橋本

Compound of 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”) + 本(もと) (moto, “origin; base”).

Hashimoto (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)

A railway station in Hashimoto, Wakayama Prefecture

A district and railway station in Midori, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture

A subway station in Nishi, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture

A railway station in Yawata, Kyoto Prefecture


原口

[ha̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[ha̠ɾɯ̟ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Compound of 原(はら) (hara, “field, plain”) + 口(くち) (kuchi, “mouth; opening”). Literally, “field opening”.

ja-com

The towns in Isahaya, Ōmura and Shimabara, Nagasaki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Matsumae, Matsumae district, Hokkaido prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.


原口

Haruguchi (a neighborhood of Nagomi, Tamana district, Kumamoto Prefecture)


平川

ja-pos

平(ひら)川(かわ) • (Hirakawa) ^(←ひらかは (Firakafa)?)

平川 (canonical)
Hirakawa (romanization)
Firakafa (romanization)
ひらかは (hiragana historical)

Hirakawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


福井

福井 (canonical)
Fukui (romanization)
Fukwi (romanization)
ふくゐ (hiragana historical)

Fukui (the capital city of Fukui Prefecture, Japan)

Fukui (a prefecture on the north coast of Honshu, Japan)


深谷

Fukaya (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


長谷

/patuse/ → /fatuse/ → /fase/ →/hase/
From the 枕(まくら)詞(ことば) (makura kotoba, “pillow word”) 長(なが)谷(たに)の泊(はつ)瀬(せ) (nagatani no Hatsuse, literally, "the long valley of Hatsuse"); the modern notation of 泊(はつ)瀬(せ) (Hatsuse) being 初(はつ)瀬(せ). Evolved into Hase by sound change.
The modern location of Hatsuse is in Sakurai, Nara Prefecture.

ja-r

なが%たに の ^はつ%せ

Hase (a former village in Kamiina district, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, now part of the city of Ina)


長谷

ja-pos

長(なが)谷(たに) or 長(なが)谷(や) • (Nagatani or Nagaya)

長谷 (canonical)
長谷 (canonical)
Nagatani (romanization)
Nagaya (romanization)

Nagatani (a district of the town of Aga, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)

Nagatani, Nagatani-oike (a dam in Hyogo prefecture, Japan)

Nagaya (a district of the city of Kakegawashi, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


長谷

Nagayatsu (a district of the city of Minamiboso, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


平野

plain (an expanse of land with relatively low relief)


藤枝

Fujieda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


藤岡

藤(ふじ)岡(おか) • (Fujioka) ^(←ふぢをか (Fudiwoka)?)

藤岡 (canonical)
Fujioka (romanization)
Fudiwoka (romanization)
ふぢをか (hiragana historical)

Fujioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


福山

Fukuyama (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


長谷川

長谷(はせ)川(がわ) • (Hasegawa) ^(←はせがは (Fasegafa)?)

長(なが)谷(たに)川(がわ) • (Nagatanigawa) ^(←ながたにがは (Nagatanigafa)?)

長(なが)谷(や)川(がわ) • (Nagayagawa) ^(←ながやがは (Nagayagafa)?)

長谷川 (canonical)
Hasegawa (romanization)
Fasegafa (romanization)
はせがは (hiragana historical)
長谷川 (canonical)
Nagatanigawa (romanization)
Nagatanigafa (romanization)
ながたにがは (hiragana historical)
長谷川 (canonical)
Nagayagawa (romanization)
Nagayagafa (romanization)
ながやがは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 長谷川／长谷川 (Chánggǔchuān)

→ English: Hasegawa

[na̠ɡa̠ta̠ɲ̟iɡa̠β̞a̠]

[na̠ɡa̠ja̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]

From 長谷 (Hase / Nagatani / Nagaya, placename) + 川 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Hase River (rivers and tributaries in Japan):

A tributary of the Ōno, Ōita Prefecture.

A tributary of the Onga, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kikuchi, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kiso, Nagano Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kushida, Mie Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kōnokawa, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gokase, Miyazaki Prefecture.

A tributary of the Naruse, Miyagi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Noro, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yoshino, Tokushima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yodo, Kyoto Prefecture.

Hasegawa (a neighborhood of Kimitsu, Chiba Prefecture)

Hasegawa (a neighborhood of Aritagawa, Wakayama Prefecture)

Nagatani River (rivers and tributaries in Japan):

A river in Okayama Prefecture and Hyōgo Prefecture.

A tributary of the Agano, Fukushima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Asahi, the Iri, the Takahashi and the Yoshii, Okayama Prefecture.

A tributary of the Abu, the Oze and the Nishiki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Ōno and the Yamakuni, Ōita Prefecture.

A tributary of the Ogawa and the Mannose, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kagami, the Shimonokae, the Shinkawa, the Nahari, the Monobe and the Wajiki, Kōchi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gamō and the Tenjin, Tottori Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kikuchi, the Kuma, the Gokase and the Seki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kiso, Gifu Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kinokawa, Nara Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kurose, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gōnokawa, Shimane Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Saita, Kagawa Prefecture.

A tributary of the Shigeta, the Shigenobu, the Hiji, the Hinoodani and the Mori, Ehime Prefecture.

A tributary of the Shinano, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Tatara, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A tributary of the Chikusa and the Yada, Hyōgo Prefecture.

A tributary of the Nachi, Wakayama Prefecture.

A tributary of the Noda and the Yura, Kyoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Matsuura and the Rokkaku, Saga Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yamada, Nagasaki Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yodo, Osaka Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Nara Prefecture.

A tributary of the Watari, Ehime Prefecture and Kōchi Prefecture.

Nagaya River (a tributary of the Gōnokawa, Hiroshima Prefecture)


古川

Furukawa (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


古河

Koga (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


本郷

Hongō (a district of the ward of Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan)


三沢

Misawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


町田

Machida (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


前川

前川 (canonical)
Maekawa (romanization)
前川 (canonical)
Maegawa (romanization)

前 (mae, “before, in front”) + 川 (kawa, “river”)


前川

A county of Chagang Province, North Korea


松原

Matsubara (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


松浦

Matsuura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


三島

Mishima (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


益田

Masuda (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


三原

Mihara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


松山

Matsuyama (the capital city of Ehime Prefecture, Japan)


三上

三(み) (mi) + 上(かみ) (kami, literally “three high (things)”). Attested from at least the 10th century.

ja-compound

A neighborhood of Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yasu, Shiga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.

(historical) A former district of Hiroshima Prefecture


美馬

Mima (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


古田

古田 (canonical)
Furuta (romanization)
古田 (canonical)
Futta (romanization)

Compound of 古(ふる) (furu, “old, worn out”, noun) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”). Literally, “old (rice) field”.

ja-com

A neighborhood of Nishinoomote, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Motoyama, Kōchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kawachi, Tochigi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Harima, Hyōgo Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Oguni, Yamagata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture.

Futta (a neighborhood of Kawai, Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


古田

古田 (canonical)
Kota (romanization)
古田 (canonical)
Koda (romanization)

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Koda (a neighborhood of Tahara, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Koda (the neighborhoods of Shibata and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


古田

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 古田 (Gǔtián).

obor

Gutian (a county of Ningde, Fujian, China)


前田

前田 (canonical)
Maeda (romanization)
Mafeda (romanization)
まへだ (hiragana historical)
前田 (canonical)
Maeta (romanization)
Mafeta (romanization)
まへた (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 前田 (Qiántián)

→ English: Maeda

Maeda (multiple neighborhoods in Japan):

The neighborhoods of Inazawa and of Taketoyo, Chita district, in Aichi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Aomori and of Shichinohe and Noheji, Kamikita district; in Aomori Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ibaraki, Higashiibaraki district, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hachimantai, Iwate Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Usuki, Ōita Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Urasoe, Okinawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kimotsuki, Kimotsuki district, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Gōdo, Anpachi district, Gifu Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Numazu and Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Minamibōsō, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nanto, Toyama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yukuhashi and of Yahatahigashi, Kitakyūshū; in Fukuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kitakata, Date and Nihonmatsu; of Yabuki, Nishishirakawa district; and of Futaba, Futaba district; in Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kyōwa, Iwanai district, Hokkaido prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ebino, Miyazaki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hirogawa, Arida district, Wakayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hatogaya, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōtawara, Tochigi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Iitate, Sōma district, Fukushima Prefecture.


村上

Literally “upper town, upper part of a town”.

Murakami (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


水原

ja-pos

水(すい)原(げん) • (Suigen) ^(←すいげん (Suigen)?)

水原 (canonical)
Suigen (romanization)
すいげん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 수원(水原) (suwon).


三好

Miyoshi (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


矢野

A neighborhood of Yawatahama, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Izumo, Shimane Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Aki, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tamaki, Mie Prefecture.


柳川

ja-pos

柳(やな)川(がわ) • (Yanagawa) ^(←やながは (Yanagafa)?)

柳川 (canonical)
Yanagawa (romanization)
Yanagafa (romanization)
やながは (hiragana historical)

Yanagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


宮崎

宮(みや)崎(ざき) • (Miyazaki) ^(←みやざき (Miyazaki)?)

宮崎 (canonical)
Miyazaki (romanization)
みやざき (hiragana historical)

Miyazaki (the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)

Miyazaki (a prefecture in south eastern Kyushu, Japan)


赤坂

Literally "red hill", from 赤(あか) (aka, “red”) and 坂(さか) (saka, “hill”). The placename does not refer to any known specific hill, and may be reduced from an earlier 茜坂(あかねさか) (akanesaka, “madder hill”, literally “red root hill”).


和田

和(わ) (wa) + 田(た) (ta, literally “tranquil field”)

ja-compound

A neighborhood of Shichinohe, Kamikita district, Aomori Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shika, Hakui district, Ishikawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Toride, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kumatori, Sennan district and of Minami, Sakai, in Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Akaiwa, Tamano and Mimasaka, of Kibichūō, Kaga district and of Kagamino, Tomata district, in Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ibigawa, Ibi district, Gifu Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Maizuru and of Kyōtanba, Funai district, in Kyoto Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sukumo, of Kitagawa, Aki district, of Tosa, Tosa district, and of Ōtoyo, Nagaoka district, in Kōchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Itō, Kakegawa, Kikugawa and Makinohara, Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōnan, Ōchi district, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sanmu, Narita and Yotsukaidō and of Sakae, Inba district, in Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Suginami and Tama, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Takaoka and Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Komoro and Matsumoto and of Nagawa, Chīsagata district, in Nagano Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sakurai and of Tenkawa, Yoshino district, in Nara Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kōnan, Niigata and of Uonuma, in Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sasayama, of Inami, Kako district and of Shin'onsen, Mikata district, in Hyōgo Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Mihara, Hiroshima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Fukui, of Takahama, Ōi district and of Mihama, Mikata district, in Fukui Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Minami, Fukuoka and of Sasaguri, Kasuya district, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Aizuwakamatsu, Sukagawa and Sōma and of Shirasawa, Adachi district, in Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nan'yō, Yamagata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Suōōshima, Ōshima district, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Minobu, Minamikoma district, Yamanashi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tanabe and Wakayama, of Hirogawa, Arida district and of Mihama, Hidaka district, in Wakayama Prefecture.


明石

Akashi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


高崎

Takasaki (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


安里

Asato (regions in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan):

A region of Nakagusuku, Nakagami district.


足立

Adachi (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


市原

Ichihara (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


相馬

Sōma (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


砂川

Sunagawa (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


宇城

Uki (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


米沢

ja-pos

米(よね)沢(ざわ) • (Yonezawa) ^(←よねざは (Yonezafa)?)

米沢 (canonical)
Yonezawa (romanization)
Yonezafa (romanization)
よねざは (hiragana historical)

Yonezawa (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


三明

Sanming (a prefecture-level city in Fujian, China)


平塚

Hiratsuka (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


嶋田

Shimada (a neighborhood of Taketoyo, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


島原

島原半島

島原半島 しまばらはんとう

Shimabara (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


北斗

Hokuto (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan).


白石

Shiroishi (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


羽田

羽田 (canonical)
Haneda (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Haneta (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Handa (romanization)

→ Chinese: 羽田 (Yǔtián)

A neighborhood and airport in Ōta, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kawamata, Fukushima Prefecture.

Haneta (a neighborhood of Sakuragawa, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)

Handa (a neighborhood of Ōtawara, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


羽田

羽田 (canonical)
Hata (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Hada (romanization)

→ English: Hata, Hada

Hata (a neighborhood of Hita, Ōita Prefecture, Japan)

Hada (a neighborhood of Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Hada (a neighborhood of Ōita, Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


仙頭

仙頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

Misspelling of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)”).


田原

Tahara (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


土佐

Tosa (a city in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


都会

東京都議会 w:ja:東京都議会

Clipping of 東京都議会 (Tōkyōto Gikai, “Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly”).


南スーダン

南スーダン (canonical)
Minami Sūdan (romanization)

南 (minami, “south”) + スーダン (Sūdan, “Sudan”), calque of English South Sudan.

af

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


皇女

ja-noun

皇(こう)女(じょ) • (kōjo) ^(←くわうぢよ (kwaudyo)?)

