上海

Borrowed from English Shanghai, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi).

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Shanghai
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:上海市


揚州

ja-pos

揚(よう)州(しゅう) • (Yōshū)

Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


中京

中(ちゅう)京(きょう) • (Chūkyō) ^(←ちゅうきゃう (Tyuukyau)?)

中京 (canonical)
Chūkyō (romanization)
Tyuukyau (romanization)
ちゅうきゃう (hiragana historical)

中 (“mid-”) + 京 (“capital”). Nagoya is the "Central Capital", between 東京 (Tōkyō, literally “Eastern Capital”) and 西京 (Saikyō, “Kyoto”, literally “Western Capital”).

Chūkyō (a metropolitan area in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture)


中京

中(なか)京(ぎょう) • (Nakagyō) ^(←なかぎゃう (Nakagyau)?)

中京 (canonical)
Nakagyō (romanization)
Nakagyau (romanization)
なかぎゃう (hiragana historical)

Nakagyō (a ward of Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture)


セブアノ語

セブアノ語 (canonical)
Sebuano-go (romanization)


ウィーン

ウィーン • (Wīn)

From German Wien. Doublet of ヴィエンナ (Vienna) and ヴィエンヌ (Viennu, “Vienne”).

doublet

Wien (a river in Austria, flowing through Vienna)


スイス

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:スイス
ja:松村明


長江

ja-pos

長(ちょう)江(こう) • (Chōkō) ^(←ちやうかう (Tyaukau)?)

長江 (canonical)
Chōkō (romanization)
Tyaukau (romanization)
ちやうかう (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːko̞ː]

From Chinese 長江／长江 (Cháng Jiāng, literally “long river”).


青山

ja-pos

青(あお)山(やま) • (Aoyama) ^(←あをやま (Awoyama)?)

青山 (canonical)
Aoyama (romanization)
Awoyama (romanization)
あをやま (hiragana historical)

Compound of 青 (ao, “blue or green; lush with life”) + 山 (yama, “mountain”).

compound

So named as the land was deeded to Aoyama Tadanari (青山忠成, d. 1613; Wikipedia article) by Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康, d. 1616; Wikipedia article)

Aoyama (a neighborhood in the north of Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan)

Aoyama (a former town in the Naga District, Mie Prefecture, Japan)

Aoyama, Aoyama Station (a railway station in the city of Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


青山

From Middle Chinese 青山 (tsheng srɛn, literally “green or blue + mountain or hill”). Compare modern Min Nan reading chheng-san, or Mandarin reading qīngshān.
The 山 character is read san ordinarily. The san changes to zan as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Qingshan (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)

Qingshan (a district of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China)

Qingshan (several towns, townships and subdistricts in China)


洛陽

ja-pos

洛(らく)陽(よう) • (Rakuyō) ^(←らくやう (Rakuyau)?)

洛陽 (canonical)
Rakuyō (romanization)
Rakuyau (romanization)
らくやう (hiragana historical)

Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


徐州

Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


中山

中山 (canonical)
Nakayama (romanization)
中山 (canonical)
Chūzan (romanization)

Chūzan (a former kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands, existing from 1314 to 1429)


杭州

杭(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


杭州

To distinguish it orally with 広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū).

ja-r

広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū)


中華人民共和国

ja-pos

ちゅうか じんみん きょうわこく

ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく

中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (Tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku)?)

中華人民共和国 (canonical)
Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku (romanization)
ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːka̠ d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 中華 (Chūka, “China”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), from Chinese 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó).

zh-l

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China


高岡

Takaoka (a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


許昌

Xuchang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


河南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河南 (Hénán).

obor

Henan (a province of China; capital: Zhengzhou)

The region south to the Yellow River, China.


河南

ja-pos

河(かわ)南(みなみ) • (Kawaminami) ^(←かはみなみ (Kafaminami)?)

河(かわ)南(なみ) • (Kawanami) ^(←かはなみ (Kafanami)?)

河南 (canonical)
Kanan (romanization)
河南 (canonical)
Kawana (romanization)
Kafana (romanization)
かはな (hiragana historical)
河南 (canonical)
Kawaminami (romanization)
Kafaminami (romanization)
かはみなみ (hiragana historical)
河南 (canonical)
Kawanami (romanization)
Kafanami (romanization)
かはなみ (hiragana historical)

Kanan (a town in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)

A neighborhood of Miyako, Iwate Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Imabari, Ehime Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fuchū, Hiroshima Prefecture.

Kawaminami (a neighborhood of Kaga, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)

Kawanami (a neighborhood of Maibara, Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


定州

Dingzhou (a city in Baoding, Hebei, China)


富士山

Daijirin
Daijisen
Mount Fuji
ja:富士山
ja:松村明

Compound of 富士 (Fuji, the mountain's name) + 山 (san, “mountain, Mount”, generally only read as san in place names).

af

Mount Fuji, the tallest mountain in Japan


富士山

Daijirin
Daijisen
Mount Fuji
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:富士山
ja:松村明

Compound of 富士 (Fuji, the mountain's name) + 山 (yama, “mountain”), using the kun'yomi of yama for the last character.
This reading is much less common, and is not listed in many monolingual Japanese dictionaries. It might be considered proscribed by some.

compound

(uncommon, possibly proscribed) Mount Fuji, the tallest mountain in Japan


川崎

→ Chinese: 川崎 (Chuānqí)

→ English: Kawasaki

→ Russian: Каваса́ки m (Kavasáki)

Compound of 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 崎(さき) (saki, “headland”). Literally, “river cape”.

ja-com

Kawasaki (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; ward of Kawasaki; station in Kawasaki); also:

A town in Tagawa district, Fukuoka Prefecture; place in Kawasaki.

A town in Shibata district, Miyagi Prefecture.

A place in Gojōme and Hachirōgata, Minamiakita district, Akita Prefecture.

A place in Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A place in Hiji, Hayami district, Ōita Prefecture.

A place in Ōkawa, Tosa district, Kōchi Prefecture.

A place in Hanyū, Hannō and Fujimino, Saitama Prefecture.

A place in Agano, Nagaoka and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

A place in Yahiko, Nishikanbara district, Niigata Prefecture.

A place in Makkari, Abuta district, Hokkaido prefecture.


長沙

長沙 (canonical)
Chōsa (romanization)
Tyausa (romanization)
ちやうさ (hiragana historical)

ja:長沙 (曖昧さ回避)

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)

Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)

(historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)

Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)

Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


川端

ja-noun

川(かわ)端(ばた) • (kawabata) ^(←かはばた (kafabata)?)

川端 (canonical)
kawabata (romanization)
kafabata (romanization)
かはばた (hiragana historical)

川(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 端(はた) (hata, “edge”)

ja-compound

Aru cauabatani vôcamemo, fitcujimo mizzuuo nomuni, ...
[ある川端にオオカメも、ヒツジも水を飲むに、…]

1593: Esopono fabulas (Aesop's Fables), "Vôcameto, fitcujino tatoyeno coto" (The Wolf and The Lamb)

On a certain riverbank, a wolf and a sheep go to drink water)

Ripa, æ: ribera y orilla de rio. cavãbata.

1632: Diego Collado, Dictionarium Sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae Compendium, p. 117 (mislabelled 118)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


平原

帝国平原

帝国平原 ていこくへいげん

サクラメント平原

ガーデナ平原


ニカラグア

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


コスタリカ

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


モルドヴァ

Alternative form of モルドバ (Morudoba): Moldova (a country in Eastern Europe)


ボリビア

ja-pron

(Tokyo) ボリビア [bóꜜrìbìà] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [bo̞ɾʲibʲia̠]


セルビア

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


フランス領ギアナ

ja-pos

^フランス-りょう ^ギアナ

フランス領ギアナ (canonical)
Furansu-ryō Giana (romanization)

French Guiana
French Guiana#English:_Q3769

administrative region
administrative region

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


クロアチア

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


フォークランド諸島

^フォークランド しょとう

フォークランド諸島 (canonical)
Fōkurando shotō (romanization)

Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands#English:_Q9648

Falkland Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic)


グアテマラ

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


サン・マリノ

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


チェコ共和国

チェコ共和国 (canonical)
Cheko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

チェコ (Cheko, “Czechia”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴヴィナ

ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ#Japanese

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Alternative form of ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ (Bosunia Herutsegobina): Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


リヒテンシュタイン

[ɾʲiçitẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨta̠ĩɴ]

Borrowed from German Liechtenstein (literally “Lightstone”).

bor+

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)

ja:リヒテンシュタイン


ペルー

ja-pos

ペルー • (Perū)


ルクセンブルグ

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)

Luxembourg (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)


ウクライナ

[ɯ̟kɯ̟ɾa̠ina̠]

Borrowed from Ukrainian Украї́на (Ukrajína)

bor+

「ウクライナに栄光あれ！英雄たちに栄光あれ！」

“Ukuraina ni eikō are! Eiyū tachi ni eikō are!”

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


エルサルバドル

[e̞ɾɯ̟ sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

From Spanish El Salvador (literally “The Savior”).

bor

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


ウルグアイ

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡɯ̟a̠i]


マケドニア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía)

lbor

2001 March 10 [1998 December 16], Motohiro Katou, “ミネルヴァの梟(ふくろう) [Owl of Minerva]”, in Ｑ.(キュー)Ｅ.(イー)Ｄ.(ディー) 証(しょう)明(めい)終(しゅう)了(りょう) [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], 9th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 102:

The king of clubs is Alexander the Great of Macedonia

クラブのＫはマケドニアのアレクサンダー大王

Kurabu no kingu wa Makedonia no Arekusandā Daiō

ja:マケドニア (曖昧さ回避)


エクアドル

[e̞kɯ̟a̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from Spanish Ecuador (“Equator”).


メキシコ

From English Mexico, from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco.

census-designated place
census-designated place

Jefferson Township
Jefferson Township#English

Mexico (a census-designated place in Jefferson Township, Miami County, Indiana, United States)

Crittenden County
Crittenden County#English

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Crittenden County, Kentucky, United States)

Mexico (a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Allegany County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Carroll County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (a city, the county seat of Audrain County, Missouri, United States)

Mexico (a town and village in Oswego County, New York, United States)

Tymochtee Township
Tymochtee Township#English

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Tymochtee Township, Wyandot County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Walker Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Montour County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Mexico (a former unincorporated community in Hunt County, Texas, United States)


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア
ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

大コロンビア

コロンビア合衆国


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina)

Columbia (a river in the United States and Canada)


山本

Yamamoto (a district of Akita Prefecture, Japan)


吉田

Yoshida (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


小林

Kobayashi (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


松本

Matsumoto (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


山口

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 口 (guchi, “mouth; opening, gateway”). The kuchi changes to guchi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

compound

Yamaguchi (the capital city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


坂田

ja-pos

坂(さか)田(た) or 坂(さか)田(だ) • (Sakata or Sakada)

坂田 (canonical)
坂田 (canonical)
Sakata (romanization)
Sakada (romanization)


藤沢

Fujisawa (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


硫黄島

硫黄(いおう)島(とう) • (Iōtō) ^(←いわうたう (Iwautau)?)

硫黄島 (canonical)
Iōtō (romanization)
Iwautau (romanization)
いわうたう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 硫黄 (iō, “sulfur”) + 島 (-tō, “island”).

Iwo Jima (volcanic island in Japan’s Ogasawara Islands chain)


潮州

潮(ちょう)州(しゅう) • (Chōshū) ^(←てうしう (Teusiu)?)

潮州 (canonical)
Chōshū (romanization)
Teusiu (romanization)
てうしう (hiragana historical)

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)

Chaozhou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


潮州

潮州(チャオチョウ) • (Chaochō)

[t͡ɕa̠o̞t͡ɕo̞ː]

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)


天津

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


札幌

English: Sapporo

Russian: Са́ппоро m (Sápporo)

From Ainu サッ・ポロ・ペッ (sat poro pet, literally “dry, great river”). The kanji are ateji (当て字).

bor

札幌市: Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


福岡

ja-pos

福(ふく)岡(おか) • (Fukuoka) ^(←ふくをか (Fukwoka)?)

