ソ連

Compare Chinese 蘇聯 /苏联 (Sūlián), Korean 소련(蘇聯) (Soryeon), Vietnamese Liên Xô.
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

1999 September 16, Motohiro Katou, “ヤコブの階(かい)段(だん) [Jacob’s Ladder]”, in [Ｑ.](キュー)[Ｅ.](イー)[Ｄ.](ディー) [証](しょう)[明](めい)[終](しゅう)[了](りょう) [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 90:

The Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended.

ソ連が崩壊して東西冷戦は終わったんだ

Soren ga hōkai shite Tōzai Reisen wa owatta n da

ソビエト連邦 ソビエト連邦#Japanese

Clipping of ソビエト連邦 (Sobieto Renpō, “Soviet Union (a former country)”).


アジア

From Chinese 亞細亞 /亚细亚 (Yàxìyà), in turn from Latin Asia. Pronunciation was probably influenced by Dutch Azië.


東京

ja-pos

東(とう)京(きょう) • (Tōkyō) ^(←とうきやう (Toukyau)?)

東京 (canonical)
Tōkyō (romanization)
Toukyau (romanization)
とうきやう (hiragana historical)

→ Dutch: Tokio

→ English: Tokyo

→ Finnish: Tokio

→ French: Tokyo

→ German: Tokio

→ Khmer: តូក្យូ (toukyou)

→ Korean: 동경 (Donggyeong)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Tokyo

→ Portuguese: Tóquio

→ Russian: То́кио (Tókio)

→ Spanish: Tokio

→ Vietnamese: Đông Kinh

/tou kʲau/ → /toːkʲɔː/ → /toːkʲoː/
Compound of Middle Chinese-derived elements 東 (tō, “east, eastern”) + 京 (kyō, “capital”).
The city of Tokyo was renamed from 江戸 (Edo) in 1868 after Emperor Meiji moved the capital from Kyoto.

com

昨日、東京は曇りでしたか。

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan, consisting of 23 special wards)


中国

From Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”). Compare modern Cantonese 中國 /中国 (zung¹ gwok³). Attested from at least the 12th century.

ltc-l

c. 1120, Konjaku monogatari shū [Tales of Times Now Past], scroll 6:

Judging from the appearance [of the statue], it is not unlike those in China, though the face resembles the northern nations.

造り奉れる体を見るに、中國には不似ず、面[めう]胡国に似たり。

Tsukuri matsureru sugata o miru ni, Chūgoku ni wa fu-nizu, men[meu] kokoku ni nitari.

(historical or contemporary) any of several kingdoms, empires, or states of the Chinese people

1998 November 30 [1990 November 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)とアニマル惑星(プラネット) [Nobita and the Animal Planet] (大長編ドラえもん; 10), 22nd edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 27:

アメリカとか中国とかいろいろあるじゃない。

Amerika toka Chūgoku toka iroiro aru ja nai.

You know, countries. There are a bunch of them like America and China.

アメリカとか中国とかいろいろあるじゃない。

中華人民共和国 中華人民共和国#Japanese

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(especially in contemporary usage) short for 中華人民共和国 (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku), the People's Republic of China


中国人

中国人 (canonical)
Chūgokujin (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ʑĩɴ]


円

円 (canonical)
en (romanization)
wen (romanization)
ゑん (hiragana historical)

/wen/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 圓 (MC zjwen|hjwen), with the original sense of "circle, roundness".
The yen sense came much later in the Meiji period, from Chinese 圓 /圆 (yuán), itself from 銀圓 /银圆 (yínyuán, “round silver object(s), especially a piece of eight”). Compare Chinese 元 (yuán, “yuan”) and Korean 원 (won, “Korean won”). Doublet of 元 (gen, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), ユアン (yuan, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), and ウォン (won, “won (Korean currency)”).
The yen became the official currency of Japan in 1871, succeeding the 両 (ryō) and the 文 (mon).


亜

Used as a phonetic element in transliterations, especially:

Short for アジア／亜細亜 (Ajia, “Asia (a continent)”).


京

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)

京人形

京人形 きょうにんぎょう

平城京

平城京 へいじょうきょう


倭

From Middle Chinese 倭 (MC 'wa). Various theories suggest that 倭 was influenced by Old Japanese 我 (wa, “I, me”) or referring to the practice of bowing among the ancient Japanese.


和

Empress Genmei
Muromachi period
Wa (Japanese)
ja:和

From Middle Chinese 和 (MC hwa, “harmonious”).
The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715 CE), as this character 和(わ) (Wa) was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭(わ) (Wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan (see the etymology at 大和(やまと) (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the go'on reading of Wa became more common.

和露辞典

和食

和室

a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors

和映画


橘

橘 (canonical)
橘 (canonical)
tachibana (romanization)

Emperor Suinin
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Tajimamori
ja:垂仁天皇
ja:田道間守

From Old Japanese 橘 (tatibana). First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
According to the Nihon Shoki in a section describing the 90th year of the reign of the legendary 垂仁天皇 (Suinin Tennō, “Emperor Suinin”, traditionally regarded as living from 69 BCE – 70 CE and reigning from 29 BCE – 70 CE), a legendary figure named 田道間守 (Tajimamori) was tasked with bringing back from the heavens a 非時香菓 (tokijiku no kagu no konomi, literally, “timeless fragrant tree-fruit”; the same incident is also included in the Kojiki). This is often interpreted to be a reference to tachibana, but the text itself is not specific.
A surface analysis suggests that this is a compound of 立ち (tachi, “standing”, from verb 立つ (tatsu, “to stand”)) + 花 (hana, “flower”).
Shortened to tachi for some compounds.

compound

from verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">立つ</i> (tatsu, “to stand”)

江南の橘江北の枳となる

Kōnan no tachibana Kōhoku no karatachi to naru

Citrus tachibana, a species of wild, green, inedible citrus fruit native to Japan


王

王 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
wau (romanization)
わう (hiragana historical)

/wau/ → /wɔː/ → */woː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 王 (MC hjwang).

越王勾践 ― Etsuō Kōsen ― King Goujian of Yue

a king, especially one who is not East Asian or was East Asian in pre-imperial times; in China and Vietnam, generally a king before Qin Shi Huangdi who invented the title 皇帝 (kōtei, “huangdi; emperor”); in Korea, one of the many kings before the Korean Empire which was modeled after Japan's; in Japan, one of the rulers before Emperor Jinmu


紫

From Old Japanese.
Possibly a compound of 群 (mura, “gathering, group”) + 咲き (saki, “blooming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 咲く (saku), “to bloom”).

com

(historical, colloquial, from 江戸紫 (Edo murasaki, “royal purple”), where the dye is traditionally made in) Edo, the de facto capital of the Tokugawa shogunate


紫

From 縁 (yukari, “affinity, connection”).


日本

→ Translingual: nihonium

→ Japanese: ニホニウム

Daijirin
Emperor Yang of Sui
Heian period
Japanese missions to Sui China
Names of Japan
Prince Shōtoku
ja:日本

/nitɨpoɴ/ → /nip̚poɴ/ → /niɸoɴ/ → /nihoɴ/
Coined in Japan of Sinic elements, as compound of 日 (nichi, “sun”) + 本 (hon, “origin”) and literally meaning "origin of the sun". The hon element was apparently pronounced /poɴ/ when first coined. Over time, the initial /p/ lenited, becoming /ɸ/ as shown in the Nifon entry in the 1603 Nippo Jisho ("Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary"). This then became the /h/ sound in modern Japanese.
In older texts, this was read as kun'yomi as 日の本 (Hinomoto). The on'yomi readings Nippon and Nihon became more common in the Heian period, with both persisting into modern use. The Nihon reading appears to be the most common in everyday Japanese usage.
This may be related to the famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:
:
日出處 /日出处 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處 /日没处 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China.

lang

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

...the son of heaven of the land of the rising sun sends a letter to the son of heaven of the place where the sun sets, for good health and so on.

rì chū chù tiānzǐ zhìshū rì méi chù tiānzǐ wúyàng yúnyún

日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云

日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云

Nifon ニホン (日本) 日本.

1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 463:

Short for 日本国 (Nihon-koku): Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


鮮

鮮 (canonical)
sen (romanization)
せん (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 鮮 (MC sjen|sjenX|sjenH).

全鮮

内鮮一体


韓国

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

Shortened from 大韓民国(だいかんみんこく) (Daikan Minkoku, “Republic of Korea”), from Korean 대한민국 (Daehanmin'guk). The archaic sense may be from 大韓帝國(だいかんていこく) (Daikan Teikoku, “Korean Empire”).


ベトナム

Borrowed from English Vietnam, from Vietnamese Việt Nam.


陰陽

ja-noun

陰(いん)陽(よう) or 陰(おん)陽(よう) or 陰(おん)陽(みょう) • (in'yō or on'yō or onmyō)

陰陽 (canonical)
陰陽 (canonical)
陰陽 (canonical)
in'yō (romanization)
on'yō (romanization)
onmyō (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 陰陽 (MC 'im yang). The yō reading for 陽 changes to myō as an instance of renjō (連声).


北京

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:北京

Borrowed from English Peking, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The kanji are an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 北京 (Běijīng). Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).

obor

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


インドネシア

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


沖縄

ja-pos

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (Okinawa) ^(←おきなは (Okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
Okinawa (romanization)
Okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Battle of Okinawa
Okinawa
Okinawa Island
Okinawan language
ja:沖縄

Compound of Old Japanese elements 沖(おき) (oki, “offshore, at sea”) + 縄(なわ) (nawa, “rope”), in reference to the string of islands.

沖縄諸島

沖縄諸島 おきなわしょとう

[...] 十六日發、廿一日戊午、第一第二兩舟同至阿児奈波嶋在多禰島南西第三舟作夜已泊同處十二月六日南風起第一舟著石不動第二舟發向多禰去七日至益救嶋[...]

さつまがたとは惣名也、きかいは十二の島なれば、くち五島は日本へ随へり、おく七しまはいまだ我朝に従はずといへり、白石、、あこしき、くろ島、いわうが島、あせ納、あ世波、やくの島とて、ゑらぶ、おきなは、きかいが島といへり

the main island in the Okinawa Islands: Okinawa Island

a group of islands known as the Okinawa Islands

the southern-most Japanese prefecture: Okinawa Prefecture


神社

神社 (canonical)
jinja (romanization)
zinzya (romanization)
じんじや (hiragana historical)

→ Amis: cincya

→ English: jinja

[d͡ʑĩɲ̟d͡ʑa̠]


神社

ja-noun

神(かみ)社(やしろ) or 神(かむ)社(やしろ) • (kamiyashiro or kamuyashiro)

神社 (canonical)
神社 (canonical)
kamiyashiro (romanization)
kamuyashiro (romanization)

椿大神社


ローマ

ja-pos

ローマ • (Rōma)

From Italian Roma, possibly via Portuguese Roma.

ja:ローマ (曖昧さ回避)


アラブ首長国連邦

アラブ しゅちょうこく れんぽう

アラブ首(しゅ)長(ちょう)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō)

アラブ首長国連邦 (canonical)
Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠bɯ̟ ɕɨ̥t͡ɕo̞ːko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

アラブ (Arabu, “Arab”) + 首長国 (shuchōkoku, “emirate”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”)

af

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


韓国語

韓国語 (canonical)
kankokugo (romanization)

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

韓国 (Kankoku, “South Korea or just Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”), from South Korean 한국어 (han'gugeo)

suf

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第(だい)131(ひゃくさんじゅういち)局(きょく) 試(ため)される伊(い)角(すみ) [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 56:

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


モスクワ

[mo̞sɨ̥kɯ̟β̞a̠]

From Russian Москва́ (Moskvá). Doublet of モスコー (Mosukō).

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


ASEAN

東南アジア諸国連合 東南アジア諸国連合#Japanese

Synonym of 東南アジア諸国連合 (Tōnan Ajia Shokoku Rengō, “Association of Southeast Asian Nations”); the ASEAN


将軍

ja-noun

将(しょう)軍(ぐん) • (shōgun) ^(←しやうぐん (syaugun)?)

将軍 (canonical)
shōgun (romanization)
syaugun (romanization)
しやうぐん (hiragana historical)

→ Danish: shogun c

→ English: shogun

→ French: shogun m

→ Indonesian: syogun

→ Italian: shogun m

→ Polish: siogun m

→ Portuguese: xogum

/sʲaːᵑ kun/ → /ɕauɡun/ → /ɕɔːɡun/ → /ɕoːɡun/
From Middle Chinese compound 將軍 (MC tsjang kjun). Compare modern Min Nan 將軍 /将军 (chiong-kun), Eastern Min 將軍 /将军 (ciŏng-gŭng).
The “shogun” sense is originally short for 征夷大将軍 (seii taishōgun, literally “commander in chief of the expeditionary force to expel barbarians”).

*The abbreviations are only used as a typographical convention. They are pronounced the same as their full names.

(military, historical) a shogun, supreme generalissimo of feudal Japan


幕府

[ba̠kɯ̟̊ɸɯ̟]

From Middle Chinese 幕府 (MC mak pjuX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.
Originally referred to the tents or encampment of the commanders of a military force in the field. This then extended to refer to the command structure, and then to the form of government under a shōgun.

(historical) the tents or encampment of the commanders of a military force in the field


タイ

Ultimately from Thai ไทย (tai). The kanji is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 泰 (tài).


日本人

ja-noun

日(に)本(ほん)人(じん) or 日(にっ)本(ぽん)人(じん) • (nihonjin or nipponjin)

日本人 (canonical)
日本人 (canonical)
nihonjin (romanization)
nipponjin (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]


越南

ja-pos

越(えつ)南(なん) • (Etsunan) ^(←ゑつなん (Wetunan)?)

越南 (canonical)
Etsunan (romanization)
Wetunan (romanization)
ゑつなん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 越南 (Yuènán).
For the further etymology of the name of the country, see Vietnam#Etymology.

obor

Synonym of ベトナム (Betonamu): Vietnam (a country in Southeast Asia)


香港

From English Hong Kong, ultimately from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²).

