マケドニア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía)

lbor

2001 March 10 [1998 December 16], Motohiro Katou, “ミネルヴァの梟(ふくろう) [Owl of Minerva]”, in Ｑ.(キュー)Ｅ.(イー)Ｄ.(ディー) 証(しょう)明(めい)終(しゅう)了(りょう) [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], 9th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 102:

The king of clubs is Alexander the Great of Macedonia

クラブのＫはマケドニアのアレクサンダー大王

Kurabu no kingu wa Makedonia no Arekusandā Daiō

ja:マケドニア (曖昧さ回避)


サン・マリノ

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


セルビア

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


リヒテンシュタイン

[ɾʲiçitẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨta̠ĩɴ]

Borrowed from German Liechtenstein (literally “Lightstone”).

bor+

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)

ja:リヒテンシュタイン


ルクセンブルグ

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)

Luxembourg (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)


山本

Yamamoto (a district of Akita Prefecture, Japan)


小林

Kobayashi (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


吉田

Yoshida (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


山口

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 口 (guchi, “mouth; opening, gateway”). The kuchi changes to guchi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

compound

Yamaguchi (the capital city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


松本

Matsumoto (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


藤沢

Fujisawa (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


潮州

ja-pos

潮(ちょう)州(しゅう) • (Chōshū) ^(←てうしう (Teusiu)?)

潮州 (canonical)
Chōshū (romanization)
Teusiu (romanization)
てうしう (hiragana historical)

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)

Chaozhou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


潮州

潮州(チャオチョウ) • (Chaochō)

[t͡ɕa̠o̞t͡ɕo̞ː]

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)


天津

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


札幌

English: Sapporo

Russian: Са́ппоро m (Sápporo)

From Ainu サッ・ポロ・ペッ (sat poro pet, literally “dry, great river”). The kanji are ateji (当て字).

bor

札幌市: Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


福岡

ja-pos

福(ふく)岡(おか) • (Fukuoka) ^(←ふくをか (Fukwoka)?)

福岡 (canonical)
Fukuoka (romanization)
Fukwoka (romanization)
ふくをか (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟o̞ka̠]

Fukuoka (the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Fukuoka (a prefecture in northern Kyushu, Japan)

Fukuoka (several smaller localities in Japan)


東山

東山 (canonical)
Higashiyama (romanization)

Several mountains or other places in Japan


東山

東(とう)山(さん) or 東山(とうざん) • (Tōsan or Tōzan)

東山 (canonical)
東山 (canonical)
Tōsan (romanization)
Tōzan (romanization)

東山地方 ― Tōsan chihō ― Tōsan region

東山道

Tōsandō, former district in central Japan


丘陵

ja-noun

丘(きゅう)陵(りょう) • (kyūryō) ^(←きうりよう (kiuryou)?)

丘陵 (canonical)
kyūryō (romanization)
kiuryou (romanization)
きうりよう (hiragana historical)


ニジェール

ja-pos

ニジェール • (Nijēru)

[ɲ̟iʑe̞ːɾɯ̟]

From French Niger. Doublet of ナイジャ (Naija).

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)

Niger (a major river in West Africa, that flows into the Gulf of Guinea in Nigeria)


メキシコシティ

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


フェニックス

[ɸe̞ɲ̟ik̚kɯ̟sɨ̥]


コンゴ

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)

Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


ヨルダン

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イオニア海

イオニア海 (canonical)
Ionia Kai (romanization)

Ionian Sea (a sea between Italy and Greece)


黄海

黄(こう)海(かい) • (Kōkai) ^(←くゎうかい (Kwaukai)?)

黄海 (canonical)
Kōkai (romanization)
Kwaukai (romanization)
くゎうかい (hiragana historical)
黄海 (canonical)
Howanhai (romanization)


ユーフラテス川

ユーフラテス川 (canonical)
Yūfuratesugawa (romanization)


ヨーク

ヨーク • (Yōku)


高麗

Goguryeo
Koma clan
Man'yōshū
ja:高麗 (曖昧さ回避)

⟨ko₂ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym.
Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, given the history of the Koma clan, Goguryeo migrants to Eastern Honshū during the 660s.

a compound of 高麗 + 作り

Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands; making; made thing

(historical) the Goguryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 37 BCE–668 CE

(historical) a county in Saitama Prefecture (originally settled in the mid-600s CE by immigrants from the Korean Peninsula; abolished as an administrative entity in 1896)


高麗

高麗 (canonical)
kōrai (romanization)
kaurai (romanization)
かうらい (hiragana historical)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 高麗. Cognate with modern Korean 고려 (goryeo) and English Korea.
Appeared at least late 10th century with this reading, attested in the Utsubo Monogatari, c. 970-999.

Short for 高麗縁 (kōrai beri, “tatami border made from Goguryeo brocade”).

高麗縁

Short for 高麗焼 (kōtai yaki, “Korean pottery”).


高麗

高麗 (canonical)
Kōrai (romanization)
Kaurai (romanization)
かうらい (hiragana historical)

(historical) the Goryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 918–1392 CE

the Goguryeo kingdom; or generally a synonym of 朝鮮 (chōsen, “Korea”).


中欧

中(ちゅう)欧(おう) • (Chūō)


澳門

From English Macau or Portuguese Macau.
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 澳門 /澳门 (Àomén).

Obsolete spelling of マカオ (“Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)”).


澳門

zh-m

澳門／澳门 (Àomén)

Synonym of マカオ (“Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)”)


帝劇

Short for 帝国劇場 (Teikoku gekijō, “the Imperial Theatre”).


台南

From Chinese 臺南 /台南 (Táinán). Compare Mandarin 臺南 /台南 (Táinán).


シカゴ

Chicago River
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:シカゴ (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)

Chicago (a river in Illinois, United States)


温州

ja-pos

温(おん)州(しゅう) or 温(うん)州(しゅう) • (Onshū or Unshū)

温州 (canonical)
温州 (canonical)
Onshū (romanization)
Unshū (romanization)

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


山川

Compound of 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river; stream”).


山川

Compound of 山(さん) (san, “mountain”) + 川(せん) (sen, “river; stream”).

山川草木

山川草木 さんせんそうもく

山川万里

山川万里 さんせんばんり


山川

Compound of 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river; stream”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

深山川蜻蛉: damselfly

深山川蜻蛉 みやまがわとんぼ


小川

From 小 (o, "little," "nice") + 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook").


江戸川

ja-pos

江(え)戸(ど)川(がわ) • (Edogawa) ^(←えどがは (Edogafa)?)

江戸川 (canonical)
Edogawa (romanization)
Edogafa (romanization)
えどがは (hiragana historical)

From 江戸(えど) (Edo, old name of Tokyo) + 川(かわ) (kawa, suffix for names of rivers).

ja-compound

ja:江戸川 ja:江戸川区

Edogawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


川口

[ka̠β̞a̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

From 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook") + 口 (kuchi, "mouthlike opening").

Kawaguchi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


滝川

ja-pos

滝川(たきかわ) • (Takikawa) ^(←たきかは (Takikafa)?)

滝(たき)川(がわ) • (Takigawa) ^(←たきがは (Takigafa)?)

滝川 (canonical)
Takikawa (romanization)
Takikafa (romanization)
たきかは (hiragana historical)
滝川 (canonical)
Takigawa (romanization)
Takigafa (romanization)
たきがは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 滝(たき) (taki, “waterfall”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..

ja-compound

Takikawa (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


グレナダ

Grenada (an island and country in the Caribbean)


ブルキナファソ

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


ビルマ

(historical) Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


ドイツ帝国

ドイツ帝国 (canonical)
Doitsu Teikoku (romanization)

ドイツ (Doitsu, “German”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”). Possibly coined as a calque of German Deutsches Kaiserreich

compound

Daijirin
Daijisen
German Empire
ja:ドイツ帝国
ja:松村明


バーレーン

ja-pos

バーレーン • (Bārēn)

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


ドミニカ

Commonwealth of Dominica
Commonwealth of Dominica


淀川

淀(よど)川(がわ) • (Yodogawa) ^(←よどがは (Yodogafa)?)

淀川 (canonical)
Yodogawa (romanization)
Yodogafa (romanization)
よどがは (hiragana historical)

From 淀(よど) (yodo, “pool, eddy”) + 川(かわ) (-kawa, suffix after names of rivers). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Yodo River (a river in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


ドミニカ共和国

ja-pos

ドミニカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Dominika Kyōwakoku)

ドミニカ共和国 (canonical)
Dominika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ドミニカ (Dominika, “Dominica”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


セネガル

[se̞ne̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


セルビア・モンテネグロ

ja-pos

^セルビア・^モンテネグロ

セルビア (Serubia, “Serbia”) + モンテネグロ (Monteneguro, “Montenegro”)

compound

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro

ja:セルビア・モンテネグロ


セイシェル

Borrowed from English Seychelles, from French Seychelles.

セーシェル セーシェル#Japanese

Alternative form of セーシェル (Sēsheru): Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


セーシェル

[se̞ːɕe̞ɾɯ̟]

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


ソロモン諸島

ソロモン諸島 (canonical)
Soromon Shotō (romanization)

ソロモン (Soromon, “Solomon”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Solomon Islands

com

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q685

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q148966

Solomon Islands (A country consisting of the majority of the Solomon Islands archipelago in Melanesia, in Oceania, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands)

Solomon Islands (An archipelago in Melanesia, split between the countries of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea)


コンゴ共和国

コンゴ共和国 (canonical)
Kongo Kyōwakoku (romanization)

コンゴ (Kongo, “Congo”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English:_Q971

Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


セントクリストファー・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント クリストファー・ネイビス

セントクリストファー・ネイビス • (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu)

Calque of English Saint Christopher and Nevis, equivalent to セントクリストファー (Sento Kurisutofā, “Saint Christopher”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)

ja:セントクリストファー・ネイビス


セントキッツ・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント キッツ・ネイビス

Calque of English Saint Kitts and Nevis, equivalent to セントキッツ (Sento Kittsu, “Saint Kitts”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

セントクリストファー・ネイビス セントクリストファー・ネイビス#Japanese

Saint Christopher and Nevis
Saint Christopher and Nevis

Synonym of セントクリストファー・ネイビス (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu, “Saint Christopher and Nevis”): Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)


サンピエール・ミクロン

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Saint Pierre and Miquelon, French archipelago


南アフリカ共和国

ja-pos

みなみ アフリカ きょうわこく

南(みなみ)アフリカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku)

南アフリカ共和国 (canonical)
Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

南アフリカ (Minami Afurika, “South Africa”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Republic of South Africa
Republic of South Africa


東チモール

東チモール (canonical)
Higashi Chimōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


赤道ギニア

赤道ギニア (canonical)
Sekidō Ginia (romanization)

赤道 (sekidō, “equator”) + ギニア (Ginia, “Guinea”)

af

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English:_Q983

Equatorial Guinea (a country in Central Africa)


グレートブリテン島

ja-pos

グレート ブリテン とう

グレートブリテン島 (canonical)
Gurēto Buriten Tō (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟ɾe̞ːto̞bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞nto̞ː]

ja:グレートブリテン島


ポーランド共和国

ポーランド きょうわこく

ポーランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Pōrando Kyōwakoku)

ポーランド共和国 (canonical)
Pōrando Kyōwakoku (romanization)


アイスランド共和国

アイスランド きょうわこく

アイスランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Aisurando Kyōwakoku)

アイスランド共和国 (canonical)
Aisurando Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[a̠isɨɾã̠ndo̞ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

ja:アイスランド共和国


イエメン王国

イエメン王国 (canonical)
Iemen Ōkoku (romanization)


コモロ

Compare English Comoro Islands. Also compare バハマ (Bahama, “Bahamas”).

Union of the Comoros
Union of the Comoros

Comoros (A country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)

Comoros (an archipelago consisting of the Union of the Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte)


死海

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


カタール

A borrowing, probably from English Qatar.

