江

Early Middle Japanese
Edo period
Yebisu
hentaigana

/je/ → /e/
From Old Japanese. The ye pronunciation merged with e in Early Middle Japanese. The merged sound was ye until the Edo period, which is found in Yedo, yen and Yebisu.
This term was so representative of the ye reading that it lent its shape to the hentaigana 𛀁 (ye).

(archaic, possibly obsolete) (general term for a large body of water)


江

江 (canonical)
Kō (romanization)
Kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)

/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 江 (MC kaewng).
The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.


池

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)

古池(ふるいけ)や蛙飛(かわずと)び込(こ)む水(みず)の音(おと)


池

/tʲie/ → /ti/ → /t͡ɕi/
From Middle Chinese 池 (MC drje).
Used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ti⟩ in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).


河

河 (canonical)
河 (canonical)
hō (romanization)

From Chinese 河 (hé). The pronunciation is most similar to Cantonese /hɔː²¹/, although most Japanese mahjong terminology is taken from early 20th Century Mandarin.

(mahjong) river: a player's discard pile


洋

洋 (canonical)
yō (romanization)
yau (romanization)
やう (hiragana historical)

/jɨau/ → /jɔː/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang). Compare modern Mandarin 洋 (yáng).

(by extension, from the sense of across the ocean) the East (Orient) or especially the West (Occident)


洋

洋 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)
Yau (romanization)
やう (hiragana historical)


洋

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

Alternative spelling of 灘 (nada): the open sea


洋

Nominalization of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).


浦

浦 (canonical)
ura (romanization)
うら (hiragana historical)


海

Kyūjitai
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinjitai

From Old Japanese.
Probably related to Korean 바다 (bada, “ocean, sea”); perhaps an ancient Koreanic borrowing into Japanese.
Also read as wada.


海

Either cognate with 水 (mi, “water”), or an abbreviation of umi above.


港

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyūjitai
Kōjien
Nihon Shoki
Shinjitai
Shinmura Izuru
ja:港

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720. Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *minato.
The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of 水 (mi-, “water”) + な (na, assimilated apophonic form of の (no, “genitive case marker”)) + 門 (to, “gate”).
* However, this does not correlate cleanly with the etymology of 水 (mizu, “water”), reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *mentu (“water”). Then again, there are numerous attested words where 水 (mi) is used as the first and last element in compounds, suggesting either that the derivation of 水 (mizu) might differ.
Vovin, on the other hand suggests that the initial mi- was 御 (mi-, “honorific prefix”), while -na- meant "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”). Compare 涙 (namida, “tears”), 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), 漬く (nazuku, “soak in water”, obsolete).
* However, this may present semantic difficulties, as any native formation like namida that proposes "water" for the initial nam and "eye" for a following component reverses the usual word-formation pattern for Japanese, where the main or head noun comes last. In addition, the na element appears in other words with no relation to "water", as an assimilated apophonic form of genitive particle の (no), seen in terms such as 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, literally “hand's heart/center”), 眼間 (manakai, “where the lines of sight of the eyes converge”, literally “eyes' exchanging/crossing”).

com

assimilated apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">の</i> (no, “genitive case marker”)

もみぢ葉の流れてとまる水門には紅深き波や立つらむ

momiji ba no nagarete tomaru minato niha kurenai fukaki nami ya tatsuramu

At the end of the river gate where there are autumn leaves, there are deep red waves! I shall stop...

a sluice; a section of a river to let water in and out


湖

湖 (canonical)
mizuumi (romanization)
miduumi (romanization)
みづうみ (hiragana historical)


琵琶湖

琵琶湖は、日本で最も大きい湖です。

Biwako wa, Nihon de mottomo ōkii mizuumi desu.


地中海

地中海 (canonical)
Chichūkai (romanization)

[t͡ɕi̥t͡ɕɨːka̠i]

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

the Mediterranean Sea (a sea between Europe and Africa)


アドリア海

アドリア海 (canonical)
Adoria Kai (romanization)


バルト海

バルト海 (canonical)
Barutokai (romanization)


ベンガル湾

ベンガル湾 (canonical)
Bengaruwan (romanization)


ベーリング海

ベーリング海 (canonical)
Bēringukai (romanization)


黒海

ja-pos

黒(こっ)海(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくかい (Kokukai)?)