皇女 (canonical)
kōjo (romanization)
kwaudyo (romanization)
くわうぢよ (hiragana historical)

/kwaudʲo/ → /kwɔːd͡ʑo/ → /koːd͡ʑo/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 皇女 (MC hwang nrjoX|nrjoH). First cited to the early 1300s.

an imperial princess of Japan (the Emperor's daughter)


皇女

皇女 (canonical)
ōjo (romanization)
waudyo (romanization)
わうぢよ (hiragana historical)

/waudʲo/ → /wɔːd͡ʑo/ → /oːd͡ʑo/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 皇女 (MC hwang nrjoX|nrjoH).
The mixed use of the goon reading of /oː/ for the first kanji and the kan'on reading of /d͡ʑo/ for the second kanji may indicate a shift within Japanese after borrowing. The first appearance of this reading is unknown, but it would be some time after the appearance of the /koːd͡ʑo/ reading in the early 1300s.


滞欧

滞欧する (canonical)
taiō suru (romanization)
滞欧し (stem)
滞欧した (past)
滞欧し
たいおうし
taiō shi
滞欧する
たいおうする
taiō suru
滞欧すれ
たいおうすれ
taiō sure
滞欧せよ (imperative literary)
滞欧しろ (colloquial imperative)
たいおうせよ (imperative literary)
たいおうしろ (colloquial imperative)
taiō seyo (imperative literary)
taiō shiro (colloquial imperative)
滞欧される (passive)
たいおうされる (passive)
taiō sareru (passive)
滞欧させる (causative)
滞欧さす (causative)
たいおうさせる (causative)
たいおうさす (causative)
taiō saseru (causative)
taiō sasu (causative)
滞欧できる (potential)
たいおうできる (potential)
taiō dekiru (potential)
滞欧しよう (volitional)
たいおうしよう (volitional)
taiō shiyō (volitional)
滞欧しない (negative)
たいおうしない (negative)
taiō shinai (negative)
滞欧せず (continuative negative)
たいおうせず (continuative negative)
taiō sezu (continuative negative)
滞欧します (formal)
たいおうします (formal)
taiō shimasu (formal)
滞欧した (perfective)
たいおうした (perfective)
taiō shita (perfective)
滞欧して (conjunctive)
たいおうして (conjunctive)
taiō shite (conjunctive)
滞欧すれば (conditional hypothetical)
たいおうすれば (conditional hypothetical)
taiō sureba (conditional hypothetical)


コーンウォール

ja-pos

コーンウォール • (Kōnwōru)

ja:コーンウォール (曖昧さ回避)

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island#English

Cornwall (a town in Prince Edward Island)


こうてい

ja-noun

こうてい • (kōtei)

康定: Kangding (a city in Sichuan, China), an era of the Song dynasty


綾瀬

Ayase (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


水戸

Mito (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


数馬

A neighborhood of Futtsu, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

A village in Iide, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.

A village in Hinohara, Tokyo prefecture, Japan.


藤森

ja-pos

藤(ふじ)森(もり) • (Fujimori) ^(←ふぢもり (Fudimori)?)

藤森 (canonical)
Fujimori (romanization)
Fudimori (romanization)
ふぢもり (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑimo̞ɾʲi]

Compound of 藤(ふじ) (fuji, “Japanese wisteria”) + 森(もり) (mori, “forest”). Literally, “wisteria forest”.

ja-com

Fujimori (a neighborhood of Meitō, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Fujimori (a neighborhood of Maniwa, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


藤森

ja-pos

藤森(ふじのもり) • (Fujinomori) ^(←ふぢのもり (Fudinomori)?)

藤森 (canonical)
Fujinomori (romanization)
Fudinomori (romanization)
ふぢのもり (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑino̞mo̞ɾʲi]

Abbreviation of 藤の森 (fuji no mori, “forest of wisteria”).

abbrev

Fujinomori (a neighborhood of Oyabe, Toyama Prefecture, Japan)

Fujinomori (a neighborhood of Yamatotakada, Nara Prefecture, Japan)


摩耶

From Middle Chinese 摩耶 (MC ma yae), from Sanskrit माया (māyā́).

摩耶山

Maya (a mountain in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


守口

Moriguchi (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


八代

八代 (canonical)
Yatsushiro (romanization)

Yatsushiro (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


山城

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 城 (shiro, “castle, fortress”).

compound

Yamashiro Province, an old province of Japan


結城

結城 (canonical)
Yūki (romanization)
Yufuki (romanization)
ゆふき (hiragana historical)

From the many 楮 (kōzo, “paper mulberry”) trees originally planted there, from 木綿 (yuu, “string made from the fibers of the paper mulberry”), cognate with 結う (yuu, “to tie up”).

Yūki (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


船橋

船(ふな) (funa, combining form of 船(ふね) (fune, “ship, vessel”)) + 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”). The hashi changes to bashi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Funabashi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


真弓

→ English: Mayumi

Compound of 真(ま) (ma-, “pure, genuine; beautiful”) + 弓(ゆみ) (yumi, “bow”).

ja-com

A neighborhood of Hitachiōta, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōhira, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ikoma and Asuka, Nara Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yamakawa, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shinchi, Fukushima Prefecture.


瑞穂

Mizuho (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

Ruisui (a rural township in Hualien County, Taiwan)


亜細亜

Ateji (当て字), from Chinese 亞細亞／亚细亚 (Yàxìyà).

Dated spelling of アジア (Ajia, “Asia (a continent)”).


亜細亜

Alternative spelling of アジヤ (Ajiya, “(obsolete) Asia (a continent)”)


アーカンソー

ja-pos

アーカンソー • (Ākansō)

[a̠ːkã̠ɰ̃so̞ː]

Borrowed from English Arkansas, from French pronunciation of Siouan, meaning “land of downriver people” in Quapaw/Kansa and “people of the south wind” in Dakota/Lakota.

(~州) Arkansas (a state of the United States)


訪中

ja-noun

訪(ほう)中(ちゅう) • (hōchū)


訪中

訪中する (canonical)
hōchū suru (romanization)
訪中し (stem)
訪中した (past)
訪中し
ほうちゅうし
hōchū shi
訪中する
ほうちゅうする
hōchū suru
訪中すれ
ほうちゅうすれ
hōchū sure
訪中せよ (imperative literary)
訪中しろ (colloquial imperative)
ほうちゅうせよ (imperative literary)
ほうちゅうしろ (colloquial imperative)
hōchū seyo (imperative literary)
hōchū shiro (colloquial imperative)
訪中される (passive)
ほうちゅうされる (passive)
hōchū sareru (passive)
訪中させる (causative)
訪中さす (causative)
ほうちゅうさせる (causative)
ほうちゅうさす (causative)
hōchū saseru (causative)
hōchū sasu (causative)
訪中できる (potential)
ほうちゅうできる (potential)
hōchū dekiru (potential)
訪中しよう (volitional)
ほうちゅうしよう (volitional)
hōchū shiyō (volitional)
訪中しない (negative)
ほうちゅうしない (negative)
hōchū shinai (negative)
訪中せず (continuative negative)
ほうちゅうせず (continuative negative)
hōchū sezu (continuative negative)
訪中します (formal)
ほうちゅうします (formal)
hōchū shimasu (formal)
訪中した (perfective)
ほうちゅうした (perfective)
hōchū shita (perfective)
訪中して (conjunctive)
ほうちゅうして (conjunctive)
hōchū shite (conjunctive)
訪中すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ほうちゅうすれば (conditional hypothetical)
hōchū sureba (conditional hypothetical)


ジャージー

ja-pos

ジャージー • (Jājī)

ja:ジャージー (曖昧さ回避)

Jersey (an island dependency of the United Kingdom)

Jersey (a town in Georgia, United States)


行方

Also spelled Namekata (without rendaku) in older texts.

Namegata (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


揚子江

揚(よう)子(す)江(こう) • (Yōsukō) ^(←やうすかう (Yausukau)?)

揚子江 (canonical)
Yōsukō (romanization)
Yausukau (romanization)
やうすかう (hiragana historical)


親日

[ɕĩɲ̟ːit͡ɕi]


わがくに

[β̞a̠ɡa̠kɯ̟ɲ̟i]

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE with the phonetic spelling 和賀久邇.
Nominal phrase, composed of 我 (wa, “I, me”) + が (ga, genitive or possessive particle in Old Japanese) + 国 (kuni, “country, nation”).

compound

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:我が国


おしさか

c. 5-6th century: Suda Hachiman Jinja Bronze Mirror
癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟

(historical) 忍坂: Oshisaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


おっさか

(historical) 忍坂:: Oshisaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


おさか

意佐加能 意富牟盧夜爾 比登佐波爾 岐伊理袁理 比登佐波爾 伊理袁理登母 美都美都斯 久米能古賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 宇知弖斯夜麻牟 美都美都斯 久米能古良賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 伊麻宇多婆余良斯

於佐箇廼、於朋務露夜珥、比苔瑳破而、異離烏利苔毛、比苔瑳破而、枳伊離烏利苔毛、瀰都瀰都志、倶梅能固邏餓、句鶩都都伊、異志都都伊毛智、于智弖之夜莽務

山口坐皇神等能前爾白久、飛鳥・石寸・忍坂・長谷・畝火・耳无登、御名者白弖 [...]

927, Engishiki (Kojiki, Norito page 392)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(historical) 忍坂:: Osaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


国技館

国技館 (canonical)
Kokugikan (romanization)

国技 (kokugi, “national sport”) + 館 (-kan)


鳴門

From Etymology 1 above.
The “edible seaweed” sense is associated with 鳴門若布 (Naruto wakame), which is traditionally made in Naruto, Tokushima.

Short for 鳴門市 (Naruto-shi): A city in northwestern Tokushima Prefecture


暹羅

暹羅 (canonical)
暹羅 (canonical)
Shamu (romanization)

1903, 巖谷小波, 洋行土產, volume 2, 博文館, page 271:

此間日本へも御來遊のあつた、暹羅の皇太子殿下が、伯林市を見舞はれたのは、たしか去年の五月頃であつた。

Kono aida Nihon e mo go-raiyū no atta, Shamu no kōtaishi-denka ga, Berurin-shi o mimawareta no wa, tashika kyonen no go-gatsu-goro de atta.

而して、最も尊敬すべき釋尊の御舍利は、世界唯一の佛敎國たる暹羅國の皇帝陛下へ寄贈されたのである

shikashite, mottomo sonkei-su-beki shakuson no o-shari wa, sekai yuiitsu no bukkyō-koku-taru Shamu-koku no kōtei-heika e kisō-sareta no de aru


暹羅

暹羅 (canonical)
暹羅 (canonical)
Shamuro (romanization)

Ateji (当て字), from Chinese 暹羅／暹罗 (Xiānluó).

大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉

広辞苑 w:ja:広辞苑

大辞林 w:ja:大辞林

(history) Synonym of シャム (Shamu, “Siam”)


キルギスタン

(dated) Synonym of キルギス (Kirigisu): Kyrgyzstan, Kirghizia (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


ジャクソン

Jackson (the capital city of Mississippi, United States and one of the two county seats of Hinds County)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Amador County, California)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Butts County, Georgia, United States)

Breathitt County
Breathitt County#English

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Breathitt County, Kentucky)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Michigan)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Minnesota)

Cape Girardeau County
Cape Girardeau County#English

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Cape Girardeau County, Missouri)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Ohio)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Madison County, Tennessee)


フォーク

ja-noun

フォーク • (fōku)

Daijisen
ja:フォーク
ja:フォーク (ソフトウェア開発)
ja:フォーク (ファイルシステム)
ja:フォーク (食器)
ja:松村明

フォークボール フォークボール#Japanese

(baseball) Short for フォークボール (fōkubōru).


フォーク

ja-pos

フォーク • (Fōku)

ja:フォーク
ja:フォーク郡 (サウスダコタ州)


フォーク

フォーク • (Fōku)


吏読

吏読 (canonical)
吏読 (canonical)
rito (romanization)
ritō (romanization)

Unknown. The name is first found in 1444 in the work of Choe Manri, but the practice was in use for many centuries preceding that. Variously written 吏読, 吏道, 吏吐, etc. Only the first character "clerk" is common and suggests that it was a system used by government clerks.

Idu, an archaic method of writing Korean with Chinese characters; the syntax is Korean order and includes Chinese characters to represent Korean grammar


伊東

Itō (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


密林

[mʲit͡sɨɾʲĩɴ]

2019 March 19, “ワイ、密林の倉庫でバイト戦士になる”, in 5ちゃんねる, archived from the original on 2019-12-21:

ワイ、密林の倉庫でバイト戦士になる

wai, mitsurin no sōko de baito senshi ni naru

I became a part-time-job warrior at Amazon’s warehouse

(Internet slang) Amazon (Amazon.com Inc)


月貰

[β̞o̞ɾɯ̟se̞]

(real estate) wolse (a lease in the South Korean real estate market in which rent is paid monthly)


テネシー州

テネシー州 (canonical)
Teneshī Shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America

Tennessee - a state of the United States of America (postal abbreviation TN) located in the Southeastern United States, with its capital at Nashville and the largest city being Memphis.


シナ

シナ (canonical)
しな (canonical)
Shina (romanization)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Qin (state)
Qin Dynasty
Shina (word)
ja:支那

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*dzin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

Alternative spelling of 支那: China (prewar; often considered derogatory in modern speech)

シナ竹: menma

cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping


ビーバー

ja-noun

ビーバー • (bībā)

Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ビーバー
ja:ビーバー (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

1999 February 4, “デーモン・ビーバー [Daemon Beaver]”, in Vol.1, Konami:

A beaver with a demonic horn and wings. It attacks by throwing acorns.