中華人民共和国香港特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Hon Kon Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China


寿司

Daijirin Daijisen Shōgakukan Sushi Tōkyō ja:寿司 ja:松村明

From 酸し (sushi, “sour”), the archaic し (shi) terminal-form conjugation of modern 酸い (sui, “sour”).
Originally, sushi was a form of fish that had been salted and fermented for preservation without refrigeration. The fish was sometimes packed with rice or rice mixed with vinegar in order to speed the fermentation process. In the Edo period, this was also known as hayazushi (早鮨, 早鮓) when packed in layers, pressed, and fermented for just one night. Something similar is still prepared today as narezushi (馴鮨, 熟鮨) that relies on fermentation with no added vinegar.
The kanji are an example of ateji (当て字).

sushi: vinegared rice served with fish or vegetables, etc.

押し寿司

soft-pressed sushi topped with ingredients


地下

地下２階


スリランカ

From English Sri Lanka, from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකා (śrī laṁkā).

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)

スリランカ民主社会主義共和国

Suri Ranka Minshu Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku


台湾

Borrowed from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Compare Dutch Tayouan, Mandarin 臺灣 /台湾 (Táiwān).


太極

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 太極 (MC thajH gik).
First cited to a text from roughly 1060, with the spelling 大極.
The main spelling in Japanese is 太極. The alternative with 大 instead of 太 appears to be largely obsolete, and is not listed in many dictionaries.

太極図

an image of the absolute, most commonly the yin-yang symbol

太極図門

a seal or crest using an image of the absolute

(Chinese philosophy) the Absolute: the condition as it existed before the creation of the world


孟子

孟子 (canonical)
Mōshi (romanization)
Mausi (romanization)
まうし (hiragana historical)

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics


吉林

Jilin (a province in northeastern China; capital: Changchun)


台北

From Mandarin 臺北 /台北 (Táiběi), possibly via English Taipei.


台北

台北 (canonical)
台北 (canonical)
Taihoku (romanization)

→ Bunun: Taihuku

→ English: Taihoku, Daihoku

→ Kanakanabu: Taihuku

→ Saisiyat: tayhoko'

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 臺北／台北 (Táiběi).

zh-l

臺北／台北 (Táiběi)


万里の長城

ja-pos

^ばんり の ^ちょうじょう

万(ばん)里(り)の長(ちょう)城(じょう) • (Banri no Chōjō) ^(←ばんりのちやうじやう (Banrinotyauzyau)?)

万里の長城 (canonical)
Banri no Chōjō (romanization)
Banrinotyauzyau (romanization)
ばんりのちやうじやう (hiragana historical)

万里 (banri, “ten thousand miles; incredibly long”) + の (no, attributive marker) + 長城 (chōjō, “long castle”), calque of Chinese 萬里長城 /万里长城 (Wànlǐ Chángchéng)


弥生

弥生 (canonical)
Yayoi (romanization)
Yayofi (romanization)
やよひ (hiragana historical)

/ijaopi/ → /ijaofi/ → */jaofi/ → /jajofi/ → /jajowi/ → /jajoi/
Shift from iyaoi below.

1997 October 17, Seimaru Amagi with Kanari, Yozaburo and Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル18 魔(ま)神(じん)遺(い)跡(せき)殺(さつ)人(じん)事(じ)件(けん)⑪ [File 18: The Demonic Ruins Murder Case ⑪]”, in 金(きん)田(だ)一(いち)少(しょう)年(ねん)の事(じ)件(けん)簿(ぼ) [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 26 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 105:

I’m “Yayoi” because I was born in March. We named you “Satsuki” because you were born in May———

三月に生まれた私が「弥生」だから 五月に生まれたあなたは「さつき」にしようって———

Sangatsu ni umareta watashi ga “Yayoi” da kara Gogatsu ni umareta anata wa “Satsuki” ni shiyōtte———


朝鮮

ja-pos

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

朝鮮 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

From Chinese 朝鮮 /朝鲜.
/teusen/ > /tjoːsen/, [tɕoːsen]

Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)


獅子舞

ja-noun

獅(し)子(し)舞(まい) • (shishimai) ^(←ししまひ (sisimafi)?)

獅子舞 (canonical)
shishimai (romanization)
sisimafi (romanization)
ししまひ (hiragana historical)

lion dance (traditional Chinese dance where performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume)


胡志明

[ho̞ː t͡ɕi mʲĩɴ]


抹茶

抹(まっ)茶(ちゃ) • (matcha) ^(←まつちや (matutya)?)

抹茶 (canonical)
matcha (romanization)
matutya (romanization)
まつちや (hiragana historical)

From 抹(まつ) (matsu, “to rub”) + 茶(ちゃ) (cha, “tea”).

ja-compound

a Japanese powder made from specially treated green tea leaves for use in 茶道 (sadō) (Japanese tea ceremony)

powder of matcha (also spelled as maccha).

a Japanese green tea made from mixing hot water with this powder.


寧波

ja-pos

寧(ねい)波(は) or 寧波(ニンポー) • (Neiha or Ninpō)

寧波 (canonical)
寧波 (canonical)
Neiha (romanization)
Ninpō (romanization)

Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


広東

Borrowed from English Canton (“Guangzhou; Guangdong”). The kanji is from Chinese 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng).


広東

広(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)


江戸

desc

→ English: Edo, Jeddo, Yeddo, Yedo, Jendo, Yendo

→ Russian: Э́до m (Édo)

/jedo/ → /edo/
Compound of 江 (e, “cove, inlet”) + 戸 (to, “entrance, gate, door”), likely in reference to the local geography. The to changes to do as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First mentioned in the 吾妻鏡 (Azuma Kagami, “Eastern Mirror”, an historical chronicle), started in 1180 and completed after 1266, in a section dated to 1180.

compound

(historical) Edo, the former name of Tokyo before 1868


九州

ja-pos

九(きゅう)州(しゅう) • (Kyūshū) ^(←きうしう (Kiusiu)?)

九州 (canonical)
Kiusiu (romanization)
きうしう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kyushu

→ Portuguese: Kyushu

→ Russian: Кюсю́ (Kjusjú)

Kyushu, the third largest island of Japan. The southernmost before Okinawa, it is (usually) composed of the seven prefectures of Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Ōita, Miyazaki, and Kagoshima.


武士道

ja-noun

武(ぶ)士(し)道(どう) • (bushidō) ^(←ぶしだう (busidau)?)

武士道 (canonical)
bushidō (romanization)
busidau (romanization)
ぶしだう (hiragana historical)

→ Cantonese: 武士道 (mou5 si6 dou6)

→ English: bushido

→ French: bushido

→ German: Bushido

→ Hokkien: 武士道 (bú-sū-tō)

→ Malay: busudo

→ Italian: bushido

→ Korean: 무사도 (musado)

→ Malay: bushido, busyido

Indonesian: bushido

→ Mandarin: 武士道 (wǔshìdào)

→ Portuguese: bushido

→ Russian: бусидо (busido)

→ Spanish: bushido

→ Vietnamese: võ sĩ đạo

武士 (bushi, “warrior; samurai”) + 道 (-dō, “way; path”)

suf

2005 February 4, “笑(え)む猫(ねこ)、憲(けん)太(た)郎(ろう) [Kentarō, the Smiling Cat]”, in 神(かみ)河(がわ)謀(む)叛(ほん) [Betrayal of Kamigawa], Wizards of the Coast:

The bonds of bushidō will draw the dishonored back someday, and I will be there waiting.

武士道との結びつきは、名誉を汚されし者達をいつか戻すであろう。我はそれを待つ。

Bushidō to no musubitsuki wa, meiyo o yogosareshi monotachi o itsuka modosu de arō. Ware wa sore o matsu.


東亜

東亜 (canonical)
Tōa (romanization)
Toua (romanization)
とうあ (hiragana historical)

大東亜共栄圏

(possibly obsolete) East Asia (a region of Asia)


黒海

ja-pos

黒(こっ)海(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくかい (Kokukai)?)

黒海 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
Kokukai (romanization)
こくかい (hiragana historical)


カスピ海

カスピ海 (canonical)
Kasupi-Kai (romanization)


スラウェシ島

スラウェシ島 (canonical)
Suraweshitō (romanization)

[sɨɾa̠β̞e̞ɕito̞ː]


中華

(usually in compounds) China, Chinese (adjective)


ロシア

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).

1998 December 18 [1977 August 15], Fyodor Dostoyevsky with Tezuka, Osamu, 罪と罰 [Crime and Punishment], 10th edition (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 8:

This story takes place on the eve of a revolution, in the town of Petersburg where there is but decadence and poverty under the rule of the Russian monarchy...

この物語は革命前夜の帝政ロシアにおいて退廃と貧困にあけくれたぺテルブルグの町に起こった……

Kono monogatari wa kakumei zen'ya no teisei Roshia ni oite taihan to hinkon ni akekureta Peteruburugu no machi ni okotta……

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

Daijirin
Kōjien
Russia
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ロシア


シンガポール

[ɕĩŋɡa̠po̞ːɾɯ̟]

From English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”). Doublet of シンガプーラ (shingapūra).

compound

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


フィリピン

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲĩɴ]

比島

比律賓諸島 (firipin shotō, “Philippine Islands”)


ブルネイ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ne̞ː]


エジプト

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


モンゴル

From Mongolian ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol), Монгол (Mongol).


トルクメニスタン

[to̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟me̞ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


カザフスタン

[ka̠za̠ɸɯ̟sɨ̥tã̠ɴ]

Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán).

bor+

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


北朝鮮

ja-pos

北(きた)朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Kita Chōsen) ^(←きたてうせん (Kita Teusen)?)

北朝鮮 (canonical)
Kita Chōsen (romanization)
Kita Teusen (romanization)
きたてうせん (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥ta̠ t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Compound of 北 (kita-, “north”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 북조선 (Bukjoseon).

prefix

国連本部に連絡して安全保障理事会を召集しろ！テロリストの国籍にかかわらず船が北朝鮮に向かうことが確実になれば武力行使の同意をとらなければならない

1998 May 8, Kenshi Hirokane, “議その147 「膠着状態(デッドロック)」 [Debate 147: ‘Deadlock’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 18 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 17:

Contact the UN headquarters and convene the Security Council! Regardless of the terrorists’ nationality, if the ship is verified to be heading toward North Korea, we must get approved to use force

Kokuren honbu ni renraku shite Anzen Hoshō Rijikai o shōshū shiro! Terorisuto no kokuseki ni kakawarazu fune ga Kitachōsen ni mukau koto ga kakujitsu ni nareba buryoku kōshi no dōi o toranakere ba naranai

Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

Democratic People's Republic of North Korea


イラク

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イラン

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


トルコ

Borrowed from Portuguese turco (“Turkish; Turk”, adjective; noun)

bor+

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:トルコ
ja:松村明


バングラデシュ

[bã̠ŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠de̞ɕɨ]


ブータン

ja-pos

ブータン • (Būtan)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


カンボジア

カンボジア • (Kanbojia) ^(←カンボヂア (Kanbodia)?)

Kanbojia (romanization)
Kanbodia (romanization)
カンボヂア (historical katakana)

Borrowed from English Cambodia. Doublet of 南瓜.


東ティモール

東ティモール (canonical)
Higashi Timōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


モルディブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


アフガニスタン

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɡa̠ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


アルメニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟me̞ɲ̟ia̠]

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


アゼルバイジャン

[a̠ze̞ɾɯ̟ba̠iʑã̠ɴ]

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


国会

国(こっ)会(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくくわい (Kokukwai)?)

国会 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
Kokukwai (romanization)
こくくわい (hiragana historical)

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

Meronyms: 参議院 (Sangiin), 衆議院 (Shūgiin)

the National Diet (Japan's bicameral legislature)

the Parliament (France's bicameral legislature; Sri Lanka's and Singapore's unicameral legislature)


国会

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

the National Assembly (South Korea's unicameral legislature)


国会

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

the National Assembly (Vietnam's unicameral legislature)


ソビエト連邦

ソビエト連邦 (canonical)
Sobieto Renpō (romanization)

ソビエト (sobieto, “soviet”) + 連邦 (renpō, “union; federation; confederation”)
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

af

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦#Japanese

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(historical) Short for ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (Sobieto Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku Renpō, “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”); Soviet Union (a former country)


イスラエル

[isɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)

(biblical) Israel (A Biblical region of Western Asia roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel, known in the Bible as the Land of Israel and considered the ancestral homeland of the Jewish people)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel and the Land of Israel)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom that occupied the northern part of the Land of Israel and modern State of Israel, as distinct from Judah)


ウズベキスタン

[ɯ̟zɨbe̞kʲisɨtã̠ɴ]


グルジア

[ɡɯ̟ɾɯ̟ʑia̠]

From Russian Гру́зия (Grúzija). Officially displaced by ジョージア in April 2015. Compare Korean 그루지야 (Geurujiya).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

ジョージア ジョージア#Japanese

(obsolete in formal contexts) Synonym of ジョージア: Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


ネパール

[ne̞pa̠ːɾɯ̟]

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


陰陽師

ja-noun

陰(おん)陽(みょう)師(じ) • (onmyōji) ^(←おんみやうじ (onmyauzi)?)

陰陽師 (canonical)
onmyōji (romanization)
onmyauzi (romanization)
おんみやうじ (hiragana historical)

[õ̞mʲːo̞ːʑi]

/omjauzi/ → */omʉjauzi/ → /omɨjauzi/ → /omʲːauʑi/ → /oɴmjɔːʑi/ → /oɴmjoːʑi/
Attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
Shift from on'yōji below.
The yō reading for 陽 changes to myō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

a practitioner of 陰陽道 (onmyōdō, “esoteric cosmology based on Chinese philosophy and traditional Japanese occult practices”)


陰陽師

ja-noun

陰(おん)陽(よう)師(じ) • (on'yōji) ^(←おんやうじ (on'yauzi)?)

陰陽師 (canonical)
on'yōji (romanization)
on'yauzi (romanization)
おんやうじ (hiragana historical)
おみょうじ (alternative hiragana)
omyōji (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
おみやうじ (alternative hiragana historical)

[õ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːʑi]

From 陰陽 (on'yō, “yin-yang”) + 師 (-shi, “-ian, -ist”).
The shi changes to ji as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
There is also a variant spelling: /omjauzi/ → */omʉjauzi/ → /omɨjauzi/ → /omjauzi/ → /omjɔːʑi/ → /omjɔːʑi/

suf

Chinese-influenced astrology
Chinese astrology

(historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a position in the 陰陽寮 (On'yōryō) who specialized in Chinese-influenced astrology, cosmology, divination, and other occult practices

a practitioner of 陰陽道 (on'yōdō, “esoteric cosmology based on Chinese philosophy and traditional Japanese occult practices”)


中華民国

中華民国 (canonical)
Chūka Minkoku (romanization)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 中華民國 /中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó).