黒海 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
Kokukai (romanization)
こくかい (hiragana historical)


カスピ海

カスピ海 (canonical)
Kasupi-Kai (romanization)


アイリッシュ海

アイリッシュ海 (canonical)
Airisshu Kai (romanization)


北海

北(ほっ)海(かい) • (Hokkai) ^(←ほくかい (Fokukai)?)

北海 (canonical)
Hokkai (romanization)
Fokukai (romanization)
ほくかい (hiragana historical)


日本海

From Literary Chinese, attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu by Matteo Ricci in 1602. Equivalent to 日本 + 海.


北極海

北(ほっ)極(きょく)海(かい) • (Hokkyokukai) ^(←ほくきょくかい (Fokukyokukai)?)

北極海 (canonical)
Hokkyokukai (romanization)
Fokukyokukai (romanization)
ほくきょくかい (hiragana historical)

北極 (hokkyoku, “North Pole”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)

compound

Kore Yamazaki, “第3篇 The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead. [Composition 3: The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead.]”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 98:

Volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean, Iceland

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド


大西洋

ja-pos

大(たい)西(せい)洋(よう) • (Taiseiyō) ^(←たいせいやう (Taiseiyau)?)

大西洋 (canonical)
Taiseiyō (romanization)
Taiseiyau (romanization)
たいせいやう (hiragana historical)


インド洋

Indian Ocean (the ocean separating Africa, southern Asia, Australia and Antarctica)


太平洋

太(たい)平(へい)洋(よう) • (Taiheiyō) ^(←たいへいやう (Taifeiyau)?)

太平洋 (canonical)
Taiheiyō (romanization)
Taifeiyau (romanization)
たいへいやう (hiragana historical)


南極海

南極海 (canonical)
Nankyokukai (romanization)

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟ka̠i]

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟̊ka̠i]

the South Polar Ocean; the Antarctic Ocean


イナリ湖

イナリ湖 (canonical)
Inari-Ko (romanization)


ネス湖

From ネス (Nesu) + 湖 (ko, “lake”), calque of English Loch Ness, from Scottish Gaelic Loch Nis.


ウィニペグ

Winnipeg, Lake Winnipeg (a large lake in Manitoba, Canada)

Lake of the Woods
Lake of the Woods#English

Winnipeg, Winnipeg River (a river that flows 813 km from Lake of the Woods, Ontario, Canada into Lake Winnipeg)


ウィニペグ湖

ウィニペグ湖 (canonical)
Winipegu-Ko (romanization)


アディジェ川

アディジェ川 (canonical)
Adijegawa (romanization)


アマゾン川

アマゾン川 (canonical)
Amazongawa (romanization)


コンゴ川

コンゴ川 (canonical)
Kongogawa (romanization)


ドナウ川

ドナウ川 (canonical)
Donaugawa (romanization)


ドン川

[dõ̞ŋɡa̠β̞a̠]

Don (a river, the fifth-longest in Europe, in Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd and Rostov Oblasts, Russia)


天の川

天(てん)の川(かわ) • (Ten no Kawa) ^(←てんのかは (Ten no Kafa)?)

天の川 (canonical)
Ten no Kawa (romanization)
Ten no Kafa (romanization)
てんのかは (hiragana historical)

From 天 (ten, “heaven”) + の (no, possessive/attributive particle) + 川 (kawa, “river”).


ラクロス

[ɾa̠kɯ̟ɾo̞sɨ]

From English lacrosse, LaCrosse, La Crosse, from Canadian French la crosse (literally “the stick”).

der

La Crosse (a river in the United States)


ロサンゼルス

[ɾo̞sã̠nd͡ze̞ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Borrowed from English Los Angeles via an older transcription. A modern transcription would be *ロスアンジェレス (Rosu Anjeresu).
Ultimately from Spanish Los Ángeles (literally “The Angels”). Doublet of ロス・アンヘレス (Rosu Anheresu).

ja:ロサンゼルス (曖昧さ回避)

Los Angeles River
Los Angeles River#English

Los Angeles River (a river in California, United States)


海洋

海洋 (canonical)
kaiyō (romanization)
kaiyau (romanization)
かいやう (hiragana historical)


ウィーン

ja-pos

ウィーン • (Wīn)

From German Wien. Doublet of ヴィエンナ (Vienna) and ヴィエンヌ (Viennu, “Vienne”).

doublet

Wien (a river in Austria, flowing through Vienna)


長江

ja-pos

長(ちょう)江(こう) • (Chōkō) ^(←ちやうかう (Tyaukau)?)