福岡 (canonical)
Fukuoka (romanization)
Fukwoka (romanization)
ふくをか (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟o̞ka̠]

Fukuoka (the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Fukuoka (a prefecture in northern Kyushu, Japan)

Fukuoka (several smaller localities in Japan)


八音

ja-noun

八(はち)音(おん) or 八(はっ)音(とん) or 八(はち)音(いん) or 八(はっ)音(ちん) • (hachion or hatton or hachiin or hatchin)

八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
八音 (canonical)
hachion (romanization)
hatton (romanization)
hachiin (romanization)
hatchin (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 八音. The on reading for 音 changes to ton as an instance of renjō (連声). The in reading for 音 changes to chin as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjo

(music) an ancient Chinese system of classifying musical instruments into eight materials


東山

東山 (canonical)
Higashiyama (romanization)

Several mountains or other places in Japan


東山

ja-pos

東(とう)山(さん) or 東山(とうざん) • (Tōsan or Tōzan)

東山 (canonical)
東山 (canonical)
Tōsan (romanization)
Tōzan (romanization)

東山地方 ― Tōsan chihō ― Tōsan region

東山道

Tōsandō, former district in central Japan


孔子

孔子 (canonical)
孔子 (canonical)
Kōshi (romanization)
Kuji (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 孔子 (MC khuwngX tsiX).


丘陵

ja-noun

丘(きゅう)陵(りょう) • (kyūryō) ^(←きうりよう (kiuryou)?)

丘陵 (canonical)
kyūryō (romanization)
kiuryou (romanization)
きうりよう (hiragana historical)


ニジェール

ja-pos

ニジェール • (Nijēru)

[ɲ̟iʑe̞ːɾɯ̟]

From French Niger. Doublet of ナイジャ (Naija).

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)

Niger (a major river in West Africa, that flows into the Gulf of Guinea in Nigeria)


メキシコシティ

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


ヨルダン

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


コンゴ

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)

Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


フェニックス

[ɸe̞ɲ̟ik̚kɯ̟sɨ̥]


イオニア海

イオニア海 (canonical)
Ionia Kai (romanization)

Ionian Sea (a sea between Italy and Greece)


黄海

黄(こう)海(かい) • (Kōkai) ^(←くゎうかい (Kwaukai)?)

黄海 (canonical)
Kōkai (romanization)
Kwaukai (romanization)
くゎうかい (hiragana historical)
黄海 (canonical)
Howanhai (romanization)


ユーフラテス川

ユーフラテス川 (canonical)
Yūfuratesugawa (romanization)


ヨーク

ヨーク • (Yōku)


ホワイトハウス

the White House (official residence of the President of the United States of America)


中欧

中(ちゅう)欧(おう) • (Chūō)


高麗

Goguryeo
Koma clan
Man'yōshū
ja:高麗 (曖昧さ回避)

⟨ko₂ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym.
Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, given the history of the Koma clan, Goguryeo migrants to Eastern Honshū during the 660s.

a compound of 高麗 + 作り

Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands; making; made thing

(historical) the Goguryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 37 BCE–668 CE

(archaic) Korea, the Korean Peninsula (used more commonly in compounds than as a standalone term)

(historical) a county in Saitama Prefecture (originally settled in the mid-600s CE by immigrants from the Korean Peninsula; abolished as an administrative entity in 1896)


高麗

高麗 (canonical)
kōrai (romanization)
kaurai (romanization)
かうらい (hiragana historical)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 高麗. Cognate with modern Korean 고려 (goryeo) and English Korea.
Appeared at least late 10th century with this reading, attested in the Utsubo Monogatari, c. 970-999.


高麗

高麗 (canonical)
Kōrai (romanization)
Kaurai (romanization)
かうらい (hiragana historical)

(historical) the Goryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 918–1392 CE

the Goguryeo kingdom; or generally a synonym of 朝鮮 (chōsen, “Korea”).


澳門

From English Macau or Portuguese Macau.
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 澳門／澳门 (Àomén).

Obsolete spelling of マカオ (“Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)”).


澳門

zh-m

澳門／澳门 (Àomén)

Synonym of マカオ (“Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)”)


ユダヤ

Learned borrowing from Latin Iūdaea. Alternatively, originally from Dutch Judea, followed by a later shift in pronunciation likely influenced by the ultimate Latin etymon Iūdaea.


台南

From Chinese 臺南／台南 (Táinán). Compare Mandarin 臺南／台南 (Táinán).


シカゴ

Chicago River
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:シカゴ (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)

Chicago (a river in Illinois, United States)


温州

ja-pos

温(おん)州(しゅう) or 温(うん)州(しゅう) • (Onshū or Unshū)

温州 (canonical)
温州 (canonical)
Onshū (romanization)
Unshū (romanization)

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


江戸川

江(え)戸(ど)川(がわ) • (Edogawa) ^(←えどがは (Edogafa)?)

江戸川 (canonical)
Edogawa (romanization)
Edogafa (romanization)
えどがは (hiragana historical)

From 江戸(えど) (Edo, old name of Tokyo) + 川(かわ) (kawa, suffix for names of rivers).

ja-compound

ja:江戸川 ja:江戸川区

Edogawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


小川

From 小 (o, "little," "nice") + 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook").


川原

川原 (canonical)
kawara (romanization)
kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)
かわはら (alternative hiragana)
kawahara (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
かははら (alternative hiragana historical)

ja:川原 (曖昧さ回避)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]


川原

川原 (canonical)
Kawara (romanization)
Kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)
^かわはら (alternative hiragana)
Kawahara (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
かははら (alternative hiragana historical)
^かわばる (alternative hiragana)
Kawabaru (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
川原 (canonical)
Kawahara (romanization)

ja:川原 (曖昧さ回避)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]


山川

Compound of 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river; stream”).


山川

Compound of 山(さん) (san, “mountain”) + 川(せん) (sen, “river; stream”).

山川草木

山川草木 さんせんそうもく

山川万里

山川万里 さんせんばんり


山川

Compound of 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river; stream”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

深山川蜻蛉: damselfly

深山川蜻蛉 みやまがわとんぼ


川口

[ka̠β̞a̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

From 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook") + 口 (kuchi, "mouthlike opening").

Kawaguchi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


グレナダ

Grenada (an island and country in the Caribbean)


ブルキナファソ

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


バーレーン

ja-pos

バーレーン • (Bārēn)

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


ビルマ

(historical) Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


ドイツ帝国

ドイツ帝国 (canonical)
Doitsu Teikoku (romanization)

ドイツ (Doitsu, “German”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”). Possibly coined as a calque of German Deutsches Kaiserreich

compound

Daijirin
Daijisen
German Empire
ja:ドイツ帝国
ja:松村明


滝川

ja-pos

滝川(たきかわ) • (Takikawa) ^(←たきかは (Takikafa)?)

滝(たき)川(がわ) • (Takigawa) ^(←たきがは (Takigafa)?)

滝川 (canonical)
Takikawa (romanization)
Takikafa (romanization)
たきかは (hiragana historical)
滝川 (canonical)
Takigawa (romanization)
Takigafa (romanization)
たきがは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 滝(たき) (taki, “waterfall”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..

ja-compound

Takikawa (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


ドミニカ

Commonwealth of Dominica
Commonwealth of Dominica


淀川

ja-pos

淀(よど)川(がわ) • (Yodogawa) ^(←よどがは (Yodogafa)?)

淀川 (canonical)
Yodogawa (romanization)
Yodogafa (romanization)
よどがは (hiragana historical)

From 淀(よど) (yodo, “pool, eddy”) + 川(かわ) (-kawa, suffix after names of rivers). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Yodo River (a river in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


セイシェル

Borrowed from English Seychelles, from French Seychelles.

セーシェル セーシェル#Japanese

Alternative form of セーシェル (Sēsheru): Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


サンピエール・ミクロン

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Saint Pierre and Miquelon, French archipelago


セネガル

[se̞ne̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


セーシェル

[se̞ːɕe̞ɾɯ̟]

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


ドミニカ共和国

ja-pos

ドミニカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Dominika Kyōwakoku)

ドミニカ共和国 (canonical)
Dominika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ドミニカ (Dominika, “Dominica”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


セルビア・モンテネグロ

ja-pos

^セルビア・^モンテネグロ

セルビア (Serubia, “Serbia”) + モンテネグロ (Monteneguro, “Montenegro”)

compound

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro

ja:セルビア・モンテネグロ


コンゴ共和国

コンゴ共和国 (canonical)
Kongo Kyōwakoku (romanization)

コンゴ (Kongo, “Congo”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English:_Q971

Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


ソロモン諸島

ソロモン諸島 (canonical)
Soromon Shotō (romanization)

ソロモン (Soromon, “Solomon”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Solomon Islands

com

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q685

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q148966

Solomon Islands (A country consisting of the majority of the Solomon Islands archipelago in Melanesia, in Oceania, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands)

Solomon Islands (An archipelago in Melanesia, split between the countries of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea)


セントキッツ・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント キッツ・ネイビス

Calque of English Saint Kitts and Nevis, equivalent to セントキッツ (Sento Kittsu, “Saint Kitts”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

セントクリストファー・ネイビス セントクリストファー・ネイビス#Japanese

Saint Christopher and Nevis
Saint Christopher and Nevis

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Synonym of セントクリストファー・ネイビス (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu, “Saint Christopher and Nevis”): Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)


セントクリストファー・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント クリストファー・ネイビス

セントクリストファー・ネイビス • (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu)

Calque of English Saint Christopher and Nevis, equivalent to セントクリストファー (Sento Kurisutofā, “Saint Christopher”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)

ja:セントクリストファー・ネイビス


南アフリカ共和国

ja-pos

みなみ アフリカ きょうわこく

南(みなみ)アフリカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku)

南アフリカ共和国 (canonical)
Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

南アフリカ (Minami Afurika, “South Africa”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Republic of South Africa
Republic of South Africa


東チモール

東チモール (canonical)
Higashi Chimōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


グレートブリテン島

ja-pos

グレート ブリテン とう

グレートブリテン島 (canonical)
Gurēto Buriten Tō (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟ɾe̞ːto̞bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞nto̞ː]

ja:グレートブリテン島


赤道ギニア

赤道ギニア (canonical)
Sekidō Ginia (romanization)

赤道 (sekidō, “equator”) + ギニア (Ginia, “Guinea”)

af

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English:_Q983

Equatorial Guinea (a country in Central Africa)


イエメン王国

イエメン王国 (canonical)
Iemen Ōkoku (romanization)


ポーランド共和国

ja-pos

ポーランド きょうわこく

ポーランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Pōrando Kyōwakoku)

ポーランド共和国 (canonical)
Pōrando Kyōwakoku (romanization)


アイスランド共和国

アイスランド きょうわこく

アイスランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Aisurando Kyōwakoku)

アイスランド共和国 (canonical)
Aisurando Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[a̠isɨɾã̠ndo̞ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

ja:アイスランド共和国


コモロ

Compare English Comoro Islands. Also compare バハマ (Bahama, “Bahamas”).

Union of the Comoros
Union of the Comoros

Comoros (A country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)

Comoros (an archipelago consisting of the Union of the Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte)


キプロス

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


東ドイツ

東ドイツ (canonical)
Higashi Doitsu (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”)


西ドイツ

西ドイツ (canonical)
Nishi Doitsu (romanization)

西 (nishi, “west”) + ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”)


死海

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


カタール

A borrowing, probably from English Qatar.

[ka̠ta̠ːɾɯ̟]

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


小アジア

小アジア (canonical)
Shō-Ajia (romanization)

From 小 (shō-, “small; little”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).

pre

アナトリア アナトリア#Japanese

Synonym of アナトリア (Anatoria, “Anatolia”); Asia Minor


東シナ海

東シナ海 (canonical)
Higashi Shina-kai (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + シナ (Shina, “China”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)


春日

From Old Japanese. The kanji spelling comes from the pillow word 春日(はるひ) (haruhi) used to introduce the place name Kasuga.
Compare 飛鳥 (Asuka).

Short for 春日市 (Kasuga-shi): A city in Fukuoka Prefecture


なりた

成田: (colloquial) Narita International Airport


フランクフルト

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am-Main (the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany)

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder (a sizable town in Brandenburg, in eastern Germany)


カマンベール

Camembert (a commune of the Orne department, France)


ハンブルク

[hã̠mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

Daijirin Daijisen Hamburg ja:ハンブルク ja:松村明

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)

Hamburg (a state of Germany containing the city of the same name)


ハンバーグ

Borrowed from English Hamburg.
First cited to 1898.

[hã̠mba̠ːɡɯ̟]

Hamburg (a town in Marathon County, Wisconsin)

Hamburg (a town in Vernon County, Wisconsin)

ハンブルク ハンブルク#Japanese

(uncommon) alternative form of ハンブルク (Hanburuku): Hamburg (a city in Germany)


小山

小山 (canonical)
Oyama (romanization)
Woyama (romanization)
をやま (hiragana historical)

From 小 (o-, “small, little”) + 山 (yama, “mountain, peak”).

pre

Oyama (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


アラスカ州

アラスカ州 (canonical)
Arasuka Shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America

Alaska - The 49th state of the United States of America. Postal code: AK, capital: Juneau, largest city: Anchorage.


