アーヘン

ja-pos

アーヘン • (Āhen)

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


アーバーダーン

アーバーダーン • (Ābādān)

[a̠ːba̠ːdã̠ːɴ]


オーランド諸島

オーランド諸島 (canonical)
Ōrando Shotō (romanization)

[o̞ːɾã̠ndo̞ɕo̞to̞ː]


カブール

[ka̠bɯ̟ːɾɯ̟]


鹿児島

鹿子 (kako, kago, “fawn”) + 島 (shima, “island”)

af

Kagoshima (the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

よかか…オイのなは日(ひ)高(だか)剣(けん)介(すけ)…くやしかったら鹿(カ)児(ゴ)島(ッマ)セェけ(こい)‼いっでん(いつでも)勝(しょう)負(ぶ)してやっで‼

1984 February 15, Motoka Murakami, “またいつか、勝(しょう)負(ぶ)の日(ひ)までの巻(まき) [One Day, We’ll Face off Again]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 77:

Awrite… Mah name’s Kensuke Hidaka… Come to Kagoshima when yer ready‼ Ah’ll be waitin’ to settle witcha again‼

Yoka ka… Oi no na wa Hidaka Kensuke… Kuyashikattara Kagomma sē ke‼ Idden shōbu shite yadde‼

1984 November 15, Motoka Murakami, “鹿(カ)児(ゴ)島(ンマ)の猛(も)者(さ)たちの巻(まき) [The He-Men of Kagoshima]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 17 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 21:

Natsuki, ah’ll show ya what Kagoshima-style kendo is like‼

夏木よ、鹿児島ん剣道がどげんもんかみせっくるっで‼

Natsuki yo, Kagonma n kendō ga dogen mon ka misekkurudde‼

Kagoshima (a prefecture in southern Kyushu, Japan)


カリーニングラード

[ka̠ɾʲiːɲ̟ĩŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠ːdo̞]

Borrowed from Russian Калинингра́д (Kaliningrád).

bor+

Калинингра́д

ja:カリーニングラード

Kaliningrad (a city, the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)


カンダハル

Kandahar (a city and province in southern Afghanistan)


安康

Ankang (a city in Shaanxi, in central China)


鴨川

ja-pos

鴨(かも)川(がわ) • (Kamogawa) ^(←かもがは (Kamogafa)?)

鴨川 (canonical)
Kamogawa (romanization)
Kamogafa (romanization)
かもがは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 鴨 (kamo, “duck”) + 川 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa due to rendaku (連濁).

Kamogawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan), located on the southeast of the Bōsō Peninsula; developed as a fishing village in the early Edo period, later becoming a seaside resort town


芥川

芥(あくた)川(がわ) • (Akutagawa) ^(←あくたがは (Akutagafa)?)

芥川 (canonical)
Akutagawa (romanization)
Akutagafa (romanization)
あくたがは (hiragana historical)

[a̠kɯ̟̊ta̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]

a river flowing through Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture


ウンブリア

administrative region
administrative region

Umbria (an administrative region in central Italy)


大邱

大(たい)邱(きゅう) • (Taikyū) ^(←たいきう (Taikiu)?)

大邱 (canonical)
Taikyū (romanization)
Taikiu (romanization)
たいきう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 대구(大邱) (daegu).


イリノイ

イリノイ州

ja:イリノイ (曖昧さ回避)


インパール

ja-pos

インパール • (Inpāru)


仁川

仁(じん)川(せん) • (Jinsen) ^(←じんせん (Zinsen)?)

仁川 (canonical)
Jinsen (romanization)
Zinsen (romanization)
じんせん (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑĩɰ̃sẽ̞ɴ]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 인천(仁川) (incheon).


淄博

Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


アブハジア

Abkhazia (a region and country in the Caucasus)


アケローン

ja-pos

アケローン • (Akerōn)

[a̠ke̞ɾõ̞ːɴ]


アデレード

Adelaide (the state capital of South Australia)


アディゲ

Adygea (a republic of south-west Russia; capital: Maykop)


アーグラ

アーグラ • (Āgura)


アフマダーバード

アフマダーバード • (Afumadābādo)

Ahmedabad (the largest city in Gujarat, India)


アパラチア山脈

アパラチア山脈 (canonical)
Aparachia Sanmyaku (romanization)

[a̠pa̠ɾa̠t͡ɕia̠ sã̠mʲːa̠kɯ̟]

Appalachians (a mountain range in eastern North America)


アキテーヌ

(historical) Aquitaine (a former duchy in the kingdom of France, long held by the kings of England)

(historical) Aquitaine (a former province of the kingdom of France)

(historical) Aquitaine (a former administrative region of France, now part of Nouvelle-Aquitaine)


アヴィニョン

[a̠bʲiɲ̟õ̞ɴ]


アスンシオン

[a̠sɨ̃ɰ̃ɕiõ̞ɴ]


アルプス

亜耳伯士山

Arupusu-san o toppa seshi rekishi wa furuku yuki shiroshi

Alps (a mountain range in Western Europe)


アルザス

Alsace (a region, former administrative region, and historical province of France, located on the west bank of the upper Rhine; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Grand Est)


イラーハーバード

イラーハーバード • (Irāhābādo)


アルジェ

From French Alger (“Algiers”), from Arabic الجزائر (al-jazāʔir, “Algeria; Algiers”, literally “the islands”).

der

Algiers (a city, the capital city of Algeria)


オールバニ

ja:オールバニ (曖昧さ回避)


アレクサンドルーポリ

[a̠ɾe̞kɯ̟sã̠ndo̞ɾɯ̟ːpo̞ɾʲi]


アムステルダム

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


アンデス山脈

アンデス山脈 (canonical)
Andesu Sanmyaku (romanization)

[ã̠nde̞sɨ sã̠mʲːa̠kɯ̟]

Andes (a mountain range in South America)


アンガラ川

アンガラ川 (canonical)
Angara-Gawa (romanization)


アンタナナリボ

Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar)


バグダード

Baghdad (the capital city of Iraq)
Baghdad (a governorate of Iraq)


バーデン゠ヴュルテンベルク

[ba̠ːdẽ̞nbʲɨɾɯ̟tẽ̞mbe̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

ja:バーデン＝ヴュルテンベルク州


バンドン

Bandung (a city, the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia)


バンダルスリブガワン

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital of Brunei)


バンガロール

Bangalore (a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India)


バンギ

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English

Bangui (the capital city of the Central African Republic)


バンジュール

ja-pos

バンジュール • (Banjūru)


包頭

包(ほう)頭(とう) • (Hōtō)

Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China)


朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

ちょうせん みんしゅ しゅぎ じんみん きょうわこく

^てうせん ^みんしゆ ^しゆぎ ^じんみん ^きようわこく

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)民(みん)主(しゅ)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku)?)

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 (canonical)
Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku (romanization)
てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːse̞m mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ̥ ɕɨɡʲi d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 民主主義 (minshu shugi, “democracy”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), an orthographic borrowing from Korean 조선민주주의인민공화국(朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) (joseon-minjujuui-inmin-gonghwaguk).

af

Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Democratic People's Republic of Korea

the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

ja:朝鮮民主主義人民共和国


ボーパール

ja-pos

ボーパール • (Bōpāru)

Bhopal (the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India)

Bhopal (a district of Madhya Pradesh, India, containing the city of the same name)


釜山

「釜山港へ帰れ」


釜山

ふ(후)さん(산)よ(요)り(리) こ(고)の(노)は(호)う(우)に(니)

(historical, including colonial) Busan (a city in South Korea)


釜山

1906, 大和田建樹, 天谷秀, 満韓鉄道唱歌
あれよと指さす程もなく 船は釜山に着きにけり
are yo to yubisasu hodo mo naku fune wa Fuzan ni tsukinikeri
before one can point to it and say, 'There it is!' our boat has arrived in Pusan

1929, Kōsaku Hamada, Hakubutsukan [The Museum]:

This place (Gyeongju) can be reached by taking a train from Busan to Gyeongseong, arriving at Daegu in about an hour, getting off there, and driving east for three to four hours by car.

こゝは釜山から京城へ行く汽車に乘つて、一時間ばかりで大邱に着き、そこで下車して自動車で東の方へ三四時間も走るとすぐ行かれる所です。

Koko wa Fuzan kara Keijō e yuku kisha ni notte, ichi-jikan bakari de Taikyū ni tsuki, soko de gesha shite jidōsha de higashi no hō e san-yo-jikan mo hashiru to sugu yukareru tokoro desu.


バッファロー

バッファロー • (Baffarō)

[ba̠ɸːa̠ɾo̞ː]


バッキンガム宮殿

バッキンガム きゅうでん

バッキンガム宮殿 (canonical)
Bakkingamu Kyūden (romanization)

[ba̠k̚ʲkʲĩŋɡa̠mɯ̟ kʲɨːdẽ̞ɴ]

バッキンガム (“Buckingham”) + 宮殿 (“palace”), calque of British English Buckingham Palace

af

はっきんがむきゅうでん'

cal

はっきんがむきゅうでん'

Buckingham Palace (the official London residence of the British monarch)


ブレーメン

Bremen (the capital city of the state of Bremen, Germany)


バステール

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


バルセロナ

Barcelona (a city and municipality of the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; capital city of Catalonia)

Barcelona (a province of Catalonia, Spain)

Rio Grande do Norte
Rio Grande do Norte#English

Barcelona (a municipality of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil)

Barcelona (a hamlet in Pelynt parish, Cornwall, England)

Barcelona (a municipality of Sorsogon, Philippines)

Barcelona (an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States)

Barcelona (the capital city of the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela)


ビュザンティオン

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Βυζάντιον (Buzántion)


バーミンガム

Borrowed from British English Birmingham.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Birmingham (a major city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England)


最上

Mogami (a town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


チェチェン

[t͡ɕe̞t͡ɕẽ̞ɴ]

Chechnya (a republic of the northern Caucasus of Russia; capital: Grozny)


新潟

ja-pos

新(にい)潟(がた) • (Niigata) ^(←にひがた (Nifigata)?)

新潟 (canonical)
Niigata (romanization)
Nifigata (romanization)
にひがた (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iːɡa̠ta̠]

Compound of 新 (nii-, “new; fresh”) + 潟 (kata, “tidal flat; lagoon”), most likely in reference to the location. The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Niigata (the capital city of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


美濃

⟨mi₁no₁⟩ → /mʲinʷo/ → /mino/
From Old Japanese.
The name of a province in ancient Japan, this appears in the oldest records of the 600s, and again later in the Kojiki of 712 CE, as 三野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “three + farm/field + 's + province”), apparently because the region had three large farms. This shifted to 御野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “honorable + farm/field + 's + province”), by roughly 702 CE, then a few years later in roughly 708 CE the spelling was officially changed to 美濃国 (Mino no kuni, literally “beautiful + rich/concentrated + 's + province”), with this spelling then later becoming the only one.

(historical) Short for 美濃国 (Mino no kuni): Mino Province, an old province of Japan

美濃国

Short for 美濃市 (Mino-shi): Mino (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


釧路

Kushiro (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


那須

Nasu (a town in Nasu district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

Nasu (a district of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


舞鶴

Maizuru (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


対馬

The kanji were transliterated into Old Chinese by Chen Shou in Wajinden(original text here)

After crossing a sea for the first time, one arrives at Tsushima Province in more than 1,000 li.(Wiktionary translation)

Shǐ dù yī hǎi, qiān yú lǐ zhì Duìmǎ guó.

始度一海，千餘里至對馬國。

始度一海，千余里至对马国。


富士

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 富士 (Fùshì)

→ Cantonese: 富士 (fu³ si⁶)

→ Dutch: Fuji

→ English: Fuji

→ French: Fuji

→ German: Fuji

→ Italian: Fuji

→ Korean: 후지 (Huji)

→ Portuguese: Fuji

→ Russian: Фудзи (Fudzi)

→ Spanish: Fuji

→ Vietnamese: Phú Sĩ

⟨puzi⟩ → /ɸuʑi/ → /fuʑi/
From Old Japanese 富士 (Puzi).

人知れぬ思ひをつねにするがなる富士の山こそ我が身なりけれ

hito shirenu omoi o tsune ni Suruga naru Fuji-no-yama koso waga mi narikere

富士, 不二, 不尽: Short for 富士山 (Fujisan): Mount Fuji (The highest mountain in Japan)

Fuji (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


富士

Short for 江戸の富士 (Edo no Fuji): a hill resembling Mount Fuji

江戸の富士

an incense made of 伽羅 (kyara) aromatic wood


カリフォルニア

[ka̠ɾʲiɸo̞ɾɯ̟ɲ̟ia̠]

カリフォルニア州

California (a state of the United States)

ja:カリフォルニア (曖昧さ回避)


佐渡

Sado (an island, city, and former province of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


北条

ja-pos

北(ほう)条(じょう) or 北(きた)条(じょう) • (Hōjō or Kitajō)

北条 (canonical)
北条 (canonical)
Hōjō (romanization)
Kitajō (romanization)

Hojō (a former city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Matsuyama)

Hōjō (a former town in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Kasai)

Kitajō (a former town in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Kashiwazaki)


岡山

岡(おか)山(やま) • (Okayama) ^(←をかやま (Wokayama)?)

岡山(かんしゃん) or 岡山(カンシャン) • (Kanshan)

岡山 (canonical)
Okayama (romanization)
Wokayama (romanization)
をかやま (hiragana historical)
岡山 (canonical)
岡山 (canonical)
Kanshan (romanization)

Okayama (the capital city of Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

Kangshan, Gangshan (a suburban district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan)


埼玉

Russian: Са́йтама f (Sájtama)

⟨saki₁tama⟩ → */sakʲitama/ → /saĩtama//saĩdama/ → /saitama/
Shift from Old Japanese 埼玉 (Saki₁tama).
Also read as Saidama in older texts.