悪魔のツノと翼を持つビーバー。どんぐりを投げつけて攻撃する。

Akuma no tsuno to tsubasa o motsu bībā. Donguri o nagetsukete kōgeki suru.


ビーバー

ja-pos

ビーバー • (Bībā)

ja:ビーバー (曖昧さ回避)


甲骨文

甲骨文 (canonical)
kōkotsubun (romanization)

[ko̞ːko̞t͡sɨbɯ̟̃ɴ]

Synonym of 甲骨文字 (kōkotsu moji, “oracle bone script”)


ヨークシャー

ヨークシャー • (Yōkushā)

[jo̞ːkɯ̟̊ɕa̠ː]


クイーンズランド

ja:クイーンズランド州


大分

大分 (canonical)
Ōita (romanization)
Ofoita (romanization)
おほいた (hiragana historical)

Ōita (the capital city of Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


北米合衆国

ほくべい がっしゅうこく

北(ほく)米(べい)合(がっ)衆(しゅう)国(こく) • (Hokubei Gasshūkoku)

北米合衆国 (canonical)
Hokubei Gasshūkoku (romanization)


西海

Saikai (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白露

(very rare) Short for 白ロシア (“Belarus (a country)”).


白露

白露(ペルー) • (Perū)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 白露 (báilù).

Obsolete spelling of ペルー (“Peru (a country)”).


暴走族

bosozoku gang (a motorcycle gang which is part of the bosozoku subculture, associated with customized motorcycles and riding together in large groups)


ビルマ語

ビルマ語 (canonical)
Birumago (romanization)


三日月

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 三日 (mika, “third day of a lunar month”) + 月 (tsuki, “moon”). The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


オランダ王国

オランダ王国 (canonical)
Oranda Ōkoku (romanization)

オランダ (Oranda, “Netherlands”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

compound

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands


キングストン

[kʲĩŋɡɯ̟sɨtõ̞ɴ]


サモア

Samoa (A country consisting of the western part of the Samoan archipelago in Polynesia, in Oceania)


ヤムスクロ

Yamoussoukro (the capital city of Ivory Coast)


煙台

Yantai (a coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China)


エカテリンブルク

Yekaterinburg (a city, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia)


ユーコン

ja-pos

ユーコン • (Yūkon)

Yukon (a territory in northern Canada; capital: Whitehorse)


ファドゥーツ

ファドゥーツ • (Fadūtsu)

Vaduz (the capital city of Liechtenstein)


バレンシア

Valencia (a city and municipality of the province of Valencia, autonomous community of Valencia, Spain; capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia)

Valencian Community
Valencian Community#English

autonomous community
autonomous community

Valencia, Valencian Community (an autonomous community of Spain)

Valencia (a province of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)

Valencia (the capital city of the state of Carabobo, Venezuela)


ヴァドーダラー

ヴァドーダラー • (Vadōdarā)

Vadodara (a large city and district of Gujarat, India)


ヴァージン諸島

ヴァージン諸(しょ)島(とう) • (Vājin Shotō)

ヴァージン諸島 (canonical)
Vājin Shotō (romanization)

Partial calque of English Virgin Islands; from English virgin + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”).

com

Virgin Islands (an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea)


ヴィチェプスク

[bʲit͡ɕe̞pɯ̟sɨkɯ̟]


アーヘン

ja-pos

アーヘン • (Āhen)

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


北上

Short for 北上市 (Kitakami-shi): a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan


アーバーダーン

アーバーダーン • (Ābādān)

[a̠ːba̠ːdã̠ːɴ]


ドイツの秋

ドイツの秋 (canonical)
Doitsu no Aki (romanization)

German Autumn (set of events in late 1977)


オーランド諸島

オーランド諸島 (canonical)
Ōrando Shotō (romanization)

[o̞ːɾã̠ndo̞ɕo̞to̞ː]


カブール

[ka̠bɯ̟ːɾɯ̟]


カリーニングラード

[ka̠ɾʲiːɲ̟ĩŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠ːdo̞]

Borrowed from Russian Калинингра́д (Kaliningrád).

bor+

Калинингра́д

ja:カリーニングラード

Kaliningrad (a city, the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)


カンダハル

Kandahar (a city and province in southern Afghanistan)


鹿児島

鹿子 (kako, kago, “fawn”) + 島 (shima, “island”)

af

Kagoshima (the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

よかか…オイのなは日(ひ)高(だか)剣(けん)介(すけ)…くやしかったら鹿(カ)児(ゴ)島(ッマ)セェけ(こい)‼いっでん(いつでも)勝(しょう)負(ぶ)してやっで‼

1984 February 15, Motoka Murakami, “またいつか、勝(しょう)負(ぶ)の日(ひ)までの巻(まき) [One Day, We’ll Face off Again]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 77:

Awrite… Mah name’s Kensuke Hidaka… Come to Kagoshima when yer ready‼ Ah’ll be waitin’ to settle witcha again‼

Yoka ka… Oi no na wa Hidaka Kensuke… Kuyashikattara Kagomma sē ke‼ Idden shōbu shite yadde‼

1984 November 15, Motoka Murakami, “鹿(カ)児(ゴ)島(ンマ)の猛(も)者(さ)たちの巻(まき) [The He-Men of Kagoshima]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 17 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 21:

Natsuki, ah’ll show ya what Kagoshima-style kendo is like‼

夏木よ、鹿児島ん剣道がどげんもんかみせっくるっで‼

Natsuki yo, Kagonma n kendō ga dogen mon ka misekkurudde‼

Kagoshima (a prefecture in southern Kyushu, Japan)


安康

Ankang (a city in Shaanxi, in central China)


鴨川

ja-pos

鴨(かも)川(がわ) • (Kamogawa) ^(←かもがは (Kamogafa)?)

鴨川 (canonical)
Kamogawa (romanization)
Kamogafa (romanization)
かもがは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 鴨 (kamo, “duck”) + 川 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa due to rendaku (連濁).

Kamogawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan), located on the southeast of the Bōsō Peninsula; developed as a fishing village in the early Edo period, later becoming a seaside resort town


芥川

芥(あくた)川(がわ) • (Akutagawa) ^(←あくたがは (Akutagafa)?)

芥川 (canonical)
Akutagawa (romanization)
Akutagafa (romanization)
あくたがは (hiragana historical)

[a̠kɯ̟̊ta̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]

a river flowing through Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture


ウンブリア

administrative region
administrative region

Umbria (an administrative region in central Italy)


インパール

インパール • (Inpāru)


イリノイ

イリノイ州

ja:イリノイ (曖昧さ回避)


大邱

大(たい)邱(きゅう) • (Taikyū) ^(←たいきう (Taikiu)?)

大邱 (canonical)
Taikyū (romanization)
Taikiu (romanization)
たいきう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 대구(大邱) (daegu).


アブハジア

Abkhazia (a region and country in the Caucasus)


アケローン

ja-pos

アケローン • (Akerōn)

[a̠ke̞ɾõ̞ːɴ]


淄博

Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


アデレード

Adelaide (the state capital of South Australia)


仁川

仁(じん)川(せん) • (Jinsen) ^(←じんせん (Zinsen)?)

仁川 (canonical)
Jinsen (romanization)
Zinsen (romanization)
じんせん (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑĩɰ̃sẽ̞ɴ]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 인천(仁川) (incheon).


アディゲ

Adygea (a republic of south-west Russia; capital: Maykop)


アフマダーバード

ja-pos

アフマダーバード • (Afumadābādo)

Ahmedabad (the largest city in Gujarat, India)


アーグラ

アーグラ • (Āgura)


アキテーヌ

(historical) Aquitaine (a former duchy in the kingdom of France, long held by the kings of England)

(historical) Aquitaine (a former province of the kingdom of France)

(historical) Aquitaine (a former administrative region of France, now part of Nouvelle-Aquitaine)


アパラチア山脈

アパラチア山脈 (canonical)
Aparachia Sanmyaku (romanization)

[a̠pa̠ɾa̠t͡ɕia̠ sã̠mʲːa̠kɯ̟]

Appalachians (a mountain range in eastern North America)


アヴィニョン

[a̠bʲiɲ̟õ̞ɴ]


アスンシオン

[a̠sɨ̃ɰ̃ɕiõ̞ɴ]


アルプス

亜耳伯士山

亜耳伯士山 アルプスさん

Arupusu-san o toppa seshi rekishi wa furuku yuki shiroshi

Alps (a mountain range in Western Europe)


イラーハーバード

イラーハーバード • (Irāhābādo)


アルザス

Alsace (a region, former administrative region, and historical province of France, located on the west bank of the upper Rhine; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Grand Est)


オールバニ

ja:オールバニ (曖昧さ回避)


アルジェ

From French Alger (“Algiers”), from Arabic الجزائر (al-jazāʔir, “Algeria; Algiers”, literally “the islands”).

der

Algiers (a city, the capital city of Algeria)


アレクサンドルーポリ

[a̠ɾe̞kɯ̟sã̠ndo̞ɾɯ̟ːpo̞ɾʲi]


アムステルダム

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


アンガラ川

アンガラ川 (canonical)
Angara-Gawa (romanization)


アンデス山脈

アンデス山脈 (canonical)
Andesu Sanmyaku (romanization)

[ã̠nde̞sɨ sã̠mʲːa̠kɯ̟]

Andes (a mountain range in South America)


アンタナナリボ

Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar)


バグダード

Baghdad (the capital city of Iraq)
Baghdad (a governorate of Iraq)


安南

安南語

安南山脈

安南人

安南都護府

安南焼


バンギ

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English

Bangui (the capital city of the Central African Republic)


バンジュール

ja-pos

バンジュール • (Banjūru)


バンダルスリブガワン

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital of Brunei)


バーデン゠ヴュルテンベルク

[ba̠ːdẽ̞nbʲɨɾɯ̟tẽ̞mbe̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

ja:バーデン＝ヴュルテンベルク州


バンガロール

Bangalore (a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India)


バンドン

Bandung (a city, the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia)


包頭

包(ほう)頭(とう) • (Hōtō)

Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China)


朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

ちょうせん みんしゅ しゅぎ じんみん きょうわこく

^てうせん ^みんしゆ ^しゆぎ ^じんみん ^きようわこく

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)民(みん)主(しゅ)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku)?)

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 (canonical)
Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku (romanization)
てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːse̞m mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ̥ ɕɨɡʲi d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 民主主義 (minshu shugi, “democracy”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), an orthographic borrowing from Korean 조선민주주의인민공화국(朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) (joseon-minjujuui-inmin-gonghwaguk).

af

Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Democratic People's Republic of Korea

the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

ja:朝鮮民主主義人民共和国


ボーパール

ja-pos

ボーパール • (Bōpāru)

Bhopal (the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India)

Bhopal (a district of Madhya Pradesh, India, containing the city of the same name)


バッファロー

バッファロー • (Baffarō)

[ba̠ɸːa̠ɾo̞ː]


ブレーメン

Bremen (the capital city of the state of Bremen, Germany)


バステール

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


バッキンガム宮殿

バッキンガム きゅうでん

バッキンガム宮殿 (canonical)
Bakkingamu Kyūden (romanization)

[ba̠k̚ʲkʲĩŋɡa̠mɯ̟ kʲɨːdẽ̞ɴ]

バッキンガム (“Buckingham”) + 宮殿 (“palace”), calque of British English Buckingham Palace

af

はっきんがむきゅうでん'

cal

はっきんがむきゅうでん'

Buckingham Palace (the official London residence of the British monarch)


バルセロナ

Barcelona (a city and municipality of the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; capital city of Catalonia)

Barcelona (a province of Catalonia, Spain)

Rio Grande do Norte
Rio Grande do Norte#English

Barcelona (a municipality of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil)

Barcelona (a hamlet in Pelynt parish, Cornwall, England)

Barcelona (a municipality of Sorsogon, Philippines)

Barcelona (an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States)

Barcelona (the capital city of the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela)


ビュザンティオン

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Βυζάντιον (Buzántion)


バタフライ

ja:バタフライ
ja:バタフライ (曖昧さ回避)


釜山

「釜山港へ帰れ」


釜山

ふ(후)さん(산)よ(요)り(리) こ(고)の(노)は(호)う(우)に(니)

(historical, including colonial) Busan (a city in South Korea)


釜山

1906, 大和田建樹, 天谷秀, 満韓鉄道唱歌
あれよと指さす程もなく 船は釜山に着きにけり
are yo to yubisasu hodo mo naku fune wa Fuzan ni tsukinikeri
before one can point to it and say, 'There it is!' our boat has arrived in Pusan

1929, Kōsaku Hamada, Hakubutsukan [The Museum]:

This place (Gyeongju) can be reached by taking a train from Busan to Gyeongseong, arriving at Daegu in about an hour, getting off there, and driving east for three to four hours by car.

こゝは釜山から京城へ行く汽車に乘つて、一時間ばかりで大邱に着き、そこで下車して自動車で東の方へ三四時間も走るとすぐ行かれる所です。

Koko wa Fuzan kara Keijō e yuku kisha ni notte, ichi-jikan bakari de Taikyū ni tsuki, soko de gesha shite jidōsha de higashi no hō e san-yo-jikan mo hashiru to sugu yukareru tokoro desu.