[ka̠ta̠ːɾɯ̟]

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


キプロス

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


東ドイツ

東ドイツ (canonical)
Higashi Doitsu (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”)


西ドイツ

西ドイツ (canonical)
Nishi Doitsu (romanization)

西 (nishi, “west”) + ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”)


小アジア

小アジア (canonical)
Shō-Ajia (romanization)

From 小 (shō-, “small; little”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).

pre

アナトリア アナトリア#Japanese

Synonym of アナトリア (Anatoria, “Anatolia”); Asia Minor


春日

From Old Japanese. The kanji spelling comes from the pillow word 春日(はるひ) (haruhi) used to introduce the place name Kasuga.
Compare 飛鳥 (Asuka).

Short for 春日市 (Kasuga-shi): A city in Fukuoka Prefecture


東シナ海

東シナ海 (canonical)
Higashi Shina-kai (romanization)

東 (higashi, “east”) + シナ (Shina, “China”) + 海 (kai, “sea”)


なりた

成田: (colloquial) Narita International Airport


フランクフルト

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am-Main (the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany)

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder (a sizable town in Brandenburg, in eastern Germany)


カマンベール

Camembert (a commune of the Orne department, France)


ハンバーグ

Borrowed from English Hamburg.
First cited to 1898.

[hã̠mba̠ːɡɯ̟]

Hamburg (a town in Marathon County, Wisconsin)

Hamburg (a town in Vernon County, Wisconsin)

ハンブルク ハンブルク#Japanese

(uncommon) alternative form of ハンブルク (Hanburuku): Hamburg (a city in Germany)


ハンブルク

[hã̠mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

Daijirin Daijisen Hamburg ja:ハンブルク ja:松村明

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)

Hamburg (a state of Germany containing the city of the same name)


小山

小山 (canonical)
Oyama (romanization)
Woyama (romanization)
をやま (hiragana historical)

From 小 (o-, “small, little”) + 山 (yama, “mountain, peak”).

pre

Oyama (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


関東

ja-pos

関(かん)東(とう) • (Kantō) ^(←くわんとう (Kwantou)?)

関東 (canonical)
Kantō (romanization)
Kwantou (romanization)
くわんとう (hiragana historical)

Russian: Канто́ n or m (Kantó)

; “geographical region of eastern Japan”
; “shogunate”
; “area to the east of Hangu or Shanhai Pass”

Short for 関東地方 (Kantō-chihō): A geographical region in eastern Japan that includes the capital city of Tokyo and surrounding prefectures


アラバマ

ja:アラバマ (曖昧さ回避)

Alabama (a river in Alabama, United States)

Alabama (a town in New York, United States)


アラスカ州

アラスカ州 (canonical)
Arasuka Shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America

Alaska - The 49th state of the United States of America. Postal code: AK, capital: Juneau, largest city: Anchorage.


アリゾナ

(~州) Arizona (a state of the United States)

ja:アリゾナ (曖昧さ回避)


東アジア

東アジア (canonical)
Higashi-Ajia (romanization)

Compound of 東(ひがし) (higashi, “east”) + アジア (Ajia, “Asia”).


弥勒

From Middle Chinese 彌勒 (mjie lok), from Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya).

Mile (a county-level city in Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


バドミントン

Badminton (a village in Gloucestershire, England)


河内

ja-pos

河(かわ)内(うち) • (Kawauchi) ^(←かはうち (Kafauti)?)

河内 (canonical)
Kawachi (romanization)
Kafati (romanization)
かはち (hiragana historical)
河内 (canonical)
Kawauchi (romanization)
Kafauti (romanization)
かはうち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Kawachi Province (a former province of Japan)

Kawachi (places in Japan):
A town in Ibaraki Prefecture.

Kawachi (places in Japan):
A town in Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Anamizu and Tsubata, Ishikawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Higashiōsaka, Osaka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tosu, Saga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Taga, Shiga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Okuizumo, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yahatahigashi, Kitakyushu and of Setaka, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Takachiho, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ikata, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimanto and Tōyō, Kōchi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tōkamachi and Kamihayashi, Niigata Prefecture.


河内

河内 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kafuti (romanization)
かふち (hiragana historical)

Sound change of compound of 河(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 内(うち) (uchi, “inside”). Literally, “in the river”.

ja-com

A neighborhood of Niihama, Ehime Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Beppu, Ōita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Mimasaka and Kagamino, Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimizu, Shizuoka and of Shimoda, in Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hamada, Shimane Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Okutama, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Mugi, Tokushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Awaji and Kasai, Hyōgo Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Fukui and of Ikeda, Minamiechizen and Wakasa, in Fukui Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Toba and Minamiise, Mie Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kudamatsu and Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A train station in Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture.


河内

ja-pos

河内(かわのうち) • (Kawanouchi) ^(←かはのうち (Kafanouti)?)

河内 (canonical)
Kawanouchi (romanization)
Kafanouti (romanization)
かはのうち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠no̞ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Abbreviation of 河の内 (kawa no uchi, “inside of the river”).

abbrev

Kawanouchi (a neighborhood of Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture)


河内

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河內 /河内 (Hénèi).

obor

Henei (former commandery of China to the north of Yellow River, now in Henan, China)


コソボ

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Kosovo (A partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


アイダホ州

アイダホ州 (canonical)
Aidaho Shū (romanization)

Idaho - A state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation: ID) in the north-western United States with its capital at Boise.


バストランド

Basutoland (a former country; modern Lesotho)


ベチュアナランド

(historical) Bechuanaland -(a former name of what is now Botswana, used until 1966)


ブリテン

[bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞ɴ]

From English Britain. Doublet of ブルターニュ (Burutānyu, “Brittany”).

doublet

Great Britain (an island in the United Kingdom)


ベナン共和国

ベナン共和国 (canonical)
Benan Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Benin, shortly Benin - (a country in Western Africa)


カーボベルデ

Borrowed from Portuguese Cabo Verde (“Green Cape”).

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nihonkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nipponkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

(rare) State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


コートジボワール

[ko̞ːto̞ʑibo̞β̞a̠ːɾɯ̟]

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


ダホメ王国

ダホメ王国 (canonical)
Dahome Ōkoku (romanization)

(historical) Dahomey (a former country in Africa)


北欧

北ヨーロッパ 北ヨーロッパ#Japanese


イエメン

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イエメン共和国

イエメン共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Kyōwakoku (romanization)


イリノイ州

イリノイ州 (canonical)
Irinoi Shū (romanization)

Illinois, a state of the United States of America. Capital: Springfield. Largest city: Chicago.


インディアナ州

インディアナ州 (canonical)
Indiana Shū (romanization)

Indiana, a state in Midwest of US, with its capital and largest city at Indianapolis.


ザイール

ja-pos

ザイール • (Zaīru)

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

(historical) Zaire (A former country (1971–1997) in Central Africa; now the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


ユーゴスラビア

[jɯ̟ːɡo̞sɨɾa̠bʲia̠]

From Serbo-Croatian Југославија, Jugoslavija, likely via English Yugoslavia.

ユーゴスラビア社会主義連邦共和国

Yūgosurabia Shakai Shugi Renpō Kyōwakoku

社会主義連邦共和国 しゃかいしゅぎれんぽうきょうわこく

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国

連邦共和国 れんぽうきょうわこく


イエメン民主人民共和国

イエメン みんしゅ じんみん きょうわこく

イエメン民(みん)主(しゅ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Iemen Minshu Jinmin Kyōwakoku)

イエメン民主人民共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Minshu Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

イエメン (iemen, “Yemen”) + 民主(みんしゅ) (minshu, “democratic”) + 人民(じんみん) (jinmin, “people”) + 共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

ja-compound

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen


イエメン・アラブ共和国

ja-pos

イエメン・アラブ きょうわこく

イエメン・アラブ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Iemen Arabu Kyōwakoku)

イエメン・アラブ共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Arabu Kyōwakoku (romanization)


都道府県

ja-noun

都(と)道(どう)府(ふ)県(けん) • (todōfuken) ^(←とだうふけん (todaufuken)?)

都道府県 (canonical)
todōfuken (romanization)
todaufuken (romanization)
とだうふけん (hiragana historical)

[to̞do̞ːɸɯ̟̊kẽ̞ɴ]

都 (“(Tokyo) Metropolis”, literally “capital”) + 道 (“(Hokkaido) Prefecture”, literally “circuit”) + 府 (“(Kyoto and Osaka) Prefectures”, literally “subdivision”) + 県 (“(other) prefectures”)

af

Tokyo, Hokkaido, Osaka and Kyoto Prefectures and other prefectures (collectively, as the prefectural (prefecture-level) administrative divisions of Japan)

道府県

Hokkaido, Osaka, Kyoto and other prefectures


フィリピン共和国

ja-pos

フィリピン きょうわこく

フィリピン共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Firipin Kyōwakoku)

フィリピン共和国 (canonical)
Firipin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Compound of フィリピン (Firipin, “the Philippines”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

compound

Republic of the Philippines
Republic of the Philippines


バヌアツ

Vanuatu (a country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania)


バヌアツ共和国

ja-pos

バヌアツ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Banuatsu Kyōwakoku)

バヌアツ共和国 (canonical)
Banuatsu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

From バヌアツ (Banuatsu, “Vanuatu”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).


北欧諸国

北欧諸国 (canonical)
Hokuō Shokoku (romanization)

Nordic countries
Nordic countries#English

Nordic countries (a region of Northern Europe, consisting of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and their associated territories Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Åland)


レバノン

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国

ja-pos

^ユーゴスラビア ^れんぽう ^きょうわこく

ユーゴスラビア連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Yūgosurabia Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国 (canonical)
Yūgosurabia Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

(historical) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

ja:ユーゴスラビア連邦共和国


北半球

ja-noun

北(きた)半(はん)球(きゅう) • (kita hankyū) ^(←きたはんきう (kitafankiu)?)

北半球 (canonical)
kita hankyū (romanization)
kitafankiu (romanization)
きたはんきう (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥ta̠hã̠ŋʲkʲɨː]

From 北 (kita, “north”) + 半球 (hankyū, “hemisphere”).


南半球

ja-noun

南(みなみ)半(はん)球(きゅう) • (minami hankyū) ^(←みなみはんきう (minamifankiu)?)

南半球 (canonical)
minami hankyū (romanization)
minamifankiu (romanization)
みなみはんきう (hiragana historical)

[mʲina̠mʲihã̠ŋʲkʲɨː]

From 南 (minami, “south”) + 半球 (hankyū, “hemisphere”).


独逸

→ Chinese: 獨逸 /独逸 (Dúyì)

→ Korean: 독일 (Dogil)

Dated spelling of ドイツ.: Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


南北アメリカ

南北アメリカ (canonical)
Nanboku Amerika (romanization)

南(みなみ) (minami, “south”) + 北(きた) (kita, “north”) + アメリカ (amerika, “America”)

ja-compound

the Americas (two continents, North America and South America)


オスマン帝国

オスマン帝国 (canonical)
Osuman Teikoku (romanization)

オスマン (Osuman, “Osman”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)


ミクロネシア連邦

ミクロネシア連邦 (canonical)
Mikuroneshia Renpō (romanization)

Calque of English Federated States of Micronesia; from ミクロネシア (Mikuroneshia, “Micronesia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

com

Federated States of Micronesia#English:_Q702

Federated States of Micronesia (The official name of Micronesia, a country consisting of about 600 islands in Oceania)


西サモア

Western Samoa - the former name of Samoa, from 1914 to 1997


ニウエ

Niue (an island and country in Polynesia in Oceania, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)


ニアサランド

(historical) Nyasaland - a former country in Africa, now called Malawi.


北ローデシア

北ローデシア (canonical)
Kita Rōdeshia (romanization)

(historical) Northern Rhodesia - a former name of what is now Zambia, from 1911 to 1964.


チベット

(historical) Tibet (A country in East Asia that existed from 1912 until its annexation by China in 1951)


江東

ja-pos

江(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)

Kōtō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Jiangdong (a district of Zhejiang, China)


タンザニア

タンザニア連合共和国:

連合共和国 れんごうきょうわこく


本州

本(ほん)州(しゅう) • (Honshū) ^(←ほんしう (Fonsiu)?)

