝 (asa, “morning”).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 明日 (míngrì).


愛

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).
Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).


愛

Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) + な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).
The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).


愛

ja-pos

愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あゝい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(こゝろ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi)

愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
愛 (canonical)
Azumi (romanization)
Āi (romanization)
Aika (romanization)
Aisu (romanization)
Aki (romanization)
Ako (romanization)
Amika (romanization)
Aoi (romanization)
Arisa (romanization)
Aya (romanization)
Ayu (romanization)
Chigiri (romanization)
Chika (romanization)
Chikashi (romanization)
Erina (romanization)
Hāto (romanization)
Hikari (romanization)
Ito (romanization)
Itoshi (romanization)
Itsumi (romanization)
Izumi (romanization)
Kana (romanization)
Kanae (romanization)
Kanasa (romanization)
Kizuna (romanization)
Kokoro (romanization)
Konomu (romanization)
Madoka (romanization)
Manabu (romanization)
Manami (romanization)
Mezuru (romanization)
Mego (romanization)
Megu (romanization)
Megumi (romanization)
Megumu (romanization)
Mei (romanization)
Naru (romanization)
Naruko (romanization)
Nozomi (romanization)
Rabu (romanization)
Rui (romanization)
Sara (romanization)
Saran (romanization)
Tsugumi (romanization)
Tsukumi (romanization)
Ui (romanization)
Yoshi (romanization)
Yoshiki (romanization)
Yoshimi (romanization)
ちかしいとしかなえかなさめぐみめぐむなるこさらんよしきよしみ (hiragana)

Used as nanori in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many names.


零

From Middle Chinese 零 (MC leng) with an original meaning of a small rainfall. The character was later repurposed in 1248 by mathematician Li Ye as a placeholder, extending from its a little bit (of rain) meaning to indicate a bit more remaining. In Li Ye's notation, a number like 302 would be represented as 三百零二 (èr), literally three hundred and remaining two, with the 零 character used as a means of skipping the tens place, by indicating zero tens. It would thus implicitly take on the meaning of zero.

lang

「算木」を超えた男: もう一つの近代数学の誕生と関孝和

「算木」を超えた男: もう一つの近代数学の誕生と関孝和


青

青 (canonical)
Ao (romanization)
awo (romanization)
あを (hiragana historical)

/sawo/ (uncertain, may be compound as opposed to root) → /awo/ → /ao/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *awo.
Appears as the latter part in older compounds with an -s- infix or prefix. It is unclear if this leading /s/ is indicative of an earlier form (sawo), or if this was an addition for euphony to avoid vowel clusters, or for other reasons. This /s/ is also seen in 雨(あめ) (ame, “rain”, becoming same in old compounds) and 稲(いね) (ine, “rice”, becoming shine in old compounds).
Given that this /s/ only ever appears interstitially, and given the semantics, this /s/ may be cognate with Korean interfix ㅅ (-s-) used to mark possession; compare German -s-.


米

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
man'yōgana

⟨ko₂me₂⟩ → */kəməj/ → /kome/
From Old Japanese. First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 渠梅. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kəmay.
Many theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Perhaps from 籠め (kome), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 籠める (komeru, “do with one's heart”), from the way rice is farmed. The accent of kome in the Heian period is , while kome- in the Heian period is .
* Possibly cognate with Proto-Vietic *kəːm (“cooked rice”), modern cơm.
* Possibly cognate with Proto-Austronesian *Semay and Old Chinese 糜 (OC *mral). However, this is extremely speculative; none of the known derivations from Proto-Austronesian *Semay develop initial /k/, nor is this shift explainable by any known mechanism within Japonic.


米

⟨yo₂nai⟩ → */jənai/ → */jəne/ → /jone/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Possibly from Proto-Japonic *jənaC- (Vovin, 1998) and related to 稲 (ine, “rice plant”).
Unknown "-C-" consonantal segment, reconstructed by Vovin, seems unlikely considering [a ~ e] vowel alternation, seen in bound form yona- and free form yone:
:Compare 藍 (awi → ai, “indigo”) from 青 (awo → ao, “blue”) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle) against 白い /siroi/ from ⟨siro₁ki₁⟩.
The colloquial sense is derived from the components of the 米 kanji: 八 (hachi, “eight”) + 十 (jū, “ten”) + 八 (hachi, “eight”).


氷

氷 (canonical)
Kōri (romanization)
kofori (romanization)
こほり (hiragana historical)

⟨ko₂pori⟩ → */kəpori/ → /koɸori/ → /kowori/ → /koːri/
From Old Japanese.
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 凍る (kōru, “to freeze”).


送る

ja-verb

送(おく)る • (okuru) transitive godan (stem 送(おく)り (okuri), past 送(おく)った (okutta))

送る (canonical)
okuru (romanization)
送り (stem)
送った (past)
送ら
おくら
okura
送り
おくり
okuri
送る
おくる
okuru
送れ
おくれ
okure
送られる (passive)
おくられる (passive)
okurareru (passive)
送らせる (causative)
送らす (causative)
おくらせる (causative)
おくらす (causative)
okuraseru (causative)
okurasu (causative)
送れる (potential)
おくれる (potential)
okureru (potential)
送ろう (volitional)
おくろう (volitional)
okurō (volitional)
送らない (negative)
おくらない (negative)
okuranai (negative)
送らず (continuative negative)
おくらず (continuative negative)
okurazu (continuative negative)
送ります (formal)
おくります (formal)
okurimasu (formal)
送った (perfective)
おくった (perfective)
okutta (perfective)
送って (conjunctive)
おくって (conjunctive)
okutte (conjunctive)
送れば (conditional hypothetical)
おくれば (conditional hypothetical)
okureba (conditional hypothetical)

日常生活を送る

日常生活 にちじょうせいかつ


姫

⟨pi₁ me₁⟩ → */pʲimʲe/ → /fime/ → /hime/
From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”, a prefix or appellation used in reference to the imperial family) + 女 (me, “female person: girl, woman”).


京都

京都 (canonical)
Kyōto (romanization)
kyauto (romanization)
きやうと (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kyoto

→ Korean: 교토 (Gyoto)

→ Portuguese: Kyoto

→ Russian: Кио́то m (Kióto)

→ Vietnamese: Kinh Đô

/kjauto/ → /kjɔːto/ → /kjoːto/
From Middle Chinese 京都 (kˠiæŋ tuo, literally “capital city”).

京都五山

京都五山 きょうとござん

京都御所

京都御所 きょうとごしょ

京都所司代

京都所司 きょうとしょし

京都代官

京都代官 きょうとだいかん

京都盆地

京都盆地 きょうとぼんち

京都守護

京都守護 きょうとしゅご


中国人

中国人 (canonical)
Chūgokujin (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ʑĩɴ]


一

/itʉ/ → /it͡sʉ/ → /it͡su/
From Middle Chinese 一 (ʔiɪt̚).


一

From 始め (hajime, “beginning, first”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 始める (hajimeru, “to begin something”).


萬

Likely a shift from ban above. See 万 for more senses.


日本語

ja-noun

日(に)本(ほん)語(ご) or 日(にっ)本(ぽん)語(ご) • (nihongo or nippongo)

日本語 (canonical)
日本語 (canonical)
nihongo (romanization)
nippongo (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋɡo̞]

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋɡo̞]

From 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suf

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第131局 試される伊角 [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, page 56

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


曜

曜 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)
eu (romanization)
えう (hiragana historical)

/jieu/ → /jeu/ → /jəː/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 曜 (MC yewH).


円

円 (canonical)
En (romanization)
wen (romanization)
ゑん (hiragana historical)

/wen/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 圓 (MC zjwen|hjwen), with the original sense of "circle, roundness".
The yen sense came much later in the Meiji period, from Chinese 圓／圆 (yuán), itself from 銀圓／银圆 (yínyuán, “round silver object(s), especially a piece of eight”). Compare Chinese 元 (yuán, “yuan”) and Korean 원 (won, “Korean won”). Doublet of 元 (gen, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), ユアン (yuan, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), and ウォン (won, “won (Korean currency)”).
The yen became the official currency of Japan in 1871, succeeding the 両 (ryō) and the 文 (mon).


円

/maro/ → /maru/
Sound shift from maro above.


円

ja-pos

円(のどか) or 円(つぶら) or 円(まどか) or 円(まろか) or 円(みつ) or 円(めぐる) • (Nodoka or Tsubura or Madoka or Maroka or Mitsu or Meguru)

円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
円 (canonical)
Nodoka (romanization)
Tsubura (romanization)
Madoka (romanization)
Maroka (romanization)
Mitsu (romanization)
Meguru (romanization)


北

北 (canonical)
北 (canonical)
Kita (romanization)

Attributed to Old Japanese, although the exact phonetics are not clear, as the term is not cited in phonetic man'yōgana.
Ultimate derivation unknown.


丈

丈 (canonical)
Jō (romanization)
dyau (romanization)
ぢやう (hiragana historical)


南

南 (canonical)
南 (canonical)
Minami (romanization)

⟨mi₁nami₁⟩ → */mʲinamʲɨ/ → /minami/
From Old Japanese.


南

/namʉ/ → /naɴ/
From Middle Chinese 南 (MC nom).


佑

佑(ゆう) • (Yū)


心

心 (canonical)
心 (canonical)
Kokoro (romanization)

⟨ko₂ko₂ro₂⟩ → */kəkərə/ → /kokoro/
From Old Japanese 心 (ko₂ko₂ro₂), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kəkərə. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Compare Okinawan 心 (kukuru).


心

/simʉ/ → */ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/
From Middle Chinese 心 (MC sim).
The Buddhist sense is a translation of Pali and Sanskrit चित्त (citta).


伸

伸 (canonical)
伸 (canonical)
Noburu (romanization)


仁

仁(ひとし) or 仁(じん) or 仁(まさし) • (Hitoshi or Jin or Masashi)

仁 (canonical)
仁 (canonical)
仁 (canonical)
Hitoshi (romanization)
Jin (romanization)
Masashi (romanization)


侑

侑(ゆう) • (Yū)


但

但 (canonical)
但 (canonical)
Tadashi (romanization)


亮

亮 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)
亮 (canonical)
Akira (romanization)


健

健 (canonical)
Ken (romanization)
健 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)


充

充 (canonical)
充 (canonical)
Mitsuru (romanization)
Takashi (romanization)


世

From Middle Chinese 世 (MC syejH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.


冽

冽 (canonical)
冽 (canonical)
Tadashi (romanization)


東

東 (canonical)
Azuma (romanization)
aduma (romanization)
あづま (hiragana historical)

⟨aduma⟩ → /ad͡zuma/ → /azuma/
From Old Japanese, itself of unknown derivation.


東

Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear”).


東

Nominalization of verb 上る, 登る (noboru, “to ascend, rise”).


東

Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 始める (hajimeru, “to begin, start”).


令

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).


令

令 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)

/rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/
From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).


努

Nominalization of the classical Japanese verb 努む (tsutomu) (modern 努める (tsutomeru, “to work, to toil”)).


卓

卓 (canonical)
Takashi (romanization)
卓 (canonical)
Suguru (romanization)


優

優 (canonical)
Yū (romanization)
iu (romanization)
いう (hiragana historical)


剛

剛(ごう) • (Gō)

剛 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)
剛 (canonical)
Tsuyoshi (romanization)
剛 (canonical)
Gō (romanization)


創

創 (canonical)
Sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

/t͡ʃau/ → /sau/ → /sɔː/ → /soː/
From Middle Chinese 創 (MC tsrhjang|tsrhjangH).


創

Nominalization of verb 創る (tsukuru, “to create (new things)”).


剣

/kem/ → /kemʉ/ → /keɴ/
From Middle Chinese 劍 (MC kjaemH).
Compare modern Mandarin 劍／剑 (jiàn).


剣

[t͡sɨɾɯ̟ɡʲi]

⟨turuki₁⟩ → */turukʲi/ → /t͡suruɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese turuki, itself of unknown derivation.
A surface analysis suggests that this might be a compound of 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang, as at one's side”) + ki, but there is no clear etymon for the ki portion. One possibility would be 牙 (“fang”), read as kiba in modern Japanese but also appearing as ki in Old Japanese contexts. Such usage might parallel the combined tooth and blade meanings of the term ha, spelled more specifically as 歯 (“tooth”) and 刃 (“blade”), with these two senses listed as cognates in Japanese dictionaries.
More tentative suggestions have been connections to Austronesian, such as Tagalog suligi (“dart, short spear”) , but such possibilities seem only speculative at present.


剣

Unknown. Japanese names often apply readings from other words to allude to different meanings.


哲

哲 (canonical)
哲 (canonical)
Satoshi (romanization)
Tetsu (romanization)


友

友 (canonical)
Yū (romanization)
iu (romanization)
いう (hiragana historical)


中

中 (canonical)
Atari (romanization)
中 (canonical)
Ataru (romanization)
中 (canonical)
Nakaba (romanization)


冠

[kã̠mːɯ̟ɾʲi]

[kã̠mbɯ̟ɾʲi]

The modern spelling. A shift from kōburi above, historical kauburi. Also encountered is kanburi.


唯

/juwi/ → /jui/
From Middle Chinese 唯 (MC ywij).


初

table
table
Nominalization of 始め (hajime, “beginning, first”).


力

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) + 柄 (kara, “source, origin”).


壮

壮 (canonical)
Sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)


光

⟨pi₁kari⟩ → */pʲikari/ → /ɸikari/ → /hikari/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).


光

Nominalization of the verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).