バーミンガム

Borrowed from British English Birmingham.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Birmingham (a major city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England)


最上

Mogami (a town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


チェチェン

[t͡ɕe̞t͡ɕẽ̞ɴ]

Chechnya (a republic of the northern Caucasus of Russia; capital: Grozny)


ミケランジェロ

ミケランジェロ・ディ・ロドヴィーコ・ブオナローティ・シモーニ

Mikeranjero di Rodovīko Buonarōti Shimōni

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni

ja:ミケランジェロ・ブオナローティ


新潟

ja-pos

新(にい)潟(がた) • (Niigata) ^(←にひがた (Nifigata)?)

新潟 (canonical)
Niigata (romanization)
Nifigata (romanization)
にひがた (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iːɡa̠ta̠]

Compound of 新 (nii-, “new; fresh”) + 潟 (kata, “tidal flat; lagoon”), most likely in reference to the location. The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Niigata (the capital city of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


那須

Nasu (a town in Nasu district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

Nasu (a district of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


釧路

Kushiro (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


舞鶴

Maizuru (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


対馬

The kanji were transliterated into Old Chinese by Chen Shou in Wajinden(original text here)

After crossing a sea for the first time, one arrives at Tsushima Province in more than 1,000 li.(Wiktionary translation)

Shǐ dù yī hǎi, qiān yú lǐ zhì Duìmǎ guó.

始度一海，千餘里至對馬國。

始度一海，千余里至对马国。


美濃

⟨mi₁no₁⟩ → /mʲinʷo/ → /mino/
From Old Japanese.
The name of a province in ancient Japan, this appears in the oldest records of the 600s, and again later in the Kojiki of 712 CE, as 三野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “three + farm/field + 's + province”), apparently because the region had three large farms. This shifted to 御野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “honorable + farm/field + 's + province”), by roughly 702 CE, then a few years later in roughly 708 CE the spelling was officially changed to 美濃国 (Mino no kuni, literally “beautiful + rich/concentrated + 's + province”), with this spelling then later becoming the only one.

(historical) Short for 美濃国 (Mino no kuni): Mino Province, an old province of Japan

美濃国

Short for 美濃市 (Mino-shi): Mino (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


富士

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 富士 (Fùshì)

→ Cantonese: 富士 (fu³ si⁶)

→ Dutch: Fuji

→ English: Fuji

→ French: Fuji

→ German: Fuji

→ Italian: Fuji

→ Korean: 후지 (Huji)

→ Portuguese: Fuji

→ Russian: Фудзи (Fudzi)

→ Spanish: Fuji

→ Vietnamese: Phú Sĩ

⟨puzi⟩ → /ɸuʑi/ → /fuʑi/
From Old Japanese 富士 (Puzi).

人知れぬ思ひをつねにするがなる富士の山こそ我が身なりけれ

hito shirenu omoi o tsune ni Suruga naru Fuji-no-yama koso waga mi narikere

富士, 不二, 不尽: Short for 富士山 (Fujisan): Mount Fuji (The highest mountain in Japan)

Fuji (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


富士

Short for 江戸の富士 (Edo no Fuji): a hill resembling Mount Fuji

江戸の富士

an incense made of 伽羅 (kyara) aromatic wood


カリフォルニア

[ka̠ɾʲiɸo̞ɾɯ̟ɲ̟ia̠]

カリフォルニア州

California (a state of the United States)

ja:カリフォルニア (曖昧さ回避)


佐渡

Sado (an island, city, and former province of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


北条

ja-pos

北(ほう)条(じょう) or 北(きた)条(じょう) • (Hōjō or Kitajō)

北条 (canonical)
北条 (canonical)
Hōjō (romanization)
Kitajō (romanization)

Hojō (a former city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Matsuyama)

Hōjō (a former town in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Kasai)

Kitajō (a former town in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Kashiwazaki)


岡山

岡(おか)山(やま) • (Okayama) ^(←をかやま (Wokayama)?)

岡山(かんしゃん) or 岡山(カンシャン) • (Kanshan)

岡山 (canonical)
Okayama (romanization)
Wokayama (romanization)
をかやま (hiragana historical)
岡山 (canonical)
岡山 (canonical)
Kanshan (romanization)

Okayama (the capital city of Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

Kangshan, Gangshan (a suburban district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan)


埼玉

Russian: Са́йтама f (Sájtama)

⟨saki₁tama⟩ → */sakʲitama/ → /saĩtama//saĩdama/ → /saitama/
Shift from Old Japanese 埼玉 (Saki₁tama).
Also read as Saidama in older texts.

(historical) Short for 埼玉郡 (Saitama-gun): Saitama (a former district in northeastern Musashi Province, facing the Tone River, in the Kanto Region, Japan)

埼玉郡

Short for 埼玉県 (Saitama-ken): Saitama, Saitama Prefecture (a prefecture of Japan)

埼玉県

Alternative spelling of さいたま (Saitama): Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


徳島

Tokushima (the capital city of Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)

Tokushima (a prefecture in eastern Shikoku, Japan)


熊本

Kumamoto (the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)

Kumamoto (a prefecture in southwestern Kyushu, Japan)


秋田

Akita (the capital city of Akita Prefecture, Japan)

Akita (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


岐阜

→ English: Gifu

→ Russian: Ги́фу m (Gífu)

Blend of 岐山 + 曲阜, of which the former is the place where Zhou Dynasty originated and the latter is the place of birth of Confucius. Coined by Oda Nobunaga.

Gifu (the capital city of Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


青森

青(あお)森(もり) • (Aomori) ^(←あをもり (Awomori)?)

青森 (canonical)
Aomori (romanization)
Awomori (romanization)
あをもり (hiragana historical)

Aomori (the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, Japan)

Aomori (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


富山

Toyama (the capital city of Toyama Prefecture, Japan)

Toyama (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


伯剌西爾

伯剌西爾 (canonical)
Burajiru (romanization)

Obsolete spelling of ブラジル.: Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


伊勢

An ancient kingdom in Japan located in modern-day Mie Prefecture


ヘンリー

ヘンリー • (Henrī)

A transliteration of the English male given name Henry


親王

ja-noun

親(しん)王(のう) • (shinnō) ^(←しんわう (sin'wau)?)

親王 (canonical)
shinnō (romanization)
sin'wau (romanization)
しんわう (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese, borrowed from Middle Chinese 親王 (t͡sʰiɪn ɦʉɐŋ), in turn a compound of 親 (“very familiar; very close”) + 王 (“king”, in ancient Japan, this term was also used to refer to an imperial prince), so called because of the closeness to the reigning emperor. The ō reading for 王 changes to nō as an instance of renjō (連声).
First cited in Japanese to a text from 718 CE.

王

ō, specific to the Japanese imperial family, refers to any grandson, great-grandson

a specific rank granted to certain male members of the imperial family:

an East Asian imperial prince who is either brother or son to the reigning emperor


栃木

Also called 橡木 or 杤木, the use of 栃 as official name was proposed in October 1872, and finalized in April 1879.

Tochigi (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

Tochigi (a prefecture in eastern Honshu, Japan)


テキサス

テキサス州

テキサス共和国

ja:テキサス (曖昧さ回避)


和歌山

Wakayama (the capital city of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)

Wakayama (a prefecture in southeren Honshu, Japan)


山形

Yamagata (the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)

Yamagata (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


佐賀

Russian: Са́га f (Sága)

Saga (the capital city of Saga Prefecture, Japan)

Saga (a prefecture in northern Kyushu, Japan)

Saga (several smaller localities in Japan)


ケンブリッジ

ja:ケンブリッジ (曖昧さ回避)


高句麗

ja-pos

高(こう)句(く)麗(り) • (Kōkuri) ^(←かうくり (Kaukuri)?)

高句麗 (canonical)
Kōkuri (romanization)
Kaukuri (romanization)
かうくり (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːkɯ̟ɾʲi]

/kaukuri/ → /kɔːkuri/ → /koːkuri/
From written Middle Chinese 高句麗, in turn likely from some variety of Old Korean.

(historical) the Goguryeo kingdom of 37 BCE – 668 CE, one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in what is now North Korea and parts of Manchuria and far-eastern Russia

百済

Kudara, Hyakusai, another of the Three Kingdoms

新羅

Silla; Shiragi, another of the Three Kingdoms


高句麗

/koːkuri/ → /kokuri/
Alteration from Kōkuri. This usage developed after the two failed attempts in 1274 and 1281 to invade Japan by the combined forces of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Goryeo kingdom. Goryeo was a successor kingdom to Goguryeo, but in the popular Japanese language of the time, Goryeo was still referred to as 高句麗 (Kōkuri or Kokuri, i.e. “Goguryeo”) instead of 高麗 (Kōrai, the Japanese reading of “Goryeo”).
The adverb こくり (kokuri, “startedly, startlingly, (jumping up) suddenly”) likely derives from this usage.

(rare) the Goguryeo kingdom of 37 BCE – 668 CE, one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in what is now North Korea and parts of Manchuria and far-eastern Russia


桐生

桐生 (canonical)
Kiryū (romanization)
Kirifu (romanization)
きりふ (hiragana historical)

Kiryū (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


本庄

Honjō (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


金山

Kaneyama (a town in Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


宝塚

宝塚 (canonical)
Takarazuka (romanization)

Takarazuka (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


バイエルン

[ba̠ie̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]


高松

Takamatsu (a city, the capital of Kagawa Prefecture, Japan)


プロイセン

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:プロイセン
ja:松村明


信濃

First attested in Kojiki, as man'yōgana 斯那奴(しなぬ) (shinanu) and kanji 科野, which later became 信野, and finally 信濃. Further origin remains unknown.

Shinano Province, an old province of Japan in present-day Nagano Prefecture

Shinano (a town in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


鳥取

Tottori (the capital city of Tottori Prefecture, Japan)

Tottori (a prefecture on the north west coast of Honshu, Japan)


家老

(history) a major retainer or vassal of a samurai clan


足利

Ashikaga (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


ボストン

[bo̞sɨ̥tõ̞ɴ]

ja:ボストン (曖昧さ回避)

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


高知

高知 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kauti (romanization)
かうち (hiragana historical)

Kōchi (the capital city of Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)

Kōchi (a prefecture in southern Shikoku, Japan)


武蔵

Alexander Vovin
John Batchelor
John Batchelor (missionary)
Kantō Plain
Kojiki
Wamyō Ruijushō
folk etymology
man'yōgana

/muzasi/ → /musaɕi/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki spelled phonetically in man'yōgana as 无耶志 (Muzashi).
Ultimate derivation unknown. One theory is based on an earlier placename, 身狭 (Musa), which was apparently divided into upper 身狭上 (Musa-gami) and lower 身狭下 (Musa-shimo) portions, roughly corresponding to the later provinces of 相模 (Sagami) and 武蔵 (Musashi). The modern name Sagami then arose as a corruption of Musa-gami, while Musashi derived from Musa-shimo. However, this may be only a folk etymology.
A separate theory suggests that Musashi derives from an old Ainu borrowing. Linguist Alexander Vovin derives this from ムンサリ (mun-sar-i) or ムンサリヒ (mun-sar-ihi, “weed-marsh-[possessive suffix]”), hypothetical Ainu forms that would mean "marsh/wetland of (i.e. belonging to) weeds/inedible or otherwise useless plants," and Musashi sits in the middle of the Kantō Plain. However, John Batchelor's 1905 Ainu dictionary and grammar includes no mention of a possessive suffix -i or -ihi. Another possible Ainu source could be ムンサシㇼ (mun sa shir, “nettle plain land”).
The kanji spelling 武藏 probably first appeared in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 938 CE, but that origin is also unknown.

Musashi Province: a region of old Japan consisting of modern-day Tokyo, Saitama, and Kanagawa prefectures.


ミュンヘン

[mʲɨ̃ɰ̃hẽ̞ɴ]

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


北九州

北九州 (canonical)
Kita Kyūshū (romanization)

ja:北九州 ja:北九州市


北九州

北九州 (canonical)
Kitakyūshū (romanization)

ja:北九州 ja:北九州市

Kitakyūshū (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


大韓民国

大韓民国 (canonical)
Daikan Minkoku (romanization)


ペンシルベニア

ja:ペンシルベニア (曖昧さ回避)

Pennsylvania (a state of the United States)

Pennsylvania (an unincorporated community in Alabama, United States)

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Pennsylvania (an avenue in Washington, D.C., United States)

South Gloucestershire
South Gloucestershire#English

Pennsylvania (a village in South Gloucestershire, England)

Pennsylvania (a suburb of Exeter, Devon, England)


マサチューセッツ

Massachusetts (a state of the United States)

Massachusetts (an avenue in Washington, D.C., United States)


姫路

Himeji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


越後

越後 (canonical)
Echigo (romanization)
Wetigo (romanization)
ゑちご (hiragana historical)

Echigo Province, an old province in Japan


アテネ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:アテネ
ja:松村明

Learned borrowing from Latin Athēnae, from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).