アラバマ

ja:アラバマ (曖昧さ回避)

Alabama (a river in Alabama, United States)

Alabama (a town in New York, United States)


アリゾナ

(~州) Arizona (a state of the United States)

ja:アリゾナ (曖昧さ回避)


関東

ja-pos

関(かん)東(とう) • (Kantō) ^(←くわんとう (Kwantou)?)

関東 (canonical)
Kantō (romanization)
Kwantou (romanization)
くわんとう (hiragana historical)

Russian: Канто́ n or m (Kantó)

; “geographical region of eastern Japan”
; “shogunate”
; “area to the east of Hangu or Shanhai Pass”

Short for 関東地方 (Kantō-chihō): A geographical region in eastern Japan that includes the capital city of Tokyo and surrounding prefectures


東アジア

東アジア (canonical)
Higashi-Ajia (romanization)

Compound of 東(ひがし) (higashi, “east”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).


弥勒

From Middle Chinese 彌勒 (mjie lok), from Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya).

Mile (a county-level city in Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


旧世界

ja-pos

旧(きゅう)世(せ)界(かい) • (Kyūsekai) ^(←きうせかい (Kiusekai)?)

旧世界 (canonical)
Kyūsekai (romanization)
Kiusekai (romanization)
きうせかい (hiragana historical)

From 旧 (kyū-, “old”) + 世界 (sekai, “world”).


バドミントン

Badminton (a village in Gloucestershire, England)


河内

河(かわ)内(うち) • (Kawauchi) ^(←かはうち (Kafauti)?)

河内 (canonical)
Kawachi (romanization)
Kafati (romanization)
かはち (hiragana historical)
河内 (canonical)
Kawauchi (romanization)
Kafauti (romanization)
かはうち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Kawachi Province (a former province of Japan)

Kawachi (places in Japan):
A town in Ibaraki Prefecture.

Kawachi (places in Japan):
A town in Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Anamizu and Tsubata, Ishikawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Higashiōsaka, Osaka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tosu, Saga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Taga, Shiga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Okuizumo, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yahatahigashi, Kitakyushu and of Setaka, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Takachiho, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ikata, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimanto and Tōyō, Kōchi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tōkamachi and Kamihayashi, Niigata Prefecture.


河内

河内 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kafuti (romanization)
かふち (hiragana historical)

Sound change of compound of 河(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 内(うち) (uchi, “inside”). Literally, “in the river”.

ja-com

A neighborhood of Niihama, Ehime Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Beppu, Ōita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Mimasaka and Kagamino, Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimizu, Shizuoka and of Shimoda, in Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hamada, Shimane Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Okutama, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Mugi, Tokushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Awaji and Kasai, Hyōgo Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Fukui and of Ikeda, Minamiechizen and Wakasa, in Fukui Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Toba and Minamiise, Mie Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kudamatsu and Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A train station in Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture.


河内

ja-pos

河内(かわのうち) • (Kawanouchi) ^(←かはのうち (Kafanouti)?)

河内 (canonical)
Kawanouchi (romanization)
Kafanouti (romanization)
かはのうち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠no̞ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Abbreviation of 河の内 (kawa no uchi, “inside of the river”).

abbrev

Kawanouchi (a neighborhood of Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture)


河内

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河內／河内 (Hénèi).

obor

Henei (former commandery of China to the north of Yellow River, now in Henan, China)


コソボ

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Kosovo (A partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


アイダホ州

アイダホ州 (canonical)
Aidaho Shū (romanization)

Idaho - A state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation: ID) in the north-western United States with its capital at Boise.


ベチュアナランド

(historical) Bechuanaland -(a former name of what is now Botswana, used until 1966)


バストランド

Basutoland (a former country; modern Lesotho)


ベナン共和国

ベナン共和国 (canonical)
Benan Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Benin, shortly Benin - (a country in Western Africa)


ブリテン

[bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞ɴ]

From English Britain. Doublet of ブルターニュ (Burutānyu, “Brittany”).

doublet

Great Britain (an island in the United Kingdom)


カーボベルデ

Borrowed from Portuguese Cabo Verde (“Green Cape”).

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


チェコ語

チェコ語 (canonical)
Cheko-go (romanization)

チェコ (Cheko, “Czechia”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


ダホメ王国

ダホメ王国 (canonical)
Dahome Ōkoku (romanization)

(historical) Dahomey (a former country in Africa)


コートジボワール

[ko̞ːto̞ʑibo̞β̞a̠ːɾɯ̟]

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nihonkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nipponkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

(rare) State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


北欧

北ヨーロッパ 北ヨーロッパ#Japanese


イエメン共和国

イエメン共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Kyōwakoku (romanization)


イエメン

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イリノイ州

イリノイ州 (canonical)
Irinoi Shū (romanization)

Illinois, a state of the United States of America. Capital: Springfield. Largest city: Chicago.


インディアナ州

インディアナ州 (canonical)
Indiana Shū (romanization)

Indiana, a state in Midwest of US, with its capital and largest city at Indianapolis.


ザイール

ja-pos

ザイール • (Zaīru)

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

(historical) Zaire (A former country (1971–1997) in Central Africa; now the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


ユーゴスラビア

[jɯ̟ːɡo̞sɨɾa̠bʲia̠]

From Serbo-Croatian Југославија, Jugoslavija, likely via English Yugoslavia.

ユーゴスラビア社会主義連邦共和国

Yūgosurabia Shakai Shugi Renpō Kyōwakoku

社会主義連邦共和国 しゃかいしゅぎれんぽうきょうわこく

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国

連邦共和国 れんぽうきょうわこく


イエメン民主人民共和国

イエメン みんしゅ じんみん きょうわこく

イエメン民(みん)主(しゅ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Iemen Minshu Jinmin Kyōwakoku)

イエメン民主人民共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Minshu Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

イエメン (iemen, “Yemen”) + 民主(みんしゅ) (minshu, “democratic”) + 人民(じんみん) (jinmin, “people”) + 共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

ja-compound

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen


イエメン・アラブ共和国

ja-pos

イエメン・アラブ きょうわこく

イエメン・アラブ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Iemen Arabu Kyōwakoku)

イエメン・アラブ共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Arabu Kyōwakoku (romanization)


都道府県

ja-noun

都(と)道(どう)府(ふ)県(けん) • (todōfuken) ^(←とだうふけん (todaufuken)?)

都道府県 (canonical)
todōfuken (romanization)
todaufuken (romanization)
とだうふけん (hiragana historical)

[to̞do̞ːɸɯ̟̊kẽ̞ɴ]

都 (“(Tokyo) Metropolis”, literally “capital”) + 道 (“(Hokkaido) Prefecture”, literally “circuit”) + 府 (“(Kyoto and Osaka) Prefectures”, literally “subdivision”) + 県 (“(other) prefectures”)

af

Tokyo, Hokkaido, Osaka and Kyoto Prefectures and other prefectures (collectively, as the prefectural (prefecture-level) administrative divisions of Japan)

道府県

Hokkaido, Osaka, Kyoto and other prefectures


レバノン

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


バヌアツ

Vanuatu (a country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania)


北欧諸国

北欧諸国 (canonical)
Hokuō Shokoku (romanization)

Nordic countries
Nordic countries#English

Nordic countries (a region of Northern Europe, consisting of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and their associated territories Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Åland)


バヌアツ共和国

ja-pos

バヌアツ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Banuatsu Kyōwakoku)

バヌアツ共和国 (canonical)
Banuatsu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

From バヌアツ (Banuatsu, “Vanuatu”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).


フィリピン共和国

ja-pos

フィリピン きょうわこく

フィリピン共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Firipin Kyōwakoku)

フィリピン共和国 (canonical)
Firipin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Compound of フィリピン (Firipin, “the Philippines”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

compound

Republic of the Philippines
Republic of the Philippines


ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国

ja-pos

^ユーゴスラビア ^れんぽう ^きょうわこく

ユーゴスラビア連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Yūgosurabia Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国 (canonical)
Yūgosurabia Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

(historical) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

ja:ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国


南半球

ja-noun

南(みなみ)半(はん)球(きゅう) • (minami hankyū) ^(←みなみはんきう (minamifankiu)?)

南半球 (canonical)
minami hankyū (romanization)
minamifankiu (romanization)
みなみはんきう (hiragana historical)

[mʲina̠mʲihã̠ŋʲkʲɨː]

From 南 (minami, “south”) + 半球 (hankyū, “hemisphere”).


北半球

ja-noun

北(きた)半(はん)球(きゅう) • (kita hankyū) ^(←きたはんきう (kitafankiu)?)

北半球 (canonical)
kita hankyū (romanization)
kitafankiu (romanization)
きたはんきう (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥ta̠hã̠ŋʲkʲɨː]

From 北 (kita, “north”) + 半球 (hankyū, “hemisphere”).


独逸

→ Chinese: 獨逸／独逸 (Dúyì)

→ Korean: 독일 (Dogil)

Dated spelling of ドイツ.: Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ニアサランド

(historical) Nyasaland - a former country in Africa, now called Malawi.


西サモア

Western Samoa - the former name of Samoa, from 1914 to 1997


ニウエ

Niue (an island and country in Polynesia in Oceania, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)


北ローデシア

北ローデシア (canonical)
Kita Rōdeshia (romanization)

(historical) Northern Rhodesia - a former name of what is now Zambia, from 1911 to 1964.


オスマン帝国

オスマン帝国 (canonical)
Osuman Teikoku (romanization)

オスマン (Osuman, “Osman”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)


南北アメリカ

南北アメリカ (canonical)
Nanboku Amerika (romanization)

南(みなみ) (minami, “south”) + 北(きた) (kita, “north”) + アメリカ (amerika, “America”)

ja-compound

the Americas (two continents, North America and South America)


ミクロネシア連邦

ミクロネシア連邦 (canonical)
Mikuroneshia Renpō (romanization)

Calque of English Federated States of Micronesia; from ミクロネシア (Mikuroneshia, “Micronesia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

com

Federated States of Micronesia#English:_Q702

Federated States of Micronesia (The official name of Micronesia, a country consisting of about 600 islands in Oceania)


中東

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)東(とう) • (Chūtō)

Compound of 中 (chū, “middle”) + 東 (tō, “east”), as a calque of English Middle East.

the Middle East (region comprising Western Asia without the South Caucasus and additionally including all of Egypt and all of Turkey)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Middle East
ja:中東
ja:松村明


天皇陛下

天(てん)皇(のう)陛(へい)下(か) • (Tennō Heika) ^(←てんわうへいか (Ten'wau Feika)?)

天皇陛下 (canonical)
Tennō Heika (romanization)
Ten'wau Feika (romanization)
てんわうへいか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 天皇 (tennō, “emperor”) + 陛下 (heika, “majesty”).

compound

天皇陛下がお召し上がりになる食事は、宮中料理人によって作られます。

Tennō Heika ga omeshiagari ni naru shokuji wa, kyūchū ryōrinin ni yotte tsukuraremasu.

The cuisine for His Imperial Majesty is prepared by the palace chef.

His Imperial Majesty
His Imperial Majesty

His Imperial Majesty (form of address to the Emperor of Japan)


タンザニア

タンザニア連合共和国:

連合共和国 れんごうきょうわこく


江東

ja-pos

江(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)

Kōtō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Jiangdong (a district of Zhejiang, China)


テキサス州

テキサス州 (canonical)
Tekisasu Shū (romanization)

Texas - a state of the United States of America. Capital: Austin.


コロラド州

コロラド州 (canonical)
Kororado shū (romanization)

Colorado - a state of the United States of America. Capital: Denver.


四国

English: Shikoku

Russian: Сико́ку m (Sikóku)

Shikoku, the fourth largest island of Japan.


本州

本(ほん)州(しゅう) • (Honshū) ^(←ほんしう (Fonsiu)?)

本州 (canonical)
Honshū (romanization)
Fonsiu (romanization)
ほんしう (hiragana historical)

Honshu, the main island of Japan, with 100 million people, 4/5 of the Japanese population.


樹林

樹林 (canonical)
Jurin (romanization)
樹林 (canonical)
Kibayashi (romanization)

Shulin, a district in New Taipei City, Taiwan


グリニッジ

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲiɲ̟id̚d͡ʑi]

From English Greenwich. Doublet of グリーンウィッチ (Gurīnwitchi).


