アルゴス

[a̠ɾɯ̟ɡo̞sɨ]

ja:アルゴス (曖昧さ回避)


神

Kyūjitai
Mandarin language
Middle Chinese language
Shinjitai

From Middle Chinese 神 (MC zyin). Compare modern Mandarin 神 (shén).

阪神 (hanshin)

Short for 神戸 (Kōbe, “Kōbe (a city in Japan)”).


東京

ja-pos

東(とう)京(きょう) • (Tōkyō) ^(←とうきやう (Toukyau)?)

東京 (canonical)
Tōkyō (romanization)
Toukyau (romanization)
とうきやう (hiragana historical)

→ Dutch: Tokio

→ English: Tokyo

→ Finnish: Tokio

→ French: Tokyo

→ German: Tokio

→ Khmer: តូក្យូ (toukyou)

→ Korean: 동경 (Donggyeong)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Tokyo

→ Portuguese: Tóquio

→ Russian: То́кио (Tókio)

→ Spanish: Tokio

→ Thai: โตเกียว (dtoo-giao)

→ Vietnamese: Đông Kinh

/tou kʲau/ → /toːkʲɔː/ → /toːkʲoː/
Compound of Middle Chinese-derived elements 東 (tō, “east, eastern”) + 京 (kyō, “capital”).
The city of Tokyo was renamed from 江戸 (Edo) in 1868 after Emperor Meiji moved the capital from Kyoto.

com

昨日、東京は曇りでしたか。

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan, consisting of 23 special wards)


京都

京都 (canonical)
Kyōto (romanization)
Kyauto (romanization)
きやうと (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kyoto

→ Korean: 교토 (Gyoto)

→ Portuguese: Kyoto

→ Russian: Кио́то m (Kióto)

→ Vietnamese: Kinh Đô

Early Modern Japanese
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

/kjauto/ → /kjɔːto/ → /kjoːto/
From Middle Chinese 京都 (kjaeng tu, literally “capital city”).

京都五山

京都五山 きょうとござん

京都御所

京都御所 きょうとごしょ

京都所司代

京都所司 きょうとしょし

京都代官

京都代官 きょうとだいかん

京都盆地

京都盆地 きょうとぼんち

京都守護

京都守護 きょうとしゅご

Short for 京都市 (Kyōto-shi): Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


京

京 (canonical)
kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

京言葉 (kyōkotoba)

京料理 (kyōryōri, literally “Kyōto cuisine”)

京の着倒れ、大阪の食い倒れ

Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).


京

(specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)


光

⟨pi₁kari⟩ → */pʲikari/ → /ɸikari/ → /hikari/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).

Hikari (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


呉

Daijirin
Emperor Yang of Sui
Japanese missions to Sui China
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Prince Shōtoku

Likely from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 暮れる (kureru, “to set (said of the sun or moon), to get dark”), from the way that China lies to the west of Japan, in the direction of the setting sun. This may be related to the famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:
* 日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云 /日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云
: 日出處 /日出处 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處 /日没处 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China.
In textual Japanese, the term Kure originally referred more specifically to the ancient State of Wu (roughly analogous with the modern Jiangnan region), and later shifted to refer to China as a whole.
First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720.

呉楽

gigaku, an extinct form of masked drama performance originally imported from China

Kure (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


堺

From 境(さかい) (sakai, “boundary, border”).

Sakai (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


旭

Asahi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


柏

Kashiwa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


桑

桑 (canonical)
sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

(US) Short for 桑港 (“San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).


桜

桜 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

/au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 櫻 (MC 'eang).

サクラメント サクラメント#Japanese

(US) Short for サクラメント／桜府 (Sakuramento, “Sacramento (a city in California, United States)”).


洛

洛 (canonical)
raku (romanization)
らく (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 洛 (MC lak), originally referring to 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō, “Luoyang”).

上洛 (jōraku)

(especially) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)


燕

Tsubame (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


羅

(US) Short for 羅府 (“Los Angeles (a city in California, United States)”).


聖

(Brazil) Short for 聖州 (“São Paulo (a state of Brazil)”). or Short for 聖市 (“São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)”).


萩

Hagi (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


蕨

Warabi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


阪

阪 (canonical)
han (romanization)
はん (hiragana historical)

阪神 (hanshin)

Short for 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Ōsaka (a city in Japan)”).


北京

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:北京

Borrowed from English Peking, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The kanji are an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 北京 (Běijīng). Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).

obor

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


シドニー

ja:シドニー (曖昧さ回避)

Sydney (a major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia)


沖縄

ja-noun

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (okinawa) ^(←おきなは (okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
okinawa (romanization)
okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Compound of Old Japanese elements 沖(おき) (oki, “offshore, at sea”) + 縄(なわ) (nawa, “rope”), in reference to the string of islands.

ja-com

(rare, possibly obsolete) a rope used to catch fish


沖縄

ja-pos

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (Okinawa) ^(←おきなは (Okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
Okinawa (romanization)
Okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Battle of Okinawa
Okinawa
Okinawa Island
Okinawan language
ja:沖縄

沖縄諸島

沖縄諸島 おきなわしょとう

[...] 十六日發、廿一日戊午、第一第二兩舟同至阿児奈波嶋在多禰島南西第三舟作夜已泊同處十二月六日南風起第一舟著石不動第二舟發向多禰去七日至益救嶋[...]

さつまがたとは惣名也、きかいは十二の島なれば、くち五島は日本へ随へり、おく七しまはいまだ我朝に従はずといへり、白石、、あこしき、くろ島、いわうが島、あせ納、あ世波、やくの島とて、ゑらぶ、おきなは、きかいが島といへり

the main island in the Okinawa Islands: Okinawa Island

a group of islands known as the Okinawa Islands

the southern-most Japanese prefecture: Okinawa Prefecture


ローマ

ローマ • (Rōma)

From Italian Roma, possibly via Portuguese Roma.

ja:ローマ (曖昧さ回避)

Rome (a major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)


メス

Metz (a city in Lorraine, northeastern France)


大和

→ Chinese: 大和 (Dàhé)

⟨yamato₂⟩: *[jamatə] → /jamato/
From older 邪馬台 (yamatai). From Old Japanese 大和 (yamato₂), from Proto-Japonic *yamatə. Originally a geographical region in Nara, came to refer to all of Nara, and eventually to the country as a whole: Japan.
Chinese texts often used the word 倭 (“dwarf, midget”) to refer to the people of the Japanese archipelago, possibly because they were actually smaller, or more likely as an insult. This character came to be used in early Japanese texts, such as the Man'yōshū poetry compilation, with a kun'yomi or native-Japanese reading of Yamato to refer to Japan in general.
This 倭 character also has an on'yomi or borrowed Chinese reading of wa. During the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), the 倭 character with an original Chinese meaning of “midget, dwarf” was replaced with the 和 character that is also read wa, but instead has the more favorable meaning of “harmony”, in spellings of the native Japanese term Yamato. The 大 character meaning “great” was then prefixed to this. The resulting kanji compound 大和 can also be read with a kun'yomi of Ōyamato (see below).


モスクワ

[mo̞sɨ̥kɯ̟β̞a̠]

From Russian Москва́ (Moskvá). Doublet of モスコー (Mosukō).

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


仙台

Sendai (the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, in northern Honshu, Japan)

仙台虫喰

仙台虫喰 せんだいむしくい


長崎

desc

→ English: Nagasaki, Nangasaki, Nangasac

→ Dutch: Nagasaki, Nangasacq

→ English: Nangasacq

→ Portuguese: Nangasaque

Nagasaki (the capital city of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


名古屋

→ Chinese: 名古屋 (Mínggǔwū)

→ English: Nagoya

→ Hindi: नागोया (nāgoyā)

→ Russian: Наго́я f (Nagója)

→ Thai: นาโงยะ (naa-ngoo-yá)

Uncertain origins, although there are multiple theories.
* From 和(なご)や (nagoya, “mild, calm, warm”, possibly obsolete in modern usage; the stem or precursor form of modern 和(なご)やか (nagoyaka)), in reference to either the clement weather or the relative calmness of the harbor.
* From a compound of 和(なご) (nago, “calm, mild, warm”, stem of adjectives 和(なご)し (nagoshi, “calm”, Classical) and 和(なご)やか (nagoyaka) and of verb 和(なご)む (nagomu, “to become calm”)) + 谷(や) (ya, “valley”), in reference to the local topography.
* A sound shift from 根(ね)小(ご)屋(や) (negoya, literally “root huts”), in reference to the start of the town as a collection of smaller houses at the root or foot of the mountains.
* By extension from 那(な)古(ご) (nago), a place in Osaka mentioned in the Man'yōshū of 759. The name "Nagoya" in reference to the geographical area of the modern city is first mentioned in the late Kamakura period (early 1300s)) as 那(な)古(ご)野(や)荘(しょう) (Nagoya-shō, literally “Nago Field Villa”), an agricultural estate developed earlier in the late Heian period (late 1100s).
: That said, the nago portion of the placename in Osaka is in turn likely from the same adjective root as above.

ja-r

Nagoya (the capital city of Aichi Prefecture, in central Honshu, Japan)

Heian period
Kamakura period
Man'yōshū
Nagoya
名古屋


ハム

ja:ハム (ヴェストファーレン)
ja:ハム (曖昧さ回避)


香港

From English Hong Kong, ultimately from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²).

中華人民共和国香港特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Hon Kon Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


国立

Kunitachi (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


高梁

Takahashi (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


大阪

ja-pos

大(おお)阪(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大阪 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “large, great”) + 阪 (saka, “hill”). The geographical area was historically known as 小坂 (Wosaka → Osaka, literally “little hill”) and was renamed to mean literally a “large hill”.
Originally spelled as 大坂 until the early Meiji period, possibly for some superstitious reason.

com

Short for 大阪市 (Ōsaka-shi): the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


台北

From Mandarin 臺北 /台北 (Táiběi), possibly via English Taipei.


台北

台北 (canonical)
台北 (canonical)
Taihoku (romanization)

→ Bunun: Taihuku

→ English: Taihoku, Daihoku

→ Kanakanabu: Taihuku

→ Saisiyat: tayhoko'

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺北.


日向

日向 (canonical)
Hyūga (romanization)
Fiuga (romanization)
ひうが (hiragana historical)

⟨pi₁muka⟩ → */pʲimuka/ → /ɸimuka/ → /ɸiũɡa/ → /hjuːɡa/
Shift from Old Japanese 日向 (Pi₁muka → Himuka).
Equivalent to a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face (a direction)”).

日向夏

hyūganatsu, Citrus × tamurana, a kind of citrus fruit

Short for 日向市 (Hyūga-shi): Hyūga (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


ケルン

From German Köln. Doublet of コロン (koron), コローニュ (Korōnyu), and コローニェ (Korōnye).

doublet

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


ロンドン

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; the capital city of England)

London (a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada)


パリ

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


胡志明

[ho̞ː t͡ɕi mʲĩɴ]


天理

Tenri (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


日光

ja-pos

日(にっ)光(こう) • (Nikkō) ^(←につくわう (Nitukwau)?)

日光 (canonical)
Nikkō (romanization)
Nitukwau (romanization)
につくわう (hiragana historical)

Nikkō (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


寧波

寧(ねい)波(は) or 寧波(ニンポー) • (Neiha or Ninpō)

寧波 (canonical)
寧波 (canonical)
Neiha (romanization)
Ninpō (romanization)

Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


横浜

Yokohama (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


広東

Borrowed from English Canton (“Guangzhou; Guangdong”). The kanji is from Chinese 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng).