Athens (a city, the capital city of Greece)


尾張

尾張 (canonical)
Owari (romanization)
Wofari (romanization)
をはり (hiragana historical)

(historical) Owari, an old province of Japan


小田原

Odawara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


中日

中日新聞


宇都宮

宇都宮 (canonical)
Utsunomiya (romanization)

Utsunomiya (the capital city of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


函館

→ English: Hakodate

→ Russian: Хакода́те m (Xakodátɛ)

Probably borrowed from Ainu ハㇰ チャシ (hak casi), meaning "shallow fort".

函館市: Hakodate (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


横須賀

横須賀 (canonical)
Yokosuka (romanization)
横須賀 (canonical)
Yokosuga (romanization)

Yokosuka (a major city and station in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)

A neighborhood of Tone, Ibaraki Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kakegawa and Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sōsa and Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture.


盛岡

Morioka (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


熊野

Kumano (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


長岡

Nagaoka (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


オハイオ

Ohaio (romanization)
Wofaiwo (romanization)
ヲハイヲ (historical katakana)

ja:オハイオ (曖昧さ回避)

オハイオ州

オハイオ川


浦和

浦和 (canonical)
Urawa (romanization)
うらわ (hiragana historical)

ja:浦和区 ja:浦和市

Urawa (a ward of Saitama city, Saitama Prefecture, Japan)

Urawa (a former city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan) (–2001)


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Φιλαδέλφεια (Philadélpheia).

lbor

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]

(historical) Philadelphia (a city of the Decapolis; modern Amman, Syria)

(historical) Philadelphia (a city in Lydia; modern Alaşehir, Turkey)


フィラデルフィア

wp

フィラデルフィア (イタリア)

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]

Filadélfia (a town in Tocantins, Brazil)


ロス

ロサンゼルス ロサンゼルス#Japanese

Short for ロサンゼルス: Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


鹿島

Kashima (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


ケンタッキー

ja:ケンタッキー (曖昧さ回避)

ケンタッキーフライドチキン ケンタッキーフライドチキン#Japanese

Clipping of ケンタッキーフライドチキン (“Kentucky Fried Chicken”).


テネシー

From English Tennessee, from Cherokee ᏔᎾᏏ (tanasi).

ja:テネシー (曖昧さ回避)

Tennessee (a state of the United States)

Tennessee (a river in the United States)


浅草

Asakusa (a district of Taitō, Tokyo, Japan)


アトランタ

ja:アトランタ (曖昧さ回避)

Atlanta (the capital city of Georgia, United States)


加賀

Kaga (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


ジョージア

ja-pos

ジョージア • (Jōjia)

[d͡ʑo̞ːʑia̠]

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
ja:ジョージア
ja:ジョージア (国)
ja:ジョージア州

Borrowed from English Georgia.
In reference to the country, this term officially displaced the Russian-derived name グルジア (Gurujia) in April 2015 for diplomatic reasons. Compare Korean 조지아 (Jojia).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


ミラノ

ja:ミラノ (曖昧さ回避)


浜松

Hamamatsu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Hamamatsu (several smaller localities in Japan)


カンザス

ja:カンザス (曖昧さ回避)


荒川

Arakawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


三河

三河 (canonical)
Mikawa (romanization)
Mikafa (romanization)
みかは (hiragana historical)

From the presence of three rivers in the former province: 男(おと)川(がわ) (Otogawa), 豊(とよ)川(かわ) (Toyokawa), and 矢(や)作(はぎ)川(がわ) (Yahagigawa). The name 三川 (Mikawa) is included in the Kojiki.

Mikawa Province, an old province of Japan

A region in modern Aichi Prefecture where the province was located


リンカーン

ja-pos

リンカーン • (Rinkān)

A city and borough in Lincolnshire, England.


下関

下関 (canonical)
Shimonoseki (romanization)

Shimonoseki (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)

下関条約

下関条約 しものせきじょうやく


佐世保

Sasebo (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


大井

大井 (canonical)
Ōi (romanization)
Ofowi (romanization)
おほゐ (hiragana historical)


豊橋

Toyohashi (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


デトロイト

Detroit (a city in Michigan, United States)


淡路

淡路 (canonical)
Awaji (romanization)
Afadi (romanization)
あはぢ (hiragana historical)

Awaji Province, an old province of Japan

Awaji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


播磨

Harima Province, an old province of Japan

Harima (a town in Kako district, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


石原

石原 (canonical)
Ishihara (romanization)
石原 (canonical)
Ishiwara (romanization)
石原 (canonical)
Ishibara (romanization)

→ Chinese: 石原 (Shíyuán)

→ English: Ishihara, Ishiwara

[iɕiβ̞a̠ɾa̠]

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 原(はら) (hara, “field, meadow”). Literally, “stone meadow”.

ja-com

Ishihara (multiple neighborhoods in Japan):

A neighborhood of Mihara, Sakai, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Gifu and Motosu, Gifu Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shibukawa, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kumagaya, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Misato, Ōchi district, Shimane Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kaita, Aki district, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kami, Kami district, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Ishiwara (several neighborhoods in Japan):

A neighborhood of Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hino, Gamō district, Shiga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sumida, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Murakami, Niigata Prefecture.

Ishibara (a neighborhood of Ōsato, Kurokawa district, Miyagi Prefecture)


石原

Isa (a neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


マレー

ja-pos

マレー • (Marē)

Borrowed from English Malay, Moray, Murray, Mallet, Marais.


ナポリ

From Italian Napoli. Doublet of ネイプルズ (Neipuruzu).

ナポリ県


白河

[ɕiɾa̠ka̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 白 (shira, “white”, compounding form) + 河 (kawa, “river”).

compound

Shirakawa (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


秩父

Chichibu (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


安芸

Aki Province, an old province of Japan in modern-day Hiroshima Prefecture.


ヒューストン

ja:ヒューストン (曖昧さ回避)

Houston (a large city in Texas, United States)

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Houston (a town in the Bulkley Valley, British Columbia, Canada)

Houston (a village in Renfrewshire council area, Scotland)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Winston County, Alabama, United States)

Matanuska-Susitna Borough
Matanuska-Susitna Borough#English

Houston (a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States)

Houston (a small town in Perry County, Arkansas, United States)

Houston (a small town in Kent County, Delaware, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Suwannee County, Florida, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Heard County, Georgia, United States)

Salt Creek Township
Salt Creek Township#English

Houston (an unincorporated community in Salt Creek Township, Jackson County, Indiana, United States)

Houston (a small city in Houston County, Minnesota, United States)

Chickasaw County
Chickasaw County#English

Houston (A small city in and one of the two county seats of Chickasaw County, Mississippi, United States)

Houston (a small city, the county seat of Texas County, Missouri, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in York County, Nebraska, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Union County, North Carolina, United States)

Loramie Township
Loramie Township#English

Houston (an unincorporated community in Loramie Township, Shelby County, Ohio, United States)

Washington County
Washington County#English

Houston (a borough of Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Tennessee, United States)

Lake Houston (a lake near Houston, Texas, United States)


和泉

Izumi (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


四日市

四日市 (canonical)
Yokkaichi (romanization)

Yokkaichi (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


丹波

Tanba (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)

Tanba Province, an old province of Japan.


国体

→ English: kokutai

1925 April 22, 治安維持法 [Peace Preservation Law]:

Article 1: A person who has formed an association for the purpose of changing the national polity or denying the system of private property, and a person who has knowingly participated in it, shall be punished with imprisonment with or without work for no more than ten years.

第一條 國體ヲ變革シ又ハ私有財產制度ヲ否認スルコトヲ目的トシテ結社ヲ組織シ又ハ情ヲ知リテ之ニ加入シタル者ハ十年以下ノ懲役又ハ禁錮ニ處ス

Dai-ichi-jō Kokutai o henkaku shi mata wa shiyū zaisan seido o hinin suru koto o mokuteki to shite kessha o soshiki shi mata wa jō o shirite kore ni kanyū shitaru mono wa jū-nen ika no chōeki mata wa kinko ni shosu

(politics, philosophy, chiefly historical) kokutai (the national essence and character of Japan viewed as conforming to Shinto-Confucian ideals, with the emperor as its ethical, spiritual, cultural and political center)

国民体育大会 w:ja:国民体育大会

(sports) Clipping of 国民体育大会 (Kokumin Taiiku Taikai, “National Sports Festival of Japan”).


石垣

Ishigaki (a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


摂津

Settsu (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)

Settsu Province, an old province of Japan.


ハミルトン

Hamilton (a port city in Ontario, Canada)


出羽

出羽 (canonical)
Dewa (romanization)
Defa (romanization)
では (hiragana historical)

Shift from Idewa below.
Compare the shift of classical verb 出づ (izu) → 出る (deru, “to come, leave”).

Short for 出羽国 (Dewa-no-kuni): Dewa Province, an old province of Japan on which is today Yamagata and Akita Prefectures


出羽

出羽 (canonical)
出羽 (canonical)
Idewa (romanization)
Ideha (romanization)

(obsolete) Short for 出羽国 (Idewa/Ideha-no-kuni): Idewa Province, an old province of Japan on which is today Yamagata and Akita Prefectures


マンチェスター

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

Manchester (a major city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in northwestern England)

Manchester (a small community of Nova Scotia, Canada)

United States of America
United States of America

census-designated place
census-designated place

Mendocino County
Mendocino County#English

Any of several towns and cities in the United States of America:

Manchester (a census-designated place in Mendocino County, California)

Manchester (a town in Hartford County, Connecticut)

Meriwether County
Meriwether County#English

Manchester (a city in Meriwether County and Talbot County, Georgia)

Manchester (a village in Scott County, Illinois)

Manchester Township
Manchester Township#English

Manchester (an unincorporated community in Manchester Township, Dearborn County, Indiana)

Montgomery County
Montgomery County#English

Manchester (an unincorporated community in Union Township, Montgomery County, Indiana)

Manchester (a city, the county seat of Delaware County, Iowa)

Dickinson County
Dickinson County#English

Manchester (a tiny city in Dickinson County, Kansas)

Manchester (a home rule city, the county seat of Clay County, Kentucky)

Manchester (a town in Kennebec County, Maine)

Manchester (a small incorporated town in Carroll County, Maryland)

Manchester (a town in Essex County, Massachusetts)

Washtenaw County
Washtenaw County#English

Manchester (a village in Washtenaw County, Michigan)

Manchester (a tiny city in Freeborn County, Minnesota)

St. Louis County
St. Louis County#English

Manchester (a city in St. Louis County, Missouri)

Hillsborough County
Hillsborough County#English

Manchester (the largest city in New Hampshire, United States and one of the two county seats of Hillsborough County)

Manchester (a town and village in Ontario County, New York)

Manchester (a village in Adams County, Ohio)

Manchester (a town in Grant County, Oklahoma)

Manchester (a borough of York County, Pennsylvania)

Manchester (a neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Manchester (a ghost town and former unincorporated community in Kingsbury, South Dakota)

Manchester (a city, the county seat of Coffee County, Tennessee)

Manchester (a community in southeastern Houston, Texas)

Bennington County
Bennington County#English

Manchester (A town in Vermont, United States and one of the two shire towns of Bennington County)

Chesterfield County
Chesterfield County#English

Manchester (a former independent city in Chesterfield County, Virginia)

Manchester (an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Kitsap County, Washington)

Green Lake County
Green Lake County#English

Manchester (a town and unincorporated community in Green Lake County, Wisconsin)

Manchester (a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin)


関ヶ原

ja-pos

関(せき)ヶ原(はら) or 関(せき)ヶ原(はら) • (Sekigahara)

関ヶ原 (canonical)
Sekigahara (romanization)


朝倉

Asakura (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


小笠原

小(お)笠(がさ)原(わら) • (Ogasawara) ^(←をがさはら (Wogasafara)?)

小笠原 (canonical)
Ogasawara (romanization)
Wogasafara (romanization)
をがさはら (hiragana historical)

(historical) Ogasawara (a former village in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

Bonins (an island group in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonins (a larger archipelago in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonin (a village in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonin (a subprefecture of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


玉川

Tamagawa (a former town in Ehime Prefecture, Japan, now part of the city of Imabari)

Tamagawa (a village in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Tamagawa (a former village in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, now part of the town of Tokigawa)


千代田

ja:千代田区 ja:千代田町

Chiyoda (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


鈴鹿

Suzuka (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


富田

富(とみ)田(た) or 富(とみ)田(だ) • (Tomita or Tomida)

富田 (canonical)
富田 (canonical)
Tomita (romanization)
Tomida (romanization)

Tomida (a railway station in the city of Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture, Japan)


アラスカ

ja:アラスカ (曖昧さ回避)


エルサレム

[e̞ɾɯ̟sa̠ɾe̞mɯ̟]

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)

Kingdom of Jerusalem
w:Kingdom of Jerusalem

(historical) Kingdom of Jerusalem (former Crusader kingdom of the 12th and 13th centuries, in modern-day Israel and Palestine)


インディアナ

ja:インディアナ (曖昧さ回避)


前橋

Maebashi (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


一宮

一宮 (canonical)
Ichinomiya (romanization)

a place name
A city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan

A town in Hoi district, Aichi Prefecture, Japan

A town in Chōsei district, Chiba Prefecture, Japan

A town in Higashiyatsushiro district, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan

A town in Shisō district, Hyogo prefecture, Japan

A town in Tsuna district, Hyogo prefecture, Japan


シアトル

[ɕia̠to̞ɾɯ̟]

1985 December 20, Taeko Watanabe, “第(だい)四(よん)十(じゅう)八(はち)話(わ) 家(か)族(ぞく) Ⅰ(いち) [Chapter 48: Family I]”, in ファミリー！ [Family!], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 72:

I came here (LA) from Seattle… to look for my son …I am — Jonathan Allen’s father

シアトルからＬＡへは…息子を尋ねてきました…ぼくは———ジョナサン・アレンの父親です

Shiatoru kara koko e wa… musuko o tazunetekimashita …Boku wa ———Jonasan Aren no chichioya desu

Seattle (a city in Washington, United States)


青葉

A place name, such as that of Aoba Castle in the city of Sendai.