墺太利

墺太利(オーストリア) • (Ōsutoria)

オーストリア オーストリア#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of オーストリア.: Austria (a country in Central Europe)


水中

Mizunaka (a district of the city of Kamitakaiguntakayamamura, Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


トルコ共和国

トルコ共和国 (canonical)
Toruko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

トルコ (Toruko, “Turkey”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


スーダン

ja-pos

スーダン • (Sūdan)

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


江南

From 江(こう) (kō, “river”) + 南(なん) (nan, “south”).


満州国

満州国 (canonical)
Manshūkoku (romanization)

[mã̠ɰ̃ɕɨːko̞kɯ̟]


フロリダ州

フロリダ州 (canonical)
Furorida shū (romanization)

Florida - A state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation FL) in the south-eastern United States with its capitol at Tallahassee.


デラウェア

ja:デラウェア (曖昧さ回避)


コネチカット州

コネチカット州 (canonical)
Konechikatto shū (romanization)

Connecticut - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation CT) in the north-eastern United States with its capital at Hartford.


ハワイ州

ハワイ州 (canonical)
Hawai-shū (romanization)

The State of Hawaii, a state of the United States of America located in the Pacific Ocean with its capital at Honolulu. (Postal abbreviation: HI)


ジョージア州

ja-pos

ジョージア州(しゅう) • (Jōjia shū)

ジョージア州 (canonical)
Jōjia shū (romanization)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


ワット

Ultimately from Amharic ወጥ (wäṭ), possibly via English wat.

wat (kind of stew or curry eaten in Ethiopia and Eritrea)


バチカン

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Vatican
ja:バチカン


マスカラ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:マスカラ (アルジェリア)
ja:松村明


アイオワ

ja:アイオワ (曖昧さ回避)


公国

公 (kō, “duke; ruling prince”) + 国 (-koku, “country”)

suf

モナコ公国


福州

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

南京 (canonical)
南京 (canonical)
Nankin (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:南京

Borrowed from English Nanking, from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


ニューヨーク州

ja-pos

^ニュー ^ヨーク-しゅう

ニューヨーク州(しゅう) • (Nyū Yōku-shū)

ニューヨーク州 (canonical)
Nyū Yōku-shū (romanization)

The State of New York, a state of United States. Capital: Albany; largest city: New York City.


オーストリー

オーストリー • (Ōsutorī)


シリア

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


マルタ共和国

マルタ共和国 (canonical)
Maruta Kyōwakoku (romanization)

マルタ (Maruta, “Malta”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


ルクセンブルク

[ɾɯ̟kɯ̟sẽ̞mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

From German Luxemburg. Doublet of リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru) and ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu).

doublet

ja:ルクセンブルク (曖昧さ回避)

ルクセンブルク大公

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)

Luxembourg (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)


山梨

Daijirin
Pyrus pyrifolia
Yamanashi
ja:ヤマナシ
ja:山梨

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 梨 (nashi, “pear”).

compound

Yamanashi (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

Yamanashi (a prefecture in south eastern Honshu, Japan)


アビジャン

Abidjan (the de facto capital and largest city of Ivory Coast)


アブダビ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)

Abu Dhabi (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates, the largest of the seven emirates)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ

From ボスニア (Bosunia, “Bosnia”) + ヘルツェゴビナ (Herutsegobina, “Herzegovina”).

af

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ


カンザス州

カンザス州 (canonical)
Kanzasu shū (romanization)

Kansas - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation KS) in the Midwestern United States with its capital at Topeka and the largest city Wichita.


メイン州

メイン州 (canonical)
Mein Shū (romanization)


ケンタッキー州

ja-pos

ケンタッキー州(しゅう) • (Kentakkī Shū)

ケンタッキー州 (canonical)
Kentakkī Shū (romanization)

Kentucky - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation KY) in the Midwestern United States with its capital at Frankfort and the largest city Louisville.


ルイジアナ

ja:ルイジアナ (曖昧さ回避)


マサチューセッツ州

^マサチューセッツ しゅう

マサチューセッツ州 (canonical)
Masachūsettsu shū (romanization)

Massachusetts - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation MA) in the northeastern United States with its capital and the largest city at Boston.


メリーランド

ja:メリーランド (曖昧さ回避)

Maryland (a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales)

Maryland (a deserted village in England)


実相寺

実(じっ)相(そう)寺(じ) or 実(じつ)相(そう)寺(じ) • (Jissōji or Jitsusōji)

実相寺 (canonical)
Jisshōji (romanization)
実相寺 (canonical)
実相寺 (canonical)
Jissōji (romanization)
Jitsusōji (romanization)

Jissō-ji (a temple in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


ニューヨーク

ニューヨーク • (Nyū Yōku)

[ɲ̟ɨː jo̞ːkɯ̟]

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ニューヨーク (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

ニューヨーク州

ニューヨーク市

New York (a city in New York, United States)


アメリカ英語

アメリカ英語 (canonical)
Amerika Eigo (romanization)

アメリカ (Amerika, “America”) + 英語 (Eigo, “English language”)


参議院

ja-pos

参(さん)議(ぎ)院(いん) • (Sangiin) ^(←さんぎゐん (Sangiwin)?)

参議院 (canonical)
Sangiin (romanization)
Sangiwin (romanization)
さんぎゐん (hiragana historical)

[sã̠ŋʲɡʲiĩɴ]

参議院議員

a Councillor; a member of the House of Councillors

the House of Councillors (upper house of Japan's National Diet)


衆議院

衆(しゅう)議(ぎ)院(いん) • (Shūgiin) ^(←しゆうぎゐん (Syuugiwin)?)

衆議院 (canonical)
Shūgiin (romanization)
Syuugiwin (romanization)
しゆうぎゐん (hiragana historical)

Compound of 衆議 (shūgi, “general consultation, general conference”) + 院 (-in, “parliamentary chamber”).

suf

衆議院議員

a Representative; a member of the House of Representatives

House of Representatives
House of Representatives

the House of Representatives (lower house of Japan's National Diet)

議会

deliberation assembly: Diet; Parliament; Congress

国会

national assembly: Diet; Parliament; Congress


日仏

日仏 (canonical)
Nichifutsu (romanization)

日 (“Japan”) + 仏 (“France”) or blend of 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 仏蘭西 (Furansu, “France”)

blend

日仏協約


トーゴ

ja-pos

トーゴ • (Tōgo)


スペイン領ギニア

^スペイン-りょう ^ギニア

スペイン領ギニア (canonical)
Supein-ryō Ginia (romanization)

Spanish Guinea - a former colony of Spain and country in Africa, now called Equatorial Guinea.


ヘルシンキ

Helsinki (a city, the capital of Finland)


ワルシャワ

Borrowed from Polish Warszawa. Compare Russian Варшава (Varšava).

Warsaw (a city, the capital city of Poland)


マダガスカル

[ma̠da̠ɡa̠sɨ̥ka̠ɾɯ̟]

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


オーストラリア大陸

オーストラリア たいりく

オーストラリア大(たい)陸(りく) • (Ōsutoraria Tairiku)

オーストラリア大陸 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria Tairiku (romanization)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


北マリアナ諸島

きた マリアナ しょとう

北(きた)マリアナ諸島(しょとう) • (Kita Mariana Shotō)

北マリアナ諸島 (canonical)
Kita Mariana Shotō (romanization)

Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands#English

Northern Mariana Islands (an archipelago and dependent territory of the United States in the Pacific Ocean)

北マリアナ諸島連邦

諸島連邦 しょとうれんぽう

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands


シエラレオネ

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


ダブリン

[da̠bɯ̟ɾʲĩɴ]


ジャカルタ

[d͡ʑa̠ka̠ɾɯ̟ta̠]

Jakarta (a province of Indonesia, containing the capital city)


キルギス

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


モーリシャス

[mo̞ːɾʲiɕa̠sɨ]

Mauritius (A country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (The main island of the country of Mauritius)


誕生寺

Tanjōji (a temple in Kamogawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)

Tanjōji (a railway station in Kumenan, Kume district, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


天皇誕生日

ja-noun

^てんのう ^たんじょうび

^てんわう ^たんじやうび

天(てん)皇(のう)誕(たん)生(じょう)日(び) • (Tennō Tanjōbi) ^(←てんわうたんじやうび (Ten'wau Tanzyaubi)?)

天皇誕生日 (canonical)
Tennō Tanjōbi (romanization)
Ten'wau Tanzyaubi (romanization)
てんわうたんじやうび (hiragana historical)

[tẽ̞nːo̞ː tã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ːbʲi]

Compound of 天皇 (tennō, “emperor of Japan”) + 誕生日 (tanjōbi, “birthday”).

com

a national holiday in Japan on the birthday of the 今上天皇 (Kinjō Tennō, “present reigning emperor”), currently February 23

in honour of Emperor Showa's love of plants and the environment


アンドラ公国

アンドラ公国 (canonical)
Andora Kōkoku (romanization)

アンドラ (Andora, “Andorra”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “principality”)

compound

Principality of Andorra
Principality of Andorra#English

Principality of Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国

ja-pos

オーストリア゠ハンガリー ていこく

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝(てい)国(こく) • (Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku)

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国 (canonical)
Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku (romanization)

[o̞ːsɨto̞ɾʲia̠hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː te̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

オーストリア゠ハンガリー (Ōsutoria-Hangarī, “Austria-Hungary”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)

af

オーストリア゠ハンガリー

Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire

ja:オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国


南氷洋

ja-pos

南(なん)氷(ぴょう)洋(よう) • (Nanpyōyō) ^(←なんぴようやう (Nanpyouyau)?)

南氷洋 (canonical)
Nanpyōyō (romanization)
Nanpyouyau (romanization)
なんぴようやう (hiragana historical)


露西亜

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).
The spelling is ateji (当て字), adopted in 1877 after diplomatic pressure from Russia to change from the previous 魯西亜 spelling, out of concern that the initial 魯 (ro) character expressed a sense of foolish. However, the 露 (ro) character was chosen for its sense of dew, from the political metaphor that the morning dew will disappear as the sun rises, wherein "sun" refers to Japan.
The use of 西亜 for the latter portion is likely influenced by Chinese phonetics, and historical use of these characters to spell out the -siya portion of Rossiya in sources such as a bible translated into Chinese in 1864.

lang

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

Dated spelling of ロシア.: Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ミズーリ州

ja-pos

ミズーリ州(しゅう) • (Mizūri shū)

ミズーリ州 (canonical)
Mizūri shū (romanization)

Missouri - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MO), capital: Jefferson City, Largest city: Kansas City.


ミシシッピ州

ミシシッピ州 (canonical)
Mishishippi shū (romanization)

Mississippi - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MS), capital & largest city: Jackson.


ネブラスカ州

ネブラスカ州 (canonical)
Neburasuka shū (romanization)

Nebraska - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation NE), capital: Lincoln, largest city: Omaha.


モンタナ州

Montana - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MT), capital: Helena, largest city: Billings.


ミネソタ州

ミネソタ州 (canonical)
Minesota-shū (romanization)

The State of Minnesota - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MN), capital: Saint Paul, largest city: Minneapolis.


ミシガン州

ミシガン州 (canonical)
Mishigan-shū (romanization)

The State of Michigan - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MI), capital: Lansing, largest city: Detroit.


ネバダ

ja:ネバダ (曖昧さ回避)


ニュージャージー

ニュージャージー • (Nyū Jājī)

ja:ニュージャージー州


ニューメキシコ州

ニューメキシコ州 (canonical)
Nyūmekishiko Shū (romanization)

New Mexico - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation NM), capital: Santa Fe, Largest city: Albuquerque.