本州 (canonical)
Honshū (romanization)
Fonsiu (romanization)
ほんしう (hiragana historical)

Honshu, the main island of Japan, with 100 million people, 4/5 of the Japanese population.


四国

English: Shikoku

Russian: Сико́ку m (Sikóku)

Shikoku, the fourth largest island of Japan.


テキサス州

テキサス州 (canonical)
Tekisasu Shū (romanization)

Texas - a state of the United States of America. Capital: Austin.


コロラド州

コロラド州 (canonical)
Kororado shū (romanization)

Colorado - a state of the United States of America. Capital: Denver.


樹林

樹林 (canonical)
Jurin (romanization)
樹林 (canonical)
Kibayashi (romanization)

Shulin, a district in New Taipei City, Taiwan


グリニッジ

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲiɲ̟id̚d͡ʑi]

From English Greenwich. Doublet of グリーンウィッチ (Gurīnwitchi).


水中

Mizunaka (a district of the city of Kamitakaiguntakayamamura, Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


墺太利

墺太利(オーストリア) • (Ōsutoria)

オーストリア オーストリア#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of オーストリア.: Austria (a country in Central Europe)


スーダン

スーダン • (Sūdan)

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


トルコ共和国

トルコ共和国 (canonical)
Toruko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

トルコ (Toruko, “Turkey”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


江南

From 江(こう) (kō, “river”) + 南(なん) (nan, “south”).


満州国

満州国 (canonical)
Manshūkoku (romanization)

[mã̠ɰ̃ɕɨːko̞kɯ̟]


コネチカット州

コネチカット州 (canonical)
Konechikatto shū (romanization)

Connecticut - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation CT) in the north-eastern United States with its capital at Hartford.


デラウェア

ja:デラウェア (曖昧さ回避)


フロリダ州

フロリダ州 (canonical)
Furorida shū (romanization)

Florida - A state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation FL) in the south-eastern United States with its capitol at Tallahassee.


ジョージア州

ja-pos

ジョージア州(しゅう) • (Jōjia shū)

ジョージア州 (canonical)
Jōjia shū (romanization)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


ハワイ州

ハワイ州 (canonical)
Hawai-shū (romanization)

The State of Hawaii, a state of the United States of America located in the Pacific Ocean with its capital at Honolulu. (Postal abbreviation: HI)


バチカン

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Vatican
ja:バチカン


マスカラ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:マスカラ (アルジェリア)
ja:松村明


アイオワ

ja:アイオワ (曖昧さ回避)


公国

公 (kō, “duke; ruling prince”) + 国 (-koku, “country”)

suf

モナコ公国


福州

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

南京 (canonical)
南京 (canonical)
Nankin (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:南京

Borrowed from English Nanking, from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


シリア

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


オーストリー

ja-pos

オーストリー • (Ōsutorī)


ニューヨーク州

^ニュー ^ヨーク-しゅう

ニューヨーク州(しゅう) • (Nyū Yōku-shū)

ニューヨーク州 (canonical)
Nyū Yōku-shū (romanization)

The State of New York, a state of United States. Capital: Albany; largest city: New York City.


ルクセンブルク

[ɾɯ̟kɯ̟sẽ̞mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

From German Luxemburg. Doublet of リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru) and ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu).

doublet

ja:ルクセンブルク (曖昧さ回避)

ルクセンブルク大公

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)

Luxembourg (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)


マルタ共和国

マルタ共和国 (canonical)
Maruta Kyōwakoku (romanization)

マルタ (Maruta, “Malta”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


山梨

Daijirin
Pyrus pyrifolia
Yamanashi
ja:ヤマナシ
ja:山梨

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 梨 (nashi, “pear”).

compound

Yamanashi (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

Yamanashi (a prefecture in south eastern Honshu, Japan)


アブダビ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)

Abu Dhabi (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates, the largest of the seven emirates)


アビジャン

Abidjan (the de facto capital and largest city of Ivory Coast)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ

From ボスニア (Bosunia, “Bosnia”) + ヘルツェゴビナ (Herutsegobina, “Herzegovina”).

af

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ


カンザス州

カンザス州 (canonical)
Kanzasu shū (romanization)

Kansas - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation KS) in the Midwestern United States with its capital at Topeka and the largest city Wichita.


ケンタッキー州

ja-pos

ケンタッキー州(しゅう) • (Kentakkī Shū)

ケンタッキー州 (canonical)
Kentakkī Shū (romanization)

Kentucky - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation KY) in the Midwestern United States with its capital at Frankfort and the largest city Louisville.


ルイジアナ

ja:ルイジアナ (曖昧さ回避)


メイン州

メイン州 (canonical)
Mein Shū (romanization)


メリーランド

ja:メリーランド (曖昧さ回避)

Maryland (a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales)

Maryland (a deserted village in England)


マサチューセッツ州

^マサチューセッツ しゅう

マサチューセッツ州 (canonical)
Masachūsettsu shū (romanization)

Massachusetts - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation MA) in the northeastern United States with its capital and the largest city at Boston.


実相寺

実(じっ)相(そう)寺(じ) or 実(じつ)相(そう)寺(じ) • (Jissōji or Jitsusōji)

実相寺 (canonical)
Jisshōji (romanization)
実相寺 (canonical)
実相寺 (canonical)
Jissōji (romanization)
Jitsusōji (romanization)

Jissō-ji (a temple in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


ニューヨーク

ニューヨーク • (Nyū Yōku)

[ɲ̟ɨː jo̞ːkɯ̟]

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ニューヨーク (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

ニューヨーク州

ニューヨーク市

New York (a city in New York, United States)


トーゴ

トーゴ • (Tōgo)


スペイン領ギニア

^スペイン-りょう ^ギニア

スペイン領ギニア (canonical)
Supein-ryō Ginia (romanization)

Spanish Guinea - a former colony of Spain and country in Africa, now called Equatorial Guinea.


マダガスカル

[ma̠da̠ɡa̠sɨ̥ka̠ɾɯ̟]

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


ワルシャワ

Borrowed from Polish Warszawa. Compare Russian Варшава (Varšava).

Warsaw (a city, the capital city of Poland)


ヘルシンキ

Helsinki (a city, the capital of Finland)


ダブリン

[da̠bɯ̟ɾʲĩɴ]


北マリアナ諸島

きた マリアナ しょとう

北(きた)マリアナ諸島(しょとう) • (Kita Mariana Shotō)

北マリアナ諸島 (canonical)
Kita Mariana Shotō (romanization)

Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands#English

Northern Mariana Islands (an archipelago and dependent territory of the United States in the Pacific Ocean)

北マリアナ諸島連邦

諸島連邦 しょとうれんぽう

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands


オーストラリア大陸

オーストラリア たいりく

オーストラリア大(たい)陸(りく) • (Ōsutoraria Tairiku)

オーストラリア大陸 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria Tairiku (romanization)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


シエラレオネ

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


ジャカルタ

[d͡ʑa̠ka̠ɾɯ̟ta̠]

Jakarta (a province of Indonesia, containing the capital city)


キルギス

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


モーリシャス

[mo̞ːɾʲiɕa̠sɨ]

Mauritius (A country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (The main island of the country of Mauritius)


誕生寺

Tanjōji (a temple in Kamogawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)

Tanjōji (a railway station in Kumenan, Kume district, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


アンドラ公国

アンドラ公国 (canonical)
Andora Kōkoku (romanization)

アンドラ (Andora, “Andorra”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “principality”)

compound

Principality of Andorra
Principality of Andorra#English

Principality of Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国

ja-pos

オーストリア゠ハンガリー ていこく

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝(てい)国(こく) • (Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku)

オーストリア゠ハンガリー帝国 (canonical)
Ōsutoria-Hangarī Teikoku (romanization)

[o̞ːsɨto̞ɾʲia̠hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː te̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

オーストリア゠ハンガリー (Ōsutoria-Hangarī, “Austria-Hungary”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)

af

オーストリア゠ハンガリー

Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire

ja:オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国


南氷洋

ja-pos

南(なん)氷(ぴょう)洋(よう) • (Nanpyōyō) ^(←なんぴようやう (Nanpyouyau)?)

南氷洋 (canonical)
Nanpyōyō (romanization)
Nanpyouyau (romanization)
なんぴようやう (hiragana historical)


露西亜

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).
The spelling is ateji (当て字), adopted in 1877 after diplomatic pressure from Russia to change from the previous 魯西亜 spelling, out of concern that the initial 魯 (ro) character expressed a sense of foolish. However, the 露 (ro) character was chosen for its sense of dew, from the political metaphor that the morning dew will disappear as the sun rises, wherein "sun" refers to Japan.
The use of 西亜 for the latter portion is likely influenced by Chinese phonetics, and historical use of these characters to spell out the -siya portion of Rossiya in sources such as a bible translated into Chinese in 1864.

lang

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

Dated spelling of ロシア.: Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ミシガン州

ミシガン州 (canonical)
Mishigan-shū (romanization)

The State of Michigan - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MI), capital: Lansing, largest city: Detroit.


ミネソタ州

ミネソタ州 (canonical)
Minesota-shū (romanization)

The State of Minnesota - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MN), capital: Saint Paul, largest city: Minneapolis.


ミシシッピ州

ミシシッピ州 (canonical)
Mishishippi shū (romanization)

Mississippi - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MS), capital & largest city: Jackson.


ミズーリ州

ja-pos

ミズーリ州(しゅう) • (Mizūri shū)

ミズーリ州 (canonical)
Mizūri shū (romanization)

Missouri - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MO), capital: Jefferson City, Largest city: Kansas City.


モンタナ州

Montana - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MT), capital: Helena, largest city: Billings.


ネブラスカ州

ネブラスカ州 (canonical)
Neburasuka shū (romanization)

Nebraska - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation NE), capital: Lincoln, largest city: Omaha.


ネバダ

ja:ネバダ (曖昧さ回避)


ニュージャージー

ニュージャージー • (Nyū Jājī)

ja:ニュージャージー州


ニューメキシコ州

ニューメキシコ州 (canonical)
Nyūmekishiko Shū (romanization)

New Mexico - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation NM), capital: Santa Fe, Largest city: Albuquerque.


福島

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕima̠]

福島市: Fukushima (the capital of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Fukushima (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)

Fukushima (a former town in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)

福島区: A ward of Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan


潮汕

潮(ちょう)汕(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

潮汕 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Chaoshan (a region in northeastern Guangdong, China)

潮汕鉄道

潮汕鉄道 ちょうせんてつどう


豊富

Compound of 豊 (toyo, “bounteous, ample”) + 富み (tomi, “riches”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 富(と)む (tomu, “to accumulate, to become bounteous, to become rich”)). Also analyzable as a shift in reading from the regular on'yomi of hōfu to the expected kun'yomi for these same characters.
The town's official name was set to Toyotomi in 1940, but the area had that name earlier, likely from some time in the late 1800s or early 1900s. See also Toyotomi, Hokkaido on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

pedia

Toyotomi (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


ウラジオストク

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ʑio̞sɨ̥to̞kɯ̟]

From Russian Владивосто́к (Vladivostók).

bor

Владивосто́к


深圳

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 深圳 (Shēnzhèn). Sen is not an expected on-reading of 圳 and may derive from 川's on-reading of sen, which serves as a kan'yoon reading.

obor

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


嫩江

嫩江 (canonical)
Nonkō (romanization)
Nonkau (romanization)
のんかう (hiragana historical)


青海

Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


黄河

黄河 (canonical)
Kōga (romanization)
Kwauga (romanization)
くわうが (hiragana historical)

黄河文明


中央アジア

ja-pos

中(ちゅう)央(おう)アジア • (Chūō Ajia)

中央アジア (canonical)
Chūō Ajia (romanization)


漢水

Synonym of 漢江: Han River (in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)


漢江

漢江 (canonical)
Kankō (romanization)
Kankau (romanization)
かんかう (hiragana historical)


火山島

火山 (kazan, “volcano”) + 島 (-tō, “island”)

com

Kore Yamazaki, “第3篇 The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead. [Composition 3: The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead.]”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 98:

Iceland, a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド


鎌倉

From Old Japanese 鎌倉 (Kamakura).
Originally a compound of 竈 (kama, “oven”) + 鞍 (kura, “saddle”), from the way that the landscape as viewed from the sea looks like a saddle inside an oven, that is, a flat area in the mountains, surrounded by hills in the shape of an old traditional oven.
The kanji spelling appears to be an example of ateji (当て字), literally “sickle warehouse”.