シー

Ｃ－クラッシュ・ワイバーン ― Shī－Kurasshu Waibān ― C-Crush Wyvern

ＡＢＣ－ドラゴン・バスター

The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.


イタリー

イタリー • (Itarī)

(dated) Italy (a country in Southern Europe)


ジャーマニー

ジャーマニー • (Jāmanī)

[d͡ʑa̠ːma̠ɲ̟iː]


プロシア

プロイセン プロイセン#Japanese

(historical) Synonym of プロイセン (Puroisen, “Prussia”)


財閥

→ English: zaibatsu

→ French: zaibatsu

→ German: Zaibatsu

→ Korean: 자이바쓰 (jaibasseu)

→ Russian: дзайба́цу (dzajbácu)

1930, Mikami Taku (lyrics and music), “Ode of Showa Restoration”:

財閥富を誇れども

(business, historical) zaibatsu (a large business conglomerate founded under the Empire of Japan, generally controlled by a single family or individual)

(business) chaebol (a large, family-controlled, South Korean business conglomerate)


財閥

[t͡ɕe̞bo̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from Korean 재벌(財閥) (jaebeol). Doublet of 財(ざい)閥(ばつ) (zaibatsu).


コリア

Borrowed from English Korea, from Korean 고려 (Goryeo).


ダカール

[da̠ka̠ːɾɯ̟]


天朝

太政

the imperial government of ancient Japan


チェチェン語

チェチェン語 (canonical)
Chechen-go (romanization)

[t͡ɕe̞t͡ɕẽ̞ŋɡo̞]

チェチェン (Chechen, “Chechnya”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


西遊記

ja-pos

西(さい)遊(ゆう)記(き) • (Saiyūki) ^(←さいいうき (Saiiuki)?)

西遊記 (canonical)
Saiyūki (romanization)
Saiiuki (romanization)
さいいうき (hiragana historical)


大内

大内 (canonical)
Ōuchi (romanization)
大内 (canonical)
Ōchi (romanization)
大内 (canonical)
Daidai (romanization)

A village in Haga district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

A village in Nasu district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

(history) A town in Yoshiki district, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

(history) A town in Hata district, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan

(history) A village in Igu district, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan

(history) A town in Ōkawa district, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan


ダーウィン

ダーウィン • (Dāwin)


ダマン

Daman (the state capital of Daman and Diu, India)


ドゥシャンベ

Dushanbe (the capital city of Tajikistan)


ドバイ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Dubai (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates)

Dubai (the capital city of Dubai emirate, United Arab Emirates)


レイキャビク

[ɾe̞ːkʲa̠bʲikɯ̟]


テグシガルパ

[te̞ɡɯ̟ɕiɡa̠ɾɯ̟pa̠]

Tegucigalpa (the capital city of Honduras)


テルアビブ

[te̞ɾɯ̟ a̠bʲibɯ̟]


龍山

ja:龍山村 (岡山県)
ja:龍山村 (静岡県)

(historical) Tatsuyama (a village in Iwata district, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

(historical) Tatsuyama (a village in Kume district, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


龍山

ja:龍山区 (ソウル特別市)

龍山区: Yongsan (a district of Seoul, South Korea)


龍山

龍山鎮: Longshan (a town in Zhangqiu district, Jinan, Shandong, China), where the Longshan culture was discovered


ティラスポリ

Tiraspol (the capital city of Transnistria)


ティンプー

ティンプー • (Tinpū)


トンガ

Tonga (a country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania)


チューリンゲン

[t͡ɕɨːɾʲĩŋɡẽ̞ɴ]

テューリンゲン テューリンゲン#Japanese


トリヤッチ

Russian Толья́тти (Tolʹjátti), in turn after Italian politician Palmiro Togliatti (1893–1964).

Tolyatti, Togliatti (a city in Samara Oblast, Russia)


トゥールーズ

トゥールーズ • (Tūrūzu)

[tɯ̟ːɾɯ̟ːzɨ]

Toulouse (the capital city of the Haute-Garonne department, France; capital city of the region of Occitanie)


トリノ

ja:トリノ ja:トリノ県


トスカーナ

administrative region
administrative region

Tuscany (an administrative region of Italy, located north of Lazio and south of Emilia-Romagna)


ウファ

Ufa (the capital and largest city of Bashkortostan, Russia)


ウプサラ

[ɯ̟pɯ̟̊sa̠ɾa̠]

Borrowed from Swedish Uppsala, from Old Norse Uppsalir (literally “upper halls, upper dwellings”), from upp (“up”) + salir (“halls, rooms”), plural of salr.

der

Uppsala (a city in eastern central Sweden)


始皇帝

ja-pos

始(し)皇(こう)帝(てい) • (Shikōtei) ^(←しくわうてい (Sikwautei)?)

始皇帝 (canonical)
Shikōtei (romanization)
Sikwautei (romanization)
しくわうてい (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 始皇帝 (Shǐhuángdì, literally “First Huangdi; First "Emperor"”).

der

始皇帝陵


バンクーバー

ja-pos

バンクーバー • (Bankūbā)

[bã̠ŋkɯ̟ːba̠ː]

バンクーバー バンクーバー#Japanese

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

晩香坡, バンクーバー: Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a large island in British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a river in southern British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a mountain between Alaska, United States and Yukon, Canada in the Saint Elias Mountains)

Vancouver (a mountain in the Southern Alps, on the South Island, New Zealand)

Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)

Vancouver (a lake in Clark County, Washington, United States)


エドモントン

Edmonton (the capital city of Alberta, Canada)


エディンバラ

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)

ja:エディンバラ (曖昧さ回避)


ワイ

ワイ (canonical)
わい (canonical)
wai (romanization)


ジー

ja:ジー (ジュネーヴ州)

Gy (municipality in Canton of Geneva, in Switzerland)


凱旋門

凱旋門 (canonical)
gaisenmon (romanization)

a triumphal arch; in particular, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris


蘇州

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


ペリカン

ja:ペリカン (曖昧さ回避)

[pe̞ɾʲikã̠ɴ]


スコピエ

Skopje (a city, the capital city of North Macedonia)


コロラド

From English Colorado, from Spanish Colorado (literally “Colored”).

ja:コロラド (曖昧さ回避)


モントリオール

From English Montreal, from French Montréal. Doublet of モンレアル (Monrearu).

ja:モントリオール (曖昧さ回避)

Montreal (the largest city in Quebec, Canada)

Montreal (an island in Quebec, Canada, the site of the city of Montreal)

Montreal (a river in Algoma and Sudbury districts, Ontario, Canada)

Montreal (a river in Timiskaming district, Ontario, Canada)

Montreal (a river in No. 18, Saskatchewan, Canada)

Montreal (an unincorporated community in Camden County, Missouri, United States)

Montreal (a small city in Iron County, Wisconsin, United States)

Montreal (a river on the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, United States)

Montreal (a river in northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States)


倉敷

→ Chinese: 倉敷／仓敷 (Cāngfū)

→ English: Kurashiki

Kurashiki (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


サウスカロライナ

ja:サウスカロライナ州


クリーブランド

ja:クリーブランド (曖昧さ回避)


文化大革命

ぶんくわ だい-かくめい

文(ぶん)化(か)大(だい)革(かく)命(めい) • (Bunka Dai-Kakumei) ^(←ぶんくわだいかくめい (Bunkwa Dai-Kakumei)?)

文化大革命 (canonical)
Bunka Dai-Kakumei (romanization)
Bunkwa Dai-Kakumei (romanization)
ぶんくわだいかくめい (hiragana historical)

Cultural Revolution (Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution)


うちなー

うちなー or ウチナー • (Uchinā)

うちなー (canonical)
ウチナー (canonical)
Uchinā (romanization)

[ɯ̟t͡ɕina̠ː]

Unadapted borrowing from Okinawan 沖縄(うちなー) (Uchinā).


五毛党

Borrowed from Chinese 五毛黨／五毛党 (wǔmáodǎng).

zh-l

五毛黨／五毛党 (wǔmáodǎng)

(neologism, derogatory) 50 cent army, wumao


ポー平原

ポー平原 (canonical)
Pō Heigen (romanization)

Po valley (large plain in northern Italy)


諸子百家

諸子百家 (canonical)
Shoshi Hyakka (romanization)

諸子百家／诸子百家 (Zhūzǐ Bǎijiā)


林邑

ja-pos

林(りん)邑(ゆう) • (Rin'yū) ^(←りんいふ (Rin'ifu)?)

林邑 (canonical)
Rin'yū (romanization)
Rin'ifu (romanization)
りんいふ (hiragana historical)

Linyi, Lâm Ấp (an ancient kingdom in present-day Vietnam, possibly the predecessor of Champa.)


露国

The first kanji character in 露西亞 (Roshia, “Russia”) + 國 (koku, “country”).

1904 or 1905, 小林清親, 百撰百笑
露國の海陸軍は、日本軍に一度も勝つ事なく、…
Rokoku no kairikugun wa, Nihongun ni ichido mo katsu koto naku,…
Russia's navy and army is, without winning against the Japanese army even once, […]

(obsolete) Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ソビエト しゃかいしゅぎ きょうわこく れんぽう

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ソビエト社(しゃ)会(かい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Sobieto Shakaishugi Kyōwakoku Renpō)

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (canonical)
Sobieto Shakaishugi Kyōwakoku Renpō (romanization)

[so̞bʲie̞to̞ ɕa̠ka̠iɕɨɡʲi kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

ソビエト (sobieto, “soviet”) + 社会主義 (shakai shugi, “socialism”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”) + 連邦 (renpō, “union; federation; confederation”)

af

そびえとしゃかいしゅぎきょうわこくれんぽう

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics#English

the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (a former country in Europe and Asia, existing from 1922 to 1991)


海牙

ja-pos

海牙(ハーグ) • (Hāgu)

The Hague (the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


リュブリャナ

Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


ポートモレスビー

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

Port Moresby (the capital of Papua New Guinea)


サライェヴォ

Borrowed from English or Serbo-Croatian Sarajevo.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Sarajevo (the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina)


ウェリントン

[β̞e̞ɾʲĩntõ̞ɴ]


リヤド

Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


コペンハーゲン

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)

ja:コペンハーゲン (曖昧さ回避)


ブラチスラバ

[bɯ̟ɾa̠t͡ɕisɨ̥ɾa̠ba̠]


ベルン

Bern (the capital city of Switzerland; capital city of Bern canton)


サラエボ

Saraebo (romanization)
Sarawevo (romanization)
サラヱヺ (historical katakana)


ブラチスラヴァ

[bɯ̟ɾa̠t͡ɕisɨɾa̠ba̠]

Bratislava (the capital city of Slovakia)


ドーハ

ドーハ • (Dōha)

Doha (a city, the capital city of Qatar)


ハルツーム

[ha̠ɾɯ̟t͡sɨːmɯ̟]


ケープタウン

Cape Town (a city, the legislative capital of South Africa)


リマ

ja:リマ (曖昧さ回避)


ブルームフォンテーン

ブルームフォンテーン • (Burūmufontēn)


ラバト

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


プレトリア

[pɯ̟ɾe̞to̞ɾʲia̠]


ハバナ

Ultimately from Spanish La Habana, in turn from Taíno Habaguanex.
Japanese sources list the term as a borrowing of Havana, but do not indicate the source language.
The term is first cited to the early 1890s. This would suggest that the term was borrowed from English Havana, since the ⟨ h ⟩ in Spanish has been silent for centuries. Considering that the pitch accent is on the first mora, the borrowing was likely via the written rather than the spoken form, as the accent on the second syllable in either Spanish or English would likely result in a higher pitch on the second mora instead.


ジョージタウン

ジョージタウン • (Jōji Taun)


ブリュッセル

[bɯ̟ɾʲɨsːe̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from French Bruxelles, or possibly from Dutch Brussel.

Brussels (a city, the capital city and a region of Belgium)


オスロ

Oslo (a tiny city in Marshall County, in northwest Minnesota, United States)

Oslo (an unincorporated community in Vernon Township, Dodge County, Minnesota, United States)

Indian River County
Indian River County#English

Oslo (an unincorporated community in Indian River County, Florida, United States)


キンシャサ

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Kinshasa (a city, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


ガザ地区

Gaza Strip (A region in Palestine between Egypt and Israel)


天河

From Middle Chinese 天河 (*ten *ha, literally “heavenly river”). Compare Mandarin 天河 (Tiānhé, “Milky Way”), Vietnamese thiên hà (“galaxy”).

der

Tianhe (a district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


クラスノヤルスク

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai#English

Krasnoyarsk (a city, the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia, Russia)


ウラン・ウデ

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ɰ̃ ɯ̟de̞]


ペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー

ja-pos

ペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー • (Petoropaburofusuku Kamuchatsukī)

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (a city in Russia)


にしサハラ

西サハラ: Western Sahara (a territory of North Africa)


サマーラ

Samara (a city, the administrative center of Samara Oblast, Russia)

Samara (a tributary of the Volga in Russia)


西サハラ

Western Sahara
Western Sahara#English:_Q6250

Western Sahara (A territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory)


雅楽

From Middle Chinese 雅樂 (MC ngaeX ngaewk).