長江 (canonical)
Chōkō (romanization)
Tyaukau (romanization)
ちやうかう (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːko̞ː]

From Chinese 長江 /长江 (Cháng Jiāng, literally “long river”).


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

Columbia (a river in the United States and Canada)


ニジェール

ja-pos

ニジェール • (Nijēru)

[ɲ̟iʑe̞ːɾɯ̟]

From French Niger. Doublet of ナイジャ (Naija).

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)

Niger (a major river in West Africa, that flows into the Gulf of Guinea in Nigeria)


イオニア海

イオニア海 (canonical)
Ionia Kai (romanization)

Ionian Sea (a sea between Italy and Greece)


黄海

黄(こう)海(かい) • (Kōkai) ^(←くゎうかい (Kwaukai)?)

黄海 (canonical)
Kōkai (romanization)
Kwaukai (romanization)
くゎうかい (hiragana historical)
黄海 (canonical)
Howanhai (romanization)


ユーフラテス川

ユーフラテス川 (canonical)
Yūfuratesugawa (romanization)


シカゴ

Chicago River
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:シカゴ (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

Chicago (a river in Illinois, United States)


小川

From 小 (o, "little," "nice") + 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook").


淀川

淀(よど)川(がわ) • (Yodogawa) ^(←よどがは (Yodogafa)?)

淀川 (canonical)
Yodogawa (romanization)
Yodogafa (romanization)
よどがは (hiragana historical)

From 淀(よど) (yodo, “pool, eddy”) + 川(かわ) (-kawa, suffix after names of rivers). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Yodo River (a river in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


死海

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


東シナ海

東シナ海 (canonical)
Higashi Shina-kai (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + シナ (Shina, “China”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)


アラバマ

ja:アラバマ (曖昧さ回避)

Alabama (a river in Alabama, United States)


デラウェア

ja:デラウェア (曖昧さ回避)


アイオワ

ja:アイオワ (曖昧さ回避)


南氷洋

ja-pos

南(なん)氷(ぴょう)洋(よう) • (Nanpyōyō) ^(←なんぴようやう (Nanpyouyau)?)

南氷洋 (canonical)
Nanpyōyō (romanization)
Nanpyouyau (romanization)
なんぴようやう (hiragana historical)


嫩江

嫩江 (canonical)
Nonkō (romanization)
Nonkau (romanization)
のんかう (hiragana historical)


黄河

黄河 (canonical)
Kōga (romanization)
Kwauga (romanization)
くわうが (hiragana historical)

黄河文明


漢水

Synonym of 漢江: Han River (in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)


漢江

漢江 (canonical)
Kankō (romanization)
Kankau (romanization)
かんかう (hiragana historical)


海峡

ja-noun

海(かい)峡(きょう) • (kaikyō) ^(←かいけふ (kaikefu)?)

海峡 (canonical)
kaikyō (romanization)
kaikefu (romanization)
かいけふ (hiragana historical)

津軽海峡


運河

運河 (canonical)
unga (romanization)
うんが (hiragana historical)

パナマ運河


オタワ

ja:オタワ (曖昧さ回避)

St. Lawrence River
St. Lawrence River#English

Ottawa (a river flowing SE between Ontario and Quebec, Canada into the St. Lawrence River)


プール

プール • (pūru)


石川

ja-pos

石(いし)川(かわ) • (Ishikawa) ^(←いしかは (Isikafa)?)

石(いし)川(がわ) • (Ishigawa) ^(←いしがは (Isigafa)?)

石川 (canonical)
Ishikawa (romanization)
Isikafa (romanization)
いしかは (hiragana historical)
石川 (canonical)
Ishigawa (romanization)
Isigafa (romanization)
いしがは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 石川 (Shíchuān)

→ English: Ishikawa, Ishigawa

[iɕiɡa̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

Synonym of 賀茂川 (Kamogawa): a river in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

賀茂川

Ishi River (rivers in Japan):
A river in Aichi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Tokiwa, Hokkaido prefecture.

A tributary of the Yamato, Osaka Prefecture.

Ishi River (rivers in Japan):
A river in Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Sai, Ishikawa Prefecture.

A tributary of the Sabaishi, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Hikimi, Shimane Prefecture.


長谷川

ja-pos

長谷(はせ)川(がわ) • (Hasegawa) ^(←はせがは (Fasegafa)?)

長(なが)谷(たに)川(がわ) • (Nagatanigawa) ^(←ながたにがは (Nagatanigafa)?)

長(なが)谷(や)川(がわ) • (Nagayagawa) ^(←ながやがは (Nagayagafa)?)