ミャンマー

ja-pos

ミャンマー • (Myanmā)


パレスチナ

Learned borrowing from Latin Palaestīna.

Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:パレスチナ
ja:松村明


オマーン

オマーン • (Omān)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


モルジブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


ペルシア

[pe̞ɾɯ̟ɕia̠]

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 280:

My name is Sarc! Servant of Cambyses!! The King of Kings of Persia, son of Cyrus, celebrated by Ahura Mazda!!

わが名はサルク！主はカンビュセス‼キュロスの子アフラ・マズダのよみし給う者ペルシア王にして諸王の王‼

Waga na wa Saruku! Aruji wa Kanbyusesu‼ Kyurosu no ko Afura Mazuda no yomishitamau mono Perushia Ō ni shite Shōō no Ō‼


クウェート

クウェート • (Kuwēto)

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


サウジアラビア

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ロシア連邦

ロシア連邦 (canonical)
Roshia Renpō (romanization)

[ɾo̞ɕia̠ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

From ロシア (Roshia, “Russia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

af

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English

Russian Federation (a co-official name of Russia, a country in Eastern Europe and Asia)


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 雲南 /云南 (Yúnnán)


廈門

zh-l

廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén)

Xiamen, Amoy (a subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China)


廈門

Borrowed from Portuguese Amoy, in turn from Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi).

zh-m

廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi)

Amoy, Xiamen (a subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China)


日中

[ɲ̟it̚t͡ɕɨː]

日 (“Japan”) + 中 (“China”) or blend of 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 中国 (Chūgoku, “China”)

blend

日中関係

日中共同声明

日中経済協会


山東

山東 (canonical)
Santō (romanization)
Santou (romanization)
さんとう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 山東 (MC srean tuwng).


山東

Alternative form of 山東 (Santō, “Shandong (a province of China)”)


支那

支那 (canonical)
支那 (canonical)
Shina (romanization)

Qin (state)
Qin Dynasty
Shina (word)
ja:支那

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

支那竹

menma (cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping)

(prewar, often considered derogatory, offensive in modern speech, ethnic slur) China

prewar; often considered derogatory; prewar; often considered derogatory


全国人民代表大会

ja-pos

ぜんこく じんみん だいひょう たいかい

全(ぜん)国(こく)人(じん)民(みん)代(だい)表(ひょう)大(たい)会(かい) • (Zenkoku Jinmin Daihyō Taikai)

全国人民代表大会 (canonical)
Zenkoku Jinmin Daihyō Taikai (romanization)


上海

Borrowed from English Shanghai, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi).

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Shanghai
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:上海市


揚州

揚(よう)州(しゅう) • (Yōshū)

Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


セブアノ語

セブアノ語 (canonical)
Sebuano-go (romanization)


洛陽

洛(らく)陽(よう) • (Rakuyō) ^(←らくやう (Rakuyau)?)

洛陽 (canonical)
Rakuyō (romanization)
Rakuyau (romanization)
らくやう (hiragana historical)

Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


徐州

Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


杭州

杭(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


杭州

To distinguish it orally with 広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū).

ja-r

広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū)


中華人民共和国

ja-pos

ちゅうか じんみん きょうわこく

ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく

中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (Tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku)?)

中華人民共和国 (canonical)
Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku (romanization)
ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːka̠ d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 中華 (Chūka, “China”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), from Chinese 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó).


河南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河南 (Hénán).

obor

Henan (a province of China; capital: Zhengzhou)


長沙

長沙 (canonical)
Chōsa (romanization)
Tyausa (romanization)
ちやうさ (hiragana historical)

ja:長沙 (曖昧さ回避)

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)


硫黄島

ja-pos

硫黄(いおう)島(とう) • (Iōtō) ^(←いわうたう (Iwautau)?)

硫黄島 (canonical)
Iōtō (romanization)
Iwautau (romanization)
いわうたう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 硫黄 (iō, “sulfur”) + 島 (-tō, “island”).

Iwo Jima (volcanic island in Japan’s Ogasawara Islands chain)


坂田

坂(さか)田(た) or 坂(さか)田(だ) • (Sakata or Sakada)

坂田 (canonical)
坂田 (canonical)
Sakata (romanization)
Sakada (romanization)


天津

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


札幌

English: Sapporo

Russian: Са́ппоро m (Sápporo)

From Ainu サッ・ポロ・ペッ (sat poro pet, literally “dry, great river”). The kanji are ateji (当て字).

bor

札幌市: Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


八音

ja-noun

八(はち)音(おん) or 八(はっ)音(とん) or 八(はち)音(いん) or 八(はっ)音(ちん) • (hachion or hatton or hachiin or hatchin)

八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
hachion (romanization)
hatton (romanization)
hachiin (romanization)
hatchin (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 八音. The on reading for 音 changes to ton as an instance of renjō (連声). The in reading for 音 changes to chin as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjo

(music) an ancient Chinese system of classifying musical instruments into eight materials


孔子

孔子 (canonical)
孔子 (canonical)
Kōshi (romanization)
Kuji (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 孔子 (MC khuwngX tsiX).


ヨルダン

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


黄海

ja-pos

黄(こう)海(かい) • (Kōkai) ^(←くゎうかい (Kwaukai)?)

黄海 (canonical)
Kōkai (romanization)
Kwaukai (romanization)
くゎうかい (hiragana historical)
黄海 (canonical)
Howanhai (romanization)


高麗

Goguryeo
Koma clan
Man'yōshū
ja:高麗 (曖昧さ回避)

⟨ko₂ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym.
Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, given the history of the Koma clan, Goguryeo migrants to Eastern Honshū during the 660s.

a compound of 高麗 + 作り

Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands; making; made thing

(historical) the Goguryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 37 BCE–668 CE

(archaic) Korea, the Korean Peninsula (used more commonly in compounds than as a standalone term)

(historical) a county in Saitama Prefecture (originally settled in the mid-600s CE by immigrants from the Korean Peninsula; abolished as an administrative entity in 1896)


高麗

高麗 (canonical)
kōrai (romanization)
kaurai (romanization)
かうらい (hiragana historical)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 高麗. Cognate with modern Korean 고려 (goryeo) and English Korea.
Appeared at least late 10th century with this reading, attested in the Utsubo Monogatari, c. 970-999.

Short for 高麗縁 (kōrai beri, “tatami border made from Goguryeo brocade”).

高麗縁

Short for 高麗焼 (kōtai yaki, “Korean pottery”).


高麗

高麗 (canonical)
Kōrai (romanization)
Kaurai (romanization)
かうらい (hiragana historical)

(historical) the Goryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 918–1392 CE

the Goguryeo kingdom; or generally a synonym of 朝鮮 (chōsen, “Korea”).


澳門

From English Macau or Portuguese Macau.
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 澳門 /澳门 (Àomén).

Obsolete spelling of マカオ (“Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)”).


澳門

zh-m

澳門／澳门 (Àomén)

Synonym of マカオ (“Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)”)


ユダヤ

Learned borrowing from Latin Iūdaea. Alternatively, originally from Dutch Judea, followed by a later shift in pronunciation likely influenced by the ultimate Latin etymon Iūdaea.


台南

From Chinese 臺南 /台南 (Táinán). Compare Mandarin 臺南 /台南 (Táinán).


温州

ja-pos

温(おん)州(しゅう) or 温(うん)州(しゅう) • (Onshū or Unshū)

温州 (canonical)
温州 (canonical)
Onshū (romanization)
Unshū (romanization)

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


川原

川原 (canonical)
kawara (romanization)
kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)
かわはら (alternative hiragana)
kawahara (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
かははら (alternative hiragana historical)

ja:川原 (曖昧さ回避)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]


川原

川原 (canonical)
Kawara (romanization)
Kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)
^かわはら (alternative hiragana)
Kawahara (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
かははら (alternative hiragana historical)
^かわばる (alternative hiragana)
Kawabaru (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
川原 (canonical)
Kawahara (romanization)

ja:川原 (曖昧さ回避)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]


ビルマ

(historical) Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


バーレーン

バーレーン • (Bārēn)

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


東チモール

東チモール (canonical)
Higashi Chimōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


カタール

A borrowing, probably from English Qatar.

[ka̠ta̠ːɾɯ̟]

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


キプロス

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


東アジア

東アジア (canonical)
Higashi-Ajia (romanization)

Compound of 東(ひがし) (higashi, “east”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).


旧世界

ja-pos

旧(きゅう)世(せ)界(かい) • (Kyūsekai) ^(←きうせかい (Kiusekai)?)

旧世界 (canonical)
Kyūsekai (romanization)
Kiusekai (romanization)
きうせかい (hiragana historical)

From 旧 (kyū-, “old”) + 世界 (sekai, “world”).


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nihonkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nipponkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

(rare) State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


イエメン

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


レバノン

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


シタール

[ɕi̥ta̠ːɾɯ̟]

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


中東

中(ちゅう)東(とう) • (Chūtō)

Compound of 中 (chū, “middle”) + 東 (tō, “east”), as a calque of English Middle East.

the Middle East (region comprising Western Asia without the South Caucasus and additionally including all of Egypt and all of Turkey)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Middle East
ja:中東
ja:松村明


オスマン帝国

オスマン帝国 (canonical)
Osuman Teikoku (romanization)

オスマン (Osuman, “Osman”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)


天皇陛下

ja-pos

天(てん)皇(のう)陛(へい)下(か) • (Tennō Heika) ^(←てんわうへいか (Ten'wau Feika)?)

天皇陛下 (canonical)
Tennō Heika (romanization)
Ten'wau Feika (romanization)
てんわうへいか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 天皇 (tennō, “emperor”) + 陛下 (heika, “majesty”).

compound

天皇陛下がお召し上がりになる食事は、宮中料理人によって作られます。

Tennō Heika ga omeshiagari ni naru shokuji wa, kyūchū ryōrinin ni yotte tsukuraremasu.

The cuisine for His Imperial Majesty is prepared by the palace chef.

His Imperial Majesty
His Imperial Majesty

His Imperial Majesty (form of address to the Emperor of Japan)


本州

ja-pos

本(ほん)州(しゅう) • (Honshū) ^(←ほんしう (Fonsiu)?)

本州 (canonical)
Honshū (romanization)
Fonsiu (romanization)
ほんしう (hiragana historical)

Honshu, the main island of Japan, with 100 million people, 4/5 of the Japanese population.


四国

English: Shikoku

Russian: Сико́ку m (Sikóku)

Shikoku, the fourth largest island of Japan.


樹林

樹林 (canonical)
Jurin (romanization)
樹林 (canonical)
Kibayashi (romanization)

Shulin, a district in New Taipei City, Taiwan


トルコ共和国

トルコ共和国 (canonical)
Toruko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

トルコ (Toruko, “Turkey”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


福州

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

南京 (canonical)
南京 (canonical)
Nankin (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:南京

Borrowed from English Nanking, from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


シリア

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


衆議院

ja-pos

衆(しゅう)議(ぎ)院(いん) • (Shūgiin) ^(←しゆうぎゐん (Syuugiwin)?)

衆議院 (canonical)
Shūgiin (romanization)
Syuugiwin (romanization)
しゆうぎゐん (hiragana historical)

Compound of 衆議 (shūgi, “general consultation, general conference”) + 院 (-in, “parliamentary chamber”).

suf

衆議院議員

a Representative; a member of the House of Representatives

House of Representatives
House of Representatives

the House of Representatives (lower house of Japan's National Diet)

議会

deliberation assembly: Diet; Parliament; Congress

国会

national assembly: Diet; Parliament; Congress


参議院

ja-pos

参(さん)議(ぎ)院(いん) • (Sangiin) ^(←さんぎゐん (Sangiwin)?)

参議院 (canonical)
Sangiin (romanization)
Sangiwin (romanization)
さんぎゐん (hiragana historical)

[sã̠ŋʲɡʲiĩɴ]

参議院議員

a Councillor; a member of the House of Councillors

the House of Councillors (upper house of Japan's National Diet)


日仏

日仏 (canonical)
Nichifutsu (romanization)

日 (“Japan”) + 仏 (“France”) or blend of 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 仏蘭西 (Furansu, “France”)

blend

日仏協約


キルギス

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


天皇誕生日

ja-noun

^てんのう ^たんじょうび

^てんわう ^たんじやうび

天(てん)皇(のう)誕(たん)生(じょう)日(び) • (Tennō Tanjōbi) ^(←てんわうたんじやうび (Ten'wau Tanzyaubi)?)

天皇誕生日 (canonical)
Tennō Tanjōbi (romanization)
Ten'wau Tanzyaubi (romanization)
てんわうたんじやうび (hiragana historical)

[tẽ̞nːo̞ː tã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ːbʲi]

Compound of 天皇 (tennō, “emperor of Japan”) + 誕生日 (tanjōbi, “birthday”).

com

a national holiday in Japan on the birthday of the 今上天皇 (Kinjō Tennō, “present reigning emperor”), currently February 23

in honour of Emperor Showa's love of plants and the environment


露西亜

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).
The spelling is ateji (当て字), adopted in 1877 after diplomatic pressure from Russia to change from the previous 魯西亜 spelling, out of concern that the initial 魯 (ro) character expressed a sense of foolish. However, the 露 (ro) character was chosen for its sense of dew, from the political metaphor that the morning dew will disappear as the sun rises, wherein "sun" refers to Japan.
The use of 西亜 for the latter portion is likely influenced by Chinese phonetics, and historical use of these characters to spell out the -siya portion of Rossiya in sources such as a bible translated into Chinese in 1864.

lang

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

Dated spelling of ロシア.: Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


日の丸

→ English: Hinomaru

From 日 (hi, “sun”) + の (no, attributive particle) + 丸 (maru, “circle”).

com

(by extension, colloquial) Japan (in general) or the Japanese government


深圳

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 深圳 (Shēnzhèn). Sen is not an expected on-reading of 圳 and may derive from 川's on-reading of sen, which serves as a kan'yoon reading.

obor

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


青海

Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


中央アジア

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)央(おう)アジア • (Chūō Ajia)

中央アジア (canonical)
Chūō Ajia (romanization)


極東

[kʲo̞kɯ̟̊to̞ː]


漢江

漢江 (canonical)
Kankō (romanization)
Kankau (romanization)
かんかう (hiragana historical)


漢江

Borrowed from Korean 한강 (Han'gang), from Chinese 漢江 /汉江 (Hànjiāng).