(music) gagaku (the ancient court ritual classical music of Japan, of Chinese and Korean origin)


ホーチミン

Ho Chi Minh, Ho Chi Minh City (largest city of Vietnam)


サイゴン

Ultimately borrowed from Vietnamese Sài Gòn.
The kanji spellings 西貢, 柴棍 are considered to be ateji. However, the 柴棍 spelling is rooted in the Vietnamese etymology of the name; see Sài Gòn for more.

(historical) Saigon (a city in Vietnam), the former name of modern Ho Chi Minh City


南韓

南(なん)韓(かん) • (Nankan) ^(←なんかん (Nankan)?)

南韓 (canonical)
Nankan (romanization)
なんかん (hiragana historical)


北韓

北(ほっ)韓(かん) • (Hokkan) ^(←ほくかん (Fokukan)?)

北韓 (canonical)
Hokkan (romanization)
Fokukan (romanization)
ほくかん (hiragana historical)


南朝鮮

南朝鮮 (canonical)
Minami Chōsen (romanization)

From 南 (minami, “south”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 남조선 (Namjoseon).

af

大韓民国

大韓民国 だいかんみんこく


オハイオ州

オハイオ州 (canonical)
Ohaio-Shū (romanization)

Compound of オハイオ (Ohaio, “Ohio”) + 州 (-shū, “state”).
As with many place names in Japanese, this term consists of [placename]-[type of place].


あがた

agata (romanization)
あがた (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. Further derivation unknown; speculatively, might be from 彼 (a, “that”, distal marker) + 方 (kata, “side; direction”), as in "over there, far away" and not near the central capital.
First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720 with the administrative district sense.

compound

(historical) a provincial governorship; a provincial governor


さいたま

From 埼玉 (Saitama, “Saitama Prefecture”).

さいたま市 さいたま市#Japanese

Short for さいたま市 (Saitama-shi): Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


甲府

Kōfu (the capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture)


松江

Matsue (the capital city of Shimane Prefecture)


基隆

ja-pos

基隆(キールン) • (Kīrun)


マカオ

中華人民共和国マカオ特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Makao Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)


花蓮

Hualien (a city and county on the east coast of Taiwan)


桜島

桜島 (canonical)
Sakurajima (romanization)

English: Sakurajima

桜 (さくら, sakura, “cherry tree, cherry blossom”) + 島 (-じま, -jima, “island”). From the glowing rocks expelled by the volcano that look like cherry blossoms on the island mountain.

compound

Sakurajima (a major volcano and surrounding area in Kagoshima Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, near Kagoshima)

桜島大根

桜島大根 さくらじまだいこん

桜島小蜜柑

桜島小蜜柑 さくらじまこみかん

桜島町

桜島町 さくらじまちょう


勃牙利

勃牙利 (canonical)
Burugaria (romanization)

ブルガリア ブルガリア#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of ブルガリア (“Bulgaria (a country in Europe)”).


紹興

ja-pos

紹(しょう)興(こう) • (Shōkō)

Shaoxing (a prefecture-level city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


韓服

ja-noun

韓(かん)服(ふく) or 韓(かん)服(ぷく) • (kanfuku or kanpuku)

韓服 (canonical)
韓服 (canonical)
kanfuku (romanization)
kanpuku (romanization)

[kã̠ɰ̃ɸɯ̟kɯ̟]

[kã̠mpɯ̟kɯ̟]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 한복(韓服) (hanbok).


東沙群島

ja-pos

東(とう)沙(さ)群(ぐん)島(とう) • (Tōsa Guntō) ^(←とうさぐんたう (Tousaguntau)?)

東沙群島 (canonical)
Tōsa Guntō (romanization)
Tousaguntau (romanization)
とうさぐんたう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 東沙群島／东沙群岛 (Dōngshā Qúndǎo).

Synonym of 東沙諸島 (Tōsa Shotō, “Pratas Islands”)


坂井

Sakai (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


漢口

(historical) Hankou (a former city in Hubei, China, now part of Wuhan)


漢口

Ultimately from Mandarin 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), probably via English Hankow.

zh-l

漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu)


済州

Jeju a place name, (island, province and its capital in South Korea)

Jeju (the capital city of Jeju Province, South Korea)


サハリン

[sa̠ha̠ɾʲĩɴ]

サハリン サハリン島#Japanese

Short for サハリン島 (Saharin-tō): Sakhalin (island in Russia)

サハリン島

サハリン サハリン州#Japanese

Short for サハリン州 (Saharin-shū): Sakhalin Oblast


川内

Short for 薩摩川内. Satsumasendai (a city in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


樺太

[ka̠ɾa̠ɸɯ̟to̞]

From Ainu カラㇷ゚ト (Karapto).
The kanji spelling was decided upon during the creation of the first administrative district in Hokkaido during the Meiji period.

Karafuto, Sakhalin (an island today in Russia and formerly claimed by Japan)


樺太

From the kun (mis)reading of the first kanji 樺 (literally “birch”).

1925 April 10, 伯剌西爾時報 (Burajiru Jihō) [News of Brazil], number 391, page 7:

Following the Japanese–Russian Agreement, Japan concluded its withdrawal from North Sakhalin on the 4th and transferred control to the Soviet government.

日本は日露協約に基き四日に北樺太撤兵を終了し同地統治をソウイエト政府に引渡した

Nihon wa Nichi-Ro Kyōyaku ni motozuki yokka ni Kita-Kabafuto teppei o shūryō shi dōchi tōchi o Sowieto seifu ni hikiwatashita

Alternative form of 樺太 (Karafuto, “Karafuto, Sakhalin (an island today in Russia and formerly claimed by Japan)”)


サントメプリンシペ

[sã̠nto̞me̞pɯ̟ɾʲĩɰ̃ɕi̥pe̞]

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English:_Q1039

São Tomé and Príncipe (a country and archipelago in Central Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean)

ja:サントメプリンシペ


スワジランド

[sɨβ̞a̠ʑiɾã̠ndo̞]

(historical) Swaziland (The former name of Eswatini, a country in Southern Africa)


コンゴ民主共和国

ja-pos

コンゴ みんしゅ きょうわこく

コンゴ民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Kongo Minshu Kyōwakoku)

コンゴ民主共和国 (canonical)
Kongo Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

コンゴ (Kongo, “Congo”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English:_Q974

Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


プエルトリコ

[pɯ̟e̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɾʲiko̞]

Puerto Rico (a commonwealth, island and dependent territory of the United States in the Caribbean)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Puerto Rico
ja:プエルトリコ
ja:松村明


中央アフリカ共和国

ja-pos

ちゅうおう アフリカ きょうわこく

中(ちゅう)央(おう)アフリカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chūō Afurika Kyōwakoku)

中央アフリカ共和国 (canonical)
Chūō Afurika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

From 中央アフリカ (Chūō Afurika, “Central Africa”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

af

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English:_Q929

Central African Republic (a country in Central Africa)

ja:中央アフリカ共和国


奥田

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

The neighborhoods of Inazawa and Nishio and of Mihama, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Chikusei, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Okayama, Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Higashiagatsumama, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hatoyama, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yamatotakada, Nara Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Moji, Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōhira, Miyagi Prefecture.


栗原

Kurihara (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


安達

ja:安達氏 ja:安達町 ja:安達郡

A town in Adachi district, Fukushima Prefecture


角田

ja-pos

角(かく)田(た) or 角(すみ)田(だ) or 角(すみ)田(た) or 角(つの)田(だ) or 角(つの)田(た) • (Kakuta or Sumida or Sumita or Tsunoda or Tsunota)

角田 (canonical)
Kadota (romanization)
角田 (canonical)
Kakuda (romanization)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
Kakuta (romanization)
Sumida (romanization)
Sumita (romanization)
Tsunoda (romanization)
Tsunota (romanization)

Kakuda (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


飯塚

Iizuka (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


茂木

茂木 (canonical)
Mogi (romanization)
茂木 (canonical)
Motegi (romanization)


下田

Shimoda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japana)


大崎

Ōsaki (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


大槻

大(おお)槻(つき) • (Ōtsuki) ^(←おほつき (Ofotuki)?)

大槻 (canonical)
Ōtsuki (romanization)
Ofotuki (romanization)
おほつき (hiragana historical)

Ōtsuki (regions in Japan):
A region of Yaita, Tochigi Prefecture.

A region of Shibata, Niigata Prefecture.


大槻

大(おお)槻(づき) • (Ōzuki) ^(←おほづき (Ofoduki)?)

大槻 (canonical)
Ōzuki (romanization)
Ofoduki (romanization)
おほづき (hiragana historical)

A region of Nakanoto, Kashima district, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.


孫子

From 孫 (mago, “grandchild”) + 子 (ko, “child”).

af

Synonym of 子孫 (shison, “grandchildren and children; descendants”)


河原

河原 (canonical)
kawara (romanization)
kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

⟨kapa para⟩ → /kap̚para/ → ⟨kapara⟩ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/
From Old Japanese.
Shift from a compound of 河 (kawa, “river”) + 原 (hara, “plain”).

a dry riverbed, especially of the 鴨川 (Kamogawa, “Kamo River”) in Kyoto

(colloquial) Short for 河原者 (kawaramono): a beggar

(colloquial) Short for 河原艾 (kawara yomogi): a species of wormwood, Artemisia capillaris


河原

河原 (canonical)
Kawara (romanization)
Kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

Kawara (a town in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


河原

ja-pos

河(かわ)原(はら) • (Kawahara) ^(←かははら (Kafafara)?)

河原 (canonical)
Kawahara (romanization)
Kafafara (romanization)
かははら (hiragana historical)

From 河 (kawa, “river”) + 原 (hara, “plain”).

Kawahara (a former town in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Tottori)

Kawahara (a train station in Yazu, Tottori Prefecture, Japan)


御門

→ English: mikado

→ Portuguese: micado

The literal meaning of 御門 is "the honorable gate", that is, the gate of the Japanese imperial palace. The term was once used metonymically for the main occupant of the palace, thereby avoiding naming him directly, which was considered disrespectful. Compare Sublime Porte as a term for the Ottoman court and government, along with pharaoh (from Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ (“palace, pharaoh”, literally “great house”)) as a term for the Egyptian king.


若狭

Wakasa Province, an old province of Japan


駿河

Suruga Province, an old province of Japan


下総

ja-pos

下(しも)総(うさ) • (Shimōsa) ^(←しもふさ (Simofusa)?)

下総 (canonical)
Shimōsa (romanization)
Simofusa (romanization)
しもふさ (hiragana historical)

Shimōsa Province, an old province of Japan


上総

上総 (canonical)
Kazusa (romanization)
Kadusa (romanization)
かづさ (hiragana historical)

Kazusa Province, an old province of Japan


常陸

From 日高見 (ひたかみ).

Hitachi Province, an old province of Japan


陸奥

陸奥(むつ) or 陸(みち)奥(のく) • (Mutsu or Michinoku)

陸奥 (canonical)
陸奥 (canonical)
Mutsu (romanization)
Michinoku (romanization)

Mutsu Province, an old province of Japan


伊予

(historical) Iyo Province, an old province of Japan


周防

周防 (canonical)
Suō (romanization)
Sufau (romanization)
すはう (hiragana historical)


阿波

Awa (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


能登

From Old Japanese (no₂to₂), from Ainu not (“cape”) or noto (“big cape”).
The kanji are ateji (当て字).

(historical) Noto Province, an old province of Japan


讃岐

Sanuki Province, an old province of Japan


越中

Etchū Province, an old province of Japan


越前

越(えち)前(ぜん) • (Echizen) ^(←ゑちぜん (Wetizen)?)

越前 (canonical)
Echizen (romanization)
Wetizen (romanization)
ゑちぜん (hiragana historical)

Echizen (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)

Echizen Province, an old province of Japan


相模

→ Chinese: 相模

→ English: Sagami

⟨saɡamu⟩ → */saɡamʉ/ → /saɡami/
Shift from Old Japanese 相模 (Sagamu), attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).

相模, 相摸: Sagami Province (an ancient province of Japan, roughly equivalent to the modern Kanagawa Prefecture)

Sagami (the neighborhoods of Kōchi, Kōchi Prefecture; of Koshigaya, Saitama Prefecture; and of Ōtsushi, Shiga Prefecture; in Japan)


長門

Short for 長門国 (Nagato-no-kuni): Nagato Province (a former province of Japan, today part of northwestern Yamaguchi Prefecture)

長門国

Short for 長門市 (Nagato-shi): Nagato (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)

長門市

Short for 長門町 (Nagato-chō): Nagato (a district in central Nagano Prefecture)


大隅

大(おお)隅(すみ) • (Ōsumi) ^(←おほすみ (Ofosumi)?)