(historical) Short for 埼玉郡 (Saitama-gun): Saitama (a former district in northeastern Musashi Province, facing the Tone River, in the Kanto Region, Japan)

埼玉郡

Short for 埼玉県 (Saitama-ken): Saitama, Saitama Prefecture (a prefecture of Japan)

埼玉県

Alternative spelling of さいたま (Saitama): Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


熊本

Kumamoto (the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)

Kumamoto (a prefecture in southwestern Kyushu, Japan)


秋田

Akita (the capital city of Akita Prefecture, Japan)

Akita (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


岐阜

→ English: Gifu

→ Russian: Ги́фу m (Gífu)

Blend of 岐山 + 曲阜, of which the former is the place where Zhou Dynasty originated and the latter is the place of birth of Confucius. Coined by Oda Nobunaga.

Gifu (the capital city of Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


徳島

Tokushima (the capital city of Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)

Tokushima (a prefecture in eastern Shikoku, Japan)


青森

青(あお)森(もり) • (Aomori) ^(←あをもり (Awomori)?)

青森 (canonical)
Aomori (romanization)
Awomori (romanization)
あをもり (hiragana historical)

Aomori (the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, Japan)

Aomori (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


富山

Toyama (the capital city of Toyama Prefecture, Japan)

Toyama (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


山形

Yamagata (the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)

Yamagata (a prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan)


伊勢

An ancient kingdom in Japan located in modern-day Mie Prefecture


伯剌西爾

伯剌西爾 (canonical)
Burajiru (romanization)

Obsolete spelling of ブラジル.: Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


栃木

Also called 橡木 or 杤木, the use of 栃 as official name was proposed in October 1872, and finalized in April 1879.

Tochigi (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

Tochigi (a prefecture in eastern Honshu, Japan)


和歌山

Wakayama (the capital city of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)

Wakayama (a prefecture in southern Honshu, Japan)


ヘンリー

ヘンリー • (Henrī)

A transliteration of the English male given name Henry


テキサス

テキサス州

テキサス共和国

ja:テキサス (曖昧さ回避)


佐賀

Russian: Са́га f (Sága)

Saga (the capital city of Saga Prefecture, Japan)

Saga (a prefecture in northern Kyushu, Japan)

Saga (several smaller localities in Japan)


高句麗

高(こう)句(く)麗(り) • (Kōkuri) ^(←かうくり (Kaukuri)?)

高句麗 (canonical)
Kōkuri (romanization)
Kaukuri (romanization)
かうくり (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːkɯ̟ɾʲi]

/kaukuri/ → /kɔːkuri/ → /koːkuri/
From written Middle Chinese 高句麗, in turn likely from some variety of Old Korean.

(historical) the Goguryeo kingdom of 37 BCE – 668 CE, one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in what is now North Korea and parts of Manchuria and far-eastern Russia

百済

Kudara, Hyakusai, another of the Three Kingdoms

新羅

Silla; Shiragi, another of the Three Kingdoms


高句麗

/koːkuri/ → /kokuri/
Alteration from Kōkuri. This usage developed after the two failed attempts in 1274 and 1281 to invade Japan by the combined forces of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Goryeo kingdom. Goryeo was a successor kingdom to Goguryeo, but in the popular Japanese language of the time, Goryeo was still referred to as 高句麗 (Kōkuri or Kokuri, i.e. “Goguryeo”) instead of 高麗 (Kōrai, the Japanese reading of “Goryeo”).
The adverb こくり (kokuri, “startedly, startlingly, (jumping up) suddenly”) likely derives from this usage.

(rare) the Goguryeo kingdom of 37 BCE – 668 CE, one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in what is now North Korea and parts of Manchuria and far-eastern Russia


ケンブリッジ

ja:ケンブリッジ (曖昧さ回避)


桐生

桐生 (canonical)
Kiryū (romanization)
Kirifu (romanization)
きりふ (hiragana historical)

Kiryū (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


金山

Kaneyama (a town in Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


本庄

Honjō (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


鳥取

Tottori (the capital city of Tottori Prefecture, Japan)

Tottori (a prefecture on the north west coast of Honshu, Japan)


高松

Takamatsu (a city, the capital of Kagawa Prefecture, Japan)


宝塚

宝塚 (canonical)
Takarazuka (romanization)

Takarazuka (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


バイエルン

[ba̠ie̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]


信濃

First attested in Kojiki, as man'yōgana 斯那奴(しなぬ) (shinanu) and kanji 科野, which later became 信野, and finally 信濃. Further origin remains unknown.

Shinano Province, an old province of Japan in present-day Nagano Prefecture

Shinano (a town in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


足利

Ashikaga (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


高知

高知 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kauti (romanization)
かうち (hiragana historical)

Kōchi (the capital city of Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)

Kōchi (a prefecture in southern Shikoku, Japan)


武蔵

Alexander Vovin
John Batchelor
John Batchelor (missionary)
Kantō Plain
Kojiki
Wamyō Ruijushō
folk etymology
man'yōgana

/muzasi/ → /musaɕi/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki spelled phonetically in man'yōgana as 无耶志 (Muzashi).
Ultimate derivation unknown. One theory is based on an earlier placename, 身狭 (Musa), which was apparently divided into upper 身狭上 (Musa-gami) and lower 身狭下 (Musa-shimo) portions, roughly corresponding to the later provinces of 相模 (Sagami) and 武蔵 (Musashi). The modern name Sagami then arose as a corruption of Musa-gami, while Musashi derived from Musa-shimo. However, this may be only a folk etymology.
A separate theory suggests that Musashi derives from an old Ainu borrowing. Linguist Alexander Vovin derives this from ムンサリ (mun-sar-i) or ムンサリヒ (mun-sar-ihi, “weed-marsh-[possessive suffix]”), hypothetical Ainu forms that would mean "marsh/wetland of (i.e. belonging to) weeds/inedible or otherwise useless plants," and Musashi sits in the middle of the Kantō Plain. However, John Batchelor's 1905 Ainu dictionary and grammar includes no mention of a possessive suffix -i or -ihi. Another possible Ainu source could be ムンサシㇼ (mun sa shir, “nettle plain land”).
The kanji spelling 武藏 probably first appeared in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 938 CE, but that origin is also unknown.

Musashi Province: a region of old Japan consisting of modern-day Tokyo, Saitama, and Kanagawa prefectures.


ボストン

[bo̞sɨ̥tõ̞ɴ]

ja:ボストン (曖昧さ回避)

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


ミュンヘン

[mʲɨ̃ɰ̃hẽ̞ɴ]

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


宇都宮

宇都宮 (canonical)
Utsunomiya (romanization)

Utsunomiya (the capital city of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


北九州

北九州 (canonical)
Kita Kyūshū (romanization)

ja:北九州 ja:北九州市


北九州

北九州 (canonical)
Kitakyūshū (romanization)

ja:北九州 ja:北九州市

Kitakyūshū (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Φιλαδέλφεια (Philadélpheia).

lbor

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]

(historical) Philadelphia (a city of the Decapolis; modern Amman, Syria)

(historical) Philadelphia (a city in Lydia; modern Alaşehir, Turkey)


フィラデルフィア

wp

フィラデルフィア (イタリア)

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]


フィラデルフィア

[ɸʲiɾa̠de̞ɾɯ̟ɸʲia̠]

Filadélfia (a town in Tocantins, Brazil)


長岡

Nagaoka (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


横須賀

横須賀 (canonical)
Yokosuka (romanization)
横須賀 (canonical)
Yokosuga (romanization)

Yokosuka (a major city and station in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)

A neighborhood of Tone, Ibaraki Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kakegawa and Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sōsa and Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture.


函館

→ English: Hakodate

→ Russian: Хакода́те m (Xakodátɛ)

Probably borrowed from Ainu ハㇰ チャシ (hak casi), meaning "shallow fort".

函館市: Hakodate (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


大韓民国

大韓民国 (canonical)
Daikan Minkoku (romanization)


マサチューセッツ

Massachusetts (a state of the United States)

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Massachusetts (an avenue in Washington, D.C., United States)


ペンシルベニア

ja:ペンシルベニア (曖昧さ回避)

Pennsylvania (a state of the United States)

Pennsylvania (an unincorporated community in Alabama, United States)

Pennsylvania (an avenue in Washington, D.C., United States)

South Gloucestershire
South Gloucestershire#English

Pennsylvania (a village in South Gloucestershire, England)

Pennsylvania (a suburb of Exeter, Devon, England)


アテネ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:アテネ
ja:松村明

Learned borrowing from Latin Athēnae, from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).

Athens (a city, the capital city of Greece)


小田原

Odawara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


姫路

Himeji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


越後

越後 (canonical)
Echigo (romanization)
Wetigo (romanization)
ゑちご (hiragana historical)

Echigo Province, an old province in Japan


熊野

Kumano (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


盛岡

Morioka (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


尾張

尾張 (canonical)
Owari (romanization)
Wofari (romanization)
をはり (hiragana historical)

(historical) Owari, an old province of Japan


ロス

ロサンゼルス ロサンゼルス#Japanese

Short for ロサンゼルス: Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


オハイオ

Ohaio (romanization)
Wofaiwo (romanization)
ヲハイヲ (historical katakana)

ja:オハイオ (曖昧さ回避)

オハイオ州

オハイオ川


鹿島

Kashima (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


浦和

浦和 (canonical)
Urawa (romanization)
うらわ (hiragana historical)

ja:浦和区 ja:浦和市

Urawa (a ward of Saitama city, Saitama Prefecture, Japan)

Urawa (a former city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan) (–2001)


テネシー

From English Tennessee, from Cherokee ᏔᎾᏏ (tanasi).

ja:テネシー (曖昧さ回避)

Tennessee (a state of the United States)

Tennessee (a river in the United States)


加賀

Kaga (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


ジョージア

ja-pos

ジョージア • (Jōjia)

[d͡ʑo̞ːʑia̠]

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
ja:ジョージア
ja:ジョージア (国)
ja:ジョージア州

Borrowed from English Georgia.
In reference to the country, this term officially displaced the Russian-derived name グルジア (Gurujia) in April 2015 for diplomatic reasons. Compare Korean 조지아 (Jojia).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


アトランタ

ja:アトランタ (曖昧さ回避)

Atlanta (the capital city of Georgia, United States)


浅草

Asakusa (a district of Taitō, Tokyo, Japan)


ケンタッキー

ja:ケンタッキー (曖昧さ回避)

ケンタッキーフライドチキン ケンタッキーフライドチキン#Japanese

Clipping of ケンタッキーフライドチキン (Kentakkī Furaido Chikin, “Kentucky Fried Chicken”).


浜松

Hamamatsu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Hamamatsu (several smaller localities in Japan)


三河

三河 (canonical)
Mikawa (romanization)
Mikafa (romanization)
みかは (hiragana historical)

From the presence of three rivers in the former province: 男(おと)川(がわ) (Otogawa), 豊(とよ)川(かわ) (Toyokawa), and 矢(や)作(はぎ)川(がわ) (Yahagigawa). The name 三川 (Mikawa) is included in the Kojiki.

Mikawa Province, an old province of Japan

A region in modern Aichi Prefecture where the province was located


ミラノ

ja:ミラノ (曖昧さ回避)


カンザス

ja:カンザス (曖昧さ回避)


荒川

Arakawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


淡路

淡路 (canonical)
Awaji (romanization)
Afadi (romanization)
あはぢ (hiragana historical)

Awaji Province, an old province of Japan

Awaji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


白河

[ɕiɾa̠ka̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 白 (shira, “white”, compounding form) + 河 (kawa, “river”).

compound

Shirakawa (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


石原

石原 (canonical)
Ishihara (romanization)
石原 (canonical)
Ishiwara (romanization)
石原 (canonical)
Ishibara (romanization)

→ Chinese: 石原 (Shíyuán)

→ English: Ishihara, Ishiwara

[iɕiβ̞a̠ɾa̠]

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 原(はら) (hara, “field, meadow”). Literally, “stone meadow”.

ja-com

Ishihara (multiple neighborhoods in Japan):

A neighborhood of Mihara, Sakai, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Gifu and Motosu, Gifu Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shibukawa, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kumagaya, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Misato, Ōchi district, Shimane Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kaita, Aki district, Hiroshima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Kami, Kami district, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Ishiwara (several neighborhoods in Japan):

A neighborhood of Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hino, Gamō district, Shiga Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sumida, Tokyo prefecture.

A neighborhood of Murakami, Niigata Prefecture.

Ishibara (a neighborhood of Ōsato, Kurokawa district, Miyagi Prefecture)


石原

Isa (a neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


佐世保

Sasebo (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


下関

下関 (canonical)
Shimonoseki (romanization)

Shimonoseki (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)

下関条約

下関条約 しものせきじょうやく


リンカーン

ja-pos

リンカーン • (Rinkān)

A city and borough in Lincolnshire, England.