日の丸

→ English: Hinomaru

From 日 (hi, “sun”) + の (no, attributive particle) + 丸 (maru, “circle”).

com

(by extension, colloquial) Japan (in general) or the Japanese government


福島

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕima̠]

福島市: Fukushima (the capital of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Fukushima (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)

Fukushima (a former town in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)

福島区: A ward of Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan


潮汕

ja-pos

潮(ちょう)汕(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

潮汕 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Chaoshan (a region in northeastern Guangdong, China)

潮汕鉄道

潮汕鉄道 ちょうせんてつどう


豊富

Compound of 豊 (toyo, “bounteous, ample”) + 富み (tomi, “riches”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 富(と)む (tomu, “to accumulate, to become bounteous, to become rich”)). Also analyzable as a shift in reading from the regular on'yomi of hōfu to the expected kun'yomi for these same characters.
The town's official name was set to Toyotomi in 1940, but the area had that name earlier, likely from some time in the late 1800s or early 1900s. See also Toyotomi, Hokkaido on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

pedia

Toyotomi (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


ウラジオストク

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ʑio̞sɨ̥to̞kɯ̟]

From Russian Владивосто́к (Vladivostók).

bor

Владивосто́к


嫩江

嫩江 (canonical)
Nonkō (romanization)
Nonkau (romanization)
のんかう (hiragana historical)


深圳

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 深圳 (Shēnzhèn). Sen is not an expected on-reading of 圳 and may derive from 川's on-reading of sen, which serves as a kan'yoon reading.

obor

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


黄河

黄河 (canonical)
Kōga (romanization)
Kwauga (romanization)
くわうが (hiragana historical)

黄河文明


青海

Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


中央アジア

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)央(おう)アジア • (Chūō Ajia)

中央アジア (canonical)
Chūō Ajia (romanization)


極東

[kʲo̞kɯ̟̊to̞ː]


漢水

Synonym of 漢江: Han River (in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)


漢江

漢江 (canonical)
Kankō (romanization)
Kankau (romanization)
かんかう (hiragana historical)


漢江

Borrowed from Korean 한강 (Han'gang), from Chinese 漢江／汉江 (Hànjiāng).


火山島

火山 (kazan, “volcano”) + 島 (-tō, “island”)

com

Kore Yamazaki, “第3篇 The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead. [Composition 3: The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead.]”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 98:

Iceland, a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド


芝浦

Shibaura (a district of Minato ward, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


鎌倉

From Old Japanese 鎌倉 (Kamakura).
Originally a compound of 竈 (kama, “oven”) + 鞍 (kura, “saddle”), from the way that the landscape as viewed from the sea looks like a saddle inside an oven, that is, a flat area in the mountains, surrounded by hills in the shape of an old traditional oven.
The kanji spelling appears to be an example of ateji (当て字), literally “sickle warehouse”.

Short for 鎌倉市 (Kamakura-shi): A city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan the capital city of the Kamakura shogunate


百済

From Old Japanese 百濟 (Kudara).
The kanji spelling is from Hyakusai below.

Three Kingdoms of Korea
w:Three Kingdoms of Korea

Baekje (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)

(historical) a county in southeastern Settsu Province, today a placename of Kōryō district in northwestern Nara Prefecture


百済

(historical, colloquial) Short for 百済寺 (Kudaradera):


チュニジア

[t͡ɕɨɲ̟iʑia̠]


江陵

ja-pos

江(こう)陵(りょう) • (Kōryō) ^(←かうりよう (Kauryou)?)

江陵 (canonical)
Kōryō (romanization)
Kauryou (romanization)
かうりよう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 강릉(江陵) (gangneung).

obor

(dated) Gangneung (a city in South Korea)


バンコク

[bã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

From English Bangkok, from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk). The kanji spelling is ateji.


扶桑

扶桑 (canonical)
Fusō (romanization)
Fusau (romanization)
ふさう (hiragana historical)


神戸

神戸 (canonical)
Kōbe (romanization)
Kaube (romanization)
かうべ (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kobe

⟨kamu pe₁⟩ → ⟨kamube₁⟩ → */kamubʲe/ → /kaũbe/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Originally a compound of 神 (kamu, Old Japanese combining form of kami, “(Shinto) god, deity”) + 戸 (he, “house”); itself referring to 生田神社 (Ikuta Jinja, “Ikuta Shrine”) as attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

com

昨日、神戸から東京に引っ越しました。

Kinō, Kōbe kara Tōkyō ni hikkoshimashita.

Kobe (the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


唐山

Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


シュパイアー

ja-pos

シュパイアー • (Shupaiā)


サヌア

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


湖南

Konan (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


小坂

小坂 (canonical)
Ozaka (romanization)
Wozaka (romanization)
をざか (hiragana historical)

From /wosaka/ → /wozaka/ → /ozaka/. The medial /s/ voices to /z/ due to rendaku (連濁). See above.


大坂

大(おお)坂(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Possibly from Old Japanese.
From 大 (ō, “large”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”).

Obsolete spelling of 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”).: the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


九江

九(きゅう)江(こう) • (Kyūkō)

Jiujiang (a prefecture-level city in Jiangxi, China)


鹿角

Kazuno (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


トロント

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Toronto
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:トロント
ja:松村明

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada, and largest city in Canada)

City of Lake Macquarie
City of Lake Macquarie#English

Toronto (a lakeside suburb within the City of Lake Macquarie, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia)

Grenville Parish
Grenville Parish#English

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island#English

Toronto (an unincorporated area and community of the township of Lot 23, Grenville Parish, Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada)

Toronto (a village in County Durham, England)

Woodside Township
Woodside Township#English

Toronto (a former unincorporated community in Woodside Township, now a suburb of Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois)

Vermillion County
Vermillion County#English

Toronto (a ghost town in Helt Township, Vermillion County, Indiana)

Toronto (a small town in Clinton County, Iowa)

Toronto (a tiny city in Woodson County, Kansas)

Toronto (an unincorporated community in Camden County, Missouri)

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

Toronto (a city in Jefferson County, Ohio)

Toronto (a small town in Deuel County, South Dakota)


扶余

an ancient Korean kingdom existing between the 2nd century BC and 494; Buyeo


忍坂

Historically there was no mechanism to indicate geminate consonants, so it is difficult to determine if this was really ossaka or osaka. All three romanized pronunciations are given here: /osisaka/ → /ossaka/ → /osaka/.

c. 5-6th century: Suda Hachiman Jinja Bronze Mirror
癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟

忍坂 • (Ossaka)

712: Kojiki (page 158)
意佐加能 意富牟盧夜爾 比登佐波爾 岐伊理袁理 比登佐波爾 伊理袁理登母 美都美都斯 久米能古賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 宇知弖斯夜麻牟 美都美都斯 久米能古良賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 伊麻宇多婆余良斯
720: Nihon Shoki (page 205)
於佐箇廼、於朋務露夜珥、比苔瑳破而、異離烏利苔毛、比苔瑳破而、枳伊離烏利苔毛、瀰都瀰都志、倶梅能固邏餓、句鶩都都伊、異志都都伊毛智、于智弖之夜莽務
927: Engishiki (Kojiki, Norito page 392)
山口坐皇神等能前爾白久、飛鳥・石寸・忍坂・長谷・畝火・耳无登、御名者白弖 [...]

(historical) Ossaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


元老院

元(げん)老(ろう)院(いん) • (Genrōin) ^(←げんらうゐん (Genrauwin)?)

元老院 (canonical)
Genrōin (romanization)
Genrauwin (romanization)
げんらうゐん (hiragana historical)

[ɡẽ̞n̺ɾo̞ːĩɴ]

From 元老 (genrō, “elderly statesman”) + 院 (-in, “institution”).

suf

the Senate (Roman Senate; Japan's Senate; Canada's, the Philippines', France's, Spain's, Italy's, Thailand's and Malaysia's upper house)


東萊

Dongnae (a district of the Metropolitan City of Busan, South Korea)


東萊

東萊 (canonical)
Tōrai (romanization)
Tourai (romanization)
とうらい (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 동래(東萊) (dongnae).

obor

𛃉𛃞うにち とうらいに のほり まして

(dated) Dongnae (a place in Busan, South Korea)


東萊

ja-pos

東萊(とくねぎ) or 東萊(とねぎ) • (Tokunegi or Tonegi)

東萊 (canonical)
東萊 (canonical)
Tokunegi (romanization)
Tonegi (romanization)

Unknown; probably not directly from Korean 동래(東萊) (dongnae), as the phonetics are problematic.
Perhaps from Early Modern Korean *동령(東令) (*twonglyeng), a shortening of 동ᄅᆡ 령감(東萊令監) (twongloy lyengkam), referring to government officials from Dongnae.

bor

(obsolete) Dongnae (a place in Busan, South Korea)


東莞

Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


ザグレブ

[d͡za̠ɡɯ̟ɾe̞bɯ̟]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


ストックホルム

Stockholm (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden)


レイキャヴィーク

Borrowed from English Reykjavík, from Icelandic Reykjavík.


ティラナ

Tirana (the capital and largest city of Albania)


ハーグ

ja-pos

ハーグ • (Hāgu)

The Hague (a city, the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


テヘラン

[te̞he̞ɾã̠ɴ]


ミンスク

[mʲĩɰ̃sɨkɯ̟]


グアム

Guam (an island and overseas territory of the United States in Micronesia)


ソウル

ja:ソウル ja:ソウル特別市

Seoul (a city, the capital city of South Korea)


西宮

西宮 (canonical)
Nishinomiya (romanization)

Nishinomiya (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


東風

東(とう)風(ふう) • (Tōfū)

From Middle Chinese 東風 (MC tuwng pjuwng).

a placename, especially Dongfeng in China


中国化

ja-noun

中(ちゅう)国(ごく)化(か) • (chūgokuka) ^(←ちゅうごくくわ (tyuugokukwa)?)

中国化 (canonical)
chūgokuka (romanization)
tyuugokukwa (romanization)
ちゅうごくくわ (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ka̠]


日本化

日本化する (canonical)
nihonka suru (romanization)
日本化し (stem)
日本化した (past)
日本化し
にほんかし
nihonka shi
日本化する
にほんかする
nihonka suru
日本化すれ
にほんかすれ
nihonka sure
日本化せよ (imperative literary)
日本化しろ (colloquial imperative)
にほんかせよ (imperative literary)
にほんかしろ (colloquial imperative)
nihonka seyo (imperative literary)
nihonka shiro (colloquial imperative)
日本化される (passive)
にほんかされる (passive)
nihonka sareru (passive)
日本化させる (causative)
日本化さす (causative)
にほんかさせる (causative)
にほんかさす (causative)
nihonka saseru (causative)
nihonka sasu (causative)
日本化できる (potential)
にほんかできる (potential)
nihonka dekiru (potential)
日本化しよう (volitional)
にほんかしよう (volitional)
nihonka shiyō (volitional)
日本化しない (negative)
にほんかしない (negative)
nihonka shinai (negative)
日本化せず (continuative negative)
にほんかせず (continuative negative)
nihonka sezu (continuative negative)
日本化します (formal)
にほんかします (formal)
nihonka shimasu (formal)
日本化した (perfective)
にほんかした (perfective)
nihonka shita (perfective)
日本化して (conjunctive)
にほんかして (conjunctive)
nihonka shite (conjunctive)
日本化すれば (conditional hypothetical)
にほんかすれば (conditional hypothetical)
nihonka sureba (conditional hypothetical)

そのためにもっとドイツの会社を東洋化しなさい、日本化しなさい。

2011, あなたは英語で戦えますか: 国際英語とは自分英語である, 鈴木孝夫, page 83

Therefore make the German companies more East Asian and more japanized.

Sono tame ni motto doitsu no kaisha o tōyōka shinasai, nihonka shinasai.


西班牙

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 西班牙 (Xībānyá).
Borrowed from English Spain.

zh-m

西班牙 (Xībānyá)

[…]坂田通商局長が和蘭若しくは西班牙の公使に、[…]

1915 September 8, 旭新聞 (Asahi Shinbun) [The Asahi News], number 3240, page 1:

chief of the Bureau of Commerce Sakata becomes Dutch or Spanish minister

Obsolete spelling of スペイン.: Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


吾妻

ja-pos

吾(あが)妻(つま) • (Agatsuma) ^(←あがつま (Agatuma)?)

吾妻 (canonical)
Agatsuma (romanization)
Agatuma (romanization)
あがつま (hiragana historical)


鳩山

ja:鳩山 ja:鳩山由紀夫

Hatoyama (a town in Hiki district, Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


ビリニュス

[bʲiɾʲiɲ̟ɨsɨ]


フィヨルド

[ɸʲijo̞ɾɯ̟do̞]

From English fjord or probably from Swedish fjord.

(geology) fjord, a long, narrow, deep inlet between cliffs; fiord (NZ)


高雄

高(たか)雄(お) or 高雄(タカオ) • (Takao) ^(←たかを (Takawo)?)

高雄 (canonical)
高雄 (canonical)
Takao (romanization)
Takawo (romanization)
たかを (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ Mandarin: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ English: Kaohsiung

→ Korean: 가오슝 (Gaosyung)

→ Russian: Гаосюн (Gaosjun)

→ Min Nan: 高雄 (Ko-hiông)

→ Vietnamese: Cao Hùng

→ English: Takao

From Hokkien 打狗 (Táⁿ-káu), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”). The kanji were borrowed from unrelated etymology 1.