Synonym of 広州 (Kōshū): Guangzhou (a major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


奈良

Emperor Sujin
Nara
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
ja:奈良
man'yōgana

From Old Japanese. Attested from at least the early 700s. The kanji are ateji (当て字).
Various ancient spellings suggest forms ending in -ku or -ki. This latter element is not attested past the Old Japanese stage:
 奈羅, 那羅, 楢, 儺羅
名良, 奈良, 那良
那楽, 寧楽
平城
 →
 ⟨nara⟩
 ⟨nara⟩
 ⟨naraku⟩
 ⟨naraki₂⟩
 →
 /nara/
 */naraᵑ/
 */narakʉ/
 */narakɨ/
 → /nara/
According to the Nihon Shoki (720 CE), the placename is derived from the Japanese verb 均す, 平す (narasu, “to flatten”). In The Study of Place Names, Kunio Yanagida stated, “Nara stands for ‘flatland’.”
However, an analysis of Old Japanese phonetic spellings (man'yōgana) reveals that the city name was often spelled with a final -ku or -ki element, which makes it phonologically unlikely that the city name derives directly from the verb narasu. The root from which the verb itself derives, nar-, appears in various terms related to “flat” or “flatness”, a fitting descriptor for the local geography. The final -ku or -ki element in the ancient spellings may be Old Japanese 城 (ki₂ → ki, “palisade, stronghold, fortress, castle”), as also suggested in the alternative kanji spelling 平城 (literally “flat stronghold”). See also the discussion of the city name's etymology on Wikipedia.

cog

Short for 奈良市 (Nara-shi): Nara (the capital city of Nara Prefecture)


ウィニペグ

Winnipeg (the capital city of Manitoba, Canada)


シンガポール

[ɕĩŋɡa̠po̞ːɾɯ̟]

From English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”). Doublet of シンガプーラ (shingapūra).

compound

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


ベルリン

ja:ベルリン (曖昧さ回避)

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)


ワシントン

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Short for ワシントンD.C. (Washinton Dīshī).: Washington, Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)


ラクロス

[ɾa̠kɯ̟ɾo̞sɨ]

From English lacrosse, LaCrosse, La Crosse, from Canadian French la crosse (literally “the stick”).


雲南

Analyzable as a compound of 雲 (un, “Short for 出雲”) + 南 (nan, “south”). Thus the term can be translated literally as "Southern part of Izumo Province".

com

Unnan (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


サンフランシスコ

Borrowed from Spanish San Francisco (“Saint Francis”).

San Francisco (a city in California, United States)

桑港

San Francisco, California, United States


ロサンゼルス

[ɾo̞sã̠nd͡ze̞ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Borrowed from English Los Angeles via an older transcription. A modern transcription would be *ロスアンジェレス (Rosu Anjeresu).
Ultimately from Spanish Los Ángeles (literally “The Angels”). Doublet of ロス・アンヘレス (Rosu Anheresu).

der

ja:ロサンゼルス (曖昧さ回避)

Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


桑港

ja-pos

桑(そう)港(こう) • (Sōkō)

1929 June 2, “健康診斷係醫 勞慰午餐會”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3:

桑港日本人會

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

(obsolete) San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


桑港

桑港 (canonical)
San Furanshisuko (romanization)

1902, “第2章 海外移民の状況”, in 海外出稼案内:

桑港及び沙都の両地

San Furanshisuko oyobi Shiatoru no ryōchi

1929 June 2, “受診者百九十名中 齒の疾患再多數”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3:

桑港日本人會

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

サンフランシスコ サンフランシスコ#Japanese

obsolete spelling of サンフランシスコ (San Furanshisuko) (= San Francisco), a city in California, United States


静岡

静(しず)岡(おか) • (Shizuoka) ^(←しづをか (Sidwoka)?)

静岡 (canonical)
Shizuoka (romanization)
Sidwoka (romanization)
しづをか (hiragana historical)

Shizuoka (the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


海南

Located at the southern part of 海草(かいそう)郡(ぐん) (kaisōgun, “Kaisō District, Wakayama”).

ja-r

Kainan (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


上海

Borrowed from English Shanghai, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi).

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Shanghai
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:上海市


ウィーン

ja-pos

ウィーン • (Wīn)

From German Wien. Doublet of ヴィエンナ (Vienna) and ヴィエンヌ (Viennu, “Vienne”).


杭州

ja-pos

杭(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


杭州

To distinguish it orally with 広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū).

ja-r

広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū)


高岡

Takaoka (a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


定州

Dingzhou (a city in Baoding, Hebei, China)


川崎

→ Chinese: 川崎 (Chuānqí)

→ English: Kawasaki

→ Russian: Каваса́ки m (Kavasáki)

Compound of 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 崎(さき) (saki, “headland”). Literally, “river cape”.

ja-com

Kawasaki (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; a ward of Kawasaki; a station in Kawasaki); also:

a town in Tagawa district, Fukuoka Prefecture; a place in Kawasaki.

a town in Shibata district, Miyagi Prefecture.

a place in Gojōme and Hachirōgata, Minamiakita district, Akita Prefecture.

a place in Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a place in Hiji, Hayami district, Ōita Prefecture.

a place in Ōkawa, Tosa district, Kōchi Prefecture.

a place in Hanyū, Hannō and Fujimino, Saitama Prefecture.

a place in Agano, Nagaoka and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

a place in Yahiko, Nishikanbara district, Niigata Prefecture.

a place in Makkari, Abuta district, Hokkaido Prefecture.


長沙

長沙 (canonical)
Chōsa (romanization)
Tyausa (romanization)
ちやうさ (hiragana historical)

ja:長沙 (曖昧さ回避)

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)


メキシコ

From English Mexico, from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco.

Mexico (a city, the county seat of Audrain County, Missouri, United States)


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina)


サン・マリノ

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


ルクセンブルグ

Rukusenburugu (romanization)
ルクセンブルク (alternative)

Luxembourg (the capital city of Luxembourg)


小林

Kobayashi (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


山口

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 口 (guchi, “mouth; opening, gateway”). The kuchi changes to guchi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

compound

Yamaguchi (the capital city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


松本

Matsumoto (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


藤沢

Fujisawa (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


天津

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


札幌

→ English: Sapporo

→ Russian: Са́ппоро m (Sápporo)

From Ainu サッ・ポロ・ペッ (sat poro pet, literally “dry, great river”). The kanji are ateji (当て字).

bor

札幌市: Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


福岡

ja-pos

福(ふく)岡(おか) • (Fukuoka) ^(←ふくをか (Fukwoka)?)

福岡 (canonical)
Fukuoka (romanization)
Fukwoka (romanization)
ふくをか (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟o̞ka̠]

Fukuoka (the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


メキシコシティ

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


アデン

Aden (a port city, the largest city in Yemen; the former capital of South Yemen)


ヨーク

ヨーク • (Yōku)

York (a city, unitary authority, and borough of North Yorkshire, England)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, Nebraska)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, Pennsylvania)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, South Carolina)


澳門

zh-m

澳門／澳门 (Àomén)

Synonym of マカオ: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


台南

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺南. Compare Mandarin 臺南 /台南 (Táinán), English Tainan.


シカゴ

Chicago River
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:シカゴ (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)


川口

[ka̠β̞a̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

From 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook") + 口 (kuchi, "mouthlike opening").

Kawaguchi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


滝川

ja-pos

滝川(たきかわ) • (Takikawa) ^(←たきかは (Takikafa)?)

滝川 (canonical)
Takikawa (romanization)
Takikafa (romanization)
たきかは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 滝(たき) (taki, “waterfall”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..

ja-compound

Takikawa (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


春日

From Old Japanese. The kanji spelling comes from the pillow word 春日(はるひ) (haruhi) used to introduce the place name Kasuga. The original meaning of kasuga is debated but is thought to be either 霞処(かすみが) (kasumi ga) "hazy place" or 神住処(かすか) (ka su ka) "deity's dwelling place".
Compare 飛鳥 (Asuka).

Short for 春日市 (Kasuga-shi): a city in Fukuoka Prefecture


フランクフルト

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am-Main (the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany)


ハンバーグ

Borrowed from English Hamburg.
First cited to 1898.

[hã̠mba̠ːɡɯ̟]

ハンブルク ハンブルク#Japanese

(uncommon) alternative form of ハンブルク (Hanburuku): Hamburg (a city in Germany)


ハンブルク

[hã̠mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

Daijirin Daijisen Hamburg ja:ハンブルク ja:松村明

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)


小山

小山 (canonical)
Oyama (romanization)
Woyama (romanization)
をやま (hiragana historical)

From 小 (o-, “small, little”) + 山 (yama, “mountain, peak”).

pre

Oyama (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


弥勒

From Middle Chinese 彌勒 (mjie lok), from Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya).

Mile (a county-level city of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


江南

From 江(こう) (kō, “river”) + 南(なん) (nan, “south”).


バチカン

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Vatican
ja:バチカン


マスカラ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:マスカラ (アルジェリア)
ja:松村明


福州

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

南京 (canonical)
南京 (canonical)
Nankin (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:南京

Borrowed from English Nanking, from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


ルクセンブルク

[ɾɯ̟kɯ̟sẽ̞mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

From German Luxemburg. Doublet of リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru) and ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu).

doublet

ja:ルクセンブルク (曖昧さ回避)

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)


山梨

Daijirin
Pyrus pyrifolia
Yamanashi
ja:ヤマナシ
ja:山梨

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 梨 (nashi, “pear”).

compound

Yamanashi (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


アブダビ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; the capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)


アビジャン

Abidjan (the de facto capital and largest city of Ivory Coast)


ニューヨーク

ja-pos

ニューヨーク • (Nyū Yōku)

[ɲ̟ɨː jo̞ːkɯ̟]

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ニューヨーク (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

ニューヨーク市

New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey)


ワルシャワ

Borrowed from Polish Warszawa. Compare Russian Варшава (Varšava).

Warsaw (a city, the capital city of Poland)


ヘルシンキ

Helsinki (a city, the capital of Finland)


ダブリン

[da̠bɯ̟ɾʲĩɴ]


ジャカルタ

[d͡ʑa̠ka̠ɾɯ̟ta̠]


福島

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕima̠]

福島市: Fukushima (the capital of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


ウラジオストク

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ʑio̞sɨ̥to̞kɯ̟]

From Russian Владивосто́к (Vladivostók).

bor

Владивосто́к


鎌倉

From Old Japanese 鎌倉 (Kamakura).
Originally a compound of 竈 (kama, “oven”) + 鞍 (kura, “saddle”), from the way that the landscape as viewed from the sea looks like a saddle inside an oven, that is, a flat area in the mountains, surrounded by hills in the shape of an old traditional oven.
The kanji spelling appears to be an example of ateji (当て字), literally “sickle warehouse”.

Short for 鎌倉市 (Kamakura-shi): a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan the capital city of the Kamakura shogunate


江陵

ja-pos

江(こう)陵(りょう) • (Kōryō) ^(←かうりよう (Kauryou)?)

江陵 (canonical)
Kōryō (romanization)
Kauryou (romanization)
かうりよう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 강릉(江陵) (gangneung).

obor

(dated) Gangneung (a city in South Korea)


バンコク

[bã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

From English Bangkok, from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk). The kanji spelling is ateji.


神戸

神戸 (canonical)
Kōbe (romanization)
Kaube (romanization)
かうべ (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kobe

⟨kamu pe₁⟩ → ⟨kamube₁⟩ → */kamubʲe/ → /kaũbe/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Originally a compound of 神 (kamu, Old Japanese combining form of kami, “(Shinto) god, deity”) + 戸 (he, “house”); itself referring to 生田神社 (Ikuta Jinja, “Ikuta Shrine”) as attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

com

昨日、神戸から東京に引っ越しました。

Kinō, Kōbe kara Tōkyō ni hikkoshimashita.

Kobe (the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


サヌア

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


シュパイアー

ja-pos

シュパイアー • (Shupaiā)


泉州

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 泉州 (Quánzhōu)


湖南

Konan (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


小坂

小坂 (canonical)
Osaka (romanization)
Wosaka (romanization)
をさか (hiragana historical)

From /wosaka/ → /osaka/. Compound of 小 (o, “little”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”). The geographical area was later renamed to 大阪 (Ōsaka, Ōzaka, “large hill”).


小坂

小坂 (canonical)
Ozaka (romanization)
Wozaka (romanization)
をざか (hiragana historical)

From /wosaka/ → /wozaka/ → /ozaka/. The medial /s/ voices to /z/ due to rendaku (連濁). See above.


大坂

ja-pos

大(おお)坂(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Possibly from Old Japanese.
From 大 (ō, “large”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”).

obsolete spelling of 大阪 (Ōsaka) (= Osaka), the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


大坂

大(おお)坂(ざか) • (Ōzaka) ^(←おほざか (Ofozaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Ōzaka (romanization)
Ofozaka (romanization)
おほざか (hiragana historical)

The saka changes to zaka as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

(rare) obsolete spelling of 大阪 (Ōzaka), former name of Osaka, the capital of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


鹿角

Kazuno (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


トロント

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Toronto
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:トロント
ja:松村明

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada and largest city in Canada)


ストックホルム

Stockholm (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; the county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden)


ザグレブ

[d͡za̠ɡɯ̟ɾe̞bɯ̟]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


レイキャヴィーク

Borrowed from English Reykjavík, from Icelandic Reykjavík.