Short for 鎌倉市 (Kamakura-shi): A city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan the capital city of the Kamakura shogunate


芝浦

Shibaura (a district of Minato ward, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


百済

From Old Japanese 百濟 (Kudara).
The kanji spelling is from Hyakusai below.

Three Kingdoms of Korea
w:Three Kingdoms of Korea

Baekje (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)

(historical) a county in southeastern Settsu Province, today a placename of Kōryō district in northwestern Nara Prefecture


百済

(historical, colloquial) Short for 百済寺 (Kudaradera):


チュニジア

[t͡ɕɨɲ̟iʑia̠]


江陵

ja-pos

江(こう)陵(りょう) • (Kōryō) ^(←かうりよう (Kauryou)?)

江陵 (canonical)
Kōryō (romanization)
Kauryou (romanization)
かうりよう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 강릉(江陵) (gangneung).

obor

(dated) Gangneung (a city in South Korea)


バンコク

[bã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

From English Bangkok, from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk). The kanji spelling is ateji.


神戸

神戸 (canonical)
Kōbe (romanization)
Kaube (romanization)
かうべ (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kobe

⟨kamu pe₁⟩ → ⟨kamube₁⟩ → */kamubʲe/ → /kaũbe/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Originally a compound of 神 (kamu, Old Japanese combining form of kami, “(Shinto) god, deity”) + 戸 (he, “house”); itself referring to 生田神社 (Ikuta Jinja, “Ikuta Shrine”) as attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

com

昨日、神戸から東京に引っ越しました。

Kinō, Kōbe kara Tōkyō ni hikkoshimashita.

Kobe (the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


唐山

Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


サヌア

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


シュパイアー

ja-pos

シュパイアー • (Shupaiā)


湖南

Konan (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


小坂

小坂 (canonical)
Ozaka (romanization)
Wozaka (romanization)
をざか (hiragana historical)

From /wosaka/ → /wozaka/ → /ozaka/. The medial /s/ voices to /z/ due to rendaku (連濁). See above.


大坂

大(おお)坂(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Possibly from Old Japanese.
From 大 (ō, “large”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”).

Obsolete spelling of 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”).: the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


九江

九(きゅう)江(こう) • (Kyūkō)

Jiujiang (a prefecture-level city in Jiangxi, China)


鹿角

Kazuno (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


トロント

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Toronto
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:トロント
ja:松村明

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada, and largest city in Canada)

City of Lake Macquarie
City of Lake Macquarie#English

Toronto (a lakeside suburb within the City of Lake Macquarie, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia)

Grenville Parish
Grenville Parish#English

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island#English

Toronto (an unincorporated area and community of the township of Lot 23, Grenville Parish, Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada)

Toronto (a village in County Durham, England)

Toronto (a former unincorporated community in Woodside Township, now a suburb of Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois)

Vermillion County
Vermillion County#English

Toronto (a ghost town in Helt Township, Vermillion County, Indiana)

Toronto (a small town in Clinton County, Iowa)

Toronto (a tiny city in Woodson County, Kansas)

Toronto (an unincorporated community in Camden County, Missouri)

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

Toronto (a city in Jefferson County, Ohio)

Toronto (a small town in Deuel County, South Dakota)


扶余

an ancient Korean kingdom existing between the 2nd century BC and 494; Buyeo


忍坂

Historically there was no mechanism to indicate geminate consonants, so it is difficult to determine if this was really ossaka or osaka. All three romanized pronunciations are given here: /osisaka/ → /ossaka/ → /osaka/.

c. 5-6th century: Suda Hachiman Jinja Bronze Mirror
癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟

忍坂 • (Ossaka)

712: Kojiki (page 158)
意佐加能 意富牟盧夜爾 比登佐波爾 岐伊理袁理 比登佐波爾 伊理袁理登母 美都美都斯 久米能古賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 宇知弖斯夜麻牟 美都美都斯 久米能古良賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 伊麻宇多婆余良斯
720: Nihon Shoki (page 205)
於佐箇廼、於朋務露夜珥、比苔瑳破而、異離烏利苔毛、比苔瑳破而、枳伊離烏利苔毛、瀰都瀰都志、倶梅能固邏餓、句鶩都都伊、異志都都伊毛智、于智弖之夜莽務
927: Engishiki (Kojiki, Norito page 392)
山口坐皇神等能前爾白久、飛鳥・石寸・忍坂・長谷・畝火・耳无登、御名者白弖 [...]

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(historical) Ossaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


東萊

Dongnae (a district of the Metropolitan City of Busan, South Korea)


東萊

東萊 (canonical)
Tōrai (romanization)
Tourai (romanization)
とうらい (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 동래(東萊) (dongnae).

obor

𛃉𛃞うにち とうらいに のほり まして

(dated) Dongnae (a place in Busan, South Korea)


東萊

ja-pos

東萊(とくねぎ) or 東萊(とねぎ) • (Tokunegi or Tonegi)

東萊 (canonical)
東萊 (canonical)
Tokunegi (romanization)
Tonegi (romanization)

Unknown; probably not directly from Korean 동래(東萊) (dongnae), as the phonetics are problematic.
Perhaps from Early Modern Korean *동령(東令) (*twonglyeng), a shortening of 동ᄅᆡ 령감(東萊令監) (twongloy lyengkam), referring to government officials from Dongnae.

bor

(obsolete) Dongnae (a place in Busan, South Korea)


東莞

Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


ストックホルム

Stockholm (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden)


ザグレブ

[d͡za̠ɡɯ̟ɾe̞bɯ̟]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


レイキャヴィーク

Borrowed from English Reykjavík, from Icelandic Reykjavík.


ティラナ

Tirana (the capital and largest city of Albania)


テヘラン

[te̞he̞ɾã̠ɴ]


ハーグ

ja-pos

ハーグ • (Hāgu)

The Hague (a city, the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


ミンスク

[mʲĩɰ̃sɨkɯ̟]


グアム

Guam (an island and overseas territory of the United States in Micronesia)


ソウル

ja:ソウル ja:ソウル特別市

Seoul (a city, the capital city of South Korea)


西宮

西宮 (canonical)
Nishinomiya (romanization)

Nishinomiya (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


西班牙

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 西班牙 (Xībānyá).
Borrowed from English Spain.

zh-m

西班牙 (Xībānyá)

[…]坂田通商局長が和蘭若しくは西班牙の公使に、[…]

1915 September 8, 旭新聞 (Asahi Shinbun) [The Asahi News], number 3240, page 1:

chief of the Bureau of Commerce Sakata becomes Dutch or Spanish minister

Obsolete spelling of スペイン.: Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


吾妻

ja-pos

吾(あが)妻(つま) • (Agatsuma) ^(←あがつま (Agatuma)?)

吾妻 (canonical)
Agatsuma (romanization)
Agatuma (romanization)
あがつま (hiragana historical)


鳩山

ja:鳩山 ja:鳩山由紀夫

Hatoyama (a town in Hiki district, Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


ビリニュス

[bʲiɾʲiɲ̟ɨsɨ]


フィヨルド

[ɸʲijo̞ɾɯ̟do̞]

From English fjord or probably from Swedish fjord.

(geology) fjord, a long, narrow, deep inlet between cliffs; fiord (NZ)


高雄

高(たか)雄(お) or 高雄(タカオ) • (Takao) ^(←たかを (Takawo)?)

高雄 (canonical)
高雄 (canonical)
Takao (romanization)
Takawo (romanization)
たかを (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 高雄

→ Mandarin: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ English: Kaohsiung

→ Korean: 가오슝 (Gaosyung)

→ Russian: Гаосюн (Gaosjun)

→ Min Nan: 高雄 (Ko-hiông)

→ Vietnamese: Cao Hùng

→ English: Takao

From Hokkien 打狗 (Táⁿ-káu), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”). The kanji were borrowed from unrelated etymology 1.

Kaohsiung (a city in southwestern Taiwan)


閩南

southern Fujian (a region of Fujian, China)


蒙古

From Chinese 蒙古 (Měnggǔ), from Mongolian ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mungɣul) / Монгол (Mongol).


内蒙古

Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of China)


品川

Shinagawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


メルボルン

[me̞ɾɯ̟bo̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


海峡

ja-noun

海(かい)峡(きょう) • (kaikyō) ^(←かいけふ (kaikefu)?)

海峡 (canonical)
kaikyō (romanization)
kaikefu (romanization)
かいけふ (hiragana historical)

津軽海峡


南寧

Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China)


ベオグラード

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Бе̏оград (Bȅograd).


緬甸

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 緬甸／缅甸 (Miǎndiàn), some time after this term came to prominence in Chinese during the Ming Dynasty. Compare modern Mandarin reading Miǎndiàn, Cantonese min⁵ din⁶.
First mentioned in a text from 1798.

(historical, possibly obsolete) Myanmar (a country in Southeast Asia)


緬甸

Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma). The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), from the borrowed Chinese term Menden above.

Dated spelling of ビルマ (Biruma).: Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


薩爾瓦多

薩爾瓦多 (canonical)
Eru Sarubadoru (romanization)

[e̞ɾɯ̟ sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

エルサルバドル エルサルバドル#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of エルサルバドル (“El Salvador (a country in Central America)”).


ジュロンイースト

Jurong East (a town in the West Region, Singapore)


ハリウッド

Hollywood (an area in Los Angeles, California, United States)


広島

Hiroshima (the capital city of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)

Hiroshima (a prefecture in southwestern Honshu, Japan)


華盛頓

華盛頓 (canonical)
Washinton (romanization)

Borrowed from English Washington. The Chinese characters are ateji (当て字) from Chinese 華盛頓／华盛顿 (Huáshèngdùn), Cantonese 華盛頓／华盛顿 (waa4 sing6 deon6).

zh-m

華盛頓／华盛顿 (Huáshèngdùn)

ワシントン ワシントン#Japanese


プラハ

Borrowed from Czech Praha or Slovak Praha.

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


マドリード

ja:マドリード (曖昧さ回避)

Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid#English

Madrid (a city and municipality of the Community of Madrid, Spain; capital city of Spain)

autonomous community
autonomous community

Madrid, Community of Madrid (an autonomous community of Spain)

Madrid (a province of the Community of Madrid, Spain)

Madrid (a town and municipality of Western Savanna Province, Cundinamarca department, Colombia)

Madrid (a town in Tecomán Municipality, Colima, Mexico)

Madrid (a municipality of Surigao del Sur, Philippines)


ホニアラ

Honiara (the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


ニューデリー

ja-pos

ニューデリー • (Nyū Derī)

[ɲ̟ɨːde̞ɾʲiː]


運河

運河 (canonical)
unga (romanization)
うんが (hiragana historical)

パナマ運河


クアラルンプール

Kuala Lumpur (the capital city of Malaysia)

Kuala Lumpur (a federal territory of Malaysia)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

From English Swatow, from Teochew 汕頭／汕头 (suan1 tao5).

Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Sentō (romanization)
Sentou (romanization)
せんとう (hiragana historical)

The Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese 汕頭 /汕头 (Shàntóu).

Alternative form of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)”)


汕頭

汕頭(シャントウ) • (Shantō)

zh-l

汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu)


キャンベラ

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


オタワ

ja:オタワ (曖昧さ回避)

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; capital city of Canada)

St. Lawrence River
St. Lawrence River#English

Ottawa (a river flowing SE between Ontario and Quebec, Canada into the St. Lawrence River)

Ottawa (a city, the county seat of LaSalle County, Illinois)

Ottawa (a city, the county seat of Franklin County, Kansas)

Ottawa (an unincorporated community in Ottawa Township, Le Sueur County, Minnesota)

Ottawa (a village, the county seat of Putnam County, Ohio)

Ottawa (a town and unincorporated community in Waukesha County, Wisconsin)


ポドゴリツァ

Podgorica (the capital city of Montenegro)


サンクトペテルブルク

Borrowed from Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg), from German Sankt Petersburg.

bor

Санкт-Петербу́рг

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia)

ja:サンクトペテルブルク


ノヴォシビルスク

Novosibirsk (a city, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia)


ニジニ・ノヴゴロド

ja:ニジニ・ノヴゴロド

Nizhny Novgorod (a city, the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia)


爪哇

Obsolete spelling of ジャワ (“Java (an island in Indonesia)”).


