FBI

ja-pos

FBI(エフビーアイ) or FBI(エフ・ビー・アイ) • (Efubīai or Efu Bī Ai)

FBI (canonical)
FBI (canonical)
Efubīai (romanization)
Efu Bī Ai (romanization)

2020, “るるちゃんの自(じ)殺(さつ)配(はい)信(しん) (Ruru-chan no jisatsu haishin) [Ruru-chan's Suicide Livestream]”, in の子(こ) (Noko) (lyrics), 児(じ)童(どう)カルテ (Jidō karute), performed by 神(しん)聖(せい)かまってちゃん (Shinsei Kamatte-chan) [Shinsei Kamattechan]:

You won't get her message
even if you ask the FBI

FBIに聞いたって分かんない
彼女のメッセージ

efubīai ni kītatte wakannai
kanojo no messēji

連邦捜査局 連邦捜査局#Japanese

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation

Synonym of 連邦捜査局 (Renpō Sōsakyoku, “Federal Bureau of Investigation”); the FBI


ソ連

Compare Chinese 蘇聯／苏联 (Sūlián), Korean 소련(蘇聯) (Soryeon), Vietnamese Liên Xô.
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

1999 September 16, Motohiro Katou, “ヤコブの階(かい)段(だん) [Jacob’s Ladder]”, in [Ｑ.](キュー)[Ｅ.](イー)[Ｄ.](ディー) [証](しょう)[明](めい)[終](しゅう)[了](りょう) [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 90:

The Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended.

ソ連が崩壊して東西冷戦は終わったんだ

Soren ga hōkai shite Tōzai Reisen wa owatta n da

ソビエト連邦 ソビエト連邦#Japanese

Clipping of ソビエト連邦 (Sobieto Renpō, “Soviet Union (a former country)”).


アジア

From Chinese 亞細亞／亚细亚 (Yàxìyà), in turn from Latin Asia. Pronunciation was probably influenced by Dutch Azië.


アフリカ

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɾʲika̠]

アメリカ

北アメリカ (Kita Amerika; ), 南アメリカ (Minami Amerika, )


イギリス

From Portuguese inglês (“English”, adjective). Compare English English (adjective), Mandarin 英吉利 (Yīngjílì, “England”).

グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Kita Airurando Rengō Ōkoku

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland


アメリカ

Amerigo Vespucci
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:アメリカ
ja:アメリカ州
ja:松村明

Borrowed from English America, from New Latin America f, feminine form of Americus m, Latinized form of the given name of Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512), an Italian explorer.

アメリカ大陸

the Americas, specifically the continent

南アメリカ、北アメリカ、中央アメリカ

Minami Amerika, Kita Amerika, Chūō Amerika

South America, North America, Central America

アメリカ州

(chiefly in compounds, due to possible ambiguity) America (one of the continents of North America or South America)

1999 September 16, Motohiro Katou, “ヤコブの階段 (Yakobu no Kaidan) [Jacob’s Ladder]”, in Q.E.D. 証明終了 (Kyū Ī Dī Shōmei Shūryō) [Q.E.D. (manga)], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 90:

Well, duh!! America is the "world police" after all!!

当たり前さ‼それが〝世界の警察〟たるアメリカの役目だろ‼

Atarimae sa‼ Sore ga〝sekai no keisatsu〟taru Amerika no yakume daro‼

当たり前さ‼それが〝世界の警察〟たるアメリカの役目だろ‼

United States of America
United States of America#English

America, United States of America (a country in North America)


愛

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).
Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

(US) Short for 愛州 (“Idaho (a state of the United States)”).


米

米 (canonical)
bei (romanization)
べい (hiragana historical)

米国 (Beikoku, “US”)

日米関係 (Nichi-Bei kankei, “Japan–United States relations”)

日米関係 にちべいかんけい

アメリカ合衆国 アメリカ合衆国#Japanese

亜米利加合衆国 亜米利加合衆国#Japanese

Short for アメリカ合衆国／亜米利加合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku, “United States (a country)”).


むら

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *mura.
Either formed from the nominalization of 群れる (mureru, “to gather”), or from Old Korean. In Old Korean toponyms, this appears with the phonetic spelling 牟羅 (*mura). Compare Korean 무리 (muri, “group, crowd”), also possibly cognate with 群れる (mureru, “to gather”).

2015 September 19, “竜(りゅう)角(かく)の狩(しゅ)猟(りょう)者(しゃ) [Dragon Horn Hunter]”, in EXTRA PACK 2015, Konami:

A female warrior who was on the hunt for dragon horns, to make a medicine for her home village, which was suffering from a plague. Unbeknownst to her, those displaced dragons went on to lay waste and burn down her village….

疫病に苦しむ故郷の村を救うため、霊薬の原料となるドラゴンの角を乱獲する女戦士。その村はすでに、棲み処を追われたドラゴンたちによって踏み荒らされ、焼き尽くされてしまった事を、彼女はまだ知らない・・・。

Ekibyō ni kurushimu kokyō no mura o sukū tame, reiyaku no genryō to naru doragon no tsuno o rankakusuru onnasenshi. Sono mura wa sude ni, sumika o owareta doragon-tachi ni yotte fumiarasare, yakitsukusarete shimatta koto o, kanojo wa mada shiranai .

村, 𨛗: village (a rural habitation of size between a hamlet and a town)


メイン

メイン州


USA

[jɯ̟ː e̞sɨ e̞ː]


京都

京都 (canonical)
Kyōto (romanization)
Kyauto (romanization)
きやうと (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kyoto

→ Korean: 교토 (Gyoto)

→ Portuguese: Kyoto

→ Russian: Кио́то m (Kióto)

→ Vietnamese: Kinh Đô

Early Modern Japanese
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

/kjauto/ → /kjɔːto/ → /kjoːto/
From Middle Chinese 京都 (kˠiæŋ tuo, literally “capital city”).

京都五山

京都五山 きょうとござん

京都御所

京都御所 きょうとごしょ

京都所司代

京都所司 きょうとしょし

京都代官

京都代官 きょうとだいかん

京都盆地

京都盆地 きょうとぼんち

京都守護

京都守護 きょうとしゅご

Short for 京都府 (Kyōto-fu): Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture (a prefecture of Japan)

京都府

Short for 京都市 (Kyōto-shi): Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


東京

ja-pos

東(とう)京(きょう) • (Tōkyō) ^(←とうきやう (Toukyau)?)

東京 (canonical)
Tōkyō (romanization)
Toukyau (romanization)
とうきやう (hiragana historical)

→ Dutch: Tokio

→ English: Tokyo

→ Finnish: Tokio

→ French: Tokyo

→ German: Tokio

→ Khmer: តូក្យូ (toukyou)

→ Korean: 동경 (Donggyeong)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Tokyo

→ Portuguese: Tóquio

→ Russian: То́кио (Tókio)

→ Spanish: Tokio

→ Vietnamese: Đông Kinh

/tou kʲau/ → /toːkʲɔː/ → /toːkʲoː/
Compound of Middle Chinese-derived elements 東 (tō, “east, eastern”) + 京 (kyō, “capital”).
The city of Tokyo was renamed from 江戸 (Edo) in 1868 after Emperor Meiji moved the capital from Kyoto.

com

昨日、東京は曇りでしたか。

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan, consisting of 23 special wards)


東京

Borrowing from Vietnamese 東京 (Đông Kinh, literally “Eastern capital”), a historical name for Hanoi.

bor

(historical) Tonkin (northern region of Vietnam)


中国

From Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”). Compare modern Cantonese 中國／中国 (zung¹ gwok³). Attested from at least the 12th century.

ltc-l

c. 1120, Konjaku monogatari shū [Tales of Times Now Past], scroll 6:

Judging from the appearance [of the statue], it is not unlike those in China, though the face resembles the northern nations.

造り奉れる体を見るに、中國には不似ず、面[めう]胡国に似たり。

Tsukuri matsureru sugata o miru ni, Chūgoku ni wa fu-nizu, men[meu] kokoku ni nitari.

(historical or contemporary) any of several kingdoms, empires, or states of the Chinese people

1998 November 30 [1990 November 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)とアニマル惑星(プラネット) [Nobita and the Animal Planet] (大長編ドラえもん; 10), 22nd edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 27:

アメリカとか中国とかいろいろあるじゃない。

Amerika toka Chūgoku toka iroiro aru ja nai.

You know, countries. There are a bunch of them like America and China.

アメリカとか中国とかいろいろあるじゃない。

中華人民共和国 中華人民共和国#Japanese

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(especially in contemporary usage) short for 中華人民共和国 (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku), the People's Republic of China


中国人

中国人 (canonical)
Chūgokujin (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ʑĩɴ]


神

Kyūjitai
Mandarin language
Middle Chinese language
Shinjitai

From Middle Chinese 神 (MC zyin). Compare modern Mandarin 神 (shén).

阪神 (hanshin)

Short for 神戸 (Kōbe, “Kōbe (a city in Japan)”).


森

杜

less common; specific to the shrine grove sense


森

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).
Probably cognate with 盛り (mori, “heap, pile”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 盛る (moru, “to heap up, to build up into a significant amount”), from the way a forest can look like a heap or mound from a distance.

Mori (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)

Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


円

円 (canonical)
en (romanization)
wen (romanization)
ゑん (hiragana historical)

/wen/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 圓 (MC zjwen|hjwen), with the original sense of "circle, roundness".
The yen sense came much later in the Meiji period, from Chinese 圓／圆 (yuán), itself from 銀圓／银圆 (yínyuán, “round silver object(s), especially a piece of eight”). Compare Chinese 元 (yuán, “yuan”) and Korean 원 (won, “Korean won”). Doublet of 元 (gen, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), ユアン (yuan, “yuan (Chinese currency)”), and ウォン (won, “won (Korean currency)”).
The yen became the official currency of Japan in 1871, succeeding the 両 (ryō) and the 文 (mon).


亜

Used as a phonetic element in transliterations, especially:

Short for アジア／亜細亜 (Ajia, “Asia (a continent)”).


北

北 (canonical)
北 (canonical)
Kita (romanization)

Attributed to Old Japanese, although the exact phonetics are not clear, as the term is not cited in phonetic man'yōgana.
Ultimate derivation unknown.

Kita (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


伯

Short for ブラジル／伯剌西爾 (Burajiru, “Brazil (a country)”).


倭

From Middle Chinese 倭 (MC 'wa). Various theories suggest that 倭 was influenced by Old Japanese 我 (wa, “I, me”) or referring to the practice of bowing among the ancient Japanese.


京

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)

京人形

京人形 きょうにんぎょう

平城京

平城京 へいじょうきょう


京

京 (canonical)
kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

京言葉 (kyōkotoba)

京料理 (kyōryōri, literally “Kyōto cuisine”)

京の着倒れ、大阪の食い倒れ

Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).


京

(specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)

上京 (jōkyō)

(especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)


東

/ɸiŋɡaɕi/ → /ɸiɡaɕi/ → /hiɡaɕi/
Sound shift from hingashi (see Etymology 2 below).
Now the standard word for east.

a historical red-light district in Edo located east of Edo Castle, today in Fukagawa, Kōtō, Tokyo prefecture

(Buddhism) Short for 東本願寺 (Higashi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Shimogyō, Kyoto, Japan

東本願寺

Higashi (multiple places throughout Japan, especially referring to a ward in Okayama, Kumamoto, Sakai, Sapporo, Nagoya, Niigata, Hamamatsu, Hiroshima and Fukuoka)


匈

ja-noun

匈(きょう) • (kyō)


加

(US) Short for 加州 (“California (a state of the United States)”).


呉

Daijirin
Emperor Yang of Sui
Japanese missions to Sui China
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Prince Shōtoku

Likely from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 暮れる (kureru, “to set (said of the sun or moon), to get dark”), from the way that China lies to the west of Japan, in the direction of the setting sun. This may be related to the famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:
* 日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云／日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云
: 日出處／日出处 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處／日没处 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China.
In textual Japanese, the term Kure originally referred more specifically to the ancient State of Wu (roughly analogous with the modern Jiangnan region), and later shifted to refer to China as a whole.
First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720.

呉楽

gigaku, an extinct form of masked drama performance originally imported from China

Kure (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


堺

Sakai (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


墺

独墺同盟 (dokuō dōmei)

独墺同盟 どくおうどうめい

オーストリア オーストリア#Japanese

Short for オーストリア／墺太利 (Ōsutoria, “Austria (a country)”).


光

⟨pi₁kari⟩ → */pʲikari/ → /ɸikari/ → /hikari/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).

Hikari (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


央

央 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

(US) Short for 央州 (“Oregon (a state of the United States)”).


和

Empress Genmei
Muromachi period
Wa (Japanese)
ja:和

From Middle Chinese 和 (MC hwa, “harmonious”).
The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715 CE), as this character 和(わ) (Wa) was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭(わ) (Wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan (see the etymology at 大和(やまと) (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the go'on reading of Wa became more common.