ティラナ

Tirana (the capital and largest city of Albania)


テヘラン

[te̞he̞ɾã̠ɴ]


ハーグ

ハーグ • (Hāgu)

The Hague (a city, the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


ミンスク

[mʲĩɰ̃sɨkɯ̟]


ソウル

ja:ソウル ja:ソウル特別市

Seoul (a city, the capital city of South Korea)


西宮

西宮 (canonical)
Nishinomiya (romanization)

Nishinomiya (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


ビリニュス

[bʲiɾʲiɲ̟ɨsɨ]


高雄

高(たか)雄(お) or 高雄(タカオ) • (Takao) ^(←たかを (Takawo)?)

高雄 (canonical)
高雄 (canonical)
Takao (romanization)
Takawo (romanization)
たかを (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 高雄

→ Mandarin: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ English: Kaohsiung

→ Korean: 가오슝 (Gaosyung)

→ Russian: Гаосюн (Gaosjun)

→ Min Nan: 高雄 (Ko-hiông)

→ Vietnamese: Cao Hùng

→ English: Takao

From Hokkien 打狗 (Táⁿ-káu), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”). The kanji were borrowed from unrelated etymology 1.

Kaohsiung (a city in southwestern Taiwan)


台中

From Mandarin 臺中 /台中 (Táizhōng), possibly via English Taichung.


台中

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺中.


メルボルン

[me̞ɾɯ̟bo̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


南寧

Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


ベオグラード

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Бе̏оград (Bȅograd).


広島

Hiroshima (the capital city of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


プラハ

Borrowed from Czech Praha or Slovak Praha.

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


マドリード

ja:マドリード (曖昧さ回避)

Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid#English

Madrid (a city and municipality of the Community of Madrid, Spain; the capital city of Spain)


ホニアラ

Honiara (the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


ニューデリー

ja-pos

ニューデリー • (Nyū Derī)

[ɲ̟ɨːde̞ɾʲiː]


クアラルンプール

Kuala Lumpur (the capital city of Malaysia)


宜昌

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 宜昌 (Yíchāng).


キャンベラ

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


オタワ

ja:オタワ (曖昧さ回避)

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; the capital city of Canada)

Ottawa (a city, the county seat of LaSalle County, Illinois)


ポドゴリツァ

Podgorica (the capital city of Montenegro)


ノヴォシビルスク

Novosibirsk (a city, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia)


ニジニ・ノヴゴロド

ja:ニジニ・ノヴゴロド

Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod#English:_Q891

Nizhny Novgorod (the capital city of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia; the fourth-largest in the country by population)


菊池

→ Chinese: 菊池 (Júchí)

→ English: Kikuchi

Ateji (当て字) of 鞠智 (Kikuchi, “Kikuchi Castle”), originally read as くくち (Kukuchi).

Kikuchi (a city and district of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan).


サンパウロ

[sã̠mpa̠ɯ̟ɾo̞]

From Portuguese São Paulo (literally “Saint Paul”). Doublet of サン゠ポール (San-Pōru), サン・パブロ (San Paburo), and セントポール (Sento Pōru).

doublet

ja:サンパウロ (曖昧さ回避)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

サンパウロ, 聖市: São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)


西安

Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, in central China)


蘭州

Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China)


太原

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


ブラジリア

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾʲia̠]

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; the capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


ガザ

2023 November 29, “ガザの現実を伝える2人「報道し続けることは私たちの義務」”, in NHK国際ニューズナビ, retrieved 2023-12-13:

NHK のガザ事務所は 2人のジャーナリストによって支えられている。プロデューサーのムハンマド・シェハダとカメラマンのサラーム・アブタホンだ。10年以上も現地からの報道を一身に担ってきた。

Enuetchikē no gaza jimusho wa futari no jānarisuto ni yotte sasaerareteiru. Purodyūsā no muhanmado shehada to kameraman no sarāmu abutahon da. Jūnen ijō mo genchi kara no hōdō o isshin ni ninattekita.

This is supported based on two journalists from the NHK Gaza office. The two journalists are the producer, Muhammad Shehadeh, and the cameraman, Salam (unknown name). They had handled themselves in the news report since over 10 years.

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ガザ


イスラマバード

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan)


ウランバートル

[ɯ̟ɾã̠mba̠ːto̞ɾɯ̟]

Ulaanbaatar (the capital city of Mongolia)


平壌

[pʲõ̞ɰ̃jã̠ɴ]

Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


平壌

ja-pos

平(へい)壌(じょう) • (Heijō) ^(←へいじやう (Feizyau)?)

平壌 (canonical)
Heijō (romanization)
Feizyau (romanization)
へいじやう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 평양(平壤) (Pyeong'yang).

obor

1929, Kōsaku Hamada, Hakubutsukan [The Museum]:

Especially, the place where the government office of the Lelang Commandery was located was on the other side of the Taedong River, south of today's Pyongyang, where there are also remains of old ramparts, and officials sent from China stayed there and ruled Korea.

ことに樂浪郡の役所のあつたところは、今日の平壤の南、大同江の向う岸にあつて、古い城壁のあともありますが、支那から派遣せられた役人がこゝに留まつて朝鮮を治めてゐたのであります。

Koto ni Rakurō-gun no yakusho no atta tokoro wa, konnichi no Heijō no minami, Daidō-kō no mukō-gishi ni atte, furui jōheki no ato mo arimasu ga, Shina kara haken serareta yakunin ga koko ni todomatte Chōsen o osamete ita no de arimasu.

(dated) Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


ハノイ

Hanoi (a city, the capital city of Vietnam)


プノンペン

[pɯ̟nõ̞mpẽ̞ɴ]


ヴィエンチャン

[bʲiẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕã̠ɴ]

From French Vientiane, from Lao ວຽງຈັນ (wīang chan).


マニラ

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


リスボン

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; the capital city of Portugal)


コロンボ

Colombo (the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka)


ビシュケク

Bishkek (the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


武漢

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 重慶 /重庆 (chóngqìng).

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


海口

Haikou (the capital city of Hainan, China)


長春

Changchun (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China)


昆明

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


瀋陽

Shenyang (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, China)


成都

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 成都 (Chéngdū).

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


合肥

Hefei (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Anhui, China)


鄭州

Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


トビリシ

Tbilisi (the capital city of the country of Georgia)


バクー

ja-pos

バクー • (Bakū)


維也納

維也納(ウィーン) • (Wīn)

obsolete spelling of ウィーン (= Vienna), the capital city of Austria


広州

広(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 廣州 /广州 (Guǎngzhōu).

obor

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


ナホトカ

Nakhodka (a port city in Primorsky Krai, Russia)


ユジノサハリンスク

ja:ユジノサハリンスク


日立

The name of various places, titles, and companies in Japan.

Hitachi (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


高山

Takayama (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


千葉

Chiba (the capital city of Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


三浦

Compound of 三 (mi; san, “three”) + 浦 (ura; ho, “inlet, bay”).

compound

Miura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


那覇

Russian: На́ха f (Náxa)

Naha (the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


竹田

Taketa (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


高島

Takashima (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


田村

Tamura (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


鶴岡

ja-pos

鶴(つる)岡(おか) • (Tsuruoka) ^(←つるをか (Turwoka)?)

鶴岡 (canonical)
Tsuruoka (romanization)
Turwoka (romanization)
つるをか (hiragana historical)

Tsuruoka (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


飯田

飯田 (canonical)
Īda (romanization)
Ifida (romanization)
いひだ (hiragana historical)

Īda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


池田

Ikeda (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


市川

Ichikawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


上田

上田 (canonical)
Ueda (romanization)
Ufeda (romanization)
うへだ (hiragana historical)

Russian: Уэ́да f (Uéda)

Ueda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


大川

Ōkawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


大津

大津 (canonical)
Ōtsu (romanization)
Ofotu (romanization)
おほつ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “big, large”) + 津 (tsu, “harbor, port”).

compound

Ōtsu (the capital city of Shiga Prefecture), an important port on Lake Biwa


大村

Ōmura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


岡崎

Okazaki (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


小野

小野 (canonical)
Ono (romanization)
Wono (romanization)
をの (hiragana historical)

a common place name
Ono (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


甲斐

甲斐 (canonical)
Kai (romanization)
Kafi (romanization)
かひ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.
Derived from the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 代(か)う (kau, “to exchange or replace one thing with another”), with the basic sense being "that which should be the result / outcome / replacement".

ja-etym-renyokei

Kai (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


金沢

ja-pos

金(かな)沢(ざわ) • (Kanazawa) ^(←かなざは (Kanazafa)?)

金沢 (canonical)
Kanazawa (romanization)
Kanazafa (romanization)
かなざは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 金(かな) (kana, “metal; gold”, combining form of stand-alone reading kane) + 沢(さわ) (sawa, “marsh, swamp; mountain brook or stream”). The sawa changes to zawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Kanazawa (the capital city of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


古賀

Koga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


佐伯

Saiki (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


桜井

ja-pos

桜(さくら)井(い) • (Sakurai) ^(←さくらゐ (Sakurawi)?)

桜井 (canonical)
Sakurai (romanization)
Sakurawi (romanization)
さくらゐ (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 櫻井 /樱井 (Yīngjǐng)

→ English: Sakurai

Sakurai (a city and neighborhood of Nara Prefecture, Japan)


佐野

From Old Japanese. First attested as 姐奴 from the 3rd century Wei Zhi.

Sano (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


島田

島田 (canonical)
Shimada (romanization)
島田 (canonical)
Shimata (romanization)

→ Chinese: 島田 /岛田 (Dǎotián)

→ English: Shimada

Compound of 島(しま) (shima, “island”) + 田(た) (ta, “rice field”). Literally, “island-like field”. The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

Shimada (a city and train station in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


白井

Shiroi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


瀬戸

Seto (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan); it is known for ceramics.


伊達

From earlier いだて or いだち. Further source unknown. Kanji 伊 became silent in the Muromachi Period.

Date (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


田辺

Tanabe (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


戸田

Chinese: 戶田 /户田 (Hùtián)

Toda (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


長井

Nagai (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


武雄

Takeo (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


中野

Nakano (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


長野

Russian: Нага́но m or f (Nagáno)

Nagano (the capital city of Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


沼田

Numata (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


野田

Noda (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


昭南

ja-pos

昭(しょう)南(なん) • (Shōnan) ^(←せうなん (Seunan)?)

昭南 (canonical)
Shōnan (romanization)
Seunan (romanization)
せうなん (hiragana historical)

en:Japanese occupation of Singapore
ja:日本占領時期のシンガポール

(historical) Syonan, Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia), as part of the Empire of Japan


橋本

Compound of 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”) + 本(もと) (moto, “origin; base”).

ja-com

Hashimoto (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


浜田

Hamada (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


日高

Hidaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


日野

Hino (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


平川

ja-pos

平(ひら)川(かわ) • (Hirakawa) ^(←ひらかは (Firakafa)?)

平川 (canonical)
Hirakawa (romanization)
Firakafa (romanization)
ひらかは (hiragana historical)

Hirakawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


深谷

Fukaya (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


福井

福井 (canonical)
Fukui (romanization)
Fukwi (romanization)
ふくゐ (hiragana historical)

Fukui (the capital city of Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


福山

Fukuyama (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


藤枝

Fujieda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


藤岡

藤(ふじ)岡(おか) • (Fujioka) ^(←ふぢをか (Fudiwoka)?)

藤岡 (canonical)
Fujioka (romanization)
Fudiwoka (romanization)
ふぢをか (hiragana historical)

Fujioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


古川

Furukawa (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


古河

Koga (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


益田

Masuda (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


町田

Machida (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


松浦

Matsuura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


松原

Matsubara (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


松山

Matsuyama (the capital city of Ehime Prefecture, Japan)


三沢

Misawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


三島

Mishima (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


水原

水(すい)原(げん) • (Suigen) ^(←すいげん (Suigen)?)

水原 (canonical)
Suigen (romanization)
すいげん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 수원(水原) (suwon).


三原

Mihara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


美馬

Mima (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


宮崎

ja-pos

宮(みや)崎(ざき) • (Miyazaki) ^(←みやざき (Miyazaki)?)

宮崎 (canonical)
Miyazaki (romanization)
みやざき (hiragana historical)

Miyazaki (the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


三好

Miyoshi (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


村上

Literally “upper town, upper part of a town”.