菊池

→ Chinese: 菊池 (Júchí)

→ English: Kikuchi

Ateji (当て字) of 鞠智 (Kikuchi, “Kikuchi Castle”), originally read as くくち (Kukuchi).

Kikuchi (a city and district of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan).


河北

Hebei (a province of China; capital: Shijiazhuang)


新羅

⟨siraki₂⟩ → */sirakɨ/ → /ɕiraɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese 新羅 (Siraki₂).


新羅

From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.


柬埔寨

The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字), from Chinese 柬埔寨 (Jiǎnpǔzhài).

カンボジア カンボジア#Japanese

Dated spelling of カンボジア (Kanbojia).: Cambodia (a country in Southeast Asia)


プール

ja-noun

プール • (pūru)


フィンランド共和国

ja-pos

フィンランド きょうわこく

フィンランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Finrando Kyōwakoku)

フィンランド共和国 (canonical)
Finrando Kyōwakoku (romanization)


フランス共和国

フランス共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Furansu Kyōwakoku)

フランス共和国 (canonical)
Furansu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

フランス (Furansu, “France”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


スロベニア共和国

ja-pos

スロベニア きょうわこく

スロベニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Surobenia Kyōwakoku)

スロベニア共和国 (canonical)
Surobenia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Slovenia
Republic of Slovenia


ポルトガル共和国

ポルトガル きょうわこく

ポルトガル共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Porutogaru Kyōwakoku)

ポルトガル共和国 (canonical)
Porutogaru Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

ポルトガル (Porutogaru, “Portugal”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


スウェーデン王国

スウェーデン王国 (canonical)
Suwēden Ōkoku (romanization)

スウェーデン (Suwēden, “Sweden”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


デンマーク王国

デンマーク王国 (canonical)
Denmāku Ōkoku (romanization)


ベルギー王国

ベルギー王国 (canonical)
Berugī Ōkoku (romanization)

ベルギー (Berugī, “Belgium”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


ノルウェー王国

ノルウェー王国 (canonical)
Noruwē Ōkoku (romanization)


サンパウロ

[sã̠mpa̠ɯ̟ɾo̞]

From Portuguese São Paulo (literally “Saint Paul”). Doublet of サン゠ポール (San-Pōru), サン・パブロ (San Paburo), and セントポール (Sento Pōru).

doublet

ja:サンパウロ (曖昧さ回避)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

サンパウロ, 聖市: São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

サンパウロ, 聖州: São Paulo (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)


エストニア共和国

ja-pos

エストニア きょうわこく

エストニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Esutonia Kyōwakoku)

エストニア共和国 (canonical)
Esutonia Kyōwakoku (romanization)


ラトヴィア共和国

ラトヴィア きょうわこく

ラトヴィア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Ratovia Kyōwakoku)

ラトヴィア共和国 (canonical)
Ratovia Kyōwakoku (romanization)


リトアニア共和国

リトアニア きょうわこく

リトアニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Ritoania Kyōwakoku)

リトアニア共和国 (canonical)
Ritoania Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania


西安

Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, in central China)


大連

→ English: Dairen

Dalian (a major subprovincial city in Liaoning, in northeastern China)


蘭州

Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China)


太原

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


墨西哥

墨西哥 (canonical)
Mekishiko (romanization)

Borrowed from English Mexico, in turn from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco. The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 墨西哥 (Mòxīgē).

Obsolete spelling of メキシコ (“Mexico (a country)”).


ブラジリア

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾʲia̠]

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; state capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


ガザ

2023 November 29, “ガザの現実を伝える2人「報道し続けることは私たちの義務」”, in NHK国際ニューズナビ, retrieved 2023-12-13:

NHK のガザ事務所は 2人のジャーナリストによって支えられている。プロデューサーのムハンマド・シェハダとカメラマンのサラーム・アブタホンだ。10年以上も現地からの報道を一身に担ってきた。

Enuetchikē no gaza jimusho wa futari no jānarisuto ni yotte sasaerareteiru. Purodyūsā no muhanmado shehada to kameraman no sarāmu abutahon da. Jūnen ijō mo genchi kara no hōdō o isshin ni ninattekita.

This is supported based on two journalists from the NHK Gaza office. The two journalists are the producer, Muhammad Shehadeh, and the cameraman, Salam (unknown name). They had handled themselves in the news report since over 10 years.

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ガザ


イスラマバード

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan)


遠東

Compound of 遠(えん) (en, “far”) + 東(とう) (tō, “east”), calque of English Far East.


三国

Three Kingdoms of ancient China: Wei (魏), Shu (蜀 (shǔ)), and Wu (吳 /吴)


三国

Mount Mikuni (a mountain in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


ウランバートル

[ɯ̟ɾã̠mba̠ːto̞ɾɯ̟]

Ulaanbaatar (the capital city of Mongolia)


平壌

[pʲõ̞ɰ̃jã̠ɴ]

Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


平壌

平(へい)壌(じょう) • (Heijō) ^(←へいじやう (Feizyau)?)

平壌 (canonical)
Heijō (romanization)
Feizyau (romanization)
へいじやう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 평양(平壤) (Pyeong'yang).

obor

1929, Kōsaku Hamada, Hakubutsukan [The Museum]:

Especially, the place where the government office of the Lelang Commandery was located was on the other side of the Taedong River, south of today's Pyongyang, where there are also remains of old ramparts, and officials sent from China stayed there and ruled Korea.

ことに樂浪郡の役所のあつたところは、今日の平壤の南、大同江の向う岸にあつて、古い城壁のあともありますが、支那から派遣せられた役人がこゝに留まつて朝鮮を治めてゐたのであります。

Koto ni Rakurō-gun no yakusho no atta tokoro wa, konnichi no Heijō no minami, Daidō-kō no mukō-gishi ni atte, furui jōheki no ato mo arimasu ga, Shina kara haken serareta yakunin ga koko ni todomatte Chōsen o osamete ita no de arimasu.

(dated) Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


ハノイ

Hanoi (a city, the capital city of Vietnam)


プノンペン

[pɯ̟nõ̞mpẽ̞ɴ]


ヴィエンチャン

[bʲiẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕã̠ɴ]

From French Vientiane, from Lao ວຽງຈັນ (wīang chan).


マニラ

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


リスボン

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; capital city of Portugal)


コロンボ

Colombo (the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka)


ビシュケク

Bishkek (the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


青島

Qingdao (a subprovincial city in eastern Shandong, in eastern China)


武漢

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 重慶 /重庆 (Chóngqìng).

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


海口

Haikou (the capital city of Hainan, China)


長春

Changchun (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China)


昆明

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


瀋陽

Shenyang (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, China)


成都

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 成都 (Chéngdū).

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


合肥

Hefei (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Anhui, China)


鄭州

Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


トビリシ

Tbilisi (the capital city of the country of Georgia)


バクー

ja-pos

バクー • (Bakū)


維也納

維也納(ウィーン) • (Wīn)

Obsolete spelling of ウィーン (“Vienna (a city, the capital city of Austria)”).


フェロー諸島

フェロー諸島 (canonical)
Ferō-shotō (romanization)


黒竜江

黒竜江 (canonical)
Kokuryūkō (romanization)

[ko̞kɯ̟ɾʲɨːko̞ː]


広州

広(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 廣州 /广州 (Guǎngzhōu).

obor

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


諸島

諸島 (canonical)
shotō (romanization)
syotau (romanization)
しょたう (hiragana historical)

2010 December 8, Hideaki Sorachi, “第(だい)三(さん)百(びゃく)二(に)十(じゅう)四(よん)訓(くん) 夏(なつ)休(やす)みあけは皆(みんな)ちょっと大人(おとな)に見(み)える [Lesson 324: Everyone Looks a Bit like a Grown-Up After Summer Vacation]”, in [銀](ぎん)[魂](たま) [Silver Soul], volume 37, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:

In two years, on the Zabaoty Archipelago!!!

二年後に ジャボンティ諸島で!!!


邯鄲

Handan (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China)


ユジノサハリンスク

ja:ユジノサハリンスク


日立

The name of various places, titles, and companies in Japan.

Hitachi (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)

Hitachi Province, a former region in Japan, roughly equivalent to modern-day Ibaraki prefecture


町長

ja-noun

町(ちょう)長(ちょう) • (chōchō) ^(←ちやうちやう (tyautyau)?)

町長 (canonical)
chōchō (romanization)
tyautyau (romanization)
ちやうちやう (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːt͡ɕo̞ː]

From 町(ちょう) (chō, “town”) + 長(ちょう) (-chō, “head”).


そうべつ

壮瞥: A town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan


石見

石見 (canonical)
Iwami (romanization)
Ifami (romanization)
いはみ (hiragana historical)

Iwami Province, an old province of Japan


高山

Takayama (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


信夫

信夫 (canonical)
Shinobu (romanization)
信夫 (canonical)
Nobuo (romanization)

(history) A district of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan


備州

A province of Japan, in the area of Okayama Prefecture and eastern Hiroshima prefecture. It was divided into Bizen, Bitchū, and Bingo Provinces in the late 7th century, and Mimasaka Province was separated from Bizen Province in the 8th century


満州

ja-pos

満(まん)州(しゅう) • (Manshū) ^(←まんしう (Mansiu)?)

満州 (canonical)
Manshū (romanization)
Mansiu (romanization)
まんしう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 滿洲 /满洲 (Mǎnzhōu), from Manchu ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ (manju).
州 is a daiyōji replacing 洲.


長州

長(ちょう)州(しゅう) • (Chōshū) ^(←ちやうしう (Tyausiu)?)

長州 (canonical)
Chōshū (romanization)
Tyausiu (romanization)
ちやうしう (hiragana historical)

長 (Chō) refers to 長門国 (Nagato-no-kuni, “Nagato Province”).

Nagato Province, an old province of Japan in the area that is today part of Yamaguchi Prefecture

長州藩

長州藩 ちょうしゅうはん

長州風呂

長州風呂 ちょうしゅうぶろ


奥州

奥州 (canonical)
Ōshū (romanization)
Ausiu (romanization)
あうしう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Osju, Voxu

→ Latin:

Mutsu Province, an old province of Japan, made up of the present-day prefectures of Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate and Aomori, and the municipalities of Kazuno and Kosaka in Akita Prefecture


千葉

Chiba (the capital city of Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


三浦

Compound of 三 (mi; san, “three”) + 浦 (ura; ho, “inlet, bay”).

compound

Miura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


清和

A village in Kimitsu district, Chiba Prefecture

A village in Kamishiki district, Kumamoto Prefecture

A neighbourhood of Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture


天神

[tẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

From Middle Chinese 天神 (MC then zyin). Compare modern Mandarin 天神 (tiānshén, “god, godhead, divinity”).

cog

天神講: a matsuri celebrating Sugawara no Michizane

天神祭: a matsuri celebrating Sugawara no Michizane

天神橋: a bridge over the Yodo River in Ōsaka

天神髭

a beard of the style shown in depiction of Sugawara no Michizane

天神山

the name of various mountains and other places around Japan

天神山古墳 てんじんやまこふん

天神山古墳: a late-fourth-century kofun tomb in Gunma prefecture


那覇

Russian: На́ха f (Náxa)

Naha (the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


竹田

Taketa (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


高島

Takashima (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


田村

Tamura (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


鶴岡

ja-pos

鶴(つる)岡(おか) • (Tsuruoka) ^(←つるをか (Turwoka)?)

鶴岡 (canonical)
Tsuruoka (romanization)
Turwoka (romanization)
つるをか (hiragana historical)

Tsuruoka (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


青木

青(あお)木(き) or 青(おお)木(ぎ) • (Aoki or Ōgi) ^(←あをき (Awoki)?)