百済

From Old Japanese 百濟 (Kudara).
The kanji spelling is from Hyakusai below.

Three Kingdoms of Korea
w:Three Kingdoms of Korea

Baekje (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)


扶桑

扶桑 (canonical)
Fusō (romanization)
Fusau (romanization)
ふさう (hiragana historical)


唐山

Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


稲荷

/inanari/ → /inari/
Originally a compound of 稲 (ina, “rice plant”) + 生り (nari), the stem form of verb 生る (naru, “to fruit, to go to seed”).
The 荷 character is ateji, in reference to "bearing".

稲荷大神: God Inari

稲荷大神 いなりおおかみ

稲荷神社

稲荷神社 いなりじんじゃ

a shrine dedicated to the god Inari, usually with a statue of a fox in front

稲荷講: an Inari shrine association in Kyōto

the name of various towns and stations around Japan


元老院

元(げん)老(ろう)院(いん) • (Genrōin) ^(←げんらうゐん (Genrauwin)?)

元老院 (canonical)
Genrōin (romanization)
Genrauwin (romanization)
げんらうゐん (hiragana historical)

[ɡẽ̞n̺ɾo̞ːĩɴ]

From 元老 (genrō, “elderly statesman”) + 院 (-in, “institution”).

suf

the Senate (Roman Senate; Japan's Senate; Canada's, the Philippines', France's, Spain's, Italy's, Thailand's and Malaysia's upper house)


東莞

Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


ソウル

ja:ソウル ja:ソウル特別市

Seoul (a city, the capital city of South Korea)


東風

ja-pos

東(とう)風(ふう) • (Tōfū)

From Middle Chinese 東風 (MC tuwng pjuwng).

a placename, especially Dongfeng in China


中国化

ja-noun

中(ちゅう)国(ごく)化(か) • (chūgokuka) ^(←ちゅうごくくわ (tyuugokukwa)?)

中国化 (canonical)
chūgokuka (romanization)
tyuugokukwa (romanization)
ちゅうごくくわ (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ka̠]


日本化

日本化する (canonical)
nihonka suru (romanization)
日本化し (stem)
日本化した (past)
日本化し
にほんかし
nihonka shi
日本化する
にほんかする
nihonka suru
日本化すれ
にほんかすれ
nihonka sure
日本化せよ (imperative literary)
日本化しろ (colloquial imperative)
にほんかせよ (imperative literary)
にほんかしろ (colloquial imperative)
nihonka seyo (imperative literary)
nihonka shiro (colloquial imperative)
日本化される (passive)
にほんかされる (passive)
nihonka sareru (passive)
日本化させる (causative)
日本化さす (causative)
にほんかさせる (causative)
にほんかさす (causative)
nihonka saseru (causative)
nihonka sasu (causative)
日本化できる (potential)
にほんかできる (potential)
nihonka dekiru (potential)
日本化しよう (volitional)
にほんかしよう (volitional)
nihonka shiyō (volitional)
日本化しない (negative)
にほんかしない (negative)
nihonka shinai (negative)
日本化せず (continuative negative)
にほんかせず (continuative negative)
nihonka sezu (continuative negative)
日本化します (formal)
にほんかします (formal)
nihonka shimasu (formal)
日本化した (perfective)
にほんかした (perfective)
nihonka shita (perfective)
日本化して (conjunctive)
にほんかして (conjunctive)
nihonka shite (conjunctive)
日本化すれば (conditional hypothetical)
にほんかすれば (conditional hypothetical)
nihonka sureba (conditional hypothetical)

そのためにもっとドイツの会社を東洋化しなさい、日本化しなさい。

2011, あなたは英語で戦えますか: 国際英語とは自分英語である, 鈴木孝夫, page 83

Therefore make the German companies more East Asian and more japanized.

Sono tame ni motto doitsu no kaisha o tōyōka shinasai, nihonka shinasai.


高雄

ja-pos

高(たか)雄(お) or 高雄(タカオ) • (Takao) ^(←たかを (Takawo)?)

高雄 (canonical)
高雄 (canonical)
Takao (romanization)
Takawo (romanization)
たかを (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 高雄

→ Mandarin: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ English: Kaohsiung

→ Korean: 가오슝 (Gaosyung)

→ Russian: Гаосюн (Gaosjun)

→ Min Nan: 高雄 (Ko-hiông)

→ Vietnamese: Cao Hùng

→ English: Takao

From Hokkien 打狗 (Táⁿ-káu), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”). The kanji were borrowed from unrelated etymology 1.

Kaohsiung (a city in southwestern Taiwan)


蒙古

From Chinese 蒙古 (Měnggǔ), from Mongolian ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mungɣul) / Монгол (Mongol).


内蒙古

Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of China)


南寧

Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China)


緬甸

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 緬甸／缅甸 (Miǎndiàn), some time after this term came to prominence in Chinese during the Ming Dynasty. Compare modern Mandarin reading Miǎndiàn, Cantonese min⁵ din⁶.
First mentioned in a text from 1798.

(historical, possibly obsolete) Myanmar (a country in Southeast Asia)


緬甸

Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma). The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), from the borrowed Chinese term Menden above.

Dated spelling of ビルマ (Biruma).: Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


記紀

Abbreviation of 古事記 (Kojiki, “Records of Ancient Matters”) and 日本書紀 (Nihon Shoki, “Chronicles of Japan”).

abbrev

記紀歌謡

記紀神話

the Records of Ancient Matters and the Chronicles of Japan (the two oldest book of Japanese history)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

From English Swatow, from Teochew 汕頭／汕头 (suan1 tao5).

Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Sentō (romanization)
Sentou (romanization)
せんとう (hiragana historical)

The Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese 汕頭 /汕头 (Shàntóu).

Alternative form of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)”)


汕頭

ja-pos

汕頭(シャントウ) • (Shantō)

zh-l

汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu)


サンクトペテルブルク

Borrowed from Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg), from German Sankt Petersburg.

bor

Санкт-Петербу́рг

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia)

ja:サンクトペテルブルク


河北

Hebei (a province of China; capital: Shijiazhuang)


九龍

ja-pos

九(きゅう)龍(りゅう) • (Kyūryū) ^(←きうりゆう (Kiuryuu)?)

九龍 (canonical)
Kyūryū (romanization)
Kiuryuu (romanization)
きうりゆう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 九龍 /九龙 (jiǔlóng).


九龍

ja-pos

九龍(クーロン) or 九龍(カウロン) • (Kūron or Kauron)

九龍 (canonical)
九龍 (canonical)
Kūron (romanization)
Kauron (romanization)

Borrowed from Cantonese 九龍 /九龙 (gau² lung⁴).


新羅

⟨siraki₂⟩ → */sirakɨ/ → /ɕiraɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese 新羅 (Siraki₂).


新羅

From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.


柬埔寨

The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字), from Chinese 柬埔寨 (Jiǎnpǔzhài).

カンボジア カンボジア#Japanese

Dated spelling of カンボジア (Kanbojia).: Cambodia (a country in Southeast Asia)


西安

Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, in central China)


大連

→ English: Dairen

Dalian (a major subprovincial city in Liaoning, in northeastern China)


蘭州

Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China)


太原

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


女書

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 女書 /女书 (Nǚshū, literally “women's script”).

obor

(historical) Nüshu (syllabic script which was used exclusively among the ethnic Yao women of Jiangyong, Hunan, China)


ツァーリ

ja-noun

ツァーリ • (tsāri)

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ). Doublet of カエサル (Kaesaru), シーザー (Shīzā), ツァー (tsā).

ja-r

シーザー (Shīzā)


マトリョーシカ

[ma̠to̞ɾʲo̞ːɕikå̠]

Borrowed from Russian матрёшка (matrjóška).

Daijirin
Daijisen
Matryoshka doll
Sergey Malyutin
Vasily Zvyozdochkin
ja:マトリョーシカ人形
ja:松村明


コルホーズ

[ko̞ɾɯ̟ho̞ːzɨ]


遠東

Compound of 遠(えん) (en, “far”) + 東(とう) (tō, “east”), calque of English Far East.


万歳

Shift in reading from 万(ばん)歳(ぜい) (banzei) below, keeping the older goon reading for the second character and adopting the relatively newer kan'on reading for the first character. Doublet of マンセー (mansē).

1936, “第五章 母音と父音 [Chapter 5: Vowels and Consonants]”, in 誰にも分かる獨習英語の學び方 [Self-Taught English for Everyone], 英語研究会, page 30:

大日本帝國萬歲！

(raising one's hands three times in cheer) raising ones hands

(raising one's hands in defeat) business troubles, bankruptcy


万歳

From Middle Chinese 萬歲 (MC mjonH sjwejH). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.


万歳

From Middle Chinese 萬歲 (MC mjonH sjwejH). The goon, so likely the initial borrowing.


皇軍

ja-noun

皇(こう)軍(ぐん) • (kōgun) ^(←くわうぐん (kwaugun)?)

皇軍 (canonical)
kōgun (romanization)
kwaugun (romanization)
くわうぐん (hiragana historical)


三国

Three Kingdoms of ancient China: Wei (魏), Shu (蜀 (shǔ)), and Wu (吳 /吴)


マニラ

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


西蔵

西蔵 (canonical)
Seizō (romanization)
Seizau (romanization)
せいざう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 西藏 (Xīzàng)

obor

(rare) Synonym of チベット (Chibetto, “Tibet”); Xizang


西蔵

The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 西藏 (Xīzàng)


紅衛兵

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 紅衛兵／红卫兵 (hóngwèibīng).

zh-l

紅衛兵／红卫兵 (hóngwèibīng)


青島

Qingdao (a subprovincial city in eastern Shandong, in eastern China)


武漢

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 重慶 /重庆 (Chóngqìng).

obor

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


長春

Changchun (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China)


昆明

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


瀋陽

Shenyang (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, China)


成都

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 成都 (Chéngdū).

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


合肥

Hefei (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Anhui, China)


鄭州

Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


黒竜江

黒竜江 (canonical)
Kokuryūkō (romanization)

[ko̞kɯ̟ɾʲɨːko̞ː]


広州

ja-pos

広(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 廣州 /广州 (Guǎngzhōu).

obor

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


露助

Russian ру́сский (rússkij, “Russian”), with the Japanese male name suffix 助(すけ) (suke).


陰陽道

ja-noun

陰(おん)陽(みょう)道(どう) or 陰(おん)陽(にょう)道(どう) or 陰(おん)陽(よう)道(どう) or 陰(いん)陽(よう)道(どう) • (onmyōdō or onnyōdō or on'yōdō or in'yōdō) ^(←おんみやうだう (onmyaudau) or おんにやうだう (onnyaudau) or おんやうだう (on'yaudau) or いんやうだう (in'yaudau)?)

陰陽道 (canonical)
陰陽道 (canonical)
陰陽道 (canonical)
陰陽道 (canonical)
onmyōdō (romanization)
onnyōdō (romanization)
on'yōdō (romanization)
in'yōdō (romanization)
onmyaudau (romanization)
onnyaudau (romanization)
on'yaudau (romanization)
in'yaudau (romanization)
おんみやうだう (hiragana historical)
おんにやうだう (hiragana historical)
おんやうだう (hiragana historical)
いんやうだう (hiragana historical)

[õ̞mʲːo̞ːdo̞ː]

[õ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːdo̞ː]

[ĩɰ̃jo̞ːdo̞ː]

From 陰陽 (onmyō, onnyō, on'yō, in'yō, “yin-yang”) + 道 (“way”).
/omujaudau/ → /oNmjaudau/ → /oNmjɔːdɔː/ → /oNmjoːdoː/ [ommjoːdoː]
The yō reading for 陽 changes to nyō as an instance of renjō (連声). The yō reading for 陽 changes to myō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

a traditional body of Japanese esoteric cosmology; a mixture of natural sciences and occultism, based on the Chinese philosophies of Wu Xing and Yin and Yang.

Bansenshukai
Onmyōdō
Wu Xing
Yin and yang
esoteric cosmology
ja:陰陽道


河童

/kapawarapa/ → /kawawappa/ → /kawappa/ → /kappa/
Originally a compound of 川 (kapa → kawa, “river”) + 童 (warapa → wappa, “child”).

com

Short for 河童巻き (kappa maki, “rolled sushi with cucumber inside”).


在日

→ English: Zainichi

在日米軍

在日二世

2008 June 20, Fukushima Mizuho, “Zainichi Kankoku/Chōsen hito oyobi Nihon kokuseki o yūsuru... [Resident Koreans/North Koreans and the issue of Japanese nationality...]”, in House of Councilors, National Diet of Japan:

As a result of the “annexation of Korea” from Meiji 43 [1910] until Japan’s defeat [in World War II], zainichi Koreans and their descendants were granted Japanese nationality, with currently almost one million such persons living throughout Japan, more than half of whom hold Japanese nationality.

明治四十三年の「韓国併合」を契機に形成され、日本の敗戦まで日本国籍を有していた在日朝鮮人とその子孫は、現在では百万人近い人口を有し、日本各地に居住しており、その半数以上は日本国籍を有している。

Meiji yonjūsan-nen no “Kankoku heigō” o keiki ni keisei sare, Nihon no haisen made Nihon kokuseki o yūshiteita zainichi Chōsenjin to sono shison wa, genzai de wa hyakumannin chikai jinkō o yūshi, Nihon kakuchi ni kyojū shiteori, sono hansū ijō wa Nihon kokuseki o yūshiteiru.

2021 November 1, Maruyama Kana, “Nihon de shussan o keiken shita zainichi Chugoku-jin hahaoya no sango kea nīzu ni kan suru kentō [Investigation of the experience of Chinese mothers concerning care needs after giving birth in Japan]”, in Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences:

The purpose of this study was to bring to light the experience of Japan-resident Chinese mothers who gave birth in a Japanese hospital, concerning the provision of hospital or community care and support, and moreover to assess needs for postpartum care.