和露辞典

和食

和室

a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors

和映画


嶋

A neighborhood of Makinohara, Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Iida, Nagano Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nishiwaki, Hyōgo Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kinokawa, Wakayama Prefecture.


崖

Derivation unclear. First attested in the late 1100s.
Modern references either omit this reading entirely or provide no pitch accent information for this reading, suggesting that it might be archaic or even obsolete in modern usage.

(archaic, possibly obsolete) a steep area on a mountainside, a cliff


島

/sima/ → /ɕima/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *sima.
Possibly related to Baekje 斯麻 (*syema, “island”) and Middle Korean 셤 (syem), whence modern Korean 섬 (seom, “island”).


島

島 (canonical)
tō (romanization)
tau (romanization)
たう (hiragana historical)

/tau/ → /tɔː/ → /toː/
From Middle Chinese 島 (MC tawX).


巴

From Middle Chinese 巴 (MC pae). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

(historical) Ba (an ancient state in eastern Sichuan)


布

From Middle Chinese 布 (MC puH).
;“Hawaii”
Short form of ateji (当て字) spelling 布哇.

(US) Short for ハワイ (“Hawaii (a state and former kingdom in the United States)”).


旭

Asahi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


栃

栃 (canonical)
rei (romanization)
れい (hiragana historical)

Spelling pronunciation, guided by characters like 励(れい) (rei) and 蛎(れい) (rei). As a kokuji designed for the native word とち (tochi), 栃 originally does not have an on'yomi.

Short for 栃木 (Tochigi, “Tochigi (a prefecture of Japan)”).


柏

Kashiwa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


欧

From Middle Chinese 歐 (MC 'uw|'uwX), originally meaning “to vomit” (ʔəu^X, modern Mandarin ǒu, Cantonese au²). Later taken from the first character of the transliteration 欧羅巴 (Yōroppa, “Europe”), which is identified with ʔəu (modern Mandarin ōu, Cantonese au¹).
The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

ヨーロッパ ヨーロッパ#Japanese

Short for ヨーロッパ／欧羅巴 (Yōroppa, “Europe (a continent)”).


欧

ヨーロッパ ヨーロッパ#Japanese


桑

桑 (canonical)
sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

(US) Short for 桑港 (“San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).


沼

From Old Japanese. Root of the Old Japanese verb ぬる (nuru, “to become loose; to become wet”) and modern Japanese 濡れる (nureru, “to become wet”), adverb ぬるぬる (nurunuru, “loosely; lukewarmly; oozingly”).
May be cognate with Korean 늪 (neup, “swamp, bog, marsh”), Ainu nup (“flat land, plain; fen”), Mongolian нам (nam, “low-lying”), намаг (namag, “swamp, bog, marsh”), норох (norox, “to become wet”).
Generally only used in compounds in modern Japanese.


沼

Appears to be a compound of 沼 (nu, “swamp”) + 間 (ma, “space, area”).

(slang) inescapable pit of addiction to games, etc.


沼

沼 (canonical)
shō (romanization)
seu (romanization)
せう (hiragana historical)

/seu/ → /ɕeu/ → /ɕʲoː/
From Middle Chinese 沼 (tsyew^X, “swamp”). Compare modern Mandarin 沼 (zhǎo).
Only ever used in compounds.


浜

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pama. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

captured pieces in Go (this term is usually written in kana)


橘

橘 (canonical)
橘 (canonical)
tachibana (romanization)

Emperor Suinin
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Tajimamori
ja:垂仁天皇
ja:田道間守

From Old Japanese 橘 (tatibana). First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
According to the Nihon Shoki in a section describing the 90th year of the reign of the legendary 垂仁天皇 (Suinin Tennō, “Emperor Suinin”, traditionally regarded as living from 69 BCE – 70 CE and reigning from 29 BCE – 70 CE), a legendary figure named 田道間守 (Tajimamori) was tasked with bringing back from the heavens a 非時香菓 (tokijiku no kagu no konomi, literally, “timeless fragrant tree-fruit”; the same incident is also included in the Kojiki). This is often interpreted to be a reference to tachibana, but the text itself is not specific.
A surface analysis suggests that this is a compound of 立ち (tachi, “standing”, from verb 立つ (tatsu, “to stand”)) + 花 (hana, “flower”).
Shortened to tachi for some compounds.

compound

from verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">立つ</i> (tatsu, “to stand”)

江南の橘江北の枳となる

Kōnan no tachibana Kōhoku no karatachi to naru

Citrus tachibana, a species of wild, green, inedible citrus fruit native to Japan


洛

洛 (canonical)
raku (romanization)
らく (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 洛 (MC lak), originally referring to 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō, “Luoyang”).

上洛 (jōraku)

(especially) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)


浦

浦 (canonical)
ura (romanization)
うら (hiragana historical)


泉

泉 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
Idumi (romanization)
いづみ (hiragana historical)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Man'yōshū
Yotsugana
ja:松村明

/idumi/ → /id͡zumi/ → (for most modern Japanese dialects; see also Yotsugana) /izumi/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Compound of 出づ (ancient reading idu, modern izu, “to come out”) + 水 (mi, “water”).


池

古池(ふるいけ)や蛙飛(かわずと)び込(こ)む水(みず)の音(おと)


池

/tʲie/ → /ti/ → /t͡ɕi/
From Middle Chinese 池 (MC drje).
Used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ti⟩ in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).


桜

桜 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

/au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 櫻 (MC 'eang).

サクラメント サクラメント#Japanese

(US) Short for サクラメント／桜府 (Sakuramento, “Sacramento (a city in California, United States)”).


江

江 (canonical)
Kō (romanization)
Kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)

/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 江 (MC kaewng).
The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.


濠

(abbreviation) Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(abbreviation) (geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


湖

湖 (canonical)
mizuumi (romanization)
miduumi (romanization)
みづうみ (hiragana historical)


港

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyūjitai
Kōjien
Nihon Shoki
Shinjitai
Shinmura Izuru
ja:港

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720. Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *minato.
The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of 水 (mi-, “water”) + な (na, assimilated apophonic form of の (no, “genitive case marker”)) + 門 (to, “gate”).
* However, this does not correlate cleanly with the etymology of 水 (mizu, “water”), reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *mentu (“water”). Then again, there are numerous attested words where 水 (mi) is used as the first and last element in compounds, suggesting either that the derivation of 水 (mizu) might differ.
Vovin, on the other hand suggests that the initial mi- was 御 (mi-, “honorific prefix”), while -na- meant "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”). Compare 涙 (namida, “tears”), 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), 漬く (nazuku, “soak in water”, obsolete).
* However, this may present semantic difficulties, as any native formation like namida that proposes "water" for the initial nam and "eye" for a following component reverses the usual word-formation pattern for Japanese, where the main or head noun comes last. In addition, the na element appears in other words with no relation to "water", as an assimilated apophonic form of genitive particle の (no), seen in terms such as 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, literally “hand's heart/center”), 眼間 (manakai, “where the lines of sight of the eyes converge”, literally “eyes' exchanging/crossing”).

com

assimilated apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">の</i> (no, “genitive case marker”)

もみぢ葉の流れてとまる水門には紅深き波や立つらむ

momiji ba no nagarete tomaru minato niha kurenai fukaki nami ya tatsuramu

At the end of the river gate where there are autumn leaves, there are deep red waves! I shall stop...

a sluice; a section of a river to let water in and out


港

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyūjitai
Kōjien
Minato, Tokyo
Nihon Shoki
Shinjitai
Shinmura Izuru
ja:港
ja:港区

Minato (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

an administrative district in Osaka Prefecture


河

河 (canonical)
河 (canonical)
hō (romanization)

From Chinese 河 (hé). The pronunciation is most similar to Cantonese /hɔː²¹/, although most Japanese mahjong terminology is taken from early 20th Century Mandarin.

(mahjong) river: a player's discard pile


独

独 (canonical)
doku (romanization)
どく (hiragana historical)

1947, Ango Sakaguchi, 『二十七歳』
独探のケンギを受けて、大正五年だかに国外退去を命じられたという。
Dokutan no kengi o ukete, taishō gonen daka ni kokugai taikyo o meijirareta to iu.
[He was] accused of being a German spy and was officially deported in some time around 1916, as the story goes.

大正五年 たいしょうごねん

国外退去 こくがいたいきょ

Short for ドイツ／独逸 (Doitsu, “Germany (a country)”).


溝

ja-pos

溝(こう) • (kō)

[from 17th c.] a hundred nonillion, equivalent to 10³²


溝

溝にはまる

大きな溝がある。

夫婦間の溝が深まる。

The gap between the husband and the wife widens [deepens].

gap between different opinions or emotions; disagreement


燕

Tsubame (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


洋

洋 (canonical)
yō (romanization)
yau (romanization)
やう (hiragana historical)

/jɨau/ → /jɔː/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang). Compare modern Mandarin 洋 (yáng).

(by extension, from the sense of across the ocean) the East (Orient) or especially the West (Occident)


洋

洋 (canonical)
Yō (romanization)
Yau (romanization)
やう (hiragana historical)


洋

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

Alternative spelling of 灘 (nada): the open sea


洋

Nominalization of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).


海

⟨umi₁⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/
From Old Japanese, theorized as descending from Proto-Japonic *omi.
Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Shift from 大 (ō-, “big, great”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form).
: This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
* From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”), and in the 海 (una) element in various ancient terms (see below).

海を渡る

cross over the ocean → go to a foreign country

(calligraphy) in a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”), a reservoir where water is stored


王

王 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
wau (romanization)
わう (hiragana historical)

/wau/ → /wɔː/ → */woː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 王 (MC hjwang).

越王勾践 ― Etsuō Kōsen ― King Goujian of Yue

a king, especially one who is not East Asian or was East Asian in pre-imperial times; in China and Vietnam, generally a king before Qin Shi Huangdi who invented the title 皇帝 (kōtei, “huangdi; emperor”); in Korea, one of the many kings before the Korean Empire which was modeled after Japan's; in Japan, one of the rulers before Emperor Jinmu


福

Short for 福岡 (Fukuoka, “Fukuoka (a province of Japan)”).


羅

(US) Short for 羅府 (“Los Angeles (a city in California, United States)”).


葡

ポルトガル ポルトガル#Japanese

Short for ポルトガル／葡萄牙 (“Portugal (a country in Europe)”).


萩

Hagi (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


蕨

Warabi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


薩

薩 (canonical)
satsu (romanization)
satu (romanization)
さつ (hiragana historical)

Short for 薩摩 (Satsuma, “Satsuma (a former domain in Japan)”).


葵

葵 (canonical)
Aoi (romanization)
Afufi (romanization)
あふひ (hiragana historical)

Aoi (a ward and neighborhood of Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

The neighborhoods of Naka and Higashi, Nagoya and of Okazaki and Nishio; in Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Okayama, Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Izumisano, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kakegawa and Fukuroi, Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture.


聖

(Brazil) Short for 聖州 (“São Paulo (a state of Brazil)”). or Short for 聖市 (“São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)”).


蜀

蜀 (canonical)
Shoku (romanization)
Syoku (romanization)
しよく (hiragana historical)

Shu (a former state and former dynasty in ancient China)


日本

→ Translingual: nihonium

→ Japanese: ニホニウム

Daijirin
Emperor Yang of Sui
Heian period
Japanese missions to Sui China
Names of Japan
Prince Shōtoku
ja:日本

/nitɨpoɴ/ → /nip̚poɴ/ → /niɸoɴ/ → /nihoɴ/
Coined in Japan of Sinic elements, as compound of 日 (nichi, “sun”) + 本 (hon, “origin”) and literally meaning "origin of the sun". The hon element was apparently pronounced /poɴ/ when first coined. Over time, the initial /p/ lenited, becoming /ɸ/ as shown in the Nifon entry in the 1603 Nippo Jisho ("Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary"). This then became the /h/ sound in modern Japanese.
In older texts, this was read as kun'yomi as 日の本 (Hinomoto). The on'yomi readings Nippon and Nihon became more common in the Heian period, with both persisting into modern use. The Nihon reading appears to be the most common in everyday Japanese usage.
This may be related to the famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:
:
日出處／日出处 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處／日没处 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China.

lang

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

...the son of heaven of the land of the rising sun sends a letter to the son of heaven of the place where the sun sets, for good health and so on.

rì chū chù tiānzǐ zhìshū rì méi chù tiānzǐ wúyàng yúnyún

日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云

日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云

Nifon ニホン (日本) 日本.

Short for 日本国 (Nihon-koku): Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


谷

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)


閖

A 国字 (kokuji, “Japanese-coined character”) which was said to be coined by coined by Date Tsunamura when he was looking at the sea through the gate of Dainenji Temple in Sendai.

ja-etym-kokuji

Only used in 閖上 (yuriage) (A place in Natori, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


阪

阪 (canonical)
han (romanization)
はん (hiragana historical)

阪神 (hanshin)

Short for 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Ōsaka (a city in Japan)”).