青木 (canonical)
Aoki (romanization)
Awoki (romanization)
あをき (hiragana historical)
青木 (canonical)
青木 (canonical)
Aoki (romanization)
Ōgi (romanization)
Awoki (romanization)
あをき (hiragana historical)

青(あお) (ao, “blue, green”) + 木(き) (ki, “tree”)


飯田

飯田 (canonical)
Īda (romanization)
Ifida (romanization)
いひだ (hiragana historical)

Īda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


池田

Ikeda (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


石川

ja-pos

石(いし)川(かわ) • (Ishikawa) ^(←いしかは (Isikafa)?)

石(いし)川(がわ) • (Ishigawa) ^(←いしがは (Isigafa)?)

石川 (canonical)
Ishikawa (romanization)
Isikafa (romanization)
いしかは (hiragana historical)
石川 (canonical)
Ishigawa (romanization)
Isigafa (romanization)
いしがは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 石川 (Shíchuān)

→ English: Ishikawa, Ishigawa

[iɕiɡa̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

Ishikawa (a prefecture of Japan; capital: Kanazawa)

Ishikawa (a town in Ishikawa district, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

A former city in Okinawa island; now part of Uruma, Okinawa Prefecture.

Synonym of 賀茂川 (Kamogawa): a river in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

賀茂川

Ishi River (rivers in Japan):
A river in Aichi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Tokiwa, Hokkaido prefecture.

A tributary of the Yamato, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Mizuho, Nagoya and of Taketoyo, in Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood and train station in Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ishioka, Hitachinaka and Mito and of Ami, in Ibaraki Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Uruma and Motobu, Okinawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kashiwara, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Naka, Yokohama and of Fujisawa, in Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yosano, Kyoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ueki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kohoku, Shiga Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimizu, Shizuoka and of Numazu, in Shizuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ichihara and Sakura, Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Hachiōji and Ōta, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fujioka, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kashihara and Yamatokōriyama, Nara Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kamo and Jōetsu, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kawamata, Fukushima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Hakodate and Muroran, Hokkaido prefecture.

Ishikawa (other places in Japan):
A neighborhood of Iga, Mie Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shinjō, Yamagata Prefecture.

Ishi River (rivers in Japan):
A river in Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Sai, Ishikawa Prefecture.

A tributary of the Sabaishi, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Hikimi, Shimane Prefecture.


市川

Ichikawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


上田

上田 (canonical)
Ueda (romanization)
Ufeda (romanization)
うへだ (hiragana historical)

Russian: Уэ́да f (Uéda)

Ueda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


上野

上野 (canonical)
Kōzuke (romanization)
Kauduke (romanization)
かうづけ (hiragana historical)

⟨kami₁tuke₂⟩ → */kamʲitukei̯/ → /kaũd͡zuke/ → /kɔːd͡zuke/ → /koːzuke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 上毛野 (Kami₁tuke₂no₁ → Kamitsukeno, literally “Upper Keno”).

inh

Short for 上野国 (Kōzuke-no-kuni): Kōzuke Province, an old province of Japan


上原

ja-pos

上(うえ)原(はら) • (Uehara) ^(←うへはら (Ufefara)?)

上(うえ)原(ばら) • (Uebara) ^(←うへばら (Ufebara)?)

上(うわ)原(はら) • (Uwahara) ^(←うははら (Ufafara)?)

上(うわ)原(ばら) • (Uwabara) ^(←うはばら (Ufabara)?)

上(うわ)原(ばる) • (Uwabaru) ^(←うはばる (Ufabaru)?)

上原 (canonical)
Uehara (romanization)
Ufefara (romanization)
うへはら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uebara (romanization)
Ufebara (romanization)
うへばら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwahara (romanization)
Ufafara (romanization)
うははら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwabara (romanization)
Ufabara (romanization)
うはばら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwabaru (romanization)
Ufabaru (romanization)
うはばる (hiragana historical)

→ English: Uehara

[ɯ̟e̞ha̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟e̞ba̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ha̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ba̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ba̠ɾɯ̟]

The hara/haru changes to bara/baru as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

A neighborhood of Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shibuya, Tokyo prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ginowan, of Taketomi and Nishihara, and of Ōgimi; in Okinawa Prefecture.

Uebara (a neighborhood of Ōtaki, Chiba Prefecture)

Uebara (a neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture)

Uwahara (a neighborhood of Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture)

A neighborhood of Niihama, Ehime Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nihonmatsu, Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Iide, Yamagata Prefecture.

Uwabaru (a neighborhood of Ashikita, Kumamoto Prefecture)


上原

上原 (canonical)
Kamihara (romanization)
上原 (canonical)
Kanbara (romanization)
上原 (canonical)
Kanbaru (romanization)

[kã̠mba̠ɾɯ̟]

A neighborhood of Taketoyo, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fukaya, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōnan, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Uonuma, Kashiwazaki and Minamiuonuma, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nanto, Fukuyama prefecture.

Kanbara (a neighborhood of Sōja, Okayama Prefecture)

Kanbara (a neighborhood of Yokoshibahikari, Chiba Prefecture)

Kanbaru (a neighborhood of Miyako, Fukuoka Prefecture)


梅田

A district of Kita, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan


大川

Ōkawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


大田

大田 (canonical)
Ōda (romanization)
大田 (canonical)
Ōta (romanization)
大田 (canonical)
Tejon (romanization)

Ōta (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


大津

大津 (canonical)
Ōtsu (romanization)
Ofotu (romanization)
おほつ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “big, large”) + 津 (tsu, “harbor, port”).

compound

Ōtsu (the capital city of Shiga Prefecture), an important port on Lake Biwa


大村

Ōmura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


岡崎

Okazaki (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


岡田

岡田 (canonical)
Okada (romanization)
Wokada (romanization)
をかだ (hiragana historical)
岡田 (canonical)
Okata (romanization)
Wokata (romanization)
をかた (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 岡田 /冈田 (Gāngtián)

→ English: Okada

Compound of 岡(おか) (oka, “hillock”) + 田(た) (ta, “rice field”). The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

A neighborhood of Chita, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yuzawa, Akita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Jōsō and Hitachiōta, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sennan, Osaka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Samugawa, Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Higashiōmi, Shiga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shimada, Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Izumo, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tateyama, Noda and Yachimata, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Nagano and Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shibata and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yahatanishi ward, Kitakyushu and of Chikushino, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tanagura, Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Samani, Hokkaido prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Iga and Suzuka, Mie Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Miyagino ward, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Iwade and Kainan, Wakayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Atsugi, Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōshima, Tokyo prefecture.

Okata (neighborhoods in Japan):
A neighborhood of Ōi, Fukui Prefecture.


織田

織田 (canonical)
Oda (romanization)
織田 (canonical)
Ota (romanization)

→ English: Oda, Ota

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Oda (a neighborhood of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

Ota (a neighborhood of Echizen, Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


甲斐

甲斐 (canonical)
Kai (romanization)
Kafi (romanization)
かひ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.
Derived from the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 代(か)う (kau, “to exchange or replace one thing with another”), with the basic sense being "that which should be the result / outcome / replacement".

ja-etym-renyokei

甲斐: Kai (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

甲斐: Kai Province, an old province of Japan


金沢

ja-pos

金(かな)沢(ざわ) • (Kanazawa) ^(←かなざは (Kanazafa)?)

金沢 (canonical)
Kanazawa (romanization)
Kanazafa (romanization)
かなざは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 金(かな) (kana, “metal; gold”, combining form of stand-alone reading kane) + 沢(さわ) (sawa, “marsh, swamp; mountain brook or stream”). The sawa changes to zawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Kanazawa (the capital city of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)

Kanazawa (a ward of Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


古賀

Koga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


佐伯

Saiki (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


桜井

ja-pos

桜(さくら)井(い) • (Sakurai) ^(←さくらゐ (Sakurawi)?)

桜井 (canonical)
Sakurai (romanization)
Sakurawi (romanization)
さくらゐ (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 櫻井 /樱井 (Yīngjǐng)

→ English: Sakurai

Sakurai (a city and neighborhood of Nara Prefecture, Japan)

A neighborhood of Komaki, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Imabari, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Minoo and Shimamoto, Osaka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yōrō, Gifu Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kisarazu and Futtsu, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Saku, Nagano Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shima, Fukuoka Prefecture.


佐野

From Old Japanese. First attested as 姐奴 from the 3rd century Wei Zhi.

Sano (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


渋谷

渋谷 (canonical)
Shibutani (romanization)
渋谷 (canonical)
Shibuya (romanization)

Shibuya (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


島田

島田 (canonical)
Shimada (romanization)
島田 (canonical)
Shimata (romanization)

→ Chinese: 島田 /岛田 (Dǎotián)

→ English: Shimada

Compound of 島(しま) (shima, “island”) + 田(た) (ta, “rice field”). Literally, “island-like field”. The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

Shimada (a city and train station in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

A neighborhood of Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōwani, Aomori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Komatsu and Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ushiku and Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nakatsu, Ōita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yatsushiro, Jōnan and Mashiki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sakado, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ichihara and Yachiyo, Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ashikaga and Oyama, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Agano, Sanjō, Jōetsu and Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Chikuga, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kuwana, Mie Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kakuda, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shōnai, Yamagata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Inami, Wakayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kumiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yasugi, Shimane Prefecture.

A neighborhood and train station in Hikari, Yamaguchi Prefecture.


白井

Shiroi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


東北地方

東北地方 (canonical)
Tōhoku Chihō (romanization)

Compound of 東北 (tōhoku, “northeast”) + 地方 (chihō, “region”).

compound

Northeast China (a region of China; consisting of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and sometimes the northeast part of Inner Mongolia)


関根

A neighborhood of Mutsu, Aomori Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nasushiobara, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tōkamachi and Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ishikawa and Motomiya and of Iitate, in Fukushima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kesennuma and Misato, Miyagi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kaminoyama, Tsuruoka, Nan'yō and Yonezawa, Yamagata Prefecture.


瀬戸

Seto (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan); it is known for ceramics.


立花

立花 (canonical)
Rikka (romanization)
Ritukwa (romanization)
りつくわ (hiragana historical)

/rikkwa/ → /rikka/
Possibly from Middle Chinese compound 立花 (MC lip xwae, “lit. stand + flower”) or 立華 (MC lip xwae, “lit. stand + flower”).
Alternatively, coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived components.


伊達

From earlier いだて or いだち. Further source unknown. Kanji 伊 became silent in the Muromachi Period.

Date (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


田辺

Tanabe (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


土井

土井 (canonical)
Doi (romanization)
Dowi (romanization)
どゐ (hiragana historical)

A neighborhood of Awa, Tokushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sayō, Sayō district, Hyōgo Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Minabe, Hidaka district, Wakayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Higashi, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture.


戸田

Chinese: 戶田 /户田 (Hùtián)

Toda (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


長井

Nagai (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


長島

Nagashima (a town in Izumi district, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


武雄

Takeo (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


中野

Nakano (a special ward of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Nakano (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


長野

Russian: Нага́но m or f (Nagáno)

Nagano (the capital city of Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


永野

The neighborhoods of Toyota and Kōta, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Satsuma, Kagoshima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tosa, Sakawa, Tsuno and Yusuhara; in Kōchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Jinsekikōgen, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.


西岡

ja-pos

西(にし)岡(おか) • (Nishioka) ^(←にしをか (Nisiwoka)?)

西岡 (canonical)
Nishioka (romanization)
Nisiwoka (romanization)
にしをか (hiragana historical)

→ English: Nishioka

Compound of 西(にし) (nishi, “the west”) + 岡(おか) (oka, “hillock”), literally, “hill on the west”.

ja-com

A neighborhood of Toyota, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tōon, Ehime Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Itakura, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yamatokōriyama, Nara Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Agano, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Toyohira ward, Sapporo and of Kenbuchi, in Hokkaido prefecture.


二宮

A town in Haga district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, Asia

A town in Naka district, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, Asia


沼田

Numata (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


野田

Noda (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


昭南

ja-pos

昭(しょう)南(なん) • (Shōnan) ^(←せうなん (Seunan)?)