Murakami (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


柳川

柳(やな)川(がわ) • (Yanagawa) ^(←やながは (Yanagafa)?)

柳川 (canonical)
Yanagawa (romanization)
Yanagafa (romanization)
やながは (hiragana historical)

Yanagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


明石

Akashi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


相馬

Sōma (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


高崎

Takasaki (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


市原

Ichihara (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


宇城

Uki (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


砂川

Sunagawa (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


米沢

米(よね)沢(ざわ) • (Yonezawa) ^(←よねざは (Yonezafa)?)

米沢 (canonical)
Yonezawa (romanization)
Yonezafa (romanization)
よねざは (hiragana historical)

Yonezawa (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


平塚

Hiratsuka (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


北斗

Hokuto (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan).


島原

島原半島

島原半島 しまばらはんとう

Shimabara (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白石

Shiroishi (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


田原

Tahara (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


土佐

Tosa (a city in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


コーンウォール

コーンウォール • (Kōnwōru)

ja:コーンウォール (曖昧さ回避)


こうてい

ja-noun

こうてい • (kōtei)

康定: Kangding (a city in Sichuan, China), an era of the Song dynasty


綾瀬

Ayase (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


船橋

船(ふな) (funa, combining form of 船(ふね) (fune, “ship, vessel”)) + 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”). The hashi changes to bashi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Funabashi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


水戸

Mito (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


守口

Moriguchi (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


八代

八代 (canonical)
Yatsushiro (romanization)

Yatsushiro (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


結城

結城 (canonical)
Yūki (romanization)
Yufuki (romanization)
ゆふき (hiragana historical)

From the many 楮 (kōzo, “paper mulberry”) trees originally planted there, from 木綿 (yuu, “string made from the fibers of the paper mulberry”), cognate with 結う (yuu, “to tie up”).

Yūki (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


瑞穂

Mizuho (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


アーカンソー

ja-pos

アーカンソー • (Ākansō)

[a̠ːkã̠ɰ̃so̞ː]

Borrowed from English Arkansas, from French pronunciation of Siouan, meaning “land of downriver people” in Quapaw/Kansa and “people of the south wind” in Dakota/Lakota.

(~州) Arkansas (a state of the United States)


行方

Also spelled Namekata (without rendaku) in older texts.

Namegata (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


鳴門

From Etymology 1 above.
The “edible seaweed” sense is associated with 鳴門若布 (Naruto wakame), which is traditionally made in Naruto, Tokushima.

Short for 鳴門市 (Naruto-shi): a city in northwestern Tokushima Prefecture


ジャクソン

Jackson (the capital city of Mississippi, United States and one of the two county seats of Hinds County)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Amador County, California)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Butts County, Georgia, United States)

Breathitt County
Breathitt County#English

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Breathitt County, Kentucky)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Michigan)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Minnesota)

Cape Girardeau County
Cape Girardeau County#English

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Cape Girardeau County, Missouri)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Ohio)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Madison County, Tennessee)


伊東

Itō (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


ビーバー

ビーバー • (Bībā)

ja:ビーバー (曖昧さ回避)

Beaver (a city, the county seat of Beaver County, Utah)


大分

大分 (canonical)
Ōita (romanization)
Ofoita (romanization)
おほいた (hiragana historical)

Ōita (the capital city of Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


西海

Saikai (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


キングストン

[kʲĩŋɡɯ̟sɨtõ̞ɴ]


ヤムスクロ

Yamoussoukro (the capital city of Ivory Coast)


エカテリンブルク

Yekaterinburg (a city, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia)


ヴァドーダラー

ヴァドーダラー • (Vadōdarā)

Vadodara (a large city and district of Gujarat, India)


ファドゥーツ

ファドゥーツ • (Fadūtsu)

Vaduz (the capital city of Liechtenstein)


バレンシア

Valencia (the capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)

Valencia (the capital city of the state of Carabobo, Venezuela)


ヴィチェプスク

[bʲit͡ɕe̞pɯ̟sɨkɯ̟]


北上

Short for 北上市 (Kitakami-shi): a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan


アーヘン

アーヘン • (Āhen)

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


アーバーダーン

アーバーダーン • (Ābādān)

[a̠ːba̠ːdã̠ːɴ]


ケアンズ

Cairns (a city and port in Queensland, Australia, named after William Cairns)


カブール

[ka̠bɯ̟ːɾɯ̟]


鹿児島

By surface analysis, 鹿子 (kako, kago, “fawn”) + 島 (shima, “island”). See English Wikipedia for more.

surf

Kagoshima (the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


カリーニングラード

[ka̠ɾʲiːɲ̟ĩŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠ːdo̞]

Borrowed from Russian Калинингра́д (Kaliningrád).

bor+

Калинингра́д

ja:カリーニングラード

Kaliningrad (a city, the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)


カンダハル

Kandahar (a city and province in southern Afghanistan)


安康

Ankang (a city in Shaanxi, in central China)


鴨川

ja-pos

鴨(かも)川(がわ) • (Kamogawa) ^(←かもがは (Kamogafa)?)

鴨川 (canonical)
Kamogawa (romanization)
Kamogafa (romanization)
かもがは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 鴨 (kamo, “duck”) + 川 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa due to rendaku (連濁).

Kamogawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan), located on the southeast of the Bōsō Peninsula; developed as a fishing village in the early Edo period, later becoming a seaside resort town


大邱

大(たい)邱(きゅう) • (Taikyū) ^(←たいきう (Taikiu)?)

大邱 (canonical)
Taikyū (romanization)
Taikiu (romanization)
たいきう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 대구(大邱) (daegu).


インパール

ja-pos

インパール • (Inpāru)


仁川

仁(じん)川(せん) • (Jinsen) ^(←じんせん (Zinsen)?)

仁川 (canonical)
Jinsen (romanization)
Zinsen (romanization)
じんせん (hiragana historical)

→ English: Jinsen

[d͡ʑĩɰ̃sẽ̞ɴ]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 인천(仁川) (incheon).


アデレード

Adelaide (the state capital of South Australia)


アーグラ

ja-pos

アーグラ • (Āgura)


アフマダーバード

アフマダーバード • (Afumadābādo)

Ahmedabad (the largest city in Gujarat, India)


アヴィニョン

[a̠bʲiɲ̟õ̞ɴ]


アスンシオン

[a̠sɨ̃ɰ̃ɕiõ̞ɴ]


イラーハーバード

イラーハーバード • (Irāhābādo)


アルジェ

From French Alger (“Algiers”), from Arabic الجزائر (al-jazāʔir, “Algeria; Algiers”, literally “the islands”).

der

Algiers (a city, the capital city of Algeria)


オールバニ

ja:オールバニ (曖昧さ回避)

Albany (the capital city of the state of New York in the United States, and the county seat of Albany County, New York)

Dougherty County
Dougherty County#English

Albany (a sizable city, the county seat of Dougherty County, Georgia, United States, (76,939 during the 2000 census))

Albany (a home rule city, the county seat of Clinton County, Kentucky)

Albany (a city, the county seat of Gentry County, Missouri)

Albany (a city, the county seat of Linn County, Oregon)

Shackelford County
Shackelford County#English

Albany (a city, the county seat of Shackelford County, Texas, United States)

Albany (a city in Alameda County, California, United States)

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

Albany (a port city in the Great Southern region, Western Australia)


アレクサンドルーポリ

[a̠ɾe̞kɯ̟sã̠ndo̞ɾɯ̟ːpo̞ɾʲi]


アムステルダム

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


アンタナナリボ

Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar)


バンドン

Bandung (a city, the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia)


バンダルスリブガワン

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital of Brunei)


バンガロール

Bangalore (a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India)


バンギ

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English

Bangui (the capital city of the Central African Republic)


バンジュール

ja-pos

バンジュール • (Banjūru)


包頭

包(ほう)頭(とう) • (Hōtō)

Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in northern China)


ボーパール

ボーパール • (Bōpāru)

Bhopal (the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India)


釜山

「釜山港へ帰れ」


釜山

ふ(후)さん(산)よ(요)り(리) こ(고)の(노)は(호)う(우)に(니)

(historical, including colonial) Busan (a city in South Korea)


釜山

1906, 大和田建樹, 天谷秀, 満韓鉄道唱歌
あれよと指さす程もなく 船は釜山に着きにけり
are yo to yubisasu hodo mo naku fune wa Fuzan ni tsukinikeri
before one can point to it and say, 'There it is!' our boat has arrived in Pusan

This place (Gyeongju) can be reached by taking a train from Busan to Gyeongseong, arriving at Daegu in about an hour, getting off there, and driving east for three to four hours by car.

こゝは釜山から京城へ行く汽車に乘つて、一時間ばかりで大邱に着き、そこで下車して自動車で東の方へ三四時間も走るとすぐ行かれる所です。

Koko wa Fuzan kara Keijō e yuku kisha ni notte, ichi-jikan bakari de Taikyū ni tsuki, soko de gesha shite jidōsha de higashi no hō e san-yo-jikan mo hashiru to sugu yukareru tokoro desu.


バッファロー

バッファロー • (Baffarō)

[ba̠ɸːa̠ɾo̞ː]

Buffalo (a major city, the county seat of Erie County, New York, USA; very near Niagara Falls)

Buffalo (a small city in Scott County, Iowa)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Wright County, Minnesota)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Dallas County, Missouri)

Buffalo (a small city in Leon County, Texas)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Johnson County, Wyoming)


ブレーメン

Bremen (the capital city of the state of Bremen, Germany)


バステール

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


バルセロナ

Barcelona (a city and municipality of the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; the capital city of Catalonia)

Barcelona (the capital city of the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela)


バーミンガム

Borrowed from British English Birmingham.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Birmingham (a major city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England)


新潟

新(にい)潟(がた) • (Niigata) ^(←にひがた (Nifigata)?)

新潟 (canonical)
Niigata (romanization)
Nifigata (romanization)
にひがた (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iːɡa̠ta̠]

Compound of 新 (nii-, “new; fresh”) + 潟 (kata, “tidal flat; lagoon”), most likely in reference to the location. The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Niigata (the capital city of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


美濃

⟨mi₁no₁⟩ → /mʲinʷo/ → /mino/
From Old Japanese.
The name of a province in ancient Japan, this appears in the oldest records of the 600s, and again later in the Kojiki of 712 CE, as 三野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “three + farm/field + 's + province”), apparently because the region had three large farms. This shifted to 御野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “honorable + farm/field + 's + province”), by roughly 702 CE, then a few years later in roughly 708 CE the spelling was officially changed to 美濃国 (Mino no kuni, literally “beautiful + rich/concentrated + 's + province”), with this spelling then later becoming the only one.

Short for 美濃市 (Mino-shi): Mino (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


釧路

Kushiro (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


舞鶴

Maizuru (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


富士

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 富士 (Fùshì)

→ Cantonese: 富士 (fu³ si⁶)

→ Dutch: Fuji

→ English: Fuji

→ French: Fuji

→ German: Fuji

→ Italian: Fuji

→ Korean: 후지 (Huji)

→ Portuguese: Fuji

→ Russian: Фудзи (Fudzi)

→ Spanish: Fuji

→ Vietnamese: Phú Sĩ

⟨puzi⟩ → /ɸuʑi/ → /fuʑi/
From Old Japanese 富士 (Puzi).

Fuji (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


佐渡

Sado (an island, city, and former province of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


岡山

ja-pos

岡(おか)山(やま) • (Okayama) ^(←をかやま (Wokayama)?)

岡山(かんしゃん) or 岡山(カンシャン) • (Kanshan)

岡山 (canonical)
Okayama (romanization)
Wokayama (romanization)
をかやま (hiragana historical)
岡山 (canonical)
岡山 (canonical)
Kanshan (romanization)

Okayama (the capital city of Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


埼玉

Russian: Са́йтама f (Sájtama)

⟨saki₁tama⟩ → */sakʲitama/ → /saĩtama//saĩdama/ → /saitama/
Shift from Old Japanese 埼玉 (Saki₁tama).
Also read as Saidama in older texts.

Alternative spelling of さいたま (Saitama): Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


熊本

Kumamoto (the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


秋田

Akita (the capital city of Akita Prefecture, Japan)


岐阜

→ English: Gifu

→ Russian: Ги́фу m (Gífu)

Blend of 岐山 + 曲阜, of which the former is the place where Zhou Dynasty originated and the latter is the place of birth of Confucius. Coined by Oda Nobunaga.