光

光 (canonical)
Kō (romanization)
kwau (romanization)
くわう (hiragana historical)

/kʷau/ → /kʷɔː/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 光 (MC kwang).
Compare modern Mandarin 光 (guāng), Hakka 光 (kông), and Min Nan 光 (kong).


名

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *na (compare Okinawan 名 (nā)).

名を連ねる

名ばかりの

暗黒界でその名を知らぬ者はいない、誇り高き騎士。決して弱き者に手を下す事はない。

2013 July 20, “暗黒界の騎士 ズール [Zure, Knight of the Dark World]”, in ハーフデッキ 闇 [Half-Deck: DARK], Konami

Everyone in the Dark World knows the name of this illustrious knight. He never oppresses the commoners.

Ankokukai de sono na o shiranu mono wa inai, hokoritakaki kishi. Kesshite yowaki mono ni te o kudasu koto wa nai.


名

From Middle Chinese 名 (MC mjieng, “name”).


周

西周
Nishi Amane
Nishi Amane (Meiji period philosopher)


園

園 (canonical)
En (romanization)
wen (romanization)
ゑん (hiragana historical)

/wen/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 園 (MC hjwon).


園

⟨so₂no₂⟩ → */sənə/ → /sono/
From Old Japanese.


央

ja-pos

央(よう) • (Yō)

央 (canonical)
Ataru (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Ō (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Tōru (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Nakaba (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Hisashi (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Hiroshi (romanization)
央 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)


学

学(さとる) or 学(まなぶ) or 学(まこと) • (Satoru or Manabu or Makoto)

学 (canonical)
学 (canonical)
学 (canonical)
Satoru (romanization)
Manabu (romanization)
Makoto (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 學 (MC haewk, “learning”).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.


峻

峻 (canonical)
Shun (romanization)
峻 (canonical)
Takashi (romanization)


将

将 (canonical)
Shō (romanization)
syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

/sɨau/ → /sʲɔː/ → /sʲoː/
The “commander”, and “general, other high-ranking officer” senses are from Middle Chinese 將 (MC tsjangH).
The “take, hold” and “from now on” affixes are from Middle Chinese 將 (MC tsjang).


将

(The following entry is uncreated: はた.)
Nominalization of verb 進む (susumu, “to advance, go”).


将

Nominalization of verb 勝る (masaru, “to excel, rival, surpass”).


将

Nominalization of classical adjective 等し (hitoshi), modern 等しい (hitoshii, “equal”).


広

modern 広い . (canonical)
hiroshi (romanization)
広 (canonical)
Hiroshi (romanization)


庄

庄(しょう) • (Shō)


巌

巌 (canonical)
Iwao (romanization)
ifafo (romanization)
いはほ (hiragana historical)

/ipa po/ → /ifafo/ → /iwawo/ → /iwao/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū finished some time after 759 CE.
Originally a compound of 岩 (ipa → iwa, “boulder; crag”) + 秀 (po → ho, “something tall and prominent”, cognate with 穂 (ho, “ear of grain”), from the sense of something prominent sticking upwards).
The character is Japanese shinjitai, simplified from 巖.

compound

cognate with <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">穂</i> (ho, “ear of grain”), from the sense of something prominent sticking upwards


峰

From 御(み) (mi, honorific prefix) + 峰(ね) (ne, “peak”), in reference to the 神 (kami, “god or spirit”) at the top of a mountain. Now the standard spelling for a peak.
Compare 道 (michi, “road”).


尚

尚 (canonical)
Shō (romanization)
syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)


尚

尚 (canonical)
Nao (romanization)
nafo (romanization)
なほ (hiragana historical)


尚

Nominalization of classical adjective 高し (takashi), modern 高い (takai, “high”).


尚

Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).


太

The Old Japanese 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal (sentence-final) form”) of adjective 太い (futoi, “fat, thick, big”).


弘

弘 (canonical)
Hiroshi (romanization)
弘 (canonical)
Hiromu (romanization)


庭

庭 (canonical)
Niwa (romanization)
nifa (romanization)
には (hiragana historical)

/nipa/ → /nifa/ → /niwa/
From Old Japanese.


嵐

/arasi/ → /araɕi/
From Old Japanese.
Derivation theories include:
* Compound of 荒ら (ara, “desolate, sparse”, archaic) + 風 (shi, “wind”, obsolete).
* From 荒らし (arashi, “destroyer”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 荒らす (arasu, “destroy, ruin”).
* Apophonic form of 颪 (oroshi, “wind blowing down from the mountains”).


嵐

/ram/ → /ramʉ/ → /ran/
From Middle Chinese 嵐 (MC lom).


夏

/natu/ → /nat͡su/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *natu.


夏

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeX).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.


怜

怜 (canonical)
Satoshi (romanization)
怜 (canonical)
Rei (romanization)


巧

巧 (canonical)
Kō (romanization)
kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)


徹

徹 (canonical)
徹 (canonical)
Akira (romanization)
Tōru (romanization)


惇

ja-pos

惇(あつし) or 惇(じゅん) or 惇(つとむ) • (Atsushi or Jun or Tsutomu)

惇 (canonical)
惇 (canonical)
惇 (canonical)
Atsushi (romanization)
Jun (romanization)
Tsutomu (romanization)


忠

忠 (canonical)
忠 (canonical)
Tadashi (romanization)


悠

悠(ゆう) • (Yū)


夢

⟨i me₂⟩ → */jiməɨ/ → /jɨme/ → /jume/
Shift from Old Japanese 夢 (ime₂), itself a compound of 寝 (i, “sleep, sleeping”, obsolete) + 目 (me, “eye; sight, vision”).
Appears in texts from the 900s.


恋

恋 (canonical)
Koi (romanization)
kofi (romanization)
こひ (hiragana historical)

⟨ko₁pi₂⟩ → /kʷopʷɨ/ → /kofi/ → /kowi/ → /koi/
From Old Japanese.
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 恋う (kou, “to love, yearn”).


恵

/kwei/ → /kei/ → /keː/
From Middle Chinese 惠 (MC hwejH).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.


恵

Nominalization of the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 恵(めぐ)む (megumu, “to give (in charity); to bless, to be kind”).


恵

Nominalization of 恵む (megumu, “to give (in charity); to bless, to be kind”).


庵

庵 (canonical)
Iori (romanization)
ifori (romanization)
いほり (hiragana historical)

/ipori/ → /ifori/ → /ihʷori/ → /iori/
From Old Japanese.
The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 庵(いお)る (ioru, “to reside in a temporary hut”, obsolete). Likely derived from io (see below).


慧

慧 (canonical)
慧 (canonical)
Kei (romanization)
Satoshi (romanization)


尊

From Old Japanese.
Derived from 御 (mi-, honorific prefix) + 事 (koto, “thing, matter”).


尊

From Middle Chinese 尊 (MC tswon).
Compare modern Mandarin 尊 (zūn).


尊

Various theories exist, possibly a nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).


志

志 (canonical)
Yuki (romanization)
志 (canonical)
Koko (romanization)
志 (canonical)
Kokoro (romanization)
志 (canonical)
Nozomi (romanization)
志 (canonical)
Shii (romanization)
志 (canonical)
Nozomu (romanization)
志 (canonical)
Shi (romanization)


將

Nominalization of verb 勝る (masaru, “to excel, rival, surpass”).


律

From Middle Chinese 律 (MC lwit).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit विनय (vinaya, “discipline, guidance, humility”).


巴

巴 (canonical)
Tomoe (romanization)
tomowe (romanization)
ともゑ (hiragana historical)

First attested around the 12th century.
Originally a compound of 鞆 (tomo, “archer's left-wrist protector”) + 絵 (e, “picture, drawing”).
The use of the 巴 kanji is possibly for its resemblance to a big snake.


夜

⟨yo₁ru⟩ → */jʷoru/ → /joru/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *yoru.
Derived from yo below, suffixed with an element ru of unclear meaning. Compare 日 (hi, “day”) → 昼 (hiru, “daytime”), which seems to use this same ru element.
Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 C.E., with the phonetic spelling 用流.
Now the most common term for night in modern Japanese.


実

実 (canonical)
Minoru (romanization)
実 (canonical)
Jitsusaki (romanization)
実 (canonical)
実 (canonical)
Chika (romanization)
Minori (romanization)


斌

森田斌
Morita Sakan
Sakan Morita


昭

Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear, visible”).


操

Compound of 御 (mi, “honorific prefix emphasizing beauty”) + 青 (ao, “green/blue”), in the sense of the quality of an unchanging beautiful green in the face of anything, similar to an evergreen tree. The medial -s- may represent epenthesis between two vowels, or it may be cognate with Korean interfix ㅅ (-s-) used to mark possession, much like German -s-. See also 小雨 (kosame, “drizzle”), 霧雨 (kirisame, “drizzle”), 春雨 (harusame, “spring rain”), and 稲 (shine, “rice”).


晋

*/t͡sin/ → /siɴ/ → /ɕiɴ/
From Middle Chinese 晉 (MC tsinH).


晋

Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 進む (susumu, “to proceed”).


晋

Nominalization of 進む (susumu, “to proceed”).


女

女 (canonical)
Omina (romanization)
womina (romanization)
をみな (hiragana historical)

table
⟨womi₁na⟩ → */womʲina/ → /omina/
From Old Japanese.
The initial /wo/ expressed "small, youth" and contrasted with /o/ "grown, old" (as in 嫗 (omina, “old woman”)), while the medial /mi/ is cognate with 女 (me, “female, woman”, see below). According to Frellesvig (2010), proto-Japonic /e/ became Old Japanese [je] in final position and [i] elsewhere; analogous with PJ /o/, which became OJ [wo] in final position and [u] elsewhere (though PJ /i/ and /u/ also existed, compare Old Japanese 火's two readings /po/ & /pu/ in Western & Eastern Old Japanese, respectively (Vovin, 2017)).


昴

Likely from Old Japanese, use of kanji in Japanese texts first appears in the Tango-no-kuni Fudoki (c. mid-8th century), phonetic spelling first attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
By extension from 統ばる (subaru, “to bunch together; to unite”, intransitive), due to the way the stars in the constellation all cluster together. Compare 統べる (suberu, “to command”, transitive).


昴

Likely from Old Japanese.
Possibly an allusion from 昴の玉 (sumaru no tama, literally “cluster of pearls”) referenced multiple times in the Kojiki (712 CE); probably the original form of Subaru above. Compare the development of 皇 (sume-/sumera- → sube-/subera-, prefix of praise and respect to Shinto deities or an Emperor of Japan)


昴

Nominalization of classical adjective 高し (takashi), modern 高い (takai, “high”).


昴

Nominalization of verb 上る, 登る (noboru, “to ascend, rise”).


斎

From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 斎く (itsuku, “to worship”).


斎

Nominalization of classical adjective 等し (hitoshi), modern 等しい (hitoshii, “equal, same”).


暖

ja-pos

暖(あたた) or 暖(いふ) or 暖(うらら) or 暖(だん) or 暖(のどか) or 暖(のん) or 暖(はる) or 暖(はるか) or 暖(はるな) or 暖(ひなた) • (Atata or Ifu or Urara or Dan or Nodoka or Non or Haru or Haruka or Haruna or Hinata)

暖 (canonical)
暖 (canonical)
暖 (canonical)
暖 (canonical)
暖 (canonical)
暖 (canonical)
暖 (canonical)
暖 (canonical)
暖 (canonical)
Atata (romanization)
Ifu (romanization)
Urara (romanization)
Dan (romanization)
Nodoka (romanization)
Non (romanization)
Haru (romanization)
Haruka (romanization)
Haruna (romanization)
Hinata (romanization)
はるかはるな (hiragana)


栞

From the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 枝(し)折(お)る (shioru): 枝(し) (shi, “branch”) + 折(お)る (oru, “to fold”).


敦

敦 (canonical)
敦 (canonical)
Atsushi (romanization)
Tsutomu (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 敦 (MC twoj|twon|dwan|twonH).


平

⟨pi₁ra⟩ → /pʲira/ → /ɸira/ → /hira/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pira.


平

平 (canonical)
Taira (romanization)
tafira (romanization)
たひら (hiragana historical)

⟨tapi₁ra⟩ → /tapʲira/ → /taɸira/ → /tawira/ → /taira/
Nominalization of adjective 平ら (taira, “flat, level”).


平

平 (canonical)
Osamu (romanization)
wosamu (romanization)
をさむ (hiragana historical)

Nominalization of classical verb おさむ (osamu), modern おさめる (osameru, multiple definitions in kanji).


平

Nominalization of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).


平

Nominalization of classical adjective 安し (yasushi), modern 安い (yasui, “peaceful, quiet”).


栄

(The following entry is uncreated: 栄え.)
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative from”) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to thrive”).


柊

柊 (canonical)
Hīragi (romanization)
fifiragi (romanization)
ひひらぎ (hiragana historical)

[Alt: Osmanthus heterophyllus]
⟨pi₁pi₁ra ki₂⟩ → */pʲipʲiraɡʷi/ → /fifiraɡi/ → /hiwiraɡi/ → /hiːraɡi/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Appears to derive as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of now-obsolete verb 疼ぐ (hīragu, “to hurt with a stinging pain”), in reference to the sharp thorns on the leaves.


柊

ja-pos

柊(しゅう) • (Shū)

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕʲuː/ → /ɕuː/
From Middle Chinese 柊 (MC tsyuwng).