昭南 (canonical)
Shōnan (romanization)
Seunan (romanization)
せうなん (hiragana historical)

en:Japanese occupation of Singapore
ja:日本占領時期のシンガポール

(historical) Syonan, Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia), as part of the Empire of Japan


橋本

Compound of 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”) + 本(もと) (moto, “origin; base”).

ja-com

Hashimoto (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)

A railway station in Hashimoto, Wakayama Prefecture

A district and railway station in Midori, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture

A subway station in Nishi, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture

A railway station in Yawata, Kyoto Prefecture


長谷川

ja-pos

長谷(はせ)川(がわ) • (Hasegawa) ^(←はせがは (Fasegafa)?)

長(なが)谷(たに)川(がわ) • (Nagatanigawa) ^(←ながたにがは (Nagatanigafa)?)

長(なが)谷(や)川(がわ) • (Nagayagawa) ^(←ながやがは (Nagayagafa)?)

長谷川 (canonical)
Hasegawa (romanization)
Fasegafa (romanization)
はせがは (hiragana historical)
長谷川 (canonical)
Nagatanigawa (romanization)
Nagatanigafa (romanization)
ながたにがは (hiragana historical)
長谷川 (canonical)
Nagayagawa (romanization)
Nagayagafa (romanization)
ながやがは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 長谷川 /长谷川 (Chánggǔchuān)

→ English: Hasegawa

[na̠ɡa̠ta̠ɲ̟iɡa̠β̞a̠]

[na̠ɡa̠ja̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]

From 長谷 (Hase / Nagatani / Nagaya, placename) + 川 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Hase River (rivers and tributaries in Japan):

A tributary of the Ōno, Ōita Prefecture.

A tributary of the Onga, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kikuchi, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kiso, Nagano Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kushida, Mie Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kōnokawa, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gokase, Miyazaki Prefecture.

A tributary of the Naruse, Miyagi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Noro, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yoshino, Tokushima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yodo, Kyoto Prefecture.

Hasegawa (a neighborhood of Kimitsu, Chiba Prefecture)

Hasegawa (a neighborhood of Aritagawa, Wakayama Prefecture)

Nagatani River (rivers and tributaries in Japan):

A river in Okayama Prefecture and Hyōgo Prefecture.

A tributary of the Agano, Fukushima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Asahi, the Iri, the Takahashi and the Yoshii, Okayama Prefecture.

A tributary of the Abu, the Oze and the Nishiki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Ōno and the Yamakuni, Ōita Prefecture.

A tributary of the Ogawa and the Mannose, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kagami, the Shimonokae, the Shinkawa, the Nahari, the Monobe and the Wajiki, Kōchi Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gamō and the Tenjin, Tottori Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kikuchi, the Kuma, the Gokase and the Seki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kiso, Gifu Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kinokawa, Nara Prefecture.

A tributary of the Kurose, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Gōnokawa, Shimane Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture.

A tributary of the Saita, Kagawa Prefecture.

A tributary of the Shigeta, the Shigenobu, the Hiji, the Hinoodani and the Mori, Ehime Prefecture.

A tributary of the Shinano, Niigata Prefecture.

A tributary of the Tatara, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A tributary of the Chikusa and the Yada, Hyōgo Prefecture.

A tributary of the Nachi, Wakayama Prefecture.

A tributary of the Noda and the Yura, Kyoto Prefecture.

A tributary of the Matsuura and the Rokkaku, Saga Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yamada, Nagasaki Prefecture.

A tributary of the Yodo, Osaka Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Nara Prefecture.

A tributary of the Watari, Ehime Prefecture and Kōchi Prefecture.

Nagaya River (a tributary of the Gōnokawa, Hiroshima Prefecture)


長谷

/patuse/ → /fatuse/ → /fase/ →/hase/
From the 枕(まくら)詞(ことば) (makura kotoba, “pillow word”) 長(なが)谷(たに)の泊(はつ)瀬(せ) (nagatani no Hatsuse, literally, "the long valley of Hatsuse"); the modern notation of 泊(はつ)瀬(せ) (Hatsuse) being 初(はつ)瀬(せ). Evolved into Hase by sound change.
The modern location of Hatsuse is in Sakurai, Nara Prefecture.

ja-r

なが%たに の ^はつ%せ

Hase (a former village in Kamiina district, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, now part of the city of Ina)


長谷

ja-pos

長(なが)谷(たに) or 長(なが)谷(や) • (Nagatani or Nagaya)

長谷 (canonical)
長谷 (canonical)
Nagatani (romanization)
Nagaya (romanization)

Nagatani (a district of the town of Aga, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)

Nagatani, Nagatani-oike (a dam in Hyogo prefecture, Japan)

Nagaya (a district of the city of Kakegawashi, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


長谷

Nagayatsu (a district of the city of Minamiboso, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


浜田

Hamada (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


早川

早(はや)川(かわ) • (Hayakawa) ^(←はやかは (Fayakafa)?)

早川 (canonical)
Hayakawa (romanization)
Fayakafa (romanization)
はやかは (hiragana historical)

ja:早川
ja:早川 (山梨県)
ja:早川 (神奈川県)

Haya River (a river in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)

Haya River (a river in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


原口

[ha̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[ha̠ɾɯ̟ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Compound of 原(はら) (hara, “field, plain”) + 口(くち) (kuchi, “mouth; opening”). Literally, “field opening”.

ja-com

The towns in Isahaya, Ōmura and Shimabara, Nagasaki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Matsumae, Matsumae district, Hokkaido prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.


原口

Haruguchi (a neighborhood of Nagomi, Tamana district, Kumamoto Prefecture)


日高

Hidaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


日野

Hino (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


平川

ja-pos

平(ひら)川(かわ) • (Hirakawa) ^(←ひらかは (Firakafa)?)

平川 (canonical)
Hirakawa (romanization)
Firakafa (romanization)
ひらかは (hiragana historical)

Hirakawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


平野

plain (an expanse of land with relatively low relief)


深谷

Fukaya (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


福井

福井 (canonical)
Fukui (romanization)
Fukwi (romanization)
ふくゐ (hiragana historical)

Fukui (the capital city of Fukui Prefecture, Japan)

Fukui (a prefecture on the north coast of Honshu, Japan)


福山

Fukuyama (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


藤枝

Fujieda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


藤岡

藤(ふじ)岡(おか) • (Fujioka) ^(←ふぢをか (Fudiwoka)?)

藤岡 (canonical)
Fujioka (romanization)
Fudiwoka (romanization)
ふぢをか (hiragana historical)

Fujioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


古川

Furukawa (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


古河

Koga (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


古田

古田 (canonical)
Furuta (romanization)
古田 (canonical)
Futta (romanization)

Compound of 古(ふる) (furu, “old, worn out”, noun) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”). Literally, “old (rice) field”.

ja-com

A neighborhood of Nishinoomote, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Motoyama, Kōchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kawachi, Tochigi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Harima, Hyōgo Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Oguni, Yamagata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture.

Futta (a neighborhood of Kawai, Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


古田

古田 (canonical)
Kota (romanization)
古田 (canonical)
Koda (romanization)

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Koda (a neighborhood of Tahara, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Koda (the neighborhoods of Shibata and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


古田

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 古田 (Gǔtián).

obor

Gutian (a county of Ningde, Fujian, China)


本郷

Hongō (a district of the ward of Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan)


前川

前川 (canonical)
Maekawa (romanization)
前川 (canonical)
Maegawa (romanization)

前 (mae, “before, in front”) + 川 (kawa, “river”)


前川

A county of Chagang Province, North Korea


前田

前田 (canonical)
Maeda (romanization)
Mafeda (romanization)
まへだ (hiragana historical)
前田 (canonical)
Maeta (romanization)
Mafeta (romanization)
まへた (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 前田 (Qiántián)

→ English: Maeda

Maeda (multiple neighborhoods in Japan):

The neighborhoods of Inazawa and of Taketoyo, Chita district, in Aichi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Aomori and of Shichinohe and Noheji, Kamikita district; in Aomori Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ibaraki, Higashiibaraki district, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hachimantai, Iwate Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Usuki, Ōita Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Urasoe, Okinawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kimotsuki, Kimotsuki district, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Gōdo, Anpachi district, Gifu Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Numazu and Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Minamibōsō, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nanto, Toyama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yukuhashi and of Yahatahigashi, Kitakyūshū; in Fukuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kitakata, Date and Nihonmatsu; of Yabuki, Nishishirakawa district; and of Futaba, Futaba district; in Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kyōwa, Iwanai district, Hokkaido prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ebino, Miyazaki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hirogawa, Arida district, Wakayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hatogaya, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōtawara, Tochigi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Iitate, Sōma district, Fukushima Prefecture.


益田

Masuda (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


町田

Machida (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


松浦

Matsuura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


松原

Matsubara (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


松山

Matsuyama (the capital city of Ehime Prefecture, Japan)


三上

三(み) (mi) + 上(かみ) (kami, literally “three high (things)”). Attested from at least the 10th century.

ja-compound

A neighborhood of Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yasu, Shiga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.

(historical) A former district of Hiroshima Prefecture


三沢

Misawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


三島

Mishima (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


水原

ja-pos

水(すい)原(げん) • (Suigen) ^(←すいげん (Suigen)?)

水原 (canonical)
Suigen (romanization)
すいげん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 수원(水原) (suwon).


三原

Mihara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


美馬

Mima (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


宮崎

ja-pos

宮(みや)崎(ざき) • (Miyazaki) ^(←みやざき (Miyazaki)?)

宮崎 (canonical)
Miyazaki (romanization)
みやざき (hiragana historical)

Miyazaki (the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)

Miyazaki (a prefecture in south eastern Kyushu, Japan)


三好

Miyoshi (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


村上

Literally “upper town, upper part of a town”.

Murakami (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


柳川

柳(やな)川(がわ) • (Yanagawa) ^(←やながは (Yanagafa)?)

柳川 (canonical)
Yanagawa (romanization)
Yanagafa (romanization)
やながは (hiragana historical)

Yanagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


矢野

A neighborhood of Yawatahama, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Izumo, Shimane Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Aki, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Tamaki, Mie Prefecture.


和田

和(わ) (wa) + 田(た) (ta, literally “tranquil field”)

ja-compound

A neighborhood of Shichinohe, Kamikita district, Aomori Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shika, Hakui district, Ishikawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Toride, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kumatori, Sennan district and of Minami, Sakai, in Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Akaiwa, Tamano and Mimasaka, of Kibichūō, Kaga district and of Kagamino, Tomata district, in Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ibigawa, Ibi district, Gifu Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Maizuru and of Kyōtanba, Funai district, in Kyoto Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sukumo, of Kitagawa, Aki district, of Tosa, Tosa district, and of Ōtoyo, Nagaoka district, in Kōchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Itō, Kakegawa, Kikugawa and Makinohara, Shizuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōnan, Ōchi district, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sanmu, Narita and Yotsukaidō and of Sakae, Inba district, in Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Suginami and Tama, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Takaoka and Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Komoro and Matsumoto and of Nagawa, Chīsagata district, in Nagano Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sakurai and of Tenkawa, Yoshino district, in Nara Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kōnan, Niigata and of Uonuma, in Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sasayama, of Inami, Kako district and of Shin'onsen, Mikata district, in Hyōgo Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Mihara, Hiroshima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Fukui, of Takahama, Ōi district and of Mihama, Mikata district, in Fukui Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Minami, Fukuoka and of Sasaguri, Kasuya district, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Aizuwakamatsu, Sukagawa and Sōma and of Shirasawa, Adachi district, in Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nan'yō, Yamagata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Suōōshima, Ōshima district, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Minobu, Minamikoma district, Yamanashi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tanabe and Wakayama, of Hirogawa, Arida district and of Mihama, Hidaka district, in Wakayama Prefecture.


赤坂

Literally "red hill", from 赤(あか) (aka, “red”) and 坂(さか) (saka, “hill”). The placename does not refer to any known specific hill, and may be reduced from an earlier 茜坂(あかねさか) (akanesaka, “madder hill”, literally “red root hill”).