大隅 (canonical)
Ōsumi (romanization)
Ofosumi (romanization)
おほすみ (hiragana historical)

Ōsumi Province, an old province of Japan


肥前

Hizen Province, an old province of Japan


豊後

Bungo Province, an old province of Japan


豊前

Buzen Province, an old province of Japan

Buzen (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


但馬

Tajima Province, an old province of Japan


備中

[bʲit̚t͡ɕɨː]

Bitchū Province, an old province of Japan


丹後

Tango Province, an old province of Japan


備後

Bingo Province, an old province of Japan


出雲

出雲 (canonical)
Izumo (romanization)
Idumo (romanization)
いづも (hiragana historical)

Izumo (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)

Izumo Province, an old province of Japan


伯耆

伯耆 (canonical)
Hōki (romanization)
Fauki (romanization)
はうき (hiragana historical)

(historical) Hōki Province, an old province of Japan


因幡

Inaba Province, an old province of Japan


筑後

Chikugo (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Chikugo Province, an old province of Japan


備前

Bizen (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

Bizen Province, an old province of Japan


美作

Mimasaka (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

Mimasaka Province, an old province of Japan


岩代

岩(いわ)代(しろ) • (Iwashiro) ^(←いはしろ (Ifasiro)?)

岩代 (canonical)
Iwashiro (romanization)
Ifasiro (romanization)
いはしろ (hiragana historical)

Iwashiro Province, an old province of Japan


志摩

Shima Province, an old province of Japan


陸中

[ɾʲikɯ̟̊t͡ɕɨː]

Rikuchū Province, an old province of Japan


磐城

磐城 (canonical)
Iwaki (romanization)
Ifaki (romanization)
いはき (hiragana historical)

Iwaki (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Iwaki Province, an old province of Japan


伊豆

伊豆 (canonical)
Izu (romanization)
Idu (romanization)
いづ (hiragana historical)

Izu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


江原道

江原道(カンウォンド) or 江(こう)原(げん)道(どう) • (Kanwondo or Kōgendō) ^(←かうげんだう (Kaugendau)?)

江原道 (canonical)
江原道 (canonical)
Kanwondo (romanization)
Kōgendō (romanization)
Kaugendau (romanization)
かうげんだう (hiragana historical)


全羅北道

全(ぜん)羅(ら)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Zenra Hokudō) ^(←ぜんらほくだう (Zenra Fokudau)?)

全羅北道 (canonical)
Zenra Hokudō (romanization)
Zenra Fokudau (romanization)
ぜんらほくだう (hiragana historical)
全羅北道 (canonical)
Chorura Pukuto (romanization)
全羅北道 (canonical)
Chorura Pukudo (romanization)

North Jeolla (a province of South Korea)


昌原

South Gyeongsang
South Gyeongsang#English

Changwon (a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea)


下野

下野 (canonical)
Shimotsuke (romanization)

⟨simo₁tuke₂⟩ → */simʷotukei̯/ → /ɕimot͡suke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 下毛野 (Simo₁tuke₂no₁ → Shimotsukeno, literally “Lower Keno”).
The meadowsweet sense was first attested in The Pillow Book (1002), from the province where the flower was first discovered.

inh

(historical) Short for 下野国 (Shimotsuke-no-kuni): Shimotsuke Province, an old province of Japan, now part of Tochigi Prefecture

下野国

Short for 下野市 (Shimotsuke-shi): Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan) [2006–]


全羅南道

ja-pos

全(ぜん)羅(ら)南(なん)道(どう) • (Zenra Nandō) ^(←ぜんらなんだう (Zenra Nandau)?)

全羅南道 (canonical)
Zenra Nandō (romanization)
Zenra Nandau (romanization)
ぜんらなんだう (hiragana historical)
全羅南道 (canonical)
Chorura Namudo (romanization)

South Jeolla (a province of South Korea)


亀山

Kameyama (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


葛西

Compound of 葛(か) (ka) + 西(さい) (sai, “the west”), the former an abbreviation of 葛(かつ)飾(しか)郡(ぐん) (katsushika-gun, “Katsushika District”, in Shimōsa Province); originally referring to the western half of the district.

ja-r

(broadly) The area equivalent to the western part of Katsushika district in former Shimōsa, Japan.

(strictly) An area in southern Edogawa, Tokyo prefecture, Japan.


志賀

→ Chinese: 志賀／志贺 (Zhìhè)

→ English: Shiga

Superficially 志(し) (shi, “determination”) + 賀(が) (ga, “celebration”). Shiga, the area near Lake Biwa, was the site of Emperor Tenchi’s palace in the late 7th century. In waka poetry 志賀 is often used to evoke nostalgia for the ancient empire.
Compare 滋賀 (Shiga).

neighborhoods of Kita ward, Nagoya, and of Toyota, in Aichi Prefecture

a neighborhood of Ranzan, Saitama Prefecture

a neighborhood of Saku, Nagano Prefecture

a neighborhood of Yoshino, Nara Prefecture

the neighborhoods of Iwanuma and Misato, Miyagi Prefecture

the neighborhoods of Katsuragi and Hidaka, Wakayama Prefecture

former name for the area southwest to Biwa and around Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture, Japan.


志賀

Attested in the Man’yōshū, c. 759, in reference to Shikanoshima.


有田

Arida (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


神山

Mount Kami (a mountain in Japan, Kanagawa Prefecture)


神山

ja:柊野#神山（こうやま）

Mount Kōyama (a mountain in Japan, Kyōto prefecture)


内野

ja:内野
ja:内野 (曖昧さ回避)

内 (nai-, “in-”) + 野 (ya, “field”), calque of English infield

(baseball, softball, cricket) an infield


内野

内(うち) (uchi, “inside; interior”) + 野(の) (no, “field; plain”)

ja-compound

ja:内野 (曖昧さ回避)

A place name, such as that of Uchino Station


永山

An area in Asahikawa, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan.


田川

Tagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


諏訪

Suwa (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


どい

Sound change of どえ (Doe), the reverse of 江戸 (Edo, “Edo”).

(back slang, crime) Tokyo (a major prefecture of Japan).


巻き寿司

巻き寿司 (canonical)
makizushi (romanization)

Russian: макидзу́си n (makidzúsi)

English: makizushi

French: makizushi m

makizushi (sushi made rolled in nori seaweed with a core of filling)


加州

加州 (canonical)
Kashū (romanization)
Kasiu (romanization)
かしう (hiragana historical)

2021 August 31, “米加州の山火事、リゾート地のタホ湖近くで住民や観光客が避難”, in Reuters:

米加州の山火事、リゾート地のタホ湖近くで住民や観光客が避難

Bei-Kashū no yamakaji, rizōto-chi no Taho-ko chikaku de jūmin ya kankōkyaku ga hinan

Wildfire in California: Residents and tourists near Lake Tahoe evacuate

(dated) California (a state of the United States)


豊島

豊島 (canonical)
Toshima (romanization)
豊島 (canonical)
Toyoshima (romanization)

Toshima (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


三田

Sanda (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


布施

布施 (canonical)
Fuse (romanization)
ふせ (hiragana historical)

Calque of Sanskrit दान (dāna, “generosity, giving”). Compare 檀那 (danna).

clq

A neighborhood of Minakami, Tone district, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Takatsuki, Ika district, Shiga Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ōnan, Ōchi district and of Okinoshima, Oki district; in Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Abiko and Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Himi, Toyama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Saku, Nagano Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Chūō, Yamanashi Prefecture.

A former city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan; now an area of western Higashiōsaka, Osaka Prefecture.


富岡

Tomioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)

Tomioka (a town in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


橄欖山

橄欖山 (canonical)
Kanranzan (romanization)


手巻

hand-rolled sushi (usually cone-shaped), temaki


布哇

布哇国渡航条約

Obsolete spelling of ハワイ (“Hawaii (a state of the United States and former kingdom)”).


羅府

羅 (orthographic borrowing from Cantonese 羅省枝利 (lo4 saang2 zi1 lei6)) + 府 (fu, “prefecture”), coined by poet Funabashi Moshichi (船橋茂七) in 1894 for use in a Chinese poem (漢詩).

compound

orthographic borrowing from Cantonese <i class="Hant mention" lang="yue">羅省枝利</i> (lo4 saang2 zi1 lei6)

coined

(dated) Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


神崎

Kanzaki (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


神崎

Kōzaki (a town in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


川西

Kawanishi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


羽生

羽生 (canonical)
Hanyū (romanization)
Fanifu (romanization)
はにふ (hiragana historical)

Hanyū (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


板橋

ja-pos

板(ばん)橋(きょう) or 板(いた)橋(はし) • (Bankyō or Itahashi)

板橋 (canonical)
Itabashi (romanization)
板橋 (canonical)
板橋 (canonical)
Bankyō (romanization)
Itahashi (romanization)

Itabashi (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


西脇

[ɲ̟iɕiβ̞a̠kʲi]

Nishiwaki (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


竹原

Takehara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


井原

Ibara (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


シェフィールド

Sheffield (a city in South Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom)


川越

Kawagoe (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


柏原

Kashiwara (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


サンサルバドル

[sã̠ɰ̃sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

San Salvador (the capital of El Salvador)


坂東

Bandō (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


サンホセ

Borrowed from Spanish San José (“Saint Joseph”).


沖田

Compound of 沖(おき) (oki, “distant place of a field”) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”).

ja-com

A neighborhood of Nakamura ward, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yuzawa, Akita Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōmura, Nagasaki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Suwa, Nagano Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yahatanishi ward, Kitakyushu and of Ōmuta, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Aizumisato, Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nobeoka, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nan'yō, Yamagata Prefecture.


回転寿司

回転寿司 (canonical)
kaitenzushi (romanization)

Compound of 回(かい)転(てん) (kaiten, “rotation”) + 寿(す)司(し) (sushi, “sushi”).

kaiten sushi, conveyor belt sushi (sushi served on a sushi train)


熊田

熊田 (canonical)
Kumada (romanization)
熊田 (canonical)
Kumata (romanization)

→ English: Kumada

From compound of くま (kuma, “curved place, corner”) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”), literally, “winding (rice) field”. The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 熊 (kuma, “bear”) is an ateji (当て字) of くま.

A neighborhood of Nagakute, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nasukarasuyama, Tochigi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sabae, Fukui Prefecture.

Kumata (a neighborhood of Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan)


無錫

『無錫旅情』

"Traveling in Wuxi" (song by Daisaku Ogata)

Wuxi (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


小平

Kodaira (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


豊中

Toyonaka (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


松戸

Matsudo (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


八王子

Hachiōji (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


尼崎

Amagasaki (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


高槻

Takatsuki (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


枚方

Hirakata (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


相模原

相模原 (canonical)
Sagamihara (romanization)

Sagamihara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


疾風怒濤

ja-noun

疾(しっ)風(ぷう)怒(ど)濤(とう) • (shippū dotō) ^(←しつぷうどたう (situpuudotau)?)

疾風怒濤 (canonical)
shippū dotō (romanization)
situpuudotau (romanization)
しつぷうどたう (hiragana historical)

[ɕi̥p̚pɯ̟ː do̞to̞ː]

Calque of German Sturm und Drang, equivalent to 疾風 (shippū, “gale”) + 怒濤 (dotō, “surging waves”)

af

シュトゥルム・ウント・ドラング シュトゥルム・ウント・ドラング#Japanese

(literature, music) Synonym of シュトゥルム・ウント・ドラング (Shuturumu unto Dorangu, “Sturm und Drang”)


皇位

皇位 (canonical)
kōi (romanization)
kwauwi (romanization)
くゎうゐ (hiragana historical)

Chrysanthemum Throne
Chrysanthemum Throne

(specifically) the Chrysanthemum Throne, the monarchy of Japan


平戸

Hirado (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


中国学

中国学 (canonical)
Chūgokugaku (romanization)

中国 (Chūgoku, “China”) + 学 (-gaku, “study”)


内江

Neijiang (a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China)


亳州

Bozhou (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


海門

ja-pos

海門(かいもん) or 海門(ハイメン) • (Kaimon or Haimen)


丹東

Dandong (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


鎮江

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 鎮江／镇江 (Zhènjiāng).

obor

Zhenjiang (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


焼売

ja-noun

焼売(しゅうまい) or 焼(シュウ)売(マイ) or 焼売(シューマイ) • (shūmai)

焼売 (canonical)
焼売 (canonical)
焼売 (canonical)
shūmai (romanization)

Borrowed from Cantonese 燒賣／烧卖 (siu1 maai2).


連合王国

ja-pos

連(れん)合(ごう)王(おう)国(こく) • (Rengō Ōkoku) ^(←れんがふわうこく (Rengafu Waukoku)?)

連合王国 (canonical)
Rengō Ōkoku (romanization)
Rengafu Waukoku (romanization)
れんがふわうこく (hiragana historical)

[ɾẽ̞ŋɡo̞ː o̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

連合 (rengō, “union”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

af

グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Kita Airurando Rengō Ōkoku


グレートブリテン王国

ja-pos

グレート ブリテン おうこく

グレートブリテン王(おう)国(こく) • (Gurēto Buriten Ōkoku)

グレートブリテン王国 (canonical)
Gurēto Buriten Ōkoku (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟ɾe̞ːto̞ bɯ̟ɾʲite̞ɰ̃ o̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

グレートブリテン (Gurēto Buriten, “Great Britain”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

compound

Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Great Britain

(historical) the Kingdom of Great Britain

ja:グレートブリテン王国