Gifu (the capital city of Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


徳島

Tokushima (the capital city of Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


青森

青(あお)森(もり) • (Aomori) ^(←あをもり (Awomori)?)

青森 (canonical)
Aomori (romanization)
Awomori (romanization)
あをもり (hiragana historical)

Aomori (the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


富山

Toyama (the capital city of Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


山形

Yamagata (the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


栃木

Also called 橡木 or 杤木, the use of 栃 as official name was proposed in October 1872, and finalized in April 1879.

Tochigi (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


和歌山

Wakayama (the capital city of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


ヘンリー

ヘンリー • (Henrī)

Henry (a small city in Marshall County, Illinois; named for Illinois militia officer James D. Henry)


佐賀

Russian: Са́га f (Sága)

Saga (the capital city of Saga Prefecture, Japan)


ケンブリッジ

ja:ケンブリッジ (曖昧さ回避)

Cambridge (a city and local government district with borough status of Cambridgeshire, England, famous for its university)

Dorchester County
Dorchester County#English

Cambridge (a city, the county seat of Dorchester County, Maryland, United States)

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

Cambridge (a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, famous for being the location of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

Cambridge (a city, the county seat of Isanti County, Minnesota, United States)

Cambridge (a city, the county seat of Guernsey County, Ohio, United States)

Cambridge (a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada)


桐生

桐生 (canonical)
Kiryū (romanization)
Kirifu (romanization)
きりふ (hiragana historical)

Kiryū (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


本庄

Honjō (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


鳥取

Tottori (the capital city of Tottori Prefecture, Japan)


高松

Takamatsu (a city, the capital of Kagawa Prefecture, Japan)


宝塚

宝塚 (canonical)
Takarazuka (romanization)

Takarazuka (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


足利

Ashikaga (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


高知

高知 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kauti (romanization)
かうち (hiragana historical)

Kōchi (the capital city of Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


ボストン

[bo̞sɨ̥tõ̞ɴ]

ja:ボストン (曖昧さ回避)

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


ミュンヘン

[mʲɨ̃ɰ̃hẽ̞ɴ]

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


宇都宮

宇都宮 (canonical)
Utsunomiya (romanization)

Utsunomiya (the capital city of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


北九州

北九州 (canonical)
Kitakyūshū (romanization)

ja:北九州 ja:北九州市

Kitakyūshū (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


長岡

Nagaoka (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


横須賀

Yokosuka (a major city and station in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


函館

→ English: Hakodate

→ Russian: Хакода́те m (Xakodátɛ)

Probably borrowed from Ainu ハㇰ チャシ (hak casi), meaning "shallow fort".

函館市: Hakodate (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


アテネ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:アテネ
ja:松村明

Learned borrowing from Latin Athēnae, from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).

Athens (a city, the capital city of Greece)


小田原

Odawara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


姫路

Himeji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


熊野

Kumano (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


盛岡

Morioka (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


ロス

ロサンゼルス ロサンゼルス#Japanese

Short for ロサンゼルス: Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


鹿島

Kashima (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


加賀

Kaga (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


アトランタ

ja:アトランタ (曖昧さ回避)

Atlanta (the capital city of Georgia, United States)


浜松

Hamamatsu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


ミラノ

ja:ミラノ (曖昧さ回避)


淡路

淡路 (canonical)
Awaji (romanization)
Afadi (romanization)
あはぢ (hiragana historical)

Awaji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


白河

[ɕiɾa̠ka̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 白 (shira, “white”, compounding form) + 河 (kawa, “river”).

compound

Shirakawa (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


佐世保

Sasebo (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


下関

下関 (canonical)
Shimonoseki (romanization)

Shimonoseki (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)

下関条約

下関条約 しものせきじょうやく


リンカーン

ja-pos

リンカーン • (Rinkān)

a city and borough in Lincolnshire, England.


デトロイト

Detroit (a city in Michigan, United States)


豊橋

Toyohashi (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


ヒューストン

ja:ヒューストン (曖昧さ回避)

Houston (a large city in Texas, United States)

Matanuska-Susitna Borough
Matanuska-Susitna Borough#English

Houston (a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States)

Houston (a small city in Houston County, Minnesota, United States)

Chickasaw County
Chickasaw County#English

Houston (A small city in and one of the two county seats of Chickasaw County, Mississippi, United States)

Houston (a small city, the county seat of Texas County, Missouri, United States)


マンチェスター

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

Manchester (a major city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in northwestern England)

United States of America
United States of America

Meriwether County
Meriwether County#English

Any of several towns and cities in the United States of America:

Manchester (a city in Meriwether County and Talbot County, Georgia)

Manchester (a city, the county seat of Delaware County, Iowa)

Dickinson County
Dickinson County#English

Manchester (a tiny city in Dickinson County, Kansas)

Manchester (a home rule city, the county seat of Clay County, Kentucky)

Manchester (a tiny city in Freeborn County, Minnesota)

St. Louis County
St. Louis County#English

Manchester (a city in St. Louis County, Missouri)

Hillsborough County
Hillsborough County#English

Manchester (the largest city in New Hampshire, United States and one of the two county seats of Hillsborough County)

Manchester (a city, the county seat of Coffee County, Tennessee)


ナポリ

From Italian Napoli. Doublet of ネイプルズ (Neipuruzu).

ナポリ県


ヴィクトリア

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Victoria (a city, the capital of British Columbia)

Victoria (a city, the capital of Seychelles)

Victoria (the capital city of Gozo, the second-largest island of Malta)


秩父

Chichibu (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


和泉

Izumi (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


石垣

Ishigaki (a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


丹波

Tanba (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


四日市

四日市 (canonical)
Yokkaichi (romanization)

Yokkaichi (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


摂津

Settsu (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


ハミルトン

Hamilton (a port city in Ontario, Canada)


朝倉

Asakura (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


一宮

一宮 (canonical)
Ichinomiya (romanization)

a place name
a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan


鈴鹿

Suzuka (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


前橋

Maebashi (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


エルサレム

[e̞ɾɯ̟sa̠ɾe̞mɯ̟]

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


シアトル

[ɕia̠to̞ɾɯ̟]

1985 December 20, Taeko Watanabe, “第(だい)四(よん)十(じゅう)八(はち)話(わ) 家(か)族(ぞく) Ⅰ(いち) [Chapter 48: Family I]”, in ファミリー！ [Family!], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 72:

I came here (LA) from Seattle… to look for my son …I am — Jonathan Allen’s father

シアトルからＬＡへは…息子を尋ねてきました…ぼくは———ジョナサン・アレンの父親です

Shiatoru kara koko e wa… musuko o tazunetekimashita …Boku wa ———Jonasan Aren no chichioya desu

Seattle (a city in Washington, United States)


ダカール

[da̠ka̠ːɾɯ̟]


ダーウィン

ダーウィン • (Dāwin)


ダマン

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu#English

Daman (the state capital of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India)


ダマスカス

Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)


ドバイ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Dubai (the capital city of Dubai emirate, United Arab Emirates)


ドゥシャンベ

Dushanbe (the capital city of Tajikistan)


レイキャビク

[ɾe̞ːkʲa̠bʲikɯ̟]


テグシガルパ

[te̞ɡɯ̟ɕiɡa̠ɾɯ̟pa̠]

Tegucigalpa (the capital city of Honduras)


テルアビブ

[te̞ɾɯ̟ a̠bʲibɯ̟]


ティンプー

ティンプー • (Tinpū)


ティラスポリ

Tiraspol (the capital city of Transnistria)


トリヤッチ

Russian Толья́тти (Tolʹjátti), in turn after Italian politician Palmiro Togliatti (1893–1964).

Tolyatti, Togliatti (a city in Samara Oblast, Russia)


トゥールーズ

トゥールーズ • (Tūrūzu)

[tɯ̟ːɾɯ̟ːzɨ]

Toulouse (the capital city of Haute-Garonne department, France; the capital city of the region of Occitania)


トリノ

ja:トリノ ja:トリノ県


ウファ

Ufa (the capital and largest city of Bashkortostan, Russia)


ウプサラ

[ɯ̟pɯ̟̊sa̠ɾa̠]

Borrowed from Swedish Uppsala, from Old Norse Uppsalir (literally “upper halls, upper dwellings”), from upp (“up”) + salir (“halls, rooms”), plural of salr.

der

Uppsala (a city in eastern central Sweden)


バンクーバー

ja-pos

バンクーバー • (Bankūbā)

[bã̠ŋkɯ̟ːba̠ː]

バンクーバー バンクーバー#Japanese

晩香坡, バンクーバー: Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)


エドモントン

Edmonton (the capital city of Alberta, Canada)


エディンバラ

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)

ja:エディンバラ (曖昧さ回避)


ペリカン

ja:ペリカン (曖昧さ回避)

[pe̞ɾʲikã̠ɴ]

Pelican (a minor city on Chichagof Island, Alaska)


スコピエ

Skopje (a city, the capital city of North Macedonia)


倉敷

→ Chinese: 倉敷 /仓敷 (Cāngfū)

→ English: Kurashiki

Kurashiki (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


モントリオール

From English Montreal, from French Montréal. Doublet of モンレアル (Monrearu).

Montreal (an island on which is situated the largest city in Quebec, Canada)

ja:モントリオール (曖昧さ回避)


クリーブランド

ja:クリーブランド (曖昧さ回避)

Cleveland (a major city, the county seat of Cuyahoga County, Ohio)

Cleveland (a city, the county seat of White County, Georgia, named after General Benjamin Cleveland, grandson of Colonel Benjamin Cleveland)

Cleveland (a small city in Cass County, Missouri)

Cleveland (a small city, the county seat of Bradley County, Tennessee)

Cleveland (a city in Liberty County, Texas)


うちなー

うちなー or ウチナー • (Uchinā)

うちなー (canonical)
ウチナー (canonical)
Uchinā (romanization)

[ɯ̟t͡ɕina̠ː]

Unadapted borrowing from Okinawan 沖縄(うちなー) (Uchinā).

Okinawa (the second-largest city on Okinawa Island, in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


海牙

海牙(ハーグ) • (Hāgu)

The Hague (the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


オスロ

Oslo (a tiny city in Marshall County, in northwest Minnesota, United States)


コペンハーゲン

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)

ja:コペンハーゲン (曖昧さ回避)


ブリュッセル

[bɯ̟ɾʲɨsːe̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from French Bruxelles, or possibly from Dutch Brussel.

Brussels (a city, the capital city and a region of Belgium)


ベルン

Bern (the capital city of Switzerland; the capital city of Bern canton)


サラエボ

Saraebo (romanization)
Sarawevo (romanization)
サラヱヺ (historical katakana)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Sarajevo (the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina)


サライェヴォ

Borrowed from English or Serbo-Croatian Sarajevo.


リュブリャナ

Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


ウェリントン

[β̞e̞ɾʲĩntõ̞ɴ]


ポートモレスビー

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

Port Moresby (the capital of Papua New Guinea)


ハバナ

Ultimately from Spanish La Habana, in turn from Taíno Habaguanex.
Japanese sources list the term as a borrowing of Havana, but do not indicate the source language.
The term is first cited to the early 1890s. This would suggest that the term was borrowed from English Havana, since the ⟨ h ⟩ in Spanish has been silent for centuries. Considering that the pitch accent is on the first mora, the borrowing was likely via the written rather than the spoken form, as the accent on the second syllable in either Spanish or English would likely result in a higher pitch on the second mora instead.


ブラチスラヴァ

[bɯ̟ɾa̠t͡ɕisɨɾa̠ba̠]

Bratislava (the capital city of Slovakia)


ブラチスラバ

[bɯ̟ɾa̠t͡ɕisɨ̥ɾa̠ba̠]


ドーハ

ドーハ • (Dōha)

Doha (a city, the capital city of Qatar)


リヤド

Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


リマ

ja:リマ (曖昧さ回避)


ジョージタウン

ジョージタウン • (Jōji Taun)

George Town
George Town#English:_Q172996

George Town (the capital of the Cayman Islands)

George Town (the capital of Penang, Malaysia)


ジョージタウン

ジョージタウン • (Jōjitaun)

Georgetown (the capital city of Guyana; named for George III of the United Kingdom)

Ascension Island
Ascension Island#English

Georgetown (the capital city of Ascension Island; named for George III)

Georgetown (a city in Illinois; perhaps named for landowner George Beckwith, or George Haworth, son of James Haworth, who platted the city)

Georgetown (a city, the county seat of Scott County, Kentucky; named for George Washington)

Georgetown County
Georgetown County#English

Georgetown (a city, the county seat of Georgetown County, South Carolina; named for George III)

Williamson County
Williamson County#English

Georgetown (a city, the county seat of Williamson County, Texas; named for landowner George Washington Glasscock)


プレトリア

[pɯ̟ɾe̞to̞ɾʲia̠]


ラバト

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


ハルツーム

[ha̠ɾɯ̟t͡sɨːmɯ̟]


ケープタウン

Cape Town (a city, the legislative capital of South Africa)


ブルームフォンテーン

ブルームフォンテーン • (Burūmufontēn)


キンシャサ

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Kinshasa (a city, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


クラスノヤルスク

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai#English

Krasnoyarsk (a city, the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia, Russia)


ウラン・ウデ

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ɰ̃ ɯ̟de̞]

Ulan-Ude (the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia)


ペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー

ペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー • (Petoropaburofusuku Kamuchatsukī)

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (a city in Russia)


サマーラ

Samara (a city, the administrative center of Samara Oblast, Russia)


サイゴン

Ultimately borrowed from Vietnamese Sài Gòn.
The kanji spellings 西貢, 柴棍 are considered to be ateji. However, the 柴棍 spelling is rooted in the Vietnamese etymology of the name; see Sài Gòn for more.

(historical or informal) Saigon (the former name of Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam; the former capital of South Vietnam)


さいたま

From 埼玉 (Saitama, “Saitama Prefecture”).

さいたま市 さいたま市#Japanese

Short for さいたま市 (Saitama-shi): Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


甲府

Kōfu (the capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture)


松江

Matsue (the capital city of Shimane Prefecture)


基隆

基隆(キールン) • (Kīrun)


マカオ

中華人民共和国マカオ特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Makao Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


花蓮

Hualien (a city and county on the east coast of Taiwan)


坂井

Sakai (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


済州

Jeju a place name, (island, province and its capital in South Korea)

Jeju (the capital city of Jeju Province, South Korea)


川内

Short for 薩摩川内. Satsumasendai (a city in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


栗原

Kurihara (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


角田

角(かく)田(た) or 角(すみ)田(だ) or 角(すみ)田(た) or 角(つの)田(だ) or 角(つの)田(た) • (Kakuta or Sumida or Sumita or Tsunoda or Tsunota)

角田 (canonical)
Kadota (romanization)
角田 (canonical)
Kakuda (romanization)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
Kakuta (romanization)
Sumida (romanization)
Sumita (romanization)
Tsunoda (romanization)
Tsunota (romanization)

Kakuda (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


飯塚

Iizuka (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


大崎

Ōsaki (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


越前

越(えち)前(ぜん) • (Echizen) ^(←ゑちぜん (Wetizen)?)

越前 (canonical)
Echizen (romanization)
Wetizen (romanization)
ゑちぜん (hiragana historical)

Named after the ancient province of Koshi (越国 (こしのくに, Koshinokuni)), which was split into three provinces under Emperor Monmu in the 7th century AD.

Echizen (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


長門

Short for 長門市 (Nagato-shi): Nagato (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


阿波

Awa (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


筑後

Chikugo (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


豊前

Buzen (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


出雲

出雲 (canonical)
Izumo (romanization)
Idumo (romanization)
いづも (hiragana historical)

Izumo (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


備前

Bizen (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


美作

Mimasaka (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


伊豆

伊豆 (canonical)
Izu (romanization)
Idu (romanization)
いづ (hiragana historical)

Izu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


下野

下野 (canonical)
Shimotsuke (romanization)

⟨simo₁tuke₂⟩ → */simʷotukei̯/ → /ɕimot͡suke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 下毛野 (Simo₁tuke₂no₁ → Shimotsukeno, literally “Lower Keno”).
The meadowsweet sense was first attested in The Pillow Book (1002), from the province where the flower was first discovered.

inh

Short for 下野市 (Shimotsuke-shi): Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan) [2006–]


磐城

磐城 (canonical)
Iwaki (romanization)
Ifaki (romanization)
いはき (hiragana historical)

Iwaki (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


昌原

South Gyeongsang
South Gyeongsang#English

Changwon (a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea)


亀山

Kameyama (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


有田

Arida (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


田川

Tagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


諏訪

Suwa (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


三田

Sanda (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


富岡

Tomioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


羅府

羅 (orthographic borrowing from Cantonese 羅省技利 (lo4 saang2 gei6 lei6)) + 府 (fu, “prefecture”), coined by poet Funabashi Moshichi (船橋茂七) in 1894 for use in a Chinese poem (漢詩).

compound

orthographic borrowing from Cantonese <i class="Hant mention" lang="yue">羅省技利</i> (lo4 saang2 gei6 lei6)

coined

(dated) Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


紐育

ja-pos

紐育(ニューヨーク) • (Nyū Yōku)

1921 May 4, 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 7714, page 4:

紐育市報

ニューヨーク ニューヨーク#Japanese

New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey)


神崎

Kanzaki (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


川西

Kawanishi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


羽生

羽生 (canonical)
Hanyū (romanization)
Fanifu (romanization)
はにふ (hiragana historical)

Hanyū (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


竹原

Takehara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


井原

Ibara (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


西脇

[ɲ̟iɕiβ̞a̠kʲi]

Nishiwaki (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


シェフィールド

Sheffield (a city in South Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom)


川越

Kawagoe (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


柏原

Kashiwara (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


坂東

Bandō (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


サンサルバドル

[sã̠ɰ̃sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

San Salvador (the capital of El Salvador)


サンホセ

Borrowed from Spanish San José (“Saint Joseph”).


貴陽

Guiyang (the capital city of Guizhou prefecture, China)


小平

Kodaira (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


相模原

相模原 (canonical)
Sagamihara (romanization)

Sagamihara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


八王子

Hachiōji (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


松戸

Matsudo (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


尼崎

Amagasaki (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


枚方

Hirakata (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


豊中

Toyonaka (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


高槻

Takatsuki (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


平戸

Hirado (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


海門

海門(かいもん) or 海門(ハイメン) • (Kaimon or Haimen)


桂林

Guilin (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


小浜

Compound of 小 (o, “small, little”) + 浜 (hama, “beach, shore”). The hama changes to bama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Piecewise doublet of etymology 2.

compound

Obama (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


妙高

ja-pos

妙(みょう)高(こう) • (Myōkō) ^(←めうかう (Meukau)?)

妙高 (canonical)
Myōkō (romanization)
Meukau (romanization)
めうかう (hiragana historical)

Myōkō (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


青梅

青梅 (canonical)
Ōme (romanization)
Awome (romanization)
あをめ (hiragana historical)


ヌアクショット

[nɯ̟a̠kɯ̟ɕo̞t̚to̞]


ブラザヴィル

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Brazzaville (a city, the capital city of the Republic of the Congo)


ビサウ

Bissau (the capital city of Guinea-Bissau)


ブジュンブラ

[bɯ̟ʑɨ̃mbɯ̟ɾa̠]


フリータウン

[ɸɯ̟ɾʲiːta̠ɯ̟̃ɴ]


リーブルヴィル

[ɾʲiːbɯ̟ɾɯ̟bʲiɾɯ̟]


サントメ

From Portuguese São Tomé (literally “Saint Thomas”).


マラボ

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English

Malabo (the capital city of Equatorial Guinea)


リロングウェ

[ɾʲiɾõ̞ŋɡɯ̟β̞e̞]

Lilongwe (a city, the capital city of Malawi)


ダルエスサラーム

[da̠ɾɯ̟e̞sɨ̥sa̠ɾa̠ːmɯ̟]

Dar es Salaam (the largest city and the former capital of Tanzania)


ポルトノボ

Porto-Novo (the official capital of Benin)


プライア

Borrowed from Portuguese Praia (“Beach”).


カイエンヌ

[ka̠iẽ̞nːɯ̟]

Cayenne (the capital of French Guiana department)


プリシュティナ

[pɯ̟ɾʲiɕɨtʲi̥na̠]


ナッソー

ja-pos

ナッソー • (Nassō)


バセテール

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


ブリッジタウン

[bɯ̟ɾʲid̚d͡ʑita̠ɯ̟̃ɴ]


ポルトープランス

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ːpɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

Port-au-Prince (the capital city of Haiti)


ポートオブスペイン

^ポート オブ ^スペイン

[po̞ːto̞ o̞bɯ̟ sɨ̥pẽ̞ːɴ]

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English

Port of Spain (the capital city of Trinidad and Tobago)

ja:ポートオブスペイン


ロゾー

ロゾー • (Rozō)


キングスタウン

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English

Kingstown (the capital city of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)


サントドミンゴ

From Spanish Santo Domingo (literally “Saint Dominic”).

bor

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Santo Domingo (the capital city of the Dominican Republic)


ポートルイス

Port Louis (the capital city of Mauritius)


ワガドゥグー

[β̞a̠ɡa̠dɯ̟ɡɯ̟ː]

Ouagadougou (the capital of Burkina Faso)


石岡

Ishioka (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


烏魯木斉

烏魯木斉 (canonical)
Urumuchi (romanization)

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟mɯ̟t͡ɕi]

The kanji are ateji (当て字), orthographic borrowing from Mandarin 烏魯木齊 /乌鲁木齐 (Wūlǔmùqí, “Ürümqi”).

obor

Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


フィレンツェ

From Italian Firenze. Doublet of フローレンス (Furōrensu).


ジュネーヴ

ja-pos

ジュネーヴ • (Junēvu)


ケベック

Quebec, Quebec City (the capital city of the province of Quebec, Canada)


新嘉坡

新嘉坡 (canonical)
Shingapōru (romanization)

シンガポール シンガポール#Japanese

obsolete spelling of シンガポール: Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


ボンベイ

ja:ボンベイ (曖昧さ回避)

Bombay, Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


マルセイユ

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Marseille (the capital city of Bouches-du-Rhône department, France; the capital city of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)


市俄古

三月十六日―――市俄古見物に行かうと定めた日である。

(Can we date this quote?), 永井荷風, “市俄古の二日”, in あめりか物語:

obsolete spelling of シカゴ (Shikago) (= Chicago), a major city in Illinois, United States


朝霞

Asaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


金陵

[kʲĩn̺ɾʲo̞ː]

(archaic) Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


フナフティ

[ɸɯ̟na̠ɸɯ̟tʲi]


ヌクアロファ

[nɯ̟kɯ̟a̠ɾo̞ɸa̠]

From Tongan Nukuʻalofa, from nuku (“abode”) + alofa (“love”). Literally, “abode of love”.


バークレー

バークレー • (Bākurē)

Berkeley (a city in California, United States)


根室

From Ainu ネㇺ オロ コタン (nem oro kotan, “place of ponds”).

bor

Nemuro (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


チワワ

ja:チワワ (曖昧さ回避)

[t͡ɕiβ̞a̠β̞a̠]


チワワ

ja:チワワ (曖昧さ回避)

[t͡ɕiβ̞a̠β̞a̠]


酒田

Sakata (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


佐倉

Literally “assistant, helper” + “warehouse”.

Sakura (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


ブレスト

ja:ブレスト
ja:ブレスト (フランス)

[bɯ̟ɾe̞sɨ̥to̞]


ブレスト

ja:ブレスト
ja:ブレスト (ベラルーシ)

[bɯ̟ɾe̞sɨ̥to̞]


チューリッヒ

[t͡ɕɨːɾʲiçːi]


三条

Sanjō (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


ベネチア

Benechia (romanization)
Venetia (romanization)
ヹネチア (historical katakana)

Venice (a port city in Veneto, on the Adriatic, in northeastern Italy)


ベニス

Benisu (romanization)
Venisu (romanization)
ヹニス (historical katakana)


シャンペーン

ja-pos

シャンペーン • (Shanpēn)


リオデジャネイロ

^リオ デ ^ジャネイロ

Borrowed from Portuguese Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro (a municipality, the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)


出水

出(いで)水(みず) • (Idemizu) ^(←いでみづ (Idemidu)?)

出水 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
Idumi (romanization)
いづみ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
出水 (canonical)
Idemizu (romanization)
Idemidu (romanization)
いでみづ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Idemi (romanization)
出水 (canonical)
Imizu (romanization)
Imidu (romanization)
いみづ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Idekami (romanization)

Compound of 出(い)づ (izu, “to go or come out”) + 水(み) (mi, “water”); literally, “water that comes out”.

ja-com

Izumi (a city and train station in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


武蔵野

武蔵野 (canonical)
Musashino (romanization)

武蔵(むさし) (Musashi, “Musashi Province”) + 野(の) (no, “plain”).

ja-compound

(~市) Musashino (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


オーランド

ja-pos

オーランド • (Ōrando)

オーランド市


レオポルドヴィル

(history) Leopoldville (a city, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


シラクサ

Shirakusa (romanization)
シラクーザ (alternative)

From Italian Siracusa, from Latin Syrācūsae, from Ancient Greek Συρᾱ́κουσαι (Surā́kousai). Doublet of シラキュース (Shirakyūsu).

ja:シラクサ ja:シラクーザ県

Syracuse (a port, the capital city of the province of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy)


バーリン

バーリン • (Bārin)

Borrowed from English Berlin, from German Berlin.

Berlin (a city in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States)

Green Lake County
Green Lake County#English

Berlin (a city in Green Lake County and Waushara County, Wisconsin, United States)


アンドラ・ラ・ベリャ

^アンドラ・ラ・^ベリャ

[ã̠ndo̞ɾa̠ ɾa̠ be̞ɾʲa̠]

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella#English

Andorra la Vella (the capital city of Andorra)

ja:アンドラ・ラ・ベリャ


ルクセンブルク市

ルクセンブルク市 (canonical)
Rukusenburuku Shi (romanization)

ルクセンブルク (Rukusenburuku, “Luxembourg”) + 市 (-shi, “city”)

suffix

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)


ラクセンバーグ

[ɾa̠kɯ̟sẽ̞mba̠ːɡɯ̟]

From English Luxemburg. Doublet of ルクセンブルク (Rukusenburuku) and リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru).


バチカン市国

バチカン市国 (canonical)
Bachikan Shikoku (romanization)

[ba̠t͡ɕi̥ka̠ɰ̃ ɕi̥ko̞kɯ̟]

From バチカン (Bachikan, “Vatican”) + 市国 (shikoku, “city state”).

af

Vatican City State
Vatican City State#English:_Q237

Vatican City State (official name of Vatican City, a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)

ja:バチカン市国 (世界遺産)


マドリッド

Borrowed from English Madrid, from Spanish Madrid.

Madrid (a small city in Douglas Township, Boone County, Iowa, United States).


トリニダード

Trinidad (in Trinidad and Tobago and the US)


ケベック・シティー

Quebec City (a city, the provincial capital of Quebec, Canada)

ja:ケベック・シティー


府中

ja:府中市 (東京都)

several cities and towns in Japan
Fuchū (a city in Tokyo prefecture)


三鷹

Compound of 三(み) (mi, “three”) + 鷹(たか) (taka, “hawks”).

ja-com

Mitaka (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


アンカレッジ

ja:アンカレッジ (曖昧さ回避)


バトンルージュ

Baton Rouge (a city, the state capital of Louisiana, United States)


バーミングハム

Borrowed from American English Birmingham.

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

Birmingham (a city, the county seat of Jefferson County, Alabama, United States)


ボイシ

ja:ボイシ (曖昧さ回避)


カーライル

Carlisle (a city in and the county town of Cumbria, and formerly of the county of Cumberland, and in Cumberland unitary authority since 2023, northwestern England, (OS grid ref NY3955))

Carlisle (a city in Lonoke County, Arkansas)

Carlisle (a city in Warren County and Polk County, Iowa)

Carlisle (a home rule city, the county seat of Nicholas County, Kentucky)


グロスター

ja:グロスター (曖昧さ回避)

Gloucester (a cathedral city and local government district of Gloucestershire, England, on the river Severn, near the border with Wales)


レスター

ja:レスター (曖昧さ回避)


レスター

ja:レスター (曖昧さ回避)


ノーサンプトン

Hampshire County
Hampshire County#English

Northampton (a city, the county seat of Hampshire County, Massachusetts)


ノリッチ

Norwich (a city and local government district with borough status in and county town of Norfolk, England)

New London County
New London County#English

Norwich (a city in New London County, Connecticut)

Norwich (a city, the county seat of Chenango County, New York)


レディング

ja:レディング (曖昧さ回避)


ソールズベリー

ja-pos

ソールズベリー • (Sōruzuberī)

ja:ソールズベリー (曖昧さ回避)

Salisbury (a cathedral city and civil parish with a city council in Wiltshire, England, (OS grid ref SU1430))

Salisbury (a city, the county seat of Wicomico County, Maryland)

Salisbury (a small city in Chariton County, Missouri)

Salisbury (a city, the county seat of Rowan County, North Carolina)


ウォリック

Warwick (a city in Kent County, Rhode Island)


ウスター

ウスター • (Usutā)

ja:ウスター (曖昧さ回避)


ウィントフック

[β̞ĩnto̞ɸɯ̟k̚kɯ̟]

Borrowed from Afrikaans/Dutch Windhoek, from wind (“wind”) + hoek (“corner, angle”).

Windhoek (a city, the capital city of Namibia)


ラスベガス

Las Vegas (a city in Nevada, United States)

ja:ラスベガス (曖昧さ回避)


エル・パソ

Borrowed from Spanish El Paso (“The Pass”).


サンアントニオ

Borrowed from Spanish San Antonio (“Saint Anthony”).


サンディエゴ

San Diego (a city in California, United States)

ja:サンディエゴ (曖昧さ回避)


サンノゼ

Borrowed from English San Jose, from Spanish San José (“Saint Joseph”).

San Jose (a city in California, United States)


サンタフェ

From Spanish Santa Fe (literally “Holy Faith”).


アルバニー

ja:アルバニー (西オーストラリア州)

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Albany (the capital city of the state of New York in the United States, and the county seat of Albany County, New York)

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Dougherty County
Dougherty County#English

Albany (a sizable city, the county seat of Dougherty County, Georgia, United States, (76,939 during the 2000 census))

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Albany (a home rule city, the county seat of Clinton County, Kentucky)

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Albany (a city, the county seat of Gentry County, Missouri)

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Albany (a city, the county seat of Linn County, Oregon)

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Shackelford County
Shackelford County#English

Albany (a city, the county seat of Shackelford County, Texas, United States)

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Albany (a city in Alameda County, California, United States)

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

Albany (a port city in the Great Southern region, Western Australia)


マジュロ

Borrowed from English Majuro, from Marshallese Mājro.

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English

Majuro (the capital city of the Marshall Islands)


苗栗

Miaoli (a county-administered city in Miaoli County, Taiwan)


デン・ハーグ

ja-pos

デン・ハーグ • (Den Hāgu)


ネイプルズ

[ne̞ːpɯ̟ɾɯ̟zɨ]

From English Naples. Doublet of ナポリ (Napori).

Naples (one of several cities and towns in the US)


烏海

Wuhai (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


カレドニア

Caledonia (a city, the county seat of Houston County, Minnesota)


ワシントンD.C.

ワシントン %ディー%-シー

ワシントンD.C. (canonical)
Washinton Dī-Shī (romanization)

[β̞a̠ɕĩnto̞n dʲiːɕiː]

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Washington, D.C. (a city, the capital city of the United States)


周南

周(しゅう)南(なん) • (Shūnan) ^(←しうなん (Siunan)?)

周南 (canonical)
Shūnan (romanization)
Siunan (romanization)
しうなん (hiragana historical)

Shūnan (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


モントピリア

From English Montpelier, from French Montpellier. Doublet of モンペリエ (Monperie).

Montpelier (the capital city of Vermont)


モンペリエ

From French Montpellier. Doublet of モントピリア (Montopiria).

Montpellier (a large city, the prefecture of Hérault department, Occitania, France)


アンティグア・グアテマラ

[ã̠ntʲiɡɯ̟a̠ ɡɯ̟a̠te̞ma̠ɾa̠]

Borrowed from Spanish Antigua Guatemala.

ja:アンティグア・グアテマラ


セントジョンズ

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

St. John's (the capital city of Antigua and Barbuda)

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador#English

St. John's (the capital city of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada)


セントジョン

Saint John (a city in New Brunswick, Canada)


セントビンセント

From English Saint Vincent. Doublet of サン゠ヴァンサン (San-Vansan) and サン・ヴィセンテ (San Vinsente).

doublet

ja:セントビンセント島


カーディフ

ja-pos

カーディフ • (Kādifu)

Cardiff (a city and county, the capital and largest city of Wales)


八尾

八尾 (canonical)
Yao (romanization)
Yawo (romanization)
やを (hiragana historical)

Compound of 八 (ya, “eight”) + 尾 (o, “tail”).


オンタリオ

San Bernardino County
San Bernardino County#English

Ontario (a city in San Bernardino County, California)

Ontario (a city in Richland County, Ohio)

Ontario (a city in Malheur County, Oregon)


シンシナティ

ja:シンシナティ (曖昧さ回避)


ヨハネスブルグ

Johannesburg (a city, the provincial capital of Gauteng, South Africa)


富良野

From Ainu フラヌィ (huranuy, “sulfurous place”). The kanji is ateji (当て字).


ラサ

Likely via English Lhasa, from Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).

Lhasa (the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


千歳

Chitose (a city in Ishikari subprefecture, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


宮古

Miyako (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)

宮古翡翠

宮古翡翠 みやこしょうびん

宮古上布

宮古上布 みやこじょうふ

宮古諸島

宮古諸島 みやこしょとう


チェスターフィールド

チェスターフィールド • (Chesutāfīrudo)

[t͡ɕe̞sɨ̥ta̠ːɸʲiːɾɯ̟do̞]

ja:チェスターフィールド


ファーガソン

ファーガソン • (Fāgason)

St. Louis County
St. Louis County#English

Ferguson (a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States)


グラスゴー

Glasgow (a major city and council area of Scotland, largest city in Scotland)

ja:グラスゴー (曖昧さ回避)


コーク

コーク • (Kōku)


モンゴメリー

Montgomery (a city, the capital city of Alabama)


ジュノー

ジュノー • (Junō)


ランシング

[ɾã̠ɰ̃ɕĩŋɡɯ̟]


鹿沼

Kanuma (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


バトマン

ja:バトマン ja:バトマン県


パリス

ja:パリス (曖昧さ回避)


フリント

[ɸɯ̟ɾʲĩnto̞]


ハートフォード

ハートフォード • (Hātofōdo)

Hartford (the capital city of Connecticut)


ブリッジポート

Fairfield County
Fairfield County#English

Bridgeport (a large port city, the county seat of Fairfield County, Connecticut)

Bridgeport (a small city in Jackson County, Alabama)

Bridgeport (a small city and township in Lawrence County, Illinois)

Bridgeport (a small city, the county seat of Morrill County, Nebraska)

Bridgeport (a city in Wise County, Texas)

Bridgeport (a small city in Douglas County, Washington)

Bridgeport (a city in Harrison County, West Virginia)


ラホール

[ɾa̠ho̞ːɾɯ̟]


ムルタン

[mɯ̟ɾɯ̟tã̠ɴ]


アトランティックシティ

アトランティック シティ


サウサンプトン

Southampton (a city, unitary authority, and borough of Hampshire, in southern England)


ニュートン

ニュートン • (Nyūton)

ja:ニュートン (曖昧さ回避)

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

Newton (a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts)

Newton (a small city in Dale County, Alabama)

Newton (a small city, the county seat of Baker County, Georgia)

Newton (a city, the county seat of Jasper County, Illinois)

Newton (a city, the county seat of Jasper County, Iowa)

Newton (a city, the county seat of Harvey County, Kansas, named after Newton, Massachusetts)

Newton (a small city in Newton County, Mississippi)

Newton (a city, the county seat of Catawba County, North Carolina)

Newton (a city, the county seat of Newton County, Texas)

Newton (a small city in Cache County, Utah)


スウォンジー

スウォンジー • (Suwonjī)

Swansea (a city and county in South Wales)


オリンピア

From English Olympia, from Ancient Greek Ὀλυμπία (Olumpía).


ロス・アンヘレス

From Spanish Los Ángeles (literally “The Angels”). Doublet of ロサンゼルス (Rosanzerusu).

bor

Los Ángeles (in Spanish-speaking countries)


モンタナ

ja:モンタナ (曖昧さ回避)

モンタナ州


コンスタンティノープル

Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire#English

(historical) Constantinople (the former name, from 330–1930 C.E., of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey; the former capital of the Ottoman Empire and of the Byzantine Empire before that)

ja:コンスタンティノープル


ブルックリン

Brooklyn (a small city Poweshiek County Iowa, United States)

Brooklyn (a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States)


ヴィエンナ

From English Vienna. Doublet of ヴィエンヌ (Viennu, “Vienne”) and ウィーン (Wīn).