魲

Suzuki (a neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


鱸

Suzuki (neighborhoods in Japan):
A neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata.


ハワイ

ハワイ州

Hawaii (an archipelago and state of the United States)

Hawaii, Hawaii County (a county of Hawaii, United States)

(historical) Hawaii (a former kingdom in the Pacific Ocean)


麑

(obsolete) Short for 鹿児島／麑島 (Kagoshima, “Kagoshima (a province of Japan)”).


鮮

鮮 (canonical)
sen (romanization)
せん (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 鮮 (MC sjen|sjenX|sjenH).

全鮮

内鮮一体


韓国

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

Shortened from 大韓民国(だいかんみんこく) (Daikan Minkoku, “Republic of Korea”), from Korean 대한민국 (Daehanmin'guk). The archaic sense may be from 大韓帝國(だいかんていこく) (Daikan Teikoku, “Korean Empire”).

ja-r

(history, archaic) Korea (former empire in East Asia) (1897–1910)


韓国

Of 韓(から) (kara, “China; Korea; foreign country”, archaic) and 國(くに) (kuni, “kingdom; country”).

(archaic) Korea (an empire in East Asia; contemporary North Korea and South Korea)


ベトナム

Borrowed from English Vietnam, from Vietnamese Việt Nam.


豪州

ja-pos

豪(ごう)州(しゅう) • (Gōshū)

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア


濠太剌利

濠太剌利(オーストラリア) • (Ōsutoraria)

濠太剌利 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria (romanization)

オーストラリア オーストラリア#Japanese

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


オーストラリア

[o̞ːsɨ̥to̞ɾa̠ɾʲia̠]

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア


シドニー

ja:シドニー (曖昧さ回避)

Sydney (a major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia)

Sydney (a seaport and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada)


北京

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:北京

Borrowed from English Peking, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).

der

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


インドネシア

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


沖縄

ja-noun

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (okinawa) ^(←おきなは (okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
okinawa (romanization)
okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Compound of Old Japanese elements 沖(おき) (oki, “offshore, at sea”) + 縄(なわ) (nawa, “rope”), in reference to the string of islands.

ja-com

(rare, possibly obsolete) a rope used to catch fish


沖縄

ja-pos

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (Okinawa) ^(←おきなは (Okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
Okinawa (romanization)
Okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Battle of Okinawa
Okinawa
Okinawa Island
Okinawan language
ja:沖縄

沖縄諸島

沖縄諸島 おきなわしょとう

[...] 十六日發、廿一日戊午、第一第二兩舟同至阿児奈波嶋在多禰島南西第三舟作夜已泊同處十二月六日南風起第一舟著石不動第二舟發向多禰去七日至益救嶋[...]

さつまがたとは惣名也、きかいは十二の島なれば、くち五島は日本へ随へり、おく七しまはいまだ我朝に従はずといへり、白石、、あこしき、くろ島、いわうが島、あせ納、あ世波、やくの島とて、ゑらぶ、おきなは、きかいが島といへり

the main island in the Okinawa Islands: Okinawa Island

a group of islands known as the Okinawa Islands

the southern-most Japanese prefecture: Okinawa Prefecture


いと

怡土: A former county in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture


神社

神社 (canonical)
jinja (romanization)
zinzya (romanization)
じんじや (hiragana historical)

→ Amis: cincya

→ English: jinja

[d͡ʑĩɲ̟d͡ʑa̠]


神社

ja-noun

神(かみ)社(やしろ) or 神(かむ)社(やしろ) • (kamiyashiro or kamuyashiro)

神社 (canonical)
神社 (canonical)
kamiyashiro (romanization)
kamuyashiro (romanization)

椿大神社


神社

神社 (canonical)
Kamiyashiro (romanization)

a town in Watarai District, Mie Prefecture


グアドループ島

グアドループ島 (canonical)
Guadorūputō (romanization)


ローマ

ja-pos

ローマ • (Rōma)

From Italian Roma, possibly via Portuguese Roma.

ja:ローマ (曖昧さ回避)


アラブ首長国連邦

アラブ しゅちょうこく れんぽう

アラブ首(しゅ)長(ちょう)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō)

アラブ首長国連邦 (canonical)
Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠bɯ̟ ɕɨ̥t͡ɕo̞ːko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

アラブ (Arabu, “Arab”) + 首長国 (shuchōkoku, “emirate”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”)

af

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


メス

Metz (a city in Lorraine, northeastern France)


アイスランド

Kore Yamazaki, “第3篇 The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead. [Composition 3: The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead.]”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 98:

Iceland, a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean.

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド


韓国語

韓国語 (canonical)
kankokugo (romanization)

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

韓国 (Kankoku, “South Korea or just Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”), from South Korean 한국어 (han'gugeo)

suf

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第(だい)131(ひゃくさんじゅういち)局(きょく) 試(ため)される伊(い)角(すみ) [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 56:

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


スペイン

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


フランス

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

Either directly borrowed from French France, or indirectly from English France.

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:フランス
ja:松村明


大和

→ Chinese: 大和 (Dàhé)

⟨yamato₂⟩: *[jamatə] → /jamato/
From older 邪馬台 (yamatai). From Old Japanese 大和 (yamato₂), from Proto-Japonic *yamatə. Originally a geographical region in Nara, came to refer to all of Nara, and eventually to the country as a whole: Japan.
Chinese texts often used the word 倭 (“dwarf, midget”) to refer to the people of the Japanese archipelago, possibly because they were actually smaller, or more likely as an insult. This character came to be used in early Japanese texts, such as the Man'yōshū poetry compilation, with a kun'yomi or native-Japanese reading of Yamato to refer to Japan in general.
This 倭 character also has an on'yomi or borrowed Chinese reading of wa. During the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), the 倭 character with an original Chinese meaning of “midget, dwarf” was replaced with the 和 character that is also read wa, but instead has the more favorable meaning of “harmony”, in spellings of the native Japanese term Yamato. The 大 character meaning “great” was then prefixed to this. The resulting kanji compound 大和 can also be read with a kun'yomi of Ōyamato (see below).


大和

ja-pos

大(おお)和(やまと) • (Ōyamato) ^(←おほやまと (Ofoyamato)?)

大和 (canonical)
Ōyamato (romanization)
Ofoyamato (romanization)
おほやまと (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Compound of 大 (ō, “great, big”) + 大和 (Yamato, “the ancient Yamato kingdom; Japan”). The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).


大和

Appears to be a borrowing from Middle Chinese 大和 (MC dajH|daH hwa|hwaH).

A neighborhood of Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture.

a place:
A township in Bazhong, Sichuan, China.


モスクワ

[mo̞sɨ̥kɯ̟β̞a̠]

From Russian Москва́ (Moskvá). Doublet of モスコー (Mosukō).

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)

Moscow (an oblast of Russia, surrounding the city of Moscow)


ASEAN

東南アジア諸国連合 東南アジア諸国連合#Japanese

Synonym of 東南アジア諸国連合 (Tōnan Ajia Shokoku Rengō, “Association of Southeast Asian Nations”); the ASEAN


仙台

Sendai (the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, in northern Honshu, Japan)

仙台虫喰

仙台虫喰 せんだいむしくい


中央

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)央(おう) • (Chūō)

From Middle Chinese compound 中央 (MC trjuwng 'jang, “lit. centre”).

Chūō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


将軍

ja-noun

将(しょう)軍(ぐん) • (shōgun) ^(←しやうぐん (syaugun)?)

将軍 (canonical)
shōgun (romanization)
syaugun (romanization)
しやうぐん (hiragana historical)

→ Danish: shogun c

→ English: shogun

→ French: shogun m

→ Indonesian: syogun

→ Italian: shogun m

→ Polish: siogun m

→ Portuguese: xogum

/sʲaːᵑ kun/ → /ɕauɡun/ → /ɕɔːɡun/ → /ɕoːɡun/
From Middle Chinese compound 將軍 (MC tsjang kjun). Compare modern Min Nan 將軍／将军 (chiong-kun), Eastern Min 將軍／将军 (ciŏng-gŭng).
The “shogun” sense is originally short for 征夷大将軍 (seii taishōgun, literally “commander in chief of the expeditionary force to expel barbarians”).

*The abbreviations are only used as a typographical convention. They are pronounced the same as their full names.

(military, historical) a shogun, supreme generalissimo of feudal Japan


幕府

[ba̠kɯ̟̊ɸɯ̟]

From Middle Chinese 幕府 (MC mak pjuX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.
Originally referred to the tents or encampment of the commanders of a military force in the field. This then extended to refer to the command structure, and then to the form of government under a shōgun.

(historical) the tents or encampment of the commanders of a military force in the field


長崎県

長崎県 (canonical)
Nagasaki-ken (romanization)

From 長崎 (Nagasaki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan comprising the western part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan and nearby islands; its capital city is also 長崎 (Nagasaki)


長崎

desc

→ English: Nagasaki, Nangasaki, Nangasac

→ Dutch: Nagasaki, Nangasacq

→ English: Nangasacq

→ Portuguese: Nangasaque

Nagasaki (the capital city of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)

Nagasaki (a prefecture in western Kyushu, Japan)


名古屋

→ Chinese: 名古屋 (Mínggǔwū)

→ English: Nagoya

→ Hindi: नागोया (nāgoyā)

→ Russian: Наго́я f (Nagója)

→ Thai: นาโงยะ (naa-ngoo-yá)

Uncertain origins, although there are multiple theories.
* From 和や (nagoya, “mild, calm, warm”, possibly obsolete in modern usage; the stem or precursor form of modern 和やか (nagoyaka)), in reference to either the clement weather or the relative calmness of the harbor.
* From a compound of 和 (nago-, “calm, mild, warm”, stem of adjectives 和し (nagoshi, “calm”, Classical) and 和やか (nagoyaka) and of verb 和む (nagomu, “to become calm”)) + 谷 (ya, “valley”), in reference to the local topography.
* A sound shift from 根小屋 (negoya, literally “root huts”), in reference to the start of the town as a collection of smaller houses at the root or foot of the mountains.
* By extension from 那古 (Nago), a place in Osaka mentioned in the Man'yōshū of 759. The name "Nagoya" in reference to the geographical area of the modern city is first mentioned in the late Kamakura period (early 1300s)) as 那古野荘 (Nagoya-shō, literally “Nago Field Villa”), an agricultural estate developed earlier in the late Heian period (late 1100s).
: That said, the nago portion of the placename in Osaka is in turn likely from the same adjective root as above.

compound

Nagoya (the capital city of Aichi Prefecture, in central Honshu, Japan)

Heian period
Kamakura period
Man'yōshū
Nagoya
名古屋


タイ

Ultimately from Thai ไทย (tai). The kanji is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 泰 (tài).


日本人

ja-noun

日(に)本(ほん)人(じん) or 日(にっ)本(ぽん)人(じん) • (nihonjin or nipponjin)

日本人 (canonical)
日本人 (canonical)
nihonjin (romanization)
nipponjin (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]


西欧

Compound of 西(せい) (sei, “west; western”) + 欧(おう) (ō, “Europe”).

ja-compound

Western Europe (a geographical region of Europe)


ハム

ja:ハム (ヴェストファーレン)
ja:ハム (曖昧さ回避)


越南

ja-pos

越(えつ)南(なん) • (Etsunan) ^(←ゑつなん (Wetunan)?)

越南 (canonical)
Etsunan (romanization)
Wetunan (romanization)
ゑつなん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 越南 (Yuènán).
For the further etymology of the name of the country, see Vietnam#Etymology.

obor

Synonym of ベトナム (Betonamu): Vietnam (a country in Southeast Asia)


アウトバーン

ja-noun

アウトバーン • (autobān)

高速道路

高速道路 こうそくどうろ


ギリシア

[ɡʲiɾʲiɕia̠]

1988 July 30 [1985 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “アン子(こ) 大(おお)いに怒(いか)る （赤(あか)毛(げ)のアン子(こ) 改(かい)題(だい)） [When Anko Really Gets Mad (originally titled Redheaded Anko)]”, in 宇宙船製造法 [How to Build a Spaceship] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 3), 6th edition, volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 71:

Anko. As for the mysterious power you displayed…. It’s of a kind that has been running in your mother’s bloodline for generations since ancient times. Your ancestors seem to have come from Thessaly, Greece. They immigrated to Salem, America in the 18th century. That bloodline… basically it was…. A noted line of true witches.

アン子。きみがみせたふしぎな力はね…。きみのおかあさんの家系に、遠い昔から代だい受けつがれてきた血すじによるものだ。御先祖は、ギリシアのテッサリア地方の出らしい。18世紀にアメリカのサレムに移住している。この家系は、………つまりなんというか………。ゆいしょ正しい魔女の名門なんだよ。

Anko. Kimi ga miseta fushigi na chikara wa ne…. Kimi no okāsan no kakei ni, tōi mukashi kara daidai uketsugarete kita chisuji ni yoru mono da. Go-senzo wa, Girishia no Tessaria chihō no de rashii. Jūhasseiki ni Amerika no Saremu ni ijū shite iru. Kono kakei wa,………tsumari nan to iu ka………. Yuisho tadashii majo no meimon na n da yo.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Alternative form of ギリシャ (Girisha): Greece (a country in Southeast Europe)


香港

From English Hong Kong, ultimately from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²).