今回の研究では、日本の病院で出産を経験した在日中国人母親の、病院や地域で受けたケアや支援について明らかにしたうえで、どのような産後ケアニーズがあるのか検討することを目的としました。

Konkai no kenkyū de wa, Nihon no byōin de shussan o keiken shita zainichi Chūgokujin hahaoya no, byōin ya chiiki de uketa kea ya shien ni tsuite akiraka ni shita ue de, dono yō na sango kea nīzu ga aru no ka kentō suru koto o mokuteki to shimashita.

nonethnic Japanese person living in Japan; especially Koreans in Japan (Zainichi Koreans)


在日

在日する (canonical)
zainichi suru (romanization)
在日し (stem)
在日した (past)
在日し
ざいにちし
zainichi shi
在日する
ざいにちする
zainichi suru
在日すれ
ざいにちすれ
zainichi sure
在日せよ (imperative literary)
在日しろ (colloquial imperative)
ざいにちせよ (imperative literary)
ざいにちしろ (colloquial imperative)
zainichi seyo (imperative literary)
zainichi shiro (colloquial imperative)
在日される (passive)
ざいにちされる (passive)
zainichi sareru (passive)
在日させる (causative)
在日さす (causative)
ざいにちさせる (causative)
ざいにちさす (causative)
zainichi saseru (causative)
zainichi sasu (causative)
在日できる (potential)
ざいにちできる (potential)
zainichi dekiru (potential)
在日しよう (volitional)
ざいにちしよう (volitional)
zainichi shiyō (volitional)
在日しない (negative)
ざいにちしない (negative)
zainichi shinai (negative)
在日せず (continuative negative)
ざいにちせず (continuative negative)
zainichi sezu (continuative negative)
在日します (formal)
ざいにちします (formal)
zainichi shimasu (formal)
在日した (perfective)
ざいにちした (perfective)
zainichi shita (perfective)
在日して (conjunctive)
ざいにちして (conjunctive)
zainichi shite (conjunctive)
在日すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ざいにちすれば (conditional hypothetical)
zainichi sureba (conditional hypothetical)


上野

上野 (canonical)
Ueno (romanization)
Ufeno (romanization)
うへの (hiragana historical)

From 上 (ue, “up, above; top”) + 野 (no, “area, field”).

a placename, such as that of a district in Taitō Ward, Tokyo


上野

上野 (canonical)
Kōzuke (romanization)
Kauduke (romanization)
かうづけ (hiragana historical)

⟨kami₁tuke₂⟩ → */kamʲitukei̯/ → /kaũd͡zuke/ → /kɔːd͡zuke/ → /koːzuke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 上毛野 (Kami₁tuke₂no₁ → Kamitsukeno, literally “Upper Keno”).

inh

Short for 上野国 (Kōzuke-no-kuni): Kōzuke Province, an old province of Japan


木下

ja-pos

木下(きのした) or 木(き)下(おろし) or 木(き)下(くだし) • (Kinoshita or Kioroshi or Kikudashi)

木下 (canonical)
Kinoshita (romanization)
木下 (canonical)
木下 (canonical)
木下 (canonical)
Kinoshita (romanization)
Kioroshi (romanization)
Kikudashi (romanization)


昭南

昭(しょう)南(なん) • (Shōnan) ^(←せうなん (Seunan)?)

昭南 (canonical)
Shōnan (romanization)
Seunan (romanization)
せうなん (hiragana historical)

en:Japanese occupation of Singapore
ja:日本占領時期のシンガポール

(historical) Syonan, Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia), as part of the Empire of Japan


前川

前川 (canonical)
Maekawa (romanization)
前川 (canonical)
Maegawa (romanization)

前 (mae, “before, in front”) + 川 (kawa, “river”)


仙頭

仙頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

Misspelling of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)”).


都会

東京都議会 w:ja:東京都議会

Clipping of 東京都議会 (Tōkyōto Gikai, “Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly”).


皇女

ja-noun

皇(こう)女(じょ) • (kōjo) ^(←くわうぢよ (kwaudyo)?)

皇女 (canonical)
kōjo (romanization)
kwaudyo (romanization)
くわうぢよ (hiragana historical)

/kwaudʲo/ → /kwɔːd͡ʑo/ → /koːd͡ʑo/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 皇女 (MC hwang nrjoX|nrjoH). First cited to the early 1300s.

an imperial princess of Japan (the Emperor's daughter)


皇女

皇女 (canonical)
ōjo (romanization)
waudyo (romanization)
わうぢよ (hiragana historical)

/waudʲo/ → /wɔːd͡ʑo/ → /oːd͡ʑo/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 皇女 (MC hwang nrjoX|nrjoH).
The mixed use of the goon reading of /oː/ for the first kanji and the kan'on reading of /d͡ʑo/ for the second kanji may indicate a shift within Japanese after borrowing. The first appearance of this reading is unknown, but it would be some time after the appearance of the /koːd͡ʑo/ reading in the early 1300s.


八卦

八卦 (canonical)
Hakke (romanization)
Fatike (romanization)
はちけ (hiragana historical)

/pæti kʷe/ → */patikke/ → /fakke/ → /hakke/
From Middle Chinese 八卦 (MC peat kweaH).
The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.


訪中

訪(ほう)中(ちゅう) • (hōchū)


訪中

訪中する (canonical)
hōchū suru (romanization)
訪中し (stem)
訪中した (past)
訪中し
ほうちゅうし
hōchū shi
訪中する
ほうちゅうする
hōchū suru
訪中すれ
ほうちゅうすれ
hōchū sure
訪中せよ (imperative literary)
訪中しろ (colloquial imperative)
ほうちゅうせよ (imperative literary)
ほうちゅうしろ (colloquial imperative)
hōchū seyo (imperative literary)
hōchū shiro (colloquial imperative)
訪中される (passive)
ほうちゅうされる (passive)
hōchū sareru (passive)
訪中させる (causative)
訪中さす (causative)
ほうちゅうさせる (causative)
ほうちゅうさす (causative)
hōchū saseru (causative)
hōchū sasu (causative)
訪中できる (potential)
ほうちゅうできる (potential)
hōchū dekiru (potential)
訪中しよう (volitional)
ほうちゅうしよう (volitional)
hōchū shiyō (volitional)
訪中しない (negative)
ほうちゅうしない (negative)
hōchū shinai (negative)
訪中せず (continuative negative)
ほうちゅうせず (continuative negative)
hōchū sezu (continuative negative)
訪中します (formal)
ほうちゅうします (formal)
hōchū shimasu (formal)
訪中した (perfective)
ほうちゅうした (perfective)
hōchū shita (perfective)
訪中して (conjunctive)
ほうちゅうして (conjunctive)
hōchū shite (conjunctive)
訪中すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ほうちゅうすれば (conditional hypothetical)
hōchū sureba (conditional hypothetical)


親日

[ɕĩɲ̟ːit͡ɕi]


わがくに

[β̞a̠ɡa̠kɯ̟ɲ̟i]

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE with the phonetic spelling 和賀久邇.
Nominal phrase, composed of 我 (wa, “I, me”) + が (ga, genitive or possessive particle in Old Japanese) + 国 (kuni, “country, nation”).

compound

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:我が国


暹羅

暹羅 (canonical)
暹羅 (canonical)
Shamu (romanization)

1903, 巖谷小波, 洋行土產, volume 2, 博文館, page 271:

此間日本へも御來遊のあつた、暹羅の皇太子殿下が、伯林市を見舞はれたのは、たしか去年の五月頃であつた。

Kono aida Nihon e mo go-raiyū no atta, Shamu no kōtaishi-denka ga, Berurin-shi o mimawareta no wa, tashika kyonen no go-gatsu-goro de atta.

而して、最も尊敬すべき釋尊の御舍利は、世界唯一の佛敎國たる暹羅國の皇帝陛下へ寄贈されたのである

shikashite, mottomo sonkei-su-beki shakuson no o-shari wa, sekai yuiitsu no bukkyō-koku-taru Shamu-koku no kōtei-heika e kisō-sareta no de aru


暹羅

暹羅 (canonical)
暹羅 (canonical)
Shamuro (romanization)

Ateji (当て字), from Chinese 暹羅 /暹罗 (Xiānluó).

大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉

広辞苑 w:ja:広辞苑

大辞林 w:ja:大辞林

(history) Synonym of シャム (Shamu, “Siam”)


キルギスタン

(dated) Synonym of キルギス (Kirigisu): Kyrgyzstan, Kirghizia (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


吏読

吏読 (canonical)
吏読 (canonical)
rito (romanization)
ritō (romanization)

Unknown. The name is first found in 1444 in the work of Choe Manri, but the practice was in use for many centuries preceding that. Variously written 吏読, 吏道, 吏吐, etc. Only the first character "clerk" is common and suggests that it was a system used by government clerks.

Idu, an archaic method of writing Korean with Chinese characters; the syntax is Korean order and includes Chinese characters to represent Korean grammar


月貰

[β̞o̞ɾɯ̟se̞]

(real estate) wolse (a lease in the South Korean real estate market in which rent is paid monthly)


シナ

シナ (canonical)
しな (canonical)
Shina (romanization)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Qin (state)
Qin Dynasty
Shina (word)
ja:支那

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*dzin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

Alternative spelling of 支那: China (prewar; often considered derogatory in modern speech)

シナ竹: menma

cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping


甲骨文

甲骨文 (canonical)
kōkotsubun (romanization)

[ko̞ːko̞t͡sɨbɯ̟̃ɴ]

Synonym of 甲骨文字 (kōkotsu moji, “oracle bone script”)


暴走族

bosozoku gang (a motorcycle gang which is part of the bosozoku subculture, associated with customized motorcycles and riding together in large groups)


ビルマ語

ビルマ語 (canonical)
Birumago (romanization)


煙台

Yantai (a coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China)


ヴァドーダラー

ja-pos

ヴァドーダラー • (Vadōdarā)

Vadodara (a large city and district of Gujarat, India)


大邱

大(たい)邱(きゅう) • (Taikyū) ^(←たいきう (Taikiu)?)

大邱 (canonical)
Taikyū (romanization)
Taikiu (romanization)
たいきう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 대구(大邱) (daegu).


仁川

ja-pos

仁(じん)川(せん) • (Jinsen) ^(←じんせん (Zinsen)?)

仁川 (canonical)
Jinsen (romanization)
Zinsen (romanization)
じんせん (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑĩɰ̃sẽ̞ɴ]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 인천(仁川) (incheon).


淄博

Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


アブハジア

Abkhazia (a region and country in the Caucasus)


アフマダーバード

ja-pos

アフマダーバード • (Afumadābādo)

Ahmedabad (the largest city in Gujarat, India)


安南

安南語

安南山脈

安南人

安南都護府

安南焼


バンガロール

Bangalore (a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India)


包頭

包(ほう)頭(とう) • (Hōtō)

Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China)


朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

ちょうせん みんしゅ しゅぎ じんみん きょうわこく

^てうせん ^みんしゆ ^しゆぎ ^じんみん ^きようわこく

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)民(みん)主(しゅ)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku)?)

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 (canonical)
Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku (romanization)
てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːse̞m mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ̥ ɕɨɡʲi d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 民主主義 (minshu shugi, “democracy”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), an orthographic borrowing from Korean 조선민주주의인민공화국(朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) (joseon-minjujuui-inmin-gonghwaguk).

af

Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Democratic People's Republic of Korea

the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

ja:朝鮮民主主義人民共和国


ボーパール

ja-pos

ボーパール • (Bōpāru)

Bhopal (the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India)


釜山

「釜山港へ帰れ」


釜山

ふ(후)さん(산)よ(요)り(리) こ(고)の(노)は(호)う(우)に(니)

(historical, including colonial) Busan (a city in South Korea)


釜山

1906, 大和田建樹, 天谷秀, 満韓鉄道唱歌
あれよと指さす程もなく 船は釜山に着きにけり
are yo to yubisasu hodo mo naku fune wa Fuzan ni tsukinikeri
before one can point to it and say, 'There it is!' our boat has arrived in Pusan

1929, Kōsaku Hamada, Hakubutsukan [The Museum]:

This place (Gyeongju) can be reached by taking a train from Busan to Gyeongseong, arriving at Daegu in about an hour, getting off there, and driving east for three to four hours by car.

こゝは釜山から京城へ行く汽車に乘つて、一時間ばかりで大邱に着き、そこで下車して自動車で東の方へ三四時間も走るとすぐ行かれる所です。

Koko wa Fuzan kara Keijō e yuku kisha ni notte, ichi-jikan bakari de Taikyū ni tsuki, soko de gesha shite jidōsha de higashi no hō e san-yo-jikan mo hashiru to sugu yukareru tokoro desu.


親王

ja-noun

親(しん)王(のう) • (shinnō) ^(←しんわう (sin'wau)?)

親王 (canonical)
shinnō (romanization)
sin'wau (romanization)
しんわう (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese, borrowed from Middle Chinese 親王 (t͡sʰiɪn ɦʉɐŋ), in turn a compound of 親 (“very familiar; very close”) + 王 (“king”, in ancient Japan, this term was also used to refer to an imperial prince), so called because of the closeness to the reigning emperor. The ō reading for 王 changes to nō as an instance of renjō (連声).
First cited in Japanese to a text from 718 CE.

王

ō, specific to the Japanese imperial family, refers to any grandson, great-grandson

a specific rank granted to certain male members of the imperial family:

an East Asian imperial prince who is either brother or son to the reigning emperor


ヘンリー

ja-pos

ヘンリー • (Henrī)

A transliteration of the English male given name Henry


高句麗

高(こう)句(く)麗(り) • (Kōkuri) ^(←かうくり (Kaukuri)?)

高句麗 (canonical)
Kōkuri (romanization)
Kaukuri (romanization)
かうくり (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːkɯ̟ɾʲi]

/kaukuri/ → /kɔːkuri/ → /koːkuri/
From written Middle Chinese 高句麗, in turn likely from some variety of Old Korean.

(historical) the Goguryeo kingdom of 37 BCE – 668 CE, one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in what is now North Korea and parts of Manchuria and far-eastern Russia

百済

Kudara, Hyakusai, another of the Three Kingdoms

新羅

Silla; Shiragi, another of the Three Kingdoms


高句麗

/koːkuri/ → /kokuri/
Alteration from Kōkuri. This usage developed after the two failed attempts in 1274 and 1281 to invade Japan by the combined forces of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Goryeo kingdom. Goryeo was a successor kingdom to Goguryeo, but in the popular Japanese language of the time, Goryeo was still referred to as 高句麗 (Kōkuri or Kokuri, i.e. “Goguryeo”) instead of 高麗 (Kōrai, the Japanese reading of “Goryeo”).
The adverb こくり (kokuri, “startedly, startlingly, (jumping up) suddenly”) likely derives from this usage.

(rare) the Goguryeo kingdom of 37 BCE – 668 CE, one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in what is now North Korea and parts of Manchuria and far-eastern Russia


家老

(history) a major retainer or vassal of a samurai clan


主体

Juche (the state ideology of North Korea)


主体

Borrowed from Korean 주체(主體) (juche). Doublet of 主(しゅ)体(たい) (shutai).


中日

中日新聞


大韓民国

大韓民国 (canonical)
Daikan Minkoku (romanization)


ジョージア

ジョージア • (Jōjia)

[d͡ʑo̞ːʑia̠]

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
ja:ジョージア
ja:ジョージア (国)
ja:ジョージア州

Borrowed from English Georgia.
In reference to the country, this term officially displaced the Russian-derived name グルジア (Gurujia) in April 2015 for diplomatic reasons. Compare Korean 조지아 (Jojia).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


アトランタ

ja:アトランタ (曖昧さ回避)

Atlanta (the capital city of Georgia, United States)


マレー

ja-pos

マレー • (Marē)

Borrowed from English Malay, Moray, Murray, Mallet, Marais.


小籠包

ja-noun

小(しょう)籠(ろん)包(ぽう) or 小籠包(ショウロンポウ) or 小籠包(ショーロンポー) • (shōronpō)

小籠包 (canonical)
小籠包 (canonical)
小籠包 (canonical)
shōronpō (romanization)

From Chinese 小籠包 /小笼包 (xiǎolóngbāo, literally “little-basket dumpling”).


財閥

→ English: zaibatsu

→ French: zaibatsu

→ German: Zaibatsu

→ Korean: 자이바쓰 (jaibasseu)

→ Russian: дзайба́цу (dzajbácu)

1930, Mikami Taku (lyrics and music), “Ode of Showa Restoration”:

財閥富を誇れども

(business, historical) zaibatsu (a large business conglomerate founded under the Empire of Japan, generally controlled by a single family or individual)

(business) chaebol (a large, family-controlled, South Korean business conglomerate)


財閥

[t͡ɕe̞bo̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from Korean 재벌(財閥) (jaebeol). Doublet of 財(ざい)閥(ばつ) (zaibatsu).


コリア

Borrowed from English Korea, from Korean 고려 (Goryeo).


天朝

太政

the imperial government of ancient Japan


チェチェン語

チェチェン語 (canonical)
Chechen-go (romanization)

[t͡ɕe̞t͡ɕẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

チェチェン (Chechen, “Chechnya”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


西遊記

ja-pos

西(さい)遊(ゆう)記(き) • (Saiyūki) ^(←さいいうき (Saiiuki)?)

西遊記 (canonical)
Saiyūki (romanization)
Saiiuki (romanization)
さいいうき (hiragana historical)


龍山

ja:龍山区 (ソウル特別市)

龍山区: Yongsan (a district of Seoul, South Korea)


始皇帝

始(し)皇(こう)帝(てい) • (Shikōtei) ^(←しくわうてい (Sikwautei)?)

始皇帝 (canonical)
Shikōtei (romanization)
Sikwautei (romanization)
しくわうてい (hiragana historical)


蘇州

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


文化大革命

ぶんくわ だい-かくめい

文(ぶん)化(か)大(だい)革(かく)命(めい) • (Bunka Dai-Kakumei) ^(←ぶんくわだいかくめい (Bunkwa Dai-Kakumei)?)

文化大革命 (canonical)
Bunka Dai-Kakumei (romanization)
Bunkwa Dai-Kakumei (romanization)
ぶんくわだいかくめい (hiragana historical)

Cultural Revolution (Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution)


五毛党

Borrowed from Chinese 五毛黨／五毛党 (wǔmáodǎng).

zh-l

五毛黨／五毛党 (wǔmáodǎng)

(neologism, derogatory) 50 cent army, wumao


諸子百家

諸子百家 (canonical)
Shoshi Hyakka (romanization)

諸子百家／诸子百家 (Zhūzǐ Bǎijiā)


露国

The first kanji character in 露西亞 (Roshia, “Russia”) + 國 (koku, “country”).

1904 or 1905, 小林清親, 百撰百笑
露國の海陸軍は、日本軍に一度も勝つ事なく、…
Rokoku no kairikugun wa, Nihongun ni ichido mo katsu koto naku,…
Russia's navy and army is, without winning against the Japanese army even once, […]

(obsolete) Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ja-pos

ソビエト しゃかいしゅぎ きょうわこく れんぽう

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ソビエト社(しゃ)会(かい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Sobieto Shakaishugi Kyōwakoku Renpō)

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (canonical)
Sobieto Shakaishugi Kyōwakoku Renpō (romanization)

[so̞bʲie̞to̞ ɕa̠ka̠iɕɨɡʲi kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

ソビエト (sobieto, “soviet”) + 社会主義 (shakai shugi, “socialism”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”) + 連邦 (renpō, “union; federation; confederation”)

af

そびえとしゃかいしゅぎきょうわこくれんぽう

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics#English

the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (a former country in Europe and Asia, existing from 1922 to 1991)


ジョージタウン

ja-pos

ジョージタウン • (Jōji Taun)


雅楽

From Middle Chinese 雅樂 (MC ngaeX ngaewk).

(music) gagaku (the ancient court ritual classical music of Japan, of Chinese and Korean origin)


北韓

北(ほっ)韓(かん) • (Hokkan) ^(←ほくかん (Fokukan)?)

北韓 (canonical)
Hokkan (romanization)
Fokukan (romanization)
ほくかん (hiragana historical)


南韓

南(なん)韓(かん) • (Nankan) ^(←なんかん (Nankan)?)

南韓 (canonical)
Nankan (romanization)
なんかん (hiragana historical)


南朝鮮

南朝鮮 (canonical)
Minami Chōsen (romanization)

From 南 (minami, “south”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 남조선 (Namjoseon).

af

大韓民国

大韓民国 だいかんみんこく


基隆

ja-pos

基隆(キールン) • (Kīrun)


マカオ

中華人民共和国マカオ特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Makao Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)


花蓮

Hualien (a city and county on the east coast of Taiwan)


紹興

紹(しょう)興(こう) • (Shōkō)

Shaoxing (a prefecture-level city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


韓服

ja-noun

韓(かん)服(ふく) or 韓(かん)服(ぷく) • (kanfuku or kanpuku)

韓服 (canonical)
韓服 (canonical)
kanfuku (romanization)
kanpuku (romanization)

[kã̠ɰ̃ɸɯ̟kɯ̟]

[kã̠mpɯ̟kɯ̟]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 한복(韓服) (hanbok).


東沙群島

ja-pos

東(とう)沙(さ)群(ぐん)島(とう) • (Tōsa Guntō) ^(←とうさぐんたう (Tousaguntau)?)

東沙群島 (canonical)
Tōsa Guntō (romanization)
Tousaguntau (romanization)
とうさぐんたう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 東沙群島 /东沙群岛 (Dōngshā Qúndǎo).

Synonym of 東沙諸島 (Tōsa Shotō, “Pratas Islands”)


済州

Jeju a place name, (island, province and its capital in South Korea)

Jeju (the capital city of Jeju Province, South Korea)


サハリン

[sa̠ha̠ɾʲĩɴ]

サハリン サハリン島#Japanese

Short for サハリン島 (Saharin-tō): Sakhalin (island in Russia)


孫子

From 孫 (mago, “grandchild”) + 子 (ko, “child”).

af

Synonym of 子孫 (shison, “grandchildren and children; descendants”)


御門

→ English: mikado

→ Portuguese: micado

The literal meaning of 御門 is "the honorable gate", that is, the gate of the Japanese imperial palace. The term was once used metonymically for the main occupant of the palace, thereby avoiding naming him directly, which was considered disrespectful. Compare Sublime Porte as a term for the Ottoman court and government, along with pharaoh (from Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ (“palace, pharaoh”, literally “great house”)) as a term for the Egyptian king.


江原道

ja-pos

江原道(カンウォンド) or 江(こう)原(げん)道(どう) • (Kanwondo or Kōgendō) ^(←かうげんだう (Kaugendau)?)

江原道 (canonical)
江原道 (canonical)
Kanwondo (romanization)
Kōgendō (romanization)
Kaugendau (romanization)
かうげんだう (hiragana historical)


全羅北道

全(ぜん)羅(ら)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Zenra Hokudō) ^(←ぜんらほくだう (Zenra Fokudau)?)

全羅北道 (canonical)
Zenra Hokudō (romanization)
Zenra Fokudau (romanization)
ぜんらほくだう (hiragana historical)
全羅北道 (canonical)
Chorura Pukuto (romanization)
全羅北道 (canonical)
Chorura Pukudo (romanization)

North Jeolla (a province of South Korea)


全羅南道

全(ぜん)羅(ら)南(なん)道(どう) • (Zenra Nandō) ^(←ぜんらなんだう (Zenra Nandau)?)

全羅南道 (canonical)
Zenra Nandō (romanization)
Zenra Nandau (romanization)
ぜんらなんだう (hiragana historical)
全羅南道 (canonical)
Chorura Namudo (romanization)

South Jeolla (a province of South Korea)


内野

ja:内野
ja:内野 (曖昧さ回避)

内 (nai-, “in-”) + 野 (ya, “field”), calque of English infield

(baseball, softball, cricket) an infield


内野

内(うち) (uchi, “inside; interior”) + 野(の) (no, “field; plain”)

ja-compound

ja:内野 (曖昧さ回避)

A place name, such as that of Uchino Station


どい

Sound change of どえ (Doe), the reverse of 江戸 (Edo, “Edo”).

(back slang, crime) Tokyo (a major prefecture of Japan).


巻き寿司

巻き寿司 (canonical)
makizushi (romanization)

Russian: макидзу́си n (makidzúsi)

English: makizushi

French: makizushi m

makizushi (sushi made rolled in nori seaweed with a core of filling)


橄欖山

橄欖山 (canonical)
Kanranzan (romanization)


手巻

hand-rolled sushi (usually cone-shaped), temaki


回転寿司

回転寿司 (canonical)
kaitenzushi (romanization)

Compound of 回(かい)転(てん) (kaiten, “rotation”) + 寿(す)司(し) (sushi, “sushi”).

ja-com

kaiten sushi, conveyor belt sushi (sushi served on a sushi train)


無錫

『無錫旅情』

"Traveling in Wuxi" (song by Daisaku Ogata)

Wuxi (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


皇位

皇位 (canonical)
kōi (romanization)
kwauwi (romanization)
くゎうゐ (hiragana historical)

Chrysanthemum Throne
Chrysanthemum Throne

(specifically) the Chrysanthemum Throne, the monarchy of Japan


中国学

中国学 (canonical)
Chūgokugaku (romanization)

中国 (Chūgoku, “China”) + 学 (-gaku, “study”)


焼売

ja-noun

焼売(しゅうまい) or 焼(シュウ)売(マイ) or 焼売(シューマイ) • (shūmai)

焼売 (canonical)
焼売 (canonical)
焼売 (canonical)
shūmai (romanization)

Borrowed from Cantonese 燒賣／烧卖 (siu1 maai2).


荘子

ja-pos

荘(そう)子(じ) or 荘(そう)子(し) • (Sōji or Sōshi)

荘子 (canonical)
Sōshi (romanization)
荘子 (canonical)
荘子 (canonical)
Sōji (romanization)
Sōshi (romanization)

Zhuangzi (an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States Period)


烏魯木斉

烏魯木斉 (canonical)
Urumuchi (romanization)

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟mɯ̟t͡ɕi]

The kanji are ateji (当て字), orthographic borrowing from Mandarin 烏魯木齊 /乌鲁木齐 (Wūlǔmùqí, “Ürümqi”).

obor

Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China)


比律賓

フィリピン フィリピン#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of フィリピン.: Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


新嘉坡

新嘉坡 (canonical)
Shingapōru (romanization)

シンガポール シンガポール#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of シンガポール.: Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


ボンベイ

ja:ボンベイ (曖昧さ回避)

Bombay, Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


腸粉

[t͡ɕõ̞ɰ̃ɸã̠ɴ]

Borrowed from Cantonese 腸粉 /肠粉 (coeng⁴⁻² fan²).


秋津

ja:秋津村 ja:秋津町 ja:秋津駅

Akitsu (a town in Higashimurayama, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Akitsu (a town in Meitoku district, Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

Akitsu (a town in Higashi district, Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


南北朝

南北朝 (canonical)
Nanbokuchō (romanization)

[nã̠mbo̞kɯ̟̊t͡ɕo̞ː]

南北朝時代

the Northern and Southern dynasties period

(history, of China) the Northern and Southern dynasties

南北朝時代

(history, of Japan) the Northern and Southern Courts

南北朝時代

the Southern and Northern dynasties period

(history, of Vietnam) the Southern and Northern dynasties


金陵

[kʲĩn̺ɾʲo̞ː]

(archaic) Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


太極旗

太極旗 (canonical)
Taikyokuki (romanization)

Taegeukgi, the official flag of South Korea


蒸籠

蒸籠 (canonical)
seirō (romanization)
seirou (romanization)
せいろう (hiragana historical)

Alternative form of 蒸籠 (seiro, “steamer basket”)


黒電話

黒電話 (canonical)
kurodenwa (romanization)

[kɯ̟ɾo̞dẽ̞ɰ̃β̞a̠]


空知

John Batchelor (missionary)
Sorachi
ja:空知

Derived from Ainu ソラㇷ゚チペッ (so rap ci pet), in turn a compound of Ainu so (“waterfall”) + v. rap (“to descend”, plural form of ran) + ci (plural nominalizing marker) + pet (“river”). The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).


新選組

新選組 (canonical)
Shinsengumi (romanization)

From 新選 (shinsen, “new selection”) + 組 (kumi, “group”).
The kumi changes to gumi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

じゃ君(きみ)らは＋(プラス)新(しん)選(せん)組(ぐみ)ソーセージだ！屯(とん)所(しょ)の冷(れい)蔵(ぞう)庫(こ)に入(はい)ってた
要(よう)するに ただのソーセージじゃねーか‼いるかァァァ‼

2004 September 8, Hideaki Sorachi, “第(だい)十七訓(くん) 酔(よ)ってなくても酔(よ)ったふりして上(じょう)司(し)のヅラ取(と)れ [Lesson 17: Even If You’re Not Drunk, Pretend to Be, and Snatch Your Boss’s Toupée]”, in [銀](ぎん)[魂](たま) [Silver Soul], volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

Well, you guys can have a +Shinsengumi sausage! Stored in the fridge at our headquarters
All of this just for a friggin’ sausage⁉ Are you kidding me⁉

Ja kimira wa Purasu-Shinsengumi sōsēji da! Tonsho no reizōko ni haitteta
Yōsuru ni tada no sōsēji ja nē ka‼ Iru kaaaa‼

それで色(いろ)々(いろ)考(かんが)えて生(い)き方(かた)もマヨネーズもカロリー½にしようと思(おも)って その成(せい)果(か)あって今(いま)では新(しん)選(せん)組(ぐみ)仏(ほとけ)のパシリトシさんって呼(よ)ばれてるんだ
結(けっ)局(きょく)地(ち)位(い)までカロリー０になってんでしょーが‼

2010 December 8, Hideaki Sorachi, “第(だい)三百二十五訓(くん) 冬(ふゆ)休(やす)みあけも皆(みんな)けっこう大人(おとな)に見(み)える [Lesson 325: And Everyone Looks a Lot like a Grown-Up After Winter Vacation]”, in [銀](ぎん)[魂](たま) [Silver Soul], volume 37 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

So I thought a lot over and decided to try calorie ½ on mayonnaise as well as my lifestyle. As a result, I am now the enlightened gofer of the Shinsengumi known as Toshi-san
Your status has been down to calorie 0 from what I’m seeing‼

Sore de iroiro kangaete ikikata mo mayonēzu mo karorī nibun no ichi ni shiyō to suru omotte Sono seika atte ima wa Shinsengumi hotoke no pashiri Toshi-santte yobareterun da
Kekkyoku chii made karorī zero ni natten deshō ga‼

(historical) a special police force organized by the shogunate during the Bakumatsu period


尼国

From Chinese 印度尼西亞 /印度尼西亚 (“Indonesia”).


倭国

[β̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

(historical) Japan; various historical states on the Japanese archipelago


ベンガル

ja:ベンガル ja:ベンガル地方

From English Bengal. Doublet of 弁柄 (bengara).


ベンガル

ja:ベンガル
ja:ベンガル (ネコ)


アルメニア共和国

ja-pos

アルメニア きょうわこく

アルメニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Arumenia Kyōwakoku)

アルメニア共和国 (canonical)
Arumenia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[a̠ɾɯ̟me̞ɲ̟ia̠ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

アルメニア (Arumenia, “Armenia”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


三和

Compound of 三 (mi, “three”) + 和 (wa, “harmony”).


緑川

ja-pos

緑(みどり)川(かわ) or 緑(みどり)川(がわ) • (Midorikawa or Midorigawa)

緑川 (canonical)
緑川 (canonical)
Midorikawa (romanization)
Midorigawa (romanization)
緑川 (canonical)
Midorikawa (romanization)

ja:緑川
ja:緑川 (曖昧さ回避)


慶尚北道

^けいしゃう ^ほくだう

慶(けい)尚(しょう)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Keishō Hokudō) ^(←けいしゃうほくだう (Keisyau Fokudau)?)

慶尚北道 (canonical)
Keishō Hokudō (romanization)
Keisyau Fokudau (romanization)
けいしゃうほくだう (hiragana historical)
慶尚北道 (canonical)
Kyonsan Pukuto (romanization)
慶尚北道 (canonical)
Kyonsan Pukudo (romanization)

North Gyeongsang
w:North Gyeongsang Province

North Gyeongsang (a province of South Korea)


慶尚南道

^けいしゃう ^なんだう

慶(けい)尚(しょう)南(なん)道(どう) • (Keishō Nandō) ^(←けいしゃうなんだう (Keisyau Nandau)?)

慶尚南道 (canonical)
Keishō Nandō (romanization)
Keisyau Nandau (romanization)
けいしゃうなんだう (hiragana historical)
慶尚南道 (canonical)
Kyonsan Namudo (romanization)

South Gyeongsang
w:South Gyeongsang Province

South Gyeongsang (a province of South Korea)


宮保鶏丁

宮保鶏丁 (canonical)
Gonbao jīdin (romanization)

Borrowed from Mandarin 宮保雞丁 /宫保鸡丁 (Gōngbǎo jīdīng).


ローマ帝国

ローマ帝国 (canonical)
Rōma Teikoku (romanization)

ローマ (Rōma, “Rome”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)


トロイア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Τροία (Troía)


カンボジア王国

ja-pos

カンボジア王(おう)国(こく) • (Kanbojia Ōkoku) ^(←カンボヂアわうこく (Kanbodia Waukoku)?)

カンボジア王国 (canonical)
Kanbojia Ōkoku (romanization)
Kanbodia Waukoku (romanization)
カンボヂアわうこく (historical katakana)

カンボジア (Kanbojia, “Cambodia”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


カンプチア

Borrowed from Khmer កម្ពុជា (kampuciə). Doublet of カンボジア (“Cambodia”).


上海語

上海語 (canonical)
Shanhai-go (romanization)

[ɕã̠ɰ̃ha̠iɡo̞]

上海 (Shanhai, “Shanghai”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


魯国

(obsolete, now offensive) Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


六国

ja-noun

六(りっ)国(こく) or 六(りく)国(こく) or 六(ろっ)国(こく) • (rikkoku or rikukoku or rokkoku)

六国 (canonical)
六国 (canonical)
六国 (canonical)
rikkoku (romanization)
rikukoku (romanization)
rokkoku (romanization)

(history) the Six States (韓(かん) (Kan, “Han”), 魏(ぎ) (Gi, “Wei”), 趙(ちょう) (Chō, “Zhao”), 斉(せい) (Sei, “Qi”), 楚(そ) (So, “Chu”), 燕(えん) (En, “Yan”))


呂宋

Alternative spelling of ルソン (“Luzon; the Philippines”)


呂宋

Alternative spelling of ルスン (“Luzon; the Philippines”)


ラオス人民民主共和国

ja-pos

ラオス じんみん みんしゅ きょうわこく

ラオス人(じん)民(みん)民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Raosu Jinmin Minshu Kyōwakoku)

ラオス人民民主共和国 (canonical)
Raosu Jinmin Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Blend of ラオス (Raosu, “Laos”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”)

blend

Lao People's Democratic Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic


インド英語

インド (Indo, “India”) + 英語 (Eigo, “English language”)


フィリピン英語

フィリピン英語 (canonical)
Firipin Eigo (romanization)

フィリピン (Firipin, “Philippines”) + 英語 (Eigo, “English language”)


ミャンマー連邦共和国

ja-pos

ミャンマー れんぽう きょうわこく

ミャンマー連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Myanmā Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ミャンマー連邦共和国 (canonical)
Myanmā Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ミャンマー (Myanmā, “Myanmar”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Republic of the Union of Myanmar


レスター

ja:レスター (曖昧さ回避)


レスター

ja:レスター (曖昧さ回避)


サンアントニオ

Borrowed from Spanish San Antonio (“Saint Anthony”).


カフカス・アルバニア

カフカス (Kafukasu, “Caucasus”) + アルバニア (Arubania, “Albania”)

compound

ja:カフカス・アルバニア


サウジアラビア王国

ja-pos

サウジ アラビア おうこく

サウジアラビア王(おう)国(こく) • (Sauji Arabia Ōkoku)

サウジアラビア王国 (canonical)
Sauji Arabia Ōkoku (romanization)

サウジアラビア (Sauji Arabia, “Saudi Arabia”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

compound

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia


オランダ領ニューギニア

ja-pos

^オランダ りょう ^ニュー ^ギニア

オランダ領(りょう)ニューギニア • (Oranda ryō Nyū Ginia)

オランダ領ニューギニア (canonical)
Oranda ryō Nyū Ginia (romanization)

オランダ (Oranda, “Netherlands”) + 領 (ryō, “belonging to”) + ニューギニア (Nyū Ginia, “New Guinea”)

compound

ja:オランダ領ニューギニア


ベールイ・ドーム

ja-pos

ベールイ・ドーム • (Bērui Dōmu)

Borrowed from Russian Белый дом (Belyj dom).


サラファン

[sa̠ɾa̠ɸã̠ɴ]

Borrowed from Russian сарафан (sarafan).


ツァーリズム

[t͡sa̠ːɾʲizɨmɯ̟]


内親王

ja-noun

内(ない)親(しん)王(のう) • (naishinnō) ^(←ないしんわう (naisin'wau)?)

内親王 (canonical)
naishinnō (romanization)
naisin'wau (romanization)
ないしんわう (hiragana historical)

内 (nai-, “inside (the palace); indoor”) + 親王 (shinnō, emperor's brother or son). The ō reading for 王 changes to nō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

愛子内親王

an East Asian imperial princess who is either unmarried sister or daughter to the reigning emperor


支那通

支那通 (canonical)
shina-tsū (romanization)

支那通として青木宣純の後継者となり、中国併呑論を主張した。

2004, 坂西利八郎 (Rihachirō Banzai) in 20世紀日本人名事典. Nichigai Associates, Inc. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%9D%82%E8%A5%BF%20%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AB%E9%83%8E-1653137

As a China hand he was a successor of Nobuzumi Aoki and espoused the idea of annexation of China.

Shina-tsū to shite Aoki Nobuzumi no kōkeisha to nari, Chūgoku heidon-ron o shuchō shita.

(obsolete) China expert or sinologue; China hand


都議会

東京都議会 w:ja:東京都議会

Clipping of 東京都議会 (Tōkyōto Gikai, “Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly”).


都民

From 都 (“capital”) + 民 (“people, populace”).

A citizen or inhabitant of Tokyo, a Tokyoite; the population of Tokyo.


東京人

東京 (Tōkyō, “Tokyo”) + 人 (-jin, “person”)


江戸っ子

Italian: edochiano

From 江戸 (Edo, ancient name for Tokyo) + 子 (-ko, “child”). Literally “Tokyo's child”.

A true Tokyoite: one who was born and raised in the Japanese capital and whose parents are from Tokyo. One whose family has been from Tokyo for generations.


男体盛り

男体盛り (canonical)
nantaimori (romanization)

Compound of 男体 (nantai, “male body”) + 盛り (mori, “serving”).

affix

nantaimori (serving sushi or sashimi on the body of a man)


女体盛り

女体盛り (canonical)
nyotaimori (romanization)

Compound of 女体 (nyotai, “female body”) + 盛り (mori, “serving”).

nyotaimori (serving sushi or sashimi on the body of a woman)


俀国

(archaic) Alternative form of 倭国 (Wakoku)


親日派

親日派 (canonical)
shinnichiha (romanization)

[ɕĩɲ̟ːit͡ɕiha̠]


東南アジア諸国連合

ja-pos

とうなん アジア しょこく れんごう

東(とう)南(なん)アジア諸(しょ)国(こく)連(れん)合(ごう) • (Tōnan Ajia Shokoku Rengō)

東南アジア諸国連合 (canonical)
Tōnan Ajia Shokoku Rengō (romanization)

東南アジア (Tōnan Ajia, “Southeast Asia”) + 諸国 (shokoku, “various countries”) + 連合 (rengō, “union”), calque of English Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

cal

the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ja:東南アジア諸国連合


保守党

ja-pos

保(ほ)守(しゅ)党(とう) • (Hoshutō) ^(←ほしゆたう (Fosyutau)?)

保守党 (canonical)
Hoshutō (romanization)
Fosyutau (romanization)
ほしゆたう (hiragana historical)

[ho̞ɕɨ̥to̞ː]

保守 (hoshu, “conservatism”) + 党 (tō, “party”)

com

the Conservative Party (party with conservative views in various countries)


国共

the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China


シリア・アラブ共和国

ja-pos

シリア・アラブ きょうわこく

シリア・アラブ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Shiria Arabu Kyōwakoku)

シリア・アラブ共和国 (canonical)
Shiria Arabu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

シリア (Shiria, “Syria”) + アラブ (Arabu, “Arab”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Syrian Arab Republic
Syrian Arab Republic


フリント

[ɸɯ̟ɾʲĩnto̞]


火打

火打山

Hiuchi, a mountain in Niigata Prefecture


キルギス共和国

ja-pos

キルギス共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Kirugisu Kyōwakoku)

キルギス共和国 (canonical)
Kirugisu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

キルギス (Kirugisu, “Kyrgyzstan”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


九竜

ja-pos

九(きゅう)竜(りゅう) • (Kyūryū) ^(←きうりゆう (Kiuryuu)?)

九竜 (canonical)
Kyūryū (romanization)
Kiuryuu (romanization)
きうりゆう (hiragana historical)


ニュートン

ja-noun

ニュートン • (nyūton)

ja:ニュートン
ja:ニュートン (曖昧さ回避)


カタール国

カタール国 (canonical)
Katāru-koku (romanization)

カタール (Katāru, “Qatar”) + 国 (-koku, “country”)


封神演義

封神演義 (canonical)
Hōshin Engi (romanization)

From Chinese 封神演義 /封神演义 (Fēngshén Yǎnyì).


ウォン

From Korean 원(圓) (won). Doublet of 円 (en, “yen (Japanese currency)”), 元 (gen, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), and ユアン (yuan, “yuan (Chinese currency)”).


ルピー

ja-noun

ルピー • (rupī)

rupee (various national former/current currency)


穢多

(historical, offensive) the lowest group in Japan’s caste system during the Edo period


恵方巻

恵(え)方(ほう)巻(まき) • (ehōmaki) ^(←ゑはうまき (wefaumaki)?)

恵方巻 (canonical)
ehōmaki (romanization)
wefaumaki (romanization)
ゑはうまき (hiragana historical)

Compound of 恵(え)方(ほう) (ehō, “favorable direction”) + 巻(まき) (maki, “roll”, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 巻(ま)く (maku, “to roll something up”)).

ja-com

a large sushi roll eaten while facing in a favorable direction at 節(せつ)分(ぶん) (setsubun)


アクロティリおよびデケリア

ja-pos

^アクロティリ および ^デケリア

アクロティリおよびデケリア • (Akurotiri oyobi Dekeria)

アクロティリ (Akurotiri, “Akrotiri”) + 及び (oyobi, “and”) + デケリア (Dikeria, “Dhekelia”), calque of English Akrotiri and Dhekelia

af

Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Akrotiri and Dhekelia#English

Akrotiri and Dhekelia (an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on the island of Cyprus)

ja:アクロティリおよびデケリア


南沙群島

ja-pos

南(なん)沙(さ)群(ぐん)島(とう) • (Nansa Guntō) ^(←なんさぐんたう (Nansaguntau)?)

南沙群島 (canonical)
Nansa Guntō (romanization)
Nansaguntau (romanization)
なんさぐんたう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 南沙群島 /南沙群岛 (Nánshā Qúndǎo).

Synonym of 南沙諸島 (Nansa Shotō, “Spratly Islands”)


南朝

南(なん)朝(ちょう) • (Nanchō) ^(←なんてう (Nanteu)?)

南朝 (canonical)
Nanchō (romanization)
Nanteu (romanization)
なんてう (hiragana historical)

[nã̠ɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]

(history, of China) the Southern dynasties


北朝

(history, of China) the Northern dynasties


チャイナドレス

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from China + dress


白海

ja-pos

白(はっ)海(かい) • (Hakkai) ^(←はくかい (Fakukai)?)

白海 (canonical)
Hakkai (romanization)
Fakukai (romanization)
はくかい (hiragana historical)


モモ

Borrowed from Tibetan མོག་མོག (mog mog), from Mandarin 饃饃 /馍馍 (mómo).

momo (type of dumpling in Tibetan and Nepali cuisine)


羌族

羌族(チャンぞく) or 羌(きょう)族(ぞく) • (Chanzoku or Kyōzoku)

羌族 (canonical)
羌族 (canonical)
Chanzoku (romanization)
Kyōzoku (romanization)

1996 November 1, Ryū Fujisaki, “第(だい)７回(かい) 妲(だっ)己(き)ちゃん 蠆(たい)盆(ぼん)を造(つく)る [Chapter 7: Daji-chan Devises the Chaipen]”, in 封(ほう)神(しん)演(えん)義(ぎ) [Investiture of the Gods], volume 1 (fiction; paperback), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 104:

あはん♡馬鹿な太公望ちゃん♡

あはん♡馬鹿な太公望ちゃん♡

あはん♡馬鹿な太公望ちゃん♡


牡鹿

牡鹿 (canonical)
ojika (romanization)
wozika (romanization)
をじか (hiragana historical)


牡鹿

牡鹿 (canonical)
Oshika (romanization)
Wosika (romanization)
をしか (hiragana historical)


カザフスタン共和国

カザフスタン きょうわこく

カザフスタン共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Kazafusutan Kyōwakoku)

カザフスタン共和国 (canonical)
Kazafusutan Kyōwakoku (romanization)

カザフスタン (Kazafusutan, “Kazakhstan”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Republic of Kazakhstan
Republic of Kazakhstan


忠清南道

ja-pos

^ちゅうせい ^なんだう

忠(ちゅう)清(せい)南(なん)道(どう) • (Chūsei Nandō) ^(←ちゅうせいなんだう (Tyuusei Nandau)?)

忠(チュン)清(チョン)南(ナム)道(ド) • (Chunchon Namudo)

忠清南道 (canonical)
Chūsei Nandō (romanization)
Tyuusei Nandau (romanization)
ちゅうせいなんだう (hiragana historical)
忠清南道 (canonical)
Chunchon Namudo (romanization)

South Chungcheong
w:South Chungcheong Province

South Chungcheong (a province of South Korea)


忠清北道

^ちゅうせい ^ほくだう

忠(ちゅう)清(せい)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Chūsei Hokudō) ^(←ちゅうせいほくだう (Tyuusei Fokudau)?)

忠(チュン)清(チョン)北(プク)道(ト) • (Chunchon Pukuto)

忠(チュン)清(チョン)北(プク)道(ド) • (Chunchon Pukudo)

忠清北道 (canonical)
Chūsei Hokudō (romanization)
Tyuusei Fokudau (romanization)
ちゅうせいほくだう (hiragana historical)
忠清北道 (canonical)
Chunchon Pukuto (romanization)
忠清北道 (canonical)
Chunchon Pukudo (romanization)

North Chungcheong
w:North Chungcheong Province

North Chungcheong (a province of South Korea)


咸鏡南道

^かんきゃう ^なんだう

咸(かん)鏡(きょう)南(なん)道(どう) • (Kankyō Nandō) ^(←かんきゃうなんだう (Kankyau Nandau)?)

咸(ハム)鏡(ギョン)南(ナム)道(ド) • (Hamugyon Namudo)

咸鏡南道 (canonical)
Kankyō Nandō (romanization)
Kankyau Nandau (romanization)
かんきゃうなんだう (hiragana historical)
咸鏡南道 (canonical)
Hamugyon Namudo (romanization)

South Hamgyong
w:South Hamgyong Province

South Hamgyong (a province of North Korea)


咸鏡北道

^かんきやう ^ほくだう

咸(かん)鏡(きょう)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Kankyō Hokudō) ^(←かんきやうほくだう (Kankyau Fokudau)?)

咸(ハム)鏡(ギョン)北(プク)道(ト) • (Hamugyon Pukuto)

咸(ハム)鏡(ギョン)北(プク)道(ド) • (Hamugyon Pukudo)

咸鏡北道 (canonical)
Kankyō Hokudō (romanization)
Kankyau Fokudau (romanization)
かんきやうほくだう (hiragana historical)
咸鏡北道 (canonical)
Hamugyon Pukuto (romanization)
咸鏡北道 (canonical)
Hamugyon Pukudo (romanization)

North Hamgyong (a province of North Korea)


平安北道

平(へい)安(あん)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Heian Hokudō) ^(←へいあんほくだう (Feian Fokudau)?)

平安北道 (canonical)
Heian Hokudō (romanization)
Feian Fokudau (romanization)
へいあんほくだう (hiragana historical)
平安北道 (canonical)
Pyon'an Pukuto (romanization)
平安北道 (canonical)
Pyon'an Pukudo (romanization)

North Pyongan (a province of North Korea)


平安南道

平(へい)安(あん)南(なん)道(どう) • (Heian Nandō) ^(←へいあんなんだう (Feian Nandau)?)

平安南道 (canonical)
Heian Nandō (romanization)
Feian Nandau (romanization)
へいあんなんだう (hiragana historical)
平安南道 (canonical)
Pyon'an Namudo (romanization)

South Pyongan (a province of North Korea)


西沙群島

西(せい)沙(さ)群(ぐん)島(とう) • (Seisa Guntō) ^(←せいさぐんたう (Seisaguntau)?)

西沙群島 (canonical)
Seisa Guntō (romanization)
Seisaguntau (romanization)
せいさぐんたう (hiragana historical)

Synonym of 西沙諸島 (Seisa Shotō, “Paracel Islands”)


黄海北道

^くゎうかい ^ほくだう

黄(こう)海(かい)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Kōkai Hokudō) ^(←くゎうかいほくだう (Kwaukai Fokudau)?)

黄海北道 (canonical)
Kōkai Hokudō (romanization)
Kwaukai Fokudau (romanization)
くゎうかいほくだう (hiragana historical)
黄海北道 (canonical)
Fanhe Pukuto (romanization)
黄海北道 (canonical)
Fanhe Pukudo (romanization)

North Hwanghae
w:North Hwanghae Province

North Hwanghae (a province of North Korea)


黄海南道

^くゎうかい ^なんだう

黄(こう)海(かい)南(なん)道(どう) • (Kōkai Nandō) ^(←くゎうかいなんだう (Kwaukai Nandau)?)

黄海南道 (canonical)
Kōkai Nandō (romanization)
Kwaukai Nandau (romanization)
くゎうかいなんだう (hiragana historical)
黄海南道 (canonical)
Fanhe Namudo (romanization)

South Hwanghae
w:South Hwanghae Province

South Hwanghae (a province of North Korea)


日本学

日本学 (canonical)
Nihongaku (romanization)

日本 (Nihon, “Japan”) + 学 (-gaku, “study”)


インド学

インド学 (canonical)
Indo-gaku (romanization)

インド (Indo, “India”) + 学 (-gaku, “study”)


反日

[hã̠ɲ̟ːit͡ɕi]


ハルビン

[ha̠ɾɯ̟bʲĩɴ]

Either borrowed from English Harbin or Mandarin 哈爾濱 /哈尔滨 (Hā'ěrbīn), both ultimately from Manchu ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ (harbin, literally “drying fishnets”).

der

Harbin (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)


本邦

本邦 (canonical)
honpō (romanization)
fonpau (romanization)
ほんぱう (hiragana historical)


ジパング

From Italian Zipangu, Marco Polo's rendition of the toponym.


邪馬台国

邪馬台国 (canonical)
Yamataikoku (romanization)


邪馬台国

邪馬台国 (canonical)
Yabataikoku (romanization)


ムンバイ

Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


コルカタ

Kolkata (the capital city of West Bengal, India)


イスタンブール

[isɨ̥tã̠mbɯ̟ːɾɯ̟]

Istanbul (a city and province of Turkey)


デリー

ja-pos

デリー • (Derī)

Borrowing from English Delhi, ultimately from Urdu دہلی (dihlī, dehlī).

Delhi (a megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi)


新徴組

新徴組 (canonical)
Shinchōgumi (romanization)

(history) the Shinchōgumi (samurai guards of the Edo Shogunate)


五星紅旗

五星紅旗 (canonical)
Gosei Kōki (romanization)

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

Five-star Red Flag, the flag of the People's Republic of China


千鳥

千鳥 (canonical)
千鳥 (canonical)
chidori (romanization)

ja:チドリ科 ja:千鳥


千鳥

ja:チドリ科 ja:千鳥


イスラエル国

イスラエル国 (canonical)
Isuraerukoku (romanization)

[isɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟ko̞kɯ̟]

イスラエル (Isuraeru, “Israel”) + 国 (-koku, “state”)

suf

the State of Israel (the official name of Israel)


邪馬台

ja-pos

邪(や)馬(ま)台(たい) or 邪馬台(やばたい) • (Yamatai or Yabatai)

邪馬台 (canonical)
邪馬台 (canonical)
Yamatai (romanization)
Yabatai (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 邪馬台 (MC *yae maeX doj), which appeared in Chinese records, particularly the 三国志 (Sangokushi, “Records of the Three Kingdoms”), wherein 邪馬臺 (possibly pronounced *ja-maᴮ-də̂ in Eastern Han Chinese) transliterated Old Japanese 大和 (Yamato₂), from Proto-Japonic *yamatə.
Usually pronounced with a plosive, as Yabatai.

(historical) Short for 邪馬台国 (Yamatai-koku): Yamatai

Eastern Han Chinese
Records of the Three Kingdoms


ゴア

ゴアで開かれた BRICS 首脳会議


ウッタル・プラデーシュ

[ɯ̟t̚ta̠ɾɯ̟ pɯ̟ɾa̠de̞ːɕɨ]


打令

taryong (traditional Korean music genre)


早慶

早慶 (canonical)
Sōkei (romanization)
Saukei (romanization)
さうけい (hiragana historical)

Blend of 早稲田 (Waseda) + 慶應 (Keiō), from the first kanji of the names of the two universities both read with on'yomi.

Waseda University and/vs. Keio University


国民議会

国(こく)民(みん)議(ぎ)会(かい) • (Kokumin Gikai) ^(←こくみんぎくわい (Kokumingikwai)?)

国民議会 (canonical)
Kokumin Gikai (romanization)
Kokumingikwai (romanization)
こくみんぎくわい (hiragana historical)

From 国民 (kokumin, “nation”) + 議会 (gikai, “parliament; congress”).

com

the National Assembly (name of the national legislatures or legislative houses of several countries, such as France's lower house)

the National Parliament (East Timor's unicameral legislature)

the Council of Representatives (Iraq's unicameral legislature)


伽耶

伽耶 (canonical)
Kaya (romanization)
かや (hiragana historical)

(historical) Gaya (ancient confederacy in Korea)


大日本帝国

ja-pos

大(だい)日(にっ)本(ぽん)帝(てい)国(こく) • (Dainippon Teikoku)

大日本帝国 (canonical)
Dainippon Teikoku (romanization)

desc

→ Chinese: 大日本帝國 /大日本帝国 (Dà Rìběn Dìguó)

대일본제국(大日本帝國)

→ Korean: 대일본제국(大日本帝國) (daeilbonjeguk)

l/vi/Hani

大日本帝國 (Đại Nhật Bản Đế quốc)

vi-l

大日本帝國 (Đại Nhật Bản Đế quốc)

→ Vietnamese: 大日本帝國 (Đại Nhật Bản Đế quốc)

From 大日本(だいにっぽん) (dainippon, “Japan”, poetic) + 帝国(ていこく) (teikoku, “empire”). Use of 大 for a name of empire is a Chinese tradition since the Tang dynasty.

ja-com

Constitution of the Empire of Japan
w:Constitution of the Empire of Japan

Empire of Japan (official name of Japan under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, 1890–1947)


千里馬

ja-noun

千(ちょん)里(り)馬(ま) or 千里馬(チョンリマ) or 千(ちょる)里(り)馬(ま) or 千里馬(チョルリマ) • (chonrima or chorurima)

千里馬 (canonical)
千里馬 (canonical)
千里馬 (canonical)
千里馬 (canonical)
chonrima (romanization)
chorurima (romanization)

[t͡ɕõ̞n̺ɾʲima̠]

[t͡ɕo̞ɾɯ̟ɾʲima̠]


卓袱料理

卓袱料理 (canonical)
shippoku ryōri (romanization)

Japanese-Chinese cuisine, characterized by meals served on large dishes where diners serve themselves, specialty of Nagasaki