大井

大井 (canonical)
Ōi (romanization)
Ofowi (romanization)
おほゐ (hiragana historical)


デトロイト

Detroit (a city in Michigan, United States)


豊橋

Toyohashi (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


ヒューストン

ja:ヒューストン (曖昧さ回避)

Houston (a large city in Texas, United States)

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Houston (a town in the Bulkley Valley, British Columbia, Canada)

Houston (a village in Renfrewshire council area, Scotland)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Winston County, Alabama, United States)

Matanuska-Susitna Borough
Matanuska-Susitna Borough#English

Houston (a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States)

Houston (a small town in Perry County, Arkansas, United States)

Houston (a small town in Kent County, Delaware, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Suwannee County, Florida, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Heard County, Georgia, United States)

Salt Creek Township
Salt Creek Township#English

Houston (an unincorporated community in Salt Creek Township, Jackson County, Indiana, United States)

Houston (a small city in Houston County, Minnesota, United States)

Chickasaw County
Chickasaw County#English

Houston (A small city in and one of the two county seats of Chickasaw County, Mississippi, United States)

Houston (a small city, the county seat of Texas County, Missouri, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in York County, Nebraska, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Union County, North Carolina, United States)

Loramie Township
Loramie Township#English

Houston (an unincorporated community in Loramie Township, Shelby County, Ohio, United States)

Washington County
Washington County#English

Houston (a borough of Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Houston (an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Tennessee, United States)

Lake Houston (a lake near Houston, Texas, United States)


マンチェスター

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

Manchester (a major city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in northwestern England)

Manchester (a small community of Nova Scotia, Canada)

United States of America
United States of America

census-designated place
census-designated place

Mendocino County
Mendocino County#English

Any of several towns and cities in the United States of America:

Manchester (a census-designated place in Mendocino County, California)

Manchester (a town in Hartford County, Connecticut)

Meriwether County
Meriwether County#English

Manchester (a city in Meriwether County and Talbot County, Georgia)

Manchester (a village in Scott County, Illinois)

Manchester (an unincorporated community in Manchester Township, Dearborn County, Indiana)

Montgomery County
Montgomery County#English

Manchester (an unincorporated community in Union Township, Montgomery County, Indiana)

Manchester (a city, the county seat of Delaware County, Iowa)

Dickinson County
Dickinson County#English

Manchester (a tiny city in Dickinson County, Kansas)

Manchester (a home rule city, the county seat of Clay County, Kentucky)

Manchester (a town in Kennebec County, Maine)

Manchester (a small incorporated town in Carroll County, Maryland)

Manchester (a town in Essex County, Massachusetts)

Washtenaw County
Washtenaw County#English

Manchester (a village in Washtenaw County, Michigan)

Manchester (a tiny city in Freeborn County, Minnesota)

St. Louis County
St. Louis County#English

Manchester (a city in St. Louis County, Missouri)

Hillsborough County
Hillsborough County#English

Manchester (the largest city in New Hampshire, United States and one of the two county seats of Hillsborough County)

Manchester (a town and village in Ontario County, New York)

Manchester (a village in Adams County, Ohio)

Manchester (a town in Grant County, Oklahoma)

Manchester (a borough of York County, Pennsylvania)

Manchester (a neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Manchester (a ghost town and former unincorporated community in Kingsbury, South Dakota)

Manchester (a city, the county seat of Coffee County, Tennessee)

Manchester (a community in southeastern Houston, Texas)

Bennington County
Bennington County#English

Manchester (A town in Vermont, United States and one of the two shire towns of Bennington County)

Chesterfield County
Chesterfield County#English

Manchester (a former independent city in Chesterfield County, Virginia)

Manchester (an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Kitsap County, Washington)

Green Lake County
Green Lake County#English

Manchester (a town and unincorporated community in Green Lake County, Wisconsin)

Manchester (a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin)


ナポリ

From Italian Napoli. Doublet of ネイプルズ (Neipuruzu).

ナポリ県


播磨

Harima Province, an old province of Japan

Harima (a town in Kako district, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


秩父

Chichibu (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


三叉

Compound of 三つ (mitsu, “three”) + 叉 (mata, “fork, bifurcation”).

compound

an area along the Sumida River in Tokyo between the Shin Ōhashi and the Kiyosu-bashi bridges, near the inlet of the Onagi Canal


和泉

Izumi (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


石垣

Ishigaki (a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


安芸

Aki Province, an old province of Japan in modern-day Hiroshima Prefecture.


国体

→ English: kokutai

→ Russian: кокута́й (kokutáj)

1925 April 22, 治安維持法 [Peace Preservation Law]:

Article 1: A person who has formed an association for the purpose of changing the national polity or denying the system of private property, and a person who has knowingly participated in it, shall be punished with imprisonment with or without work for no more than ten years.

第一條 國體ヲ變革シ又ハ私有財產制度ヲ否認スルコトヲ目的トシテ結社ヲ組織シ又ハ情ヲ知リテ之ニ加入シタル者ハ十年以下ノ懲役又ハ禁錮ニ處ス

Dai-ichi-jō Kokutai o henkaku shi mata wa shiyū zaisan seido o hinin suru koto o mokuteki to shite kessha o soshiki shi mata wa jō o shirite kore ni kanyū shitaru mono wa jū-nen ika no chōeki mata wa kinko ni shosu

(politics, philosophy, chiefly historical) kokutai (the national essence and character of Japan viewed as conforming to Shinto-Confucian ideals, with the emperor as its ethical, spiritual, cultural and political center)

国民体育大会 w:ja:国民体育大会

(sports) Clipping of 国民体育大会 (Kokumin Taiiku Taikai, “National Sports Festival of Japan”).


丹波

Tanba (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)

Tanba Province, an old province of Japan.


四日市

四日市 (canonical)
Yokkaichi (romanization)

Yokkaichi (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


摂津

Settsu (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)

Settsu Province, an old province of Japan.


出羽

出羽 (canonical)
Dewa (romanization)
Defa (romanization)
では (hiragana historical)

Shift from Idewa below.
Compare the shift of classical verb 出づ (izu) → 出る (deru, “to come, leave”).

Short for 出羽国 (Dewa-no-kuni): Dewa Province, an old province of Japan on which is today Yamagata and Akita Prefectures


出羽

出羽 (canonical)
出羽 (canonical)
Idewa (romanization)
Ideha (romanization)

(obsolete) Short for 出羽国 (Idewa/Ideha-no-kuni): Idewa Province, an old province of Japan on which is today Yamagata and Akita Prefectures


ハミルトン

Hamilton (a port city in Ontario, Canada)


朝倉

Asakura (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


関ヶ原

ja-pos

関(せき)ヶ原(はら) or 関(せき)ヶ原(はら) • (Sekigahara)

関ヶ原 (canonical)
Sekigahara (romanization)


小笠原

小(お)笠(がさ)原(わら) • (Ogasawara) ^(←をがさはら (Wogasafara)?)

小笠原 (canonical)
Ogasawara (romanization)
Wogasafara (romanization)
をがさはら (hiragana historical)

(historical) Ogasawara (a former village in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

Bonins (an island group in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonins (a larger archipelago in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonin (a village in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Bonin (a subprefecture of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


千代田

Chiyoda (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


一宮

一宮 (canonical)
Ichinomiya (romanization)

a place name
A city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan

A town in Hoi district, Aichi Prefecture, Japan

A town in Chōsei district, Chiba Prefecture, Japan

A town in Higashiyatsushiro district, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan

A town in Shisō district, Hyogo prefecture, Japan

A town in Tsuna district, Hyogo prefecture, Japan


鈴鹿

Suzuka (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


玉川

Tamagawa (a former town in Ehime Prefecture, Japan, now part of the city of Imabari)

Tamagawa (a village in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Tamagawa (a former village in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, now part of the town of Tokigawa)


富田

富(とみ)田(た) or 富(とみ)田(だ) • (Tomita or Tomida)

富田 (canonical)
富田 (canonical)
Tomita (romanization)
Tomida (romanization)

Tomida (a railway station in the city of Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture, Japan)


前橋

Maebashi (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


インディアナ

ja:インディアナ (曖昧さ回避)


エルサレム

[e̞ɾɯ̟sa̠ɾe̞mɯ̟]

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)

Kingdom of Jerusalem
w:Kingdom of Jerusalem

(historical) Kingdom of Jerusalem (former Crusader kingdom of the 12th and 13th centuries, in modern-day Israel and Palestine)


シアトル

[ɕia̠to̞ɾɯ̟]

1985 December 20, Taeko Watanabe, “第(だい)四(よん)十(じゅう)八(はち)話(わ) 家(か)族(ぞく) Ⅰ(いち) [Chapter 48: Family I]”, in ファミリー！ [Family!], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 72:

I came here (LA) from Seattle… to look for my son …I am — Jonathan Allen’s father

シアトルからＬＡへは…息子を尋ねてきました…ぼくは———ジョナサン・アレンの父親です

Shiatoru kara koko e wa… musuko o tazunetekimashita …Boku wa ———Jonasan Aren no chichioya desu

Seattle (a city in Washington, United States)


アラスカ

ja:アラスカ (曖昧さ回避)


青葉

A place name, such as that of Aoba Castle in the city of Sendai.


イタリー

イタリー • (Itarī)

(dated) Italy (a country in Southern Europe)


ジャーマニー

ジャーマニー • (Jāmanī)

[d͡ʑa̠ːma̠ɲ̟iː]


コリア

Borrowed from English Korea, from Korean 고려 (Goryeo).


ダカール

[da̠ka̠ːɾɯ̟]


大内

大内 (canonical)
Ōuchi (romanization)
大内 (canonical)
Ōchi (romanization)
大内 (canonical)
Daidai (romanization)

A village in Haga district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

A village in Nasu district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

(history) A town in Yoshiki district, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

(history) A town in Hata district, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan

(history) A village in Igu district, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan

(history) A town in Ōkawa district, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan


ダーウィン

ダーウィン • (Dāwin)


ダマン

Daman (the state capital of Daman and Diu, India)


ドバイ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Dubai (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates)

Dubai (the capital city of Dubai emirate, United Arab Emirates)


ドゥシャンベ

Dushanbe (the capital city of Tajikistan)


龍山

ja:龍山村 (岡山県)
ja:龍山村 (静岡県)

(historical) Tatsuyama (a village in Iwata district, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

(historical) Tatsuyama (a village in Kume district, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


龍山

ja:龍山区 (ソウル特別市)

龍山区: Yongsan (a district of Seoul, South Korea)


龍山

龍山鎮: Longshan (a town in Zhangqiu district, Jinan, Shandong, China), where the Longshan culture was discovered


レイキャビク

[ɾe̞ːkʲa̠bʲikɯ̟]


テグシガルパ

[te̞ɡɯ̟ɕiɡa̠ɾɯ̟pa̠]

Tegucigalpa (the capital city of Honduras)


テルアビブ

[te̞ɾɯ̟ a̠bʲibɯ̟]


ティンプー

ティンプー • (Tinpū)


チューリンゲン

[t͡ɕɨːɾʲĩŋɡẽ̞ɴ]

テューリンゲン テューリンゲン#Japanese


ティラスポリ

Tiraspol (the capital city of Transnistria)


トリヤッチ

Russian Толья́тти (Tolʹjátti), in turn after Italian politician Palmiro Togliatti (1893–1964).

Tolyatti, Togliatti (a city in Samara Oblast, Russia)


トンガ

Tonga (a country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania)


トゥールーズ

トゥールーズ • (Tūrūzu)

[tɯ̟ːɾɯ̟ːzɨ]

Toulouse (the capital city of the Haute-Garonne department, France; capital city of the region of Occitanie)


トリノ

ja:トリノ ja:トリノ県


トスカーナ

administrative region
administrative region

Tuscany (an administrative region of Italy, located north of Lazio and south of Emilia-Romagna)


ウファ

Ufa (the capital and largest city of Bashkortostan, Russia)


ウプサラ

[ɯ̟pɯ̟̊sa̠ɾa̠]

Borrowed from Swedish Uppsala, from Old Norse Uppsalir (literally “upper halls, upper dwellings”), from upp (“up”) + salir (“halls, rooms”), plural of salr.

der

Uppsala (a city in eastern central Sweden)


バンクーバー

ja-pos

バンクーバー • (Bankūbā)

[bã̠ŋkɯ̟ːba̠ː]

バンクーバー バンクーバー#Japanese

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

晩香坡, バンクーバー: Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a large island in British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a river in southern British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a mountain between Alaska, United States and Yukon, Canada in the Saint Elias Mountains)

Vancouver (a mountain in the Southern Alps, on the South Island, New Zealand)

Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)

Vancouver (a lake in Clark County, Washington, United States)


エドモントン

Edmonton (the capital city of Alberta, Canada)


エディンバラ

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)

ja:エディンバラ (曖昧さ回避)


蘇州

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


ペリカン

ja:ペリカン (曖昧さ回避)

[pe̞ɾʲikã̠ɴ]

a pelican (any of various seabirds of the family Pelecanidae)


スコピエ

Skopje (a city, the capital city of North Macedonia)


倉敷

→ Chinese: 倉敷 /仓敷 (Cāngfū)

→ English: Kurashiki

Kurashiki (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


コロラド

From English Colorado, from Spanish Colorado (literally “Colored”).

ja:コロラド (曖昧さ回避)


モントリオール

From English Montreal, from French Montréal. Doublet of モンレアル (Monrearu).

ja:モントリオール (曖昧さ回避)

Montreal (the largest city in Quebec, Canada)

Montreal (an island in Quebec, Canada, the site of the city of Montreal)

Montreal (a river in Algoma and Sudbury districts, Ontario, Canada)

Montreal (a river in Timiskaming district, Ontario, Canada)

Montreal (a river in No. 18, Saskatchewan, Canada)

Montreal (an unincorporated community in Camden County, Missouri, United States)

Montreal (a small city in Iron County, Wisconsin, United States)

Montreal (a river on the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, United States)

Montreal (a river in northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States)


サウスカロライナ

ja:サウスカロライナ州


クリーブランド

ja:クリーブランド (曖昧さ回避)


うちなー

うちなー or ウチナー • (Uchinā)

うちなー (canonical)
ウチナー (canonical)
Uchinā (romanization)

[ɯ̟t͡ɕina̠ː]

Unadapted borrowing from Okinawan 沖縄(うちなー) (Uchinā).


ポー平原

ポー平原 (canonical)
Pō Heigen (romanization)

Po valley (large plain in northern Italy)


林邑

林(りん)邑(ゆう) • (Rin'yū) ^(←りんいふ (Rin'ifu)?)

林邑 (canonical)
Rin'yū (romanization)
Rin'ifu (romanization)
りんいふ (hiragana historical)

Linyi, Lâm Ấp (an ancient kingdom in present-day Vietnam, possibly the predecessor of Champa.)


露国

The first kanji character in 露西亞 (Roshia, “Russia”) + 國 (koku, “country”).

1904 or 1905, 小林清親, 百撰百笑
露國の海陸軍は、日本軍に一度も勝つ事なく、…
Rokoku no kairikugun wa, Nihongun ni ichido mo katsu koto naku,…
Russia's navy and army is, without winning against the Japanese army even once, […]

(obsolete) Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ソビエト しゃかいしゅぎ きょうわこく れんぽう

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦

ソビエト社(しゃ)会(かい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Sobieto Shakaishugi Kyōwakoku Renpō)

ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦 (canonical)
Sobieto Shakaishugi Kyōwakoku Renpō (romanization)

[so̞bʲie̞to̞ ɕa̠ka̠iɕɨɡʲi kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

ソビエト (sobieto, “soviet”) + 社会主義 (shakai shugi, “socialism”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”) + 連邦 (renpō, “union; federation; confederation”)

af

そびえとしゃかいしゅぎきょうわこくれんぽう

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics#English

the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (a former country in Europe and Asia, existing from 1922 to 1991)


天河

From Middle Chinese 天河 (*ten *ha, literally “heavenly river”). Compare Mandarin 天河 (Tiānhé, “Milky Way”), Vietnamese thiên hà (“galaxy”).

der

Tianhe (a district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


海牙

ja-pos

海牙(ハーグ) • (Hāgu)

The Hague (the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


オスロ

Oslo (a tiny city in Marshall County, in northwest Minnesota, United States)

Oslo (an unincorporated community in Vernon Township, Dodge County, Minnesota, United States)

Indian River County
Indian River County#English

Oslo (an unincorporated community in Indian River County, Florida, United States)


コペンハーゲン

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)

ja:コペンハーゲン (曖昧さ回避)


ブリュッセル

[bɯ̟ɾʲɨsːe̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from French Bruxelles, or possibly from Dutch Brussel.

Brussels (a city, the capital city and a region of Belgium)


ベルン

Bern (the capital city of Switzerland; capital city of Bern canton)


サラエボ

Saraebo (romanization)
Sarawevo (romanization)
サラヱヺ (historical katakana)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Sarajevo (the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina)


サライェヴォ

Borrowed from English or Serbo-Croatian Sarajevo.


リュブリャナ

Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


ウェリントン

[β̞e̞ɾʲĩntõ̞ɴ]


ポートモレスビー

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

Port Moresby (the capital of Papua New Guinea)


ハバナ

Ultimately from Spanish La Habana, in turn from Taíno Habaguanex.
Japanese sources list the term as a borrowing of Havana, but do not indicate the source language.
The term is first cited to the early 1890s. This would suggest that the term was borrowed from English Havana, since the ⟨ h ⟩ in Spanish has been silent for centuries. Considering that the pitch accent is on the first mora, the borrowing was likely via the written rather than the spoken form, as the accent on the second syllable in either Spanish or English would likely result in a higher pitch on the second mora instead.


ブラチスラヴァ

[bɯ̟ɾa̠t͡ɕisɨɾa̠ba̠]

Bratislava (the capital city of Slovakia)


ブラチスラバ

[bɯ̟ɾa̠t͡ɕisɨ̥ɾa̠ba̠]


ドーハ

ドーハ • (Dōha)

Doha (a city, the capital city of Qatar)


リヤド

Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


リマ

ja:リマ (曖昧さ回避)


ジョージタウン

ジョージタウン • (Jōji Taun)


ジョージタウン

ジョージタウン • (Jōjitaun)


プレトリア

[pɯ̟ɾe̞to̞ɾʲia̠]


ラバト

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


ハルツーム

[ha̠ɾɯ̟t͡sɨːmɯ̟]


ケープタウン

Cape Town (a city, the legislative capital of South Africa)


ブルームフォンテーン

ブルームフォンテーン • (Burūmufontēn)


キンシャサ

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Kinshasa (a city, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


ガザ地区

Gaza Strip (A region in Palestine between Egypt and Israel)


クラスノヤルスク

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai#English

Krasnoyarsk (a city, the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia, Russia)


ウラン・ウデ

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ɰ̃ ɯ̟de̞]


ペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー

ペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー • (Petoropaburofusuku Kamuchatsukī)

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (a city in Russia)


サマーラ

Samara (a city, the administrative center of Samara Oblast, Russia)

Samara (a tributary of the Volga in Russia)


西サハラ

Western Sahara
Western Sahara#English:_Q6250

Western Sahara (A territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory)


にしサハラ

西サハラ: Western Sahara (a territory of North Africa)


サイゴン

Ultimately borrowed from Vietnamese Sài Gòn.
The kanji spellings 西貢, 柴棍 are considered to be ateji. However, the 柴棍 spelling is rooted in the Vietnamese etymology of the name; see Sài Gòn for more.

(historical) Saigon (a city in Vietnam), the former name of modern Ho Chi Minh City


ホーチミン

Ho Chi Minh, Ho Chi Minh City (largest city of Vietnam)


北韓

北(ほっ)韓(かん) • (Hokkan) ^(←ほくかん (Fokukan)?)

北韓 (canonical)
Hokkan (romanization)
Fokukan (romanization)
ほくかん (hiragana historical)


南朝鮮

南朝鮮 (canonical)
Minami Chōsen (romanization)

From 南 (minami, “south”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 남조선 (Namjoseon).

af

大韓民国

大韓民国 だいかんみんこく


オハイオ州

オハイオ州 (canonical)
Ohaio-Shū (romanization)

Compound of オハイオ (Ohaio, “Ohio”) + 州 (-shū, “state”).
As with many place names in Japanese, this term consists of [placename]-[type of place].


あがた

agata (romanization)
あがた (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. Further derivation unknown; speculatively, might be from 彼 (a, “that”, distal marker) + 方 (kata, “side; direction”), as in "over there, far away" and not near the central capital.
First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720 with the administrative district sense.

compound

(historical) a provincial governorship; a provincial governor


さいたま

From 埼玉 (Saitama, “Saitama Prefecture”).

さいたま市 さいたま市#Japanese

Short for さいたま市 (Saitama-shi): Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


甲府

Kōfu (the capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture)


松江

Matsue (the capital city of Shimane Prefecture)


基隆

ja-pos

基隆(キールン) • (Kīrun)


マカオ

中華人民共和国マカオ特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Makao Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)


花蓮

Hualien (a city and county on the east coast of Taiwan)


桜島

桜島 (canonical)
Sakurajima (romanization)

English: Sakurajima

桜 (さくら, sakura, “cherry tree, cherry blossom”) + 島 (-じま, -jima, “island”). From the glowing rocks expelled by the volcano that look like cherry blossoms on the island mountain.

compound

Sakurajima (a major volcano and surrounding area in Kagoshima Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, near Kagoshima)

桜島大根

桜島大根 さくらじまだいこん

桜島町

桜島町 さくらじまちょう

桜島小蜜柑

桜島小蜜柑 さくらじまこみかん


勃牙利

勃牙利 (canonical)
Burugaria (romanization)

ブルガリア ブルガリア#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of ブルガリア (“Bulgaria (a country in Europe)”).


紹興

ja-pos

紹(しょう)興(こう) • (Shōkō)

Shaoxing (a prefecture-level city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


東沙群島

東(とう)沙(さ)群(ぐん)島(とう) • (Tōsa Guntō) ^(←とうさぐんたう (Tousaguntau)?)

東沙群島 (canonical)
Tōsa Guntō (romanization)
Tousaguntau (romanization)
とうさぐんたう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 東沙群島 /东沙群岛 (Dōngshā Qúndǎo).

Synonym of 東沙諸島 (Tōsa Shotō, “Pratas Islands”)


坂井

Sakai (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


漢口

(historical) Hankou (a former city in Hubei, China, now part of Wuhan)


漢口

Ultimately from Mandarin 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), probably via English Hankow.

zh-l

漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu)


済州

Jeju a place name, (island, province and its capital in South Korea)

Jeju (the capital city of Jeju Province, South Korea)


樺太

[ka̠ɾa̠ɸɯ̟to̞]

From Ainu カラㇷ゚ト (Karapto).
The kanji spelling was decided upon during the creation of the first administrative district in Hokkaido during the Meiji period.

Karafuto, Sakhalin (an island today in Russia and formerly claimed by Japan)


樺太

From the kun (mis)reading of the first kanji 樺 (literally “birch”).

1925 April 10, 伯剌西爾時報 (Burajiru Jihō) [News of Brazil], number 391, page 7:

Following the Japanese–Russian Agreement, Japan concluded its withdrawal from North Sakhalin on the 4th and transferred control to the Soviet government.

日本は日露協約に基き四日に北樺太撤兵を終了し同地統治をソウイエト政府に引渡した

Nihon wa Nichi-Ro Kyōyaku ni motozuki yokka ni Kita-Kabafuto teppei o shūryō shi dōchi tōchi o Sowieto seifu ni hikiwatashita

Alternative form of 樺太 (Karafuto, “Karafuto, Sakhalin (an island today in Russia and formerly claimed by Japan)”)


サハリン

[sa̠ha̠ɾʲĩɴ]

サハリン サハリン島#Japanese

Short for サハリン島 (Saharin-tō): Sakhalin (island in Russia)

サハリン島

サハリン サハリン州#Japanese

Short for サハリン州 (Saharin-shū): Sakhalin Oblast


川内

Short for 薩摩川内. Satsumasendai (a city in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


コンゴ民主共和国

ja-pos

コンゴ みんしゅ きょうわこく

コンゴ民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Kongo Minshu Kyōwakoku)

コンゴ民主共和国 (canonical)
Kongo Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

コンゴ (Kongo, “Congo”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English:_Q974

Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


中央アフリカ共和国

ja-pos

ちゅうおう アフリカ きょうわこく

中(ちゅう)央(おう)アフリカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chūō Afurika Kyōwakoku)

中央アフリカ共和国 (canonical)
Chūō Afurika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

From 中央アフリカ (Chūō Afurika, “Central Africa”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

af

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English:_Q929

Central African Republic (a country in Central Africa)

ja:中央アフリカ共和国


スワジランド

[sɨβ̞a̠ʑiɾã̠ndo̞]

(historical) Swaziland (The former name of Eswatini, a country in Southern Africa)


サントメプリンシペ

[sã̠nto̞me̞pɯ̟ɾʲĩɰ̃ɕi̥pe̞]

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English:_Q1039

São Tomé and Príncipe (a country and archipelago in Central Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean)

ja:サントメプリンシペ


プエルトリコ

[pɯ̟e̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɾʲiko̞]

Puerto Rico (a commonwealth, island and dependent territory of the United States in the Caribbean)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Puerto Rico
ja:プエルトリコ
ja:松村明


栗原

Kurihara (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


奥田

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

The neighborhoods of Inazawa and Nishio and of Mihama, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Chikusei, Ibaraki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Okayama, Okayama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Higashiagatsumama, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Hatoyama, Saitama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yamatotakada, Nara Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Moji, Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōhira, Miyagi Prefecture.


角田

ja-pos

角(かく)田(た) or 角(すみ)田(だ) or 角(すみ)田(た) or 角(つの)田(だ) or 角(つの)田(た) • (Kakuta or Sumida or Sumita or Tsunoda or Tsunota)

角田 (canonical)
Kadota (romanization)
角田 (canonical)
Kakuda (romanization)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
Kakuta (romanization)
Sumida (romanization)
Sumita (romanization)
Tsunoda (romanization)
Tsunota (romanization)

Kakuda (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


飯塚

Iizuka (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


安達

ja:安達氏 ja:安達町 ja:安達郡

A town in Adachi district, Fukushima Prefecture


茂木

茂木 (canonical)
Mogi (romanization)
茂木 (canonical)
Motegi (romanization)


下田

Shimoda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japana)


大槻

大(おお)槻(つき) • (Ōtsuki) ^(←おほつき (Ofotuki)?)

大槻 (canonical)
Ōtsuki (romanization)
Ofotuki (romanization)
おほつき (hiragana historical)

Ōtsuki (regions in Japan):
A region of Yaita, Tochigi Prefecture.

A region of Shibata, Niigata Prefecture.


大槻

大(おお)槻(づき) • (Ōzuki) ^(←おほづき (Ofoduki)?)

大槻 (canonical)
Ōzuki (romanization)
Ofoduki (romanization)
おほづき (hiragana historical)

A region of Nakanoto, Kashima district, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.


河原

河原 (canonical)
kawara (romanization)
kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

⟨kapa para⟩ → /kap̚para/ → ⟨kapara⟩ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/
From Old Japanese.
Shift from a compound of 河 (kawa, “river”) + 原 (hara, “plain”).

a dry riverbed, especially of the 鴨川 (Kamogawa, “Kamo River”) in Kyoto

(colloquial) Short for 河原者 (kawaramono): a beggar

(colloquial) Short for 河原艾 (kawara yomogi): a species of wormwood, Artemisia capillaris


河原

河原 (canonical)
Kawara (romanization)
Kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

Kawara (a town in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


河原

河(かわ)原(はら) • (Kawahara) ^(←かははら (Kafafara)?)

河原 (canonical)
Kawahara (romanization)
Kafafara (romanization)
かははら (hiragana historical)

From 河 (kawa, “river”) + 原 (hara, “plain”).

Kawahara (a former town in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Tottori)

Kawahara (a train station in Yazu, Tottori Prefecture, Japan)


大崎

Ōsaki (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


相模

→ Chinese: 相模

→ English: Sagami

⟨saɡamu⟩ → */saɡamʉ/ → /saɡami/
Shift from Old Japanese 相模 (Sagamu), attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).

相模, 相摸: Sagami Province (an ancient province of Japan, roughly equivalent to the modern Kanagawa Prefecture)

Sagami (the neighborhoods of Kōchi, Kōchi Prefecture; of Koshigaya, Saitama Prefecture; and of Ōtsushi, Shiga Prefecture; in Japan)


越中

Etchū Province, an old province of Japan


越前

越(えち)前(ぜん) • (Echizen) ^(←ゑちぜん (Wetizen)?)

越前 (canonical)
Echizen (romanization)
Wetizen (romanization)
ゑちぜん (hiragana historical)

Echizen (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)

Echizen Province, an old province of Japan


若狭

Wakasa Province, an old province of Japan


能登

From Old Japanese (no₂to₂), from Ainu not (“cape”) or noto (“big cape”).
The kanji are ateji (当て字).

(historical) Noto Province, an old province of Japan


駿河

Suruga Province, an old province of Japan


周防

周防 (canonical)
Suō (romanization)
Sufau (romanization)
すはう (hiragana historical)


長門

Short for 長門国 (Nagato-no-kuni): Nagato Province (a province of Japan, today part of northwestern Yamaguchi Prefecture)

長門国

Short for 長門市 (Nagato-shi): Nagato (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)

長門市

Short for 長門町 (Nagato-chō): Nagato (a district in central Nagano Prefecture)


陸奥

陸奥(むつ) or 陸(みち)奥(のく) • (Mutsu or Michinoku)

陸奥 (canonical)
陸奥 (canonical)
Mutsu (romanization)
Michinoku (romanization)

Mutsu Province, an old province of Japan


伊予

(historical) Iyo Province, an old province of Japan


阿波

Awa (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


讃岐

Sanuki Province, an old province of Japan


常陸

From 日高見 (ひたかみ).

Hitachi Province, an old province of Japan


下総

下(しも)総(うさ) • (Shimōsa) ^(←しもふさ (Simofusa)?)

下総 (canonical)
Shimōsa (romanization)
Simofusa (romanization)
しもふさ (hiragana historical)

Shimōsa Province, an old province of Japan


上総

上総 (canonical)
Kazusa (romanization)
Kadusa (romanization)
かづさ (hiragana historical)

Kazusa Province, an old province of Japan


大隅

大(おお)隅(すみ) • (Ōsumi) ^(←おほすみ (Ofosumi)?)

大隅 (canonical)
Ōsumi (romanization)
Ofosumi (romanization)
おほすみ (hiragana historical)

Ōsumi Province, an old province of Japan


肥前

Hizen Province, an old province of Japan


筑後

Chikugo (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Chikugo Province, an old province of Japan


豊前

Buzen Province, an old province of Japan

Buzen (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


豊後

Bungo Province, an old province of Japan


出雲

出雲 (canonical)
Izumo (romanization)
Idumo (romanization)
いづも (hiragana historical)

Izumo (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)

Izumo Province, an old province of Japan


備後

Bingo Province, an old province of Japan


備中

[bʲit̚t͡ɕɨː]

Bitchū Province, an old province of Japan


備前

Bizen (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

Bizen Province, an old province of Japan


美作

Mimasaka (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

Mimasaka Province, an old province of Japan


伯耆

伯耆 (canonical)
Hōki (romanization)
Fauki (romanization)
はうき (hiragana historical)

(historical) Hōki Province, an old province of Japan


因幡

Inaba Province, an old province of Japan


但馬

Tajima Province, an old province of Japan


丹後

Tango Province, an old province of Japan


志摩

Shima Province, an old province of Japan


伊豆

伊豆 (canonical)
Izu (romanization)
Idu (romanization)
いづ (hiragana historical)

Izu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


下野

下野 (canonical)
Shimotsuke (romanization)

⟨simo₁tuke₂⟩ → */simʷotukei̯/ → /ɕimot͡suke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 下毛野 (Simo₁tuke₂no₁ → Shimotsukeno, literally “Lower Keno”).
The meadowsweet sense was first attested in The Pillow Book (1002), from the province where the flower was first discovered.

inh

(historical) Short for 下野国 (Shimotsuke-no-kuni): Shimotsuke Province, an old province of Japan, now part of Tochigi Prefecture

下野国

Short for 下野市 (Shimotsuke-shi): Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan) [2006–]


陸中

[ɾʲikɯ̟̊t͡ɕɨː]

Rikuchū Province, an old province of Japan


岩代

ja-pos

岩(いわ)代(しろ) • (Iwashiro) ^(←いはしろ (Ifasiro)?)

岩代 (canonical)
Iwashiro (romanization)
Ifasiro (romanization)
いはしろ (hiragana historical)

Iwashiro Province, an old province of Japan


磐城

磐城 (canonical)
Iwaki (romanization)
Ifaki (romanization)
いはき (hiragana historical)

Iwaki (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Iwaki Province, an old province of Japan


昌原

South Gyeongsang
South Gyeongsang#English

Changwon (a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea)


江原道

江原道(カンウォンド) or 江(こう)原(げん)道(どう) • (Kanwondo or Kōgendō) ^(←かうげんだう (Kaugendau)?)

江原道 (canonical)
江原道 (canonical)
Kanwondo (romanization)
Kōgendō (romanization)
Kaugendau (romanization)
かうげんだう (hiragana historical)


全羅北道

全(ぜん)羅(ら)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Zenra Hokudō) ^(←ぜんらほくだう (Zenra Fokudau)?)

全羅北道 (canonical)
Zenra Hokudō (romanization)
Zenra Fokudau (romanization)
ぜんらほくだう (hiragana historical)
全羅北道 (canonical)
Chorura Pukuto (romanization)
全羅北道 (canonical)
Chorura Pukudo (romanization)

North Jeolla (a province of South Korea)


全羅南道

全(ぜん)羅(ら)南(なん)道(どう) • (Zenra Nandō) ^(←ぜんらなんだう (Zenra Nandau)?)

全羅南道 (canonical)
Zenra Nandō (romanization)
Zenra Nandau (romanization)
ぜんらなんだう (hiragana historical)
全羅南道 (canonical)
Chorura Namudo (romanization)

South Jeolla (a province of South Korea)


亀山

Kameyama (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


葛西

Compound of 葛(か) (ka) + 西(さい) (sai, “the west”), the former an abbreviation of 葛(かつ)飾(しか)郡(ぐん) (katsushika-gun, “Katsushika District”, in Shimōsa Province); originally referring to the western half of the district.

ja-r

(loosely) The area equivalent to the western part of Katsushika district in former Shimōsa, Japan.

(strictly) An area in southern Edogawa, Tokyo prefecture, Japan.


志賀

→ Chinese: 志賀 /志贺 (Zhìhè)

→ English: Shiga

Superficially 志(し) (shi, “determination”) + 賀(が) (ga, “celebration”). Shiga, the area near Lake Biwa, was the site of Emperor Tenchi’s palace in the late 7th century. In waka poetry 志賀 is often used to evoke nostalgia for the ancient empire.
Compare 滋賀 (Shiga).

neighborhoods of Kita ward, Nagoya, and of Toyota, in Aichi Prefecture

a neighborhood of Ranzan, Saitama Prefecture

a neighborhood of Saku, Nagano Prefecture

a neighborhood of Yoshino, Nara Prefecture

the neighborhoods of Iwanuma and Misato, Miyagi Prefecture

the neighborhoods of Katsuragi and Hidaka, Wakayama Prefecture

former name for the area southwest to Biwa and around Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture, Japan.


志賀

Attested in the Man’yōshū, c. 759, in reference to Shikanoshima.


神山

Mount Kami (a mountain in Japan, Kanagawa Prefecture)


神山

ja:柊野#神山（こうやま）

Mount Kōyama (a mountain in Japan, Kyōto prefecture)


有田

Arida (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


田川

Tagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


永山

An area in Asahikawa, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan.


諏訪

Suwa (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


どい

Sound change of どえ (Doe), the reverse of 江戸 (Edo, “Edo”).

(back slang, crime) Tokyo (a major prefecture of Japan).


加州

加州 (canonical)
Kashū (romanization)
Kasiu (romanization)
かしう (hiragana historical)

2021 August 31, “米加州の山火事、リゾート地のタホ湖近くで住民や観光客が避難”, in Reuters:

米加州の山火事、リゾート地のタホ湖近くで住民や観光客が避難

Bei-Kashū no yamakaji, rizōto-chi no Taho-ko chikaku de jūmin ya kankōkyaku ga hinan

Wildfire in California: Residents and tourists near Lake Tahoe evacuate

(dated) California (a state of the United States)


豊島

豊島 (canonical)
Toshima (romanization)
豊島 (canonical)
Toyoshima (romanization)

Toshima (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


三田

Sanda (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


布施

布施 (canonical)
Fuse (romanization)
ふせ (hiragana historical)

Calque of Sanskrit दान (dāna, “generosity, giving”). Compare 檀那 (danna).

clq

A neighborhood of Minakami, Tone district, Gunma Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Takatsuki, Ika district, Shiga Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ōnan, Ōchi district and of Okinoshima, Oki district; in Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Abiko and Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Himi, Toyama Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Saku, Nagano Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Chūō, Yamanashi Prefecture.

A former city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan; now an area of western Higashiōsaka, Osaka Prefecture.


富岡

Tomioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)

Tomioka (a town in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


橄欖山

橄欖山 (canonical)
Kanranzan (romanization)


布哇

布哇国渡航条約

Obsolete spelling of ハワイ (“Hawaii (a state of the United States and former kingdom)”).


羅府

羅 (orthographic borrowing from Cantonese 羅省枝利 (lo4 saang2 zi1 lei6)) + 府 (fu, “prefecture”), coined by poet Funabashi Moshichi (船橋茂七) in 1894 for use in a Chinese poem (漢詩).

compound

orthographic borrowing from Cantonese <i class="Hant mention" lang="yue">羅省枝利</i> (lo4 saang2 zi1 lei6)

coined

(dated) Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


板橋

ja-pos

板(ばん)橋(きょう) or 板(いた)橋(はし) • (Bankyō or Itahashi)

板橋 (canonical)
Itabashi (romanization)
板橋 (canonical)
板橋 (canonical)
Bankyō (romanization)
Itahashi (romanization)

Itabashi (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


神崎

Kanzaki (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


神崎

Kōzaki (a town in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


川西

Kawanishi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


羽生

羽生 (canonical)
Hanyū (romanization)
Fanifu (romanization)
はにふ (hiragana historical)

Hanyū (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


竹原

Takehara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


井原

Ibara (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


西脇

[ɲ̟iɕiβ̞a̠kʲi]

Nishiwaki (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


シェフィールド

Sheffield (a city in South Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom)


川越

Kawagoe (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


柏原

Kashiwara (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


坂東

Bandō (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


沖田

Compound of 沖(おき) (oki, “distant place of a field”) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”).

ja-com

A neighborhood of Nakamura ward, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Yuzawa, Akita Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Ōmura, Nagasaki Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Suwa, Nagano Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yahatanishi ward, Kitakyushu and of Ōmuta, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Aizumisato, Fukushima Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nobeoka, Miyagi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nan'yō, Yamagata Prefecture.


サンサルバドル

[sã̠ɰ̃sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

San Salvador (the capital of El Salvador)


サンホセ

Borrowed from Spanish San José (“Saint Joseph”).


熊田

熊田 (canonical)
Kumada (romanization)
熊田 (canonical)
Kumata (romanization)

→ English: Kumada

From compound of くま (kuma, “curved place, corner”) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”), literally, “winding (rice) field”. The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 熊 (kuma, “bear”) is an ateji (当て字) of くま.

A neighborhood of Nagakute, Aichi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Nasukarasuyama, Tochigi Prefecture.

A neighborhood of Sabae, Fukui Prefecture.

Kumata (a neighborhood of Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan)


無錫

『無錫旅情』

"Traveling in Wuxi" (song by Daisaku Ogata)

Wuxi (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


小平

Kodaira (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


相模原

相模原 (canonical)
Sagamihara (romanization)

Sagamihara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


八王子

Hachiōji (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


松戸

Matsudo (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


尼崎

Amagasaki (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


枚方

Hirakata (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


豊中

Toyonaka (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


高槻

Takatsuki (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


平戸

Hirado (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


海門

ja-pos

海門(かいもん) or 海門(ハイメン) • (Kaimon or Haimen)


亳州

Bozhou (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


内江

Neijiang (a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China)


鎮江

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 鎮江 /镇江 (Zhènjiāng).

obor

Zhenjiang (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


丹東

Dandong (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


連合王国

ja-pos

連(れん)合(ごう)王(おう)国(こく) • (Rengō Ōkoku) ^(←れんがふわうこく (Rengafu Waukoku)?)

連合王国 (canonical)
Rengō Ōkoku (romanization)
Rengafu Waukoku (romanization)
れんがふわうこく (hiragana historical)

[ɾẽ̞ŋɡo̞ː o̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

連合 (rengō, “union”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)
連 is a daiyōji replacing 聯.

af

グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Kita Airurando Rengō Ōkoku


グレートブリテン王国

ja-pos

グレート ブリテン おうこく

グレートブリテン王(おう)国(こく) • (Gurēto Buriten Ōkoku)

グレートブリテン王国 (canonical)
Gurēto Buriten Ōkoku (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟ɾe̞ːto̞ bɯ̟ɾʲite̞ɰ̃ o̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

グレートブリテン (Gurēto Buriten, “Great Britain”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

compound

Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Great Britain

(historical) the Kingdom of Great Britain

ja:グレートブリテン王国


グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国

ja-pos

^グレート ^ブリテン および ^きた ^アイルランド ^れんごう ^おうこく

グレートブリテン及(およ)び北(きた)アイルランド連(れん)合(ごう)王(おう)国(こく) • (Gurēto Buriten oyobi Kita Airurando Rengō Ōkoku)

グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国 (canonical)

[ɡɯ̟ɾe̞ːto̞ bɯ̟ɾʲite̞ɰ̃ o̞jo̞bʲi kʲi̥ta̠ a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞ ɾẽ̞ŋɡo̞ː o̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

Calque of English United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, equivalent to グレートブリテン (Gurēto Buriten, “Great Britain”) + 及び (oyobi, “and”) + 北アイルランド (Kita Airurando, “Northern Ireland”) + 連合王国 (Rengō Ōkoku, “United Kingdom”).

af

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

en-グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国-ja-name-JHerM71p

グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Airurando Rengō Ōkoku


グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国

ja-pos

^グレート ^ブリテン および ^アイルランド ^れんごう ^おうこく

グレートブリテン及(およ)びアイルランド連(れん)合(ごう)王(おう)国(こく) • (Gurēto Buriten oyobi Airurando Rengō Ōkoku)

グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国 (canonical)

[ɡɯ̟ɾe̞ːto̞ bɯ̟ɾʲite̞ɰ̃ o̞jo̞bʲi a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞ ɾẽ̞ŋɡo̞ː o̞ːko̞kɯ̟]

From グレートブリテン (Gurēto Buriten, “Great Britain”) + 及び (oyobi, “and”) + アイルランド (Airurando, “Ireland”) + 連合王国 (Rengō Ōkoku, “United Kingdom”), calque of English United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

cal

(historical) the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

en-グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国-ja-name-9fUp5x60


原宿

[ha̠ɾa̠ʑɨkɯ̟]

Literally "inn in the open fields", from 原(はら) (hara, “uncultivated field”) + 宿(しゅく) (shuku, “inn”).

Harajuku (a neighborhood of Shibuya, Tokyo)


小浜

Compound of 小 (o, “small, little”) + 浜 (hama, “beach, shore”). The hama changes to bama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Piecewise doublet of etymology 2.

compound

Obama (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


妙高

ja-pos

妙(みょう)高(こう) • (Myōkō) ^(←めうかう (Meukau)?)

妙高 (canonical)
Myōkō (romanization)
Meukau (romanization)
めうかう (hiragana historical)

Myōkō (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


伊太利

Dated spelling of イタリー.: Italy (a country in Southern Europe)


ペンシルバニア州

ペンシルバニア州 (canonical)
Penshirubania Shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America#English

Pennsylvania (the 2nd state of the United States of America)


ヌアクショット

[nɯ̟a̠kɯ̟ɕo̞t̚to̞]


ブラザヴィル

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Brazzaville (a city, the capital city of the Republic of the Congo)


ビサウ

Bissau (the capital city of Guinea-Bissau)


ブジュンブラ

[bɯ̟ʑɨ̃mbɯ̟ɾa̠]


フリータウン

[ɸɯ̟ɾʲiːta̠ɯ̟̃ɴ]


リーブルヴィル

[ɾʲiːbɯ̟ɾɯ̟bʲiɾɯ̟]


サントメ

From Portuguese São Tomé (literally “Saint Thomas”).


マラボ

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English

Malabo (the capital city of Equatorial Guinea)


リロングウェ

[ɾʲiɾõ̞ŋɡɯ̟β̞e̞]

Lilongwe (a city, the capital city of Malawi)


ラゴス

Lagos (a port and former capital of Nigeria)


ダルエスサラーム

[da̠ɾɯ̟e̞sɨ̥sa̠ɾa̠ːmɯ̟]

Dar es Salaam (the largest city and the former capital of Tanzania)


ポルトノボ

Porto-Novo (the official capital of Benin)


プライア

Borrowed from Portuguese Praia (“Beach”).


カイエンヌ

[ka̠iẽ̞nːɯ̟]

Cayenne (the capital of the French Guiana department)


プリシュティナ

[pɯ̟ɾʲiɕɨtʲi̥na̠]


ナッソー

ja-pos

ナッソー • (Nassō)


櫻井

櫻(さくら)井(い) • (Sakurai) ^(←さくらゐ (Sakurawi)?)

櫻井 (canonical)
Sakurai (romanization)
Sakurawi (romanization)
さくらゐ (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 櫻井 /樱井 (Yīngjǐng)

→ English: Sakurai

Sakurai (a neighborhood of Asahi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


バセテール

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


ブリッジタウン

[bɯ̟ɾʲid̚d͡ʑita̠ɯ̟̃ɴ]


ポルトープランス

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ːpɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

Port-au-Prince (the capital city of Haiti)


ポートオブスペイン

^ポート オブ ^スペイン

[po̞ːto̞ o̞bɯ̟ sɨ̥pẽ̞ːɴ]

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English

Port of Spain (the capital city of Trinidad and Tobago)

ja:ポートオブスペイン


ロゾー

ロゾー • (Rozō)


キングスタウン

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English

Kingstown (the capital city of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Kingstown (a rural village in the New England region, New South Wales, Australia)

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

Kingstown (a townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland)

Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown#English

(historical) Kingstown (the former name of Dún Laoghaire, a suburban coastal town in Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, Ireland)

census-designated place
census-designated place

Queen Anne's County
Queen Anne's County#English

Kingstown (a census-designated place in Queen Anne's County, Maryland, United States)

Cleveland County
Cleveland County#English

Kingstown (a town in Cleveland County, North Carolina, United States)


サントドミンゴ

From Spanish Santo Domingo (literally “Saint Dominic”).

bor

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Santo Domingo (the capital city of the Dominican Republic)


ポートルイス

Port Louis (the capital city of Mauritius)


ワガドゥグー

[β̞a̠ɡa̠dɯ̟ɡɯ̟ː]

Ouagadougou (the capital of Burkina Faso)


石岡

Ishioka (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


烏魯木斉

烏魯木斉 (canonical)
Urumuchi (romanization)

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟mɯ̟t͡ɕi]

The kanji are ateji (当て字), orthographic borrowing from Mandarin 烏魯木齊 /乌鲁木齐 (Wūlǔmùqí, “Ürümqi”).

obor

Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China)


フィレンツェ

From Italian Firenze. Doublet of フローレンス (Furōrensu).


ジュネーヴ

ja-pos

ジュネーヴ • (Junēvu)


比律賓

フィリピン フィリピン#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of フィリピン.: Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


亜爾然丁

亜爾然丁 (canonical)
Aruzenchin (romanization)

アルゼンチン アルゼンチン#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of アルゼンチン.: Argentina (a country in South America)


哥倫比亜

哥倫比亜 (canonical)
Koronbia (romanization)

The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Mandarin 哥倫比亞 /哥伦比亚 (Gēlúnbǐyà)

コロンビア コロンビア#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of コロンビア (“Colombia (a country in South America)”).


秘露

秘露(ペルー) • (Perū)

Ateji (当て字), with 「秘」 from Chinese 秘魯 /秘鲁

Obsolete spelling of ペルー (“Peru (a country)”).


新嘉坡

新嘉坡 (canonical)
Shingapōru (romanization)

シンガポール シンガポール#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of シンガポール.: Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


ボンベイ

ja:ボンベイ (曖昧さ回避)

Bombay, Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


マルセイユ

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Marseille (the capital city of the Bouches-du-Rhône department, France; capital city of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)


馬耳塞

馬耳塞 (canonical)
Maruseiyu (romanization)

マルセイユ マルセイユ#Japanese

Obsolete spelling of マルセイユ (“Marseille”).


市俄古

三月十六日―――市俄古見物に行かうと定めた日である。

(Can we date this quote?), 永井荷風, “市俄古の二日”, in あめりか物語:

Obsolete spelling of シカゴ (Shikago, “Chicago (a city in Illinois, United States)”).


朝霞

Asaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


白頭山

白頭山 (canonical)
Pekutusan (romanization)

[pe̞kɯ̟tɯ̟sã̠ɴ]

Paektu Mountain (a mountain on the border between North Korea and China)


白頭山

白頭山 (canonical)
Pekutosan (romanization)

From Korean 백두산(白頭山) (baekdusan), with an irregular vowel suited to Japanese phonology.

(less common) Alternative form of 白頭山 (Pekutusan, “Paektu Mountain (a mountain on the border between North Korea and China)”)


白頭山

白(はく)頭(とう)山(さん) • (Hakutōsan) ^(←はくとうさん (Fakutousan)?)

白頭山 (canonical)
Hakutōsan (romanization)
Fakutousan (romanization)
はくとうさん (hiragana historical)

[ha̠kɯ̟to̞ːsã̠ɴ]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 백두산(白頭山) (baekdusan).


秋津

ja:秋津村 ja:秋津町 ja:秋津駅

Akitsu (a town in Higashimurayama, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Akitsu (a town in Meitoku district, Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

Akitsu (a town in Higashi district, Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


鶏冠

/kei kʷan/ → /keːkan/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 雞冠 (MC kej kwan).

Jiguan (a district of Heilongjiang, China)


スパルタ

ja:スパルタ (曖昧さ回避)

[sɨ̥pa̠ɾɯ̟ta̠]

Sparta (an ancient city-state in Greece)


葡国

葡 (po, “Portugal”) + 国 (-koku, “country”)


セントルシア

[sẽ̞nto̞ɾɯ̟ɕia̠]

Saint Lucia (an island and country in the Caribbean)


トリニダード・トバゴ

トリニダード (Torinidādo, “Trinidad”) + トバゴ (“Tobago”)

compound

Trinidad and Tobago (a country consisting of two main islands in the Caribbean)

ja:トリニダード・トバゴ


南ベトナム

南ベトナム (canonical)
Minami Betonamu (romanization)


北ベトナム

北ベトナム (canonical)
Kita Betonamu (romanization)


金陵

[kʲĩn̺ɾʲo̞ː]

(archaic) Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


村長

ja-noun

村(そん)長(ちょう) • (sonchō) ^(←そんちやう (sontyau)?)

村長 (canonical)
sonchō (romanization)
sontyau (romanization)
そんちやう (hiragana historical)

[sõ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]

From 村 (son, “village”) + 長 (-chō, “head”).


東江

A town in Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan


東江

(history) A village in Kaizu district, Gifu Prefecture, Japan


東江

ja-pos

東(とう)江(こう) • (Tōkō)


伯州

伯(はく)州(しゅう) • (Hakushū) ^(←はくしう (Fakusiu)?)

伯州 (canonical)
Hakushū (romanization)
Fakusiu (romanization)
はくしう (hiragana historical)

(historical) Hōki, an old province of Japan


フナフティ

[ɸɯ̟na̠ɸɯ̟tʲi]


ヌクアロファ

[nɯ̟kɯ̟a̠ɾo̞ɸa̠]

From Tongan Nukuʻalofa, from nuku (“abode”) + alofa (“love”). Literally, “abode of love”.


ツバル

[t͡sɨba̠ɾɯ̟]

Tuvalu (a country and archipelago in Polynesia in Oceania)


オーストラリア連邦

オーストラリア れんぽう

オーストラリア連邦 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria Renpō (romanization)

Calque of English Commonwealth of Australia, equivalent to オーストラリア (Ōsutoraria, “Australia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”)

af

Commonwealth of Australia
Commonwealth of Australia


バークレー

ja-pos

バークレー • (Bākurē)

Berkeley (a city in California, United States)


ネブラスカ

ja:ネブラスカ (曖昧さ回避)


カシミール

[ka̠ɕimʲiːɾɯ̟]


文京

Bunkyō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


杉並

Suginami (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


根室

From Ainu ネㇺ オロ コタン (nem oro kotan, “place of ponds”).

bor

Nemuro (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)

Nemuro (a subprefecture of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


尼国

From Chinese 印度尼西亞 /印度尼西亚 (“Indonesia”).


チワワ

ja:チワワ (曖昧さ回避)

[t͡ɕiβ̞a̠β̞a̠]


チワワ

ja:チワワ (曖昧さ回避)

[t͡ɕiβ̞a̠β̞a̠]


丸子

A district of Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture


酒田

Sakata (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


佐倉

Literally “assistant, helper” + “warehouse”.

Sakura (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


アルメニア共和国

ja-pos

アルメニア きょうわこく

アルメニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Arumenia Kyōwakoku)

アルメニア共和国 (canonical)
Arumenia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[a̠ɾɯ̟me̞ɲ̟ia̠ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

アルメニア (Arumenia, “Armenia”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


バーミューダ

ja-pos

バーミューダ • (Bāmyūda)

2003 July 30 [1983 June 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太の海底鬼岩城 [Nobita and the Castle of the Undersea Devil] (大長編ドラえもん; 4), 106th edition, volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 56:

The vertices of the Triangle are in the headland of the peninsula of Florida, Puerto Rico and Bermuda.

フロリダ半島の先っぽと、プエルトリコ島とバーミューダ島をむすんだ三角海域さ。

三角海域 トライアングル

Furorida-hantō no sakippo to, Pueruto Riko-tō to Bāmyūda-tō o musunda Toraianguru sa.

バミューダ バミューダ#Japanese

Alternative form of バミューダ (Bamyūda): Bermuda (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the North Atlantic Ocean)


ペルー共和国

ペルー共和国 (canonical)
Perū Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ペルー (Perū, “Peru”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


尼羅河

尼羅河 (canonical)
Nairu-gawa (romanization)

[na̠iɾɯ̟ɡa̠β̞a̠]

Obsolete spelling of ナイル川 (“the Nile (a river in Africa)”).


レア

ja:レア
ja:レア (旧約聖書)


レア

Alternative form of レアー (Reā, “Rhea”) (goddess)


パプア

Borrowed from English Papua, from Malay Papua.


大英帝国

大英帝国 (canonical)
Daiei Teikoku (romanization)

大 (dai, “great”) + 英 (ei, “Britain”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)

ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典
w:ja:ブリタニカ国際大百科事典


象牙海岸

象牙海岸 (canonical)
Zōge Kaigan (romanization)

From Chinese 象牙海岸 (Xiàngyá Hǎi'àn), equivalent to 象牙 (zōge, “elephant tusk, ivory”) + 海岸 (kaigan, “coast”), calque of French Côte d’Ivoire.

af

コートジボワール コートジボワール#Japanese

(obsolete) Synonym of コートジボワール (Kōto Jibowāru, “Côte d'Ivoire”): Ivory Coast (a country in West Africa)


アイルランド共和国

ja-pos

アイルランド きょうわこく

アイルランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Airurando Kyōwakoku)

アイルランド共和国 (canonical)
Airurando Kyōwakoku (romanization)

アイルランド (Airurando, “Ireland”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


ブレスト

ja:ブレスト
ja:ブレスト (フランス)

[bɯ̟ɾe̞sɨ̥to̞]


ブレスト

ja:ブレスト
ja:ブレスト (ベラルーシ)

[bɯ̟ɾe̞sɨ̥to̞]


鶏冠山

鶏冠山 (canonical)
Keikanzan (romanization)

[ke̞ːkã̠nd͡zã̠ɴ]

鶏冠 (keikan) + 山 (san). The san changes to zan as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

a mountain in Kōshū, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan


鶏冠山

鶏冠山 (canonical)
Tosakayama (romanization)

a mountain in Yamanashi, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan


マケドニア共和国

ja-pos

マケドニア きょうわこく

マケドニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Makedonia Kyōwakoku)

マケドニア共和国 (canonical)
Makedonia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

マケドニア (Makedonia, “Macedonia”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of Macedonia
Republic of Macedonia


フランス領ポリネシア

ja-pos

^フランス-りょう ^ポリネシア

フランス領(りょう)ポリネシア • (Furansu-ryō Porineshia)

フランス領ポリネシア (canonical)
Furansu-ryō Porineshia (romanization)

フランス (Furanse, “France”) + 領 (ryō, “reign”) + ポリネシア (Porineshia, “Polynesia”)

com

French Polynesia
French Polynesia#English

French Polynesia (an archipelago and overseas territory of France in Oceania)

ja:フランス領ポリネシア


チューリッヒ

[t͡ɕɨːɾʲiçːi]


三和

Compound of 三 (mi, “three”) + 和 (wa, “harmony”).


三和

Compound of 三つ (mitsu, “three”) + わ (wa, “harmony”).


金成

金成 (canonical)
Kanari (romanization)
金成 (canonical)
Kannari (romanization)


三条

Sanjō (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


渡瀬

ja-pos

渡(わたら)瀬(せ) or 渡(わた)瀬(せ) or 渡(わた)瀬(ぜ) • (Watarase or Watase or Wataze)

渡瀬 (canonical)
渡瀬 (canonical)
渡瀬 (canonical)
Watarase (romanization)
Watase (romanization)
Wataze (romanization)

Watase (a district of the city of Miyama, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Wataze (a railway station in the city of Miyama, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Watarase (a railway station in the city of Tatebayashi, Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


緑川

緑(みどり)川(かわ) or 緑(みどり)川(がわ) • (Midorikawa or Midorigawa)

緑川 (canonical)
緑川 (canonical)
Midorikawa (romanization)
Midorigawa (romanization)
緑川 (canonical)
Midorikawa (romanization)

ja:緑川
ja:緑川 (曖昧さ回避)


アマゾン

アマゾーン アマゾーン#Japanese

Alternative form of アマゾーン (Amazōn, “Amazons”)


ナイル

ナイル川


慶尚北道

^けいしゃう ^ほくだう

慶(けい)尚(しょう)北(ほく)道(どう) • (Keishō Hokudō) ^(←けいしゃうほくだう (Keisyau Fokudau)?)

慶尚北道 (canonical)
Keishō Hokudō (romanization)
Keisyau Fokudau (romanization)
けいしゃうほくだう (hiragana historical)
慶尚北道 (canonical)
Kyonsan Pukuto (romanization)
慶尚北道 (canonical)
Kyonsan Pukudo (romanization)

North Gyeongsang
w:North Gyeongsang Province

North Gyeongsang (a province of South Korea)


慶尚南道

^けいしゃう ^なんだう

慶(けい)尚(しょう)南(なん)道(どう) • (Keishō Nandō) ^(←けいしゃうなんだう (Keisyau Nandau)?)

慶尚南道 (canonical)
Keishō Nandō (romanization)
Keisyau Nandau (romanization)
けいしゃうなんだう (hiragana historical)
慶尚南道 (canonical)
Kyonsan Namudo (romanization)

South Gyeongsang
w:South Gyeongsang Province

South Gyeongsang (a province of South Korea)


フェンリル

[ɸẽ̞n̺ɾʲiɾɯ̟]


神聖ローマ帝国

しんせい ローマ ていこく

神(しん)聖(せい)ローマ帝(てい)国(こく) • (Shinsei Rōma Teikoku)

神聖ローマ帝国 (canonical)
Shinsei Rōma Teikoku (romanization)

神聖 (shinsei, “holy”) + ローマ帝国 (Rōma Teikoku, “Roman Empire”)


ローマ帝国

ローマ帝国 (canonical)
Rōma Teikoku (romanization)

ローマ (Rōma, “Rome”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)


プエルトリコ自治連邦区

ja-pos

プエルト リコ じち れんぽうく

プエルトリコ自(じ)治(ち)連(れん)邦(ぽう)区(く) • (Pueruto Riko Jichi Renpōku)

プエルトリコ自治連邦区 (canonical)
Pueruto Riko Jichi Renpōku (romanization)

プエルトリコ (Pueruto Riko, “Puerto Rico”) + 自治 (jichi, “autonomy”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 区 (ku, “area”)

compound

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico#English

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (the official name of Puerto Rico, a commonwealth, island and dependent territory of the United States)


ベネチア

Benechia (romanization)
Venetia (romanization)
ヹネチア (historical katakana)

Venice (a port city in Veneto, on the Adriatic, in northeastern Italy)


ベニス

Benisu (romanization)
Venisu (romanization)
ヹニス (historical katakana)


トロイア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Τροία (Troía)


カンボジア王国

ja-pos

カンボジア王(おう)国(こく) • (Kanbojia Ōkoku) ^(←カンボヂアわうこく (Kanbodia Waukoku)?)

カンボジア王国 (canonical)
Kanbojia Ōkoku (romanization)
Kanbodia Waukoku (romanization)
カンボヂアわうこく (historical katakana)

カンボジア (Kanbojia, “Cambodia”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


カンプチア

Borrowed from Khmer កម្ពុជា (kampuciə). Doublet of カンボジア (“Cambodia”).


シャンパーニュ

From French Champagne. Doublet of シャンパン (shanpan, “champagne”) and キャンペーン (kyanpēn, “campaign”).

doublet

ja:シャンパーニュ
ja:シャンパーニュ (曖昧さ回避)

Champagne (a region and former province of France, the terroir of the wine champagne; now part of Grand Est)


シャンペーン

ja-pos

シャンペーン • (Shanpēn)


リオデジャネイロ

^リオ デ ^ジャネイロ

Borrowed from Portuguese Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro (a municipality, the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

Rio de Janeiro (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)


魯国

(obsolete, now offensive) Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


出水

出(いで)水(みず) • (Idemizu) ^(←いでみづ (Idemidu)?)

出水 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
Idumi (romanization)
いづみ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
出水 (canonical)
Idemizu (romanization)
Idemidu (romanization)
いでみづ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Idemi (romanization)
出水 (canonical)
Imizu (romanization)
Imidu (romanization)
いみづ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Idekami (romanization)

Compound of 出(い)づ (izu, “to go or come out”) + 水(み) (mi, “water”); literally, “water that comes out”.

ja-com

Izumi (a city and train station in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

Izumi (the neighborhoods of Kumamoto and Jōnan, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)

Izumi (a neighborhood of Katō, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)

Idemizu (a neighborhood of Katsuura, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


出水

出水 (canonical)
Demizu (romanization)
Demidu (romanization)
でみづ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 出(で) (de, “act of going or coming out”) + 水(みず) (mizu, “water”); literally, “act of water coming out”.

Demizu (a neighborhood of Kamigyō, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)

Demizu (a neighborhood of Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


六国

ja-noun

六(りっ)国(こく) or 六(りく)国(こく) or 六(ろっ)国(こく) • (rikkoku or rikukoku or rokkoku)

六国 (canonical)
六国 (canonical)
六国 (canonical)
rikkoku (romanization)
rikukoku (romanization)
rokkoku (romanization)

(history) the Six States (韓(かん) (Kan, “Han”), 魏(ぎ) (Gi, “Wei”), 趙(ちょう) (Chō, “Zhao”), 斉(せい) (Sei, “Qi”), 楚(そ) (So, “Chu”), 燕(えん) (En, “Yan”))


南大洋

ja-pos

南(なん)大(たい)洋(よう) • (Nantaiyō) ^(←なんたいやう (Nantaiyau)?)

南大洋 (canonical)
Nantaiyō (romanization)
Nantaiyau (romanization)
なんたいやう (hiragana historical)


北氷洋

北(ほっ)氷(ぴょう)洋(よう) • (Hoppyōyō) ^(←ほくぴようやう (Fokupyouyau)?)

北氷洋 (canonical)
Hoppyōyō (romanization)
Fokupyouyau (romanization)
ほくぴようやう (hiragana historical)


呂宋

Alternative spelling of ルソン (“Luzon; the Philippines”)


呂宋

Alternative spelling of ルスン (“Luzon; the Philippines”)


武蔵野

武蔵野 (canonical)
Musashino (romanization)

Musashino (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


オーランド

オーランド • (Ōrando)

オーランド市


ザイール共和国

ザイール共和国 (canonical)
Zaīru Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ザイール (Zaīru, “Zaire”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

1985 September 25, Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)の大(だい)魔(ま)境(きょう) [Nobita’s Demonic Haunt] (大長編ドラえもん; 3), volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 40:

The Republic of Zaire is located around the center of Africa. It is six and a half times larger than Japan.

そのアフリカ大陸ほぼ中央にザイール共和国がある。面積は日本の六倍半にもおよぶ。

Sono Afurika tairiku hobo chūō ni Zaīru Kyōwakoku ga aru. Menseki wa Nippon no rokubaihan ni mo oyobu.


レオポルドヴィル

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

(history) Leopoldville (a city, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


シラクサ

From Italian Siracusa. Doublet of シラキュース (Shirakyūsu).

ja:シラクサ ja:シラクーザ県


シラキュース

From English Syracuse. Doublet of シラクサ (Shirakusa).


スイス連邦

スイス連邦 (canonical)
Suisu Renpō (romanization)

スイス (Suisu, “Switzerland”) + 連邦 (renpō, “confederation”)


ラオス人民民主共和国

ja-pos

ラオス じんみん みんしゅ きょうわこく

ラオス人(じん)民(みん)民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Raosu Jinmin Minshu Kyōwakoku)

ラオス人民民主共和国 (canonical)
Raosu Jinmin Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Blend of ラオス (Raosu, “Laos”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”)

blend

Lao People's Democratic Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic


イギリス帝国

イギリス帝国 (canonical)
Igirisu Teikoku (romanization)

イギリス (Igirisu, “Britain”) + 帝国 (teikoku, “empire”)


イギリス連邦

イギリス連邦 (canonical)
Igirisu Renpō (romanization)

イギリス (Igirisu, “Britain”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation; confederation”)

British Commonwealth
British Commonwealth

Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth of Nations

the British Commonwealth; the Commonwealth of Nations


ブルターニュ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ta̠ːɲ̟ɨ]

From French Bretagne. Doublet of ブリテン (Buriten, “Britain”).

administrative region
administrative region

Brittany (an administrative region, historical province, and peninsula in northwest France)

ja:ブルターニュ (曖昧さ回避)


アンコール

ja-pos

アンコール • (Ankōru)

[ã̠ŋko̞ːɾɯ̟]

Angkor
Daijisen
Encore
ja:アンコール (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

Angkor (the ancient capital of the Khmer Empire, in northern Cambodia)

アンコール・ワット

Angkor Wat, a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world

アンコール・トム

Angkor Thom, the last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer empire


バーリン

バーリン • (Bārin)

Borrowed from English Berlin, from German Berlin.


イギリス英語

イギリス英語 (canonical)
Igirisu Eigo (romanization)

イギリス (Igirisu, “Britain”) + 英語 (Eigo, “English language”)


スコットランド英語

スコットランド英語 (canonical)
Sukottorando Eigo (romanization)

スコットランド (Sukottorando, “Britain”) + 英語 (Eigo, “English language”)

compound

ja:スコットランド英語


シーランド

シーランド公国


アンドラ・ラ・ベリャ

ja-pos

^アンドラ・ラ・^ベリャ

[ã̠ndo̞ɾa̠ ɾa̠ be̞ɾʲa̠]

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella#English

Andorra la Vella (the capital city of Andorra)

ja:アンドラ・ラ・ベリャ


アンドーラ

アンドーラ • (Andōra)


リヒテンシュタイン公国

リヒテンシュタイン こうこく

リヒテンシュタイン公(こう)国(こく) • (Rihitenshutain Kōkoku)

リヒテンシュタイン公国 (canonical)
Rihitenshutain Kōkoku (romanization)

リヒテンシュタイン (Rihitenshutain, “Liechtenstein”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “principality”)

compound

Principality of Liechtenstein
Principality of Liechtenstein


モナコ公国

モナコ公国 (canonical)
Monako Kōkoku (romanization)

モナコ (Monako, “Monaco”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “principality”)

Principality of Monaco
Principality of Monaco


ルクセンブルク大公国

ja-pos

ルクセンブルク たいこうこく

ルクセンブルク大(たい)公(こう)国(こく) • (Rukusenburuku Taikōkoku)

ルクセンブルク大公国 (canonical)
Rukusenburuku Taikōkoku (romanization)

ルクセンブルク (Rukusenburuku, “Luxembourg”) + 大公国 (taikōkoku, “grand duchy”)

af

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg


ルクセンブルク市

ルクセンブルク市 (canonical)
Rukusenburuku Shi (romanization)

ルクセンブルク (Rukusenburuku, “Luxembourg”) + 市 (-shi, “city”)

suffix

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)


リュクサンブール

[ɾʲɨkɯ̟sã̠mbɯ̟ːɾɯ̟]

From French Luxembourg. Doublet of ルクセンブルク (Rukusenburuku) and ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu).

doublet

ja:リュクサンブール州


ラクセンバーグ

[ɾa̠kɯ̟sẽ̞mba̠ːɡɯ̟]

From English Luxemburg. Doublet of ルクセンブルク (Rukusenburuku) and リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru).


バチカン市国

バチカン市国 (canonical)
Bachikan Shikoku (romanization)

[ba̠t͡ɕi̥ka̠ɰ̃ ɕi̥ko̞kɯ̟]

バチカン (Bachikan, “Vatican”) + 市国 (shikoku, “city state”)

af

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)

ja:バチカン市国 (世界遺産)


スロバキア共和国

ja-pos

スロバキア きょうわこく

スロバキア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Surobakia Kyōwakoku)

スロバキア共和国 (canonical)
Surobakia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

スロバキア (Surobakia, “Slovakia”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


チェコスロバキア社会主義共和国

ja-pos

チェコスロバキア しゃかい しゅぎ きょうわこく

チェコスロバキア社(しゃ)会(かい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chekosurobakia Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku)

チェコスロバキア社会主義共和国 (canonical)
Chekosurobakia Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku (romanization)

チェコスロバキア (Chekosurobakia, “Czechoslovakia”) + 社会主義 (shakai shugi, “socialism”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

(history) the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

ja:チェコスロバキア社会主義共和国


セルビア共和国

ja-pos

セルビア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Serubia Kyōwakoku)

セルビア共和国 (canonical)
Serubia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

セルビア (Serubia, “Serbia”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


セルビア・モンテネグロ連邦

ja-pos

^セルビア・^モンテネグロ ^れんぽう

セルビア・モンテネグロ連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Serubia Monteneguro Renpō)

セルビア・モンテネグロ連邦 (canonical)
Serubia Monteneguro Renpō (romanization)

セルビア・モンテネグロ (Serubia Monteneguro, “Serbia and Montenegro”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”)

compound

State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro

(history) the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro


珠江

珠江 (canonical)
Shukō (romanization)
Syukau (romanization)
しゆかう (hiragana historical)

Pearl River (a major river in southern China)


ナイジェリア連邦共和国

ja-pos

ナイジェリア れんぽう きょうわこく

ナイジェリア連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Naijeria Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ナイジェリア連邦共和国 (canonical)
Naijeria Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ナイジェリア (Naijeria, “Nigeria”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Federal Republic of Nigeria
Federal Republic of Nigeria


メキシコ合衆国

ja-pos

メキシコ がっしゅうこく

メキシコ合(がっ)衆(しゅう)国(こく) • (Mekishiko Gasshūkoku)

メキシコ合衆国 (canonical)
Mekishiko Gasshūkoku (romanization)

メキシコ (Mekishiko, “Mexico”) + 合衆国 (Gasshūkoku, “United States”)

af

United Mexican States
United Mexican States


トリニダード・トバゴ共和国

ja-pos

トリニダード・トバゴ きょうわこく

トリニダード・トバゴ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Torinidādo Tobago Kyōwakoku)

トリニダード・トバゴ共和国 (canonical)
Torinidādo Tobago Kyōwakoku (romanization)

トリニダード・トバゴ (Torinidādo Tobago, “Trinidad and Tobago”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

compound

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago


スペイン国

スペイン国 (canonical)
Supein-koku (romanization)

スペイン (Supein, “Spain”) + 国 (-koku, “state”), calque of Spanish Estado español


スペイン王国

スペイン王国 (canonical)
Supein Ōkoku (romanization)

スペイン (Supein, “Spain”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


マドリッド

Borrowed from English Madrid, from Spanish Madrid.

Madrid (a small town in Houston County, Alabama, United States).

Las Animas County
Las Animas County#English

Madrid (a ghost town in Las Animas County, Colorado, United States).

Madrid (a small city in Douglas Township, Boone County, Iowa, United States).

unorganized territory
unorganized territory

Madrid (a former town in Franklin County, Maine, United States, now unorganized territory).

Madrid (a village in Perkins County, Nebraska, United States).

census-designated place
census-designated place

Madrid (a census-designated place in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States).

St. Lawrence County
St. Lawrence County#English

Madrid (a town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States).


トリニダード

Trinidad (in Trinidad and Tobago and the US)


トリニダ

Trinidad (in Bolivia, Cuba and Paraguay)


デモイン

Des Moines (a river in the United States)


ブリティッシュコロンビア

ja-pos

ブリティッシュ コロンビア

[bɯ̟ɾʲitʲiɕːɨ̥ ko̞ɾõ̞mbʲia̠]

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

ja:ブリティッシュコロンビア州


ケベック・シティー

Quebec City (a city, the provincial capital of Quebec, Canada)

ja:ケベック・シティー


チェシャー

チェシャー • (Cheshā)

Cheshire (a county in northwestern England)


府中

ja:府中市 (東京都)


三鷹

Compound of 三(み) (mi, “three”) + 鷹(たか) (taka, “hawks”).


ミャンマー連邦共和国

ja-pos

ミャンマー れんぽう きょうわこく

ミャンマー連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Myanmā Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ミャンマー連邦共和国 (canonical)
Myanmā Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ミャンマー (Myanmā, “Myanmar”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Republic of the Union of Myanmar


コネチカット

ja:コネチカット (曖昧さ回避)


ミシガン

From English Michigan, from Ojibwe mishigami.

ミシガン州

ja:ミシガン (曖昧さ回避)


ミズーリ

ja:ミズーリ (曖昧さ回避)


ニューハンプシャー

ja-pos

ニューハンプシャー • (Nyū Hanpushā)

[ɲ̟ɨːhã̠mpɯ̟̊ɕa̠ː]

ja:ニューハンプシャー (曖昧さ回避)


アンカレッジ

ja:アンカレッジ (曖昧さ回避)


バトンルージュ

Baton Rouge (a city, the state capital of Louisiana, United States)


バーミングハム

Borrowed from American English Birmingham.

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

Birmingham (a city, the county seat of Jefferson County, Alabama, United States)


ボイシ

ja:ボイシ (曖昧さ回避)


ベリック・アポン・ツイード

^ベリック・アポン・^ツイード

Borrowed from English Berwick-upon-Tweed.

ja:ベリック・アポン・ツイード


カーナーヴォン

カーナーヴォン • (Kānāvon)


グロスター

Borrowed from English Gloucester, Glocester.

ja:グロスター (曖昧さ回避)


グレート・ヤーマス

グレート・ヤーマス • (Gurēto Yāmasu)

ja:グレート・ヤーマス


レスター

ja:レスター (曖昧さ回避)


レスター

ja:レスター (曖昧さ回避)


レディング

ja:レディング (曖昧さ回避)


ソールズベリー

ソールズベリー • (Sōruzuberī)

ja:ソールズベリー (曖昧さ回避)


ウスター

ウスター • (Usutā)

ja:ウスター (曖昧さ回避)


プリンスエドワードアイランド

プリンス エドワード アイランド

プリンスエドワードアイランド • (Purinsu Edowādo Airando)

[pɯ̟ɾʲĩɰ̃sɨ e̞do̞β̞a̠ːdo̞ a̠iɾã̠ndo̞]

Borrowed from English Prince Edward Island.

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island

ja:プリンスエドワードアイランド州


ウィントフック

[β̞ĩnto̞ɸɯ̟k̚kɯ̟]

Borrowed from Afrikaans/Dutch Windhoek, from wind (“wind”) + hoek (“corner, angle”).

Windhoek (a city, the capital city of Namibia)


エクアドル共和国

エクアドル きょうわこく

エクアドル共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Ekuadoru Kyōwakoku)

エクアドル共和国 (canonical)
Ekuadoru Kyōwakoku (romanization)

エクアドル (Ekuadoru, “Ecuador”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


ラスベガス

Las Vegas (a city in Nevada, United States)

ja:ラスベガス (曖昧さ回避)


エル・パソ

Borrowed from Spanish El Paso (“The Pass”).


サンアントニオ

Borrowed from Spanish San Antonio (“Saint Anthony”).


サンディエゴ

San Diego (a city in California, United States)

ja:サンディエゴ (曖昧さ回避)


サンノゼ

Borrowed from English San Jose, from Spanish San José (“Saint Joseph”).

San Jose (a city in California, United States)


サンタフェ

From Spanish Santa Fe (literally “Holy Faith”).


サンタフェ

From Portuguese Santa Fé (literally “Holy Faith”).

Santa Fé (a municipality of Paraná, Brazil)


グリーンウィッチ

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲĩːɰ̃β̞it̚t͡ɕi]

Borrowed from English Greenwich. Doublet of グリニッジ (Gurinijji).

ja:グリーンウィッチ島


ドミニカ国

ドミニカ国 (canonical)
Dominika-koku (romanization)

ドミニカ (Dominika, “Dominica”) + 国 (-koku, “country”)

suf

Dominica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


練馬

Nerima (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


シャイアン

Cheyenne (a river in Wyoming and South Dakota)


アルバニア共和国

ja-pos

アルバニア きょうわこく

アルバニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Arubania Kyōwakoku)

アルバニア共和国 (canonical)
Arubania Kyōwakoku (romanization)

アルバニア (Arubania, “Albania”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


アルバニア社会主義人民共和国

ja-pos

アルバニア しゃかい しゅぎ じんみん きょうわこく

アルバニア社(しゃ)会(かい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Arubania Shakai Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku)

アルバニア社会主義人民共和国 (canonical)
Arubania Shakai Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

アルバニア (Arubania, “Albania”) + 社会主義 (shakai shugi, “socialism”) + 人民 (jinmin, “people”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

compound

(history) the People's Socialist Republic of Albania

ja:アルバニア社会主義人民共和国


アルバニア人民共和国

ja-pos

アルバニア じんみん きょうわこく

アルバニア人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Arubania Jinmin Kyōwakoku)

アルバニア人民共和国 (canonical)
Arubania Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

アルバニア (Arubania, “Albania”) + 人民 (jinmin, “people”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

compound

(history) the People's Republic of Albania


アルバニア王国

アルバニア王国 (canonical)
Arubania Ōkoku (romanization)

アルバニア (Arubania, “Albania”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


アルバニア公国

アルバニア公国 (canonical)
Arubania Kōkoku (romanization)

アルバニア (Arubania, “Albania”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “principality”)


コーカサス

From English Caucasus, from Latin Caucasus.


アルバニー

オールバニ オールバニ#Japanese

Alternative form of オールバニ (Ōrubani, “Albany”)

ja:アルバニー (西オーストラリア州)


マーシャル諸島共和国

ja-pos

マーシャル しょとう きょうわこく

マーシャル諸(しょ)島(とう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Māsharu Shotō Kyōwakoku)

マーシャル諸島共和国 (canonical)
Māsharu Shotō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

マーシャル諸島 (Māsharu Shotō, “Marshall Islands”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”), calque of English Republic of the Marshall Islands.

cal

Republic of the Marshall Islands
Republic of the Marshall Islands


マジュロ

Borrowed from English Majuro, from Marshallese Mājro.

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English

Majuro (the capital city of the Marshall Islands)


ブルゴーニュ

From French Bourgogne. Doublet of ブルグント (Burugunto).

administrative region
administrative region

Burgundy (a region and former administrative region of France; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté)

Burgundy (An early-medieval kingdom and later former duchy in France and the Netherlands)


ブルゴーニュ公国

ブルゴーニュ公国 (canonical)
Burugōnyu Kōkoku (romanization)

ブルゴーニュ (Burugōnyu, “Burgundy”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “duchy”)


ブルゴーニュ領ネーデルラント

ja-pos

^ブルゴーニュ りょう ^ネーデルラント

ブルゴーニュ領(りょう)ネーデルラント • (Burugōnyu ryō Nēderuranto)

ブルゴーニュ領ネーデルラント (canonical)
Burugōnyu ryō Nēderuranto (romanization)

ブルゴーニュ (Burugōnyu, “Burgundy”) + 領 (ryō) + ネーデルラント (Nēderuranto, “Low Countries”)

compound

ja:ブルゴーニュ領ネーデルラント


ネーデルラント

Borrowed from Dutch Nederland (“Netherlands”).


ブルグント王国

ブルグント王国 (canonical)
Burugunto Ōkoku (romanization)

ブルグント (Burugunto, “Burgundy”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)


ブルグント

From German Burgund. Doublet of ブルゴーニュ (Burugōnyu).


苗栗

Miaoli (a county-administered city in Miaoli County, Taiwan)


台東

Taitō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


サウジアラビア王国

ja-pos

サウジ アラビア おうこく

サウジアラビア王(おう)国(こく) • (Sauji Arabia Ōkoku)

サウジアラビア王国 (canonical)
Sauji Arabia Ōkoku (romanization)

サウジアラビア (Sauji Arabia, “Saudi Arabia”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

compound

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia


カタルーニャ

[ka̠ta̠ɾɯ̟ːɲ̟a̠]

Borrowed from Spanish Cataluña, Catalan Catalunya.

autonomous community
autonomous community

Catalonia (an autonomous community of Spain)


中衛

中衛 (canonical)
Chūei (romanization)
中衛 (canonical)
Chūe (romanization)

Zhongwei (a prefecture-level city in Ningxia, China)


デン・ハーグ

ja-pos

デン・ハーグ • (Den Hāgu)


ネイプルズ

[ne̞ːpɯ̟ɾɯ̟zɨ]

From English Naples. Doublet of ナポリ (Napori).

Naples (one of several cities and towns in the US)


ロンバルディア

Lombardy (an administrative region in northern Italy, where its capital and the largest city Milan is founded in the Po Valley)


赤道ギニア共和国

せきどう ギニア きょうわこく

赤(せき)道(どう)ギニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Sekidō Ginia Kyōwakoku)

赤道ギニア共和国 (canonical)
Sekidō Ginia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

赤道ギニア (Sekidō Ginia, “Equatorial Guinea”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Republic of Equatorial Guinea


ギニア共和国

ギニア共和国 (canonical)
Ginia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ギニア (Ginia, “Guinea”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)


ギニアビサウ共和国

ja-pos

ギニア-ビサウ きょうわこく

ギニアビサウ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Ginia-Bisau Kyōwakoku)

ギニアビサウ共和国 (canonical)
Ginia-Bisau Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ギニアビサウ (Ginia-Bisau, “Guinea-Bissau”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

compound

Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Republic of Guinea-Bissau


パプアニューギニア独立国

ja-pos

パプア ニュー ギニア どくりつこく

パプアニューギニア独(どく)立(りつ)国(こく) • (Papua Nyū Ginia Dokuritsukoku)

パプアニューギニア独立国 (canonical)
Nyū Ginia Dokuritsukoku (Papua)

パプアニューギニア (Papua Nyū Ginia, “Papua New Guinea”) + 独立国 (dokuritsukoku, “independent state”)

af

Independent State of Papua New Guinea
Independent State of Papua New Guinea

the Independent State of Papua New Guinea


ミネソタ

From English Minnesota, from Lakota mní sóta.

ミネソタ州

ja:ミネソタ (曖昧さ回避)


ニューファンドランド・ラブラドール

ja-pos

ニューファンドランド・ラブラドール • (Nyūfandorando Raburadōru)

[ɲ̟ɨːɸã̠ndo̞ɾã̠ndo̞ ɾa̠bɯ̟ɾa̠do̞ːɾɯ̟]

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism), derived from Newfoundland + Labrador, equivalent to ニューファンドランド (Nyūfandorando) + ラブラドール (Raburadōru), calque of English Newfoundland and Labrador.

cal

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador

ja:ニューファンドランド・ラブラドール州


ニューカレドニア

[ɲ̟ɨːka̠ɾe̞do̞ɲ̟ia̠]

New Caledonia (an archipelago and overseas territory of France in Oceania)


ノバスコシア

Borrowed from English Nova Scotia, from New Latin Nova Scotia (“New Scotland”).


ワシントンD.C.

ja-pos

ワシントン %ディー%-シー

ワシントンD.C. (canonical)
Washinton Dī-Shī (romanization)

[β̞a̠ɕĩnto̞n dʲiːɕiː]

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Washington, D.C. (a city, the capital city of the United States)


新知

新知 (canonical)
Shimushiru (romanization)


ミシシッピ

From English Mississippi, from Ojibwe misi-ziibi.

ja:ミシシッピ (曖昧さ回避)


周南

周(しゅう)南(なん) • (Shūnan) ^(←しうなん (Siunan)?)

周南 (canonical)
Shūnan (romanization)
Siunan (romanization)
しうなん (hiragana historical)

Shūnan (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)