中華人民共和国香港特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Hon Kon Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China


国立

Kunitachi (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


寿司

Daijirin Daijisen Shōgakukan Sushi Tōkyō ja:寿司 ja:松村明

From 酸し (sushi, “sour”), the archaic し (shi) terminal-form conjugation of modern 酸い (sui, “sour”).
Originally, sushi was a form of fish that had been salted and fermented for preservation without refrigeration. The fish was sometimes packed with rice or rice mixed with vinegar in order to speed the fermentation process. In the Edo period, this was also known as hayazushi (早鮨, 早鮓) when packed in layers, pressed, and fermented for just one night. Something similar is still prepared today as narezushi (馴鮨, 熟鮨) that relies on fermentation with no added vinegar.
The kanji are an example of ateji (当て字).

sushi: vinegared rice served with fish or vegetables, etc.

押し寿司

soft-pressed sushi topped with ingredients


国家

国家 (canonical)
kokka (romanization)
kokuka (romanization)
こくか (hiragana historical)

1923, Ikki Kita, Nihon Kaizō Hōan Taikō:

此時ヨリノ天皇ハ純然タル政治的中心ノ意義ヲ有シ、此ノ國民運動ノ指揮者タリシ以來現代民主國ノ總代表トシテ國家ヲ代表スル者ナリ。

Kono toki yori no Tennō wa junzen taru seijiteki chūshin no igi o yūshi, kono kokumin undō no shikisha tarishi irai gendai minshukoku no sōdaihyō to shite kokka o daihyō suru mono nari.

Since this era, the Emperor has had the significance of a purely political center, and since the time when he was the leader of this national movement, he has represented the nation as the general representative of a modern democratic country.


地下

地下２階


アイルランド

[a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞]


スリランカ

From English Sri Lanka, from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකා (śrī laṁkā).

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)

スリランカ民主社会主義共和国

Suri Ranka Minshu Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku


スウェーデン

ja-pos

スウェーデン • (Suwēden)

[sɨβ̞e̞ːdẽ̞ɴ]

2015 March 6, Åsa Ekström, “自己紹介 [Self-Introduction]”, in 北欧女子オーサが見つけた日本の不思議 [Nordic Girl Åsa discovers the Mysteries of Japan] (北欧女子オーサ; 1) (fiction), Tokyo: Media Factory, page 2:

スウェーデンのストックホルム出身です

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:スウェーデン
ja:松村明


高梁

Takahashi (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


アイルランド語

アイルランド語 (canonical)
airurandogo (romanization)

[a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞ɡo̞]

アイルランド (airurando, “Ireland”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


火山

From Middle Chinese 火山 (huɑ^X ʃˠɛn, literally “flaming mountain”).

der

1999 February 4, “火(か)炎(えん)草(そう) [Fire Grass]”, in Vol.1, Konami:

A grass that grows near volcanoes. It breathes fire from its flowers.

火山の近くに生息する草。花から火炎を吹き攻撃する。

Kazan no chikaku ni seisoku suru kusa. Hana kara kaen o fuki kōgeki suru.


ユーロ

ja-noun

ユーロ • (yūro)

euro (currency unit of the European Monetary Union)


台湾

Borrowed from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Compare Dutch Tayouan, Mandarin 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān).


大阪

ja-pos

大(おお)阪(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大阪 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “large, great”) + 阪 (saka, “hill”). The geographical area was historically known as 小坂 (Wosaka → Osaka, literally “little hill”) and was renamed to mean literally a “large hill”.
Originally spelled as 大坂 until the early Meiji period, possibly for some superstitious reason.

com

Short for 大阪府 (Ōsaka-fu): a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea

大阪府

Short for 大阪市 (Ōsaka-shi): the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


アメリカ大陸

アメリカ大陸 (canonical)
Amerika Tairiku (romanization)


スペイン人

スペイン人 (canonical)
Supein-jin (romanization)

[sɨ̥pe̞ĩɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

スペイン (“Spain”) + 人 (-jin, “citizen; native”)


ドイツ民主共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ みんしゅ きょうわこく

ドイツ民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ民主共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”), a calque of German Deutsche Demokratische Republik.

cal

German Democratic Republic
German Democratic Republic

(history) the German Democratic Republic


ドイツ

→ English: Doitsu

→ Korean: 독일 (dogil)

Listed in some sources as deriving from Dutch Duits (“German”, adjective, noun). Listed in others as a corruption of German deutsch (“German”, adjective) or Deutsch (“German”, noun). Considering the history of cultural contact (and the final ツ rather than チ), the Dutch derivation is more likely.

lang

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

1996 February 25 [1995 August 9], Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)四(よん)十(じゅう)四(よん)幕(まく) 「心(しん)配(ぱい)無(む)用(よう)」 [Act 44: “Nothing to Worry About”]”, in るろうに剣(けん)心(しん) —明(めい)治(じ)剣(けん)客(かく)浪(ろ)漫(まん)譚(たん)— [Rurōni Kenshin: Ballad of a Meiji Swordsroamer], 3rd edition, volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, pages 95–96:

Germany is currently the leading nation in medicine, so I thought if he received treatment there, then maybe...

独逸は 今 世界で一番医学が進んだ国です そこで 治療に専念すればあるいは…と思いまして

Doitsu wa ima sekai de ichiban igaku ga susunda kuni desu Soko de chiryō ni sennen sureba arui wa…to omoimashite

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Encyclopedia Nipponica
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Shogakukan
Tōkyō
ja:ドイツ
ja:松村明

ドイツ民主共和国

Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku, former East Germany

民主共和国 みんしゅきょうわこく

ドイツ連邦共和国

連邦共和国 れんぽうきょうわこく


ドイツ連邦共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ れんぽう きょうわこく

ドイツ連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ連邦共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Calque of German Bundesrepublik Deutschland, equivalent to ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Republic of Germany

(history) the Federal Republic of Germany (official name of former West Germany)


大陸

大陸斜面

大陸斜面 たいりくしゃめん

大陸移動

大陸移動 たいりくいどう

大陸国家

大陸国家 たいりくこっか

大陸横断鉄道

大陸横断鉄道 たいりくおうだんてつどう

アフリカ大陸


孟子

孟子 (canonical)
Mōshi (romanization)
Mausi (romanization)
まうし (hiragana historical)

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics


吉林

Jilin (a province in northeastern China; capital: Changchun)

Jilin (a prefecture-level city in Jilin, China)


台北

From Mandarin 臺北／台北 (Táiběi), possibly via English Taipei.


台北

台北 (canonical)
台北 (canonical)
Taihoku (romanization)

→ Bunun: Taihuku

→ English: Taihoku, Daihoku

→ Kanakanabu: Taihuku

→ Saisiyat: tayhoko'

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 臺北／台北 (Táiběi).

zh-l

臺北／台北 (Táiběi)


エリトリア

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


仏蘭西

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

Dated spelling of フランス.: France (a country in Western Europe)


万里の長城

ja-pos

^ばんり の ^ちょうじょう

万(ばん)里(り)の長(ちょう)城(じょう) • (Banri no Chōjō) ^(←ばんりのちやうじやう (Banrinotyauzyau)?)

万里の長城 (canonical)
Banri no Chōjō (romanization)
Banrinotyauzyau (romanization)
ばんりのちやうじやう (hiragana historical)

万里 (banri, “ten thousand miles; incredibly long”) + の (no, attributive marker) + 長城 (chōjō, “long castle”), calque of Chinese 萬里長城／万里长城 (Wànlǐ Chángchéng)


日向

日向 (canonical)
Hyūga (romanization)
Fiuga (romanization)
ひうが (hiragana historical)

⟨pi₁muka⟩ → */pʲimuka/ → /ɸimuka/ → /ɸiũɡa/ → /hjuːɡa/
Shift from Old Japanese 日向 (Pi₁muka → Himuka).
Equivalent to a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face (a direction)”).

日向夏

hyūganatsu, Citrus × tamurana, a kind of citrus fruit

(historical) Short for 日向国 (Hyūga-no-kuni): Hyūga Province, an old province of Japan, corresponding to modern Miyazaki Prefecture on the eastern coast of Kyushu

日向国

Short for 日向市 (Hyūga-shi): Hyūga (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


琵琶湖

琵琶湖は、日本で最も大きい湖です。

Biwako wa, Nihon de mottomo ōkii mizuumi desu.


会津

A region in western Fukushima Prefecture, a former fiefdom of the Aizu-Matsudaira daimyō family during the Edo Period; primary city is 会(あい)津(づ)若(わか)松(まつ) (Aizu Wakamatsu)


ケルン

From German Köln. Doublet of コロン (koron), コローニュ (Korōnyu), and コローニェ (Korōnye).

doublet

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


大鹿

ja-pos

大(おお)鹿(しか) • (Ōshika) ^(←おほしか (Ofosika)?)

大鹿 (canonical)
Ōshika (romanization)
Ofosika (romanization)
おほしか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “big”) + 鹿 (shika, “deer”). Appears to be a variation from the ōjika reading.


弥生

弥生 (canonical)
Yayoi (romanization)
Yayofi (romanization)
やよひ (hiragana historical)

/ijaopi/ → /ijaofi/ → */jaofi/ → /jajofi/ → /jajowi/ → /jajoi/
Shift from iyaoi below.

1997 October 17, Seimaru Amagi with Kanari, Yozaburo and Sato, Fumiya, “ファイル18 魔(ま)神(じん)遺(い)跡(せき)殺(さつ)人(じん)事(じ)件(けん)⑪ [File 18: The Demonic Ruins Murder Case ⑪]”, in 金(きん)田(だ)一(いち)少(しょう)年(ねん)の事(じ)件(けん)簿(ぼ) [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 26 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 105:

I’m “Yayoi” because I was born in March. We named you “Satsuki” because you were born in May———

三月に生まれた私が「弥生」だから 五月に生まれたあなたは「さつき」にしようって———

Sangatsu ni umareta watashi ga “Yayoi” da kara Gogatsu ni umareta anata wa “Satsuki” ni shiyōtte———


ロンドン

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)

London (a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada)


パリ

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


朝鮮

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

朝鮮 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

From Chinese 朝鮮／朝鲜.
/teusen/ > /tjoːsen/, [tɕoːsen]

Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)


日の出

From 日(ひ) (hi, “sun”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 出(で) (de, “coming out”).

ja-com

Hinode (a town in Nishitama district, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


雨竜

Uryū (a district of Sorachi, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)

Uryū (a town in Uryū district, Sorachi, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)

Uryū (a train station in Uryū, Uryū district, Sorachi, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


胡志明

[ho̞ː t͡ɕi mʲĩɴ]


天理

Tenri (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


日光

ja-pos

日(にっ)光(こう) • (Nikkō) ^(←につくわう (Nitukwau)?)

日光 (canonical)
Nikkō (romanization)
Nitukwau (romanization)
につくわう (hiragana historical)

Nikkō (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


抹茶

ja-noun

抹(まっ)茶(ちゃ) • (matcha) ^(←まつちや (matutya)?)

抹茶 (canonical)
matcha (romanization)
matutya (romanization)
まつちや (hiragana historical)

From 抹(まつ) (matsu, “to rub”) + 茶(ちゃ) (cha, “tea”).

ja-compound

A Japanese powder made from specially treated green tea leaves for use in 茶道 (sadō) (Japanese tea ceremony)

powder of matcha (also spelled as maccha).

The Japanese green tea made from mixing hot water with this powder.


大麻

A neighborhood of Ebetsu, Hokkaido prefecture


寧波

ja-pos

寧(ねい)波(は) or 寧波(ニンポー) • (Neiha or Ninpō)

寧波 (canonical)
寧波 (canonical)
Neiha (romanization)
Ninpō (romanization)

Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


横浜

Yokohama (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


砂漠

From Middle Chinese /*ʂamɑk̚/ > Japanese /*sabaku/.


江の島

Enoshima (an island in Kanagawa Prefecture, on the northeastern part of Sagami Bay).


秋田県

秋田県 (canonical)
Akita-ken (romanization)

From 秋田 (Akita) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 秋田 (Akita)


青森県

青(あお)森(もり)県(けん) • (Aomori-ken) ^(←あをもりけん (Awomoriken)?)

青森県 (canonical)
Aomori-ken (romanization)
Awomoriken (romanization)
あをもりけん (hiragana historical)

[a̠o̞mo̞ɾʲikẽ̞ɴ]

From 青森 (Aomori) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 青森 (Aomori)


茨城

Russian: Ибара́ки f (Ibaráki)

According to legend, people in the age of Emperor Sujin (崇神) built a thorny castle (茨の城) there and wiped out burglars.

Ibaraki (a prefecture in north-eastern Honshu, Japan)


岩手県

岩(いわ)手(て)県(けん) • (Iwate-ken) ^(←いはてけん (Ifateken)?)

岩手県 (canonical)
Iwate-ken (romanization)
Ifateken (romanization)
いはてけん (hiragana historical)

[iβ̞a̠te̞kẽ̞ɴ]

From 岩手 (Iwate) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is 盛岡 (Morioka)


北海道

北(ほっ)海(かい)道(どう) • (Hokkaidō) ^(←ほくかいだう (Fokukaidau)?)

北海道 (canonical)
Hokkaidō (romanization)
Fokukaidau (romanization)
ほくかいだう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Hokkaido

desc

→ Korean: 홋카이도 (Hotkaido), 혹가이도 (Hokgaido), 북해도 (Bukhaedo)

From 北海 (hokkai, “northern sea”) + 道 (-dō, “circuit”).
Coined in 1869; see 北海道 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ʲᵃ Before that, the region was known as 蝦夷地 (Ezochi, literally “land of the northern barbarians”).

pedia

an island prefecture on the northern part of Japan; its capital city is 札幌 (Sapporo)


東京都

ja-pos

東(とう)京(きょう)都(と) • (Tōkyō-to) ^(←とうきやうと (Toukyauto)?)

東京都 (canonical)
Tōkyō-to (romanization)
Toukyauto (romanization)
とうきやうと (hiragana historical)

From 東京 (Tōkyō, “Tokyo”) + 都 (to, “capital city”).

com

the capital prefecture of Japan, located in the 関東 (Kantō) region including several archipelagos on the Pacific Ocean, and the 23 special wards in its central part collectively referred to as simply 東京 (Tōkyō, “Tokyo”, former “Tokyo City”)


宮城県

宮城県 (canonical)
Miyagi-ken (romanization)

From 宮城 (Miyagi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is 仙台 (Sendai)


福島県

福島県 (canonical)
Fukushima-ken (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕima̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 福島 (Fukushima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 福島 (Fukushima)


山形県

山形県 (canonical)
Yamagata-ken (romanization)

From 山形 (Yamagata) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 山形 (Yamagata)


茨城県

茨城県 (canonical)
Ibaraki-ken (romanization)

From 茨城 (Ibaraki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 水戸 (Mito)


群馬県

群馬県 (canonical)
Gunma-ken (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟̃mːa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 群馬 (Gunma) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan; its capital city is 前橋 (Maebashi)


千葉県

千葉県 (canonical)
Chiba-ken (romanization)

From 千葉 (Chiba) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan, facing the Pacific Ocean and Tokyo Bay; its capital city is also 千葉 (Chiba)


栃木県

栃木県 (canonical)
Tochigi-ken (romanization)

[to̞t͡ɕiɡʲikẽ̞ɴ]

From 栃木 (Tochigi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan; its capital city is 宇都宮 (Utsunomiya)


広東

Borrowed from English Canton (“Guangzhou; Guangdong”). The kanji is from Chinese 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng).


広東

ja-pos

広(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)


埼玉県

埼玉県 (canonical)
Saitama-ken (romanization)

From 埼玉 (Saitama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

Saitama (an inland prefecture in the Kanto Region of Japan)


木村

→ Chinese: 木村 (Mùcūn)

→ English: Kimura

Compound of 木(き) (ki, “tree”) + 村(むら) (mura, “village”). Literally, “tree village”.

ja-com

A historical village in Gamō district, Ōmi, Tōsandō, Japan; equivalent to the former place in Gamō, Gamō district, Shiga Prefecture, now a place in Higashiōmi, Shiga Prefecture.


神奈川県

ja-pos

神(か)奈(な)川(がわ)県(けん) • (Kanagawa-ken) ^(←かながはけん (Kanagafaken)?)

神奈川県 (canonical)
Kanagawa-ken (romanization)
Kanagafaken (romanization)
かながはけん (hiragana historical)

[ka̠na̠ɡa̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 神奈川 (Kanagawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 横浜 (Yokohama)


新潟県

新(にい)潟(がた)県(けん) • (Niigata-ken) ^(←にひがたけん (Nifigataken)?)

新潟県 (canonical)
Niigata-ken (romanization)
Nifigataken (romanization)
にひがたけん (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iːɡa̠ta̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 新潟 (Niigata) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 新潟 (Niigata)


奈良

Emperor Sujin
Nara
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
ja:奈良
man'yōgana

From Old Japanese. Attested from at least the early 700s. The kanji are ateji (当て字).
Various ancient spellings suggest forms ending in -ku or -ki. This latter element is not attested past the Old Japanese stage:
 奈羅, 那羅, 楢, 儺羅
名良, 奈良, 那良
那楽, 寧楽
平城
 →
 ⟨nara⟩
 ⟨nara⟩
 ⟨naraku⟩
 ⟨naraki₂⟩
 →
 /nara/
 */naraᵑ/
 */narakʉ/
 */narakɨ/
 → /nara/
According to the Nihon Shoki (720 CE), the placename is derived from the Japanese verb 均す, 平す (narasu, “to flatten”). In The Study of Place Names, Kunio Yanagida stated, “Nara stands for ‘flatland’.”
However, an analysis of Old Japanese phonetic spellings (man'yōgana) reveals that the city name was often spelled with a final -ku or -ki element, which makes it phonologically unlikely that the city name derives directly from the verb narasu. The root from which the verb itself derives, nar-, appears in various terms related to “flat” or “flatness”, a fitting descriptor for the local geography. The final -ku or -ki element in the ancient spellings may be Old Japanese 城 (ki₂ → ki, “palisade, stronghold, fortress, castle”), as also suggested in the alternative kanji spelling 平城 (literally “flat stronghold”). See also the discussion of the city name's etymology on Wikipedia.

cog

Short for 奈良県 (Nara-ken): Nara (a prefecture of Japan)

奈良県

Short for 奈良市 (Nara-shi): Nara (the capital city of Nara Prefecture)


富山県

富山県 (canonical)
Toyama-ken (romanization)

From 富山 (Toyama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 富山 (Toyama)


滋賀県

滋賀県 (canonical)
Shiga-ken (romanization)

From 滋賀 (Shiga) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan; its capital city is 大津 (Ōtsu, “Otsu”)


長野県

長野県 (canonical)
Nagano-ken (romanization)

From 長野 (Nagano) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is also 長野 (Nagano)


福井県

ja-pos

福(ふく)井(い)県(けん) • (Fukui-ken) ^(←ふくゐけん (Fukwiken)?)

福井県 (canonical)
Fukui-ken (romanization)
Fukwiken (romanization)
ふくゐけん (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ikẽ̞ɴ]

From 福井 (Fukui) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 福井 (Fukui)


岐阜県

[ɡʲiɸɯ̟kẽ̞ɴ]

From 岐阜 (Gifu) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is also 岐阜 (Gifu)


静岡県

静(しず)岡(おか)県(けん) • (Shizuoka-ken) ^(←しづをかけん (Sidwokaken)?)

静岡県 (canonical)
Shizuoka-ken (romanization)
Sidwokaken (romanization)
しづをかけん (hiragana historical)

From 静岡 (Shizuoka) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

Shizuoka (a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; capital: Shizuoka)


大阪府

大(おお)阪(さか)府(ふ) • (Ōsaka-fu) ^(←おほさかふ (Ofosakafu)?)

大阪府 (canonical)
Ōsaka-fu (romanization)
Ofosakafu (romanization)
おほさかふ (hiragana historical)

[o̞ːsa̠ka̠ɸɯ̟]

From 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”) + 府 (-fu, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”)


奈良県

[na̠ɾa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 奈良 (Nara) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 奈良 (Nara)


石川県

ja-pos

石(いし)川(かわ)県(けん) • (Ishikawa-ken) ^(←いしかはけん (Isikafaken)?)

石川県 (canonical)
Ishikawa-ken (romanization)
Isikafaken (romanization)
いしかはけん (hiragana historical)

[iɕika̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 石川 (Ishikawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is 金沢 (Kanazawa)


和歌山県

和歌山県 (canonical)
Wakayama-ken (romanization)

From 和歌山 (Wakayama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 和歌山 (Wakayama)


三重県

三(み)重(え)県(けん) • (Mie-ken) ^(←みへけん (Mifeken)?)

三重県 (canonical)
Mie-ken (romanization)
Mifeken (romanization)
みへけん (hiragana historical)

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 津 (Tsu)


山梨県

山梨県 (canonical)
Yamanashi-ken (romanization)

From 山梨 (Yamanashi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is 甲府 (Kōfu, “Kofu”)


兵庫県

兵(ひょう)庫(ご)県(けん) • (Hyōgo-ken) ^(←ひやうごけん (Fyaugoken)?)

兵庫県 (canonical)
Hyōgo-ken (romanization)
Fyaugoken (romanization)
ひやうごけん (hiragana historical)

[ço̞ːɡo̞kẽ̞ɴ]

From 兵庫 (Hyōgo, “Hyogo”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan and the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 神戸 (Kōbe, “Kobe”)


愛知県

愛知県 (canonical)
Aichi-ken (romanization)

From 愛知 (Aichi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 名古屋 (Nagoya)


京都府

ja-pos

京(きょう)都(と)府(ふ) • (Kyōto-fu) ^(←きやうとふ (Kyautofu)?)

京都府 (canonical)
Kyōto-fu (romanization)
Kyautofu (romanization)
きやうとふ (hiragana historical)

[kʲo̞ːto̞ɸɯ̟]

From 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyoto”) + 府 (-fu, “prefecture”).

suffix

Kyoto (a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea)


佐賀県

[sa̠ɡa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 佐賀 (Saga) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the northwestern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 佐賀 (Saga)


高知県

ja-pos

高(こう)知(ち)県(けん) • (Kōchi-ken) ^(←かうちけん (Kautiken)?)

高知県 (canonical)
Kōchi-ken (romanization)
Kautiken (romanization)
かうちけん (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːt͡ɕikẽ̞ɴ]

From 高知 (Kōchi, “Kochi”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture of Japan in the southern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 高知 (Kōchi, “Kochi”)


香川県

ja-pos

香(か)川(がわ)県(けん) • (Kagawa-ken) ^(←かがはけん (Kagafaken)?)

香川県 (canonical)
Kagawa-ken (romanization)
Kagafaken (romanization)
かがはけん (hiragana historical)

[ka̠ɡa̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 香川 (Kagawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the northeastern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 高松 (Takamatsu)


山口県

山口県 (canonical)
Yamaguchi-ken (romanization)

[ja̠ma̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕikẽ̞ɴ]

From 山口 (Yamaguchi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea and the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 山口 (Yamaguchi)


徳島県

徳島県 (canonical)
Tokushima-ken (romanization)

From 徳島 (Tokushima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the eastern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 徳島 (Tokushima)


熊本県

熊本県 (canonical)
Kumamoto-ken (romanization)

From 熊本 (Kumamoto) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the central part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”); its capital city is also 熊本 (Kumamoto)


大分県

大(おお)分(いた)県(けん) • (Ōita-ken) ^(←おほいたけん (Ofoitaken)?)

大分県 (canonical)
Ōita-ken (romanization)
Ofoitaken (romanization)
おほいたけん (hiragana historical)

From 大分 (Ōita, “Oita”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in Japan on the northeastern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 大分 (Ōita, “Oita”)


鳥取県

鳥取県 (canonical)
Tottori-ken (romanization)

From 鳥取 (Tottori) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 鳥取 (Tottori)


宮崎県

宮崎県 (canonical)
Miyazaki-ken (romanization)

From 宮崎 (Miyazaki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the eastern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 宮崎 (Miyazaki)


島根県

島根県 (canonical)
Shimane-ken (romanization)

From 島根 (Shimane) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is 松江 (Matsue)


広島県

広島県 (canonical)
Hiroshima-ken (romanization)

[çiɾo̞ɕima̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 広島 (Hiroshima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 広島 (Hiroshima)


沖縄県

ja-pos

沖(おき)縄(なわ)県(けん) • (Okinawa-ken) ^(←おきなはけん (Okinafaken)?)

沖縄県 (canonical)
Okinawa-ken (romanization)
Okinafaken (romanization)
おきなはけん (hiragana historical)

[o̞kʲina̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 沖縄 (Okinawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan comprising of islands south of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) between the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea; its capital city is 那覇 (Naha)


岡山県

岡(おか)山(やま)県(けん) • (Okayama-ken) ^(←をかやまけん (Wokayamaken)?)

岡山県 (canonical)
Okayama-ken (romanization)
Wokayamaken (romanization)
をかやまけん (hiragana historical)

From 岡山 (Okayama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 岡山 (Okayama)


愛媛県

愛媛県 (canonical)
Ehime-ken (romanization)

From 愛媛 (Ehime) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the northwestern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 松山 (Matsuyama)


福岡県

福(ふく)岡(おか)県(けん) • (Fukuoka-ken) ^(←ふくをかけん (Fukwokaken)?)

福岡県 (canonical)
Fukuoka-ken (romanization)
Fukwokaken (romanization)
ふくをかけん (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟o̞ka̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 福岡 (Fukuoka) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the northern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 福岡 (Fukuoka)


鹿児島県

鹿児島県 (canonical)
Kagoshima-ken (romanization)

From 鹿児島 (Kagoshima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in Japan comprising the southern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean and nearby islands; its capital city is also 鹿児島 (Kagoshima)


中部

Chūbu region (a region in central Japan, including the prefectures of Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Nagano, Gifu, Shizuoka, Aichi and optionally Mie)

the Midlands (a region of England, United Kingdom)


九州

ja-pos

九(きゅう)州(しゅう) • (Kyūshū) ^(←きうしう (Kiusiu)?)

九州 (canonical)
Kiusiu (romanization)
きうしう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kyushu

→ Portuguese: Kyushu

→ Russian: Кюсю́ (Kjusjú)

Kyushu, the third largest island of Japan. The southernmost before Okinawa, it is (usually) composed of the seven prefectures of Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Ōita, Miyazaki, and Kagoshima.


欧亜

ja-noun

欧(おう)亜(あ) • (Ōa)

Eurasia (two continents, Europe and Asia)


亜欧

ja-pos

亜(あ)欧(おう) • (Aō)

Eurasia (a supercontinent consisting of Europe and Asia)


東亜

東亜 (canonical)
Tōa (romanization)
Toua (romanization)
とうあ (hiragana historical)

大東亜共栄圏

(possibly obsolete) East Asia (a region of Asia)


武士道

ja-noun

武(ぶ)士(し)道(どう) • (bushidō) ^(←ぶしだう (busidau)?)

武士道 (canonical)
bushidō (romanization)
busidau (romanization)
ぶしだう (hiragana historical)

→ Cantonese: 武士道 (mou5 si6 dou6)

→ English: bushido

→ French: bushido

→ German: Bushido

→ Hokkien: 武士道 (bú-sū-tō)

→ Malay: busudo

→ Italian: bushido

→ Korean: 무사도 (musado)

→ Malay: bushido, busyido

Indonesian: bushido

→ Mandarin: 武士道 (wǔshìdào)

→ Portuguese: bushido

→ Russian: бусидо (busido)

→ Spanish: bushido

→ Vietnamese: võ sĩ đạo

武士 (bushi, “warrior; samurai”) + 道 (-dō, “way; path”)

suf

2005 February 4, “笑(え)む猫(ねこ)、憲(けん)太(た)郎(ろう) [Kentarō, the Smiling Cat]”, in 神(かみ)河(がわ)謀(む)叛(ほん) [Betrayal of Kamigawa], Wizards of the Coast:

The bonds of bushidō will draw the dishonored back someday, and I will be there waiting.

武士道との結びつきは、名誉を汚されし者達をいつか戻すであろう。我はそれを待つ。

Bushidō to no musubitsuki wa, meiyo o yogosareshi monotachi o itsuka modosu de arō. Ware wa sore o matsu.


鈴木

→ Chinese: 鈴木／铃木 (Língmù)

→ English: Suzuki

→ French: Suzuki

→ Portuguese: Suzuki

Compound of 鈴(すず) (suzu, “bell”) + 木(き) (ki, “tree”).

ja-com

A neighborhood of Ami, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kawasaki, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kodaira, Tokyo prefecture.


新宿

ja-pos

新(しん)宿(じゅく) • (Shinjuku) ^(←しんじゆく (Sinzyuku)?)

新宿 (canonical)
Shinjuku (romanization)
Sinzyuku (romanization)
しんじゆく (hiragana historical)

[ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑɨkɯ̟]

Shinjuku (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


アドリア海

アドリア海 (canonical)
Adoria Kai (romanization)


ベンガル湾

ベンガル湾 (canonical)
Bengaruwan (romanization)


ベーリング海

ベーリング海 (canonical)
Bēringukai (romanization)


バルト海

バルト海 (canonical)
Barutokai (romanization)


黒海

黒(こっ)海(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくかい (Kokukai)?)

黒海 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
Kokukai (romanization)
こくかい (hiragana historical)


アイリッシュ海

アイリッシュ海 (canonical)
Airisshu Kai (romanization)


カスピ海

カスピ海 (canonical)
Kasupi-Kai (romanization)


南アメリカ

南アメリカ (canonical)
Minami Amerika (romanization)


北アメリカ

北アメリカ (canonical)
Kita Amerika (romanization)


アセンション島

アセンション島 (canonical)
Asenshon-Tō (romanization)


ガーンジー島

ガーンジー島(とう) • (Gānjītō)

ガーンジー島 (canonical)
Gānjītō (romanization)


ゴトランド島

ゴトランド島 (canonical)
Gotorandotō (romanization)


イスパニョーラ島

イスパニョーラ島 (canonical)
Isupanyōra-Tō (romanization)


バハマ

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


カナリア諸島

カナリア諸島 (canonical)
Kanaria Shotō (romanization)

autonomous community
autonomous community

Canary Islands (an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain)


グリーンランド

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲĩːn̺ɾã̠ndo̞]

Greenland (a large self-governing island and dependent territory of Denmark, in North America)


インド洋

Indian Ocean (the ocean separating Africa, southern Asia, Australia and Antarctica)


日本海

From Literary Chinese, attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu by Matteo Ricci in 1602. Equivalent to 日本 + 海.


アンダマン諸島

アンダマン諸島 (canonical)
Andaman Shotō (romanization)


ミノルカ島

ミノルカ島 (canonical)
Minorukatō (romanization)


ヨーロッパ

Yōroppa (romanization)
Eurotupa (romanization)
エウロツパ (historical katakana)

/europpa/ [jeuɾoppa] → /joːroppa/
From Portuguese Europa.
Some references source this from Dutch Europa; however, Dutch phonology makes this less likely, as the ⟨eu⟩ vowel combination has apparently been pronounced as the monophthongs /œː/ or /øː/ since the time of Middle Dutch. Meanwhile, in Portuguese, the ⟨eu⟩ vowel combination has been pronounced as the diphthong /ew/, a closer match for the borrowed Japanese pronunciation.
Although this term is a 外来語 (gairaigo, “word of non-native or non-Middle Chinese origin”), it was borrowed early enough to be subject to the sound change from /eu/ to /joː/ during Late Middle Japanese. Compare similar developments in English (/ɛu̯/ → /juː/; /jʊ/, /jɔː/, /jɜː/ before /r/) during the Great Vowel Shift, which yields the modern English pronunciation of Europe.
Alternatively, it is merely a historical kana orthography-induced spelling pronunciation; compare 要(えう) (yō), as well as アルコール (arukōru).
Doublet of エウローペー (Eurōpē, “Europa”).

Daijirin
Daijisen
Great Vowel Shift
Kōjien
Late Middle Japanese
Middle Dutch
Shinmura Izuru
historical kana orthography
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:ヨーロッパ
ja:松村明


マリョルカ島

マリョルカ島 (canonical)
Maryorukatō (romanization)


メノルカ島

メノルカ島 (canonical)
Menorukatō (romanization)


マン島

Isle of Man (an island and Crown dependency of the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea)


マジョルカ島

マジョルカ島 (canonical)
Majorukatō (romanization)


ネグロス島

ネグロス島 (canonical)
Negurosutō (romanization)


マスティク島

マスティク島 (canonical)
Masutikutō (romanization)


マルタ

Malta (an island country in Southern Europe)

Malta (The largest island in the Maltese Archipelago)


ノーフォーク島

ノーフォーク島(とう) • (Nōfōkutō)

ノーフォーク島 (canonical)
Nōfōkutō (romanization)


サマール島

サマール島(とう) • (Samārutō)

サマール島 (canonical)
Samārutō (romanization)


パラワン島

パラワン島 (canonical)
Parawantō (romanization)


ロードス島

ロードス島(とう) • (Rōdosutō)

ロードス島 (canonical)
Rōdosutō (romanization)


シシリー島

シシリー島 (canonical)
Shishirītō (romanization)


ニューファンドランド島

ニューファンドランド-とう

ニューファンドランド島 (canonical)
Nyūfandorando-Tō (romanization)


ニューギニア島

^ニュー ^ギニア-とう

ニューギニア島 (canonical)
Nyū Ginia-tō (romanization)


シチリア島

シチリア島 (canonical)
Shichiriatō (romanization)


スンバワ島

スンバワ島 (canonical)
Sunbawatō (romanization)


シチリア

Sicily (The largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, an autonomous region of Italy, close to Africa and separated from Tunisia and Libya by the Strait of Sicily)


ヴィサヤ諸島

ヴィサヤ諸島 (canonical)
Visaya Shotō (romanization)


ビサヤ諸島

ビサヤ諸島 (canonical)
Bisaya Shotō (romanization)


トバゴ島

トバゴ島 (canonical)
Tobagotō (romanization)


イナリ湖

イナリ湖 (canonical)
Inari-Ko (romanization)


スピッツベルゲン島

スピッツベルゲン島 (canonical)
Supittsuberugentō (romanization)


シェトランド諸島

シェトランド諸島 (canonical)
Shetorando Shotō (romanization)


スラウェシ島

スラウェシ島 (canonical)
Suraweshitō (romanization)

[sɨɾa̠β̞e̞ɕito̞ː]


トリニダード島

トリニダード島 (canonical)
Torinidādotō (romanization)


ニューブリテン島

^ニュー ^ブリテン-とう

ニューブリテン島 (canonical)
Nyū Buriten-tō (romanization)

[ɲ̟ɨː bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞nto̞ː]

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

New Britain (an island in Papua New Guinea)


サウス・シェトランド諸島

サウス・シェトランドしょとう

サウス・シェトランド諸(しょ)島(とう) • (Sausu Shetorandoshotō)

サウス・シェトランド諸島 (canonical)
Sausu Shetorandoshotō (romanization)

South Shetland Islands
South Shetland Islands


キリバス

From English Kiribati, from Gilbertese Kiribati, from English Gilberts.

Kiribati (A country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania)


キューバ

キューバ • (Kyūba)

キューバ, 玖馬: Cuba (a country and island in North America)


ティモール島

ティモール島(とう) • (Timōrutō)

ティモール島 (canonical)
Timōrutō (romanization)

Composed of ティモール (timōru) + 島(とう) (tō, “island”), from English Timor, from Malay timur (“east”).


ピトケアン諸島

ピトケアン諸島 (canonical)
Pitokean Shotō (romanization)

Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands#English

Pitcairn Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the southern Pacific Ocean)


南極海

南極海 (canonical)
Nankyokukai (romanization)

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟ka̠i]

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟̊ka̠i]

the South Polar Ocean; the Antarctic Ocean


ミンダナオ島

ミンダナオ島 (canonical)
Mindanaotō (romanization)


イースター島

イースター島(とう) • (Īsutā-tō)

イースター島 (canonical)
Īsutā-tō (romanization)

Calque of English Easter Island, equivalent to イースター (Īsutā, “Easter”) + 島 (-tō, “island”)

suf

2004 December 9, “イースター島(とう)のモアイ [Moai of Easter Island]”, in BEGINNER'S EDITION 2, Konami:

Stone statues on Easter Island. They can shoot cylindrical laser beams out of their mouths.

イースター島に存在する石像。口から丸いレーザーをはく。

Īsutā-tō ni sonzai suru sekizō. Kuchi kara marui rēzā o haku.


北極海

ja-pos

北(ほっ)極(きょく)海(かい) • (Hokkyokukai) ^(←ほくきょくかい (Fokukyokukai)?)

北極海 (canonical)
Hokkyokukai (romanization)
Fokukyokukai (romanization)
ほくきょくかい (hiragana historical)

北極 (hokkyoku, “North Pole”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)

compound

Volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean, Iceland

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド


ウィニペグ湖

ウィニペグ湖 (canonical)
Winipegu-Ko (romanization)

Winnipeg, Lake Winnipeg (a large lake in Manitoba, Canada)


アディジェ川

アディジェ川 (canonical)
Adijegawa (romanization)


ドナウ川

ドナウ川 (canonical)
Donaugawa (romanization)


アマゾン川

アマゾン川 (canonical)
Amazongawa (romanization)


コンゴ川

コンゴ川 (canonical)
Kongogawa (romanization)


ネス湖

From ネス (Nesu) + 湖 (ko, “lake”), calque of English Loch Ness, from Scottish Gaelic Loch Nis.


ウィニペグ

Winnipeg (the capital city of Manitoba, Canada)

Lake of the Woods
Lake of the Woods#English

Winnipeg, Winnipeg River (a river that flows 813 km from Lake of the Woods, Ontario, Canada into Lake Winnipeg)


大西洋

ja-pos

大(たい)西(せい)洋(よう) • (Taiseiyō) ^(←たいせいやう (Taiseiyau)?)

大西洋 (canonical)
Taiseiyō (romanization)
Taiseiyau (romanization)
たいせいやう (hiragana historical)


ドン川

[dõ̞ŋɡa̠β̞a̠]

Don (a river, the fifth-longest in Europe, in Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd and Rostov Oblasts, Russia)


太平洋

太(たい)平(へい)洋(よう) • (Taiheiyō) ^(←たいへいやう (Taifeiyau)?)

太平洋 (canonical)
Taiheiyō (romanization)
Taifeiyau (romanization)
たいへいやう (hiragana historical)


ニューファンドランド

ja:ニューファンドランド


ニューファンドランド

ja:ニューファンドランド


米国

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nippo Jisho
Shinmura Izuru
ja:日葡辞書
米国

Appears to be a coinage in Japanese of Middle Chinese derived elements, as a compound of 米 (bei, “rice”) + 國 (koku, “country”).
First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the 日葡辞書 (Nippo Jisho, “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”, formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”). The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.
By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.
The "America" sense is cited first in 1869.
* This is often explained as using the 米 (“rice”) character as a shortening of the phonetic kanji spelling 亜米利加 (Amerika, “America”), purportedly as used in the 1854 Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity.
* However, the Japanese text of the treaty does not actually include this spelling, rendering this instead as either 米利堅 (Meriken, apparent clipping of “American”) or 亞墨利加 (Amerika).
* Considering that 米利堅 (Meriken) was a common form of the country name from the time of the 1854 treaty up through the early 1900s, this seems the more likely source of the 米 character.

United States of America (a country in North America)


北海

北(ほっ)海(かい) • (Hokkai) ^(←ほくかい (Fokukai)?)

北海 (canonical)
Hokkai (romanization)
Fokukai (romanization)
ほくかい (hiragana historical)


地中海

地中海 (canonical)
Chichūkai (romanization)

[t͡ɕi̥t͡ɕɨːka̠i]

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

the Mediterranean Sea (a sea between Europe and Africa)


南極

[nã̠ŋʲkʲo̞kɯ̟]


真珠湾

真珠湾 (canonical)
Shinjuwan (romanization)

真珠 (shinju, “pearl”) + 湾 (wan, “harbor”). Calque of English Pearl Harbor.


中華

(usually in compounds) China, Chinese (adjective)


ブルンジ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟̃ɲ̟d͡ʑi]


フィジー

ja-pos

フィジー • (Fijī)

Borrowed from English Fiji, ultimately from Fijian Viti Levu ("Great Viti").

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


ブルネイ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ne̞ː]


トルクメニスタン

[to̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟me̞ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


エジプト

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


フィリピン

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲĩɴ]


カザフスタン

[ka̠za̠ɸɯ̟sɨ̥tã̠ɴ]

Borrowed from Russian Казахстан (Kazaxstan).

bor+

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


ポルトガル

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


チリ

Borrowed from Portuguese Chile, ultimately from Quechua chili (“the end of the world”).


シンガポール

[ɕĩŋɡa̠po̞ːɾɯ̟]

From English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”). Doublet of シンガプーラ (shingapūra).

compound

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


ニュージーランド

ja-pos

ニュージーランド • (Nyū Jīrando)

New Zealand (a country and archipelago in Oceania, to the east of Australia)


モンゴル

From Mongolian ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol), Монгол (Mongol).


イタリア

Ultimately borrowed from Italian Italia, likely via Portuguese Itália or Dutch Italië.


ロシア

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).

1998 December 18 [1977 August 15], Fyodor Dostoyevsky with Tezuka, Osamu, 罪と罰 [Crime and Punishment], 10th edition (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 8:

This story takes place on the eve of a revolution, in the town of Petersburg where there is but decadence and poverty under the rule of the Russian monarchy...

この物語は革命前夜の帝政ロシアにおいて退廃と貧困にあけくれたぺテルブルグの町に起こった……

Kono monogatari wa kakumei zen'ya no teisei Roshia ni oite taihan to hinkon ni akekureta Peteruburugu no machi ni okotta……

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

Daijirin
Kōjien
Russia
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ロシア


アルゼンチン

[a̠ɾɯ̟zẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕĩɴ]

Borrowed either from French Argentine, or from the first half of English Argentine Republic.
Early transcriptions of foreign words may have used ゼ (ze) for /(d)ʒe/ more often. Compare also different transcriptions of the word angel: エンゼル (enzeru) and エンジェル (enjeru); or ロサンゼルス (Rosanzerusu, “Los Angeles”).


北朝鮮

北(きた)朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Kita Chōsen) ^(←きたてうせん (Kita Teusen)?)

北朝鮮 (canonical)
Kita Chōsen (romanization)
Kita Teusen (romanization)
きたてうせん (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥ta̠ t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Compound of 北 (kita-, “north”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 북조선 (Bukjoseon).

prefix

国連本部に連絡して安全保障理事会を召集しろ！テロリストの国籍にかかわらず船が北朝鮮に向かうことが確実になれば武力行使の同意をとらなければならない

1998 May 8, Kenshi Hirokane, “議その147 「膠着状態(デッドロック)」 [Debate 147: ‘Deadlock’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 18 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 17:

Contact the UN headquarters and convene the Security Council! Regardless of the terrorists’ nationality, if the ship is verified to be heading toward North Korea, we must get approved to use force

Kokuren honbu ni renraku shite Anzen Hoshō Rijikai o shōshū shiro! Terorisuto no kokuseki ni kakawarazu fune ga Kitachōsen ni mukau koto ga kakujitsu ni nareba buryoku kōshi no dōi o toranakere ba naranai

Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

Democratic People's Republic of North Korea


イラク

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イラン

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


新世界

新世界 (canonical)
Shinsekai (romanization)

From 新 (shin-, “new”) + 世界 (sekai, “world”).


オランダ

→ Korean: 화란 (Hwaran)

→ Okinawan: ウランダ (uranda)

→ Vietnamese: Hoà Lan

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:オランダ
ja:松村明

From Portuguese Holanda (“Holland”). Note that some sources give the erroneous Portuguese source spelling as Olanda (which is actually Italian), likely because the Portuguese h is silent. Compare Chinese 荷蘭／荷兰 (Hélán) of the same meaning.

Holland (a traditional region in the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)

2002 September 17, Motohiro Katou, “Saiyaku no Otoko [Bummer Guy]”, in Q.E.D. Shōmei Shūryō [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 89:

Hold on! Is this really a Dutch ship? The flag on this ship isn’t the Dutch flag, is it!?

待てよ！これは本当にオランダの船か？船についてる旗 あれはオランダの国旗じゃないぞ‼

Mate yo! Kore wa hontō ni Oranda no fune ka? Fune ni tsuite ru hata are wa Oranda no kokki ja nai zo‼


天の川

ja-pos

天(てん)の川(かわ) • (Ten no Kawa) ^(←てんのかは (Ten no Kafa)?)

天の川 (canonical)
Ten no Kawa (romanization)
Ten no Kafa (romanization)
てんのかは (hiragana historical)

From 天 (ten, “heaven”) + の (no, possessive/attributive particle) + 川 (kawa, “river”).


ブータン

ja-pos

ブータン • (Būtan)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


クック諸島

クック諸島 (canonical)
Kukkushotō (romanization)

Cook Islands
Cook Islands#English:_Q26988

Cook Islands (An archipelago and self-governing country in Oceania, in free association with New Zealand)


東ティモール

東ティモール (canonical)
Higashi Timōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


ミクロネシア

Micronesia (a geographical region of Oceania)

Micronesia (A country consisting of about 2000 islands in Oceania)


モルディブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


トルコ

From Portuguese turco (“Turkish; Turk”, adjective; noun)

der

Turkey (a country located in Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:トルコ
ja:松村明


マーシャル諸島

マーシャル諸島 (canonical)
Māsharu shotō (romanization)

マーシャル (Māsharu, “Marshall”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Marshall Islands

com

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English:_Q709

Marshall Islands (A country consisting of two archipelagos in Micronesia, in Oceania)


南アフリカ

南アフリカ (canonical)
Minami Afurika (romanization)

南 (minami, “south”) + アフリカ (Afurika, “Africa”)

af

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


カンボジア

ja-pos

カンボジア • (Kanbojia) ^(←カンボヂア (Kanbodia)?)

Kanbojia (romanization)
Kanbodia (romanization)
カンボヂア (historical katakana)

Borrowed from English Cambodia. Doublet of 南瓜.


バングラデシュ

[bã̠ŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠de̞ɕɨ]


アメリカ合衆国

アメリカ がっしゅうこく

アメリカ合(がっ)衆(しゅう)国(こく) • (Amerika Gasshūkoku)

アメリカ合衆国 (canonical)
Amerika Gasshūkoku (romanization)

[a̠me̞ɾʲika̠ ɡa̠ɕːɨːko̞kɯ̟]

アメリカ (Amerika, “America, United States”) + 合衆国 (gasshūkoku, “federal state”).

af

United States of America (a country in North America)


欧州

欧州 (canonical)
Ōshū (romanization)
Ousiu (romanization)
おうしう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 歐洲／欧洲 (Ōuzhōu).
州 is a daiyōji replacing 洲.


アルジェリア

[a̠ɾɯ̟ʑe̞ɾʲia̠]


ベルリン

ja:ベルリン (曖昧さ回避)

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)


アフガニスタン

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɡa̠ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


アルメニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟me̞ɲ̟ia̠]

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


アンドラ

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


ワシントン

Washington (a state of the United States)


アルバニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟ba̠ɲ̟ia̠]


ブラジル

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾɯ̟]

Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


アンティグア・バーブーダ

ja-pos

アンティグア・バーブーダ • (Antigua Bābūda)

[ã̠ntʲiɡɯ̟a̠ ba̠ːbɯ̟ːda̠]

アンティグア (Antigua, “Antigua”) + バーブーダ (Bābūda, “Barbuda”), calque of English Antigua and Barbuda

ja-compound

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

Antigua and Barbuda (a country in the Caribbean)

ja:アンティグア・バーブーダ


米州

ja-noun

米(べい)州(しゅう) • (beishū) ^(←べいしう (beisiu)?)

米州 (canonical)
beishū (romanization)
beisiu (romanization)
べいしう (hiragana historical)

the Americas (two continents, North America and South America)


英国

From Middle Chinese 英國 (MC 'jaeng kwok). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.


ベルギー

[be̞ɾɯ̟ɡʲiː]

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)

Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:ベルギー
ja:松村明


アオテアロア

Aotearoa (the most widely known and accepted Māori name for New Zealand)


ベラルーシ

[be̞ɾa̠ɾɯ̟ːɕi]

Internationalism. Either borrowed from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ) or from Russian Белару́сь (Belarúsʹ).


バルバドス

From Portuguese Barbados (literally “Bearded”).

bor

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


アゼルバイジャン

[a̠ze̞ɾɯ̟ba̠iʑã̠ɴ]

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


入來

ja-pos

入(いり)來(き) or 入(いり)來(く) • (Iriki or Iriku)

入來 (canonical)
入來 (canonical)
Iriki (romanization)
Iriku (romanization)

Iriki (a former town in Satsuma district, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, merged into the city of Satsumasendai in 2004)


ベナン

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


ソビエト連邦

ソビエト連邦 (canonical)
Sobieto Renpō (romanization)

ソビエト (sobieto, “soviet”) + 連邦 (renpō, “union; federation; confederation”)
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

af

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦#Japanese

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(historical) Short for ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (Sobieto Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku Renpō, “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”); Soviet Union (a former country)


東欧

ja-pos

東(とう)欧(おう) • (Tōō)

Compound of 東(とう) (tō, “east; eastern”) + 欧(おう) (ō, “Europe”).


南極大陸

南極大陸 (canonical)
nankyoku-tairiku (romanization)


ソマリア

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


国会

ja-pos

国(こっ)会(かい) • (Kokkai) ^(←こくくわい (Kokukwai)?)

国会 (canonical)
Kokkai (romanization)
Kokukwai (romanization)
こくくわい (hiragana historical)

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

Meronyms: 参議院 (Sangiin), 衆議院 (Shūgiin)

the National Diet (Japan's bicameral legislature)

the Cortes Generales (Spain's bicameral legislature)

the Parliament (France's bicameral legislature; Sri Lanka's and Singapore's unicameral legislature)


国会

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

the National Assembly (South Korea's unicameral legislature)


国会

ja:国会 (日本)
ja:国会 (曖昧さ回避)

the National Assembly (Vietnam's unicameral legislature)


合衆国

合衆国 (canonical)
Gasshūkoku (romanization)

[ɡa̠ɕːɨːko̞kɯ̟]

From Literary Chinese 合眾國 (hézhòngguó), from 合 (“union”) + 眾國 (“democratic state”), which is a calque of English United States, probably coined by Elijah Coleman Bridgman before 1844. Soon rebracketed as 合衆(がっしゅう) (gasshū, “assembly of people”) and 国(こく) (koku, “state”).

lang

訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」

訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」

第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会

第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会

ja-r

アメリカ合衆国 アメリカ合衆国#Japanese

United States of America
United States of America#English

Short for アメリカ合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku): United States of America (a country in North America)

北米合衆国

北米合衆国 ほくべいがっしゅうこく


フィンランド

[ɸʲĩn̺ɾã̠ndo̞]

2001 January 23, Masami Kurumada, “黄金(ゴールド)聖衣(クロス)の巻(まき) [Gold Cloths]”, in Saint(セイント)星(セイ)矢(ヤ) [Saint Seiya], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 106:

I’m back, Miss. The 7th Cloth has arrived from Finland.

お嬢さま ただいま フィンランドより７つめの聖衣がとどきました

Ojō-sama tadaima Finrando yori nanatsume no Kurosu ga todokimashita


ウェールズ

ja-pos

ウェールズ • (Wēruzu)

[β̞e̞ːɾɯ̟zɨ]

ja:ウェールズ (曖昧さ回避)


ウズベキスタン

[ɯ̟zɨbe̞kʲisɨtã̠ɴ]


イングランド

[ĩŋɡɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞]


ウガンダ

From English Uganda, from Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


グルジア

[ɡɯ̟ɾɯ̟ʑia̠]

From Russian Гру́зия (Grúzija). Officially displaced by ジョージア in April 2015. Compare Korean 그루지야 (Geurujiya).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

ジョージア ジョージア#Japanese

(obsolete in formal contexts) Synonym of ジョージア: Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


スロベニア

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


ネパール

[ne̞pa̠ːɾɯ̟]

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


チェコ

Clipping of チェコスロバキア (Chekosurobakia, “Czechoslovakia”), from English Czecho-. Compare Mandarin 捷克 (Jiékè), Korean 체코 (Cheko).

clipping

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe)


イスラエル

[isɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)

(biblical) Israel (A Biblical region of Western Asia roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel, known in the Bible as the Land of Israel and considered the ancestral homeland of the Jewish people)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern State of Israel and the Land of Israel)

(historical) Israel (an ancient kingdom that occupied the northern part of the Land of Israel and modern State of Israel, as distinct from Judah)


陰陽師

ja-noun

陰(おん)陽(みょう)師(じ) • (onmyōji) ^(←おんみやうじ (onmyauzi)?)

陰陽師 (canonical)
onmyōji (romanization)
onmyauzi (romanization)
おんみやうじ (hiragana historical)

[õ̞mʲːo̞ːʑi]

/omjauzi/ → */omʉjauzi/ → /omɨjauzi/ → /omʲːauʑi/ → /oɴmjɔːʑi/ → /oɴmjoːʑi/
Attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
Shift from on'yōji below.
The yō reading for 陽 changes to myō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

a practitioner of 陰陽道 (onmyōdō, “esoteric cosmology based on Chinese philosophy and traditional Japanese occult practices”)


陰陽師

ja-noun

陰(おん)陽(よう)師(じ) • (on'yōji) ^(←おんやうじ (on'yauzi)?)

陰陽師 (canonical)
on'yōji (romanization)
on'yauzi (romanization)
おんやうじ (hiragana historical)
おみょうじ (alternative hiragana)
omyōji (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
おみやうじ (alternative hiragana historical)

[õ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːʑi]

From 陰陽 (on'yō, “yin-yang”) + 師 (-shi, “-ian, -ist”).
The shi changes to ji as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
There is also a variant spelling: /omjauzi/ → */omʉjauzi/ → /omɨjauzi/ → /omjauzi/ → /omjɔːʑi/ → /omjɔːʑi/

suf

Chinese-influenced astrology
Chinese astrology

(historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a position in the 陰陽寮 (On'yōryō) who specialized in Chinese-influenced astrology, cosmology, divination, and other occult practices

a practitioner of 陰陽道 (on'yōdō, “esoteric cosmology based on Chinese philosophy and traditional Japanese occult practices”)


薩摩

薩摩川内

薩摩川内 さつませんだい

(薩摩郡) Satsuma (a district of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

(薩摩町 or さつま町) Satsuma (a town in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

Satsuma Province, an old province of Japan


筑前

[t͡ɕikɯ̟zẽ̞ɴ]

Chikuzen Province, an ancient province of Japan near Fukuoka


中華民国

中華民国 (canonical)
Chūka Minkoku (romanization)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 中華民國／中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó).


ラクロス

[ɾa̠kɯ̟ɾo̞sɨ]

From English lacrosse, LaCrosse, La Crosse, from Canadian French la crosse (literally “the stick”).

der

La Crosse (a river in the United States)


ナウル

Nauru (a country and island in Oceania, in the Pacific Ocean)


モザンビーク

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


モンテネグロ

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


ミャンマー

ja-pos

ミャンマー • (Myanmā)


パラオ

Ultimately from Palauan Belau (“Palau”).

Palau (A country consisting of around 340 islands in Micronesia, in Oceania)


ナイジェリア

Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


ガーナ

ガーナ • (Gāna)


ギニアビサウ

[ɡʲiɲ̟ia̠ bʲisa̠ɯ̟]

Guinea-Bissau (a country in West Africa)


エチオピア

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 280:

I have come back from the expedition to Ethiopia. Due to some circumstances, I have been through quite some tough times along the way.

エチオピア遠征の帰路 事情あって道中に難儀をしております

Echiopia ensei no kiro Wakeatte dōchū ni nangi o shite orimasu


パレスチナ

Learned borrowing from Latin Palaestīna.

Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:パレスチナ
ja:松村明


ハンガリー

[hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː]


半島

讀賣ニュース燒付版 (3 December 1944) :File:Kaoru Airborne Raiding Detachment.jpg
寫眞は還らざる輸送機に搭乗出撃する薫空挺隊の勇士。この神兵の中には臺灣、半島出身の若武者があり、不滅の偉勲を樹てたのである。
Shashin wa kaerazaru yusōki ni tōjō shutsugeki suru Kaoru Kūteitai no yūshi. Kono shinpei no naka ni wa Taiwan, Hantō shusshin no wakamusha ga ari, fumetsu no ikun wo tateta no de aru.
This image is of the brave heroes of the Kaoru Kûteitai who boarded the transport plane to attack, never to come back. Among our divine troops are young warriors from Taiwan and the Peninsula; they have made imperishable achievements for our Empire.

薫空挺隊 かをるくうていたい

(specifically) Short for 朝鮮半島 (Chōsen Hantō, “Korean Peninsula”).


デンマーク

[dẽ̞mːa̠ːkɯ̟]


ラトビア

Ultimately from Latvian Latvija, possibly via English Latvia


オマーン

オマーン • (Omān)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


クウェート

クウェート • (Kuwēto)

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


サウジアラビア

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


パラグアイ

ja-pron

(Tokyo) パラグアイ [páꜜràgùàì] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [pa̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟a̠i]


ルワンダ

[ɾɯ̟β̞ã̠nda̠]


北アイルランド

北アイルランド (canonical)
Kita Airurando (romanization)

Calque of English Northern Ireland: 北 (kita, “Northern”) + アイルランド (Airurando, “Ireland”)


カメルーン

[ka̠me̞ɾɯ̟̃ːɴ]


ブルガリア

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡa̠ɾʲia̠]

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


モルジブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


ギニア

ja:ギニア (曖昧さ回避)


独立国家共同体

ja-pos

どくりつ こっか きょうどうたい

独(どく)立(りつ)国(こっ)家(か)共(きょう)同(どう)体(たい) • (Dokuritsu Kokka Kyōdōtai)

独立国家共同体 (canonical)
Dokuritsu Kokka Kyōdōtai (romanization)

Commonwealth of Independent States
Commonwealth of Independent States

(country) Commonwealth of Independent States


パプアニューギニア

[pa̠pɯ̟a̠ɲ̟ɨːɡʲiɲ̟ia̠]

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English:_Q691

ja:パプアニューギニア


ノルウェー

ノルウェー • (Noruwē)

[no̞ɾɯ̟β̞e̞ː]


ルーマニア

[ɾɯ̟ːma̠ɲ̟ia̠]

Borrowing from English Rumania, ultimately from Romanian Rumânia, the older spelling of modern România.


ペルシア

[pe̞ɾɯ̟ɕia̠]

My name is Sarc! Servant of Cambyses!! The King of Kings of Persia, son of Cyrus, celebrated by Ahura Mazda!!

わが名はサルク！主はカンビュセス‼キュロスの子アフラ・マズダのよみし給う者ペルシア王にして諸王の王‼

Waga na wa Saruku! Aruji wa Kanbyusesu‼ Kyurosu no ko Afura Mazuda no yomishitamau mono Perushia Ō ni shite Shōō no Ō‼


ロシア連邦

ロシア連邦 (canonical)
Roshia Renpō (romanization)

[ɾo̞ɕia̠ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

From ロシア (Roshia, “Russia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

af

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English

Russian Federation (a co-official name of Russia, a country in Eastern Europe and Asia)

(historical, informal) Russian Federation (alternative name of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, a former republic of the Soviet Union)


ジャマイカ

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 雲南／云南 (Yúnnán)


雲南

Analyzable as a compound of 雲 (un, “Short for 出雲”) + 南 (nan, “south”). Thus the term can be translated literally as "Southern part of Izumo Province".

com

Unnan (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


エロマンガ島

エロマンガ島 (canonical)
Eromangatō (romanization)

[e̞ɾo̞mã̠ŋɡa̠to̞ː]


廈門

zh-l

廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén)

Xiamen, Amoy (a subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China)


廈門

Borrowed from Portuguese Amoy, in turn from Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi).

zh-m

廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi)

Amoy, Xiamen (a subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China)


サンフランシスコ

Borrowed from Spanish San Francisco (“Saint Francis”).

San Francisco (a city in California, United States)

桑港

San Francisco, California, United States


ロサンゼルス

[ɾo̞sã̠nd͡ze̞ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Borrowed from English Los Angeles via an older transcription. A modern transcription would be *ロスアンジェレス (Rosu Anjeresu).
Ultimately from Spanish Los Ángeles (literally “The Angels”). Doublet of ロス・アンヘレス (Rosu Anheresu).

der

ja:ロサンゼルス (曖昧さ回避)

Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)

census-designated place
census-designated place

Los Angeles (a census-designated place in Willacy County, Texas, United States)

Los Angeles (an unincorporated community in La Salle County, Texas, United States)

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

Los Angeles County (a county of California, United States)

Los Angeles River
Los Angeles River#English

Los Angeles River (a river in California, United States)


日中

[ɲ̟it̚t͡ɕɨː]

日 (“Japan”) + 中 (“China”) or blend of 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 中国 (Chūgoku, “China”)

blend

日中関係

日中共同声明

日中経済協会


海洋

海洋 (canonical)
kaiyō (romanization)
kaiyau (romanization)
かいやう (hiragana historical)


山東

山東 (canonical)
Santō (romanization)
Santou (romanization)
さんとう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 山東 (MC srean tuwng).


山東

Alternative form of 山東 (Santō, “Shandong (a province of China)”)


山東

(obsolete) east of the Rockies (a region of the United States)


桑港

ja-pos

桑(そう)港(こう) • (Sōkō)

1929 June 2, “健康診斷係醫 勞慰午餐會”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3:

桑港日本人會

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

(obsolete) San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


桑港

桑港 (canonical)
San Furanshisuko (romanization)

1902, “第2章 海外移民の状況”, in 海外出稼案内:

桑港及び沙都の両地

San Furanshisuko oyobi Shiatoru no ryōchi

1929 June 2, “受診者百九十名中 齒の疾患再多數”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3:

桑港日本人會

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

サンフランシスコ サンフランシスコ#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of サンフランシスコ (San Furanshisuko, “San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).


静岡

静(しず)岡(おか) • (Shizuoka) ^(←しづをか (Sidwoka)?)

静岡 (canonical)
Shizuoka (romanization)
Sidwoka (romanization)
しづをか (hiragana historical)

Shizuoka (the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


支那

支那 (canonical)
支那 (canonical)
Shina (romanization)

Qin (state)
Qin Dynasty
Shina (word)
ja:支那

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

支那竹: menma

cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping

(prewar, often considered derogatory, offensive in modern speech, ethnic slur) China

prewar; often considered derogatory; prewar; often considered derogatory


全国人民代表大会

ぜんこく じんみん だいひょう たいかい

全(ぜん)国(こく)人(じん)民(みん)代(だい)表(ひょう)大(たい)会(かい) • (Zenkoku Jinmin Daihyō Taikai)

全国人民代表大会 (canonical)
Zenkoku Jinmin Daihyō Taikai (romanization)


海南

Kainan (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


海南

Hainan (an island in the South China Sea)

Hainan (a district of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, China)


海南

海(かい)南(なん) or 海(ヘ)南(ナム) • (Kainan or Henamu)

海南 (canonical)
海南 (canonical)
Kainan (romanization)
Henamu (romanization)

Haenam (a county of South Jeolla Province, South Korea)