コンコード

Concord (the capital city of New Hampshire)


アセンズ

Limestone County
Limestone County#English

Athens (a city, the county seat of Limestone County, Alabama, United States).

Athens (a sizable city in Georgia, United States).

Athens (a city in Menard County, Illinois, United States).

Athens (a city, the county seat of Athens County, Ohio, United States).

Athens (a city, the county seat of McMinn County, Tennessee, United States).

Henderson County
Henderson County#English

Athens (a city, the county seat of Henderson County, Texas, United States).


瀬戸内

Setouchi (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


サクラメント

From English Sacramento, from Spanish Sacramento (literally “Sacrament”).

der

サクラメント サクラメント#Japanese

サクラメント, 桜面都, 桜府: Sacramento (a city in Sacramento, California, United States)


水俣

Minamata (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


華府

華府 (canonical)
Kafu (romanization)
Kwafu (romanization)
くわふ (hiragana historical)

1935 March 13, 日伯新聞 (Nippaku Shinbun) [Nippo-Brazilian Newspaper], number 926, page 1:

According to a report from Washington, British ambassador to the United States Mr Lindsay visited the Department of State, […]

華府來電によれば駐米英大使リンゼー氏は國務省を訪問、[…]

Kafu raiden ni yoreba chū-Bei Ei-taishi Rinzē-shi wa kokumushō o hōmon, […]

(obsolete) Washington, D.C. (a city, the capital city of the United States)


ダコタ

Borrowed from English Dakota, from Dakota dakhóta.


ビスマーク

Bismarck (the capital city of North Dakota)


ヤクーツク

[ja̠kɯ̟ːt͡sɨkɯ̟]

Borrowed from Russian Яку́тск (Jakútsk).


ホバート

Hobart (the capital of Tasmania, Australia)


茅ヶ崎

茅ヶ崎 (canonical)
Chigasaki (romanization)

Chigasaki (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


白山

[ha̠kɯ̟sã̠ɴ]

Hakusan (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


ボン

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Bonn (an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the Rhine River; the former capital of West Germany and (until 1999) seat of government of unified Germany)


甘木

(historical) Amagi (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


春川

[t͡ɕɨ̃ɲ̟t͡ɕõ̞ɴ]


春川

ja-pos

春(しゅん)川(せん) • (Shunsen) ^(←しゆんせん (Syunsen)?)

春川 (canonical)
Shunsen (romanization)
Syunsen (romanization)
しゆんせん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 춘천(春川) (chuncheon).

obor

(dated) Chuncheon (a city in South Korea)


木浦

Mokpo (a city in South Jeolla Province, South Korea)


木浦

/mokɯho/ → /mop̚po/
Orthographic borrowing from Korean 목포(木浦) (Mokpo).

(dated) Mokpo (a city in South Jeolla Province, South Korea)


慶州

[kʲõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑɨ]


慶州

ja-pos

慶(けい)州(しゅう) • (Keishū) ^(←けいしう (Keisiu)?)

慶州 (canonical)
Keishū (romanization)
Keisiu (romanization)
けいしう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 경주(慶州) (gyeongju).

obor

(dated) Gyeongju (a city in South Korea)


浦項

North Gyeongsang
North Gyeongsang#English

Pohang (a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea)


浦項

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 포항(浦項) (Pohang).

(dated) Pohang (a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea)


我孫子

Abiko (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


南浦

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 목포(木浦) (Mokpo).


新義州

新義州 (canonical)
Shingishū (romanization)

[ɕĩŋʲɡʲiɕɨː]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 신의주(新義州) (Sinuiju).


開城

ja-pos

開(かい)城(じょう) • (Kaijō) ^(←かいじやう (Kaizyau)?)

開城 (canonical)
Kaijō (romanization)
Kaizyau (romanization)
かいじやう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 개성(開城) (gaeseong).


松林

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 송림(松林) (songnim).


松林

[sõ̞n̺ɾʲimɯ̟]


鹿嶋

Kashima (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


室蘭

[mɯ̟ɾo̞ɾã̠ɴ]


夕張

Yūbari (a city in Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


留萌

Certainly from Ainu, but further details are unclear and disputed.

Rumoi (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan).


苫小牧

苫小牧 (canonical)
Tomakomai (romanization)


美唄

Either from Ainu ピパイ (pipai), meaning "mussel shell"; Ainu ピパ オマ ナイ (pipa oma nai), meaning "river of mussel shells"; or Ainu ピパ オ イ (pipa o i), meaning "place of many mussel shells".

Bibai (a city in Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


江別

Like many place names in Hokkaido, especially those ending in -betsu (from Ainu ペッ (pet, “river”)), from Ainu. There are multiple theories on the exact etymon, for example イェペッ (yepet, “purulent river”).

Ebetsu (a city in Ishikari subprefecture, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan).


赤平

Ainu [Term?]. The exact original Ainu term and its meaning are disputed.

Akabira (a city in Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


紋別

Derived from Ainu モペッ (mopet), from Ainu モ (mo, “quiet”) + Ainu ペッ (pet, “river”).

Monbetsu (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


名寄

Nayoro (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


三笠

Mikasa (a city in Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


深川

Fukagawa (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


五所川原

ja-pos

五(ご)所(しょ)川(がわ)原(ら) • (Goshogawara) ^(←ごしよがはら (Gosyogafara)?)

五所川原 (canonical)
Goshogawara (romanization)
Gosyogafara (romanization)
ごしよがはら (hiragana historical)

[ɡo̞ɕo̞ɡa̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

Goshogawara (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


釜石

Kamaishi (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


遠野

Tōno (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


仙北

Senboku (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


新庄

Shinjō (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


寒河江

Sagae (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


土浦

[t͡sɨt͡ɕiɯ̟ɾa̠]

Tsuchiura (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


取手

Toride (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


大田原

大(おお)田(た)原(わら) • (Ōtawara) ^(←おほたはら (Ofotafara)?)

大(おお)田(た)原(はら) • (Ōtahara) ^(←おほたはら (Ofotafara)?)

大田原 (canonical)
Ōtawara (romanization)
Ofotafara (romanization)
おほたはら (hiragana historical)
大田原 (canonical)
Ōtahara (romanization)
Ofotafara (romanization)
おほたはら (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 大田原 (Dàtiányuán)

[o̞ːta̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

Ōtawara (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


春日部

Kasukabe (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


入間

Iruma (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


和光

Wakō (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


富士見

Fujimi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


匝瑳

匝瑳 (canonical)
Sōsa (romanization)
Safusa (romanization)
さふさ (hiragana historical)

Sōsa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


飯能

飯能 (canonical)
Hannō (romanization)
Fannou (romanization)
はんのう (hiragana historical)

Hannō (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


東村山

東村山 (canonical)
Higashimurayama (romanization)

Compound of 東(ひがし) (higashi, “east”) + 村(むら) (mura, “village”) + 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”).

ja-com

Higashimurayama (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


逗子

Zushi (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


秦野

Hadano (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


厚木

Atsugi (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


南足柄

南足柄 (canonical)
Minamiashigara (romanization)


柏崎

柏崎 (canonical)
Kashiwazaki (romanization)

Kashiwazaki (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


上越

ja-pos

上(じょう)越(えつ) • (Jōetsu) ^(←じやうゑつ (Zyauwetu)?)

上越 (canonical)
Jōetsu (romanization)
Zyauwetu (romanization)
じやうゑつ (hiragana historical)

Clipping of 上越後 (Kami Echigo, “Upper Echigo”)

clip

[d͡ʑo̞ːe̞t͡sɨ]

(~市) Jōetsu (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


魚津

Uozu (a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


七尾

Nanao (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


輪島

Wajima (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


珠洲

Suzu (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan).


敦賀

[t͡sɨɾɯ̟ɡa̠]

Tsuruga (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


大月

Ōtsuki (places in Japan):
a city in Yamanashi Prefecture.


甲州

ja-pos

甲(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Compound of 甲 (Clipping of 甲斐 (“Kai Province”)) + 州 (shū, “province”)

com+

Clipping of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">甲斐</i> (“Kai Province”)

(~市) Kōshū (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


小諸

Komoro (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


大垣

Ōgaki (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


各務原

ja-pos

各務原(かかみがはら) or 各務原(かがみがはら) or 各務原(かがみはら) or 各務原(かかみはら) • (Kakamigahara or Kagamigahara or Kagamihara or Kakamihara)

各務原 (canonical)
各務原 (canonical)
各務原 (canonical)
各務原 (canonical)
Kakamigahara (romanization)
Kagamigahara (romanization)
Kagamihara (romanization)
Kakamihara (romanization)

See 各務原市 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ʲᵃ

pedia

Kakamigahara (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


沼津

Numazu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


熱海

The original name of the place, 阿(あ)多(た)美(み) (Atami), was changed to 熱海(あたみ) (Atami) (lit., "hot sea") by the Edo period because of the hot springs in this area.

Atami (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


磐田

Iwata (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


掛川

Kakegawa (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


御殿場

Gotemba (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


袋井

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɾo̞i]

Fukuroi (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


春日井

ja-pos

春日井(かすがい) • (Kasugai) ^(←かすがゐ (Kasugawi)?)

春日井 (canonical)
Kasugai (romanization)
Kasugawi (romanization)
かすがゐ (hiragana historical)

The region that is now northern Aichi prefecture was originally called 春部郡 (Kasukabe-gun); compare 春日部(かすかべ) (Kasukabe). In 1880 it was divided into 東春日井・西春日井, East Kasugai and West Kasugai. Compare also Old Japanese 春日 (Kasuga).

Short for 春日井市 (Kasugai-shi): a city in northwestern Aichi Prefecture


小牧

Komaki (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


岩倉

[iβ̞a̠kɯ̟ɾa̠]

Iwakura (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


日進

日 (“day”) + 進 (“to advance; to progress”)

af

Nisshin (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


松阪

Matsusaka (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


桑名

[kɯ̟β̞a̠na̠]

Kuwana (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


名張

Nabari (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


草津

Kusatsu (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


城陽

ja-pos

城(じょう)陽(よう) • (Jōyō) ^(←じやうやう (Zyauyau)?)

城陽 (canonical)
Jōyō (romanization)
Zyauyau (romanization)
じやうやう (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑo̞ːjo̞ː]

Jōyō (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


貝塚

貝(かい)塚(づか) • (Kaizuka) ^(←かひづか (Kafiduka)?)

貝塚 (canonical)
Kaizuka (romanization)
Kafiduka (romanization)
かひづか (hiragana historical)

From 貝(かい) (kai) + 塚(つか) (tsuka). The tsuka changes to zuka as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Kaizuka (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


茨木

Ibaraki (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


箕面

箕面(みのお) • (Minō)

Minoh (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


相生

相生 (canonical)
Aioi (romanization)
Afiofi (romanization)
あひおひ (hiragana historical)

Aioi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


龍野

Tatsuno (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


大和高田

大和高田 (canonical)
Yamatotakada (romanization)

Yamatotakada (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


大和郡山

大和郡山 (canonical)
Yamatokōriyama (romanization)

Yamatokōriyama (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


橿原

Kashihara (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


生駒

Ikoma (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


香芝

Kashiba (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


葛城

Katsuragi (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


新宮

Shingū (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


米子

Yonago (a city in Tottori Prefecture, Japan)


江津

Gōtsu (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


津山

Tsuyama (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


三次

Miyoshi (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


宇和島

Uwajima (a city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan).


香美

Kami (a city in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


久留米

→ Chinese: 久留米 (Jiǔliúmǐ)

→ English: Kurume

→ Korean: 구루미 (gurumi)

Kurume (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


宗像

宗像市

宗像大社/神社

宗像三女神

Munakata (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


太宰府

Dazaifu (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


福津

Fukutsu (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


嘉麻

Kama (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


唐津

Karatsu (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


唐津

[tã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]


五島

五島 (canonical)
Gotō (romanization)
Gotau (romanization)
ごたう (hiragana historical)


人吉

Hitoyoshi (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


荒尾

Arao (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


玉名

Tamana (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


山鹿

Yamaga (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


宇土

Uto (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


上天草

上天草 (canonical)
Kamiamakusa (romanization)

Kamiamakusa (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


阿蘇

Aso (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


合志

Kōshi (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)