長谷川 (canonical)
Hasegawa (romanization)
Fasegafa (romanization)
はせがは (hiragana historical)
長谷川 (canonical)
Nagatanigawa (romanization)
Nagatanigafa (romanization)
ながたにがは (hiragana historical)
長谷川 (canonical)
Nagayagawa (romanization)
Nagayagafa (romanization)
ながやがは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 長谷川 /长谷川 (Chánggǔchuān)

→ English: Hasegawa

[na̠ɡa̠ta̠ɲ̟iɡa̠β̞a̠]

[na̠ɡa̠ja̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]

From 長谷 (Hase / Nagatani / Nagaya, placename) + 川 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Hase River (rivers and tributaries in Japan):

A tributary of the Ōno, Ōita Prefecture.

A tributary of the Onga, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kikuchi, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kiso, Nagano Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kushida, Mie Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kōnokawa, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gokase, Miyazaki Prefecture.

A tributary of the Naruse, Miyagi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Noro, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yoshino, Tokushima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yodo, Kyoto Prefecture.

Nagatani River (rivers and tributaries in Japan):

A river in Okayama Prefecture and Hyōgo Prefecture.

A tributary of the Agano, Fukushima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Asahi, the Iri, the Takahashi and the Yoshii, Okayama Prefecture.

A tributary of the Abu, the Oze and the Nishiki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Ōno and the Yamakuni, Ōita Prefecture.

A tributary of the Ogawa and the Mannose, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kagami, the Shimonokae, the Shinkawa, the Nahari, the Monobe and the Wajiki, Kōchi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gamō and the Tenjin, Tottori Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kikuchi, the Kuma, the Gokase and the Seki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kiso, Gifu Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kinokawa, Nara Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kurose, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gōnokawa, Shimane Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Saita, Kagawa Prefecture.

A tributary of the Shigeta, the Shigenobu, the Hiji, the Hinoodani and the Mori, Ehime Prefecture.

A tributary of the Shinano, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Tatara, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A tributary of the Chikusa and the Yada, Hyōgo Prefecture.

A tributary of the Nachi, Wakayama Prefecture.

A tributary of the Noda and the Yura, Kyoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Matsuura and the Rokkaku, Saga Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yamada, Nagasaki Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yodo, Osaka Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Nara Prefecture.

A tributary of the Watari, Ehime Prefecture and Kōchi Prefecture.

Nagaya River (a tributary of the Gōnokawa, Hiroshima Prefecture)


早川

ja-pos

早(はや)川(かわ) • (Hayakawa) ^(←はやかは (Fayakafa)?)

早川 (canonical)
Hayakawa (romanization)
Fayakafa (romanization)
はやかは (hiragana historical)

ja:早川
ja:早川 (山梨県)
ja:早川 (神奈川県)

Haya River (a river in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)

Haya River (a river in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


前川

前 (mae, “before, in front”) + 川 (kawa, “river”)


アーカンソー

ja-pos

アーカンソー • (Ākansō)

[a̠ːkã̠ɰ̃so̞ː]

Borrowed from English Arkansas, from French pronunciation of Siouan, meaning “land of downriver people” in Quapaw/Kansa and “people of the south wind” in Dakota/Lakota.

(~州) Arkansas (a state of the United States)


揚子江

揚(よう)子(す)江(こう) • (Yōsukō) ^(←やうすかう (Yausukau)?)

揚子江 (canonical)
Yōsukō (romanization)
Yausukau (romanization)
やうすかう (hiragana historical)


ビーバー

ビーバー • (Bībā)

ja:ビーバー (曖昧さ回避)


芥川

芥(あくた)川(がわ) • (Akutagawa) ^(←あくたがは (Akutagafa)?)

芥川 (canonical)
Akutagawa (romanization)
Akutagafa (romanization)
あくたがは (hiragana historical)

[a̠kɯ̟̊ta̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]

a river flowing through Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture


イリノイ

イリノイ州

ja:イリノイ (曖昧さ回避)


アケローン

アケローン • (Akerōn)

[a̠ke̞ɾõ̞ːɴ]


オールバニ

ja:オールバニ (曖昧さ回避)


アンガラ川

アンガラ川 (canonical)
Angara-Gawa (romanization)


ヘンリー

ヘンリー • (Henrī)

A transliteration of the English male given name Henry


信濃

First attested in Kojiki, as man'yōgana 斯那奴(しなぬ) (shinanu) and kanji 科野, which later became 信野, and finally 信濃. Further origin remains unknown.