Kaohsiung (a city in southwestern Taiwan)


閩南

southern Fujian (a region of Fujian, China)


蒙古

From Chinese 蒙古 (Měnggǔ), from Mongolian ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mungɣul) / Монгол (Mongol).


内蒙古

Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of China)


品川

Shinagawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


メルボルン

[me̞ɾɯ̟bo̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


海峡

ja-noun

海(かい)峡(きょう) • (kaikyō) ^(←かいけふ (kaikefu)?)

海峡 (canonical)
kaikyō (romanization)
kaikefu (romanization)
かいけふ (hiragana historical)

津軽海峡


南寧

Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China)


ベオグラード

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Бе̏оград (Bȅograd).


薩爾瓦多

薩爾瓦多 (canonical)
Eru Sarubadoru (romanization)

[e̞ɾɯ̟ sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

エルサルバドル エルサルバドル#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of エルサルバドル (“El Salvador (a country in Central America)”).


緬甸

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 緬甸／缅甸 (Miǎndiàn), some time after this term came to prominence in Chinese during the Ming Dynasty. Compare modern Mandarin reading Miǎndiàn, Cantonese min⁵ din⁶.
First mentioned in a text from 1798.

(historical, possibly obsolete) Myanmar (a country in Southeast Asia)


緬甸

Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma). The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), from the borrowed Chinese term Menden above.

Dated spelling of ビルマ (Biruma).: Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


ジュロンイースト

Jurong East (a town in the West Region, Singapore)


ハリウッド

Hollywood (an area in Los Angeles, California, United States)


広島

Hiroshima (the capital city of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)

Hiroshima (a prefecture in southwestern Honshu, Japan)


華盛頓

華盛頓 (canonical)
Washinton (romanization)

Borrowed from English Washington. The Chinese characters are ateji (当て字) from Chinese 華盛頓／华盛顿 (Huáshèngdùn), Cantonese 華盛頓／华盛顿 (waa4 sing6 deon6).

zh-m

華盛頓／华盛顿 (Huáshèngdùn)

ワシントン ワシントン#Japanese


プラハ

Borrowed from Czech Praha or Slovak Praha.

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


マドリード

ja:マドリード (曖昧さ回避)

Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid#English

Madrid (a city and municipality of the Community of Madrid, Spain; capital city of Spain)

autonomous community
autonomous community

Madrid, Community of Madrid (an autonomous community of Spain)

Madrid (a province of the Community of Madrid, Spain)

Madrid (a town and municipality of Western Savanna Province, Cundinamarca department, Colombia)

Madrid (a town in Tecomán Municipality, Colima, Mexico)

Madrid (a municipality of Surigao del Sur, Philippines)


ホニアラ

Honiara (the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


記紀

Abbreviation of 古事記 (Kojiki, “Records of Ancient Matters”) and 日本書紀 (Nihon Shoki, “Chronicles of Japan”).

abbrev

記紀歌謡

記紀神話

the Records of Ancient Matters and the Chronicles of Japan (the two oldest book of Japanese history)


ニューデリー

ja-pos

ニューデリー • (Nyū Derī)

[ɲ̟ɨːde̞ɾʲiː]


運河

運河 (canonical)
unga (romanization)
うんが (hiragana historical)

パナマ運河


クアラルンプール

Kuala Lumpur (the capital city of Malaysia)

Kuala Lumpur (a federal territory of Malaysia)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

From English Swatow, from Teochew 汕頭／汕头 (suan1 tao5).

Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Sentō (romanization)
Sentou (romanization)
せんとう (hiragana historical)

The Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese 汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu).

Alternative form of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)”)


汕頭

汕頭(シャントウ) • (Shantō)

zh-l

汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu)


キャンベラ

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


オタワ

ja:オタワ (曖昧さ回避)

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; capital city of Canada)

St. Lawrence River
St. Lawrence River#English

Ottawa (a river flowing SE between Ontario and Quebec, Canada into the St. Lawrence River)

Ottawa (a city, the county seat of LaSalle County, Illinois)

Ottawa (a city, the county seat of Franklin County, Kansas)

Ottawa (an unincorporated community in Ottawa Township, Le Sueur County, Minnesota)

Ottawa (a village, the county seat of Putnam County, Ohio)

Ottawa (a town and unincorporated community in Waukesha County, Wisconsin)


ポドゴリツァ

Podgorica (the capital city of Montenegro)


ノヴォシビルスク

Novosibirsk (a city, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia)


ニジニ・ノヴゴロド

ja:ニジニ・ノヴゴロド

Nizhny Novgorod (a city, the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia)


サンクトペテルブルク

Borrowed from Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg), from German Sankt Petersburg.

bor

Санкт-Петербу́рг

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia)

ja:サンクトペテルブルク


爪哇

Obsolete spelling of ジャワ (“Java (an island in Indonesia)”).


菊池

→ Chinese: 菊池 (Júchí)

→ English: Kikuchi

Ateji (当て字) of 鞠智 (Kikuchi, “Kikuchi Castle”), originally read as くくち (Kukuchi).

Kikuchi (a city and district of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan).


河北

Hebei (a province of China; capital: Shijiazhuang)


九龍

ja-pos

九(きゅう)龍(りゅう) • (Kyūryū) ^(←きうりゆう (Kiuryuu)?)

九龍 (canonical)
Kyūryū (romanization)
Kiuryuu (romanization)
きうりゆう (hiragana historical)


九龍

九龍(クーロン) or 九龍(カウロン) • (Kūron or Kauron)

九龍 (canonical)
九龍 (canonical)
Kūron (romanization)
Kauron (romanization)

Borrowed from Cantonese 九龍／九龙 (gau² lung⁴).


新羅

⟨siraki₂⟩ → */sirakɨ/ → /ɕiraɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese 新羅 (Siraki₂).


新羅

From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.


柬埔寨

The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字), from Chinese 柬埔寨 (Jiǎnpǔzhài).

カンボジア カンボジア#Japanese

Dated spelling of カンボジア (Kanbojia).: Cambodia (a country in Southeast Asia)


プール

ja-noun

プール • (pūru)


フィンランド共和国

ja-pos

フィンランド きょうわこく

フィンランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Finrando Kyōwakoku)

フィンランド共和国 (canonical)
Finrando Kyōwakoku (romanization)


スウェーデン王国

スウェーデン王国 (canonical)
Suwēden Ōkoku (romanization)

スウェーデン (Suwēden, “Sweden”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


フランス共和国

ja-pos

フランス共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Furansu Kyōwakoku)

フランス共和国 (canonical)
Furansu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

フランス (Furansu, “France”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


デンマーク王国

デンマーク王国 (canonical)
Denmāku Ōkoku (romanization)


スロベニア共和国

ja-pos

スロベニア きょうわこく

スロベニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Surobenia Kyōwakoku)

スロベニア共和国 (canonical)
Surobenia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Slovenia
Republic of Slovenia


ポルトガル共和国

ポルトガル きょうわこく

ポルトガル共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Porutogaru Kyōwakoku)

ポルトガル共和国 (canonical)
Porutogaru Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

ポルトガル (Porutogaru, “Portugal”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


ベルギー王国

ベルギー王国 (canonical)
Berugī Ōkoku (romanization)

ベルギー (Berugī, “Belgium”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


ノルウェー王国

ノルウェー王国 (canonical)
Noruwē Ōkoku (romanization)


エストニア共和国

ja-pos

エストニア きょうわこく

エストニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Esutonia Kyōwakoku)

エストニア共和国 (canonical)
Esutonia Kyōwakoku (romanization)


リトアニア共和国

リトアニア きょうわこく

リトアニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Ritoania Kyōwakoku)

リトアニア共和国 (canonical)
Ritoania Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania


ラトヴィア共和国

ラトヴィア きょうわこく

ラトヴィア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Ratovia Kyōwakoku)

ラトヴィア共和国 (canonical)
Ratovia Kyōwakoku (romanization)


サンパウロ

[sã̠mpa̠ɯ̟ɾo̞]

From Portuguese São Paulo (literally “Saint Paul”). Doublet of サン゠ポール (San-Pōru), サン・パブロ (San Paburo), and セントポール (Sento Pōru).

doublet

ja:サンパウロ (曖昧さ回避)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

サンパウロ, 聖市: São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

サンパウロ, 聖州: São Paulo (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)


西安

Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, in central China)


蘭州

Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China)


太原

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


大連

→ English: Dairen

Dalian (a major subprovincial city in Liaoning, in northeastern China)


墨西哥

墨西哥 (canonical)
Mekishiko (romanization)

Borrowed from English Mexico, in turn from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco. The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 墨西哥 (Mòxīgē).

Obsolete spelling of メキシコ (“Mexico (a country)”).


ブラジリア

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾʲia̠]

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; state capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


ガザ

2023 November 29, “ガザの現実を伝える2人「報道し続けることは私たちの義務」”, in NHK国際ニューズナビ, retrieved 2023-12-13:

NHK のガザ事務所は 2人のジャーナリストによって支えられている。プロデューサーのムハンマド・シェハダとカメラマンのサラーム・アブタホンだ。10年以上も現地からの報道を一身に担ってきた。

Enuetchikē no gaza jimusho wa futari no jānarisuto ni yotte sasaerareteiru. Purodyūsā no muhanmado shehada to kameraman no sarāmu abutahon da. Jūnen ijō mo genchi kara no hōdō o isshin ni ninattekita.

This is supported based on two journalists from the NHK Gaza office. The two journalists are the producer, Muhammad Shehadeh, and the cameraman, Salam (unknown name). They had handled themselves in the news report since over 10 years.

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ガザ


女書

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 女書／女书 (Nǚshū, literally “women's script”).

obor

(historical) Nüshu (syllabic script which was used exclusively among the ethnic Yao women of Jiangyong, Hunan, China)


イスラマバード

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan)


ツァーリ

ja-noun

ツァーリ • (tsāri)

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ). Doublet of カエサル (Kaesaru), シーザー (Shīzā), ツァー (tsā).

ja-r

シーザー (Shīzā)


コルホーズ

[ko̞ɾɯ̟ho̞ːzɨ]


マトリョーシカ

[ma̠to̞ɾʲo̞ːɕikå̠]

Borrowed from Russian матрёшка (matrjóška).

Daijirin
Daijisen
Matryoshka doll
Sergey Malyutin
Vasily Zvyozdochkin
ja:マトリョーシカ人形
ja:松村明


遠東

Compound of 遠(えん) (en, “far”) + 東(とう) (tō, “east”), calque of English Far East.


万歳

Shift in reading from 万(ばん)歳(ぜい) (banzei) below, keeping the older goon reading for the second character and adopting the relatively newer kan'on reading for the first character.

1936, “第五章 母音と父音 [Chapter 5: Vowels and Consonants]”, in 誰にも分かる獨習英語の學び方 [Self-Taught English for Everyone], 英語研究会, page 30:

大日本帝國萬歲！

(raising one's hands three times in cheer) raising ones hands

(raising one's hands in defeat) business troubles, bankruptcy


万歳

From Middle Chinese 萬歲 (MC mjonH sjwejH). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.


万歳

From Middle Chinese 萬歲 (MC mjonH sjwejH). The goon, so likely the initial borrowing.


皇軍

ja-noun

皇(こう)軍(ぐん) • (kōgun) ^(←くわうぐん (kwaugun)?)

皇軍 (canonical)
kōgun (romanization)
kwaugun (romanization)
くわうぐん (hiragana historical)


三国

Three Kingdoms of ancient China: Wei (魏), Shu (蜀 (shǔ)), and Wu (吳／吴)


三国

Mount Mikuni (a mountain in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


プノンペン

[pɯ̟nõ̞mpẽ̞ɴ]


マニラ

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


ウランバートル

[ɯ̟ɾã̠mba̠ːto̞ɾɯ̟]

Ulaanbaatar (the capital city of Mongolia)


ハノイ

Hanoi (a city, the capital city of Vietnam)


ヴィエンチャン

[bʲiẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕã̠ɴ]

From French Vientiane, from Lao ວຽງຈັນ (wīang chan).


西蔵

西蔵 (canonical)
Seizō (romanization)
Seizau (romanization)
せいざう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 西藏 (Xīzàng)

obor

(rare) Synonym of チベット (Chibetto, “Tibet”); Xizang


西蔵

The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 西藏 (Xīzàng)


平壌

[pʲõ̞ɰ̃jã̠ɴ]

Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


平壌

ja-pos

平(へい)壌(じょう) • (Heijō) ^(←へいじやう (Feizyau)?)