朧

Daijisen
Extended shinjitai
The Tales of Ise
ja:松村明

Appears to be 凡 (obo, “dim, faint; hazy, indistinct”) + ろ (-ro, suffix apparently indicating general location or time, as in 所 (tokoro, “place”), 頃 (koro, “around (a specific time)”); compare ら (ra)).
The food-related senses may come from the way these dishes involve breaking up the main ingredients into smaller indistinct pieces.
First attested in The Tales of Ise from the early 900s.


柳

柳 (canonical)
Ryū (romanization)
riu (romanization)
りう (hiragana historical)


教

From either the classical 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) satoshi of modern adjective 聡い (satoi, “clever, sharp-witted”), or the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) satoshi of cognate verb 諭す (satosu, “to admonish, persuade, remonstrate → to redirect into a smarter direction”).


桐

From Old Japanese. The tree may have been imported from China prior to the Nara period.
The term might be from 切り (kiri, “cutting”), from the way that the tree is quick to send out shoots after being cut.
Some sources also speculate that this might be from some term 木理 (*kiri, “wood grain”) in reference to the desirable grain of this wood. However, 木理 is only attested with the reading mokuri, not kiri; also, the term is not attested until the 1830s, before which the Japanese terms for wood grain were 木目 (mokume, from the mid-1500s) or 木目 (kime, from the 1200s).


梢

梢 (canonical)
Kozue (romanization)
kozwe (romanization)
こずゑ (hiragana historical)

Originally a compound of 木 (ko, “tree”, combining form) + 末 (sue, “tip, end”).
The sue changes to zue as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


梢

梢 (canonical)
Shō (romanization)
seu (romanization)
せう (hiragana historical)

/seu/ → /ɕeu/ → /ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 梢 (MC sraew).


榊

The initial saka is cognate with verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to prosper, thrive”), while the final ki is definitely 木 (ki, “tree”).


梓

梓 (canonical)
Azusa (romanization)
adusa (romanization)
あづさ (hiragana historical)

/adusa/ → /ad͡zusa/ → /azusa/
From Old Japanese.


暁

⟨aka to₂ki₁⟩ → */akatəkʲi/ → /akat͡suki/
Shift from Old Japanese 曉 (akato₂ki₁).
Originally a compound of 明か (aka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 明く (aku), “to open”) + 時 (toki, “time, moment, hour”).


暁

暁 (canonical)
Gyō (romanization)
geu (romanization)
げう (hiragana historical)

/ɡeu/ → */ɡʲəː/ → /ɡʲoː/
From Middle Chinese 曉 (MC xewX).


暁

Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear, visible”).


暁

Nominalization of classical adjective 聡し (satoshi), modern 聡い (satoi, “clever, smart, sharp”).


暁

Nominalization of verb 悟る (satoru, “to perceive, understand”).


暁

暁 (canonical)
Tōru (romanization)
toforu (romanization)
とほる (hiragana historical)

Nominalization of verb 通る (tōru, “to be wise”).


暁

暁 (canonical)
Akana (romanization)
暁 (canonical)
Aki (romanization)
暁 (canonical)
Kyō (romanization)
keu (romanization)
けう (hiragana historical)


棗

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 夏 (natsu, “summer”) + 芽 (me, “bud, sprout”).


椿

⟨tubaki₁⟩ → */tubakʲi/ → /t͡subaki/
From Old Japanese.


様

様 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)
yau (romanization)
やう (hiragana historical)

/jɨau/ → /jɔː/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 樣 (MC yangH).


桃

Heian period
Nara period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Yayoi period

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *momo. Mentioned in the Nihon Shoki of 720.
Brought to Japan in antiquity, with pits found in prehistoric sites from the Yayoi period, 300 BCE - 300 CE. Mentioned as a food in documents from the Nara and Heian periods.
Ultimate derivation unknown. Theories include the following.
* Possibly derived originally from a reduplication of 実 (Old Japanese mu, modern Japanese mi, “fruit”), from the way that peaches often grow in clusters. However, the vowel shift seems unlikely given regular Japanese phonetic shifts. In addition, most reduplicated terms in Japanese have the 頭高型 (atamadaka-gata) pitch accent pattern, starting high and falling, which differs from the 平板型 (heiban-gata) pitch accent pattern of this term.
* Possibly cognate with Old Japanese 百 (momo, “hundred; lots”). However, this also has the 頭高型 (atamadaka-gata) pitch accent pattern.
* Possibly a reduplication of 毛 (mo, “hair”), from the way that peaches are hairy. The term is spelled as 毛毛 in some ancient documents. However, 毛 was commonly used as man'yōgana for its phonetic value, in which cases its original Chinese meaning of hair is usually ignored.
None of the above possibilities seems very compelling. Given the archaeological evidence, this term probably originated before the Japanese ancestor population migrated to the Japanese archipelago.
Possibly related to 梅 (ancient mume, modern ume, “Japanese apricot, Japanese plum”).


毅

毅 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)
毅 (canonical)
Tsuyoshi (romanization)

犬養毅
Inukai Tsuyoshi
Inukai Tsuyoshi


桂

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 香 (ka, “fragrance, good smell”) + 出 (zu, “to come out, to put something out”) + ら (ra, nominalizing suffix): "that which puts out a good smell", from the way the wood smells good.


林

From Old Japanese. First mentioned in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759 CE.
Derives from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 生やす (hayasu, “to grow”). The root verb is in the transitive form, suggesting that the original sense of hayashi may have indicated a deliberately planted or managed grove.


林

/rimʉ/ → /riɴ/
From Middle Chinese 林 (MC lim).


楽

Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 好む (konomu, “to like, prefer”).


楓

/kaperu te/ → /kaperude/ → /kaferude/ → /kafede/ → /kaede/
From Old Japanese かへるて, as this word first appears in the Man'yōshū of 759 CE.
Originally a compound of 蛙 (kaeru, “frog”) + 手 (te, “hand”), with the te changing to de due to rendaku (連濁), and the ru dropping out over time. From the way the palmate leaves resemble a frog's foot.


檜

Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

Originally a compound of 檜 (hi, “Japanese cypress”, see below) + の (no, attributive particle) + 木 (ki, “tree”).
The wood and bark was commonly used as tinder, and the term was previously thought to be from 火 (hi, “fire”) + の (no, attributive particle) + 木 (ki, “tree”). However, later research into ancient kana usage in Old Japanese revealed that 檜 had a reading of ⟨pi₁⟩, while 火 was read as ⟨pi₂⟩, ruling out this derivation.


歩

Nominalization of 歩み (ayumi), the 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 歩む (ayumu, “to walk”).


歩

Nominalization of verb 歩む (ayumu, “to walk”).


渉

Nominalization of the verb 渉る (wataru, “to ford or otherwise cross a body of water”).


樹

樹 (canonical)
樹 (canonical)
Itsuki (romanization)
Tatsuki (romanization)


淳

ja-pos

淳(あつし) or 淳(じゅん) or 淳(きよし) • (Atsushi or Jun or Kiyoshi)

淳 (canonical)
淳 (canonical)
淳 (canonical)
Atsushi (romanization)
Jun (romanization)
Kiyoshi (romanization)


温

温 (canonical)
On (romanization)
をん (hiragana historical)


格

格 (canonical)
Itaru (romanization)
格 (canonical)
Kaku (romanization)
格 (canonical)
Tōru (romanization)


桜

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki, the oldest extant historical record of ancient Japan, compiled in 712 CE.
Originally derived from 咲く (saku, “to bloom, burst open”) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).


泉

泉 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
idumi (romanization)
いづみ (hiragana historical)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Man'yōshū
Yotsugana
ja:松村明

/idumi/ → /id͡zumi/ → (for most modern Japanese dialects; see also Yotsugana) /izumi/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Compound of 出づ (ancient reading idu, modern izu, “to come out”) + 水 (mi, “water”).


武

武 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)
武 (canonical)
Takeru (romanization)


梅

Daijisen
Heian period
Kyūjitai
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:松村明
Ōsaka

⟨me₂⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume₂⟩ → ⟨ume₂⟩ → */uməɨ/ → /ume/
From Old Japanese.
Probably ultimately from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj), with the borrowed me reading gaining a pronounced kind of initial m- sound, perhaps realized as *mme. The phonetic spelling was often rendered as むめ (*mme, mume) from the Heian period, with *mme/mume and ume apparently existing in free variation. The reading eventually settled on うめ (ume). Compare the similar pattern of phonetic shift for 馬 (ma → *mma → muma → uma, “horse”), likely from Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX).


時

Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Old Japanese language

⟨to₂ki₁⟩ → */təkʲi/ → /toki/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təki. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation.
* Possibly a fusion of 常 (toko-, prefix for “always, unchanging”) + い (i, Old Japanese nominal particle).
: However, the sense of “unchanging” does not fit well with the sense of “the passing of time”. Separately, the phonetics of Old Japanese ⟨ki₁⟩ → /kʲi/ appear to contraindicate a fusion of /ko/ + /i/, which resulted in ⟨ki₂⟩ → /kʷi/ as seen at 木.
* Possibly derived from or otherwise related to 疾し (toshi, “sharp; happening quickly”), cognate with 研ぐ (togu, “to sharpen”).
: However, the historical spelling of toshi was to₁(si), as in 那杼佐祁流斗米 (nado₁ sake₁ru to₁ me₂, "why do you have knife cutting eyes").
* Possibly related to 年 (toshi, “year”).


溫

溫 (canonical)
On (romanization)
をん (hiragana historical)


江

江 (canonical)
Kō (romanization)
kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)

/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 江 (MC kaewng).
The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.


江

ja-pos

江(ごう) • (Gō)


涼

涼 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)

/rɨau/ → /rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/
From Middle Chinese 涼 (MC ljang|ljangH).


渚

⟨naɡi₁sa⟩ → */naɡʲisa/ → /naɡisa/
From Old Japanese.
Possibly a compound of 凪ぎ (nagi, “calming, dying down”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 凪ぐ (nagu, “to calm down, to die down”, as of waves or wind), cognate with 和やか (nagoyaka, “calm, quiet”)) + 磯 (sa, “rocky shore, pebble beach”), where sa is an ancient alternative for so, the abbreviated combining reading of modern 磯 (iso), cognate with 石 (ishi, “rock, stone”).


渚

渚 (canonical)
Migiwa (romanization)
migifa (romanization)
みぎは (hiragana historical)

[mʲiɡʲiβ̞a̠]

Daijirin Daijisen Kyūjitai Shinjitai ja:松村明

⟨mi₁ ki₁pa⟩ → */mʲiɡʲipa/ → /miɡifa/ → /miɡiwa/
Compound of 水 (mi, “water”, combining form) + 際 (kiwa, “edge, boundary”). The kiwa changes to giwa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


港

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyūjitai
Kōjien
Minato, Tokyo
Nihon Shoki
Shinjitai
Shinmura Izuru
ja:港
ja:港区

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720. Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *minato.
The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of 水 (mi-, “water”) + な (na, assimilated apophonic form of の (no, “genitive case marker”)) + 門 (to, “gate”).
* However, this does not correlate cleanly with the etymology of 水 (mizu, “water”), reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *mentu (“water”). Then again, there are numerous attested words where 水 (mi) is used as the first and last element in compounds, suggesting either that the derivation of 水 (mizu) might differ.
Vovin, on the other hand suggests that the initial mi- was 御 (mi-, “honorific prefix”), while -na- meant "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”). Compare 涙 (namida, “tears”), 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), 漬く (nazuku, “soak in water”, obsolete).
* However, this may present semantic difficulties, as any native formation like namida that proposes "water" for the initial nam and "eye" for a following component reverses the usual word-formation pattern for Japanese, where the main or head noun comes last. In addition, the na element appears in other words with no relation to "water", as an assimilated apophonic form of genitive particle の (no), seen in terms such as 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, literally “hand's heart/center”), 眼間 (manakai, “where the lines of sight of the eyes converge”, literally “eyes' exchanging/crossing”).

com

assimilated apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">の</i> (no, “genitive case marker”)


業

ja-pos

業(ごう) • (Gō)

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → /ɡou/ → /ɡoː/
From Middle Chinese 業 (MC ngjaep). The goon, so likely an earlier borrowing. Translation from the Sanskrit term कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).


澪

澪 (canonical)
Mio (romanization)
miwo (romanization)
みを (hiragana historical)

⟨mi₁ wo⟩ → */mʲiwo/ → /miwo/ → /mio/
From Old Japanese.
Derived as a compound of 水 (mi, ancient combining form of 水 (mizu), “water”) + 緒 (wo → o, “cord; something long and continuing”, likely cognate with 尾 (o, “tail”) from the sense of “something long and continuing from the end of the main body”).

com

ancient combining form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">水</i> (mizu), “water”

likely cognate with <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">尾</i> (o, “tail”) from the sense of “something long and continuing from the end of the main body”


新

/sin/ → /ɕin/
From Middle Chinese 新 (MC sin).
Compare modern Mandarin 新 (xīn), Hakka 新 (sîn), Min Nan 新 (sin), and Wu 新 (¹shin).


新

Nominalization of adjective 新た (arata, “new”).


柚

ja-pos

柚(ゆう) • (Yū)

/iu/ → /juː/
Probably from Middle Chinese 柚 (MC yuwH). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.
Found in the Wakan Sansai Zue.


柚

Probably a borrowing from Mandarin 柚子 (yòuzi).


柚

柚 (canonical)
Yui (romanization)
柚 (canonical)
Yuzaki (romanization)
柚 (canonical)
Yuzusaki (romanization)
柚 (canonical)
Yuni (romanization)


波

⟨nami₁⟩ → /namʲi/ → /nami/
From Old Japanese 浪 (nami₁), from Proto-Japonic *nami.


清

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Stem of 清か (sayaka, “bright, clear”).
Cognate with 冴える (saeru).


清

Nominalization of 清か (sayaka, “bright, clear”).


清

From classical adjective 清し (kiyoshi), modern 清い (kiyoi, “clear”).


潮

潮 (canonical)
Shio (romanization)
sifo (romanization)
しほ (hiragana historical)
潮 (canonical)
Shiho (romanization)

/sipo/ → /ɕifo/ → /ɕiwo/ → /ɕio/
From Old Japanese.


潮

潮 (canonical)
Ushio (romanization)
usifo (romanization)
うしほ (hiragana historical)

/usipo/ → /usipo/ → /uɕifo/ → /uɕiwo/ → /uɕio/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).


洋

洋 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)
yau (romanization)
やう (hiragana historical)

/jɨau/ → /jɔː/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang). Compare modern Mandarin 洋 (yáng).


洋

Nominalization of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).


照

Nominalization of 照らし (terashi), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 照らす (terasu, “to shine on something, to illuminate something”).


海

⟨umi₁⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/
From Old Japanese, theorized as descending from Proto-Japonic *omi.
Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Shift from 大 (ō-, “big, great”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form).
: This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
* From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”), and in the 海 (una) element in various ancient terms (see below).


正

正(まさし) or 正(ただし) or 正(たゞし) • (Masashi or Tadashi)

正 (canonical)
正 (canonical)
正 (canonical)
Masashi (romanization)
Tadashi (romanization)


猛

猛 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)
猛 (canonical)
Takeru (romanization)


瞳

Likely 人(ひと) (hito, “person”) + 見(み) (mi, “see”), in reference to one's own reflection when staring into someone else's eyes. Compare Latin pūpilla, of the same derivation.


瞭

ja-pos

瞭(りょう) • (Ryō)


琴

Kojiki
Man'yōshū
Nara period
Nihon Shoki

⟨ko₂to₂⟩ → */kətə/ → /koto/
From Old Japanese, attested in the three major literature works of the Nara period: the Kojiki (712 CE), the Nihon Shoki (720 CE), and the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).
Possibly derived from a compound of elements 木 (ko, “tree, wood”, combining form) + 音 (oto, “sound”), with the additional medial o dropped by haplology.


琴

/kimʉ/ → /kiɴ/
From Middle Chinese 琴 (MC gim). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

箏: a Chinese zither similar to the Japanese koto


琴

琴 (canonical)
Kumu (romanization)
琴 (canonical)
Gun (romanization)
琴 (canonical)
Kotoe (romanization)
琴 (canonical)
Kotozaki (romanization)
琴 (canonical)
Kotomi (romanization)


祐

祐 (canonical)
Yū (romanization)
iu (romanization)
いう (hiragana historical)

*/ɣɨu/ → /jɨu/ → /juː/
From Middle Chinese 祐 (MC hjuwH).


祐

Nominalization of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).


祈

Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 祈る (inoru, “to pray, to hope for”).


祈

Nominalization of the verb 祈る (inoru, “to pray, to hope for”).


祥

祥 (canonical)
Shō (romanization)
syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

/sɨau/ → /sʲɨɔː/ → /sjɔː/ → /sjoː/
From Middle Chinese 祥 (MC zjang).


秀

ja-pos

秀(しゅう) • (Shū)

→ English: S rank, S Tier


穰

穰(じょう) • (Jō)


禊

From Old Japanese, though the original pronunciation of the initial miso is likely unknown.
The term itself is derived from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 禊ぐ (misogu, “to perform ablutions (on someone)”, archaic).
Some sources suggest that this might be derived further from a compound of 身 (mi, “body”) + 注ぎ (sosogi, “pouring over, into, onto”), or alternatively from 水 (mi, “water”) + 注ぎ (sosogi, “pouring over, into, onto”). Considering that 身 had an ancient reading of ⟨mi₂⟩, while 水 had an ancient reading of ⟨mi₁⟩, the latter is a better potential match.


竜

竜 (canonical)
Ryū (romanization)
ryuu (romanization)
りゆう (hiragana historical)


皇

皇 (canonical)
Kō (romanization)
kwau (romanization)
くわう (hiragana historical)

/kʷau/ → /kʷɔː/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC hwang).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.


皇

From the prefix 皇 (sume-) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).


皇

⟨sume₁ro₂ki₁⟩ → */sumʲerəkʲi/ → */sumeraki/ → /sumeraɡi/
Possibly a shift from Old Japanese 天皇 (sume₁ro₂ki₁).


皇

皇 (canonical)
Kimi (romanization)
皇 (canonical)
Kirari (romanization)
皇 (canonical)
Tadasu (romanization)
皇 (canonical)
Miyuki (romanization)


紬

[t͡sɨmɯ̟ɡʲi]

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 紡ぐ (tsumugu, “to spin”).


綠

For names, this 旧字体 (kyūjitai, literally “old form”) of the kanji may still be used. For all other uses, see the 緑 entry.


男

/dam/ → /damʉ/ → /daɴ/
From Middle Chinese 男 (MC nom).
The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.


真

真 (canonical)
真 (canonical)
Tadashi (romanization)

From classical adjective 正し (tadashi), modern 正しい (tadashii, “correct, right, true”).


真

From classical adjective 正し (masashi, “accurate, authentic, correct”).


笑

笑 (canonical)
Emi (romanization)
wemi (romanization)
ゑみ (hiragana historical)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 笑む (emu, “to smile; to bloom”).


絆

絆 (canonical)
Kizuna (romanization)
kiduna (romanization)
きづな (hiragana historical)

/kiduna/ → /kid͡zuna/ → /kizuna/
Likely from Old Japanese, first attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
The final -zuna is definitely from 綱 (tsuna, “rope”), while the initial ki- remains uncertain.
The more positive connotation of "bond" is attested in The Tale of the Heike (c. 1330).


聡

Nominalization of classical adjective 聡し (satoshi), modern 聡い (satoi, “clever, smart, sharp”).


緑

From Old Japanese. Originally referred to new buds and shoots, later expanding via metonymy to mean green.


翔

ja-pos

翔(しょう) • (Shō)


経

経 (canonical)
Kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

/kʲeu/ → /kjau/ → /kjɔː/ → /kjoː/
From Middle Chinese 經 (MC keng|kengH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit सूत्र (sūtra, literally “string, thread”) or Pali sutta (literally “string, thread”).


経

From Middle Chinese 經 (MC keng|kengH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.


紫

From Old Japanese.
Possibly a compound of 群 (mura, “gathering, group”) + 咲き (saki, “blooming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 咲く (saku), “to bloom”).


紫

From 縁 (yukari, “affinity, connection”).


菫

ja:スミレ ja:スミレ属 ja:スミレ科


茜

From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 赤 (aka, “red”) + 根 (ne, “root”).


苺

Nihon Shoki
Shinsen Jikyō
Wamyō Ruijushō

⟨i ti pi₁ko₁⟩ → /itibʲikʷo/ → */itimiko/ → */itĩɡo/ → /it͡siɡo/ → /it͡ɕiɡo/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Shift from Old Japanese 蓬蔂 (itibiko → ichibiko), attested earlier in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE) and the Shinsen Jikyō (c. 900 CE), itself a compound of 斎 (i-, prefix expressing sacredness) + 血 (chi, “blood”) + 彦 (hiko, “boy, prince”).


翼

/tubasa/ → /t͡subasa/
From Old Japanese.
Possibly a shift from a compound of 鳥(と) (to, “bird”) + 総(ふさ) (fusa, “tassel”).


翼

Nominalization of classical verb 助く (tasuku), modern 助ける (tasukeru, “to assist, help; rescue, save”).


種

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tanay.


繁

Nominalization of verb 茂る (shigeru, “to grow thick, be luxuriant”).


葵

葵 (canonical)
Aoi (romanization)
afufi (romanization)
あふひ (hiragana historical)


葵

重光葵
Shigemitsu Mamoru
Mamoru Shigemitsu, Japanese diplomat


良

良 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)


羽

Appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 938 CE.
Compound of 羽 (ha, “feather”, see below) + 根 (ne, “root”), originally referring specifically to where the quill of a feather attaches to the skin. Over time, the meaning broadened to refer to a feather, and from there, to refer to a wing.


蘊

蘊 (canonical)
Osamu (romanization)
wosamu (romanization)
をさむ (hiragana historical)


萌

Nominalization of 萌え (moe), the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 萌(も)える (moeru, “to bud, sprout”).


蛍

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshú, compiled some time after 759 CE. Ultimate derivation unknown.
* The initial ho element is almost certainly the ancient form of 火 (hi, “fire”), which appears as ho in compounds such as 炎 (honō, “flame”, originally from ho no ho) or 火屋 (hoya, “lamp chimney”).
* Various theories exist regarding the taru portion. This may be from classical verb 垂る (taru, “to hang down, to droop”, in reference to a firefly's posterior; modern form 垂れる (tareru)), or a vowel shift from verb 照る (teru, “to shine”).


蛍

From Middle Chinese 螢 (MC hweng, “firefly”).


藤

藤 (canonical)
Fuji (romanization)
fudi (romanization)
ふぢ (hiragana historical)

⟨pudi⟩ → */puⁿdi/ → /ɸud͡ʑi/ → /ɸuʑi/
From Old Japanese 藤 (pudi), from Proto-Japonic *punti.


藤

Possibly from 桂 (katsura, “katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum”).


蓮

/hat͡ɕisu/ → */hassu/ → /hasu/
Appears to be a contraction of hachisu above.


蓮

From Middle Chinese 蓮／莲 (len, “lotus fruit”). Compare modern Mandarin reading lián.


裕

Nominalization of 豊か (yutaka, “abundant, plentiful”).


裕

Nominalization of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).


藍

藍 (canonical)
Ai (romanization)
awi (romanization)
あゐ (hiragana historical)

/awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *awoy.
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation, all suggesting a relation to 青 (awo → ao, “blue”):
* May be an alteration from 青色 (awoiro → aoiro):
*: ⟨awoiro₂⟩ → /awoirə/ → /awɨrə/ → /airo/ → /ai/
* May be a fusion of 青 (awo → ao) and い (i, emphatic particle)
*: */awo i/ → */awɨ/ → */awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/
* May be derived from a compound of 青 (awo → ao) + 居 (wi → i, “there is”), expressing the sense that the indigo plant contains the color blue:
*: /awowi/ → */awːɨ/ → /awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/


誉

誉 (canonical)
Takashi (romanization)
誉 (canonical)
Homare (romanization)


譲

ja-pos

譲(じょう) • (Jō)


華

華 (canonical)
Ka (romanization)
kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)

/kua/ → /kʷa/ → /ka/
From Middle Chinese 華 (MC hwae).


華

Kyūjitai
Old Japanese language
Proto-Japonic language
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
Ōsaka

/pana/ → /fana/ → /hana/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pana.


蘭

From Middle Chinese 蘭 (MC lan).
Compare modern Mandarin 蘭／兰 (lán).


諒

諒(りょう) • (Ryō)


紅

紅(くれない) • (Kurenai) ^(←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?)

紅 (canonical)
Kurenai (romanization)
kurenawi (romanization)
くれなゐ (hiragana historical)

⟨kure no₂ awi⟩ → /kurenawi/ → /kurenai/
From Old Japanese.
Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no ai), itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 藍 (ai, “indigo → dye”)). The safflower, from which the crimson dye was extracted, was brought to Japan from China.


紅

*/peni/ → /beni/
First attested in The Pillow Book, completed in 1002.
Shift from *heni, attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE) with the original sense of "rouge".
The ni is definitely 丹 (ni, “red earth, cinnabar”), while the initial pe/be remains uncertain.


紅

Alternative spelling for 赤 (aka, “red”).


紅

From 揉み (momi, “kneading”, stem form of verb momu), by extension from the kneading of cloth during the dyeing process.


紅

ja-pos

紅(こう) • (Kō)


袖

Kojiki
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

⟨so₁ te⟩ → /so te/ → /sode/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 with the phonetic spelling 蘇弖 (⟨so₁ te⟩). The te changes to de as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Japanese references that include an etymology note that this appears to be a compound of 衣 (so, “robe; clothing”) + 手 (te, “hand; arm”). However, the initial so- is clearly spelled with the so-called 甲類 (kōrui, “"A" type”) vowel ⟨so₁⟩ in the oldest texts, whereas 衣 when read as so was pronounced with the so-called 乙類 (otsurui, “"B" type”) vowel as ⟨so₂⟩. These were treated as separate vowels in Old Japanese, so this proposed compound cannot be the actual derivation.


賢

ja-pos

賢(さとる) or 賢(まさる) or 賢(けん) • (Satoru or Masaru or Ken)

賢 (canonical)
賢 (canonical)
賢 (canonical)
Satoru (romanization)
Masaru (romanization)
Ken (romanization)


貢

[mʲit͡sɨɡɯ̟]

From the verb 貢ぐ (mitsugu, “to support, to finance”).


貢

From the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 貢ぐ (mitsugu, “to support, to finance”).


貢

貢(こう) • (Kō)


豪

豪(ごう) • (Gō)


要

/kani no me/ → /kanome/ → /kaname/
A shift from older 蟹の目 (kani no me, “crab's eye”) from a superficial resemblance of the round pinhead of a folding fan to a crab's eye, influenced by a reanalysis of the term as 金目 (kaname, literally “metal” + visually prominent feature), as the pins were increasingly made from metal instead of earlier bamboo, wood, or whalebone.
First cited to 1220.


遼

遼 (canonical)
Ryō (romanization)
reu (romanization)
れう (hiragana historical)


週

週 (canonical)
Shū (romanization)
siu (romanization)
しう (hiragana historical)

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕjɨu/ → /ɕuː/
From Middle Chinese 周 (MC tsyuw).


透

透 (canonical)
Tōru (romanization)
透 (canonical)
Sukeru (romanization)


鍛

鍛 (canonical)
Kitae (romanization)
kitafe (romanization)
きたへ (hiragana historical)

Nominalization of 鍛え (kitae, “forging”).


鈴

Kagura suzu
Kojiki
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Suzu

table
From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712, and in the Man'yōshū of 759 with the phonetic spelling 須受 (suzu).
Possibly related to 涼しい (suzushii, “cool, refreshing”) and 涼む (suzumu, “cool off”).


鑑

Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear”).


里

⟨sato₁⟩ → */satʷo/ → /sato/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sato.
Ultimately derivation unknown. Theories include a compound of either 小 (sa-, “short”) or 狭 (sa-, “narrow”) + 所 (to, “place”) or 戸 (to, “door”). Other theories have been suggested but are unlikely.


里

里 (canonical)
Satoshi (romanization)
里 (canonical)
Zato (romanization)

Various nanori readings. Perhaps the satoshi reading is from 聡い (satoi, “clever”, from earlier satoshi), while the zato is a voiced rendaku (連濁) version of sato above.


隆

隆(りゅう) • (Ryū)

隆 (canonical)
隆 (canonical)
Takashi (romanization)
Yutaka (romanization)
隆 (canonical)
Ryū (romanization)


都

⟨mi₁yako₁⟩ → */mʲijakʷo/ → /mijako/
From Old Japanese, a compound of 宮(みや) (miya, “imperial palace”) + 処(こ) (ko, “place”).


閃

/ɕʲem/ → /ɕemu/ → /seɴ/
From Middle Chinese 閃 (MC syemX|syemH).


霞

⟨kasumi₁⟩ → /kasumʲi/ → /kasumi/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 霞む (kasumu, “to be hazy”).


靖

From verb 図る (hakaru, “to intend, to plan, to set a goal or direction”).


靖

Nominalization of kiyoshi, the pre-modern terminal form (終止形 (shūshikei)) of adjective 清い (kiyoi, “clean, pure”).


靖

Nominalization of verb のぶ (nobu, “延ぶ, 伸ぶ: to grow, to extend”).


靖

Nominalization of verb 治む (osamu, “to make something calm, to stabilize”).


靖

Nominalization of adjective 静か (shizuka, “calm, quiet”).


靖

Probably from 政治 (seiji, “politics”), from the underlying idea of "calming or stabilizing a country", similar to the name Osamu.


靖

Nominalization of verb 静む (shizumu, “to become quiet, to become settled”).


靖

Stem form of adjective 安い (yasui, “peaceful, calm, easygoing”).


靖

From 休み (yasumi, “a rest, a break, a vacation”), the stem noun form of verb 休む (yasumu, “to rest, to take a break, to take a vacation”), from adjective 安い (yasui, “peaceful, calm, easygoing”) + auxiliary verb む (mu, “to become [adjective], to make something [adjective]”).


靖

Nominalization of yasushi, the pre-modern terminal form (終止形 (shūshikei)) of adjective 安い (yasui, “peaceful, calm, easygoing”).


行

ja-pos

行(ぎょう) • (Gyō)

From Middle Chinese 行 (MC haeng). First cited in Buddhist texts of the early 600s.
The goon pronunciation, so likely an earlier borrowing.
* For the "formations" definition, translation of Sanskrit संस्कार (saṃskāra)
* For "austerities", translation of Sanskrit चर्या (caryā)
* For "walking", translation of Sanskrit गमन (gamana)


行

行(こう) • (Kō)

From Middle Chinese 行 (MC hang|haeng|hangH|haengH). First cited to 1275.
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely the later borrowing.


行

行(あきら) or 行(すすむ) or 行(とおる) or 行(まこと) • (Akira or Susumu or Tōru or Makoto)

行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
Akira (romanization)
Susumu (romanization)
Tōru (romanization)
Makoto (romanization)


行

行(あん) or 行(いく) or 行(いたる) or 行(ゆくえ) • (An or Iku or Itaru or Yukue)

行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
An (romanization)
Iku (romanization)
Itaru (romanization)
Yukue (romanization)


行

行(つとむ) or 行(つよし) • (Tsutomu or Tsuyoshi)

行 (canonical)
行 (canonical)
Tsutomu (romanization)
Tsuyoshi (romanization)


鏡

From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 影 (kaga, ancient combining form of 影 (kage), “shadow; outline; figure; image”) + 見 (mi, “seeing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 見る (miru), “to see, to look at”).

com

ancient combining form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">影</i> (kage), “shadow; outline; figure; image”


鏡

鏡 (canonical)
Kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

/kjau/ → /kjɔː/ → /kjoː/
From Middle Chinese 鏡 (MC kjaengH).


鴎

Uncertain. One theory suggests from 鴨(かも) (kamo, “duck”) + め (-me, suffix expressing familiarity).
Compare 雀 (suzume, “sparrow”) and 燕 (tsubame, “swallow”).


鵬

ja-pos

鵬(ほう) • (Hō)

Kyūjitai
Peng (mythology)
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:鵬


道

/dau/ → /dɔː/ → /doː/
From Middle Chinese 道 (MC dawX). Compare modern Mandarin 道 (dào), Cantonese 道 (dou⁶).


道

道(おさむ) or 道(すすむ) or 道(ただし) or 道(ただす) or 道(なおし) or 道(まこと) or 道(みちひろ) or 道(もとい) or 道(わたる) • (Osamu or Susumu or Tadashi or Tadasu or Naoshi or Makoto or Michihiro or Motoi or Wataru)

道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
Osamu (romanization)
Susumu (romanization)
Tadashi (romanization)
Tadasu (romanization)
Naoshi (romanization)
Makoto (romanization)
Michihiro (romanization)
Motoi (romanization)
Wataru (romanization)


道

道(たお) or 道(とおる) or 道(ふみ) • (Tao or Tōru or Fumi)

道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
道 (canonical)
or Tōru (Tao)
Fumi (Tao)


雷

From Middle Chinese 雷 (MC lwoj).
Compare modern Mandarin 雷 (léi) and Cantonese 雷 (leoi⁴).


元気

From Middle Chinese compound 元氣 (MC ngjwon khj+jH, literally “first, fundamental, source + vapor, spirit, energy”). In Chinese cosmology, this represented the fundamental force that permeates all matter and life. Early Japanese borrowed this word and meaning. Later, this spelling was conflated with the meaning of homophone 減気 (genki, “recovery from illness”), adding in the modern senses related to healthy and wellness.


元気

Compound of 元 (moto, “origin, beginning”) + 気 (ki, “sense; mood; energy; spirit”).


鼓

鼓 (canonical)
Tsuzumi (romanization)
鼓 (canonical)
Tsuzumi (romanization)

/tudumi₁/ → /tudumi/ → /t͡sud͡zumi/ → /t͡suzumi/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *tuntumi. Related to Okinawan 鼓 (chijin).


鼓

鼓 (canonical)
Tsutsumi (romanization)
鼓 (canonical)
Hibiki (romanization)

from 響き (hibiki, “echo”)


鶴

Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).
Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind. May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Finno-Ugric *tërka (“crane”), and Proto-Turkic *turunya (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”).
The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean “a crane” from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as a 借訓 (shakkun) reading for つる (turu → tsuru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of つ (tu → tsu, auxiliary verb of affirmation, certainty, or completion), suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning “a crane”.


鳥

⟨to₂ri⟩ → /tori/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təri. Probably cognate with Middle Korean ᄃᆞᆰ (tolk), modern Korean 닭 (dak, “fowl; chicken”).
May also be related to the verb 飛ぶ (tobu, “to fly”).


インドネシア語

インドネシア語 (canonical)
Indoneshiago (romanization)

bahasa Indonesia, Indonesian; the national language of Indonesia


長

From Old Japanese.
Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) + さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree).

com

irrealis form of verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">就く</i> (tsuku), “to take a position”


長

Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).


長

From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).


龍

ja-pos

龍(りゅう) • (Ryū)


英語

Borrowed from Chinese 英語／英语 (yīngyǔ), or a compound coined in Japan of 英 (ei, “England”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

私は英語で話すことが出来ます。

Watashi wa Eigo de hanasu koto ga dekimasu.

貴方は英語が話せますか？

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は


ゆき

⟨yuki₁⟩ → */jukʲi/ → /juki/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Also found once in the Man'yōshū in a so-called 東歌 (Azuma uta, literally “eastern song”) in the eastern dialect of Old Japanese, realized as ⟨yo₂ki₁⟩.
Reconstructed by some as deriving from Proto-Japonic *yoki.


中国語

中国語 (canonical)
Chūgokugo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (chūgoku, “China”) + 語(ご) (-go, “language”)


国字

kokuji (kanji invented outside of China)


新字体

[ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑita̠i]

新 (shin-, “new”) + 字体 (jitai, “character form”).

prefix

shinjitai (a form of Japanese kanji used after 1947)


旧字体

ja-noun

旧(きゅう)字(じ)体(たい) • (kyūjitai) ^(←きうじたい (kiuzitai)?)

旧字体 (canonical)
kiuzitai (romanization)
きうじたい (hiragana historical)

旧 (kyū-, “old”) + 字体 (jitai, “character form”)

prefix

kyūjitai (traditional form of Japanese kanji used before 1947)


兼

/kem/ → /kemʉ/ → /keɴ/
From Middle Chinese 兼 (MC kem|kemH).


いと

Likely from Old Japanese [Term?]. Attested from at least the mid-ninth century.

Likely derived by extension from the meaning of daughter. The kanji are ateji.


神社

神社 (canonical)
jinja (romanization)
zinzya (romanization)
じんじや (hiragana historical)

→ English: jinja

[d͡ʑĩɲ̟d͡ʑa̠]


神社

ja-noun

神(かみ)社(やしろ) or 神(かむ)社(やしろ) • (kamiyashiro or kamuyashiro)

神社 (canonical)
神社 (canonical)
kamiyashiro (romanization)
kamuyashiro (romanization)

椿大神社


神社

神社 (canonical)
Kamiyashiro (romanization)

a town in Watarai District, Mie Prefecture


いとこ

⟨ito₁ko₁⟩ → */itʷokʷo/ → /itoko/
Cognate with and by extension of Old Japanese いとこ (ito₁ko₁, “close, familial, or beloved person”). Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *itoko.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

der

いとこ, 伊杜子, 委登子, 伊斗子, 従姉弟, 意杜子, 伊東子, 伊登子, 以杜子, 委杜子, 委斗子, 依杜子, 衣杜子, 衣登子, 惟杜子, 伊十子, 似登子, 生都子, イト子, 惟登子, いと子, 維斗子, 以都子, 依都子, 衣都子, 維都子, 意都子, 惟都子, 伊都子, 委都子, 系子, 純子, 紀子, 順子, 文子, 最子, 絲子, 愛子, 綸子: a female given name


用言

用言 (canonical)
yōgen (romanization)
yougen (romanization)
ようげん (hiragana historical)

用 (“use”) + 言 (“word”), literally “word that expresses function; functional word”. See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).

compound

Coordinate term: 体言 (taigen)

(grammar) an inflected 自立語 (jiritsugo, “free word”) in Japanese or Korean grammar


アイスランド語

アイスランド語 (canonical)
aisurandogo (romanization)

アイスランド (“あいすらんど, Aisurando, Iceland”) + 語 (“language”)


韓国語

韓国語 (canonical)
kankokugo (romanization)

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

韓国 (Kankoku, “South Korea or just Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”), from South Korean 한국어 (han'gugeo)

suf

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は


スペイン語

スペイン語 (canonical)
supeingo (romanization)

[sɨ̥pe̞ĩŋɡo̞]


世界

From Middle Chinese 世界 (MC syejH keajH), originally a translation of Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “region or part of the world”). Compare Hokkien 世界 (sè-kài).


普通話

[ɸɯ̟t͡sɨːβ̞a̠]

From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).

zh-m

(uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin


フランス人

フランス人 (canonical)
Furansu-jin (romanization)


大和

→ Chinese: 大和 (Dàhé)

⟨yamato₂⟩: *[jamatə] → /jamato/
From older 邪馬台 (yamatai). From Old Japanese 大和 (yamato₂), from Proto-Japonic *yamatə. Originally a geographical region in Nara, came to refer to all of Nara, and eventually to the country as a whole: Japan.
Chinese texts often used the word 倭 (“dwarf, midget”) to refer to the people of the Japanese archipelago, possibly because they were actually smaller, or more likely as an insult. This character came to be used in early Japanese texts, such as the Man'yōshū poetry compilation, with a kun'yomi or native-Japanese reading of Yamato to refer to Japan in general.
This 倭 character also has an on'yomi or borrowed Chinese reading of wa. During the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), the 倭 character with an original Chinese meaning of “midget, dwarf” was replaced with the 和 character that is also read wa, but instead has the more favorable meaning of “harmony”, in spellings of the native Japanese term Yamato. The 大 character meaning “great” was then prefixed to this. The resulting kanji compound 大和 can also be read with a kun'yomi of Ōyamato (see below).


きょう

Kyō (romanization)
kefu (romanization)
けふ (hiragana historical)

⟨ke₁ pu⟩ → */kʲepu/ → /keɸu/ → */kewu/ → /keu/ → /kjoː/
From Old Japanese けふ (ke₁pu), from Proto-Japonic *kepu.
Originally a compound of 此 (ke, apophonic form of ko, "this") + 日 (fu, apophonic form of hi, “day”). The final /eu/ → /joː/ sound shift is a separate but regular phonological change.


言葉

Heian period
Iroha
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese 言葉 (ko₂to₂ba), attestable since at least the Man'yōshū of 759 CE. In turn, reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *kətənpa.
Compound of 言 (koto, “word”) + 端 (ha, “edge; beginning, end”). The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The term 言 (koto) was formerly the main term for word in Japanese. This term is also cognate with 事 (koto, “thing, fact, event”). The ha may have been added to differentiate from 事 (koto).
The 葉 spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).

com

asobase, the stem of the causative form asobaseru of verb 遊ぶ asobu

that consists of suffixing verbs with the term 遊ばせ

天地の詞: an instructional pangram used in the early Heian period


まこと

From Old Japanese. Originally from 真 (ma-, “truth”) + こと (koto, “thing”).
First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE in sense 2.


日本人

ja-noun

日(に)本(ほん)人(じん) or 日(にっ)本(ぽん)人(じん) • (nihonjin or nipponjin)

日本人 (canonical)
日本人 (canonical)
nihonjin (romanization)
nipponjin (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]


ポルトガル語

ポルトガル語 (canonical)
porutogarugo (romanization)

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]

ポルトガル (Porutogaru, “Portugal”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


不思議

Contracted from 不可思議 (fuka shigi, literally “unfathomable”), equivalent to 不(ふ) (fu-) + 思議(しぎ) (shigi).


オメガ

From English omega, or learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὦ μέγα (ô méga).

lbor

ja:Ω
ja:オメガ (曖昧さ回避)


未来

From Middle Chinese 未來 (MC mj+jH loj). Originally a Buddhist calque of Sanskrit अनागत (anāgata, “not yet come; future”, past participle), from अन्- (an-, “not”) + आगत (āgata, “what has come”), from the verb root आगम् (āgam, “to come”).


未来

Compound of 未 (mi, the on'yomi or Chinese-derived reading) + 来 (ku, the kun'yomi or native Japanese reading).


地名

地名のない土地


母語

英語を母語として話す人。

母語と教科学習のいずれも犠牲にしない第二言語獲得の方式として世界各地に広まり、日本でも一部で、英語イマージョン教育が取り入れられています。

2009, Okada, Hideo [岡田英夫], 日本語教育能力検定試験に合格するための基礎知識 [Fundamentals for Passing the JLPT], revised edition, page 24

Around the world, and in some parts of Japan, English immersion is becoming a widespread method of second language acquisition which sacrifices neither one's mother tongue nor traditional education.

Bogo to kyōka gakushū no izure mo gisei ni shinai daini gengo kakutoku no hōshiki to shite sekai kakuchi ni hiromari, Nihon de mo ichibu de, Eigo imājon kyōiku ga toriirerarete imasu.

a first language, a mother tongue, a native tongue, a native language


ゆめ

Appears to be 夢 (yume, “dream”), but using only the hiragana spelling.


寿司

From classical adjective 久(ひさ)し (hisashi, whence modern 久(ひさ)しい (hisashī, “long-lasting, persisting for a long time”)).


漢文

漢文訓読

漢文訓読 かんぶんくんどく

annotating Literary Chinese so that it can be read using Japanese grammatical structure

変体漢文

変体漢文 へんたいかんぶん

Literary Chinese with heavy Japanese-language influence


いね

Ine (romanization)
ine (romanization)
いね (hiragana historical)

⟨i₁ne⟩ → /ine/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Man'yōshū of circa 759 CE. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *inay.


アイ

The name of the Latin-script letter I/i.


陽子

陽子 (canonical)
陽子 (canonical)
Yōko (romanization)
Haruko (romanization)


ベータ

ja-noun

ベータ • (bēta)

From English beta or learned borrowing from Ancient Greek βῆτα (bêta).


言語

言語 (canonical)
gengo (romanization)
げんご (hiragana historical)


言語

言語 (canonical)
gongo (romanization)
ごんご (hiragana historical)


言語

ja-noun

言(げん)語(ぎょ) • (gengyo) ^(←げんぎよ (gengyo)?)

言語 (canonical)
gengyo (romanization)
げんぎよ (hiragana historical)


アイルランド人

アイルランド人 (canonical)
Airurando-jin (romanization)

アイルランド (Airurando, “Ireland”) + 人(じん) (jin, “person”)


アイルランド語

アイルランド語 (canonical)
airurandogo (romanization)

[a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞ɡo̞]

アイルランド (airurando, “Ireland”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


すすむ

Appears to be related to 進む (susumu, “to advance”).


アラビア語

アラビア語 (canonical)
Arabia-go (romanization)


馬子

蘇我馬子 (Soga-no Umako)

famous leader of the Soga clan (died 626).


もも

麻倉もも
Asakura Momo
Momo Asakura


りか

梨花, 里佳, 里香, 理香, 利佳, 利加, 利可, 利嘉: a female given name

利夏, 利果, 利架, 利花, 利華, 利賀, 利圭, 利香: a female given name

吏伽, 吏佳, 吏加, 吏花, 吏香, 李佳, 李加, 李歌: a female given name

李花, 李華, 李霞, 李賀, 李香, 梨, 梨伽, 梨佳: a female given name

梨加, 梨可, 梨夏, 梨家, 梨果, 梨歌, 梨珂, 梨禍: a female given name

梨花, 梨賀, 梨樺, 梨香, 理郁, 理化, 理佳, 理加: a female given name


マイケル

A transliteration of the English male given name Michael


ドイツ人

ドイツ人 (canonical)
Doitsujin (romanization)


ドイツ語

ドイツ語 (canonical)
doitsugo (romanization)


フランス語

フランス語 (canonical)
Furansu-go (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨɡo̞]

From フランス (Furansu, “France”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suf

ジョンさんはフランス語ができる。

「ロワゾ」——フランス語で「鳥」という意味よ
“Rowazo”—— Furansu-go de “Tori” to iu imi yo

1997 July 17, Seimaru Amagi with Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル17 仏蘭西銀貨殺人事件⑭ [File 17: The French Silver Coin Murder Case #14]”, in 金田一少年の事件簿 [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 25 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha

“L’Oiseau” — meaning “The Bird” in French


アメリカ人

アメリカ人 (canonical)
Amerika-jin (romanization)

[a̠me̞ɾʲika̠ʑĩɴ]

Compound of アメリカ (Amerika, “America”) + 人 (-jin, “person”).
First cited to a text from circa 1870.


スペイン人

スペイン人 (canonical)
Supein-jin (romanization)

[sɨ̥pe̞ĩɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

スペイン (“Spain”) + 人 (-jin, “citizen; native”)


カレリア語

カレリア語 (canonical)
Kareriago (romanization)


日向

Compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + な (na, Old Japanese possessive particle) + た (ta, “direction, side”).
The ta element is found in terms such as あなた (anata, “you”, originally “that side (distant)”), そなた (sonata, “you”, archaic; originally “that side (nearby)”).


日向

日向 (canonical)
Hyūga (romanization)
fiuga (romanization)
ひうが (hiragana historical)

⟨pi₁muka⟩ → */pʲimuka/ → /ɸimuka/ → /ɸiũɡa/ → /hjuːɡa/
Shift from Old Japanese 日向 (Pi₁muka → Himuka).
Equivalent to a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face (a direction)”).

日向夏

hyūganatsu, Citrus × tamurana, a kind of citrus fruit


日向

ja-pos

日(にっ)向(こう) • (Nikkō) ^(←にちかう (nitikau)?)

日(ひ)向(むかい) • (Himukai) ^(←ひむかひ (fimukafi)?)

日向 (canonical)
Nikkō (romanization)
nitikau (romanization)
にちかう (hiragana historical)
日向 (canonical)
Hiuga (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Higano (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Hikō (romanization)
fikau (romanization)
ひかう (hiragana historical)
日向 (canonical)
Hina (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Hinada (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Himukai (romanization)
fimukafi (romanization)
ひむかひ (hiragana historical)
日向 (canonical)
Himuka (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Himuki (romanization)
日向 (canonical)
Hyuga (romanization)


和語

Probably a coinage in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 和 (wa, “Japan, Japanese”) + 語 (go, “language, word”).

compound

Japanese language
Yamato kotoba
ja:大和言葉
ja:日本語

外来語: foreign words

generally more recent borrowings from other languages


大和言葉

大和言葉 (canonical)
Yamato-kotoba (romanization)

Originally a compound of 大和(やまと) (Yamato, “Japan”) + 言(こと)葉(ば) (kotoba, “word, language”).

ja-compound

a Japanese word of ancient Japanese origin (as opposed to a word borrowed from Chinese, or composed in Japan from Chinese-derived roots)

Japanese songs or poetry (such as tanka)

refined diction, especially the language used in the Heian period, 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally “women's language”), or 女中詞 (jochū kotoba, “the language of court women after the Muromachi period”)


アンドル

A transliteration of the English male given name Andrew


名字

名字 (canonical)
myōji (romanization)
myauzi (romanization)
みやうじ (hiragana historical)


たいしょう

ja-pos

たいしょう • (Taishō)


宇宙人

ja-noun

宇(う)宙(ちゅう)人(じん) • (uchūjin) ^(←うちうじん (utiuzin)?)

宇宙人 (canonical)
uchūjin (romanization)
utiuzin (romanization)
うちうじん (hiragana historical)

[ɯ̟t͡ɕɨːʑĩɴ]

宇宙 (uchū, “outer space”) + 人 (-jin, “person”)

suf

宇宙飛行士 宇宙飛行士#Japanese

Synonym of 宇宙飛行士 (uchū hikōshi, “astronaut”) (member of the crew of a spaceship or other spacecraft, or someone trained for that purpose)


平和

First attested in the Meiji era.
Rearrangement of 和平 (wahei, “peace”), likely that 平 (hei) also means "flat", therefore switching the kanji meant "calm, equal + harmony → peace".


ギリシア語

ギリシア語 (canonical)
Girishiago (romanization)


葉月

葉月 (canonical)
Hazuki (romanization)
葉月 (canonical)
Hatsuki (romanization)

葉 (は, ha), "leaf" + 月 (つき, tsuki), "month"


師走

師走 (canonical)
Shiwasu (romanization)
sifasu (romanization)
しはす (hiragana historical)

/sipasu/ → /ɕifasu/ → /ɕiwasu/
Shift from shihasu, ancient sipasu (see below).


卯月

From 卯 (u, short for 卯の花 (unohana), “deutzia flower”) + 月 (tsuki, “month”).
The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

short for <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">卯の花</i> (unohana), “deutzia flower”


弥生

弥生 (canonical)
Yayoi (romanization)
yayofi (romanization)
やよひ (hiragana historical)

/ijaopi/ → /ijaofi/ → */jaofi/ → /jajofi/ → /jajowi/ → /jajoi/
Shift from iyaoi below.

三月に生まれた私が「弥生」だから 五月に生まれたあなたは「さつき」にしようって———
Sangatsu ni umareta watashi ga “Yayoi” da kara Gogatsu ni umareta anata wa “Satsuki” ni shiyōtte———

1997 October 17, Seimaru Amagi with Kanari, Yozaburo and Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル18 魔神遺跡殺人事件⑪ [File 18: The Demonic Ruins Murder Case ⑪]”, in 金田一少年の事件簿 [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 26 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 105

I’m “Yayoi” because I was born in March. We named you “Satsuki” because you were born in May


アイヌ

Borrowed from Ainu アイヌ (aynu, “person, human being”).

bor+

Ainu language
Ainu people
Ainu-ken
Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shiraoi, Hokkaido
ja:アイヌ
ja:松村明


ケチュア語

ケチュア語 (canonical)
Kechuago (romanization)


かすみ

霞, 嘉純, 伽澄, 春見, 夏澄, 夏清, 圭純, 嘉菫: a female given name


国語

From 国 (koku, “nation”) + 語 (go, “language”). The sense of "Mandarin" is derived from Taiwanese usage of the identical Chinese word 國語／国语 (guóyǔ).

zh-l

國語／国语 (guóyǔ)

現在の台湾人が台湾ナショナリズムを主張する際、そこには台湾の国語と中国の普通話の違いはどこにあるのかという問題に直面する。

2018 June 2, “Taiwan no wakamono de ‘chūinfugō’ ga aisareteiru wake [Why Taiwan’s young people love ‘bopomofo’]”, in Nippon.com

For Taiwanese people currently asserting Taiwan nationalism, articulating the differences between Taiwanese Guoyu and Mainland China’s Putonghua has emerged as an issue.

Genzai no Taiwan-jin ga Taiwan nashonarizumu o shuchō suru sai, soko ni wa Taiwan no Kokugo to Chūgoku no Futsūwa no chigai wa doko ni aru no ka to iu mondai ni chokumen suru.


独語

独語 (canonical)
独語 (canonical)
dokugo (romanization)

From 独(どく) (doku, an abbreviation for 独逸(ドイツ) (Doitsu, “Germany”)) + 語(ご) (-go, “language of”). The kanji 独 is an ateji (当て字).


仏語

[ɸɯ̟̊t͡sɨɡo̞]

仏 (Futsu, “France”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suffix

ja:仏語 (曖昧さ回避)


西語

西(せい) (sei, which is an ateji (当て字) abbreviation for 西班牙(スペイン) (Supein, “Spain”)) + 語(ご) (go, “language”)


朝鮮語

ja-noun

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)語(ご) • (chōsengo) ^(←てうせんご (teusengo)?)

朝鮮語 (canonical)
chōsengo (romanization)
teusengo (romanization)
てうせんご (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”)

suf

(linguistics) the Korean language (academically or about the North Korean standard)


勝利

勝利 (canonical)
Katsutoshi (romanization)


三一

ja-pos

三(み)一(かず) or 三(さん)一(いち) or 三(み)一(いち) • (Mikazu or San'ichi or Miichi)

三一 (canonical)
三一 (canonical)
三一 (canonical)
Mikazu (romanization)
San'ichi (romanization)
Miichi (romanization)

[sã̠ɰ̃it͡ɕi]


たいし

大使 太子 大志 太師 隊士 太史 大旨 体脂 大祀 太始 大疵 胎屎

(The following entries are uncreated: 太師, 隊士, 太史, 大旨, 体脂, 大祀, 太始, 大疵, 胎屎.)


武士

武士 (canonical)
Takeshi (romanization)
武士 (canonical)
Takehito (romanization)


ゆたか

豊か 寛 穣 胖 裕 豊 隆

(The following entry is uncreated: 豊.)
Shift in usage from the adjective 豊か (yutaka, “bounteous, ample, rich”).

ゆた賀, 優宇, 優教, 弓貴, 柚多香, 温, 由多加, 由多賀, 由教, 由貴, 結多香, 裕, 裕香, 裕高, 豊, 豊花, 豊香: a female given name


えり

えり (canonical)
エリ (canonical)
Eri (romanization)

恵里, 恵理, 惠理, 絵里, 絵理, 絵梨, 江利, 江里, 愛理, 衣里, 英理, 英梨, 瑛里: a female given name


世界語

zh-l

世界語／世界语 (shìjièyǔ)

→ Chinese: 世界語／世界语 (shìjièyǔ)

→ Korean: 세계어 (segyeeo)

→ Vietnamese: thế giới ngữ


アムハラ語

アムハラ語 (canonical)
Amuhara-Go (romanization)


連体詞

連体詞 (canonical)
rentaishi (romanization)

Compound of 連体 (rentai, “attribution”, of a noun; limited to grammatical contexts, literally “accompanying an uninflecting word”) + 詞 (-shi, “word; part of speech”).
First cited to a text from 1937.

suf

(grammar) an adnominal (attributive word: cannot be used predicatively and must precede a 体言 (taigen, “uninflecting word”) in Japanese grammar; examples are この (kono, “this”), 所謂 (iwayuru, “so-called”), 主たる (shu-taru, “main”), 単なる (tan-naru, “mere”), etc.)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Japanese adjectives#Attributives
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:連体詞


ブルトン語

ブルトン語 (canonical)
Buruton-go (romanization)


古期英語

古期英語 (canonical)
Kokieigo (romanization)

* 古期 (“ancient period”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


イタリア語

イタリア語 (canonical)
itariago (romanization)


ハンガリー語

ハンガリー語 (canonical)
hangarīgo (romanization)

[hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiːɡo̞]


ベトナム語

ベトナム語 (canonical)
Betonamu-go (romanization)

ベトナム (Betonamu, “Vietnam”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


ラテン語

ラテン語 (canonical)
Raten-go (romanization)

[ɾa̠tẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

ラテン (Raten, “Latin”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


ロシア語

ロシア語 (canonical)
Roshia-go (romanization)

[ɾo̞ɕia̠ɡo̞]

ジョンはロシア語が出来る。


ノルウェー語

ノルウェー語 (canonical)
noruwēgo (romanization)

[no̞ɾɯ̟β̞e̞ːɡo̞]


現代英語

現代英語 (canonical)
Gendai Eigo (romanization)

* 現代 (“modern”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


ヒンディー語

ヒンディー語 (canonical)
hindīgo (romanization)

[çĩndʲiːɡo̞]


キリバス語

キリバス語 (canonical)
Kiribasugo (romanization)


ケルト語

ケルト語 (canonical)
Keruto-go (romanization)


中期英語

中期英語 (canonical)
Chūki Eigo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːkʲi e̞ːɡo̞]

* 中期 (“middle period”) + 英語 (“English language”)
* 英 (“England”) + 語 (“language”)


真実

[ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑit͡sɨ]


真実

ja-pos

真(さな)実(み) or 真実(こころ) or 真(なお)実(み) or 真実(まこと) or 真(まな)実(み) or 真(ま)実(み) or 真(まゆ)実(み) or 真(まさ)実(み) • (Sanami or Kokoro or Naomi or Makoto or Manami or Mami or Mayumi or Masami)

真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
Sanami (romanization)
Kokoro (romanization)
Naomi (romanization)
Makoto (romanization)
Manami (romanization)
Mami (romanization)
Mayumi (romanization)
Masami (romanization)

Various given names from kun and nanori compounds.


真実

真(ま)実(さね) or 真(ま)実(ざね) • (Masane or Mazane)

真実 (canonical)
真実 (canonical)
Masane (romanization)
Mazane (romanization)

The sane reading for 実 changes to zane as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


マラヤーラム語

マラヤーラム語 (canonical)
Marayāramugo (romanization)


五十音順

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん)順(じゅん) • (gojūonjun) ^(←ごじふおんじゅん (gozifuonzyun)?)

五十音順 (canonical)
gojūonjun (romanization)
gozifuonzyun (romanization)
ごじふおんじゅん (hiragana historical)

[ɡo̞ʑɨːõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑɨ̃ɴ]

五十音 (literally “fifty sounds”) + 順 (“order”)

suf

Coordinate term: 伊呂波順

(orthography) the sort order for kana (historically, mainly for katakana) as arranged in the 五十音図 (literally “table of the fifty sounds”)


五十音

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん) • (gojūon) ^(←ごじふおん (gozifuon)?)

五十音 (canonical)
gojūon (romanization)
gozifuon (romanization)
ごじふおん (hiragana historical)

From 五十 (gojū, “fifty”) + 音 (on, “sound”).

(phonology, orthography, grammar) all Japanese morae that can be spelled with 45 single modern kana and 2 historical kana (ゐ/ヰ and ゑ/ヱ) customarily without diacritical marks (゛ and ゜), excluding っ and ん, arranged in a 5x10 table (五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “table of the fifty sounds”)), used for phonological and grammatical analysis


エルジャ語

エルジャ語 (canonical)
Erujago (romanization)


金星人

金星人 (canonical)
kinseijin (romanization)

[kʲĩɰ̃se̞ːʑĩɴ]

金星 (Kinsei, “Venus”) + 人 (-jin, “human”)

suf

(science fiction) a Venusian (inhabitant of Venus)


火星人

[ka̠se̞ːʑĩɴ]

(science fiction) a Martian (inhabitant of Mars)


マルタ語

マルタ語 (canonical)
Marutago (romanization)


ナワトル語

ナワトル語 (canonical)
Nawatorugo (romanization)


ベトナム人

ベトナム人 (canonical)
Betonamu-jin (romanization)


アゼルバイジャン語

アゼルバイジャン語 (canonical)
Azerubaijan-Go (romanization)

アゼルバイジャン + 語 (“language”)

suffix

アゼルバイジャン + 語 (“language”)


スロベニア語

スロベニア語 (canonical)
surobeniago (romanization)

[sɨɾo̞be̞ɲ̟ia̠ɡo̞]


ギルバート語

ギルバート語 (canonical)
Girubātogo (romanization)


百合

Probably the nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of classical verb 揺る (yuru, “to sway, to swing, to wave back and forth”), from the way that lilies tend to grow tall and sway in the breeze.
The spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 百合 (bǎihé), indicating the way that lily bulbs cluster together—合わす (awasu, “to gather, combine”)—in large numbers, as in 百 (hyaku, literally “hundred”).
For information on the slang for homosexuality, see Yuri (genre).


まゆ

まゆ (canonical)
マユ (canonical)
Mayu (romanization)


ベルベル語

ベルベル語 (canonical)
Beruberugo (romanization)


体言

Coinage in Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived components, as a compound of 体 (tai, “body”) + 言 (gen, “word”), literally “substantive word”. Compare English substantive.
In Japanese grammar, contrasts with 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”, literally “function word”). See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).
First cited in 1851.

compound

Coordinate term: 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”)

(grammar) a Japanese or Korean word that does not inflect and can be used as a grammatical subject


台湾人

台湾人 (canonical)
taiwanjin (romanization)

[ta̠iβ̞ã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]


かおり

佳織, 佳織里, 緒里, 香織, 佳音里, 香央里: a female given name


真珠

真珠 (canonical)
Shinju (romanization)
真珠 (canonical)
Shinju (romanization)


けんさく

建策 研削 検索 献策 献酢 羂索

(The following entries are uncreated: 建策, 研削, 献酢, 羂索.)


しょうご

ja-pos

しょうご • (Shōgo)


文章

[bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕo̞ː]


こうへい

こうへい • (Kōhei)

工兵 公平 甲兵 交兵 降兵 耿秉 康平 衡平 幸平 講平 光平 浩平 恒平

Any of various Chinese-derived terms.
(The following entries are uncreated: 甲兵, 交兵, 降兵, 耿秉, 衡平.)
Any of various names. For the connotations of each name, see the entries for the individual characters used.

ja-see-kango

耕兵, 耕平, 黄平, 江平, 幸兵衛, 甲兵, 康兵, 享兵, 亘兵, 洸兵, 紘兵, 幸兵, 高兵, 弘兵, 晃兵, 嵩兵, 宏兵, 巧兵, 浩兵, 孝兵, 恒兵, 皓兵, 光兵, 虹兵, 功兵, 垢兵, 厚兵: a male given name


せいじ

政治 青磁 正字 盛時 世事 星児 政事 生時 生児 成事 盛事 省字

(The following entries are uncreated: 盛時, 世事, 星児, 政事, 生時, 生児, 成事, 盛事, 省字.)

靖, 誠治, 誠二, 清治, 誠司, 成治, 成二, 清次: a male given name


促音

Coordinate term: 撥音

(Japanese phonology and phonetics) a moraic obstruent (the first half of a Japanese geminate obstruent, such as the first [k] in [kk], usually phonologically noted as /Q/, bearing one mora as the coda of a syllable)


マレーシア人

マレーシア人 (canonical)
Marēshia-jin (romanization)


フィンランド人

フィンランド人 (canonical)
Finrando-jin (romanization)


インドネシア人

インドネシア人 (canonical)
indoneshiajin (romanization)


英国人

英国人 (canonical)
eikokujin (romanization)

[e̞ːko̞kɯ̟ʑĩɴ]

Compound of 英国 (Eikoku, “Britain”) + 人 (-jin, “person”)

compound

A British person; a Briton; British people


声調

[se̞ːt͡ɕo̞ː]


和製英語

和製英語 (canonical)
wasei eigo (romanization)

[β̞a̠se̞ː e̞ːɡo̞]

Compound of 和製(わせい) (wasei, “Japanese-made”) + 英語(えいご) (eigo, “English (language)”).

ja-compound

Japanese pseudo-anglicisms: Japanese coinages using English roots, the majority of have not been borrowed into English or used by anglophone countries or English native speakers, but instead only by speakers of Japanese


アラビア人

アラビア人 (canonical)
arabiajin (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠bʲia̠ʑĩɴ]


オーストラリア人

オーストラリア人 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria-jin (romanization)


イスラエル人

イスラエル人 (canonical)
isuraeru-jin (romanization)


アラム語

アラム語 (canonical)
Aramu-go (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠mɯ̟ɡo̞]


けんし

拳士, 健史, 玄師, 研之, 憲史, 健士, 健嗣: a male given name


濁音

Literary Chinese 濁音 (zhuóyīn, literally “muddy sound”)

der

五十音の外に、また、一種の熟音あり。これを濁音、及び、半濁音といふ。濁音とは、本音を濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、加、佐、多、波、の四行の諸音をいふ。この音を示すには別に、その文字なく、本音の假字の肩に、二個の小點を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 10

Outside the fifty sounds, there is yet another class of complex sounds. These are called ‘muddy sounds’ and ‘semi-muddy sounds’. Muddy sounds are the base child sounds of the four rows ka, sa, ta and ha, being muddied up when they are pronounced. There are no letters to specifically note these sounds, so two small dots are added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Gojūon no soto ni, mata, isshu no jukuon ari. Kore o dakuon, oyobi, handakuon to iu. Dakuon to wa, hon’on o nigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, ka, sa, ta, ha, no shigyō no shoon o iu. Kono on o shimesu ni wa betsu ni, sono moji naku, hon’on no kana no kata ni, niko no shōten o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

舊來の音韻では濁音といふものがあって、
が ぎ ぐ げ ご
ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
だ ぢ づ で ど
ば び ぶ べ ぼ
の四行二十音を之に充てゝ居る。
Kyūrai no on’in de wa dakuon to iu mono ga atte,
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo
no shigyō nijūon o kore ni atete iru.
In traditional phonology, ‘muddy sounds’ are the twenty sounds arranged in four rows as follows:
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 151

濁音は假字の右肩に二箇の點（゛）を附して濁音符とおす、次ぎの例を見るべし、
Dakuon wa kana no migikata ni niko no ten (゛) o fushite dakuonpu to osu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,
A ‘muddy sound’ is noted by attaching two dots (゛) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “濁音の符 [Noting Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 22

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora with a voiced onset obstruent


半濁音

半濁音 (canonical)
handakuon (romanization)

[hã̠nda̠kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

半濁音とは、本音を半濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、波行の五音のみに限れり。この音を示すには、本音の假字の肩に、圈點一個を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 11

Semi-muddy sounds are the five base child sounds of, specifically, the ha-row, being partially muddied up when they are pronounced. To note these sounds, a circle is added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Handakuon to wa, hon’on o hannigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, hagyō no goon nomi ni kagireri. Kono on o shimesu ni wa, hon’on no kana no kata ni, kenten ikko o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

濁音がある故に、之に對して淸音をも作らねばならず、半濁音（次淸音）と云ふものもあることになる。
ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
の一行五音の半濁音（一名次淸音）として、アカサタナハマヤラワ十行五十音が淸音と云はれて居る。
Dakuon ga aru yue ni, kore ni taishite seion o mo tsukarane ba narazu, handakuon (jiseion) to iu mono mo aru koto ni naru.
pa pi pu pe po
no ichigyō goon no handakuon (ichimei jiseion) to shite, a ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra wa jūgyō gojūon ga seion to iwarete iru.
Since there are muddy sounds, it follows that there must also be the opposite, ‘clear sounds’, and additionally what are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (‘quasi-clear sounds’). These five sounds, arranged in one row, are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (i.e. ‘quasi-clear sounds’):

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 152

Then, the fifty sounds arranged in ten rows, a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, ya, ra and wa, are called ‘clear sounds’.

半濁音は、假字の右肩に一箇の圈點（゜）を附して、半濁音の符となす、次ぎの例を見る可し、
handakuon wa, kana no migikata ni ikko no kenten (゜) o fushite, handakuon no fu to nasu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,
A ‘semi-muddy sound’ is noted by attaching a circle (゜) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “半濁音の符 [Noting Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 26

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora of the ぱ行 (pagyō, “pa-row”), with the onset obstruent /p/


一人

From Old Japanese.
Derived from 一 (hito, “one, 1”) + 人 (-ri, counter for persons).
Compare Old Japanese 一人 (pi₁dari → hidari).


一人

ja-pos

一人(かずと) or 一人(かずひと) or 一人(かずんど) or 一人(くにひと) • (Kazuto or Kazuhito or Kazundo or Kunihito)

一人 (canonical)
一人 (canonical)
一人 (canonical)
一人 (canonical)
Kazuto (romanization)
Kazuhito (romanization)
Kazundo (romanization)
Kunihito (romanization)


右衛門

右(う)衛(え)門(もん) • (Uemon) ^(←うゑもん (uwemon)?)

右衛門 (canonical)
Uemon (romanization)
uwemon (romanization)
うゑもん (hiragana historical)


右衛門

右衛門 (canonical)
Emon (romanization)
wemon (romanization)
ゑもん (hiragana historical)


撥音

[ha̠t͡sɨõ̞ɴ]

From 撥(はつ) (hatsu, “pick”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).

ja-compound

(Japanese orthography) the kana ん/ン (n) used to spell a moraic nasal


拗音

拗音 (canonical)
yōon (romanization)
euon (romanization)
えうおん (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 拗音 (ǎoyīn)

(Japanese orthography and phonology) in 和語 (wago, “native words”) and 漢語 (kango, “Classical Chinese words”), a mora that is spelt with:

one of the full-sized kana, き (ki), ぎ (gi), し (shi), じ (ji), ち (chi), ぢ (ji), に (ni), ひ (hi), び (bi), ぴ (pi), み (mi) and り (ri), followed by one the small kana, ゃ, ゅ and ょ, to represent the palatalization of the mora

one of the full-sized kana, く (ku) and ぐ (gu), followed by the small kana ゎ, to represent the historical labialization of the mora


セブアノ語

セブアノ語 (canonical)
Sebuano-go (romanization)


コーンウォール語

ja-pos

コーンウォール語(ご) • (Kōnwōrugo)

コーンウォール語 (canonical)
Kōnwōrugo (romanization)


ベンガル語

ベンガル語 (canonical)
bengarugo (romanization)

[bẽ̞ŋɡa̠ɾɯ̟ɡo̞]


アルバニア語

アルバニア語 (canonical)
arubaniago (romanization)

[a̠ɾɯ̟ba̠ɲ̟ia̠ɡo̞]


タジク語

タジク語 (canonical)
Tajikugo (romanization)


ルーマニア語

ルーマニア語 (canonical)
Rūmania-go (romanization)


吹雪

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 吹雪く (fubuku, “to blow violently (said of wind); to blow a snowstorm”).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), borrowed from Chinese 吹雪 (chuīxuě).


ポーランド語

ポーランド語 (canonical)
Pōrandogo (romanization)


希望

希(き)望(ぼう) or 希(き)望(み) or 希望(きらり) or 希望(なるみ) or 希(のぞ)望(み) or 希望(のの) or 希望(ゆめ) • (Kibō or Kimi or Kirari or Narumi or Nozomi or Nono or Yume)

希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
希望 (canonical)
Kibō (romanization)
Kimi (romanization)
Kirari (romanization)
Narumi (romanization)
Nozomi (romanization)
Nono (romanization)
Yume (romanization)
希望 (canonical)
Nozomu (romanization)


大作

大(たい)作(さく) or 大(だい)作(さく) • (Taisaku or Daisaku)

大作 (canonical)
大作 (canonical)
Taisaku (romanization)
Daisaku (romanization)


声母

Chinese 声母 (shēngmǔ, literally “sound mother”)

bor

Coordinate term: 韻母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the onset of a Chinese syllable


韻母

韻母 (canonical)
inbo (romanization)
winbo (romanization)
ゐんぼ (hiragana historical)

Chinese 韻母／韵母 (yùnmǔ, literally “rime mother”)

Meronyms: 韻尾, 介音, 主母音

Coordinate term: 声母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the rhyme of a Chinese syllable


ルガンダ語

ルガンダ語 (canonical)
Rugandago (romanization)


正人

正人 (canonical)
Masato (romanization)
正人 (canonical)
Masahito (romanization)


忠臣

Compound of 忠 (tada, “right, just, correct”) + 臣 (omi, “vassal, retainer, subject”).


歴史的仮名遣い

ja-noun

歴(れき)史(し)的(てき)仮(か)名(な)遣(づか)い • (rekishiteki kanazukai) ^(←れきしてきかなづかひ (rekisiteki kanadukafi)?)

歴史的仮名遣い (canonical)
rekishiteki kanazukai (romanization)
rekisiteki kanadukafi (romanization)
れきしてきかなづかひ (hiragana historical)

歴史的 (rekishiteki, “historical”) + 仮名遣い (kanazukai, “kana usage”)

compound

"Historical kana usage", a prescriptive method of using kana to write Japanese. Devised in the Edo period by Keichū (契沖) and taught in schools until 1946, it aims to be etymologically faithful and reflects earlier stages of the language (Heian period and earlier).

現代仮名遣い

現代仮名遣 げんだいかなづか


秀行

ja-pos

秀(ひで)行(ゆき) or 秀(しゅう)行(こう) • (Hideyuki or Shūkō)

秀行 (canonical)
秀行 (canonical)
Hideyuki (romanization)
Shūkō (romanization)


栄男

栄(えい)男(お) or 栄(さか)男(お) or 栄(しげ)男(お) or 栄(ひで)男(お) or 栄(よし)男(お) • (Eio or Sakao or Shigeo or Hideo or Yoshio)

栄男 (canonical)
栄男 (canonical)
栄男 (canonical)
栄男 (canonical)
栄男 (canonical)
Eio (romanization)
Sakao (romanization)
Shigeo (romanization)
Hideo (romanization)
Yoshio (romanization)


振る

ja-verb

振(ふ)る • (furu) transitive godan (stem 振(ふ)り (furi), past 振(ふ)った (futta))

振る (canonical)
furu (romanization)
振り (stem)
振った (past)
振ら
ふら
fura
振り
ふり
furi
振る
ふる
furu
振れ
ふれ
fure
振られる (passive)
ふられる (passive)
furareru (passive)
振らせる (causative)
振らす (causative)
ふらせる (causative)
ふらす (causative)
furaseru (causative)
furasu (causative)
振れる (potential)
ふれる (potential)
fureru (potential)
振ろう (volitional)
ふろう (volitional)
furō (volitional)
振らない (negative)
ふらない (negative)
furanai (negative)
振らず (continuative negative)
ふらず (continuative negative)
furazu (continuative negative)
振ります (formal)
ふります (formal)
furimasu (formal)
振った (perfective)
ふった (perfective)
futta (perfective)
振って (conjunctive)
ふって (conjunctive)
futte (conjunctive)
振れば (conditional hypothetical)
ふれば (conditional hypothetical)
fureba (conditional hypothetical)

手を振る

to shake; (of a hand or flag) to wave; (of a tail) to wag; (of a baseball bat) to swing; to move something back and forth in a circular motion


太郎

太郎 (canonical)
Tarō (romanization)
tarau (romanization)
たらう (hiragana historical)

Appears to be a coinage within Japanese from Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 太 (ta, “fat; great”) + 郎 (rō, “boy”).
Initially used as a given name for an eldest son.
Attested since at least the early 900s.

a male given name (particularly for an eldest son)


フリジア語

フリジア語 (canonical)
Furijia-go (romanization)


デンマーク語

デンマーク語 (canonical)
denmākugo (romanization)

[dẽ̞mːa̠ːkɯ̟ɡo̞]


アフガニスタン語

アフガニスタン語 (canonical)
Afuganisutan-Go (romanization)


桃花

桃花 (canonical)
Tōka (romanization)
taukwa (romanization)
たうくわ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese compound 桃花 (daw xwæ). Compare modern Chinese 桃花 (táohuā).


桃花

ja-pos

桃(もも)花(か) • (Momoka) ^(←ももくわ (momokwa)?)

桃花 (canonical)
Momoka (romanization)
momokwa (romanization)
ももくわ (hiragana historical)

A given name. Compound of 桃 (momo, “peach”, kun'yomi) + 花 (ka, “flower”, on'yomi).


アフリカーンス語

アフリカーンス語 (canonical)
Afurikānsu-Go (romanization)


友好

Compound of 友 (tomo, “friend”) + 好 (yoshi, “good”). The 好 kanji used for the yoshi reading is an example of jukujikun.


スコットランド人

スコットランド人 (canonical)
sukottorandojin (romanization)

Scot (a person born in or native to Scotland)


バスク語

バスク語 (canonical)
basukugo (romanization)

From バスク (Basuku, “Basque Country”) + 語 (-go, “language”).


こうぞう

ja-pos

こうぞう • (Kōzō)

(The following entries are uncreated: 行蔵, 更造, 香象.)

ja-see-kango

耕三, 幸三, 厚三, 幸造, 康三, 耕造, 孝蔵, 浩三: a male given name


川柳

ja-pos

川(せん)柳(りゅう) • (Senryū) ^(←せんりう (senriu)?)

川柳 (canonical)
Senryū (romanization)
senriu (romanization)
せんりう (hiragana historical)

/senriu/ → /senriʲuː/ → /senrjuː/
Named after Karai Senryū (1718-1790), its creator.


イタリア人

イタリア人 (canonical)
itariajin (romanization)


ポルトガル人

ポルトガル人 (canonical)
Porutogaru-jin (romanization)


小豆

小豆 (canonical)
Azuki (romanization)
aduki (romanization)
あづき (hiragana historical)

⟨aduki₁⟩ → /adukʲi/ → /ad͡ʑuki/ → /aʑuki/
From Old Japanese. Further derivation unknown.
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun. The characters literally mean “small bean”.
Appears to be identical to Ainu antuki (“azuki bean”), which may be a borrowing. However, the direction of borrowing is uncertain.


ニーノシュク

Borrowed from Norwegian Bokmål nynorsk (“New Norwegian”).


テルグ語

テルグ語 (canonical)
Terugugo (romanization)


春日

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 春 (haru, “spring, springtime”) + 日 (hi, “sun, sunlight, daylight, day”).
Sometimes pronounced with rendaku (連濁), as harubi.


春日

From Old Japanese. The kanji spelling comes from the pillow word 春日(はるひ) (haruhi) used to introduce the place name Kasuga.
Compare 飛鳥 (Asuka).


春日

春日 (canonical)
Kasuka (romanization)
春日 (canonical)
Kazuka (romanization)
春日 (canonical)
Shunnichi (romanization)
春日 (canonical)
Haruka (romanization)
春日 (canonical)
Haruma (romanization)


小鳥

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Utsubo Monogatari

Compound of 小 (ko, “small, little”) + 鳥 (tori, “bird”).
First attested in the Utsubo Monogatari of the late 900s.


鳳凰

鳳凰 (canonical)
Hōō (romanization)
fouwau (romanization)
ほうわう (hiragana historical)

Daijisen
Fenghuang
ja:松村明
ja:鳳凰
ja:鳳凰 (曖昧さ回避)

/pouwau/ → /ɸoːwɔː/ → /hoːɔː/ → /hoːoː/
Borrowing from Chinese 鳳凰／凤凰 (fènghuáng, literally “male fire-bird + female fire-bird”), date of borrowing unknown.


小枝

From 小 (ko, "small," "little") + 枝 (eda, "branch," "twig").


アール

The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.


ひさし

久, 契, 寿, 尚, 恒, 長, 寿司, 久士: a male given name