FBI

ja-pos

FBI(エフビーアイ) or FBI(エフ・ビー・アイ) • (Efubīai or Efu Bī Ai)

FBI (canonical)
FBI (canonical)
Efubīai (romanization)
Efu Bī Ai (romanization)

FBIに聞いたって分かんない
彼女のメッセージ
efubīai ni kītatte wakannai

2020, “るるちゃんの自殺配信 (Ruru-chan no jisatsu haishin) [Ruru-chan's Suicide Livestream]”, in の子 (Noko) (lyrics), 児童カルテ (Jidō karute), performed by 神聖かまってちゃん (Shinsei Kamatte-chan) [Shinsei Kamattechan]

You won't get her message
even if you ask the FBI

連邦捜査局 連邦捜査局#Japanese

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation

Synonym of 連邦捜査局 (Renpō Sōsakyoku, “Federal Bureau of Investigation”); the FBI


ソ連

Compare Chinese 蘇聯／苏联 (Sūlián), Korean 소련(蘇聯) (Soryeon), Vietnamese Liên Xô.
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

ソ連が崩壊して東西冷戦は終わったんだ

1999 September 16, Motohiro Katou, “ヤコブの階段 [Jacob’s Ladder]”, in [Ｑ.](キュー)[Ｅ.](イー)[Ｄ.](ディー) [証](しょう)[明](めい)[終](しゅう)[了](りょう) [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 90

The Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended.

Soren ga hōkai shite Tōzai Reisen wa owatta n da

ソビエト連邦 ソビエト連邦#Japanese

Clipping of ソビエト連邦 (Sobieto Renpō, “Soviet Union (a former country)”).


アフリカ

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɾʲika̠]

アメリカ

北アメリカ (Kita Amerika; ), 南アメリカ (Minami Amerika, )


アジア

From Chinese 亞細亞／亚细亚 (Yàxìyà), in turn from Latin Asia. Pronunciation was probably influenced by Dutch Azië.


イギリス

From Portuguese inglês (“English”, adjective). Compare English English (adjective), Mandarin 英吉利 (Yīngjílì, “England”).

グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Kita Airurando Rengō Ōkoku

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland


アメリカ

Amerigo Vespucci
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:アメリカ
ja:アメリカ州
ja:松村明

Borrowed from English America, from New Latin America f, feminine form of Americus m, Latinized form of the given name of Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512), an Italian explorer.

アメリカ大陸

the Americas, specifically the continent

その度にアメリカが出てって爆弾落とせってのか？
Sono tabi ni Amerika ga dete tte bakudan otose tte no ka?
You think America should butt in and go drop some bombs every time?
当たり前さ‼それが〝世界の警察〟たるアメリカの役目だろ‼
Atarimae sa‼ Sore ga〝sekai no keisatsu〟taru Amerika no yakume daro‼

1999 September 16, Motohiro Katou, “ヤコブの階段 (Yakobu no Kaidan) [Jacob’s Ladder]”, in Q.E.D. 証明終了 (Kyū Ī Dī Shōmei Shūryō) [Q.E.D. (manga)], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 90

Well, duh!! America is the "world police" after all!!

United States of America
United States of America#English

America, United States of America (a country in North America)


愛

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).
Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

(US) Short for 愛州 (“Idaho (a state of the United States)”).


メイン

メイン州


USA

[jɯ̟ː e̞sɨ e̞ː]


東京

ja-pos

東(とう)京(きょう) • (Tōkyō) ^(←とうきやう (toukyau)?)

東京 (canonical)
Tōkyō (romanization)
toukyau (romanization)
とうきやう (hiragana historical)

→ Dutch: Tokio

→ English: Tokyo

→ Finnish: Tokio

→ French: Tokyo

→ German: Tokio

→ Khmer: តូក្យូ (toukyou)

→ Korean: 동경 (Donggyeong)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Tokyo

→ Portuguese: Tóquio

→ Russian: То́кио (Tókio)

→ Spanish: Tokio

→ Vietnamese: Đông Kinh

/tou kʲau/ → /toːkʲɔː/ → /toːkʲoː/
Compound of Middle Chinese-derived elements 東 (tō, “east, eastern”) + 京 (kyō, “capital”).
The city of Tokyo was renamed from 江戸 (Edo) in 1868 after Emperor Meiji moved the capital from Kyoto.

com

昨日、東京は曇りでしたか。

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan, consisting of 23 special wards)


中国

From Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”). Compare modern Cantonese 中國／中国 (zung¹ gwok³). Attested from at least the 12th century.

ltc-l

造り奉れる体を見るに、中國には不似ず、面[めう]胡国に似たり。
Tsukuri matsureru sugata o miru ni, Chūgoku ni wa fu-nizu, men[meu] kokoku ni nitari.

c. 1120, Konjaku monogatari shū [Tales of Times Now Past], scroll 6

Judging from the appearance [of the statue], it is not unlike those in China, though the face resembles the northern nations.

(historical or contemporary) any of several kingdoms, empires, or states of the Chinese people

クニ？クニってなあに。
Kuni? Kuni tte nāni.
Country? What’s a country?
アメリカとか中国とかいろいろあるじゃない。

1998 November 30 [1990 November 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太とアニマル惑星 [Nobita and the Animal Planet] (大長編ドラえもん; 10), 22nd edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, page 27

You know, countries. There are a bunch of them like America and China.

Amerika toka Chūgoku toka iroiro aru ja nai.

中華人民共和国 中華人民共和国#Japanese

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(especially in contemporary usage) short for 中華人民共和国 (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku), the People's Republic of China


中国人

中国人 (canonical)
Chūgokujin (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ʑĩɴ]


円

円 (canonical)
en (romanization)
wen (romanization)
ゑん (hiragana historical)

/wen/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 圓 (MC zjwen|hjwen), with the original sense of "circle, roundness".
The yen sense came much later in the Meiji period, from Chinese 圓／圆 (yuán), itself from 銀圓／银圆 (yínyuán, “round silver object(s), especially a piece of eight”). Compare Chinese 元 (yuán, “yuan”) and Korean 원 (won, “Korean won”). Doublet of 元 (gen, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), ユアン (yuan, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), and ウォン (won, “won (Korean currency)”).
The yen became the official currency of Japan in 1871, succeeding the 両 (ryō) and the 文 (mon).


亜

Used as a phonetic element in transliterations, especially:

Short for アジア／亜細亜 (Ajia, “Asia (a continent)”).


京

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)

京人形

京人形 きょうにんぎょう

平城京

平城京 へいじょうきょう


伯

Short for ブラジル／伯剌西爾 (Burajiru, “Brazil (a country)”).


加

(US) Short for 加州 (“California (a state of the United States)”).


墺

独墺同盟 (dokuō dōmei)

独墺同盟 どくおうどうめい

オーストリア オーストリア#Japanese

Short for オーストリア／墺太利 (Ōsutoria, “Austria (a country)”).


央

央 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

(US) Short for 央州 (“Oregon (a state of the United States)”).


和

Empress Genmei
Muromachi period
Wa (Japanese)
ja:和

From Middle Chinese 和 (MC hwa, “harmonious”).
The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715 CE), as this character 和(わ) (Wa) was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭(わ) (Wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan (see the etymology at 大和(やまと) (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the go'on reading of Wa became more common.

和露辞典

和食

和室

a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors

和映画


崖

Derivation unclear. First attested in the late 1100s.
Modern references either omit this reading entirely or provide no pitch accent information for this reading, suggesting that it might be archaic or even obsolete in modern usage.

(archaic, possibly obsolete) a steep area on a mountainside, a cliff


島

/sima/ → /ɕima/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *sima.
Possibly related to Baekje 斯麻 (*syema, “island”) and Middle Korean 셤 (syem), whence modern Korean 섬 (seom, “island”).


島

島 (canonical)
tō (romanization)
tau (romanization)
たう (hiragana historical)

/tau/ → /tɔː/ → /toː/
From Middle Chinese 島 (MC tawX).


布

From Middle Chinese 布 (MC puH).
;“Hawaii”
Short form of ateji (当て字) spelling 布哇.

(US) Short for ハワイ (“Hawaii (a state and former kingdom in the United States)”).


桑

桑 (canonical)
sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

(US) Short for 桑港 (“San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).


浜

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pama. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

captured pieces in Go (this term is usually written in kana)


橘

橘 (canonical)
橘 (canonical)
tachibana (romanization)

Emperor Suinin
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Tajimamori
ja:垂仁天皇
ja:田道間守

From Old Japanese 橘 (tatibana). First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
According to the Nihon Shoki in a section describing the 90th year of the reign of the legendary 垂仁天皇 (Suinin Tennō, “Emperor Suinin”, traditionally regarded as living from 69 BCE – 70 CE and reigning from 29 BCE – 70 CE), a legendary figure named 田道間守 (Tajimamori) was tasked with bringing back from the heavens a 非時香菓 (tokijiku no kagu no konomi, literally, “timeless fragrant tree-fruit”; the same incident is also included in the Kojiki). This is often interpreted to be a reference to tachibana, but the text itself is not specific.
A surface analysis suggests that this is a compound of 立ち (tachi, “standing”, from verb 立つ (tatsu, “to stand”)) + 花 (hana, “flower”).
Shortened to tachi for some compounds.

compound

from verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">立つ</i> (tatsu, “to stand”)

江南の橘江北の枳となる

Kōnan no tachibana Kōhoku no karatachi to naru

Citrus tachibana, a species of wild, green, inedible citrus fruit native to Japan


浦

浦 (canonical)
ura (romanization)
うら (hiragana historical)


沼

From Old Japanese. Root of the Old Japanese verb ぬる (nuru, “to become loose; to become wet”) and modern Japanese 濡れる (nureru, “to become wet”), adverb ぬるぬる (nurunuru, “loosely; lukewarmly; oozingly”).
May be cognate with Korean 늪 (neup, “swamp, bog, marsh”), Ainu nup (“flat land, plain; fen”), Mongolian нам (nam, “low-lying”), намаг (namag, “swamp, bog, marsh”), норох (norox, “to become wet”).
Generally only used in compounds in modern Japanese.


沼

Appears to be a compound of 沼 (nu, “swamp”) + 間 (ma, “space, area”).

(slang) inescapable pit of addiction to games, etc.


沼

沼 (canonical)
shō (romanization)
seu (romanization)
せう (hiragana historical)

/seu/ → /ɕeu/ → /ɕʲoː/
From Middle Chinese 沼 (tsyew^X, “swamp”). Compare modern Mandarin 沼 (zhǎo).
Only ever used in compounds.


桜

桜 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

/au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 櫻 (MC 'eang).

サクラメント サクラメント#Japanese

(US) Short for サクラメント／桜府 (Sakuramento, “Sacramento (a city in California, United States)”).


泉

泉 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
idumi (romanization)
いづみ (hiragana historical)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Man'yōshū
Yotsugana
ja:松村明

/idumi/ → /id͡zumi/ → (for most modern Japanese dialects; see also Yotsugana) /izumi/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Compound of 出づ (ancient reading idu, modern izu, “to come out”) + 水 (mi, “water”).


池

古池や蛙飛び込む水の音

The old pond; A frog jumps in — The sound of the water.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


池

/tʲie/ → /ti/ → /t͡ɕi/
From Middle Chinese 池 (MC drje).
Used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ti⟩ in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).


江

江 (canonical)
Kō (romanization)
kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)

/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 江 (MC kaewng).
The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.


濠

(abbreviation) Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as its precursor colony in the British Empire)


湖

湖 (canonical)
mizuumi (romanization)
miduumi (romanization)
みづうみ (hiragana historical)


港

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyūjitai
Kōjien
Nihon Shoki
Shinjitai
Shinmura Izuru
ja:港

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720. Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *minato.
The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of 水 (mi-, “water”) + な (na, assimilated apophonic form of の (no, “genitive case marker”)) + 門 (to, “gate”).
* However, this does not correlate cleanly with the etymology of 水 (mizu, “water”), reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *mentu (“water”). Then again, there are numerous attested words where 水 (mi) is used as the first and last element in compounds, suggesting either that the derivation of 水 (mizu) might differ.
Vovin, on the other hand suggests that the initial mi- was 御 (mi-, “honorific prefix”), while -na- meant "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”). Compare 涙 (namida, “tears”), 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), 漬く (nazuku, “soak in water”, obsolete).
* However, this may present semantic difficulties, as any native formation like namida that proposes "water" for the initial nam and "eye" for a following component reverses the usual word-formation pattern for Japanese, where the main or head noun comes last. In addition, the na element appears in other words with no relation to "water", as an assimilated apophonic form of genitive particle の (no), seen in terms such as 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, literally “hand's heart/center”), 眼間 (manakai, “where the lines of sight of the eyes converge”, literally “eyes' exchanging/crossing”).

com

assimilated apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">の</i> (no, “genitive case marker”)

もみぢ葉の流れてとまる水門には紅深き波や立つらむ

905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 5, poem 293)

At the end of the river gate where there are autumn leaves, there are deep red waves! I shall stop...

momiji ba no nagarete tomaru minato niha kurenai fukaki nami ya tatsuramu

a sluice; a section of a river to let water in and out


河

河 (canonical)
河 (canonical)
hō (romanization)

From Chinese 河 (hé). The pronunciation is most similar to Cantonese /hɔː²¹/, although most Japanese mahjong terminology is taken from early 20th Century Mandarin.

(mahjong) river: a player's discard pile


溝

ja-pos

溝(こう) • (kō)

[from 17th c.] a hundred nonillion, equivalent to 10³²


溝

溝にはまる

大きな溝がある。

夫婦間の溝が深まる。

The gap between the husband and the wife widens [deepens].

gap between different opinions or emotions; disagreement


独

独 (canonical)
doku (romanization)
どく (hiragana historical)

1947, Ango Sakaguchi, 『二十七歳』
独探のケンギを受けて、大正五年だかに国外退去を命じられたという。
Dokutan no kengi o ukete, taishō gonen daka ni kokugai taikyo o meijirareta to iu.
[He was] accused of being a German spy and was officially deported in some time around 1916, as the story goes.

大正五年 たいしょうごねん

国外退去 こくがいたいきょ

Short for ドイツ／独逸 (Doitsu, “Germany (a country)”).


洋

洋 (canonical)
yō (romanization)
yau (romanization)
やう (hiragana historical)

/jɨau/ → /jɔː/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang). Compare modern Mandarin 洋 (yáng).

(by extension, from the sense of across the ocean) the East (Orient) or especially the West (Occident)


洋

洋 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)
yau (romanization)
やう (hiragana historical)


洋

Nominalization of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).


海

⟨umi₁⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/
From Old Japanese, theorized as descending from Proto-Japonic *omi.
Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Shift from 大 (ō-, “big, great”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form).
: This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
* From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”), and in the 海 (una) element in various ancient terms (see below).


王

王 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
wau (romanization)
わう (hiragana historical)

/wau/ → /wɔː/ → */woː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 王 (MC hjwang).

越王勾践 ― Etsuō Kōsen ― King Goujian of Yue

a king, especially one who is not East Asian or was East Asian in pre-imperial times; in China and Vietnam, generally a king before Qin Shi Huangdi who invented the title 皇帝 (kōtei, “huangdi; emperor”); in Korea, one of the many kings before the Korean Empire which was modeled after Japan's; in Japan, one of the rulers before Emperor Jinmu


羅

(US) Short for 羅府 (“Los Angeles (a city in California, United States)”).


葡

ポルトガル ポルトガル#Japanese

Short for ポルトガル／葡萄牙 (“Portugal (a country in Europe)”).


聖

(Brazil) Short for 聖州 (“São Paulo (a state of Brazil)”). or Short for 聖市 (“São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)”).


日本

→ Translingual: nihonium

→ Japanese: ニホニウム

Daijirin
Emperor Yang of Sui
Heian period
Japanese missions to Sui China
Names of Japan
Prince Shōtoku
ja:日本

/nitɨpoɴ/ → /nip̚poɴ/ → /niɸoɴ/ → /nihoɴ/
Coined in Japan of Sinic elements, as compound of 日 (nichi, “sun”) + 本 (hon, “origin”) and literally meaning "origin of the sun". The hon element was apparently pronounced /poɴ/ when first coined. Over time, the initial /p/ lenited, becoming /ɸ/ as shown in the Nifon entry in the 1603 Nippo Jisho ("Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary"). This then became the /h/ sound in modern Japanese.
In older texts, this was read as kun'yomi as 日の本 (Hinomoto). The on'yomi readings Nippon and Nihon became more common in the Heian period, with both persisting into modern use. The Nihon reading appears to be the most common in everyday Japanese usage.
This may be related to the famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:
:
日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云 [Classical Chinese, trad.]日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
rì chū chù tiānzǐ zhìshū rì méi chù tiānzǐ wúyàng yúnyún [Pinyin]
...the son of heaven of the land of the rising sun sends a letter to the son of heaven of the place where the sun sets, for good health and so on.
日出處／日出处 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處／日没处 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China.

lang

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

zh-x

日 出 處 天子 致書 日 沒 處 天子 無恙 云云

Short for 日本国 (Nihon-koku): Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


ハワイ

ハワイ州

Hawaii (an archipelago and state of the United States)


鮮

鮮 (canonical)
sen (romanization)
せん (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 鮮 (MC sjen|sjenX|sjenH).

全鮮

内鮮一体


韓国

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

Shortened from 大韓民国(だいかんみんこく) (Daikan Minkoku, “Republic of Korea”), from Korean 대한민국 (Daehanmin'guk). The archaic sense may be from 大韓帝國(だいかんていこく) (Daikan Teikoku, “Korean Empire”).


ベトナム

Borrowed from English Vietnam, from Vietnamese Việt Nam.


濠太剌利

ja-pos

濠太剌利(オーストラリア) • (Ōsutoraria)

濠太剌利 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria (romanization)

オーストラリア オーストラリア#Japanese

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as its precursor colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


豪州

豪(ごう)州(しゅう) • (Gōshū)

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア


オーストラリア

[o̞ːsɨ̥to̞ɾa̠ɾʲia̠]

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア


シドニー

ja:シドニー (曖昧さ回避)

Sydney (a major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia)

Sydney (a seaport and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada)


北京

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:北京

Borrowed from English Peking, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).

der

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


インドネシア

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


沖縄

ja-pos

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (Okinawa) ^(←おきなは (okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
Okinawa (romanization)
okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Battle of Okinawa
Okinawa
Okinawa Island
Okinawan language
ja:沖縄

Compound of Old Japanese elements 沖(おき) (oki, “offshore, at sea”) + 縄(なわ) (nawa, “rope”), in reference to the string of islands.

沖縄諸島

沖縄諸島 おきなわしょとう

[...] 十六日發、廿一日戊午、第一第二兩舟同至阿児奈波嶋在多禰島南西第三舟作夜已泊同處十二月六日南風起第一舟著石不動第二舟發向多禰去七日至益救嶋[...]

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

さつまがたとは惣名也、きかいは十二の島なれば、くち五島は日本へ随へり、おく七しまはいまだ我朝に従はずといへり、白石、、あこしき、くろ島、いわうが島、あせ納、あ世波、やくの島とて、ゑらぶ、おきなは、きかいが島といへり

the main island in the Okinawa Islands: Okinawa Island

a group of islands known as the Okinawa Islands

the southern-most Japanese prefecture: Okinawa Prefecture


神社

神社 (canonical)
jinja (romanization)
zinzya (romanization)
じんじや (hiragana historical)

→ English: jinja

[d͡ʑĩɲ̟d͡ʑa̠]


神社

ja-noun

神(かみ)社(やしろ) or 神(かむ)社(やしろ) • (kamiyashiro or kamuyashiro)

神社 (canonical)
神社 (canonical)
kamiyashiro (romanization)
kamuyashiro (romanization)

椿大神社


神社

神社 (canonical)
Kamiyashiro (romanization)

a town in Watarai District, Mie Prefecture


ローマ

ja-pos

ローマ • (Rōma)

From Italian Roma, possibly via Portuguese Roma.

ja:ローマ (曖昧さ回避)


アラブ首長国連邦

アラブ しゅちょうこく れんぽう

アラブ首(しゅ)長(ちょう)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō)

アラブ首長国連邦 (canonical)
Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠bɯ̟ ɕɨ̥t͡ɕo̞ːko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

アラブ (Arabu, “Arab”) + 首長国 (shuchōkoku, “emirate”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”)

af

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


アイスランド

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド

Kore Yamazaki, “第3篇 The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead. [Composition 3: The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead.]”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 98

Iceland, a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean.


韓国語

韓国語 (canonical)
kankokugo (romanization)

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

韓国 (Kankoku, “South Korea or just Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”), from South Korean 한국어 (han'gugeo)

suf

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第131局 試される伊角 [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, page 56

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


スペイン

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


フランス

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

Either directly borrowed from French France, or indirectly from English France.

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:フランス
ja:松村明


モスクワ

[mo̞sɨ̥kɯ̟β̞a̠]

From Russian Москва́ (Moskvá). Doublet of モスコー (Mosukō).

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


ASEAN

東南アジア諸国連合 東南アジア諸国連合#Japanese

Synonym of 東南アジア諸国連合 (Tōnan Ajia Shokoku Rengō, “Association of Southeast Asian Nations”); the ASEAN


幕府

[ba̠kɯ̟̊ɸɯ̟]

From Middle Chinese 幕府 (MC mak pjuX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.
Originally referred to the tents or encampment of the commanders of a military force in the field. This then extended to refer to the command structure, and then to the form of government under a shōgun.

(historical) the tents or encampment of the commanders of a military force in the field


将軍

ja-noun

将(しょう)軍(ぐん) • (shōgun) ^(←しやうぐん (syaugun)?)

将軍 (canonical)
shōgun (romanization)
syaugun (romanization)
しやうぐん (hiragana historical)

→ Danish: shogun c

→ English: shogun

→ French: shogun m

→ Indonesian: syogun

→ Italian: shogun m

→ Polish: siogun m, szogun, shogun

→ Portuguese: xogum

/sʲaːᵑ kun/ → /ɕauɡun/ → /ɕɔːɡun/ → /ɕoːɡun/
From Middle Chinese compound 將軍 (MC tsjang kjun). Compare modern Min Nan 將軍／将军 (chiong-kun), Eastern Min 將軍／将军 (ciŏng-gŭng).
The “shogun” sense is originally short for 征夷大将軍 (seii taishōgun, literally “commander in chief of the expeditionary force to expel barbarians”).

*The abbreviations are only used as a typographical convention. They are pronounced the same as their full names.

(military, historical) a shogun, supreme generalissimo of feudal Japan


タイ

Ultimately from Thai ไทย (tai). The kanji is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 泰 (tài).


日本人

ja-noun

日(に)本(ほん)人(じん) or 日(にっ)本(ぽん)人(じん) • (nihonjin or nipponjin)

日本人 (canonical)
日本人 (canonical)
nihonjin (romanization)
nipponjin (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]


西欧

Compound of 西(せい) (sei, “west; western”) + 欧(おう) (ō, “Europe”).

ja-compound

Western Europe (a geographical region of Europe)


ハム

ja:ハム (ヴェストファーレン)
ja:ハム (曖昧さ回避)


越南

ja-pos

越(えつ)南(なん) • (Etsunan) ^(←ゑつなん (Wetunan)?)

越南 (canonical)
Etsunan (romanization)
Wetunan (romanization)
ゑつなん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 越南 (Yuènán).
For the further etymology of the name of the country, see Vietnam#Etymology.

obor

Synonym of ベトナム (Betonamu): Vietnam (a country in Southeast Asia)


アウトバーン

ja-noun

アウトバーン • (autobān)

高速道路

高速道路 こうそくどうろ


ギリシャ

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


ギリシア

[ɡʲiɾʲiɕia̠]

アン子。きみがみせたふしぎな力はね…。きみのおかあさんの家系に、遠い昔から代だい受けつがれてきた血すじによるものだ。御先祖は、ギリシアのテッサリア地方の出らしい。18世紀にアメリカのサレムに移住している。この家系は、………つまりなんというか………。ゆいしょ正しい魔女の名門なんだよ。

1988 July 30 [1985 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “アン子 大いに怒る （赤毛のアン子 改題） [When Anko Really Gets Mad (originally titled Redheaded Anko)]”, in 宇宙船製造法 [How to Build a Spaceship] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 3), 6th edition, volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, page 71

Anko. As for the mysterious power you displayed…. It’s of a kind that has been running in your mother’s bloodline for generations since ancient times. Your ancestors seem to have come from Thessaly, Greece. They immigrated to Salem, America in the 18th century. That bloodline… basically it was…. A noted line of true witches.

Anko. Kimi ga miseta fushigi na chikara wa ne…. Kimi no okāsan no kakei ni, tōi mukashi kara daidai uketsugarete kita chisuji ni yoru mono da. Go-senzo wa, Girishia no Tessaria chihō no de rashii. Jūhasseiki ni Amerika no Saremu ni ijū shite iru. Kono kakei wa,………tsumari nan to iu ka………. Yuisho tadashii majo no meimon na n da yo.

Alternative form of ギリシャ (Girisha): Greece (a country in Southeast Europe)


香港

From English Hong Kong, ultimately from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²).

中華人民共和国香港特別行政区

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Hon Kon Tokubetsu Gyōseiku


寿司

Daijirin Daijisen Shōgakukan Sushi Tōkyō ja:寿司 ja:松村明

From 酸し (sushi, “sour”), the archaic し (shi) terminal-form conjugation of modern 酸い (sui, “sour”).
Originally, sushi was a form of fish that had been salted and fermented for preservation without refrigeration. The fish was sometimes packed with rice or rice mixed with vinegar in order to speed the fermentation process. In the Edo period, this was also known as hayazushi (早鮨, 早鮓) when packed in layers, pressed, and fermented for just one night. Something similar is still prepared today as narezushi (馴鮨, 熟鮨) that relies on fermentation with no added vinegar.
The kanji are an example of ateji (当て字).

sushi: vinegared rice served with fish or vegetables, etc.

押し寿司

soft-pressed sushi topped with ingredients


地下

地下２階


アイルランド

[a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞]


スリランカ

From English Sri Lanka, from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකා (śrī laṁkā).

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)

スリランカ民主社会主義共和国

Suri Ranka Minshu Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku


スウェーデン

ja-pos

スウェーデン • (Suwēden)

[sɨβ̞e̞ːdẽ̞ɴ]

スウェーデンのストックホルム出身です

2015 March 6, Åsa Ekström, “自己紹介 [Self-Introduction]”, in 北欧女子オーサが見つけた日本の不思議 [Nordic Girl Åsa discovers the Mysteries of Japan] (北欧女子オーサ; 1) (fiction), Tokyo: Media Factory, page 2

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:スウェーデン
ja:松村明


アイルランド語

アイルランド語 (canonical)
airurandogo (romanization)

[a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞ɡo̞]

アイルランド (airurando, “Ireland”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


火山

From Middle Chinese 火山 (huɑ^X ʃˠɛn, literally “flaming mountain”).

der

火山の近くに生息する草。花から火炎を吹き攻撃する。

1999 February 4, “火炎草 [Fire Grass]”, in Vol.1, Konami

A grass that grows near volcanoes. It breathes fire from its flowers.

Kazan no chikaku ni seisoku suru kusa. Hana kara kaen o fuki kōgeki suru.


ユーロ

ja-noun

ユーロ • (yūro)

euro (currency unit of the European Monetary Union)


台湾

Borrowed from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Compare Dutch Tayouan, Mandarin 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān).


ドイツ

→ English: Doitsu

→ Korean: 독일 (dogil)

Listed in some sources as deriving from Dutch Duits (“German”, adjective, noun). Listed in others as a corruption of German deutsch (“German”, adjective) or Deutsch (“German”, noun). Considering the history of cultural contact (and the final ツ rather than チ), the Dutch derivation is more likely.

lang

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

いろいろと考えたのですが 実は 私 由太郎を連れて独逸へ行く事に決めました
Iroiro to kangaeta no desu ga jitsu wa watashi Yutarō o tsurete Doitsu e iku koto ni kimemashita
I've thought it over carefully, and I’ve decided to go to Germany with Yutarō.
独逸⁉
Doitsu⁉
Germany!?
独逸は 今 世界で一番医学が進んだ国です そこで 治療に専念すればあるいは…と思いまして

1996 February 25 [1995 August 9], Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第四十四幕 「心配無用」 [Act 44: “Nothing to Worry About”]”, in るろうに剣心 —明治剣客浪漫譚— [Rurōni Kenshin: Ballad of a Meiji Swordsroamer], 3rd edition, volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, pages 95–96

Germany is currently the leading nation in medicine, so I thought if he received treatment there, then maybe...

Doitsu wa ima sekai de ichiban igaku ga susunda kuni desu Soko de chiryō ni sennen sureba arui wa…to omoimashite

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Encyclopedia Nipponica
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Shogakukan
Tōkyō
ja:ドイツ
ja:松村明

ドイツ民主共和国

Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku, former East Germany

民主共和国 みんしゅきょうわこく

ドイツ連邦共和国

連邦共和国 れんぽうきょうわこく


スペイン人

スペイン人 (canonical)
Supein-jin (romanization)

[sɨ̥pe̞ĩɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

スペイン (“Spain”) + 人 (-jin, “citizen; native”)


ドイツ民主共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ みんしゅ きょうわこく

ドイツ民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ民主共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”), a calque of German Deutsche Demokratische Republik.

cal

German Democratic Republic
German Democratic Republic

(history) the German Democratic Republic


ドイツ連邦共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ れんぽう きょうわこく

ドイツ連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ連邦共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Calque of German Bundesrepublik Deutschland, equivalent to ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Republic of Germany

(history) the Federal Republic of Germany (official name of former West Germany)


大陸

大陸斜面

大陸斜面 たいりくしゃめん

大陸移動

大陸移動 たいりくいどう

大陸国家

大陸国家 たいりくこっか

大陸横断鉄道

大陸横断鉄道 たいりくおうだんてつどう

アフリカ大陸


孟子

孟子 (canonical)
Mōshi (romanization)
mausi (romanization)
まうし (hiragana historical)

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics


吉林

Jilin (a province in northeastern China; capital: Changchun)


台北

From Mandarin 臺北／台北 (Táiběi), possibly via English Taipei.


台北

台北 (canonical)
台北 (canonical)
Taihoku (romanization)

→ Bunun: Taihuku

→ English: Taihoku, Daihoku

→ Kanakanabu: Taihuku

→ Saisiyat: tayhoko'

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 臺北／台北 (Táiběi).

zh-l

臺北／台北 (Táiběi)


エリトリア

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


仏蘭西

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

Dated spelling of フランス.: France (a country in Western Europe)


万里の長城

ja-pos

^ばんり の ^ちょうじょう

万(ばん)里(り)の長(ちょう)城(じょう) • (Banri no Chōjō) ^(←ばんりのちやうじやう (banrinotyauzyau)?)

万里の長城 (canonical)
Banri no Chōjō (romanization)
banrinotyauzyau (romanization)
ばんりのちやうじやう (hiragana historical)

万里 (banri, “ten thousand miles; incredibly long”) + の (no, attributive marker) + 長城 (chōjō, “long castle”), calque of Chinese 萬里長城／万里长城 (Wànlǐ Chángchéng)


琵琶湖

琵琶湖は、日本で最も大きい湖です。

Biwako wa, Nihon de mottomo ōkii mizuumi desu.


ケルン

From German Köln. Doublet of コロン (koron), コローニュ (Korōnyu), and コローニェ (Korōnye).

doublet

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


弥生

弥生 (canonical)
Yayoi (romanization)
yayofi (romanization)
やよひ (hiragana historical)

/ijaopi/ → /ijaofi/ → */jaofi/ → /jajofi/ → /jajowi/ → /jajoi/
Shift from iyaoi below.

三月に生まれた私が「弥生」だから 五月に生まれたあなたは「さつき」にしようって———
Sangatsu ni umareta watashi ga “Yayoi” da kara Gogatsu ni umareta anata wa “Satsuki” ni shiyōtte———

1997 October 17, Seimaru Amagi with Kanari, Yozaburo and Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル18 魔神遺跡殺人事件⑪ [File 18: The Demonic Ruins Murder Case ⑪]”, in 金田一少年の事件簿 [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 26 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 105

I’m “Yayoi” because I was born in March. We named you “Satsuki” because you were born in May


ロンドン

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)

London (a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada)


パリ

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


朝鮮

ja-pos

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (teusen)?)

朝鮮 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

From Chinese 朝鮮／朝鲜.
/teusen/ > /tjoːsen/, [tɕoːsen]

Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)


胡志明

[ho̞ː t͡ɕi mʲĩɴ]


抹茶

ja-noun

抹(まっ)茶(ちゃ) • (matcha) ^(←まつちや (matutya)?)

抹茶 (canonical)
matcha (romanization)
matutya (romanization)
まつちや (hiragana historical)

From 抹(まつ) (matsu, “to rub”) + 茶(ちゃ) (cha, “tea”).

ja-compound

A Japanese powder made from specially treated green tea leaves for use in 茶道 (sadō) (Japanese tea ceremony)

powder of matcha (also spelled as maccha).

The Japanese green tea made from mixing hot water with this powder.


寧波

ja-pos

寧(ねい)波(は) or 寧波(ニンポー) • (Neiha or Ninpō)

寧波 (canonical)
寧波 (canonical)
Neiha (romanization)
Ninpō (romanization)

Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


砂漠

From Middle Chinese /*ʂamɑk̚/ > Japanese /*sabaku/.


広東

Borrowed from English Canton (“Guangzhou; Guangdong”). The kanji is from Chinese 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng).


広東

広(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)


九州

九(きゅう)州(しゅう) • (Kyūshū) ^(←きうしう (kiusiu)?)

九州 (canonical)
kiusiu (romanization)
きうしう (hiragana historical)

Russian: Кюсю́ m (Kjusjú)

Kyushu, the third largest island of Japan. The southernmost before Okinawa, it is (usually) composed of the seven prefectures of Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Ōita, Miyazaki, and Kagoshima.


東亜

東亜 (canonical)
Tōa (romanization)
Toua (romanization)
とうあ (hiragana historical)

大東亜共栄圏

(possibly obsolete) East Asia (a region of Asia)


武士道

ja-noun

武(ぶ)士(し)道(どう) • (bushidō) ^(←ぶしだう (busidau)?)

武士道 (canonical)
bushidō (romanization)
busidau (romanization)
ぶしだう (hiragana historical)

→ Cantonese: 武士道 (mou5 si6 dou6)

→ English: bushido

→ French: bushido

→ German: Bushido

→ Hokkien: 武士道 (bú-sū-tō)

→ Malay: busudo

→ Italian: bushido

→ Korean: 무사도 (musado)

→ Malay: bushido, busyido

Indonesian: bushido

→ Mandarin: 武士道 (wǔshìdào)

→ Portuguese: bushido

→ Russian: бусидо (busido)

→ Spanish: bushido

→ Vietnamese: võ sĩ đạo

武士 (bushi, “warrior; samurai”) + 道 (-dō, “way; path”)

suf

武士道との結びつきは、名誉を汚されし者達をいつか戻すであろう。我はそれを待つ。
Bushidō to no musubitsuki wa, meiyo o yogosareshi monotachi o itsuka modosu de arō. Ware wa sore o matsu.

2005 February 4, “笑む猫、憲太郎 [Kentarō, the Smiling Cat]”, in 神河謀叛 [Betrayal of Kamigawa], Wizards of the Coast

The bonds of bushidō will draw the dishonored back someday, and I will be there waiting.


アドリア海

アドリア海 (canonical)
Adoria Kai (romanization)


バルト海

バルト海 (canonical)
Barutokai (romanization)


ベーリング海

ベーリング海 (canonical)
Bēringukai (romanization)


ベンガル湾

ベンガル湾 (canonical)
Bengaruwan (romanization)


アイリッシュ海

アイリッシュ海 (canonical)
Airisshu Kai (romanization)


バハマ

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


カナリア諸島

カナリア諸島 (canonical)
Kanaria Shotō (romanization)

autonomous community
autonomous community

Canary Islands (an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain)


黒海

ja-pos

黒(こっ)海(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくかい (Kokukai)?)

黒海 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
Kokukai (romanization)
こくかい (hiragana historical)


マン島

Isle of Man (an island and Crown dependency of the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea)


カスピ海

カスピ海 (canonical)
Kasupi-Kai (romanization)


イースター島

イースター島(とう) • (Īsutā-tō)

イースター島 (canonical)
Īsutā-tō (romanization)

Calque of English Easter Island, equivalent to イースター (Īsutā, “Easter”) + 島 (-tō, “island”)

suf

イースター島に存在する石像。口から丸いレーザーをはく。

2004 December 9, “イースター島のモアイ [Moai of Easter Island]”, in BEGINNER'S EDITION 2, Konami

Stone statues on Easter Island. They can shoot cylindrical laser beams out of their mouths.

Īsutā-tō ni sonzai suru sekizō. Kuchi kara marui rēzā o haku.


インド洋

Indian Ocean (the ocean separating Africa, southern Asia, Australia and Antarctica)


マルタ

Malta (an island country in Southern Europe)

Malta (The largest island in the Maltese Archipelago)


シチリア

Sicily (The largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, an autonomous region of Italy, close to Africa and separated from Tunisia and Libya by the Strait of Sicily)


イナリ湖

イナリ湖 (canonical)
Inari-Ko (romanization)


スラウェシ島

スラウェシ島 (canonical)
Suraweshitō (romanization)

[sɨɾa̠β̞e̞ɕito̞ː]


米国

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nippo Jisho
Shinmura Izuru
ja:日葡辞書
米国

Appears to be a coinage in Japanese of Middle Chinese derived elements, as a compound of 米 (bei, “rice”) + 國 (koku, “country”).
First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the 日葡辞書 (Nippo Jisho, “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”, formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”). The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.
By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.
The "America" sense is cited first in 1869.
* This is often explained as using the 米 (“rice”) character as a shortening of the phonetic kanji spelling 亜米利加 (Amerika, “America”), purportedly as used in the 1854 Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity.
* However, the Japanese text of the treaty does not actually include this spelling, rendering this instead as either 米利堅 (Meriken, apparent clipping of “American”) or 亞墨利加 (Amerika).
* Considering that 米利堅 (Meriken) was a common form of the country name from the time of the 1854 treaty up through the early 1900s, this seems the more likely source of the 米 character.

United States of America (a country in North America)


キューバ

ja-pos

キューバ • (Kyūba)

キューバ, 玖馬: Cuba (a country and island in North America)


ピトケアン諸島

ピトケアン諸島 (canonical)
Pitokean Shotō (romanization)

Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands#English

Pitcairn Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the southern Pacific Ocean)


キリバス

From English Kiribati, from Gilbertese Kiribati, from English Gilberts.

Kiribati (A country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania)


ヨーロッパ

Yōroppa (romanization)
eurotupa (romanization)
エウロツパ (historical katakana)

/europpa/ [jeuɾoppa] → /joːroppa/
From Portuguese Europa.
Some references source this from Dutch Europa; however, Dutch phonology makes this less likely, as the ⟨eu⟩ vowel combination has apparently been pronounced as the monophthongs /œː/ or /øː/ since the time of Middle Dutch. Meanwhile, in Portuguese, the ⟨eu⟩ vowel combination has been pronounced as the diphthong /ew/, a closer match for the borrowed Japanese pronunciation.
Although this term is a 外来語 (gairaigo, “word of non-native or non-Middle Chinese origin”), it was borrowed early enough to be subject to the sound change from /eu/ to /joː/ during Late Middle Japanese. Compare similar developments in English (/ɛu̯/ → /juː/; /jʊ/, /jɔː/, /jɜː/ before /r/) during the Great Vowel Shift, which yields the modern English pronunciation of Europe.
Alternatively, it is merely a historical kana orthography-induced spelling pronunciation; compare 要(えう) (yō), as well as アルコール (arukōru).
Doublet of エウローペー (Eurōpē, “Europa”).

Daijirin
Daijisen
Great Vowel Shift
Kōjien
Late Middle Japanese
Middle Dutch
Shinmura Izuru
historical kana orthography
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:ヨーロッパ
ja:松村明


ドナウ川

ドナウ川 (canonical)
Donaugawa (romanization)


ニューファンドランド

ja:ニューファンドランド


ニューファンドランド

ja:ニューファンドランド


アマゾン川

アマゾン川 (canonical)
Amazongawa (romanization)


アディジェ川

アディジェ川 (canonical)
Adijegawa (romanization)


コンゴ川

コンゴ川 (canonical)
Kongogawa (romanization)


ウィニペグ湖

ウィニペグ湖 (canonical)
Winipegu-Ko (romanization)

Winnipeg, Lake Winnipeg (a large lake in Manitoba, Canada)


ネス湖

From ネス (Nesu) + 湖 (ko, “lake”), calque of English Loch Ness, from Scottish Gaelic Loch Nis.


日本海

From Literary Chinese, attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu by Matteo Ricci in 1602. Equivalent to 日本 + 海.


ドン川

[dõ̞ŋɡa̠β̞a̠]

Don (a river, the fifth-longest in Europe, in Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd and Rostov Oblasts, Russia)


大西洋

大(たい)西(せい)洋(よう) • (Taiseiyō) ^(←たいせいやう (taiseiyau)?)

大西洋 (canonical)
Taiseiyō (romanization)
taiseiyau (romanization)
たいせいやう (hiragana historical)


ウィニペグ

Winnipeg (the capital city of Manitoba, Canada)

Lake of the Woods
Lake of the Woods#English

Winnipeg, Winnipeg River (a river that flows 813 km from Lake of the Woods, Ontario, Canada into Lake Winnipeg)


地中海

地中海 (canonical)
Chichūkai (romanization)

[t͡ɕi̥t͡ɕɨːka̠i]

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

the Mediterranean Sea (a sea between Europe and Africa)


北極海

北(ほっ)極(きょく)海(かい) • (Hokkyokukai) ^(←ほくきょくかい (fokukyokukai)?)

北極海 (canonical)
Hokkyokukai (romanization)
fokukyokukai (romanization)
ほくきょくかい (hiragana historical)

北極 (hokkyoku, “North Pole”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)

compound

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド

Volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean, Iceland


北海

ja-pos

北(ほっ)海(かい) • (Hokkai) ^(←ほくかい (fokukai)?)

北海 (canonical)
Hokkai (romanization)
fokukai (romanization)
ほくかい (hiragana historical)


太平洋

太(たい)平(へい)洋(よう) • (Taiheiyō) ^(←たいへいやう (taifeiyau)?)

太平洋 (canonical)
Taiheiyō (romanization)
taifeiyau (romanization)
たいへいやう (hiragana historical)


南極海

南極海 (canonical)
Nankyokukai (romanization)

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟ka̠i]

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟̊ka̠i]

the South Polar Ocean; the Antarctic Ocean


真珠湾

真珠湾 (canonical)
Shinjuwan (romanization)

真珠 (shinju, “pearl”) + 湾 (wan, “harbor”). Calque of English Pearl Harbor.


中華

(usually in compounds) China, Chinese (adjective)


ブルンジ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟̃ɲ̟d͡ʑi]


フィジー

ja-pos

フィジー • (Fijī)

Borrowed from English Fiji, ultimately from Fijian Viti Levu ("Great Viti").

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


ブルネイ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ne̞ː]


トルクメニスタン

[to̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟me̞ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


エジプト

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


フィリピン

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲĩɴ]


カザフスタン

[ka̠za̠ɸɯ̟sɨ̥tã̠ɴ]

Borrowed from Russian Казахстан (Kazaxstan).

bor+

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


モンゴル

From Mongolian ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol), Монгол (Mongol).


シンガポール

[ɕĩŋɡa̠po̞ːɾɯ̟]

From English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”). Doublet of シンガプーラ (shingapūra).

compound

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


ポルトガル

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


チリ

Borrowed from Portuguese Chile, ultimately from Quechua chili (“the end of the world”).


イタリア

Ultimately borrowed from Italian Italia, likely via Portuguese Itália or Dutch Italië.


ニュージーランド

ja-pos

ニュージーランド • (Nyū Jīrando)

New Zealand (a country and archipelago in Oceania, to the east of Australia)


アルゼンチン

[a̠ɾɯ̟zẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕĩɴ]

Borrowed either from French Argentine, or from the first half of English Argentine Republic.
Early transcriptions of foreign words may have used ゼ (ze) for /(d)ʒe/ more often. Compare also different transcriptions of the word angel: エンゼル (enzeru) and エンジェル (enjeru); or ロサンゼルス (Rosanzerusu, “Los Angeles”).


ロシア

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).

この物語は革命前夜の帝政ロシアにおいて退廃と貧困にあけくれたぺテルブルグの町に起こった……

1998 December 18 [1977 August 15], Fyodor Dostoyevsky with Tezuka, Osamu, 罪と罰 [Crime and Punishment], 10th edition (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 8

This story takes place on the eve of a revolution, in the town of Petersburg where there is but decadence and poverty under the rule of the Russian monarchy...

Kono monogatari wa kakumei zen'ya no teisei Roshia ni oite taihan to hinkon ni akekureta Peteruburugu no machi ni okotta……

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

Daijirin
Kōjien
Russia
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ロシア


北朝鮮

北(きた)朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Kita Chōsen) ^(←きたてうせん (kita teusen)?)

北朝鮮 (canonical)
Kita Chōsen (romanization)
kita teusen (romanization)
きたてうせん (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥ta̠ t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Compound of 北 (kita-, “north”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 북조선 (Bukjoseon).

prefix

国連本部に連絡して安全保障理事会を召集しろ！テロリストの国籍にかかわらず船が北朝鮮に向かうことが確実になれば武力行使の同意をとらなければならない

1998 May 8, Kenshi Hirokane, “議その147 「膠着状態」 [Debate 147: ‘Deadlock’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 18 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, page 17

Contact the UN headquarters and convene the Security Council! Regardless of the terrorists’ nationality, if the ship is verified to be heading toward North Korea, we must get approved to use force

Kokuren honbu ni renraku shite Anzen Hoshō Rijikai o shōshū shiro! Terorisuto no kokuseki ni kakawarazu fune ga Kitachōsen ni mukau koto ga kakujitsu ni nareba buryoku kōshi no dōi o toranakere ba naranai

Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

Democratic People's Republic of North Korea


イラン

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


イラク

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


新世界

新世界 (canonical)
Shinsekai (romanization)

From 新 (shin-, “new”) + 世界 (sekai, “world”).


オランダ

→ Okinawan: ウランダ (uranda)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:オランダ
ja:松村明

From Portuguese Holanda (“Holland”). Note that some sources give the erroneous Portuguese source spelling as Olanda (which is actually Italian), likely because the Portuguese h is silent. Compare Chinese 荷蘭／荷兰 (Hélán) of the same meaning.

Holland (a traditional region in the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)

待てよ！これは本当にオランダの船か？船についてる旗 あれはオランダの国旗じゃないぞ‼

2002 September 17, Motohiro Katou, “Saiyaku no Otoko [Bummer Guy]”, in Q.E.D. Shōmei Shūryō [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 89

Hold on! Is this really a Dutch ship? The flag on this ship isn’t the Dutch flag, is it!?

Mate yo! Kore wa hontō ni Oranda no fune ka? Fune ni tsuite ru hata are wa Oranda no kokki ja nai zo‼


天の川

ja-pos

天(てん)の川(かわ) • (Ten no Kawa) ^(←てんのかは (Ten no Kafa)?)

天の川 (canonical)
Ten no Kawa (romanization)
Ten no Kafa (romanization)
てんのかは (hiragana historical)

From 天 (ten, “heaven”) + の (no, possessive/attributive particle) + 川 (kawa, “river”).


ブータン

ja-pos

ブータン • (Būtan)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


東ティモール

東ティモール (canonical)
Higashi Timōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


クック諸島

クック諸島 (canonical)
Kukkushotō (romanization)

Cook Islands
Cook Islands#English:_Q26988

Cook Islands (An archipelago and self-governing country in Oceania, in free association with New Zealand)


ミクロネシア

Micronesia (a geographical region of Oceania)

Micronesia (A country consisting of about 2000 islands in Oceania)


バングラデシュ

[bã̠ŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠de̞ɕɨ]


マーシャル諸島

マーシャル諸島 (canonical)
Māsharu shotō (romanization)

マーシャル (Māsharu, “Marshall”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Marshall Islands

com

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English:_Q709

Marshall Islands (A country consisting of two archipelagos in Micronesia, in Oceania)


南アフリカ

南アフリカ (canonical)
Minami Afurika (romanization)

南 (minami, “south”) + アフリカ (Afurika, “Africa”)

af

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


モルディブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


トルコ

From Portuguese turco (“Turkish; Turk”, adjective; noun)

der

Turkey (a country located in Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:トルコ
ja:松村明


カンボジア

ja-pos

カンボジア • (Kanbojia) ^(←カンボヂア (kanbodia)?)

Kanbojia (romanization)
kanbodia (romanization)
カンボヂア (historical katakana)

Borrowed from English Cambodia. Doublet of 南瓜.


アメリカ合衆国

アメリカ がっしゅうこく

アメリカ合(がっ)衆(しゅう)国(こく) • (Amerika Gasshūkoku)

アメリカ合衆国 (canonical)
Amerika Gasshūkoku (romanization)

[a̠me̞ɾʲika̠ ɡa̠ɕːɨːko̞kɯ̟]

アメリカ (Amerika, “America, United States”) + 合衆国 (gasshūkoku, “federal state”).

af

United States of America (a country in North America)


欧州

欧州 (canonical)
Ōshū (romanization)
ousiu (romanization)
おうしう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 歐洲／欧洲 (Ōuzhōu).
州 is a daiyōji replacing 洲.


アルジェリア

[a̠ɾɯ̟ʑe̞ɾʲia̠]


ベルリン

ja:ベルリン (曖昧さ回避)

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)


アフガニスタン

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɡa̠ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


アンドラ

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


アルメニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟me̞ɲ̟ia̠]

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


アルバニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟ba̠ɲ̟ia̠]


ブラジル

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾɯ̟]

Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


ベラルーシ

[be̞ɾa̠ɾɯ̟ːɕi]

Internationalism. Either borrowed from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ) or from Russian Белару́сь (Belarúsʹ).


アンティグア・バーブーダ

ja-pos

アンティグア・バーブーダ • (Antigua Bābūda)

[ã̠ntʲiɡɯ̟a̠ ba̠ːbɯ̟ːda̠]

アンティグア (Antigua, “Antigua”) + バーブーダ (Bābūda, “Barbuda”), calque of English Antigua and Barbuda

ja-compound

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

Antigua and Barbuda (a country in the Caribbean)

ja:アンティグア・バーブーダ


ベルギー

[be̞ɾɯ̟ɡʲiː]

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)

Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:ベルギー
ja:松村明


ワシントン

Washington (a state of the United States)


バルバドス

From Portuguese Barbados (literally “Bearded”).

bor

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


アゼルバイジャン

[a̠ze̞ɾɯ̟ba̠iʑã̠ɴ]

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


英国

From Middle Chinese 英國 (MC 'jaeng kwok). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.


ソビエト連邦

ソビエト連邦 (canonical)
Sobieto Renpō (romanization)

ソビエト (sobieto, “soviet”) + 連邦 (renpō, “union; federation; confederation”)
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

af

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦#Japanese

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(historical) Short for ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (Sobieto Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku Renpō, “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”); Soviet Union (a former country)


ベナン

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


東欧

ja-pos

東(とう)欧(おう) • (Tōō)

Compound of 東(とう) (tō, “east; eastern”) + 欧(おう) (ō, “Europe”).


ソマリア

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


合衆国

合衆国 (canonical)
Gasshūkoku (romanization)

[ɡa̠ɕːɨːko̞kɯ̟]

From Literary Chinese 合眾國 (hézhòngguó), from 合 (“union”) + 眾國 (“democratic state”), which is a calque of English United States, probably coined by Elijah Coleman Bridgman before 1844. Soon rebracketed as 合衆(がっしゅう) (gasshū, “assembly of people”) and 国(こく) (koku, “state”).

lang

訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」

訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」

第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会

第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会

ja-r

アメリカ合衆国 アメリカ合衆国#Japanese

Short for アメリカ合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku): United States of America (a country in North America)

北米合衆国

北米合衆国 ほくべいがっしゅうこく


国会

ja-pos

国(こっ)会(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくくわい (kokukwai)?)

国会 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
kokukwai (romanization)
こくくわい (hiragana historical)

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

Meronyms: 参議院 (Sangiin), 衆議院 (Shūgiin)

the National Diet (Japan's bicameral legislature)

the Cortes Generales (Spain's bicameral legislature)

the Parliament (France's bicameral legislature; Sri Lanka's and Singapore's unicameral legislature)


国会

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

the National Assembly (South Korea's unicameral legislature)


国会

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

the National Assembly (Vietnam's unicameral legislature)


フィンランド

[ɸʲĩn̺ɾã̠ndo̞]

お嬢さま ただいま フィンランドより７つめの聖衣がとどきました

2001 January 23, Masami Kurumada, “黄金聖衣の巻 [Gold Cloths]”, in Saint星矢 [Saint Seiya], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, page 106

I’m back, Miss. The 7th Cloth has arrived from Finland.

Ojō-sama tadaima Finrando yori nanatsume no Kurosu ga todokimashita


ウェールズ

ウェールズ • (Wēruzu)

[β̞e̞ːɾɯ̟zɨ]

ja:ウェールズ (曖昧さ回避)


ウズベキスタン

[ɯ̟zɨbe̞kʲisɨtã̠ɴ]


ウガンダ

From English Uganda, from Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


イングランド

[ĩŋɡɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞]


グルジア

[ɡɯ̟ɾɯ̟ʑia̠]

From Russian Гру́зия (Grúzija). Officially displaced by ジョージア in April 2015. Compare Korean 그루지야 (Geurujiya).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

ジョージア ジョージア#Japanese

(obsolete in formal contexts) Synonym of ジョージア: Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


スロヴェニア

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


チェコ

Clipping of チェコスロバキア (Chekosurobakia, “Czechoslovakia”), from English Czecho-. Compare Mandarin 捷克 (Jiékè), Korean 체코 (Cheko).

clipping

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe)


ネパール

[ne̞pa̠ːɾɯ̟]

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


イスラエル

[isɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)

(biblical) Israel (A Biblical region of Western Asia roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel, known in the Bible as the Land of Israel and considered the ancestral homeland of the Jewish people)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel and the Land of Israel)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom that occupied the northern part of the Land of Israel and modern State of Israel, as distinct from Judah)


陰陽師

ja-noun

陰(おん)陽(みょう)師(じ) • (onmyōji) ^(←おんみやうじ (onmyauzi)?)

陰陽師 (canonical)
onmyōji (romanization)
onmyauzi (romanization)
おんみやうじ (hiragana historical)

[õ̞mʲːo̞ːʑi]

/omjauzi/ → */omʉjauzi/ → /omɨjauzi/ → /omʲːauʑi/ → /oɴmjɔːʑi/ → /oɴmjoːʑi/
Attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
Shift from on'yōji below.
The yō reading for 陽 changes to myō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

a practitioner of 陰陽道 (onmyōdō, “esoteric cosmology based on Chinese philosophy and traditional Japanese occult practices”)


陰陽師

ja-noun

陰(おん)陽(よう)師(じ) • (on'yōji) ^(←おんやうじ (on'yauzi)?)

陰陽師 (canonical)
on'yōji (romanization)
on'yauzi (romanization)
おんやうじ (hiragana historical)
おみょうじ (alternative hiragana)
omyōji (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
おみやうじ (alternative hiragana historical)

[õ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːʑi]

From 陰陽 (on'yō, “yin-yang”) + 師 (-shi, “-ian, -ist”).
The shi changes to ji as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
There is also a variant spelling: /omjauzi/ → */omʉjauzi/ → /omɨjauzi/ → /omjauzi/ → /omjɔːʑi/ → /omjɔːʑi/

suf

Chinese-influenced astrology
Chinese astrology

(historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a position in the 陰陽寮 (On'yōryō) who specialized in Chinese-influenced astrology, cosmology, divination, and other occult practices

a practitioner of 陰陽道 (on'yōdō, “esoteric cosmology based on Chinese philosophy and traditional Japanese occult practices”)


中華民国

中華民国 (canonical)
Chūka Minkoku (romanization)

From Chinese 中華民國／中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó).


ラクロス

[ɾa̠kɯ̟ɾo̞sɨ]

From English lacrosse, LaCrosse, La Crosse, from Canadian French la crosse (literally “the stick”).

der

La Crosse (a river in the United States)


ナウル

Nauru (a country and island in Oceania, in the Pacific Ocean)


モザンビーク

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


ミャンマー

ja-pos

ミャンマー • (Myanmā)


モンテネグロ

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


ナイジェリア

Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


パラオ

Ultimately from Palauan Belau (“Palau”).

Palau (A country consisting of around 340 islands in Micronesia, in Oceania)


ガーナ

ガーナ • (Gāna)


ハンガリー

[hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː]


パレスチナ

Learned borrowing from Latin Palaestīna.

Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:パレスチナ
ja:松村明


エチオピア

エチオピア遠征の帰路 事情あって道中に難儀をしております

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “カンビュセスの籤 [Cambyses’s Drawing]”, in カンビュセスの籤 [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, 第一章, page 280

I have come back from the expedition to Ethiopia. Due to some circumstances, I have been through quite some tough times along the way.

Echiopia ensei no kiro Wakeatte dōchū ni nangi o shite orimasu


ギニアビサウ

[ɡʲiɲ̟ia̠ bʲisa̠ɯ̟]

Guinea-Bissau (a country in West Africa)


デンマーク

[dẽ̞mːa̠ːkɯ̟]


オマーン

オマーン • (Omān)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


クウェート

クウェート • (Kuwēto)

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


モルジブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


サウジアラビア

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


パラグアイ

ja-pron

(Tokyo) パラグアイ [páꜜràgùàì] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [pa̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟a̠i]


北アイルランド

北アイルランド (canonical)
Kita Airurando (romanization)

Calque of English Northern Ireland: 北 (kita, “Northern”) + アイルランド (Airurando, “Ireland”)


ブルガリア

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡa̠ɾʲia̠]

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


ルワンダ

[ɾɯ̟β̞ã̠nda̠]


ジャマイカ

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


カメルーン

[ka̠me̞ɾɯ̟̃ːɴ]


ノルウェー

ja-pos

ノルウェー • (Noruwē)

[no̞ɾɯ̟β̞e̞ː]


ギニア

ja:ギニア (曖昧さ回避)


ロシア連邦

ロシア連邦 (canonical)
Roshia Renpō (romanization)

[ɾo̞ɕia̠ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

From ロシア (Roshia, “Russia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

af

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English

Russian Federation (a co-official name of Russia, a country in Eastern Europe and Asia)


パプアニューギニア

[pa̠pɯ̟a̠ɲ̟ɨːɡʲiɲ̟ia̠]

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English:_Q691

ja:パプアニューギニア


ルーマニア

[ɾɯ̟ːma̠ɲ̟ia̠]

Borrowing from English Rumania, ultimately from Romanian Rumânia, the older spelling of modern România.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


ペルシア

[pe̞ɾɯ̟ɕia̠]

わが名はサルク！主はカンビュセス‼キュロスの子アフラ・マズダのよみし給う者ペルシア王にして諸王の王‼

My name is Sarc! Servant of Cambyses!! The King of Kings of Persia, son of Cyrus, celebrated by Ahura Mazda!!

Waga na wa Saruku! Aruji wa Kanbyusesu‼ Kyurosu no ko Afura Mazuda no yomishitamau mono Perushia Ō ni shite Shōō no Ō‼


ラトビア

Ultimately from Latvian Latvija, possibly via English Latvia


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 雲南／云南 (Yúnnán)


廈門

zh-l

廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén)

Xiamen, Amoy (a subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China)


廈門

Borrowed from Portuguese Amoy, in turn from Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi).

zh-m

廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi)

Amoy, Xiamen (a subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China)


サンフランシスコ

Borrowed from Spanish San Francisco (“Saint Francis”).

San Francisco (a city in California, United States)

桑港

San Francisco, California, United States


ロサンゼルス

[ɾo̞sã̠nd͡ze̞ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Borrowed from English Los Angeles via an older transcription. A modern transcription would be *ロスアンジェレス (Rosu Anjeresu).
Ultimately from Spanish Los Ángeles (literally “The Angels”). Doublet of ロス・アンヘレス (Rosu Anheresu).

der

ja:ロサンゼルス (曖昧さ回避)

Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)

census-designated place
census-designated place

Los Angeles (a census-designated place in Willacy County, Texas, United States)

Los Angeles River
Los Angeles River#English

Los Angeles River (a river in California, United States)


日中

[ɲ̟it̚t͡ɕɨː]

日 (“Japan”) + 中 (“China”) or blend of 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 中国 (Chūgoku, “China”)

blend

日中関係

日中共同声明
Nitchū Kyōdō Seimei
the Japan–China Joint Communiqué

日中経済協会


海洋

海洋 (canonical)
kaiyō (romanization)
kaiyau (romanization)
かいやう (hiragana historical)


山東

山東 (canonical)
Santō (romanization)
santou (romanization)
さんとう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 山東 (MC srean tuwng).


山東

Alternative form of 山東 (Santō, “Shandong (a province of China)”)


桑港

ja-pos

桑(そう)港(こう) • (Sōkō)

桑港日本人會

1929 June 2, “健康診斷係醫 勞慰午餐會”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

(obsolete) San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


桑港

桑港 (canonical)
San Furanshisuko (romanization)

桑港及び沙都の両地

1902, “第2章 海外移民の状況”, in 海外出稼案内

San Furanshisuko oyobi Shiatoru no ryōchi

桑港日本人會

1929 June 2, “受診者百九十名中 齒の疾患再多數”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

サンフランシスコ サンフランシスコ#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of サンフランシスコ (San Furanshisuko, “San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).


支那

支那 (canonical)
支那 (canonical)
Shina (romanization)

Qin (state)
Qin Dynasty
Shina (word)
ja:支那

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

支那竹: menma

cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping

(prewar, often considered derogatory, offensive in modern speech, ethnic slur) China

prewar; often considered derogatory; prewar; often considered derogatory


全国人民代表大会

ぜんこく じんみん だいひょう たいかい

全(ぜん)国(こく)人(じん)民(みん)代(だい)表(ひょう)大(たい)会(かい) • (Zenkoku Jinmin Daihyō Taikai)

全国人民代表大会 (canonical)
Zenkoku Jinmin Daihyō Taikai (romanization)


上海

Borrowed from English Shanghai, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi).

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Shanghai
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:上海市


揚州

揚(よう)州(しゅう) • (Yōshū)

Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


セブアノ語

セブアノ語 (canonical)
Sebuano-go (romanization)


ウィーン

ウィーン • (Wīn)

From German Wien. Doublet of ヴィエンナ (Vienna) and ヴィエンヌ (Viennu, “Vienne”).

doublet

Wien (a river in Austria, flowing through Vienna)


スイス

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:スイス
ja:松村明


長江

ja-pos

長(ちょう)江(こう) • (Chōkō) ^(←ちやうかう (tyaukau)?)

長江 (canonical)
Chōkō (romanization)
tyaukau (romanization)
ちやうかう (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːko̞ː]

From Chinese 長江／长江 (Cháng Jiāng, literally “long river”).


洛陽

ja-pos

洛(らく)陽(よう) • (Rakuyō) ^(←らくやう (rakuyau)?)

洛陽 (canonical)
Rakuyō (romanization)
rakuyau (romanization)
らくやう (hiragana historical)

Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


徐州

Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


杭州

杭(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


杭州

To distinguish it orally with 広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū).

ja-r

広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū)


中華人民共和国

ja-pos

ちゅうか じんみん きょうわこく

ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく

中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku)?)

中華人民共和国 (canonical)
Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku (romanization)
ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːka̠ d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 中華 (Chūka, “China”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), from Chinese 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó).

zh-l

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China


河南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河南 (Hénán).

obor

Henan (a province of China; capital: Zhengzhou)


富士山

Daijirin
Daijisen
Mount Fuji
ja:富士山
ja:松村明

Compound of 富士 (Fuji, the mountain's name) + 山 (san, “mountain, Mount”, generally only read as san in place names).

af

Mount Fuji, the tallest mountain in Japan


富士山

Daijirin
Daijisen
Mount Fuji
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:富士山
ja:松村明

Compound of 富士 (Fuji, the mountain's name) + 山 (yama, “mountain”), using the kun'yomi of yama for the last character.
This reading is much less common, and is not listed in many monolingual Japanese dictionaries. It might be considered proscribed by some.

compound

(uncommon, possibly proscribed) Mount Fuji, the tallest mountain in Japan


長沙

長沙 (canonical)
Chōsa (romanization)
tyausa (romanization)
ちやうさ (hiragana historical)

ja:長沙 (曖昧さ回避)

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)


川端

ja-noun

川(かわ)端(ばた) • (kawabata) ^(←かはばた (kafabata)?)

川端 (canonical)
kawabata (romanization)
kafabata (romanization)
かはばた (hiragana historical)

川(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 端(はた) (hata, “edge”)

ja-compound

Aru cauabatani vôcamemo, fitcujimo mizzuuo nomuni, ...
[ある川端にオオカメも、ヒツジも水を飲むに、…]

1593: Esopono fabulas (Aesop's Fables), "Vôcameto, fitcujino tatoyeno coto" (The Wolf and The Lamb)

On a certain riverbank, a wolf and a sheep go to drink water)

Ripa, æ: ribera y orilla de rio. cavãbata.

1632: Diego Collado, Dictionarium Sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae Compendium, p. 117 (mislabelled 118)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


平原

帝国平原

帝国平原 ていこくへいげん

サクラメント平原

ガーデナ平原


コスタリカ

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


ニカラグア

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


モルドヴァ

Alternative form of モルドバ (Morudoba): Moldova (a country in Eastern Europe)


クロアチア

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


セルビア

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


ボリビア

ja-pron

(Tokyo) ボリビア [bóꜜrìbìà] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [bo̞ɾʲibʲia̠]


フランス領ギアナ

ja-pos

^フランス-りょう ^ギアナ

フランス領ギアナ (canonical)
Furansu-ryō Giana (romanization)

French Guiana
French Guiana#English:_Q3769

administrative region
administrative region

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


フォークランド諸島

^フォークランド しょとう

フォークランド諸島 (canonical)
Fōkurando shotō (romanization)

Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands#English:_Q9648

Falkland Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic)


チェコ共和国

チェコ共和国 (canonical)
Cheko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

チェコ (Cheko, “Czechia”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


エクアドル

Borrowed from Spanish Ecuador (“Equator”).
(Tokyo) エクアドル [éꜜkùàdòrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [e̞kɯ̟a̠do̞ɾɯ̟]


サン・マリノ

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


グアテマラ

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴヴィナ

ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ#Japanese

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Alternative form of ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ (Bosunia Herutsegobina): Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


ルクセンブルグ

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)


ペルー

ja-pos

ペルー • (Perū)


リヒテンシュタイン

[ɾʲiçitẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨta̠ĩɴ]

Borrowed from German Liechtenstein (literally “Lightstone”).

bor+

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)

ja:リヒテンシュタイン


エルサルバドル

[e̞ɾɯ̟ sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

From Spanish El Salvador (literally “The Savior”).

bor

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


ウクライナ

[ɯ̟kɯ̟ɾa̠ina̠]

Borrowed from Ukrainian Украї́на (Ukrajína)

bor+

「ウクライナに栄光あれ！英雄たちに栄光あれ！」

“Ukuraina ni eikō are! Eiyū tachi ni eikō are!”

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


マケドニア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía)

lbor

クラブのＫはマケドニアのアレクサンダー大王

2001 March 10 [1998 December 16], Motohiro Katou, “ミネルヴァの梟 [Owl of Minerva]”, in Ｑ.Ｅ.Ｄ. 証明終了 [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], 9th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, page 102

The king of clubs is Alexander the Great of Macedonia

Kurabu no kingu wa Makedonia no Arekusandā Daiō

ja:マケドニア (曖昧さ回避)


ウルグアイ

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡɯ̟a̠i]


メキシコ

From English Mexico, from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco.

Jefferson Township
Jefferson Township#English

Mexico (a census-designated place in Jefferson Township, Miami County, Indiana, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Walker Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States)


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア
ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

大コロンビア

コロンビア合衆国


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina)

Columbia (a river in the United States and Canada)


坂田

ja-pos

坂(さか)田(た) or 坂(さか)田(だ) • (Sakata or Sakada)

坂田 (canonical)
坂田 (canonical)
Sakata (romanization)
Sakada (romanization)


硫黄島

硫黄(いおう)島(とう) • (Iōtō) ^(←いわうたう (iwautau)?)

硫黄島 (canonical)
Iōtō (romanization)
iwautau (romanization)
いわうたう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 硫黄 (iō, “sulfur”) + 島 (-tō, “island”).

Iwo Jima (volcanic island in Japan’s Ogasawara Islands chain)


天津

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


札幌

Russian: Са́ппоро m (Sápporo)

From Ainu サッ・ポロ・ペッ (sat poro pet, literally “dry, great river”).

bor

札幌市: Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


八音

ja-noun

八(はち)音(おん) or 八(はっ)音(とん) or 八(はち)音(いん) or 八(はっ)音(ちん) • (hachion or hatton or hachiin or hatchin)

八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
hachion (romanization)
hatton (romanization)
hachiin (romanization)
hatchin (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 八音. The on reading for 音 changes to ton as an instance of renjō (連声). The in reading for 音 changes to chin as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjo

(music) an ancient Chinese system of classifying musical instruments into eight materials


孔子

孔子 (canonical)
孔子 (canonical)
Kōshi (romanization)
Kuji (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 孔子 (MC khuwngX tsiX).


ニジェール

ja-pos

ニジェール • (Nijēru)

[ɲ̟iʑe̞ːɾɯ̟]

From French Niger. Doublet of ナイジャ (Naija).

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)

Niger (a major river in West Africa, that flows into the Gulf of Guinea in Nigeria)


ヨルダン

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


コンゴ

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)

Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


フェニックス

[ɸe̞ɲ̟ik̚kɯ̟sɨ̥]


イオニア海

イオニア海 (canonical)
Ionia Kai (romanization)

Ionian Sea (a sea between Italy and Greece)


黄海

黄(こう)海(かい) • (Kōkai) ^(←くゎうかい (Kwaukai)?)

黄海 (canonical)
Kōkai (romanization)
Kwaukai (romanization)
くゎうかい (hiragana historical)
黄海 (canonical)
Howanhai (romanization)


ユーフラテス川

ユーフラテス川 (canonical)
Yūfuratesugawa (romanization)


ヨーク

ヨーク • (Yōku)


ホワイトハウス

the White House (official residence of the President of the United States of America)


中欧

中(ちゅう)欧(おう) • (Chūō)


高麗

Goguryeo
Koma clan
Man'yōshū
ja:高麗 (曖昧さ回避)

⟨ko₂ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym. Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, considering the history of the Koma clan, immigrants to Japan from the fall of the Goguryeo kingdom in the latter half of the 600s.

(historical) the Goguryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 37 BCE–668 CE

(archaic) Korea, the Korean Peninsula (used more commonly in compounds than as a standalone term)

(historical) a county in Saitama Prefecture (originally settled in the mid-600s CE by immigrants from the Korean Peninsula; abolished as an administrative entity in 1896)


高麗

高麗 (canonical)
Kōrai (romanization)
kaurai (romanization)
かうらい (hiragana historical)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 高麗. Cognate with modern Korean 고려 (goryeo) and English Korea.
Appeared at least late 10th century with this reading, attested in the Utsubo Monogatari, c. 970-999.

(historical) the Goryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 918–1392 CE

the Goguryeo kingdom; or generally a synonym of 朝鮮 (chōsen, “Korea”).


澳門

From English Macau or Portuguese Macau.
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 澳門／澳门 (Àomén).

Obsolete spelling of マカオ (“Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)”).


澳門

zh-m

澳門／澳门 (Àomén)

Synonym of マカオ (“Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)”)


ユダヤ

Learned borrowing from Latin Iūdaea. Alternatively, originally from Dutch Judea, followed by a later shift in pronunciation likely influenced by the ultimate Latin etymon Iūdaea.


台南

From Chinese 臺南／台南 (Táinán). Compare Mandarin 臺南／台南 (Táinán).


シカゴ

Chicago River
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:シカゴ (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)

Chicago (a river in Illinois, United States)


温州

ja-pos

温(おん)州(しゅう) or 温(うん)州(しゅう) • (Onshū or Unshū)

温州 (canonical)
温州 (canonical)
Onshū (romanization)
Unshū (romanization)

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


小川

From 小 (o, "little," "nice") + 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook").


川原

川原 (canonical)
kawara (romanization)
kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)
かわはら (alternative hiragana)
kawahara (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
かははら (alternative hiragana historical)

ja:川原 (曖昧さ回避)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]


川原

川原 (canonical)
Kawara (romanization)
kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)
^かわはら (alternative hiragana)
Kawahara (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
かははら (alternative hiragana historical)
^かわばる (alternative hiragana)
Kawabaru (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
川原 (canonical)
Kawahara (romanization)

ja:川原 (曖昧さ回避)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]


山川

Compound of 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river; stream”).


山川

Compound of 山(さん) (san, “mountain”) + 川(せん) (sen, “river; stream”).

山川草木

山川草木 さんせんそうもく

山川万里

山川万里 さんせんばんり


山川

Compound of 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river; stream”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

深山川蜻蛉: damselfly

深山川蜻蛉 みやまがわとんぼ


グレナダ

Grenada (an island and country in the Caribbean)


ブルキナファソ

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


バーレーン

ja-pos

バーレーン • (Bārēn)

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


ビルマ

(historical) Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


ドミニカ

Commonwealth of Dominica
Commonwealth of Dominica


ドイツ帝国

ドイツ帝国 (canonical)
Doitsu Teikoku (romanization)

ドイツ (Doitsu, “German”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”). Possibly coined as a calque of German Deutsches Kaiserreich

compound

Daijirin
Daijisen
German Empire
ja:ドイツ帝国
ja:松村明


淀川

ja-pos

淀(よど)川(がわ) • (Yodogawa) ^(←よどがは (Yodogafa)?)

淀川 (canonical)
Yodogawa (romanization)
Yodogafa (romanization)
よどがは (hiragana historical)

From 淀(よど) (yodo, “pool, eddy”) + 川(かわ) (-kawa, suffix after names of rivers). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Yodo River (a river in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


セイシェル

Borrowed from English Seychelles, from French Seychelles.

セーシェル セーシェル#Japanese

Alternative form of セーシェル (Sēsheru): Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


セネガル

[se̞ne̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


セーシェル

[se̞ːɕe̞ɾɯ̟]

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


ドミニカ共和国

ja-pos

ドミニカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Dominika Kyōwakoku)

ドミニカ共和国 (canonical)
Dominika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ドミニカ (Dominika, “Dominica”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


セルビア・モンテネグロ

ja-pos

^セルビア・^モンテネグロ

セルビア (Serubia, “Serbia”) + モンテネグロ (Monteneguro, “Montenegro”)

compound

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro

ja:セルビア・モンテネグロ


コンゴ共和国

コンゴ共和国 (canonical)
Kongo Kyōwakoku (romanization)

コンゴ (Kongo, “Congo”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English:_Q971

Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


ソロモン諸島

ソロモン諸島 (canonical)
Soromon Shotō (romanization)

ソロモン (Soromon, “Solomon”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Solomon Islands

com

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q685

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q148966

Solomon Islands (A country consisting of the majority of the Solomon Islands archipelago in Melanesia, in Oceania, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands)

Solomon Islands (An archipelago in Melanesia, split between the countries of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea)


セントキッツ・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント キッツ・ネイビス

Calque of English Saint Kitts and Nevis, equivalent to セントキッツ (Sento Kittsu, “Saint Kitts”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

セントクリストファー・ネイビス セントクリストファー・ネイビス#Japanese

Saint Christopher and Nevis
Saint Christopher and Nevis

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Synonym of セントクリストファー・ネイビス (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu, “Saint Christopher and Nevis”): Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)


セントクリストファー・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント クリストファー・ネイビス

セントクリストファー・ネイビス • (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu)

Calque of English Saint Christopher and Nevis, equivalent to セントクリストファー (Sento Kurisutofā, “Saint Christopher”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)

ja:セントクリストファー・ネイビス


南アフリカ共和国

ja-pos

みなみ アフリカ きょうわこく

南(みなみ)アフリカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku)

南アフリカ共和国 (canonical)
Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

南アフリカ (Minami Afurika, “South Africa”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Republic of South Africa
Republic of South Africa


東チモール

東チモール (canonical)
Higashi Chimōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


赤道ギニア

赤道ギニア (canonical)
Sekidō Ginia (romanization)

赤道 (sekidō, “equator”) + ギニア (Ginia, “Guinea”)

af

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English:_Q983

Equatorial Guinea (a country in Central Africa)


コモロ

Compare English Comoro Islands. Also compare バハマ (Bahama, “Bahamas”).

Union of the Comoros
Union of the Comoros

Comoros (A country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)

Comoros (an archipelago consisting of the Union of the Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte)


キプロス

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


東ドイツ

東ドイツ (canonical)
Higashi Doitsu (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”)


西ドイツ

西ドイツ (canonical)
Nishi Doitsu (romanization)

西 (nishi, “west”) + ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”)


カタール

A borrowing, probably from English Qatar.

[ka̠ta̠ːɾɯ̟]

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


死海

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


東シナ海

東シナ海 (canonical)
Higashi Shina-kai (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + シナ (Shina, “China”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)


フランクフルト

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am-Main (the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany)


ハンブルク

[hã̠mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

Daijirin Daijisen Hamburg ja:ハンブルク ja:松村明

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)

Hamburg (a state of Germany containing the city of the same name)


ハンバーグ

Borrowed from English Hamburg.
First cited to 1898.

[hã̠mba̠ːɡɯ̟]

ハンブルク ハンブルク#Japanese

(uncommon) alternative form of ハンブルク (Hanburuku): Hamburg (a city in Germany)


アラバマ

ja:アラバマ (曖昧さ回避)

Alabama (a river in Alabama, United States)


アリゾナ

(~州) Arizona (a state of the United States)

ja:アリゾナ (曖昧さ回避)


東アジア

東アジア (canonical)
Higashi-Ajia (romanization)

Compound of 東(ひがし) (higashi, “east”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).


旧世界

ja-pos

旧(きゅう)世(せ)界(かい) • (Kyūsekai) ^(←きうせかい (kiusekai)?)

旧世界 (canonical)
Kyūsekai (romanization)
kiusekai (romanization)
きうせかい (hiragana historical)

From 旧 (kyū-, “old”) + 世界 (sekai, “world”).


コソボ

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Kosovo (A partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


バストランド

Basutoland (a former country; modern Lesotho)


カーボベルデ

Borrowed from Portuguese Cabo Verde (“Green Cape”).

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


チェコ語

チェコ語 (canonical)
Cheko-go (romanization)

チェコ (Cheko, “Czechia”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


コートジボワール

[ko̞ːto̞ʑibo̞β̞a̠ːɾɯ̟]

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nihonkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nipponkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

(rare) State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


北欧

北ヨーロッパ 北ヨーロッパ#Japanese


イエメン

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ザイール

ja-pos

ザイール • (Zaīru)

(historical) Zaire (A former country (1971–1997) in Central Africa; now the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


ユーゴスラビア

[jɯ̟ːɡo̞sɨɾa̠bʲia̠]

ユーゴスラビア社会主義連邦共和国

Yūgosurabia Shakai Shugi Renpō Kyōwakoku

社会主義連邦共和国 しゃかいしゅぎれんぽうきょうわこく

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国

連邦共和国 れんぽうきょうわこく


レバノン

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


北欧諸国

北欧諸国 (canonical)
Hokuō Shokoku (romanization)

Nordic countries
Nordic countries#English

Nordic countries (a region of Northern Europe, consisting of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and their associated territories Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Åland)


バヌアツ

Vanuatu (a country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania)


ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国

^ユーゴスラビア ^れんぽう ^きょうわこく

ユーゴスラビア連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Yūgosurabia Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国 (canonical)
Yūgosurabia Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

(historical) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

ja:ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国


独逸

→ Chinese: 獨逸／独逸 (Dúyì)

→ Korean: 독일 (Dogil)

Dated spelling of ドイツ.: Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ニウエ

Niue (an island and country in Polynesia in Oceania, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)


ミクロネシア連邦

ミクロネシア連邦 (canonical)
Mikuroneshia Renpō (romanization)

Calque of English Federated States of Micronesia; from ミクロネシア (Mikuroneshia, “Micronesia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

com

Federated States of Micronesia#English:_Q702

Federated States of Micronesia (The official name of Micronesia, a country consisting of about 600 islands in Oceania)


オスマン帝国

オスマン帝国 (canonical)
Osuman Teikoku (romanization)

オスマン (Osuman, “Osman”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)


中東

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)東(とう) • (Chūtō)

Compound of 中 (chū, “middle”) + 東 (tō, “east”), as a calque of English Middle East.

the Middle East (region comprising Western Asia without the South Caucasus and additionally including all of Egypt and all of Turkey)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Middle East
ja:中東
ja:松村明


天皇陛下

天(てん)皇(のう)陛(へい)下(か) • (Tennō Heika) ^(←てんわうへいか (Ten'wau Feika)?)

天皇陛下 (canonical)
Tennō Heika (romanization)
Ten'wau Feika (romanization)
てんわうへいか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 天皇 (tennō, “emperor”) + 陛下 (heika, “majesty”).

compound

天皇陛下がお召し上がりになる食事は、宮中料理人によって作られます。

The cuisine for His Imperial Majesty is prepared by the palace chef.

Tennō Heika ga omeshiagari ni naru shokuji wa, kyūchū ryōrinin ni yotte tsukuraremasu.

His Imperial Majesty
His Imperial Majesty

His Imperial Majesty (form of address to the Emperor of Japan)


タンザニア

タンザニア連合共和国:

連合共和国 れんごうきょうわこく


四国

English: Shikoku

Russian: Сико́ку m (Sikóku)

Shikoku, the fourth largest island of Japan.


本州

ja-pos

本(ほん)州(しゅう) • (Honshū) ^(←ほんしう (fonsiu)?)

本州 (canonical)
Honshū (romanization)
fonsiu (romanization)
ほんしう (hiragana historical)

Honshu, the main island of Japan, with 100 million people, 4/5 of the Japanese population.


樹林

樹林 (canonical)
Jurin (romanization)
樹林 (canonical)
Kibayashi (romanization)

Shulin, a district in New Taipei City, Taiwan


墺太利

墺太利(オーストリア) • (Ōsutoria)

オーストリア オーストリア#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of オーストリア.: Austria (a country in Central Europe)


トルコ共和国

トルコ共和国 (canonical)
Toruko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

トルコ (Toruko, “Turkey”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


スーダン

ja-pos

スーダン • (Sūdan)

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


デラウェア

ja:デラウェア (曖昧さ回避)


ジョージア州

ジョージア州(しゅう) • (Jōjia shū)

ジョージア州 (canonical)
Jōjia shū (romanization)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


ワット

Ultimately from Amharic ወጥ (wäṭ), possibly via English wat.

wat (kind of stew or curry eaten in Ethiopia and Eritrea)


バチカン

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Vatican
ja:バチカン


アイオワ

ja:アイオワ (曖昧さ回避)


公国

公 (kō, “duke; ruling prince”) + 国 (-koku, “country”)

suf

モナコ公国
Monako Kōkoku
the Principality of Monaco


福州

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

南京 (canonical)
南京 (canonical)
Nankin (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:南京

Borrowed from English Nanking, from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


オーストリー

ja-pos

オーストリー • (Ōsutorī)


シリア

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


マルタ共和国

マルタ共和国 (canonical)
Maruta Kyōwakoku (romanization)

マルタ (Maruta, “Malta”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


ルクセンブルク

[ɾɯ̟kɯ̟sẽ̞mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

From German Luxemburg. Doublet of リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru) and ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu).

doublet

ja:ルクセンブルク (曖昧さ回避)

ルクセンブルク大公

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ

From ボスニア (Bosunia, “Bosnia”) + ヘルツェゴビナ (Herutsegobina, “Herzegovina”).

af

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ


メリーランド

ja:メリーランド (曖昧さ回避)


ルイジアナ

ja:ルイジアナ (曖昧さ回避)


ニューヨーク

ja-pos

ニューヨーク • (Nyū Yōku)

[ɲ̟ɨː jo̞ːkɯ̟]

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ニューヨーク (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

ニューヨーク州


アメリカ英語

アメリカ英語 (canonical)
Amerika Eigo (romanization)

アメリカ (Amerika, “America”) + 英語 (Eigo, “English language”)


参議院

ja-pos

参(さん)議(ぎ)院(いん) • (Sangiin) ^(←さんぎゐん (sangiwin)?)

参議院 (canonical)
Sangiin (romanization)
sangiwin (romanization)
さんぎゐん (hiragana historical)

[sã̠ŋʲɡʲiĩɴ]

参議院議員

a Councillor; a member of the House of Councillors

the House of Councillors (upper house of Japan's National Diet)


衆議院

衆(しゅう)議(ぎ)院(いん) • (Shūgiin) ^(←しゆうぎゐん (syuugiwin)?)

衆議院 (canonical)
Shūgiin (romanization)
syuugiwin (romanization)
しゆうぎゐん (hiragana historical)

Compound of 衆議 (shūgi, “general consultation, general conference”) + 院 (-in, “parliamentary chamber”).

suf

衆議院議員

a Representative; a member of the House of Representatives

House of Representatives
House of Representatives

the House of Representatives (lower house of Japan's National Diet)

議会

deliberation assembly: Diet; Parliament; Congress

国会

national assembly: Diet; Parliament; Congress


日仏

日仏 (canonical)
Nichifutsu (romanization)

日 (“Japan”) + 仏 (“France”) or blend of 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 仏蘭西 (Furansu, “France”)

blend

日仏協約


トーゴ

ja-pos

トーゴ • (Tōgo)


ヘルシンキ

Helsinki (a city, the capital of Finland)


ワルシャワ

Borrowed from Polish Warszawa. Compare Russian Варшава (Varšava).

Warsaw (a city, the capital city of Poland)


ダブリン

[da̠bɯ̟ɾʲĩɴ]


マダガスカル

[ma̠da̠ɡa̠sɨ̥ka̠ɾɯ̟]

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


シエラレオネ

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


北マリアナ諸島

きた マリアナ しょとう

北(きた)マリアナ諸島(しょとう) • (Kita Mariana Shotō)

北マリアナ諸島 (canonical)
Kita Mariana Shotō (romanization)

Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands#English

Northern Mariana Islands (an archipelago and dependent territory of the United States in the Pacific Ocean)

北マリアナ諸島連邦

諸島連邦 しょとうれんぽう

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands


キルギス

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


モーリシャス

[mo̞ːɾʲiɕa̠sɨ]

Mauritius (A country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (The main island of the country of Mauritius)


アンドラ公国

アンドラ公国 (canonical)
Andora Kōkoku (romanization)

アンドラ (Andora, “Andorra”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “principality”)

compound

Principality of Andorra
Principality of Andorra#English

Principality of Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国

ja-pos

オーストリア゠ハンガリー ていこく

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝(てい)国(こく) • (Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku)

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国 (canonical)
Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku (romanization)

[o̞ːsɨto̞ɾʲia̠hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː te̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

オーストリア゠ハンガリー (Ōsutoria-Hangarī, “Austria-Hungary”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)

af

オーストリア゠ハンガリー

Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire

ja:オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国


南氷洋

ja-pos

南(なん)氷(ぴょう)洋(よう) • (Nanpyōyō) ^(←なんぴようやう (nanpyouyau)?)

南氷洋 (canonical)
Nanpyōyō (romanization)
nanpyouyau (romanization)
なんぴようやう (hiragana historical)


露西亜

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).
The spelling is ateji (当て字), adopted in 1877 after diplomatic pressure from Russia to change from the previous 魯西亜 spelling, out of concern that the initial 魯 (ro) character expressed a sense of foolish. However, the 露 (ro) character was chosen for its sense of dew, from the political metaphor that the morning dew will disappear as the sun rises, wherein "sun" refers to Japan.
The use of 西亜 for the latter portion is likely influenced by Chinese phonetics, and historical use of these characters to spell out the -siya portion of Rossiya in sources such as a bible translated into Chinese in 1864.

lang

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

Dated spelling of ロシア.: Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ネバダ

ja:ネバダ (曖昧さ回避)


ニュージャージー

ja-pos

ニュージャージー • (Nyū Jājī)

ja:ニュージャージー州


日の丸

→ English: Hinomaru

From 日 (hi, “sun”) + の (no, attributive particle) + 丸 (maru, “circle”).

com

(by extension, colloquial) Japan (in general) or the Japanese government


嫩江

嫩江 (canonical)
Nonkō (romanization)
nonkau (romanization)
のんかう (hiragana historical)


深圳

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 深圳 (Shēnzhèn). Sen is not an expected on-reading of 圳 and may derive from 川's on-reading of sen, which serves as a kan'yoon reading.

obor

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


黄河

黄河 (canonical)
Kōga (romanization)
Kwauga (romanization)
くわうが (hiragana historical)

黄河文明


青海

Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


中央アジア

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)央(おう)アジア • (Chūō Ajia)

中央アジア (canonical)
Chūō Ajia (romanization)


極東

[kʲo̞kɯ̟̊to̞ː]


漢水

Synonym of 漢江: Han River (in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)


漢江

漢江 (canonical)
Kankō (romanization)
Kankau (romanization)
かんかう (hiragana historical)


漢江

Borrowed from Korean 한강 (Han'gang), from Chinese 漢江／汉江 (Hànjiāng).


百済

From Old Japanese 百濟 (Kudara).
The kanji spelling is from Hyakusai below.

Three Kingdoms of Korea
w:Three Kingdoms of Korea

Baekje (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)


チュニジア

[t͡ɕɨɲ̟iʑia̠]


扶桑

扶桑 (canonical)
Fusō (romanization)
fusau (romanization)
ふさう (hiragana historical)


唐山

Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


トロント

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Toronto
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:トロント
ja:松村明

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada, and largest city in Canada)

Toronto (a tiny city in Woodson County, Kansas)

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

Toronto (a city in Jefferson County, Ohio)


元老院

元(げん)老(ろう)院(いん) • (Genrōin) ^(←げんらうゐん (genrauwin)?)

元老院 (canonical)
Genrōin (romanization)
genrauwin (romanization)
げんらうゐん (hiragana historical)

[ɡẽ̞n̺ɾo̞ːĩɴ]

From 元老 (genrō, “elderly statesman”) + 院 (-in, “institution”).

suf

the Senate (Roman Senate; Japan's Senate; Canada's, the Philippines', France's, Spain's, Italy's, Thailand's and Malaysia's upper house)


東莞

Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


ザグレブ

[d͡za̠ɡɯ̟ɾe̞bɯ̟]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


ストックホルム

Stockholm (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden)


ハーグ

ja-pos

ハーグ • (Hāgu)

The Hague (a city, the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


ミンスク

[mʲĩɰ̃sɨkɯ̟]


グアム

Guam (an island and overseas territory of the United States in Micronesia)


ソウル

ja:ソウル ja:ソウル特別市

Seoul (a city, the capital city of South Korea)


東風

東(とう)風(ふう) • (Tōfū)

From Middle Chinese 東風 (MC tuwng pjuwng).

a placename, especially Dongfeng in China


西班牙

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 西班牙 (Xībānyá).
Borrowed from English Spain.

zh-m

西班牙 (Xībānyá)

[…]坂田通商局長が和蘭若しくは西班牙の公使に、[…]

1915 September 8, 旭新聞 (Asahi Shinbun) [The Asahi News], number 3240, page 1

chief of the Bureau of Commerce Sakata becomes Dutch or Spanish minister

Obsolete spelling of スペイン.: Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


フィヨルド

[ɸʲijo̞ɾɯ̟do̞]

From English fjord or probably from Swedish fjord.

(geology) fjord, a long, narrow, deep inlet between cliffs; fiord (NZ)


高雄

ja-pos

高(たか)雄(お) or 高雄(タカオ) • (Takao) ^(←たかを (takawo)?)

高雄 (canonical)
高雄 (canonical)
Takao (romanization)
takawo (romanization)
たかを (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ Mandarin: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ English: Kaohsiung

→ Korean: 가오슝 (Gaosyung)

→ Russian: Гаосюн (Gaosjun)

→ Min Nan: 高雄 (Ko-hiông)

→ Vietnamese: Cao Hùng

→ English: Takao

From Hokkien 打狗 (Táⁿ-káu), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”). The kanji were borrowed from unrelated etymology 1.

Kaohsiung (a city in southwestern Taiwan)


蒙古

From Chinese 蒙古 (Měnggǔ), from Mongolian ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mungɣul) / Монгол (Mongol).


内蒙古

Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of China)


メルボルン

[me̞ɾɯ̟bo̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


海峡

ja-noun

海(かい)峡(きょう) • (kaikyō) ^(←かいけふ (kaikefu)?)

海峡 (canonical)
kaikyō (romanization)
kaikefu (romanization)
かいけふ (hiragana historical)

津軽海峡


南寧

Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China)


ベオグラード

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Бе̏оград (Bȅograd).


薩爾瓦多

薩爾瓦多 (canonical)
Eru Sarubadoru (romanization)

[e̞ɾɯ̟ sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

エルサルバドル エルサルバドル#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of エルサルバドル (“El Salvador (a country in Central America)”).


緬甸

Borrowed from Chinese 緬甸／缅甸 (Miǎndiàn), some time after this term came to prominence in Chinese during the Ming Dynasty. Compare modern Mandarin reading Miǎndiàn, Cantonese min⁵ din⁶.
First mentioned in a text from 1798.

(historical, possibly obsolete) Myanmar (a country in Southeast Asia)


緬甸

Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma). The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), from the borrowed Chinese term Menden above.

Dated spelling of ビルマ (Biruma).: Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


華盛頓

華盛頓 (canonical)
Washinton (romanization)

Borrowed from English Washington. The Chinese characters are ateji (当て字) from Chinese 華盛頓／华盛顿 (Huáshèngdùn), Cantonese 華盛頓／华盛顿 (waa4 sing6 deon6).

zh-m

華盛頓／华盛顿 (Huáshèngdùn)

ワシントン ワシントン#Japanese


プラハ

Borrowed from Czech Praha or Slovak Praha.

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


マドリード

ja:マドリード (曖昧さ回避)

Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid#English

Madrid (a city and municipality of the Community of Madrid, Spain; capital city of Spain)

autonomous community
autonomous community

Madrid, Community of Madrid (an autonomous community of Spain)


記紀

Abbreviation of 古事記 (Kojiki, “Records of Ancient Matters”) and 日本書紀 (Nihon Shoki, “Chronicles of Japan”).

abbrev

記紀歌謡

記紀神話

the Records of Ancient Matters and the Chronicles of Japan (the two oldest book of Japanese history)


運河

運河 (canonical)
unga (romanization)
うんが (hiragana historical)

パナマ運河


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

table
From English Swatow, from Teochew 汕頭／汕头 (suan1 tao5).

Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Sentō (romanization)
sentou (romanization)
せんとう (hiragana historical)

table
The Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese 汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu).

Alternative form of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)”)


汕頭

ja-pos

汕頭(シャントウ) • (Shantō)

zh-l

汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu)


キャンベラ

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


オタワ

ja:オタワ (曖昧さ回避)

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; capital city of Canada)

St. Lawrence River
St. Lawrence River#English

Ottawa (a river flowing SE between Ontario and Quebec, Canada into the St. Lawrence River)

Ottawa (a city, the county seat of LaSalle County, Illinois)

Ottawa (a city, the county seat of Franklin County, Kansas)


サンクトペテルブルク

Borrowed from Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg), from German Sankt Petersburg.

bor

Санкт-Петербу́рг

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia)

ja:サンクトペテルブルク


河北

Hebei (a province of China; capital: Shijiazhuang)


九龍

ja-pos

九(きゅう)龍(りゅう) • (Kyūryū) ^(←きうりゆう (kiuryuu)?)

九龍 (canonical)
Kyūryū (romanization)
kiuryuu (romanization)
きうりゆう (hiragana historical)


九龍

九龍(クーロン) or 九龍(カウロン) • (Kūron or Kauron)

九龍 (canonical)
九龍 (canonical)
Kūron (romanization)
Kauron (romanization)

Borrowed from Cantonese 九龍／九龙 (gau² lung⁴).


新羅

⟨siraki₂⟩ → */sirakɨ/ → /ɕiraɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese 新羅 (Siraki₂).


新羅

From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.


柬埔寨

The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字), from Chinese 柬埔寨 (Jiǎnpǔzhài).

カンボジア カンボジア#Japanese

Dated spelling of カンボジア (Kanbojia).: Cambodia (a country in Southeast Asia)


プール

ja-noun

プール • (pūru)


フランス共和国

ja-pos

フランス共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Furansu Kyōwakoku)

フランス共和国 (canonical)
Furansu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

フランス (Furansu, “France”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


スウェーデン王国

スウェーデン王国 (canonical)
Suwēden Ōkoku (romanization)

スウェーデン (Suwēden, “Sweden”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


ベルギー王国

ベルギー王国 (canonical)
Berugī Ōkoku (romanization)

ベルギー (Berugī, “Belgium”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


ポルトガル共和国

ja-pos

ポルトガル きょうわこく

ポルトガル共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Porutogaru Kyōwakoku)

ポルトガル共和国 (canonical)
Porutogaru Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

ポルトガル (Porutogaru, “Portugal”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


サンパウロ

[sã̠mpa̠ɯ̟ɾo̞]

From Portuguese São Paulo (literally “Saint Paul”). Doublet of サン゠ポール (San-Pōru), サン・パブロ (San Paburo), and セントポール (Sento Pōru).

doublet

ja:サンパウロ (曖昧さ回避)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

サンパウロ, 聖市: São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

サンパウロ, 聖州: São Paulo (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)


蘭州

Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China)


西安

Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, in central China)


太原

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


大連

→ English: Dairen

Dalian (a major subprovincial city in Liaoning, in northeastern China)


墨西哥

墨西哥 (canonical)
Mekishiko (romanization)

Borrowed from English Mexico, in turn from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco. The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 墨西哥 (Mòxīgē).

Obsolete spelling of メキシコ (“Mexico (a country)”).


ブラジリア

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾʲia̠]

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; state capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


女書

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 女書／女书 (Nǚshū, literally “women's script”).

obor

(historical) Nüshu (syllabic script which was used exclusively among the ethnic Yao women of Jiangyong, Hunan, China)


ツァーリ

ja-noun

ツァーリ • (tsāri)

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ). Doublet of カエサル (Kaesaru), シーザー (Shīzā), ツァー (tsā).

ja-r

シーザー (Shīzā)


コルホーズ

[ko̞ɾɯ̟ho̞ːzɨ]