平壌 (canonical)
Heijō (romanization)
Feizyau (romanization)
へいじやう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 평양(平壤) (Pyeong'yang).

obor

1929, Kōsaku Hamada, Hakubutsukan [The Museum]:

Especially, the place where the government office of the Lelang Commandery was located was on the other side of the Taedong River, south of today's Pyongyang, where there are also remains of old ramparts, and officials sent from China stayed there and ruled Korea.

ことに樂浪郡の役所のあつたところは、今日の平壤の南、大同江の向う岸にあつて、古い城壁のあともありますが、支那から派遣せられた役人がこゝに留まつて朝鮮を治めてゐたのであります。

Koto ni Rakurō-gun no yakusho no atta tokoro wa, konnichi no Heijō no minami, Daidō-kō no mukō-gishi ni atte, furui jōheki no ato mo arimasu ga, Shina kara haken serareta yakunin ga koko ni todomatte Chōsen o osamete ita no de arimasu.

(dated) Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


リスボン

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; capital city of Portugal)


コロンボ

Colombo (the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka)


ビシュケク

Bishkek (the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


紅衛兵

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 紅衛兵／红卫兵 (hóngwèibīng).

zh-l

紅衛兵／红卫兵 (hóngwèibīng)


青島

Qingdao (a subprovincial city in eastern Shandong, in eastern China)


武漢

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 重慶／重庆 (Chóngqìng).

obor

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


合肥

Hefei (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Anhui, China)


鄭州

Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


昆明

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


瀋陽

Shenyang (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, China)


海口

Haikou (the capital city of Hainan, China)


トビリシ

Tbilisi (the capital city of the country of Georgia)


長春

Changchun (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China)


成都

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 成都 (Chéngdū).

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


バクー

ja-pos

バクー • (Bakū)


維也納

維也納(ウィーン) • (Wīn)

Obsolete spelling of ウィーン (“Vienna (a city, the capital city of Austria)”).


フェロー諸島

フェロー諸島 (canonical)
Ferō-shotō (romanization)


黒竜江

黒竜江 (canonical)
Kokuryūkō (romanization)

[ko̞kɯ̟ɾʲɨːko̞ː]


広州

広(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu).

obor

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


露助

Russian ру́сский (rússkij, “Russian”), with the Japanese male name suffix 助(すけ) (suke).


忍阪

(historical) Alternative spelling of 忍坂, Ossaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


諸島

諸島 (canonical)
shotō (romanization)
syotau (romanization)
しょたう (hiragana historical)

2010 December 8, Hideaki Sorachi, “第(だい)三(さん)百(びゃく)二(に)十(じゅう)四(よん)訓(くん) 夏(なつ)休(やす)みあけは皆(みんな)ちょっと大人(おとな)に見(み)える [Lesson 324: Everyone Looks a Bit like a Grown-Up After Summer Vacation]”, in [銀](ぎん)[魂](たま) [Silver Soul], volume 37, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

In two years, on the Zabaoty Archipelago!!!

二年後に ジャボンティ諸島で!!!


邯鄲

Handan (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China)


ユジノサハリンスク

ja:ユジノサハリンスク


陰陽道

ja-noun

陰(おん)陽(みょう)道(どう) or 陰(おん)陽(にょう)道(どう) or 陰(おん)陽(よう)道(どう) or 陰(いん)陽(よう)道(どう) • (onmyōdō or onnyōdō or on'yōdō or in'yōdō) ^(←おんみやうだう (onmyaudau) or おんにやうだう (onnyaudau) or おんやうだう (on'yaudau) or いんやうだう (in'yaudau)?)

陰陽道 (canonical)
陰陽道 (canonical)
陰陽道 (canonical)
陰陽道 (canonical)
onmyōdō (romanization)
onnyōdō (romanization)
on'yōdō (romanization)
in'yōdō (romanization)
onmyaudau (romanization)
onnyaudau (romanization)
on'yaudau (romanization)
in'yaudau (romanization)
おんみやうだう (hiragana historical)
おんにやうだう (hiragana historical)
おんやうだう (hiragana historical)
いんやうだう (hiragana historical)

[õ̞mʲːo̞ːdo̞ː]

[õ̞ɰ̃jo̞ːdo̞ː]

[ĩɰ̃jo̞ːdo̞ː]

From 陰陽 (onmyō, onnyō, on'yō, in'yō, “yin-yang”) + 道 (“way”).
/omujaudau/ → /oNmjaudau/ → /oNmjɔːdɔː/ → /oNmjoːdoː/ [ommjoːdoː]
The yō reading for 陽 changes to nyō as an instance of renjō (連声). The yō reading for 陽 changes to myō as an instance of renjō (連声).

ja-renjō

a traditional body of Japanese esoteric cosmology; a mixture of natural sciences and occultism, based on the Chinese philosophies of Wu Xing and Yin and Yang.

Bansenshukai
Onmyōdō
Wu Xing
Yin and yang
esoteric cosmology
ja:陰陽道


日立

The name of various places, titles, and companies in Japan.

Hitachi (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)

Hitachi Province, a former region in Japan, roughly equivalent to modern-day Ibaraki prefecture


町長

ja-noun

町(ちょう)長(ちょう) • (chōchō) ^(←ちやうちやう (tyautyau)?)

町長 (canonical)
chōchō (romanization)
tyautyau (romanization)
ちやうちやう (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːt͡ɕo̞ː]

From 町(ちょう) (chō, “town”) + 長(ちょう) (-chō, “head”).


そうべつ

壮瞥: A town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan


石見

石見 (canonical)
Iwami (romanization)
Ifami (romanization)
いはみ (hiragana historical)

Iwami Province, an old province of Japan


高山

Takayama (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


信夫

信夫 (canonical)
Shinobu (romanization)
信夫 (canonical)
Nobuo (romanization)

(history) A district of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan


備州

A province of Japan, in the area of Okayama Prefecture and eastern Hiroshima prefecture. It was divided into Bizen, Bitchū, and Bingo Provinces in the late 7th century, and Mimasaka Province was separated from Bizen Province in the 8th century


奥州

奥州 (canonical)
Ōshū (romanization)
Ausiu (romanization)
あうしう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Osju, Voxu

→ Latin:

Mutsu Province, an old province of Japan, made up of the present-day prefectures of Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate and Aomori, and the municipalities of Kazuno and Kosaka in Akita Prefecture


満州

ja-pos

満(まん)州(しゅう) • (Manshū) ^(←まんしう (Mansiu)?)

満州 (canonical)
Manshū (romanization)
Mansiu (romanization)
まんしう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 滿洲／满洲 (Mǎnzhōu), from Manchu ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ (manju).
州 is a daiyōji replacing 洲.


長州

長(ちょう)州(しゅう) • (Chōshū) ^(←ちやうしう (Tyausiu)?)

長州 (canonical)
Chōshū (romanization)
Tyausiu (romanization)
ちやうしう (hiragana historical)

長 (Chō) refers to 長門国 (Nagato-no-kuni, “Nagato Province”).

Nagato Province, an old province of Japan in the area that is today part of Yamaguchi Prefecture

長州藩

長州藩 ちょうしゅうはん

長州風呂

長州風呂 ちょうしゅうぶろ


三浦

Compound of 三 (mi; san, “three”) + 浦 (ura; ho, “inlet, bay”).

compound

Miura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


在日

在日米軍

在日二世

2008 June 20, Fukushima Mizuho, “Zainichi Kankoku/Chōsen hito oyobi Nihon kokuseki o yūsuru... [Resident Koreans/North Koreans and the issue of Japanese nationality...]”, in House of Councilors, National Diet of Japan:

As a result of the “annexation of Korea” from Meiji 43 [1910] until Japan’s defeat [in World War II], zainichi Koreans and their descendants were granted Japanese nationality, with currently almost one million such persons living throughout Japan, more than half of whom hold Japanese nationality.

明治四十三年の「韓国併合」を契機に形成され、日本の敗戦まで日本国籍を有していた在日朝鮮人とその子孫は、現在では百万人近い人口を有し、日本各地に居住しており、その半数以上は日本国籍を有している。

Meiji yonjūsan-nen no “Kankoku heigō” o keiki ni keisei sare, Nihon no haisen made Nihon kokuseki o yūshiteita zainichi Chōsenjin to sono shison wa, genzai de wa hyakumannin chikai jinkō o yūshi, Nihon kakuchi ni kyojū shiteori, sono hansū ijō wa Nihon kokuseki o yūshiteiru.

2021 November 1, Maruyama Kana, “Nihon de shussan o keiken shita zainichi Chugoku-jin hahaoya no sango kea nīzu ni kan suru kentō [Investigation of the experience of Chinese mothers concerning care needs after giving birth in Japan]”, in Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences:

The purpose of this study was to bring to light the experience of Japan-resident Chinese mothers who gave birth in a Japanese hospital, concerning the provision of hospital or community care and support, and moreover to assess needs for postpartum care.

今回の研究では、日本の病院で出産を経験した在日中国人母親の、病院や地域で受けたケアや支援について明らかにしたうえで、どのような産後ケアニーズがあるのか検討することを目的としました。

Konkai no kenkyū de wa, Nihon no byōin de shussan o keiken shita zainichi Chūgokujin hahaoya no, byōin ya chiiki de uketa kea ya shien ni tsuite akiraka ni shita ue de, dono yō na sango kea nīzu ga aru no ka kentō suru koto o mokuteki to shimashita.

nonethnic Japanese person living in Japan; especially Koreans in Japan (Zainichi Koreans)


在日

在日する (canonical)
zainichi suru (romanization)
在日し (stem)
在日した (past)
在日し
ざいにちし
zainichi shi
在日する
ざいにちする
zainichi suru
在日すれ
ざいにちすれ
zainichi sure
在日せよ (imperative literary)
在日しろ (colloquial imperative)
ざいにちせよ (imperative literary)
ざいにちしろ (colloquial imperative)
zainichi seyo (imperative literary)
zainichi shiro (colloquial imperative)
在日される (passive)
ざいにちされる (passive)
zainichi sareru (passive)
在日させる (causative)
在日さす (causative)
ざいにちさせる (causative)
ざいにちさす (causative)
zainichi saseru (causative)
zainichi sasu (causative)
在日できる (potential)
ざいにちできる (potential)
zainichi dekiru (potential)
在日しよう (volitional)
ざいにちしよう (volitional)
zainichi shiyō (volitional)
在日しない (negative)
ざいにちしない (negative)
zainichi shinai (negative)
在日せず (continuative negative)
ざいにちせず (continuative negative)
zainichi sezu (continuative negative)
在日します (formal)
ざいにちします (formal)
zainichi shimasu (formal)
在日した (perfective)
ざいにちした (perfective)
zainichi shita (perfective)
在日して (conjunctive)
ざいにちして (conjunctive)
zainichi shite (conjunctive)
在日すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ざいにちすれば (conditional hypothetical)
zainichi sureba (conditional hypothetical)


千葉

Chiba (the capital city of Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


那覇

Russian: На́ха f (Náxa)

Naha (the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


高島

Takashima (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


田村

Tamura (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


田辺

Tanabe (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


織田

織田 (canonical)
Oda (romanization)
織田 (canonical)
Ota (romanization)

→ English: Oda, Ota

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Oda (a neighborhood of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

Ota (a neighborhood of Echizen, Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


鶴岡

ja-pos

鶴(つる)岡(おか) • (Tsuruoka) ^(←つるをか (Turwoka)?)

鶴岡 (canonical)
Tsuruoka (romanization)
Turwoka (romanization)
つるをか (hiragana historical)

Tsuruoka (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


戸田

Chinese: 戶田／户田 (Hùtián)

Toda (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


渋谷

渋谷 (canonical)
Shibutani (romanization)
渋谷 (canonical)
Shibuya (romanization)

Shibuya (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


市川

Ichikawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


瀬戸

Seto (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan); it is known for ceramics.


大川

Ōkawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


上田

上田 (canonical)
Ueda (romanization)
Ufeda (romanization)
うへだ (hiragana historical)

Russian: Уэ́да f (Uéda)

Ueda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


金沢

金(かな)沢(ざわ) • (Kanazawa) ^(←かなざは (Kanazafa)?)

金沢 (canonical)
Kanazawa (romanization)
Kanazafa (romanization)
かなざは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 金(かな) (kana, “metal; gold”, combining form of stand-alone reading kane) + 沢(さわ) (sawa, “marsh, swamp; mountain brook or stream”). The sawa changes to zawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Kanazawa (the capital city of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)

Kanazawa (a ward of Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


古賀

Koga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


関根

A neighborhood of Mutsu, Aomori Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nasushiobara, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tōkamachi and Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ishikawa and Motomiya and of Iitate, in Fukushima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kesennuma and Misato, Miyagi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kaminoyama, Tsuruoka, Nan'yō and Yonezawa, Yamagata Prefecture.


竹田

Taketa (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


土井

土井 (canonical)
Doi (romanization)
Dowi (romanization)
どゐ (hiragana historical)

A neighborhood of Awa, Tokushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sayō, Sayō district, Hyōgo Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Minabe, Hidaka district, Wakayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Higashi, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture.


桜井

ja-pos

桜(さくら)井(い) • (Sakurai) ^(←さくらゐ (Sakurawi)?)

桜井 (canonical)
Sakurai (romanization)
Sakurawi (romanization)
さくらゐ (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 櫻井／樱井 (Yīngjǐng)

→ English: Sakurai

Sakurai (a city and neighborhood of Nara Prefecture, Japan)

A neighborhood of Komaki, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Imabari, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Minoo and Shimamoto, Osaka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yōrō, Gifu Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kisarazu and Futtsu, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Saku, Nagano Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shima, Fukuoka Prefecture.


佐野

Sano (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


池田

Ikeda (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


岡崎

Okazaki (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


佐伯

Saiki (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


白井

Shiroi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


大村

Ōmura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


青木

青(あお)木(き) or 青(おお)木(ぎ) • (Aoki or Ōgi) ^(←あをき (Awoki)?)

青木 (canonical)
Aoki (romanization)
Awoki (romanization)
あをき (hiragana historical)
青木 (canonical)
青木 (canonical)
Aoki (romanization)
Ōgi (romanization)
Awoki (romanization)
あをき (hiragana historical)

青(あお) (ao, “blue, green”) + 木(き) (ki, “tree”)


大津

大津 (canonical)
Ōtsu (romanization)
Ofotu (romanization)
おほつ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “big, large”) + 津 (tsu, “harbor, port”).

compound

Ōtsu (the capital city of Shiga Prefecture), an important port on Lake Biwa


清和

A village in Kimitsu district, Chiba Prefecture

A village in Kamishiki district, Kumamoto Prefecture

A neighbourhood of Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture


天神

[tẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

From Middle Chinese 天神 (MC then zyin). Compare modern Mandarin 天神 (tiānshén, “god, godhead, divinity”).

cog

天神講: a matsuri celebrating Sugawara no Michizane

天神祭: a matsuri celebrating Sugawara no Michizane

天神橋: a bridge over the Yodo River in Ōsaka

天神髭

a beard of the style shown in depiction of Sugawara no Michizane

天神山

the name of various mountains and other places around Japan

天神山古墳 てんじんやまこふん

天神山古墳: a late-fourth-century kofun tomb in Gunma prefecture


大田

大田 (canonical)
Ōda (romanization)
大田 (canonical)
Ōta (romanization)
大田 (canonical)
Tejon (romanization)

Ōta (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


飯田

飯田 (canonical)
Īda (romanization)
Ifida (romanization)
いひだ (hiragana historical)

Īda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


上野

上野 (canonical)
Ueno (romanization)
Ufeno (romanization)
うへの (hiragana historical)

From 上 (ue, “up, above; top”) + 野 (no, “area, field”).

com

a placename, such as that of a district in Taitō Ward, Tokyo


上野

上野 (canonical)
Kōzuke (romanization)
Kauduke (romanization)
かうづけ (hiragana historical)

⟨kami₁tuke₂⟩ → */kamʲitukei̯/ → /kaũd͡zuke/ → /kɔːd͡zuke/ → /koːzuke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 上毛野 (Kami₁tuke₂no₁ → Kamitsukeno, literally “Upper Keno”).

inh

Short for 上野国 (Kōzuke-no-kuni): Kōzuke Province, an old province of Japan


立花

立花 (canonical)
Rikka (romanization)
Ritukwa (romanization)
りつくわ (hiragana historical)

/rikkwa/ → /rikka/
Possibly from Middle Chinese compound 立花 (MC lip xwae, “lit. stand + flower”) or 立華 (MC lip xwae, “lit. stand + flower”).
Alternatively, coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived components.


伊達

From earlier いだて or いだち. Further source unknown. Kanji 伊 became silent in the Muromachi Period.

Date (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


永野

The neighborhoods of Toyota and Kōta, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Satsuma, Kagoshima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tosa, Sakawa, Tsuno and Yusuhara; in Kōchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Jinsekikōgen, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.


木下

ja-pos

木下(きのした) or 木(き)下(おろし) or 木(き)下(くだし) • (Kinoshita or Kioroshi or Kikudashi)

木下 (canonical)
Kinoshita (romanization)
木下 (canonical)
木下 (canonical)
木下 (canonical)
Kinoshita (romanization)
Kioroshi (romanization)
Kikudashi (romanization)


長井

Nagai (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


長島

Nagashima (a town in Izumi district, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


岡田

岡田 (canonical)
Okada (romanization)
Wokada (romanization)
をかだ (hiragana historical)
岡田 (canonical)
Okata (romanization)
Wokata (romanization)
をかた (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 岡田／冈田 (Gāngtián)

→ English: Okada

Compound of 岡(おか) (oka, “hillock”) + 田(た) (ta, “rice field”). The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

A neighborhood of Chita, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yuzawa, Akita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Jōsō and Hitachiōta, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sennan, Osaka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Samugawa, Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Higashiōmi, Shiga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shimada, Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Izumo, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tateyama, Noda and Yachimata, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Nagano and Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shibata and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yahatanishi ward, Kitakyushu and of Chikushino, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tanagura, Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Samani, Hokkaido prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Iga and Suzuka, Mie Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Miyagino ward, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Iwade and Kainan, Wakayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Atsugi, Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōshima, Tokyo prefecture.

Okata (neighborhoods in Japan):
A neighborhood of Ōi, Fukui Prefecture.


中野

Nakano (a special ward of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Nakano (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


島田

島田 (canonical)
Shimada (romanization)
島田 (canonical)
Shimata (romanization)

→ Chinese: 島田／岛田 (Dǎotián)

→ English: Shimada

Compound of 島(しま) (shima, “island”) + 田(た) (ta, “rice field”). Literally, “island-like field”. The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Shimada (a city and train station in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

A neighborhood of Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōwani, Aomori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Komatsu and Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ushiku and Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nakatsu, Ōita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yatsushiro, Jōnan and Mashiki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sakado, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ichihara and Yachiyo, Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ashikaga and Oyama, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Agano, Sanjō, Jōetsu and Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Chikuga, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kuwana, Mie Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kakuda, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shōnai, Yamagata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Inami, Wakayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kumiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yasugi, Shimane Prefecture.

A neighborhood and train station in Hikari, Yamaguchi Prefecture.


長野

Russian: Нага́но m or f (Nagáno)

Nagano (the capital city of Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


武雄

Takeo (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


上原

ja-pos

上(うえ)原(はら) • (Uehara) ^(←うへはら (Ufefara)?)

上(うえ)原(ばら) • (Uebara) ^(←うへばら (Ufebara)?)

上(うわ)原(はら) • (Uwahara) ^(←うははら (Ufafara)?)

上(うわ)原(ばら) • (Uwabara) ^(←うはばら (Ufabara)?)

上(うわ)原(ばる) • (Uwabaru) ^(←うはばる (Ufabaru)?)

上原 (canonical)
Uehara (romanization)
Ufefara (romanization)
うへはら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uebara (romanization)
Ufebara (romanization)
うへばら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwahara (romanization)
Ufafara (romanization)
うははら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwabara (romanization)
Ufabara (romanization)
うはばら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwabaru (romanization)
Ufabaru (romanization)
うはばる (hiragana historical)

→ English: Uehara

[ɯ̟e̞ha̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟e̞ba̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ha̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ba̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ba̠ɾɯ̟]

The hara/haru changes to bara/baru as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

A neighborhood of Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shibuya, Tokyo prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ginowan, of Taketomi and Nishihara, and of Ōgimi; in Okinawa Prefecture.

Uebara (a neighborhood of Ōtaki, Chiba Prefecture)

Uebara (a neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture)

Uwahara (a neighborhood of Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture)

A neighborhood of Niihama, Ehime Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nihonmatsu, Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Iide, Yamagata Prefecture.

Uwabaru (a neighborhood of Ashikita, Kumamoto Prefecture)


上原

上原 (canonical)
Kamihara (romanization)
上原 (canonical)
Kanbara (romanization)
上原 (canonical)
Kanbaru (romanization)

[kã̠mba̠ɾɯ̟]

A neighborhood of Taketoyo, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fukaya, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōnan, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Uonuma, Kashiwazaki and Minamiuonuma, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nanto, Fukuyama prefecture.

Kanbara (a neighborhood of Sōja, Okayama Prefecture)

Kanbara (a neighborhood of Yokoshibahikari, Chiba Prefecture)

Kanbaru (a neighborhood of Miyako, Fukuoka Prefecture)


石川

石(いし)川(かわ) • (Ishikawa) ^(←いしかは (Isikafa)?)

石(いし)川(がわ) • (Ishigawa) ^(←いしがは (Isigafa)?)

石川 (canonical)
Ishikawa (romanization)
Isikafa (romanization)
いしかは (hiragana historical)
石川 (canonical)
Ishigawa (romanization)
Isigafa (romanization)
いしがは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 石川 (Shíchuān)

→ English: Ishikawa, Ishigawa

[iɕiɡa̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

Ishikawa (a prefecture of Japan; capital: Kanazawa)

Ishikawa (a town in Ishikawa district, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

A former city in Okinawa island; now part of Uruma, Okinawa Prefecture.

Synonym of 賀茂川 (Kamogawa): a river in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

賀茂川

Ishi River (rivers in Japan):
A river in Aichi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Tokiwa, Hokkaido prefecture.

A tributary of the Yamato, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Mizuho, Nagoya and of Taketoyo, in Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood and train station in Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ishioka, Hitachinaka and Mito and of Ami, in Ibaraki Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Uruma and Motobu, Okinawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kashiwara, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Naka, Yokohama and of Fujisawa, in Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yosano, Kyoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ueki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kohoku, Shiga Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimizu, Shizuoka and of Numazu, in Shizuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ichihara and Sakura, Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Hachiōji and Ōta, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fujioka, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kashihara and Yamatokōriyama, Nara Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kamo and Jōetsu, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kawamata, Fukushima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Hakodate and Muroran, Hokkaido prefecture.

Ishikawa (other places in Japan):
A neighborhood of Iga, Mie Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shinjō, Yamagata Prefecture.

Ishi River (rivers in Japan):
A river in Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Sai, Ishikawa Prefecture.

A tributary of the Sabaishi, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Hikimi, Shimane Prefecture.


浜田

Hamada (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


昭南

ja-pos

昭(しょう)南(なん) • (Shōnan) ^(←せうなん (Seunan)?)

昭南 (canonical)
Shōnan (romanization)
Seunan (romanization)
せうなん (hiragana historical)

en:Japanese occupation of Singapore
ja:日本占領時期のシンガポール

(historical) Syonan, Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia), as part of the Empire of Japan


沼田

Numata (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


二宮

A town in Haga district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, Asia

A town in Naka district, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, Asia


早川

早(はや)川(かわ) • (Hayakawa) ^(←はやかは (Fayakafa)?)

早川 (canonical)
Hayakawa (romanization)
Fayakafa (romanization)
はやかは (hiragana historical)

ja:早川
ja:早川 (山梨県)
ja:早川 (神奈川県)

Haya River (a river in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)

Haya River (a river in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


野田

Noda (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


甲斐

甲斐 (canonical)
Kai (romanization)
Kafi (romanization)
かひ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.
Derived from the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 代(か)う (kau, “to exchange or replace one thing with another”), with the basic sense being "that which should be the result / outcome / replacement".

ja-etym-renyokei

甲斐: Kai (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

甲斐: Kai Province, an old province of Japan


西岡

ja-pos

西(にし)岡(おか) • (Nishioka) ^(←にしをか (Nisiwoka)?)

西岡 (canonical)
Nishioka (romanization)
Nisiwoka (romanization)
にしをか (hiragana historical)

→ English: Nishioka

Compound of 西(にし) (nishi, “the west”) + 岡(おか) (oka, “hillock”), literally, “hill on the west”.

ja-com

A neighborhood of Toyota, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tōon, Ehime Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Itakura, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yamatokōriyama, Nara Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Agano, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Toyohira ward, Sapporo and of Kenbuchi, in Hokkaido prefecture.


日野

Hino (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


日高

Hidaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)