Shinano Province, an old province of Japan in present-day Nagano Prefecture


オハイオ

Ohaio (romanization)
Wofaiwo (romanization)
ヲハイヲ (historical katakana)

ja:オハイオ (曖昧さ回避)

オハイオ川


テネシー

From English Tennessee, from Cherokee ᏔᎾᏏ (tanasi).

ja:テネシー (曖昧さ回避)

Tennessee (a river in the United States)


ケンタッキー

ja:ケンタッキー (曖昧さ回避)

ケンタッキーフライドチキン ケンタッキーフライドチキン#Japanese

Clipping of ケンタッキーフライドチキン (Kentakkī Furaido Chikin, “Kentucky Fried Chicken”).


大井

大井 (canonical)
Ōi (romanization)
Ofowi (romanization)
おほゐ (hiragana historical)


ヒューストン

ja:ヒューストン (曖昧さ回避)

Lake Houston (a lake near Houston, Texas, United States)


バンクーバー

バンクーバー • (Bankūbā)

[bã̠ŋkɯ̟ːba̠ː]

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Vancouver (a river in southern British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a lake in Clark County, Washington, United States)


ペリカン

ja:ペリカン (曖昧さ回避)

[pe̞ɾʲikã̠ɴ]

a pelican (any of various seabirds of the family Pelecanidae)


モントリオール

From English Montreal, from French Montréal. Doublet of モンレアル (Monrearu).

ja:モントリオール (曖昧さ回避)

Montreal (a river in Algoma and Sudbury districts, Ontario, Canada)

Montreal (a river in Timiskaming district, Ontario, Canada)

Montreal (a river in No. 18, Saskatchewan, Canada)

Montreal (a river on the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, United States)

Montreal (a river in northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States)


ポー平原

ポー平原 (canonical)
Pō Heigen (romanization)

Po valley (large plain in northern Italy)


サマーラ

Samara (a tributary of the Volga in Russia)


ジュネーヴ

ジュネーヴ • (Junēvu)


東江

東(とう)江(こう) • (Tōkō)


尼羅河

尼羅河 (canonical)
Nairu-gawa (romanization)

[na̠iɾɯ̟ɡa̠β̞a̠]

Obsolete spelling of ナイル川 (“the Nile (a river in Africa)”).


緑川

緑川 (canonical)
Midorikawa (romanization)

ja:緑川
ja:緑川 (曖昧さ回避)


アマゾン

アマゾーン アマゾーン#Japanese

Alternative form of アマゾーン (Amazōn, “Amazons”)


ナイル

ナイル川


南大洋

南(なん)大(たい)洋(よう) • (Nantaiyō) ^(←なんたいやう (Nantaiyau)?)

南大洋 (canonical)
Nantaiyō (romanization)
Nantaiyau (romanization)
なんたいやう (hiragana historical)


北氷洋

北(ほっ)氷(ぴょう)洋(よう) • (Hoppyōyō) ^(←ほくぴようやう (Fokupyouyau)?)

北氷洋 (canonical)
Hoppyōyō (romanization)
Fokupyouyau (romanization)
ほくぴようやう (hiragana historical)


北極洋

北(ほっ)極(きょく)洋(よう) • (Hokkyokuyō) ^(←ほくきよくやう (Fokukyokuyau)?)

北極洋 (canonical)
Hokkyokuyō (romanization)
Fokukyokuyau (romanization)
ほくきよくやう (hiragana historical)

北極 (hokkyoku, “North Pole”) + 洋 (yō, “ocean”)


珠江

珠江 (canonical)
Shukō (romanization)
Syukau (romanization)
しゆかう (hiragana historical)

Pearl River (a major river in southern China)


デモイン

Des Moines (a river in the United States)


コネチカット

ja:コネチカット (曖昧さ回避)


ミズーリ

ja:ミズーリ (曖昧さ回避)


ボイシ

ja:ボイシ (曖昧さ回避)


グロスター

Borrowed from English Gloucester, Glocester.

ja:グロスター (曖昧さ回避)


レスター

ja:レスター (曖昧さ回避)


レスター

ja:レスター (曖昧さ回避)


サンアントニオ

Borrowed from Spanish San Antonio (“Saint Anthony”).


サンタフェ

From Spanish Santa Fe (literally “Holy Faith”).


シャイアン

Cheyenne (a river in Wyoming and South Dakota)


ミネソタ

From English Minnesota, from Lakota mní sóta.

ミネソタ州

ja:ミネソタ (曖昧さ回避)


ミシシッピ

From English Mississippi, from Ojibwe misi-ziibi.

ja:ミシシッピ (曖昧さ回避)


セントジョンズ

St. Johns (a river in Florida, United States)


セントジョン

Saint John (a river in the United States and Canada)


サスカチュワン

[sa̠sɨka̠t͡ɕɨβ̞ã̠ɴ]


塩湖

Compound from 塩(えん) (en, “salt”) + 湖(こ) (ko, “lake”).


ファーガス

ja-pos

ファーガス • (Fāgasu)


フリント

[ɸɯ̟ɾʲĩnto̞]


ケルビン

[ke̞ɾɯ̟bʲĩɴ]


白海

白(はっ)海(かい) • (Hakkai) ^(←はくかい (Fakukai)?)

白海 (canonical)
Hakkai (romanization)
Fakukai (romanization)
はくかい (hiragana historical)


七つの海

七つの海 (canonical)
nanatsu no umi (romanization)

七つ (nanatsu, “seven”) + の (no, attributive marker) + 海 (umi, “sea”)


南シナ海

南シナ海 (canonical)
Minami Shina-kai (romanization)

南 (minami, “south”) + シナ (Shina, “China”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)


東郷

ja-pos

東(とう)郷(ごう) • (Tōgō)

Tōgō (a brackish lake in the town of Yurihama, Tottori Prefecture, Japan)


北大西洋

北(きた)大(たい)西(せい)洋(よう) • (Kita Taiseiyō) ^(←きたたいせいやう (Kitataiseiyau)?)

北大西洋 (canonical)
Kita Taiseiyō (romanization)
Kitataiseiyau (romanization)
きたたいせいやう (hiragana historical)

From 北 (kita, “north”) + 大西洋 (Taiseiyō, “Atlantic Ocean”).


パース

ja-pos

パース • (Pāsu)


汨羅江

汨(べき)羅(ら)江(こう) • (Bekirakō) ^(←べきらかう (Bekirakau)?)

汨羅江 (canonical)
Bekirakō (romanization)
Bekirakau (romanization)
べきらかう (hiragana historical)

1930, “青年日本の歌”:

汨羅の淵に波騒ぎ


汨羅

汨羅 (canonical)
Bekira (romanization)
べきら (hiragana historical)

1930, Mikami Taku (lyrics and music), “青年日本の歌”:

汨羅の淵に波騒ぎ 巫山の雲は乱れ飛ぶ

bekira no fuchi ni nami sawagi fuzan no kumo wa midare tobu

Angry waves swell from the depths of the Miluo
Mount Wu's peak is hazy with swirling clouds

大辞林 w:ja:大辞林

Short for 汨羅江 (Miluo River (a river in Hunan, China)).


アナポリス

Anápolis (a municipality of Goiás, Brazil)


サン・パブロ

From Spanish San Pablo (literally “Saint Paul”). Doublet of サンパウロ (San Pauro), サン゠ポール (San-Paul), and セントポール (Sento Pōru).


カーソン

ja-pos

カーソン • (Kāson)

Western Australia
Western Australia#English


セーヌ

セーヌ • (Sēnu)

セーヌ川

Seine (a major river in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Grand Est, Île-de-France and Normandy regions, France)


タスマン海

タスマン海 (canonical)
Tasuman-kai (romanization)

Calque of English Tasman Sea, equivalent to タスマン (Tasuman, “Tasman”) + 海 (-kai, “sea”)


帝国平原

帝国平原 (canonical)
Teikoku Heigen (romanization)

1921 May 4, 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 7714, page 4:

インデオよりエプリカツト本日出荷あり明日帝國平原ブローレーより二クレーツ出荷ある筈なるが最初當地に傳はりし情報にてはブローレー出荷が月曜日にあるべき豫定なりしが之れが遲れて遂にインデオに機先を制せられたる譯なり

Indeo yori Epurikatto honjitsu shukka ari myōnichi Teikoku Heigen Burōrē yori ni-kurētsu shukka aru hazu naru ga saisho tōchi ni tsutawarishi jōhō nite wa Burōrē shukka ga getsuyōbi ni aru beki yotei narishi ga kore ga okurete tsui ni Indeo ni kisen o seiseraretaru wake nari

(dated) Imperial Valley (a valley in California, United States)


浜名湖

浜名湖 (canonical)
Hamana-ko (romanization)

Lake Hamana (a lake in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


鴨緑江

ja-pos

鴨(おう)緑(りょく)江(こう) • (Ōryokukō) ^(←あふりよくかう (Afuryokukau)?)

鴨緑江 (canonical)
Ōryokukō (romanization)
Afuryokukau (romanization)
あふりよくかう (hiragana historical)

[o̞ːɾʲo̞kɯ̟ko̞ː]

From Chinese 鴨綠江 /鸭绿江 (Yālù Jiāng).
/apuryokukau/ > /oːryokkoː/
/apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/

Yalu River (a river on the China-North Korea border)

阿利那礼河

阿利那礼河 アリナレがわ


石狩

From Ainu, with multiple possible etymons.

ja:石狩川 ja:石狩市 ja:石狩郡

石狩川

Ishikari (a river in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


マイン

1928, Watanabe Shirō, Ōbei no minato to koshiben no mita kuniguni [Ports of Europe and the Americas and countries viewed from a low salary worker], page 624:

60. Frankfurt am Main. City on the banks of the Main. There are two cities in Germany called “Frankfurt”.

第六十 フランクフルト、アム、マイン
 マイン河岸の都市 獨逸には「フランクフルト」と云ふ市が二つある。

dairokujū Furankufuruto, amu, Main
 Main kagan no toshi Doitsu ni wa “Furankufuruto” to ifu shi ga futatsu aru.


オホーツク海

オホーツク海 (canonical)
Ohōtsuku-Kai (romanization)

オホーツク (Ohōtsuku, “Okhotsk”) + 海 (kai, “sea”).


アリナレがわ

ja-pos

アリナレがわ or ありなれがわ • (Arinare-gawa) ^(←アリナレがは (Arinare-gafa)?)

アリナレがわ (canonical)
ありなれがわ (canonical)
Arinare-gawa (romanization)
Arinare-gafa (romanization)
アリナレがは (historical katakana)

[a̠ɾʲina̠ɾe̞ɡa̠β̞a̠]

From an Old Korean element + 河 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
ナレ (nare) is Old Korean 川理 (*NAli / *NAri, “river”).

An ancient river mentioned in the Nihon Shoki, perhaps Yalu River (鴨緑江 (Ōryoku-kō)), and treated as such during the Empire of Japan's rule over both Manchuria and Korea


峡湾

ja-noun

峡(きょう)湾(わん) • (kyōwan) ^(←けふわん (kefwan)?)

峡湾 (canonical)
kyōwan (romanization)
kefwan (romanization)
けふわん (hiragana historical)

[kʲo̞ːβ̞ã̠ɴ]


メキシコ湾

メキシコ湾 (canonical)
Mekishiko-wan (romanization)

[me̞kʲiɕiko̞β̞ã̠ɴ]

Gulf of Mexico (a gulf of North America)


カリフォルニア湾

カリフォルニア湾 (canonical)
Kariforunia-wan (romanization)

[ka̠ɾʲiɸo̞ɾɯ̟ɲ̟ia̠β̞ã̠ɴ]

Gulf of California
Gulf of California#English

Gulf of California (a gulf of North America)


エリオット湾

エリオット湾 (canonical)
Eriotto-wan (romanization)

[e̞ɾʲio̞t̚to̞β̞ã̠ɴ]

Elliott Bay (a bay of Washington, United States)


サクラメント平原

サクラメント平原 (canonical)
Sakuramento Heigen (romanization)

[sa̠kɯ̟ɾa̠mẽ̞nto̞ he̞ːɡẽ̞ɴ]

Sacramento Valley
Sacramento Valley#English

(dated) Sacramento Valley (a valley in California, United States)


桜面都平原

ja-pos

桜面都平原(サクラメントへいげん) • (Sakuramento Heigen)

桜面都平原 (canonical)
Sakuramento Heigen (romanization)

[sa̠kɯ̟ɾa̠mẽ̞nto̞ he̞ːɡẽ̞ɴ]

サクラメント平原 サクラメント平原#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of サクラメント平原 (“Sacramento Valley (a valley in California, United States)”).


サクラメント川

サクラメント川 (canonical)
Sakuramento-gawa (romanization)

[sa̠kɯ̟ɾa̠mẽ̞nto̞ɡa̠β̞a̠]

Sacramento River
Sacramento River#English

Sacramento River (a river in California, United States)


桜面都川

桜面都川 (canonical)
Sakuramento-gawa (romanization)

[sa̠kɯ̟ɾa̠mẽ̞nto̞ɡa̠β̞a̠]

サクラメント川 サクラメント川#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of サクラメント川 (“Sacramento River (a river in California, United States)”).


桑湾

桑湾 (canonical)
Sōwan (romanization)
Sauwan (romanization)
さうわん (hiragana historical)

San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay#English

(obsolete) San Francisco Bay (a bay of San Francisco, California, United States)


サンフランシスコ湾

^サン ^フランシスコ-わん

サンフランシスコ湾 (canonical)
San Furanshisuko-wan (romanization)

[sa̠ɰ̃ ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃ɕisɨko̞β̞ã̠ɴ]


金門湾

金(きん)門(もん)湾(わん) • (Kinmonwan) ^(←きんもんわん (Kinmon'wan)?)

金門湾 (canonical)
Kinmonwan (romanization)
Kinmon'wan (romanization)
きんもんわん (hiragana historical)

[kʲĩmːõ̞ɰ̃β̞ã̠ɴ]

"Golden Gate Bay", in reference to the Golden Gate Bridge.

1936 July 7, 新世界朝日新聞 [New World Sun], page 8:

Independence Day holiday is gone. Soon, we shall see the Japanese Naval training ships in the San Francisco bay.

獨立祭もすみました。すぐ練習艦隊が桑港の金門灣内へはいつて參ります。

練習艦隊 れんしふかんたい

Dokuritsusai mo sumimashita. Sugu renshū kantai ga Sōkō no Kinmonwan-nai e haitte mairimasu.


ナイル川

ナイル川 (canonical)
Nairu-gawa (romanization)

[na̠iɾɯ̟ɡa̠β̞a̠]


伊南

ja:伊南川
ja:伊南村 (福島県)


峡江

ja-noun

峡(きょう)江(こう) • (kyōkō) ^(←けふかう (kefukau)?)

峡江 (canonical)
kyōkō (romanization)
kefukau (romanization)
けふかう (hiragana historical)


チグリス川

チグリス川 (canonical)
Chigurisu-gawa (romanization)

[t͡ɕiɡɯ̟ɾʲisɨɡa̠β̞a̠]


テムズ川

テムズ川 (canonical)
Temuzugawa (romanization)


アラビア海

アラビア海 (canonical)
Arabia-kai (romanization)

From アラビア (Arabia, “Arabia”) + 海 (kai, “sea”).


姫川

[çime̞ɡa̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 姫(ひめ) (hime-, “lady; small, little”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). Literally, “little river”. The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

ja:姫川 (曖昧さ回避)

Hime River (a river in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


姫川

[çime̞ɡa̠β̞a̠]

ja:姫川 (曖昧さ回避)

Hime River (a river in Nagano Prefecture and Niigata Prefecture, Japan)

Hime River (a river in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


東京湾

ja-pos

東(とう)京(きょう)湾(わん) • (Tōkyōwan) ^(←とうきやうわん (Toukyauwan)?)

東京湾 (canonical)
Tōkyōwan (romanization)
Toukyauwan (romanization)
とうきやうわん (hiragana historical)

[to̞ːkʲo̞ːβ̞ã̠ɴ]


王家の谷

王(おう)家(け)の谷(たに) • (Ōke no Tani) ^(←わうけのたに (Wauke no Tani)?)

王家の谷 (canonical)
Ōke no Tani (romanization)
Wauke no Tani (romanization)
わうけのたに (hiragana historical)

Valley of the Kings
Valley of the Kings#English

Valley of the Kings (a valley in Egypt, on the west bank of the Nile, known for the tombs constructed there for the pharaohs)


マルヌ

マルヌ川

Marne (a right tributary of the Seine, in the Grand Est, Hauts-de-France and Île-de-France regions, France)


オマーン湾

オマーン湾 (canonical)
Omān-wan (romanization)

[o̞ma̠ːɰ̃ β̞ã̠ɴ]

From オマーン (Omān, “Oman”) + 湾 (wan, “bay, gulf”).

af

Gulf of Oman (the gulf that connects the Arabian Sea and the Strait of Hormuz)


フィリピン海

フィリピン海 (canonical)
Firipin-Kai (romanization)

From フィリピン (Firipin, “Phillipines”) + 海 (kai, “sea”).


アメリカ湾

アメリカ湾 (canonical)
Amerika-wan (romanization)

[a̠me̞ɾʲika̠β̞ã̠ɴ]

Gulf of America (a gulf of North America)