明石

Akashi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


相馬

Sōma (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


高崎

Takasaki (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


安里

Asato (regions in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan):

A region of Nakagusuku, Nakagami district.


足立

Adachi (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


市原

Ichihara (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


宇城

Uki (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


三明

Sanming (a prefecture-level city in Fujian, China)


砂川

Sunagawa (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


米沢

ja-pos

米(よね)沢(ざわ) • (Yonezawa) ^(←よねざは (Yonezafa)?)

米沢 (canonical)
Yonezawa (romanization)
Yonezafa (romanization)
よねざは (hiragana historical)

Yonezawa (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


平塚

Hiratsuka (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


羽田

羽田 (canonical)
Haneda (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Haneta (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Handa (romanization)

→ Chinese: 羽田 (Yǔtián)

A neighborhood and airport in Ōta, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kawamata, Fukushima Prefecture.

Haneta (a neighborhood of Sakuragawa, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)

Handa (a neighborhood of Ōtawara, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


羽田

羽田 (canonical)
Hata (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Hada (romanization)

→ English: Hata, Hada

Hata (a neighborhood of Hita, Ōita Prefecture, Japan)

Hada (a neighborhood of Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Hada (a neighborhood of Ōita, Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


北斗

Hokuto (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan).


嶋田

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Shimada (a neighborhood of Taketoyo, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


島原

島原半島

島原半島 しまばらはんとう

Shimabara (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白石

Shiroishi (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


仙頭

仙頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

Misspelling of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)”).


田原

Tahara (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


土佐

Tosa (a city in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


南スーダン

南スーダン (canonical)
Minami Sūdan (romanization)

南 (minami, “south”) + スーダン (Sūdan, “Sudan”), calque of English South Sudan.

af

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


コーンウォール

ja-pos

コーンウォール • (Kōnwōru)

ja:コーンウォール (曖昧さ回避)

Cornwall (a town in Prince Edward Island)


こうてい

ja-noun

こうてい • (kōtei)

康定: Kangding (a city in Sichuan, China), an era of the Song dynasty


綾瀬

Ayase (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


藤森

ja-pos

藤(ふじ)森(もり) • (Fujimori) ^(←ふぢもり (Fudimori)?)

藤森 (canonical)
Fujimori (romanization)
Fudimori (romanization)
ふぢもり (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑimo̞ɾʲi]

Compound of 藤(ふじ) (fuji, “Japanese wisteria”) + 森(もり) (mori, “forest”). Literally, “wisteria forest”.

ja-com

Fujimori (a neighborhood of Meitō, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Fujimori (a neighborhood of Maniwa, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


藤森

ja-pos

藤森(ふじのもり) • (Fujinomori) ^(←ふぢのもり (Fudinomori)?)

藤森 (canonical)
Fujinomori (romanization)
Fudinomori (romanization)
ふぢのもり (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑino̞mo̞ɾʲi]

Abbreviation of 藤の森 (fuji no mori, “forest of wisteria”).

abbrev

Fujinomori (a neighborhood of Oyabe, Toyama Prefecture, Japan)

Fujinomori (a neighborhood of Yamatotakada, Nara Prefecture, Japan)


船橋

船(ふな) (funa, combining form of 船(ふね) (fune, “ship, vessel”)) + 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”). The hashi changes to bashi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Funabashi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


水戸

Mito (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


数馬

A neighborhood of Futtsu, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

A village in Iide, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.

A village in Hinohara, Tokyo prefecture, Japan.


守口

Moriguchi (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


摩耶

From Middle Chinese 摩耶 (MC ma yae), from Sanskrit माया (māyā́).

摩耶山

Maya (a mountain in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


八代

八代 (canonical)
Yatsushiro (romanization)

Yatsushiro (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


山城

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 城 (shiro, “castle, fortress”).

compound

Yamashiro Province, an old province of Japan


結城

結城 (canonical)
Yūki (romanization)
Yufuki (romanization)
ゆふき (hiragana historical)

From the many 楮 (kōzo, “paper mulberry”) trees originally planted there, from 木綿 (yuu, “string made from the fibers of the paper mulberry”), cognate with 結う (yuu, “to tie up”).

Yūki (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


真弓

→ English: Mayumi

Compound of 真(ま) (ma-, “pure, genuine; beautiful”) + 弓(ゆみ) (yumi, “bow”).

ja-com

A neighborhood of Hitachiōta, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōhira, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ikoma and Asuka, Nara Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yamakawa, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shinchi, Fukushima Prefecture.


瑞穂

Mizuho (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

Ruisui (a rural township in Hualien County, Taiwan)


亜細亜

Ateji (当て字), from Chinese 亞細亞 /亚细亚 (Yàxìyà).

Dated spelling of アジア (Ajia, “Asia (a continent)”).


亜細亜

Alternative spelling of アジヤ (Ajiya, “(obsolete) Asia (a continent)”)


アーカンソー

ja-pos

アーカンソー • (Ākansō)

[a̠ːkã̠ɰ̃so̞ː]

Borrowed from English Arkansas, from French pronunciation of Siouan, meaning “land of downriver people” in Quapaw/Kansa and “people of the south wind” in Dakota/Lakota.

(~州) Arkansas (a state of the United States)


ジャージー

ジャージー • (Jājī)

ja:ジャージー (曖昧さ回避)

Jersey (an island dependency of the United Kingdom)

Jersey (a town in Georgia, United States)


行方

Also spelled Namekata (without rendaku) in older texts.

Namegata (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


揚子江

揚(よう)子(す)江(こう) • (Yōsukō) ^(←やうすかう (Yausukau)?)

揚子江 (canonical)
Yōsukō (romanization)
Yausukau (romanization)
やうすかう (hiragana historical)


わがくに

[β̞a̠ɡa̠kɯ̟ɲ̟i]

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE with the phonetic spelling 和賀久邇.
Nominal phrase, composed of 我 (wa, “I, me”) + が (ga, genitive or possessive particle in Old Japanese) + 国 (kuni, “country, nation”).

compound

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:我が国


おしさか

(historical) 忍坂: Oshisaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


おさか

意佐加能 意富牟盧夜爾 比登佐波爾 岐伊理袁理 比登佐波爾 伊理袁理登母 美都美都斯 久米能古賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 宇知弖斯夜麻牟 美都美都斯 久米能古良賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 伊麻宇多婆余良斯

於佐箇廼、於朋務露夜珥、比苔瑳破而、異離烏利苔毛、比苔瑳破而、枳伊離烏利苔毛、瀰都瀰都志、倶梅能固邏餓、句鶩都都伊、異志都都伊毛智、于智弖之夜莽務

山口坐皇神等能前爾白久、飛鳥・石寸・忍坂・長谷・畝火・耳无登、御名者白弖 [...]

927, Engishiki (Kojiki, Norito page 392)

(historical) 忍坂:: Osaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


国技館

国技館 (canonical)
Kokugikan (romanization)

国技 (kokugi, “national sport”) + 館 (-kan)


鳴門

From Etymology 1 above.
The “edible seaweed” sense is associated with 鳴門若布 (Naruto wakame), which is traditionally made in Naruto, Tokushima.

Short for 鳴門市 (Naruto-shi): A city in northwestern Tokushima Prefecture


暹羅

暹羅 (canonical)
暹羅 (canonical)
Shamuro (romanization)

Ateji (当て字), from Chinese 暹羅 /暹罗 (Xiānluó).

大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉

広辞苑 w:ja:広辞苑

大辞林 w:ja:大辞林

(history) Synonym of シャム (Shamu, “Siam”)


キルギスタン

(dated) Synonym of キルギス (Kirigisu): Kyrgyzstan, Kirghizia (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


ジャクソン

Jackson (the capital city of Mississippi, United States and one of the two county seats of Hinds County)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Amador County, California)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Butts County, Georgia, United States)

Breathitt County
Breathitt County#English

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Breathitt County, Kentucky)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Michigan)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Minnesota)

Cape Girardeau County
Cape Girardeau County#English

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Cape Girardeau County, Missouri)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Ohio)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Madison County, Tennessee)


フォーク

ja-noun

フォーク • (fōku)

Daijisen
ja:フォーク
ja:フォーク (ソフトウェア開発)
ja:フォーク (ファイルシステム)
ja:フォーク (食器)
ja:松村明

フォークボール フォークボール#Japanese

(baseball) Short for フォークボール (fōkubōru).


フォーク

ja-pos

フォーク • (Fōku)

ja:フォーク
ja:フォーク郡 (サウスダコタ州)


フォーク

フォーク • (Fōku)


伊東

Itō (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


密林

[mʲit͡sɨɾʲĩɴ]

2019 March 19, “ワイ、密林の倉庫でバイト戦士になる”, in 5ちゃんねる, archived from the original on 2019-12-21:

ワイ、密林の倉庫でバイト戦士になる

wai, mitsurin no sōko de baito senshi ni naru

I became a part-time-job warrior at Amazon’s warehouse

(Internet slang) Amazon (Amazon.com Inc)


テネシー州

テネシー州 (canonical)
Teneshī Shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America

Tennessee - a state of the United States of America (postal abbreviation TN) located in the Southeastern United States, with its capital at Nashville and the largest city being Memphis.


シナ

シナ (canonical)
しな (canonical)
Shina (romanization)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Qin (state)
Qin Dynasty
Shina (word)
ja:支那

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*dzin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

Alternative spelling of 支那: China (prewar; often considered derogatory in modern speech)

シナ竹: menma

cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping


ビーバー

ビーバー • (Bībā)

ja:ビーバー (曖昧さ回避)


ヨークシャー

ヨークシャー • (Yōkushā)

[jo̞ːkɯ̟̊ɕa̠ː]


大分

大分 (canonical)
Ōita (romanization)
Ofoita (romanization)
おほいた (hiragana historical)

Ōita (the capital city of Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


クイーンズランド

ja:クイーンズランド州


北米合衆国

ほくべい がっしゅうこく

北(ほく)米(べい)合(がっ)衆(しゅう)国(こく) • (Hokubei Gasshūkoku)

北米合衆国 (canonical)
Hokubei Gasshūkoku (romanization)


西海

Saikai (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白露

(very rare) Short for 白ロシア (“Belarus (a country)”).


白露

白露(ペルー) • (Perū)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 白露 (báilù).

Obsolete spelling of ペルー (“Peru (a country)”).


三日月

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 三日 (mika, “third day of a lunar month”) + 月 (tsuki, “moon”). The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


オランダ王国

オランダ王国 (canonical)
Oranda Ōkoku (romanization)

オランダ (Oranda, “Netherlands”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

compound

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands


キングストン

[kʲĩŋɡɯ̟sɨtõ̞ɴ]


サモア

Samoa (A country consisting of the western part of the Samoan archipelago in Polynesia, in Oceania)


煙台

Yantai (a coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China)


ヤムスクロ

Yamoussoukro (the capital city of Ivory Coast)


エカテリンブルク

Yekaterinburg (a city, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia)


ユーコン

ja-pos

ユーコン • (Yūkon)

Yukon (a territory in northern Canada; capital: Whitehorse)


ヴァドーダラー

ヴァドーダラー • (Vadōdarā)

Vadodara (a large city and district of Gujarat, India)


ファドゥーツ

ファドゥーツ • (Fadūtsu)

Vaduz (the capital city of Liechtenstein)


バレンシア

Valencia (a city and municipality of the province of Valencia, autonomous community of Valencia, Spain; capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia)

Valencian Community
Valencian Community#English

Valencia, Valencian Community (an autonomous community of Spain)

Valencia (a province of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)

Valencia (the capital city of the state of Carabobo, Venezuela)


ヴァージン諸島

ヴァージン諸(しょ)島(とう) • (Vājin Shotō)

ヴァージン諸島 (canonical)
Vājin Shotō (romanization)

Partial calque of English Virgin Islands; from English virgin + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”).

com

Virgin Islands (an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea)


ヴィチェプスク

[bʲit͡ɕe̞pɯ̟sɨkɯ̟]


北上

Short for 北上市 (Kitakami-shi): a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan