アイスランド共和国

アイスランド きょうわこく

アイスランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Aisurando Kyōwakoku)

アイスランド共和国 (canonical)
Aisurando Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[a̠isɨɾã̠ndo̞ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Republic of Iceland
Republic of Iceland#English:_Q189

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Republic of Iceland (long form of Iceland, an island country in the North Atlantic Ocean in Europe)

ja:アイスランド共和国


コモロ

Compare English Comoro Islands. Also compare バハマ (Bahama, “Bahamas”).

Comoros (a country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)


死海

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


カタール

A borrowing, probably from English Qatar.

[ka̠ta̠ːɾɯ̟]

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


キプロス

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


春日

From Old Japanese. The kanji spelling comes from the pillow word 春日(はるひ) (haruhi) used to introduce the place name Kasuga. The original meaning of kasuga is debated but is thought to be either 霞処(かすみが) (kasumi ga) "hazy place" or 神住処(かすか) (ka su ka) "deity's dwelling place".
Compare 飛鳥 (Asuka).

Short for 春日市 (Kasuga-shi): a city in Fukuoka Prefecture


フランクフルト

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am-Main (the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany)

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder (a sizable town in Brandenburg, in eastern Germany)


カマンベール

Camembert (a commune of Orne department, France)


ハンバーグ

Borrowed from English Hamburg.
First cited to 1898.

[hã̠mba̠ːɡɯ̟]

Hamburg (a town in Marathon County, Wisconsin)

Hamburg (a town in Vernon County, Wisconsin)

ハンブルク ハンブルク#Japanese

(uncommon) alternative form of ハンブルク (Hanburuku): Hamburg (a city in Germany)


ハンブルク

[hã̠mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

Daijirin Daijisen Hamburg ja:ハンブルク ja:松村明

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)

Hamburg (a state of Germany containing the city of the same name)


小山

小山 (canonical)
Oyama (romanization)
Woyama (romanization)
をやま (hiragana historical)

From 小 (o-, “small, little”) + 山 (yama, “mountain, peak”).

pre

Oyama (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


関東

ja-pos

関(かん)東(とう) • (Kantō) ^(←くわんとう (Kwantou)?)

関東 (canonical)
Kantō (romanization)
Kwantou (romanization)
くわんとう (hiragana historical)

Russian: Канто́ n or m (Kantó)

; “geographical region of eastern Japan”
; “shogunate”
; “area to the east of Hangu or Shanhai Pass”

Kantō (a geographical region in eastern Japan, that includes the capital city of Tokyo and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Gunma, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Saitama and Tochigi)


アラバマ

ja:アラバマ (曖昧さ回避)

(~州) Alabama (a state of the United States)

(~川) Alabama (a river in Alabama, United States)

Alabama (a town in New York, United States)


アラスカ州

アラスカ州 (canonical)
Arasuka Shū (romanization)

Alaska (a state of the United States, formerly a territory)


アリゾナ

(~州) Arizona (a state in the southwestern United States, established 1912)

ja:アリゾナ (曖昧さ回避)


山陽

山(さん)陽(よう) • (San'yō) ^(←さんやう (San'yau)?)

山陽 (canonical)
San'yō (romanization)
San'yau (romanization)
さんやう (hiragana historical)

Literally, “yang side of the mountain”.
The traditional region is named after San'yōdō (山陽道(さんようどう) (san'yōdō), literally "yang side of the mountain circuit"), a historical region under the ancient Gokishichidō system.

ja-r

山陽道(さんようどう) (san'yōdō)

San'yō region (a traditional region in central Honshu, Japan, composed of the prefectures of Hiroshima, Okayama and Yamaguchi)


弥勒

From Middle Chinese 彌勒 (mjie lok), from Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya).

Mile (a county-level city of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


バドミントン

Badminton (a village in Gloucestershire, England)


河内

河内 (canonical)
Kawachi (romanization)
Kafati (romanization)
かはち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Kawachi Province (a former province of Japan)

Kawachi (places in Japan):
a town in Ibaraki Prefecture.

Kawachi (places in Japan):
a town in Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Anamizu and Tsubata, Ishikawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Higashiōsaka, Osaka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Tosu, Saga Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Taga, Shiga Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Okuizumo, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yahatahigashi, Kitakyushu and of Setaka, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Takachiho, Miyagi Prefecture.


河内

ja-pos

河(かわ)内(うち) • (Kawauchi) ^(←かはうち (Kafauti)?)

河内 (canonical)
Kawauchi (romanization)
Kafauti (romanization)
かはうち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

a neighborhood of Ikata, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimanto and Tōyō, Kōchi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tōkamachi and Kamihayashi, Niigata Prefecture.


河内

河内 (canonical)
Kōchi (romanization)
Kafuti (romanization)
かふち (hiragana historical)

Sound change of compound of 河(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 内(うち) (uchi, “inside”). Literally, “in the river”.

ja-com

a neighborhood of Niihama, Ehime Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Beppu, Ōita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Mimasaka and Kagamino, Okayama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimizu, Shizuoka and of Shimoda, in Shizuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Hamada, Shimane Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Okutama, Tokyo prefecture.

a neighborhood of Mugi, Tokushima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Awaji and Kasai, Hyōgo Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Fukui and of Ikeda, Minamiechizen and Wakasa, in Fukui Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Toba and Minamiise, Mie Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kudamatsu and Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

a train station in Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture.


河内

ja-pos

河内(かわのうち) • (Kawanouchi) ^(←かはのうち (Kafanouti)?)

河内 (canonical)
Kawanouchi (romanization)
Kafanouti (romanization)
かはのうち (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠no̞ɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Abbreviation of 河の内 (kawa no uchi, “inside of the river”).

abbrev

Kawanouchi (a neighborhood of Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture)


河内

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河內 /河内 (Hénèi).

obor

Henei (former commandery of China to the north of Yellow River, now in Henan, China)


コソボ

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Kosovo (a partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


アイダホ州

アイダホ州 (canonical)
Aidaho Shū (romanization)

Idaho (a state in the western United States)


ブリテン

[bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞ɴ]

From English Britain. Doublet of ブルターニュ (Burutānyu, “Brittany”).

doublet

(loosely) Britain (the United Kingdom, a kingdom and country in Northern Europe including the island of Great Britain as well as Northern Ireland on the northeastern portion of the island of Ireland)


カーボベルデ

Borrowed from Portuguese Cabo Verde (“Green Cape”).

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nihonkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


日本国

日本国 (canonical)
Nipponkoku (romanization)

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋko̞kɯ̟]

(rare) State of Japan (de facto official name of Japan, 1947 to present)


コートジボワール

[ko̞ːto̞ʑibo̞β̞a̠ːɾɯ̟]

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


イエメン

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イエメン共和国

イエメン共和国 (canonical)
Iemen Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Yemen
Republic of Yemen#English:_Q805

Republic of Yemen (official name of Yemen, a country in Western Asia, on the Arabian Peninsula)


イリノイ州

イリノイ州 (canonical)
Irinoi Shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America

Illinois, a state of the United States of America. Capital: Springfield. Largest city: Chicago.


インディアナ州

インディアナ州 (canonical)
Indiana Shū (romanization)


ザイール

ja-pos

ザイール • (Zaīru)

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

(historical) Zaire (former name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country in Central Africa; used from 1971–1997)


都道府県

ja-noun

都(と)道(どう)府(ふ)県(けん) • (todōfuken) ^(←とだうふけん (todaufuken)?)

都道府県 (canonical)
todōfuken (romanization)
todaufuken (romanization)
とだうふけん (hiragana historical)

[to̞do̞ːɸɯ̟̊kẽ̞ɴ]

都 (“(Tokyo) Metropolis”, literally “capital”) + 道 (“(Hokkaido) Prefecture”, literally “circuit”) + 府 (“(Kyoto and Osaka) Prefectures”, literally “subdivision”) + 県 (“(other) prefectures”)

af

Tokyo, Hokkaido, Osaka and Kyoto Prefectures and other prefectures (collectively, as the prefectural (prefecture-level) administrative divisions of Japan)

道府県

Hokkaido, Osaka, Kyoto and other prefectures


フィリピン共和国

ja-pos

フィリピン きょうわこく

フィリピン共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Firipin Kyōwakoku)

フィリピン共和国 (canonical)
Firipin Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Compound of フィリピン (Firipin, “the Philippines”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

compound

Republic of the Philippines#English:_Q928

Republic of the Philippines (official name of the Philippines, a country in Southeast Asia)


バヌアツ

Vanuatu (a country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania)


レバノン

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


独逸

→ Chinese: 獨逸 /独逸 (Dúyì)

→ Korean: 독일 (Dogil)

dated spelling of ドイツ: Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ミクロネシア連邦

ミクロネシア連邦 (canonical)
Mikuroneshia Renpō (romanization)

Calque of English Federated States of Micronesia; from ミクロネシア (Mikuroneshia, “Micronesia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

com

Federated States of Micronesia#English:_Q702

Federated States of Micronesia (the official name of Micronesia, a country consisting of about 600 islands in Oceania)


ニウエ

Niue (an island and country in Polynesia in Oceania, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)


江東

ja-pos

江(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)

Kōtō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Jiangdong (a district of Zhejiang, China)


タンザニア

タンザニア連合共和国:

連合共和国 れんごうきょうわこく


テキサス州

テキサス州 (canonical)
Tekisasu Shū (romanization)

Texas - a state of the United States of America. Capital: Austin.


コロラド州

コロラド州 (canonical)
Kororado shū (romanization)

Colorado (a state in the western United States, the 38th state)


グリニッジ

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲiɲ̟id̚d͡ʑi]

From English Greenwich. Doublet of グリーンウィッチ (Gurīnwitchi).


水中

Mizunaka (a district of the city of Kamitakaiguntakayamamura, Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


スーダン

スーダン • (Sūdan)

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


トルコ共和国

トルコ共和国 (canonical)
Toruko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[to̞ɾɯ̟ko̞ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

トルコ (Toruko, “Turkey”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

compound

Republic of Türkiye
Republic of Türkiye#English:_Q43

Republic of Türkiye (official name of Turkey, a country in West Asia and Southeast Europe)


江南

From 江(こう) (kō, “river”) + 南(なん) (nan, “south”).


コネチカット州

コネチカット州 (canonical)
Konechikatto shū (romanization)

Compound of コネチカット (Konechikatto, “Connecticut”) + 州 (shū, “state”)

compound

Connecticut (a state of the United States) - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation CT) in the north-eastern United States with its capital at Hartford.


デラウェア

ja:デラウェア (曖昧さ回避)

Delaware (the first state of the United States)

Delaware, Delaware River (a river flowing from the Catskills through New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware in the northeastern United States and emptying into the Atlantic Ocean at Delaware Bay)


フロリダ州

フロリダ州 (canonical)
Furorida shū (romanization)

Florida - A state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation FL) in the south-eastern United States with its capitol at Tallahassee.


ジョージア州

ja-pos

ジョージア州(しゅう) • (Jōjia shū)

ジョージア州 (canonical)
Jōjia shū (romanization)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


ハワイ州

ハワイ州 (canonical)
Hawai-shū (romanization)

Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)


バチカン

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Vatican
ja:バチカン


マスカラ

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:マスカラ (アルジェリア)
ja:松村明


アイオワ

ja:アイオワ (曖昧さ回避)

(~州) Iowa (a state in the Midwestern region of the United States)

Iowa (a tributary of the Mississippi River which flows through Iowa in a southeast direction)


公国

公 (kō, “duke; ruling prince”) + 国 (-koku, “country”)

suf

モナコ公国


福州

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

南京 (canonical)
南京 (canonical)
Nankin (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:南京

Borrowed from English Nanking, from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


江蘇

Jiangsu (a province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River)


セイロン

(historical) Ceylon (former name of Sri Lanka, an island country in South Asia)


シリア

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


オーストリー

ja-pos

オーストリー • (Ōsutorī)


ニューヨーク州

^ニュー ^ヨーク-しゅう

ニューヨーク州(しゅう) • (Nyū Yōku-shū)

ニューヨーク州 (canonical)
Nyū Yōku-shū (romanization)


ルクセンブルク

[ɾɯ̟kɯ̟sẽ̞mbɯ̟ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

From German Luxemburg. Doublet of リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru) and ラクセンバーグ (Rakusenbāgu).

doublet

ja:ルクセンブルク (曖昧さ回避)

Luxembourg (a small country in Western Europe)

ルクセンブルク大公

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (one of the twelve cantons of the country of Luxembourg, which includes its capital city)


マルタ共和国

マルタ共和国 (canonical)
Maruta Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[ma̠ɾɯ̟ta̠ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

マルタ (Maruta, “Malta”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Republic of Malta
Republic of Malta#English:_Q233

Republic of Malta (official name of Malta, an island country in Southern Europe)


山梨

Daijirin
Pyrus pyrifolia
Yamanashi
ja:ヤマナシ
ja:山梨

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 梨 (nashi, “pear”).

compound

Yamanashi (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

Yamanashi (a prefecture in south eastern Honshu, Japan)


アブダビ

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; the capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)

Abu Dhabi (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates, the largest of the seven emirates)


アビジャン

Abidjan (the de facto capital and largest city of Ivory Coast)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ

From ボスニア (Bosunia, “Bosnia”) + ヘルツェゴビナ (Herutsegobina, “Herzegovina”).

af

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ


カンザス州

カンザス州 (canonical)
Kanzasu shū (romanization)

Kansas (a state of the midwest United States)


ケンタッキー州

ja-pos

ケンタッキー州(しゅう) • (Kentakkī Shū)

ケンタッキー州 (canonical)
Kentakkī Shū (romanization)


ルイジアナ

(~州) Louisiana (a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States)

ja:ルイジアナ (曖昧さ回避)


メイン州

メイン州 (canonical)
Mein Shū (romanization)

Maine (a state of the United States; probably named for the province in France)


メリーランド

[me̞ɾʲiːɾã̠ndo̞]

Maryland (a state of the United States; named for Queen Mary, queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland)

ja:メリーランド (曖昧さ回避)


マサチューセッツ州

^マサチューセッツ しゅう

マサチューセッツ州 (canonical)
Masachūsettsu shū (romanization)

Massachusetts - a state of the United States of America. (postal abbreviation MA) in the northeastern United States with its capital and the largest city at Boston.


実相寺

実(じっ)相(そう)寺(じ) or 実(じつ)相(そう)寺(じ) • (Jissōji or Jitsusōji)

実相寺 (canonical)
Jisshōji (romanization)
実相寺 (canonical)
実相寺 (canonical)
Jissōji (romanization)
Jitsusōji (romanization)

Jissō-ji (a temple in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


ニューヨーク

ニューヨーク • (Nyū Yōku)

[ɲ̟ɨː jo̞ːkɯ̟]

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ニューヨーク (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

ニューヨーク州

ニューヨーク市

New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey)


仏印

From 仏 (futsu, “France”) + 印 (in), see 当て字.

French Indochina
French Indochina#English:_Q646374

(dated) French Indochina (a group of former French colonies, later a confederation of associated states, existing in Indochina in Southeast Asia from 1887 to 1954 and consisting of the current territories of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia)


トーゴ

トーゴ • (Tōgo)


マダガスカル

[ma̠da̠ɡa̠sɨ̥ka̠ɾɯ̟]

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


ワルシャワ

Borrowed from Polish Warszawa. Compare Russian Варшава (Varšava).

Warsaw (a city, the capital city of Poland)


ヘルシンキ

Helsinki (a city, the capital of Finland)


ダブリン

[da̠bɯ̟ɾʲĩɴ]


北マリアナ諸島

きた マリアナ しょとう

北(きた)マリアナ諸島(しょとう) • (Kita Mariana Shotō)

北マリアナ諸島 (canonical)
Kita Mariana Shotō (romanization)

Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands#English

Northern Mariana Islands (an archipelago and dependent territory of the United States in the Pacific Ocean)

北マリアナ諸島連邦

諸島連邦 しょとうれんぽう

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands


シエラレオネ

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


ジャカルタ

[d͡ʑa̠ka̠ɾɯ̟ta̠]

Jakarta (a province of Indonesia, containing the capital city)


キルギス

[kʲiɾɯ̟ɡʲisɨ]

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


モーリシャス

[mo̞ːɾʲiɕa̠sɨ]

Mauritius (a country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (the main island of the country of Mauritius)


誕生寺

Tanjōji (a temple in Kamogawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)

Tanjōji (a railway station in Kumenan, Kume district, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


アンドラ公国

アンドラ公国 (canonical)
Andora Kōkoku (romanization)

アンドラ (Andora, “Andorra”) + 公国 (kōkoku, “principality”)

compound

Principality of Andorra
Principality of Andorra#English

Principality of Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


福建

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

Fujian (a province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast)


露西亜

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).
The spelling is ateji (当て字), adopted in 1877 after diplomatic pressure from Russia to change from the previous 魯西亜 spelling, out of concern that the initial 魯 (ro) character expressed a sense of foolish. However, the 露 (ro) character was chosen for its sense of dew, from the political metaphor that the morning dew will disappear as the sun rises, wherein "sun" refers to Japan.
The use of 西亜 for the latter portion is likely influenced by Chinese phonetics, and historical use of these characters to spell out the -siya portion of Rossiya in sources such as a bible translated into Chinese in 1864.

lang

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

ユーラシア研究所ブックレット編集委員会

dated spelling of ロシア: Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


山西

→ English: Shanxi

→ Manchu: ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ (sansi)

Shanxi (a province in the northern part of China)


近畿

Kinki (a traditional region in central Japan, around the cities of Osaka, Kyoto and Nara, composed of Osaka, Kyoto, Nara, Hyogo, Mie, Shiga and Wakayama prefectures)


ミシガン州

ミシガン州 (canonical)
Mishigan-shū (romanization)

The State of Michigan - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MI), capital: Lansing, largest city: Detroit.


ミネソタ州

ミネソタ州 (canonical)
Minesota-shū (romanization)

Minnesota (a state in the Upper Midwest region of the United States)


ミシシッピ州

ミシシッピ州 (canonical)
Mishishippi shū (romanization)

Mississippi - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation MS), capital & largest city: Jackson.


ミズーリ州

ja-pos

ミズーリ州(しゅう) • (Mizūri shū)

ミズーリ州 (canonical)
Mizūri shū (romanization)

Missouri (a state in the Midwestern region of the United States)


モンタナ州

Montana (a state in the Mountain West region of the United States, formerly a territory)


ネブラスカ州

ネブラスカ州 (canonical)
Neburasuka shū (romanization)

Nebraska - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation NE), capital: Lincoln, largest city: Omaha.


ネバダ

Nevada (a state in the western United States)

ja:ネバダ (曖昧さ回避)


ニュージャージー

ニュージャージー • (Nyū Jājī)

New Jersey (a state in the northeastern United States)

ja:ニュージャージー州


ニューメキシコ州

ニューメキシコ州 (canonical)
Nyūmekishiko Shū (romanization)

New Mexico - a state of the United States of America. (Postal abbreviation NM), capital: Santa Fe, Largest city: Albuquerque.


福島

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕima̠]

福島市: Fukushima (the capital of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

Fukushima (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)

Fukushima (a former town in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)

福島区: a ward of Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan


潮汕

潮(ちょう)汕(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

潮汕 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Chaoshan (a region in northeastern Guangdong, China)

潮汕鉄道

潮汕鉄道 ちょうせんてつどう


豊富

Compound of 豊 (toyo, “bounteous, ample”) + 富み (tomi, “riches”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 富(と)む (tomu, “to accumulate, to become bounteous, to become rich”)). Also analyzable as a shift in reading from the regular on'yomi of hōfu to the expected kun'yomi for these same characters.
The town's official name was set to Toyotomi in 1940, but the area had that name earlier, likely from some time in the late 1800s or early 1900s. See also Toyotomi, Hokkaido on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

pedia

Toyotomi (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


ウラジオストク

[ɯ̟ɾa̠ʑio̞sɨ̥to̞kɯ̟]

From Russian Владивосто́к (Vladivostók).

bor

Владивосто́к


深圳

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 深圳 (Shēnzhèn). Sen is not an expected on-reading of 圳 and may derive from 川's on-reading of sen, which serves as a kan'yoon reading.

obor

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


嫩江

嫩江 (canonical)
Nonkō (romanization)
Nonkau (romanization)
のんかう (hiragana historical)


青海

Qinghai (a province in northwestern China)

Qinghai, Qinghai Lake (a large lake in Qinghai province, the largest in China)


黄河

黄河 (canonical)
Kōga (romanization)
Kwauga (romanization)
くわうが (hiragana historical)

黄河文明

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


漢水

Synonym of 漢江: Han River (in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)


漢江

漢江 (canonical)
Kankō (romanization)
Kankau (romanization)
かんかう (hiragana historical)


鎌倉

From Old Japanese 鎌倉 (Kamakura).
Originally a compound of 竈 (kama, “oven”) + 鞍 (kura, “saddle”), from the way that the landscape as viewed from the sea looks like a saddle inside an oven, that is, a flat area in the mountains, surrounded by hills in the shape of an old traditional oven.
The kanji spelling appears to be an example of ateji (当て字), literally “sickle warehouse”.

Short for 鎌倉市 (Kamakura-shi): a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan the capital city of the Kamakura shogunate


芝浦

Shibaura (a district of Minato ward, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


百済

From Old Japanese 百濟 (Kudara).
The kanji spelling is from Hyakusai below.

(historical) Baekje (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 18 BCE to 660 C.E.; at its maximum covering most of modern western South Korea)


ラトヴィア

Alternative form of ラトビア (Ratobia): Latvia (a country in northeastern Europe)


チュニジア

[t͡ɕɨɲ̟iʑia̠]


江陵

ja-pos

江(こう)陵(りょう) • (Kōryō) ^(←かうりよう (Kauryou)?)

江陵 (canonical)
Kōryō (romanization)
Kauryou (romanization)
かうりよう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 강릉(江陵) (gangneung).

obor

(dated) Gangneung (a city in South Korea)


バンコク

[bã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

From English Bangkok, from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk). The kanji spelling is ateji.


神戸

神戸 (canonical)
Kōbe (romanization)
Kaube (romanization)
かうべ (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kobe

⟨kamu pe₁⟩ → ⟨kamube₁⟩ → */kamubʲe/ → /kaũbe/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Originally a compound of 神 (kamu, Old Japanese combining form of kami, “(Shinto) god, deity”) + 戸 (he, “house”); itself referring to 生田神社 (Ikuta Jinja, “Ikuta Shrine”) as attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

com

昨日、神戸から東京に引っ越しました。

Kinō, Kōbe kara Tōkyō ni hikkoshimashita.

Kobe (the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


唐山

Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


サヌア

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


シュパイアー

ja-pos

シュパイアー • (Shupaiā)


泉州

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 泉州 (Quánzhōu)


泉州

Compound of 泉 (Clipping of 和泉 (“Izumi Province”)) + 州 (shū, “province”)

com+

Clipping of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">和泉</i> (“Izumi Province”)

(historical) Short for 和泉国 (Izumi no kuni, “Izumi Province, a feudal province of Japan”).


湖南

Konan (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)

Hunan (a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting)


小坂

小坂 (canonical)
Osaka (romanization)
Wosaka (romanization)
をさか (hiragana historical)

From /wosaka/ → /osaka/. Compound of 小 (o, “little”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”). The geographical area was later renamed to 大阪 (Ōsaka, Ōzaka, “large hill”).


小坂

小坂 (canonical)
Ozaka (romanization)
Wozaka (romanization)
をざか (hiragana historical)

From /wosaka/ → /wozaka/ → /ozaka/. The medial /s/ voices to /z/ due to rendaku (連濁). See above.


大坂

ja-pos

大(おお)坂(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Possibly from Old Japanese.
From 大 (ō, “large”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”).

obsolete spelling of 大阪 (Ōsaka) (= Osaka), the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


大坂

大(おお)坂(ざか) • (Ōzaka) ^(←おほざか (Ofozaka)?)

大坂 (canonical)
Ōzaka (romanization)
Ofozaka (romanization)
おほざか (hiragana historical)

The saka changes to zaka as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

(rare) obsolete spelling of 大阪 (Ōzaka), former name of Osaka, the capital of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


九江

九(きゅう)江(こう) • (Kyūkō)

Jiujiang (a prefecture-level city of Jiangxi, China)


鹿角

Kazuno (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


トロント

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Toronto
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:トロント
ja:松村明

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada and largest city in Canada)

Toronto (a lakeside suburb of Greater Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, in the local government area of the City of Lake Macquarie)


東海

Tōkai (a traditional region of Japan, composed of Aichi, Gifu, Mie, and Shizuoka prefectures and sometimes the southern part of Yamanashi Prefecture).


忍坂

Historically there was no mechanism to indicate geminate consonants, so it is difficult to determine if this was really ossaka or osaka. All three romanized pronunciations are given here: /osisaka/ → /ossaka/ → /osaka/.

c. 5-6th century: Suda Hachiman Jinja Bronze Mirror
癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟

忍坂 • (Ossaka)

712: Kojiki (page 158)
意佐加能 意富牟盧夜爾 比登佐波爾 岐伊理袁理 比登佐波爾 伊理袁理登母 美都美都斯 久米能古賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 宇知弖斯夜麻牟 美都美都斯 久米能古良賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 伊麻宇多婆余良斯
720: Nihon Shoki (page 205)
於佐箇廼、於朋務露夜珥、比苔瑳破而、異離烏利苔毛、比苔瑳破而、枳伊離烏利苔毛、瀰都瀰都志、倶梅能固邏餓、句鶩都都伊、異志都都伊毛智、于智弖之夜莽務
927: Engishiki (Kojiki, Norito page 392)
山口坐皇神等能前爾白久、飛鳥・石寸・忍坂・長谷・畝火・耳无登、御名者白弖 [...]

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(historical) Ossaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


芬蘭

フィンランド フィンランド#Japanese

obsolete spelling of フィンランド: Finland (a country in Northern Europe)


東萊

Dongnae (a district of the Metropolitan City of Busan, South Korea)


東萊

東萊 (canonical)
Tōrai (romanization)
Tourai (romanization)
とうらい (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 동래(東萊) (dongnae).

obor

𛃉𛃞うにち とうらいに のほり まして

(dated) Dongnae (a place in Busan, South Korea)


東萊

ja-pos

東萊(とくねぎ) or 東萊(とねぎ) • (Tokunegi or Tonegi)

東萊 (canonical)
東萊 (canonical)
Tokunegi (romanization)
Tonegi (romanization)

Unknown; probably not directly from Korean 동래(東萊) (dongnae), as the phonetics are problematic.
Perhaps from Early Modern Korean *동령(東令) (*twonglyeng), a shortening of 동ᄅᆡ 령감(東萊令監) (twongloy lyengkam), referring to government officials from Dongnae.

bor

(obsolete) Dongnae (a place in Busan, South Korea)


東莞

Dongguan (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


ストックホルム

Stockholm (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; the county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden)


ザグレブ

[d͡za̠ɡɯ̟ɾe̞bɯ̟]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


レイキャヴィーク

Borrowed from English Reykjavík, from Icelandic Reykjavík.


ティラナ

Tirana (the capital and largest city of Albania)


テヘラン

[te̞he̞ɾã̠ɴ]


ハーグ

ja-pos

ハーグ • (Hāgu)

The Hague (a city, the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


ミンスク

[mʲĩɰ̃sɨkɯ̟]


グアム

Guam (an island and overseas territory of the United States in Micronesia)


ソウル

ja:ソウル ja:ソウル特別市

Seoul (a city, the capital city of South Korea)


西宮

西宮 (canonical)
Nishinomiya (romanization)

Nishinomiya (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


西班牙

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 西班牙 (Xībānyá).
Borrowed from English Spain.

zh-m

西班牙 (Xībānyá)

[…]坂田通商局長が和蘭若しくは西班牙の公使に、[…]

1915 September 8, 旭新聞 (Asahi Shinbun) [The Asahi News], number 3240, page 1:

chief of the Bureau of Commerce Sakata becomes Dutch or Spanish minister

obsolete spelling of スペイン: Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


吾妻

ja-pos

吾(あが)妻(つま) • (Agatsuma) ^(←あがつま (Agatuma)?)

吾妻 (canonical)
Agatsuma (romanization)
Agatuma (romanization)
あがつま (hiragana historical)


鳩山

ja:鳩山 ja:鳩山由紀夫

Hatoyama (a town in Hiki district, Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


ビリニュス

[bʲiɾʲiɲ̟ɨsɨ]


高雄

高(たか)雄(お) or 高雄(タカオ) • (Takao) ^(←たかを (Takawo)?)

高雄 (canonical)
高雄 (canonical)
Takao (romanization)
Takawo (romanization)
たかを (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 高雄

→ Mandarin: 高雄 (Gāoxióng)

→ English: Kaohsiung

→ Korean: 가오슝 (Gaosyung)

→ Russian: Гаосюн (Gaosjun)

→ Min Nan: 高雄 (Ko-hiông)

→ Vietnamese: Cao Hùng

→ English: Takao

From Hokkien 打狗 (Táⁿ-káu), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”). The kanji were borrowed from unrelated etymology 1.

Kaohsiung (a city in southwestern Taiwan)


台中

From Mandarin 臺中 /台中 (Táizhōng), possibly via English Taichung.


台中

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺中.


閩南

southern Fujian (a region of Fujian, China)


蒙古

From Chinese 蒙古 (Měnggǔ), from Mongolian ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mungɣul) / Монгол (Mongol).

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


内蒙古

Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia#English:_Q41079

Inner Mongolia (a Mongolian autonomous region of China)


品川

Shinagawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


メルボルン

[me̞ɾɯ̟bo̞ɾɯ̟̃ɴ]

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


南寧

Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


ベオグラード

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Бе̏оград (Bȅograd).


緬甸

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 緬甸／缅甸 (Miǎndiàn), some time after this term came to prominence in Chinese during the Ming Dynasty. Compare modern Mandarin reading Miǎndiàn, Cantonese min⁵ din⁶.
First mentioned in a text from 1798.

(historical, possibly obsolete) Myanmar (a country in Southeast Asia)


緬甸

Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma). The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), from the borrowed Chinese term Menden above.

dated spelling of ビルマ (Biruma): Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


スマトラ

Sumatra (the largest island entirely in Indonesia and the world’s sixth largest island)


ジュロンイースト

Jurong East (a town in the West Region, Singapore)


バビロニア

(historical) Babylonia (an ancient empire and geographic region of Mesopotamia, existing from 1850 BCE to 539 BCE, based around the city of Babylon; at its maximum extent, covering parts of modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, Syria and Iran)


ハリウッド

Hollywood (an area of Los Angeles, California, United States)


広島

Hiroshima (the capital city of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)

Hiroshima (a prefecture in southwestern Honshu, Japan)

Hiroshima (an island in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan)


プラハ

Borrowed from Czech Praha or Slovak Praha.

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


マドリード

ja:マドリード (曖昧さ回避)

Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid#English

Madrid (a city and municipality of the Community of Madrid, Spain; the capital city of Spain)

autonomous community
autonomous community

Madrid, Community of Madrid (an autonomous community of Spain)

Madrid (a province of the Community of Madrid, Spain)

Madrid (a town and municipality of Western Savanna Province, Cundinamarca department, Colombia)

Madrid (a town in Tecomán Municipality, Colima, Mexico)

Madrid (a municipality of Surigao del Sur, Philippines)


ホニアラ

Honiara (the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


ニューデリー

ja-pos

ニューデリー • (Nyū Derī)

[ɲ̟ɨːde̞ɾʲiː]


クアラルンプール

Kuala Lumpur (the capital city of Malaysia)

Kuala Lumpur (a federal territory of Malaysia)


宜昌

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 宜昌 (Yíchāng).


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

From English Swatow, from Teochew 汕頭／汕头 (suan1 tao5).

Shantou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Sentō (romanization)
Sentou (romanization)
せんとう (hiragana historical)

The Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese 汕頭 /汕头 (Shàntóu).

Alternative form of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)”)


汕頭

ja-pos

汕頭(シャントウ) • (Shantō)

zh-l

汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu)


キャンベラ

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


オタワ

ja:オタワ (曖昧さ回避)

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; the capital city of Canada)

St. Lawrence River
St. Lawrence River#English

Ottawa (a river flowing southeast between Ontario and Quebec, Canada into the St. Lawrence River)

Ottawa (a city, the county seat of LaSalle County, Illinois)


ポドゴリツァ

Podgorica (the capital city of Montenegro)


サンクトペテルブルク

Borrowed from Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg), from German Sankt Petersburg.

bor

Санкт-Петербу́рг

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English:_Q656

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia, known between 1914 and 1924 as Petrograd and between 1924 and 1991 as Leningrad; the former capital of Russia, from 1713–1728 and 1732–1918)

ja:サンクトペテルブルク


ノヴォシビルスク

Novosibirsk (a city, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia)


ニジニ・ノヴゴロド

ja:ニジニ・ノヴゴロド

Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod#English:_Q2246

Nizhny Novgorod (an oblast and federal subject of Russia)

Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod#English:_Q891

Nizhny Novgorod (the capital city of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia; the fourth-largest in the country by population)


爪哇

obsolete spelling of ジャワ (= Java), an island in Indonesia


菊池

→ Chinese: 菊池 (Júchí)

→ English: Kikuchi

Ateji (当て字) of 鞠智 (Kikuchi, “Kikuchi Castle”), originally read as くくち (Kukuchi).

Kikuchi (a city and district of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan).


新羅

⟨siraki₂⟩ → */sirakɨ/ → /ɕiraɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese 新羅 (Siraki₂).

Silla (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 57 BCE to 935 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of modern South Korea and most of modern North Korea)


新羅

From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.


柬埔寨

The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字), from Chinese 柬埔寨 (Jiǎnpǔzhài).

カンボジア カンボジア#Japanese

dated spelling of カンボジア (Kanbojia): Cambodia (a country in Southeast Asia)


フィンランド共和国

ja-pos

フィンランド きょうわこく

フィンランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Finrando Kyōwakoku)

フィンランド共和国 (canonical)
Finrando Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Finland
Republic of Finland#English:_Q33

Republic of Finland (long form of Finland, a country in Northern Europe)


フランス共和国

フランス共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Furansu Kyōwakoku)

フランス共和国 (canonical)
Furansu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

フランス (Furansu, “France”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

French Republic
French Republic#English:_Q142

French Republic (official name of France, a country in Western Europe)


スロベニア共和国

ja-pos

スロベニア きょうわこく

スロベニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Surobenia Kyōwakoku)

スロベニア共和国 (canonical)
Surobenia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Slovenia
Republic of Slovenia#English:_Q215

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Republic of Slovenia (official name of Slovenia, a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


ポルトガル共和国

ポルトガル きょうわこく

ポルトガル共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Porutogaru Kyōwakoku)

ポルトガル共和国 (canonical)
Porutogaru Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

ポルトガル (Porutogaru, “Portugal”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Portuguese Republic
Portuguese Republic#English:_Q45

Portuguese Republic (official name of Portugal, a country in Southern Europe)


スウェーデン王国

スウェーデン王国 (canonical)
Suwēden Ōkoku (romanization)

スウェーデン (Suwēden, “Sweden”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

compound

Kingdom of Sweden
Kingdom of Sweden#English:_Q34

Kingdom of Sweden (official name of Sweden, a country in Northern Europe)


デンマーク王国

デンマーク王国 (canonical)
Denmāku Ōkoku (romanization)

Kingdom of Denmark
Kingdom of Denmark#English:_Q756617

Kingdom of Denmark (official name of Denmark or the Danish Realm, a country consisting of metropolitan Denmark ("Denmark proper") in Western Europe as well as the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland off the coast of North America)


ベルギー王国

ベルギー王国 (canonical)
Berugī Ōkoku (romanization)

ベルギー (Berugī, “Belgium”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

com

Kingdom of Belgium
Kingdom of Belgium#English:_Q31

Kingdom of Belgium (official name of Belgium, a country in Western Europe)


ノルウェー王国

ノルウェー王国 (canonical)
Noruwē Ōkoku (romanization)

Kingdom of Norway
Kingdom of Norway#English:_Q20

Kingdom of Norway (official name of Norway, a country in Northern Europe)


サンパウロ

[sã̠mpa̠ɯ̟ɾo̞]

From Portuguese São Paulo (literally “Saint Paul”). Doublet of サン゠ポール (San-Pōru), サン・パブロ (San Paburo), and セントポール (Sento Pōru).

doublet

ja:サンパウロ (曖昧さ回避)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

サンパウロ, 聖市: São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)

サンパウロ サンパウロ#Japanese

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

サンパウロ, 聖州: São Paulo (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)


エストニア共和国

ja-pos

エストニア きょうわこく

エストニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Esutonia Kyōwakoku)

エストニア共和国 (canonical)
Esutonia Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Estonia
Republic of Estonia#English:_Q191

Republic of Estonia (official name of Estonia, a country in northeastern Europe)


リトアニア共和国

リトアニア きょうわこく

リトアニア共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Ritoania Kyōwakoku)

リトアニア共和国 (canonical)
Ritoania Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania#English:_Q37

Republic of Lithuania (official name of Lithuania, a country in northeastern Europe)


西安

Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, in central China)


大連

→ English: Dairen

Dalian (a major subprovincial city of Liaoning, in northeastern China)


蘭州

Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China)


太原

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


墨西哥

墨西哥 (canonical)
Mekishiko (romanization)

Borrowed from English Mexico, in turn from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco. The kanji are ateji (当て字), from Chinese 墨西哥 (Mòxīgē).

obsolete spelling of メキシコ (= Mexico), a country in North America


ブラジリア

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾʲia̠]

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; the capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


ガザ

2023 November 29, “ガザの現実を伝える2人「報道し続けることは私たちの義務」”, in NHK国際ニューズナビ, retrieved 2023-12-13:

NHK のガザ事務所は 2人のジャーナリストによって支えられている。プロデューサーのムハンマド・シェハダとカメラマンのサラーム・アブタホンだ。10年以上も現地からの報道を一身に担ってきた。

Enuetchikē no gaza jimusho wa futari no jānarisuto ni yotte sasaerareteiru. Purodyūsā no muhanmado shehada to kameraman no sarāmu abutahon da. Jūnen ijō mo genchi kara no hōdō o isshin ni ninattekita.

This is supported based on two journalists from the NHK Gaza office. The two journalists are the producer, Muhammad Shehadeh, and the cameraman, Salam (unknown name). They had handled themselves in the news report since over 10 years.

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ガザ


イスラマバード

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan)


三国

Mount Mikuni (a mountain in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


ウランバートル

[ɯ̟ɾã̠mba̠ːto̞ɾɯ̟]

Ulaanbaatar (the capital city of Mongolia)


平壌

[pʲõ̞ɰ̃jã̠ɴ]

Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


平壌

平(へい)壌(じょう) • (Heijō) ^(←へいじやう (Feizyau)?)

平壌 (canonical)
Heijō (romanization)
Feizyau (romanization)
へいじやう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 평양(平壤) (Pyeong'yang).

obor

1929, Kōsaku Hamada, Hakubutsukan [The Museum]:

Especially, the place where the government office of the Lelang Commandery was located was on the other side of the Taedong River, south of today's Pyongyang, where there are also remains of old ramparts, and officials sent from China stayed there and ruled Korea.

ことに樂浪郡の役所のあつたところは、今日の平壤の南、大同江の向う岸にあつて、古い城壁のあともありますが、支那から派遣せられた役人がこゝに留まつて朝鮮を治めてゐたのであります。

Koto ni Rakurō-gun no yakusho no atta tokoro wa, konnichi no Heijō no minami, Daidō-kō no mukō-gishi ni atte, furui jōheki no ato mo arimasu ga, Shina kara haken serareta yakunin ga koko ni todomatte Chōsen o osamete ita no de arimasu.

(dated) Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


ハノイ

Hanoi (a city, the capital city of Vietnam)


プノンペン

[pɯ̟nõ̞mpẽ̞ɴ]


ヴィエンチャン

[bʲiẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕã̠ɴ]

From French Vientiane, from Lao ວຽງຈັນ (wīang chan).


マニラ

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


リスボン

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; the capital city of Portugal)


コロンボ

Colombo (the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka)


ビシュケク

Bishkek (the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


青島

Qingdao (a subprovincial city in eastern Shandong, in eastern China)


武漢

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 重慶 /重庆 (chóngqìng).

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


貴州

Guizhou (a province in southwestern China)


海口

Haikou (the capital city of Hainan, China)


長春

Changchun (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China)


昆明

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


瀋陽

Shenyang (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, China)


成都

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 成都 (Chéngdū).

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


合肥

Hefei (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Anhui, China)


鄭州

Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


トビリシ

Tbilisi (the capital city of the country of Georgia)


バクー

ja-pos

バクー • (Bakū)


維也納

維也納(ウィーン) • (Wīn)

obsolete spelling of ウィーン (= Vienna), the capital city of Austria


フェロー諸島

フェロー諸島 (canonical)
Ferō-shotō (romanization)

Faroe Islands
Faroe Islands#English:_Q4628

Faroe Islands (an archipelago and self-governing autonomous territory of Denmark, in the North Atlantic Ocean between Scotland and Iceland)


黒竜江

黒竜江 (canonical)
Kokuryūkō (romanization)

[ko̞kɯ̟ɾʲɨːko̞ː]

Heilongjiang (a province in northeastern China)


広州

広(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 廣州 /广州 (Guǎngzhōu).

obor

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


邯鄲

Handan (a prefecture-level city of Hebei, China)


ナホトカ

Nakhodka (a port city in Primorsky Krai, Russia)


ユジノサハリンスク

ja:ユジノサハリンスク


日立

The name of various places, titles, and companies in Japan.

Hitachi (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)

Hitachi Province, a former region in Japan, roughly equivalent to modern-day Ibaraki prefecture


そうべつ

壮瞥: a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan


石見

石見 (canonical)
Iwami (romanization)
Ifami (romanization)
いはみ (hiragana historical)

Iwami Province, an old province of Japan


高山

Takayama (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


信夫

信夫 (canonical)
Shinobu (romanization)
信夫 (canonical)
Nobuo (romanization)

(history) a district of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan


備州

Compound of 備 (Clipping of 吉備 (“Kibi Province”)) + 州 (shū, “province”)

com+

Clipping of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">吉備</i> (“Kibi Province”)

(historical) Short for 吉備国 (Kibi no kuni, “Kibi Province, a feudal province of Japan”)., in the area of Okayama Prefecture and eastern Hiroshima prefecture. It was divided into Bizen, Bitchū, and Bingo Provinces in the late 7th century, and Mimasaka Province was separated from Bizen Province in the 8th century

Short for 備前国 (Bizen no kuni, “Bizen Province”).

Short for 備中国 (Bitchū no kuni, “Bitchū Province”).

Short for 備後国 (Bingo no kuni, “Bingo Province”).


満州

ja-pos

満(まん)州(しゅう) • (Manshū) ^(←まんしう (Mansiu)?)

満州 (canonical)
Manshū (romanization)
Mansiu (romanization)
まんしう (hiragana historical)

From Chinese 滿洲 /满洲 (Mǎnzhōu), from Manchu ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ (manju).
州 is a daiyōji replacing 洲.

Manchuria (a historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia)


長州

長(ちょう)州(しゅう) • (Chōshū) ^(←ちやうしう (Tyausiu)?)

長州 (canonical)
Chōshū (romanization)
Tyausiu (romanization)
ちやうしう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 長 (Clipping of 長門 (“Nagato Province”)) + 州 (shū, “province”)

com+

Clipping of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">長門</i> (“Nagato Province”)

(historical) Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni, “Nagato Province, a feudal province of Japan”).

長州藩

長州藩 ちょうしゅうはん

長州風呂

長州風呂 ちょうしゅうぶろ


奥州

奥州 (canonical)
Ōshū (romanization)
Ausiu (romanization)
あうしう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Osju, Voxu

→ Latin:

(historical) Short for 陸奥国 (Mutsu no kuni, “Mutsu Province, a feudal province of Japan”).


千葉

Chiba (the capital city of Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


三浦

Compound of 三 (mi; san, “three”) + 浦 (ura; ho, “inlet, bay”).

compound

Miura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


清和

a village in Kimitsu district, Chiba Prefecture

a village in Kamishiki district, Kumamoto Prefecture

a neighbourhood of Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture


天神

[tẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

From Middle Chinese 天神 (MC then zyin). Compare modern Mandarin 天神 (tiānshén, “god, godhead, divinity”).

cog

天神講: a matsuri celebrating Sugawara no Michizane

天神祭: a matsuri celebrating Sugawara no Michizane

天神橋: a bridge over the Yodo River in Ōsaka

天神髭

a beard of the style shown in depiction of Sugawara no Michizane

天神山

the name of various mountains and other places around Japan

天神山古墳 てんじんやまこふん

天神山古墳: a late-fourth-century kofun tomb in Gunma prefecture


那覇

Russian: На́ха f (Náxa)

Naha (the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


竹田

Taketa (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


高島

Takashima (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


田村

Tamura (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


鶴岡

ja-pos

鶴(つる)岡(おか) • (Tsuruoka) ^(←つるをか (Turwoka)?)

鶴岡 (canonical)
Tsuruoka (romanization)
Turwoka (romanization)
つるをか (hiragana historical)

Tsuruoka (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


青木

青(あお)木(き) or 青(おお)木(ぎ) • (Aoki or Ōgi) ^(←あをき (Awoki)?)

青木 (canonical)
青木 (canonical)
Aoki (romanization)
Ōgi (romanization)
Awoki (romanization)
あをき (hiragana historical)

青(あお) (ao, “blue, green”) + 木(き) (ki, “tree”)


飯田

飯田 (canonical)
Īda (romanization)
Ifida (romanization)
いひだ (hiragana historical)

Īda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


池田

Ikeda (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


石川

ja-pos

石(いし)川(かわ) • (Ishikawa) ^(←いしかは (Isikafa)?)

石(いし)川(がわ) • (Ishigawa) ^(←いしがは (Isigafa)?)

石川 (canonical)
Ishikawa (romanization)
Isikafa (romanization)
いしかは (hiragana historical)
石川 (canonical)
Ishigawa (romanization)
Isigafa (romanization)
いしがは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 石川 (Shíchuān)

→ English: Ishikawa, Ishigawa

[iɕiɡa̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

Ishikawa (a prefecture of Japan; capital: Kanazawa)

Ishikawa (a town in Ishikawa district, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)

a former city in Okinawa island; now part of Uruma, Okinawa Prefecture.

Synonym of 賀茂川 (Kamogawa): a river in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

賀茂川

Ishi River (rivers in Japan):
a river in Aichi Prefecture.

a tributary of the Tokiwa, Hokkaido Prefecture.

a tributary of the Yamato, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Mizuho, Nagoya and of Taketoyo, in Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood and train station in Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ishioka, Hitachinaka and Mito and of Ami, in Ibaraki Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Uruma and Motobu, Okinawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kashiwara, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Naka, Yokohama and of Fujisawa, in Kanagawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Yosano, Kyoto Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ueki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kohoku, Shiga Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shimizu, Shizuoka and of Numazu, in Shizuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ichihara and Sakura, Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Hachiōji and Ōta, Tokyo prefecture.

a neighborhood of Fujioka, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kashihara and Yamatokōriyama, Nara Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kamo and Jōetsu, Niigata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kawamata, Fukushima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Hakodate and Muroran, Hokkaido Prefecture.

Ishikawa (other places in Japan):
a neighborhood of Iga, Mie Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shinjō, Yamagata Prefecture.

Ishi River (rivers in Japan):
a river in Niigata Prefecture.

a tributary of the Sai, Ishikawa Prefecture.

a tributary of the Sabaishi, Niigata Prefecture.

a tributary of the Hikimi, Shimane Prefecture.


市川

Ichikawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


上田

上田 (canonical)
Ueda (romanization)
Ufeda (romanization)
うへだ (hiragana historical)

Russian: Уэ́да f (Uéda)

Ueda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


上野

上野 (canonical)
Kōzuke (romanization)
Kauduke (romanization)
かうづけ (hiragana historical)

⟨kami₁tuke₂⟩ → */kamʲitukei̯/ → /kaũd͡zuke/ → /kɔːd͡zuke/ → /koːzuke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 上毛野 (Kami₁tuke₂no₁ → Kamitsukeno, literally “Upper Keno”).

inh

Short for 上野国 (Kōzuke-no-kuni): Kōzuke Province, an old province of Japan


上原

ja-pos

上(うえ)原(はら) • (Uehara) ^(←うへはら (Ufefara)?)

上(うえ)原(ばら) • (Uebara) ^(←うへばら (Ufebara)?)

上(うわ)原(はら) • (Uwahara) ^(←うははら (Ufafara)?)

上(うわ)原(ばら) • (Uwabara) ^(←うはばら (Ufabara)?)

上(うわ)原(ばる) • (Uwabaru) ^(←うはばる (Ufabaru)?)

上原 (canonical)
Uehara (romanization)
Ufefara (romanization)
うへはら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uebara (romanization)
Ufebara (romanization)
うへばら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwahara (romanization)
Ufafara (romanization)
うははら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwabara (romanization)
Ufabara (romanization)
うはばら (hiragana historical)
上原 (canonical)
Uwabaru (romanization)
Ufabaru (romanization)
うはばる (hiragana historical)

→ English: Uehara

[ɯ̟e̞ha̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟e̞ba̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ha̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ba̠ɾa̠]

[ɯ̟β̞a̠ba̠ɾɯ̟]

The hara/haru changes to bara/baru as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

a neighborhood of Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shibuya, Tokyo prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ginowan, of Taketomi and Nishihara, and of Ōgimi; in Okinawa Prefecture.

Uebara (a neighborhood of Ōtaki, Chiba Prefecture)

Uebara (a neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture)

Uwahara (a neighborhood of Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture)

a neighborhood of Niihama, Ehime Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nihonmatsu, Fukushima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Iide, Yamagata Prefecture.

Uwabaru (a neighborhood of Ashikita, Kumamoto Prefecture)


上原

[kã̠mba̠ɾɯ̟]

a neighborhood of Taketoyo, Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Fukaya, Saitama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ōnan, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Uonuma, Kashiwazaki and Minamiuonuma, Niigata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nanto, Fukuyama prefecture.


上原

[kã̠mba̠ɾɯ̟]

Kanbara (a neighborhood of Sōja, Okayama Prefecture)

Kanbara (a neighborhood of Yokoshibahikari, Chiba Prefecture)


上原

[kã̠mba̠ɾɯ̟]

Kanbaru (a neighborhood of Miyako, Fukuoka Prefecture)


梅田

a district of Kita, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan


大川

Ōkawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


大田

Ōta (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


大津

大津 (canonical)
Ōtsu (romanization)
Ofotu (romanization)
おほつ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “big, large”) + 津 (tsu, “harbor, port”).

compound

Ōtsu (the capital city of Shiga Prefecture), an important port on Lake Biwa


大村

Ōmura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


岡崎

Okazaki (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


岡田

岡田 (canonical)
Okada (romanization)
Wokada (romanization)
をかだ (hiragana historical)
岡田 (canonical)
Okata (romanization)
Wokata (romanization)
をかた (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 岡田 /冈田 (Gāngtián)

→ English: Okada

Compound of 岡(おか) (oka, “hillock”) + 田(た) (ta, “rice field”). The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

a neighborhood of Chita, Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Yuzawa, Akita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Jōsō and Hitachiōta, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Sennan, Osaka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Samugawa, Kanagawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Higashiōmi, Shiga Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shimada, Shizuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Izumo, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tateyama, Noda and Yachimata, Chiba Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Nagano and Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Shibata and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yahatanishi ward, Kitakyushu and of Chikushino, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Tanagura, Fukushima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Samani, Hokkaido Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Iga and Suzuka, Mie Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Miyagino ward, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Iwade and Kainan, Wakayama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Atsugi, Kanagawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ōshima, Tokyo prefecture.

Okata (neighborhoods in Japan):
a neighborhood of Ōi, Fukui Prefecture.


織田

織田 (canonical)
Oda (romanization)
織田 (canonical)
Ota (romanization)

→ English: Oda, Ota

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Oda (a neighborhood of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

Ota (a neighborhood of Echizen, Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


小野

小野 (canonical)
Ono (romanization)
Wono (romanization)
をの (hiragana historical)

a common place name
Ono (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)

Ono (a town in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


甲斐

甲斐 (canonical)
Kai (romanization)
Kafi (romanization)
かひ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.
Derived from the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 代(か)う (kau, “to exchange or replace one thing with another”), with the basic sense being "that which should be the result / outcome / replacement".

ja-etym-renyokei

Kai (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)

甲州

こうしゅう, Kōshu

Kai (a historical province of Japan, roughly corresponding to present-day Yamanashi Prefecture)


金沢

ja-pos

金(かな)沢(ざわ) • (Kanazawa) ^(←かなざは (Kanazafa)?)

金沢 (canonical)
Kanazawa (romanization)
Kanazafa (romanization)
かなざは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 金(かな) (kana, “metal; gold”, combining form of stand-alone reading kane) + 沢(さわ) (sawa, “marsh, swamp; mountain brook or stream”). The sawa changes to zawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Kanazawa (the capital city of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)

Kanazawa (a ward of Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


神田

From a territory controlled by Shinto shrine.


古賀

Koga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


佐伯

Saiki (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


桜井

ja-pos

桜(さくら)井(い) • (Sakurai) ^(←さくらゐ (Sakurawi)?)

桜井 (canonical)
Sakurai (romanization)
Sakurawi (romanization)
さくらゐ (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 櫻井 /樱井 (Yīngjǐng)

→ English: Sakurai

Sakurai (a city and neighborhood of Nara Prefecture, Japan)

a neighborhood of Komaki, Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Imabari, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Minoo and Shimamoto, Osaka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Yōrō, Gifu Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kisarazu and Futtsu, Chiba Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Saku, Nagano Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shima, Fukuoka Prefecture.


佐野

From Old Japanese. First attested as 姐奴 from the 3rd century Wei Zhi.

Sano (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


渋谷

Shibuya (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


島田

島田 (canonical)
Shimada (romanization)
島田 (canonical)
Shimata (romanization)

→ Chinese: 島田 /岛田 (Dǎotián)

→ English: Shimada

Compound of 島(しま) (shima, “island”) + 田(た) (ta, “rice field”). Literally, “island-like field”. The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

Shimada (a city and train station in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

a neighborhood of Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ōwani, Aomori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Komatsu and Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ushiku and Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nakatsu, Ōita Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yatsushiro, Jōnan and Mashiki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Sakado, Saitama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ichihara and Yachiyo, Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ashikaga and Oyama, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Agano, Sanjō, Jōetsu and Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Chikuga, Fukuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kuwana, Mie Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kakuda, Miyagi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shōnai, Yamagata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Inami, Wakayama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kumiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Yasugi, Shimane Prefecture.

a neighborhood and train station in Hikari, Yamaguchi Prefecture.


白井

Shiroi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


東北地方

東北地方 (canonical)
Tōhoku Chihō (romanization)

Compound of 東北 (tōhoku, “northeast”) + 地方 (chihō, “region”).

compound

Tōhoku (a traditional region of Japan, specifically the northernmost six prefectures in Honshu (clockwise from the northermost): Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Yamagata and Akita)

Northeast China (a region of China; consisting of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and sometimes the northeast part of Inner Mongolia)


関根

a neighborhood of Mutsu, Aomori Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nasushiobara, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tōkamachi and Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ishikawa and Motomiya and of Iitate, in Fukushima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kesennuma and Misato, Miyagi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kaminoyama, Tsuruoka, Nan'yō and Yonezawa, Yamagata Prefecture.


瀬戸

Seto (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan); it is known for ceramics.


立花

立花 (canonical)
Rikka (romanization)
Ritukwa (romanization)
りつくわ (hiragana historical)

/rikkwa/ → /rikka/
Possibly from Middle Chinese compound 立花 (MC lip xwae, “lit. stand + flower”) or 立華 (MC lip xwae, “lit. stand + flower”).
Alternatively, coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived components.


伊達

From earlier いだて or いだち. Further source unknown. Kanji 伊 became silent in the Muromachi Period.

Date (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


田辺

Tanabe (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


土井

土井 (canonical)
Doi (romanization)
Dowi (romanization)
どゐ (hiragana historical)

a neighborhood of Awa, Tokushima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Sayō, Sayō district, Hyōgo Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Minabe, Hidaka district, Wakayama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Higashi, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture.


戸田

Chinese: 戶田 /户田 (Hùtián)

Toda (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


長井

Nagai (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


長島

Nagashima (a town in Izumi district, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


武雄

Takeo (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


中野

Nakano (a special ward of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

Nakano (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


長野

Russian: Нага́но m or f (Nagáno)

Nagano (the capital city of Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


永野

The neighborhoods of Toyota and Kōta, Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Satsuma, Kagoshima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tosa, Sakawa, Tsuno and Yusuhara; in Kōchi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Jinsekikōgen, Hiroshima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.


西岡

ja-pos

西(にし)岡(おか) • (Nishioka) ^(←にしをか (Nisiwoka)?)

西岡 (canonical)
Nishioka (romanization)
Nisiwoka (romanization)
にしをか (hiragana historical)

→ English: Nishioka

Compound of 西(にし) (nishi, “the west”) + 岡(おか) (oka, “hillock”), literally, “hill on the west”.

ja-com

a neighborhood of Toyota, Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Tōon, Ehime Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Itakura, Gunma Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Yamatokōriyama, Nara Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Agano, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Toyohira ward, Sapporo and of Kenbuchi, in Hokkaido Prefecture.


二宮

a town in Haga district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

a town in Naka district, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan


沼田

Numata (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


野田

Noda (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


昭南

ja-pos

昭(しょう)南(なん) • (Shōnan) ^(←せうなん (Seunan)?)

昭南 (canonical)
Shōnan (romanization)
Seunan (romanization)
せうなん (hiragana historical)

en:Japanese occupation of Singapore
ja:日本占領時期のシンガポール

(historical) Syonan, Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia), as part of the Empire of Japan


橋本

Compound of 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”) + 本(もと) (moto, “origin; base”).

ja-com

Hashimoto (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)

a railway station in Hashimoto, Wakayama Prefecture

a district and railway station in Midori, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture

a subway station in Nishi, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture

a railway station in Yawata, Kyoto Prefecture


長谷川

ja-pos

長谷(はせ)川(がわ) • (Hasegawa) ^(←はせがは (Fasegafa)?)

長(なが)谷(たに)川(がわ) • (Nagatanigawa) ^(←ながたにがは (Nagatanigafa)?)

長(なが)谷(や)川(がわ) • (Nagayagawa) ^(←ながやがは (Nagayagafa)?)

長谷川 (canonical)
Hasegawa (romanization)
Fasegafa (romanization)
はせがは (hiragana historical)
長谷川 (canonical)
Nagatanigawa (romanization)
Nagatanigafa (romanization)
ながたにがは (hiragana historical)
長谷川 (canonical)
Nagayagawa (romanization)
Nagayagafa (romanization)
ながやがは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 長谷川 /长谷川 (Chánggǔchuān)

→ English: Hasegawa

[na̠ɡa̠ta̠ɲ̟iɡa̠β̞a̠]

[na̠ɡa̠ja̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]

From 長谷 (Hase / Nagatani / Nagaya, placename) + 川 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Hase River (rivers and tributaries in Japan):

a tributary of the Ōno, Ōita Prefecture.

a tributary of the Onga, Fukuoka Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kikuchi, Kumamoto Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kiso, Nagano Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kushida, Mie Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kōnokawa, Niigata Prefecture.

a tributary of the Gokase, Miyazaki Prefecture.

a tributary of the Naruse, Miyagi Prefecture.

a tributary of the Noro, Hiroshima Prefecture.

a tributary of the Yoshino, Tokushima Prefecture.

a tributary of the Yodo, Kyoto Prefecture.

Hasegawa (a neighborhood of Kimitsu, Chiba Prefecture)

Hasegawa (a neighborhood of Aritagawa, Wakayama Prefecture)

Nagatani River (rivers and tributaries in Japan):

a river in Okayama Prefecture and Hyōgo Prefecture.

a tributary of the Agano, Fukushima Prefecture.

a tributary of the Asahi, the Iri, the Takahashi and the Yoshii, Okayama Prefecture.

a tributary of the Abu, the Oze and the Nishiki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

a tributary of the Ōno and the Yamakuni, Ōita Prefecture.

a tributary of the Ogawa and the Mannose, Kagoshima Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kagami, the Shimonokae, the Shinkawa, the Nahari, the Monobe and the Wajiki, Kōchi Prefecture.

a tributary of the Gamō and the Tenjin, Tottori Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kikuchi, the Kuma, the Gokase and the Seki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kiso, Gifu Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kinokawa, Nara Prefecture.

a tributary of the Kurose, Hiroshima Prefecture.

a tributary of the Gōnokawa, Shimane Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture.

a tributary of the Saita, Kagawa Prefecture.

a tributary of the Shigeta, the Shigenobu, the Hiji, the Hinoodani and the Mori, Ehime Prefecture.

a tributary of the Shinano, Niigata Prefecture.

a tributary of the Tatara, Fukuoka Prefecture.

a tributary of the Chikusa and the Yada, Hyōgo Prefecture.

a tributary of the Nachi, Wakayama Prefecture.

a tributary of the Noda and the Yura, Kyoto Prefecture.

a tributary of the Matsuura and the Rokkaku, Saga Prefecture.

a tributary of the Yamada, Nagasaki Prefecture.

a tributary of the Yodo, Osaka Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Nara Prefecture.

a tributary of the Watari, Ehime Prefecture and Kōchi Prefecture.

Nagaya River (a tributary of the Gōnokawa, Hiroshima Prefecture)


長谷

/patuse/ → /fatuse/ → /fase/ →/hase/
From the 枕(まくら)詞(ことば) (makura kotoba, “pillow word”) 長(なが)谷(たに)の泊(はつ)瀬(せ) (nagatani no Hatsuse, literally, "the long valley of Hatsuse"); the modern notation of 泊(はつ)瀬(せ) (Hatsuse) being 初(はつ)瀬(せ). Evolved into Hase by sound change.
The modern location of Hatsuse is in Sakurai, Nara Prefecture.

ja-r

なが%たに の ^はつ%せ

Hase (a former village in Kamiina district, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, now part of the city of Ina)


長谷

ja-pos

長(なが)谷(たに) or 長(なが)谷(や) • (Nagatani or Nagaya)

長谷 (canonical)
長谷 (canonical)
Nagatani (romanization)
Nagaya (romanization)

Nagatani (a district of the town of Aga, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)

Nagatani, Nagatani-oike (a dam in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)

Nagaya (a district of the city of Kakegawashi, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


長谷

Nagayatsu (a district of the city of Minamiboso, Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


浜田

Hamada (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


早川

早(はや)川(かわ) • (Hayakawa) ^(←はやかは (Fayakafa)?)

早川 (canonical)
Hayakawa (romanization)
Fayakafa (romanization)
はやかは (hiragana historical)

ja:早川
ja:早川 (山梨県)
ja:早川 (神奈川県)

Haya River (a river in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)

Haya River (a river in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


原口

[ha̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[ha̠ɾɯ̟ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

Compound of 原(はら) (hara, “field, plain”) + 口(くち) (kuchi, “mouth; opening”). Literally, “field opening”.

ja-com

The towns in Isahaya, Ōmura and Shimabara, Nagasaki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Matsumae, Matsumae district, Hokkaido Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.


原口

Haruguchi (a neighborhood of Nagomi, Tamana district, Kumamoto Prefecture)


日高

Hidaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


日野

Hino (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


平川

ja-pos

平(ひら)川(かわ) • (Hirakawa) ^(←ひらかは (Firakafa)?)

平川 (canonical)
Hirakawa (romanization)
Firakafa (romanization)
ひらかは (hiragana historical)

Hirakawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


深谷

Fukaya (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


福井

福井 (canonical)
Fukui (romanization)
Fukwi (romanization)
ふくゐ (hiragana historical)

Fukui (the capital city of Fukui Prefecture, Japan)

Fukui (a prefecture on the north coast of Honshu, Japan)


福山

Fukuyama (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


藤枝

Fujieda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


藤岡

藤(ふじ)岡(おか) • (Fujioka) ^(←ふぢをか (Fudiwoka)?)

藤岡 (canonical)
Fujioka (romanization)
Fudiwoka (romanization)
ふぢをか (hiragana historical)

Fujioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


古川

Furukawa (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


古河

Koga (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


古田

Compound of 古(ふる) (furu, “old, worn out”, noun) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”). Literally, “old (rice) field”.

ja-com

a neighborhood of Nishinoomote, Kagoshima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Motoyama, Kōchi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kawachi, Tochigi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Harima, Hyōgo Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Oguni, Yamagata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture.


古田

Futta (a neighborhood of Kawai, Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


古田

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Koda (a neighborhood of Tahara, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Koda (the neighborhoods of Shibata and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


古田

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 古田 (Gǔtián).

obor

Gutian (a county of Ningde, Fujian, China)


本郷

Hongō (a district of the ward of Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan)


前川

a county of Chagang Province, North Korea


前田

前田 (canonical)
Maeda (romanization)
Mafeda (romanization)
まへだ (hiragana historical)
前田 (canonical)
Maeta (romanization)
Mafeta (romanization)
まへた (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 前田 (Qiántián)

→ English: Maeda

Maeda (multiple neighborhoods in Japan):

The neighborhoods of Inazawa and of Taketoyo, Chita district, in Aichi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Aomori and of Shichinohe and Noheji, Kamikita district; in Aomori Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ibaraki, Higashiibaraki district, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Hachimantai, Iwate Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Usuki, Ōita Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Urasoe, Okinawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kimotsuki, Kimotsuki district, Kagoshima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Gōdo, Anpachi district, Gifu Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Numazu and Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Minamibōsō, Chiba Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nanto, Toyama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Yukuhashi and of Yahatahigashi, Kitakyūshū; in Fukuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kitakata, Date and Nihonmatsu; of Yabuki, Nishishirakawa district; and of Futaba, Futaba district; in Fukushima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kyōwa, Iwanai district, Hokkaido Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ebino, Miyazaki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Hirogawa, Arida district, Wakayama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Hatogaya, Saitama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ōtawara, Tochigi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Iitate, Sōma district, Fukushima Prefecture.


益田

Masuda (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


町田

Machida (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


松浦

Matsuura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


松原

Matsubara (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


松山

Matsuyama (the capital city of Ehime Prefecture, Japan)


三上

三(み) (mi) + 上(かみ) (kami, literally “three high (things)”). Attested from at least the 10th century.

ja-compound

a neighborhood of Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Yasu, Shiga Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kaminoyama, Yamagata Prefecture.

(historical) a former district of Hiroshima Prefecture


三沢

Misawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


三島

Mishima (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


水原

ja-pos

水(すい)原(げん) • (Suigen) ^(←すいげん (Suigen)?)

水原 (canonical)
Suigen (romanization)
すいげん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 수원(水原) (suwon).


三原

Mihara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


美馬

Mima (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


宮崎

ja-pos

宮(みや)崎(ざき) • (Miyazaki) ^(←みやざき (Miyazaki)?)

宮崎 (canonical)
Miyazaki (romanization)
みやざき (hiragana historical)

Miyazaki (the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)

Miyazaki (a prefecture in south eastern Kyushu, Japan)


三好

Miyoshi (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


村上

Literally “upper town, upper part of a town”.

Murakami (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


柳川

柳(やな)川(がわ) • (Yanagawa) ^(←やながは (Yanagafa)?)

柳川 (canonical)
Yanagawa (romanization)
Yanagafa (romanization)
やながは (hiragana historical)

Yanagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


矢野

a neighborhood of Yawatahama, Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Izumo, Shimane Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Aki, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Tamaki, Mie Prefecture.


和田

和(わ) (wa) + 田(た) (ta, literally “tranquil field”)

ja-compound

a neighborhood of Shichinohe, Kamikita district, Aomori Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shika, Hakui district, Ishikawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Toride, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kumatori, Sennan district and of Minami, Sakai, in Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Akaiwa, Tamano and Mimasaka, of Kibichūō, Kaga district and of Kagamino, Tomata district, in Okayama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ibigawa, Ibi district, Gifu Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Maizuru and of Kyōtanba, Funai district, in Kyoto Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sukumo, of Kitagawa, Aki district, of Tosa, Tosa district, and of Ōtoyo, Nagaoka district, in Kōchi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Itō, Kakegawa, Kikugawa and Makinohara, Shizuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ōnan, Ōchi district, Shimane Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sanmu, Narita and Yotsukaidō and of Sakae, Inba district, in Chiba Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Suginami and Tama, Tokyo prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Takaoka and Toyama, Toyama Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Komoro and Matsumoto and of Nagawa, Chīsagata district, in Nagano Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sakurai and of Tenkawa, Yoshino district, in Nara Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kōnan, Niigata and of Uonuma, in Niigata Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Sasayama, of Inami, Kako district and of Shin'onsen, Mikata district, in Hyōgo Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Mihara, Hiroshima Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Fukui, of Takahama, Ōi district and of Mihama, Mikata district, in Fukui Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Minami, Fukuoka and of Sasaguri, Kasuya district, in Fukuoka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Aizuwakamatsu, Sukagawa and Sōma and of Shirasawa, Adachi district, in Fukushima Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nan'yō, Yamagata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Suōōshima, Ōshima district, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Minobu, Minamikoma district, Yamanashi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Tanabe and Wakayama, of Hirogawa, Arida district and of Mihama, Hidaka district, in Wakayama Prefecture.


赤坂

Literally "red hill", from 赤(あか) (aka, “red”) and 坂(さか) (saka, “hill”). The placename does not refer to any known specific hill, and may be reduced from an earlier 茜坂(あかねさか) (akanesaka, “madder hill”, literally “red root hill”).


明石

Akashi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


相馬

Sōma (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


高崎

Takasaki (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


安里

Asato (regions in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan):

a region of Nakagusuku, Nakagami district.


足立

Adachi (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


市原

Ichihara (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


宇城

Uki (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


三明

Sanming (a prefecture-level city of Fujian, China)


砂川

Sunagawa (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


米沢

ja-pos

米(よね)沢(ざわ) • (Yonezawa) ^(←よねざは (Yonezafa)?)

米沢 (canonical)
Yonezawa (romanization)
Yonezafa (romanization)
よねざは (hiragana historical)

Yonezawa (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


平塚

Hiratsuka (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


羽田

羽田 (canonical)
Haneda (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Haneta (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Handa (romanization)

→ Chinese: 羽田 (Yǔtián)

a neighborhood and airport in Ōta, Tokyo prefecture.

a neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kawamata, Fukushima Prefecture.

Haneta (a neighborhood of Sakuragawa, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)

Handa (a neighborhood of Ōtawara, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


羽田

羽田 (canonical)
Hata (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Hada (romanization)

→ English: Hata, Hada

Hata (a neighborhood of Hita, Ōita Prefecture, Japan)

Hada (a neighborhood of Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Hada (a neighborhood of Ōita, Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


北斗

Hokuto (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan).


嶋田

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Shimada (a neighborhood of Taketoyo, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


島原

島原半島

島原半島 しまばらはんとう

Shimabara (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白石

Shiroishi (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


仙頭

仙頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

misspelling of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)”)


田原

Tahara (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


土佐

Tosa (a city in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


南スーダン

南スーダン (canonical)
Minami Sūdan (romanization)

南 (minami, “south”) + スーダン (Sūdan, “Sudan”), calque of English South Sudan.

af

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


コーンウォール

ja-pos

コーンウォール • (Kōnwōru)

ja:コーンウォール (曖昧さ回避)

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island#English

Cornwall (a town in Prince Edward Island)


こうてい

ja-noun

こうてい • (kōtei)

康定: Kangding (a city in Sichuan, China), an era of the Song dynasty


綾瀬

Ayase (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


藤森

ja-pos

藤(ふじ)森(もり) • (Fujimori) ^(←ふぢもり (Fudimori)?)

藤森 (canonical)
Fujimori (romanization)
Fudimori (romanization)
ふぢもり (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑimo̞ɾʲi]

Compound of 藤(ふじ) (fuji, “Japanese wisteria”) + 森(もり) (mori, “forest”). Literally, “wisteria forest”.

ja-com

Fujimori (a neighborhood of Meitō, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

Fujimori (a neighborhood of Maniwa, Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


藤森

ja-pos

藤森(ふじのもり) • (Fujinomori) ^(←ふぢのもり (Fudinomori)?)

藤森 (canonical)
Fujinomori (romanization)
Fudinomori (romanization)
ふぢのもり (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑino̞mo̞ɾʲi]

Abbreviation of 藤の森 (fuji no mori, “forest of wisteria”).

abbrev

Fujinomori (a neighborhood of Oyabe, Toyama Prefecture, Japan)

Fujinomori (a neighborhood of Yamatotakada, Nara Prefecture, Japan)


船橋

船(ふな) (funa, combining form of 船(ふね) (fune, “ship, vessel”)) + 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”). The hashi changes to bashi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Funabashi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


水戸

Mito (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


数馬

a neighborhood of Futtsu, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

a village in Iide, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.

a village in Hinohara, Tokyo prefecture, Japan.


守口

Moriguchi (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


摩耶

From Middle Chinese 摩耶 (MC ma yae), from Sanskrit माया (māyā́).

摩耶山

Maya (a mountain in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


八代

八代 (canonical)
Yatsushiro (romanization)

Yatsushiro (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


山城

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 城 (shiro, “castle, fortress”).

compound

Yamashiro Province, an old province of Japan


結城

結城 (canonical)
Yūki (romanization)
Yufuki (romanization)
ゆふき (hiragana historical)

From the many 楮 (kōzo, “paper mulberry”) trees originally planted there, from 木綿 (yuu, “string made from the fibers of the paper mulberry”), cognate with 結う (yuu, “to tie up”).

Yūki (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


真弓

→ English: Mayumi

Compound of 真(ま) (ma-, “pure, genuine; beautiful”) + 弓(ゆみ) (yumi, “bow”).

ja-com

a neighborhood of Hitachiōta, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Ōhira, Tochigi Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Ikoma and Asuka, Nara Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Yamakawa, Fukuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Shinchi, Fukushima Prefecture.


瑞穂

Mizuho (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)

Ruisui (a rural township in Hualien County, Taiwan)


金城

Kanagi (a former town in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


亜細亜

Ateji (当て字), from Chinese 亞細亞 /亚细亚 (Yàxìyà).

(historical) Asia (an ancient province of the Roman Empire in modern western Turkey, existing between 133 BC (during the Roman Republic) and the 7th century AD)


アーカンソー

ja-pos

アーカンソー • (Ākansō)

[a̠ːkã̠ɰ̃so̞ː]

Borrowed from English Arkansas, from French pronunciation of Siouan, meaning “land of downriver people” in Quapaw/Kansa and “people of the south wind” in Dakota/Lakota.

(~州) Arkansas (a state of the United States)


ジャージー

ジャージー • (Jājī)

ja:ジャージー (曖昧さ回避)

Jersey (an island dependency of the United Kingdom)

Jersey (a town in Georgia, United States)


行方

Also spelled Namekata (without rendaku) in older texts.

Namegata (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


揚子江

揚(よう)子(す)江(こう) • (Yōsukō) ^(←やうすかう (Yausukau)?)

揚子江 (canonical)
Yōsukō (romanization)
Yausukau (romanization)
やうすかう (hiragana historical)


北陸

[ho̞kɯ̟ɾʲikɯ̟]

Named after Hokurikudō (北陸道(ほくりくどう) (hokurikudō), literally "northern land circuit"), a historical region under the ancient Gokishichidō system.

Hokuriku (a geographical region in central Japan, traditionally composed of the prefectures of Fukui, Ishikawa, Toyama and (sometimes) Niigata)


おしさか

Oshisaka (romanization)
忍阪 (alternative)

(historical) 忍坂: Oshisaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


おさか

意佐加能 意富牟盧夜爾 比登佐波爾 岐伊理袁理 比登佐波爾 伊理袁理登母 美都美都斯 久米能古賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 宇知弖斯夜麻牟 美都美都斯 久米能古良賀 久夫都都伊 伊斯都都伊母知 伊麻宇多婆余良斯

於佐箇廼、於朋務露夜珥、比苔瑳破而、異離烏利苔毛、比苔瑳破而、枳伊離烏利苔毛、瀰都瀰都志、倶梅能固邏餓、句鶩都都伊、異志都都伊毛智、于智弖之夜莽務

山口坐皇神等能前爾白久、飛鳥・石寸・忍坂・長谷・畝火・耳无登、御名者白弖 [...]

927, Engishiki (Kojiki, Norito page 392)

(historical) 忍坂:: Osaka (a historical name of Sakurai, a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


国技館

国技館 (canonical)
Kokugikan (romanization)

国技 (kokugi, “national sport”) + 館 (-kan)


鳴門

From Etymology 1 above.
The “edible seaweed” sense is associated with 鳴門若布 (Naruto wakame), which is traditionally made in Naruto, Tokushima.

Short for 鳴門市 (Naruto-shi): a city in northwestern Tokushima Prefecture


暹羅

暹羅 (canonical)
暹羅 (canonical)
Shamuro (romanization)

Ateji (当て字), from Chinese 暹羅 /暹罗 (Xiānluó).

大辞泉 w:ja:大辞泉

広辞苑 w:ja:広辞苑

大辞林 w:ja:大辞林

Synonym of シャム (Shamu): (historical) Siam (former name of Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia)


キルギスタン

(dated) Synonym of キルギス (Kirigisu): Kyrgyzstan, Kirghizia (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


ジャクソン

Jackson (the capital city of Mississippi, United States and one of the two county seats of Hinds County)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Amador County, California)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Butts County, Georgia, United States)

Breathitt County
Breathitt County#English

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Breathitt County, Kentucky)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Michigan)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Minnesota)

Cape Girardeau County
Cape Girardeau County#English

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Cape Girardeau County, Missouri)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Jackson County, Ohio)

Jackson (a city, the county seat of Madison County, Tennessee)


フォーク

ja-noun

フォーク • (fōku)

Daijisen
ja:フォーク
ja:フォーク (ソフトウェア開発)
ja:フォーク (ファイルシステム)
ja:フォーク (食器)
ja:松村明

フォークボール フォークボール#Japanese

(baseball) Short for フォークボール (fōkubōru).


フォーク

ja-pos

フォーク • (Fōku)

ja:フォーク
ja:フォーク郡 (サウスダコタ州)


フォーク

フォーク • (Fōku)


伊東

Itō (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


テネシー州

テネシー州 (canonical)
Teneshī Shū (romanization)

United States of America
United States of America

Tennessee - a state of the United States of America (postal abbreviation TN) located in the Southeastern United States, with its capital at Nashville and the largest city being Memphis.


ビーバー

ビーバー • (Bībā)

ja:ビーバー (曖昧さ回避)

Beaver (a town, the county seat of Beaver County, Oklahoma)

Beaver (a borough, the county seat of Beaver County, Pennsylvania)

Beaver (a city, the county seat of Beaver County, Utah)


ヨークシャー

ヨークシャー • (Yōkushā)

[jo̞ːkɯ̟̊ɕa̠ː]


大分

大分 (canonical)
Ōita (romanization)
Ofoita (romanization)
おほいた (hiragana historical)

Ōita (the capital city of Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


クイーンズランド

Queensland (a state of Australia, located in the northeastern part of the continent; a former British colony from 1859 to 1901)


西海

Saikai (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白露

白露(ペルー) • (Perū)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 白露 (báilù).

obsolete spelling of ペルー (= Peru), a country in South America


三日月

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 三日 (mika, “third day of a lunar month”) + 月 (tsuki, “moon”). The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


オランダ王国

オランダ王国 (canonical)
Oranda Ōkoku (romanization)

オランダ (Oranda, “Netherlands”) + 王国 (ōkoku, “kingdom”)

compound

Kingdom of the Netherlands#English:_Q29999

Kingdom of the Netherlands (official name of the Netherlands, a country consisting of the Netherlands per se, in Western Europe, as well as three other small island countries in the <, namely Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten)


キングストン

[kʲĩŋɡɯ̟sɨtõ̞ɴ]


サモア

Samoa (a country consisting of the western part of the Samoan archipelago in Polynesia, in Oceania)


煙台

Yantai (a coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China)


ヤムスクロ

Yamoussoukro (the capital city of Ivory Coast)


エカテリンブルク

Yekaterinburg (a city, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia)


ユーコン

ja-pos

ユーコン • (Yūkon)

Yukon, Yukon Territory (a territory in northern Canada)


ヴァドーダラー

ヴァドーダラー • (Vadōdarā)

Vadodara (a large city and district of Gujarat, India)


ファドゥーツ

ファドゥーツ • (Fadūtsu)

Vaduz (the capital city of Liechtenstein)


バレンシア

Valencia (the capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)

Valencian Community
Valencian Community#English

autonomous community
autonomous community

Valencia, Valencian Community (an autonomous community of Spain; in full, Valencian Community)

Valencia (a province of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)

Valencia (the capital city of the state of Carabobo, Venezuela)


ヴィチェプスク

[bʲit͡ɕe̞pɯ̟sɨkɯ̟]


北上

Short for 北上市 (Kitakami-shi): a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan


アーヘン

アーヘン • (Āhen)

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


アーバーダーン

アーバーダーン • (Ābādān)

[a̠ːba̠ːdã̠ːɴ]


オーランド諸島

オーランド諸島 (canonical)
Ōrando Shotō (romanization)

[o̞ːɾã̠ndo̞ɕo̞to̞ː]


ケアンズ

Cairns (a city and port in Queensland, Australia, named after William Cairns)


カブール

[ka̠bɯ̟ːɾɯ̟]


鹿児島

By surface analysis, 鹿子 (kako, kago, “fawn”) + 島 (shima, “island”). See English Wikipedia for more.

surf

Kagoshima (the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

Kagoshima (a prefecture in southern Kyushu, Japan)


カリーニングラード

[ka̠ɾʲiːɲ̟ĩŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠ːdo̞]

Borrowed from Russian Калинингра́д (Kaliningrád).

bor+

Калинингра́д

ja:カリーニングラード

Kaliningrad (a city, the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)


カンダハル

Kandahar (a city and province in southern Afghanistan)


安康

Ankang (a city in Shaanxi, in central China)


鴨川

ja-pos

鴨(かも)川(がわ) • (Kamogawa) ^(←かもがは (Kamogafa)?)

鴨川 (canonical)
Kamogawa (romanization)
Kamogafa (romanization)
かもがは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 鴨 (kamo, “duck”) + 川 (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa due to rendaku (連濁).

Kamogawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan), located on the southeast of the Bōsō Peninsula; developed as a fishing village in the early Edo period, later becoming a seaside resort town


芥川

芥(あくた)川(がわ) • (Akutagawa) ^(←あくたがは (Akutagafa)?)

芥川 (canonical)
Akutagawa (romanization)
Akutagafa (romanization)
あくたがは (hiragana historical)

[a̠kɯ̟̊ta̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]

a river flowing through Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture


ウンブリア

administrative region
administrative region

Umbria (an administrative region in central Italy)


大邱

大(たい)邱(きゅう) • (Taikyū) ^(←たいきう (Taikiu)?)

大邱 (canonical)
Taikyū (romanization)
Taikiu (romanization)
たいきう (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 대구(大邱) (daegu).


イリノイ

ja:イリノイ (曖昧さ回避)

イリノイ州

(~州) Illinois (a state of the United States, named for the people)

Illinois, Illinois River (a river in the United States that flows from Grundy County, Illinois, into the Mississippi River)


インパール

ja-pos

インパール • (Inpāru)


仁川

仁(じん)川(せん) • (Jinsen) ^(←じんせん (Zinsen)?)

仁川 (canonical)
Jinsen (romanization)
Zinsen (romanization)
じんせん (hiragana historical)

→ English: Jinsen

[d͡ʑĩɰ̃sẽ̞ɴ]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 인천(仁川) (incheon).


淄博

Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


アブハジア

international community
international community

Abkhazia (a geographic region and de-facto independent but largely unrecognized country in the Caucasus on the border of Europe and Asia; considered part of Georgia's territory by the vast majority of the international community)


アビシニア

(historical) Abyssinia (former name of Ethiopia, a country and former empire in East Africa; used as an exonym until the mid 20th century)


アケローン

ja-pos

アケローン • (Akerōn)

[a̠ke̞ɾõ̞ːɴ]


アデレード

Adelaide (the state capital of South Australia)


アディゲ

Adygea (a republic and federal subject of south-west Russia)


アーグラ

アーグラ • (Āgura)


アフマダーバード

アフマダーバード • (Afumadābādo)

Ahmedabad (the largest city in Gujarat, India)


アキテーヌ

(historical) Aquitaine (a former duchy in the kingdom of France, long held by the kings of England)

(historical) Aquitaine (a former province of the kingdom of France)

(historical) Aquitaine (a former administrative region of France, now part of Nouvelle-Aquitaine)


アヴィニョン

[a̠bʲiɲ̟õ̞ɴ]


アスンシオン

[a̠sɨ̃ɰ̃ɕiõ̞ɴ]


アルザス

Alsace (a cultural region, former administrative region and historical province of France; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Grand Est)


イラーハーバード

イラーハーバード • (Irāhābādo)


アルジェ

From French Alger (“Algiers”), from Arabic الجزائر (al-jazāʔir, “Algeria; Algiers”, literally “the islands”).

der

Algiers (a city, the capital city of Algeria)


オールバニ

ja:オールバニ (曖昧さ回避)

Albany (the capital city of the state of New York in the United States, and the county seat of Albany County, New York)

Albany (a major river in Ontario, Canada)

Dougherty County
Dougherty County#English

Albany (a sizable city, the county seat of Dougherty County, Georgia, United States, (76,939 during the 2000 census))

Albany (a home rule city, the county seat of Clinton County, Kentucky)

Albany (a city, the county seat of Gentry County, Missouri)

Albany (a city, the county seat of Linn County, Oregon)

Shackelford County
Shackelford County#English

Albany (a city, the county seat of Shackelford County, Texas, United States)

Albany (a city in Alameda County, California, United States)

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

Albany (a port city in the Great Southern region, Western Australia)

Albany (a northern suburb of Auckland, New Zealand)


アレクサンドルーポリ

[a̠ɾe̞kɯ̟sã̠ndo̞ɾɯ̟ːpo̞ɾʲi]


アムステルダム

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


アンガラ川

アンガラ川 (canonical)
Angara-Gawa (romanization)


アンタナナリボ

Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar)


バビロン

(historical) Babylon (an ancient city, the ancient capital of Babylonia in modern Iraq, built on the banks of the Euphrates)


バーデン゠ヴュルテンベルク

[ba̠ːdẽ̞nbʲɨɾɯ̟tẽ̞mbe̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟]

ja:バーデン＝ヴュルテンベルク州


バンドン

Bandung (a city, the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia)


バンダルスリブガワン

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital of Brunei)


バンガロール

Bangalore (a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India)


バンギ

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English

Bangui (the capital city of the Central African Republic)


バンジュール

ja-pos

バンジュール • (Banjūru)


包頭

包(ほう)頭(とう) • (Hōtō)

Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in northern China)


朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

ちょうせん みんしゅ しゅぎ じんみん きょうわこく

^てうせん ^みんしゆ ^しゆぎ ^じんみん ^きようわこく

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)民(みん)主(しゅ)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku)?)

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 (canonical)
Chōsen Minshu Shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Teusen Minsyu Syugi Zinmin Kyouwakoku (romanization)
てうせんみんしゆしゆぎじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

ちょーせん・みんしゅしゅぎ・じんみんきょーわこく

ちょーせんみんしゅしゅぎじんみんきょーわこく

[t͡ɕo̞ːse̞m mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ ɕɨɡʲi d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”) + 民主主義 (minshu shugi, “democracy”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), an orthographic borrowing from Korean 조선민주주의인민공화국(朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) (joseon-minjujuui-inmin-gonghwaguk).

af

Democratic People's Republic of Korea#English:_Q423

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (official name of North Korea, a country in East Asia)

ja:朝鮮民主主義人民共和国


ボーパール

ja-pos

ボーパール • (Bōpāru)

Bhopal (the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, India)

Bhopal (a district of Madhya Pradesh, India, containing the city of the same name)


釜山

「釜山港へ帰れ」


釜山

ふ(후)さん(산)よ(요)り(리) こ(고)の(노)は(호)う(우)に(니)

(historical, including colonial) Busan (a city in South Korea)


釜山

1906, 大和田建樹, 天谷秀, 満韓鉄道唱歌
あれよと指さす程もなく 船は釜山に着きにけり
are yo to yubisasu hodo mo naku fune wa Fuzan ni tsukinikeri
before one can point to it and say, 'There it is!' our boat has arrived in Pusan

This place (Gyeongju) can be reached by taking a train from Busan to Gyeongseong, arriving at Daegu in about an hour, getting off there, and driving east for three to four hours by car.

こゝは釜山から京城へ行く汽車に乘つて、一時間ばかりで大邱に着き、そこで下車して自動車で東の方へ三四時間も走るとすぐ行かれる所です。

Koko wa Fuzan kara Keijō e yuku kisha ni notte, ichi-jikan bakari de Taikyū ni tsuki, soko de gesha shite jidōsha de higashi no hō e san-yo-jikan mo hashiru to sugu yukareru tokoro desu.


ブリヤート

Buryatia (a republic and federal subject in southeast Russia)


バッファロー

バッファロー • (Baffarō)

[ba̠ɸːa̠ɾo̞ː]

Buffalo (a major city, the county seat of Erie County, New York, USA; very near Niagara Falls)

Buffalo (a small city in Scott County, Iowa)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Wright County, Minnesota)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Dallas County, Missouri)

Buffalo (a town, the county seat of Harper County, Oklahoma)

census-designated place
census-designated place

Buffalo (a census-designated place in Union County, South Carolina)

Buffalo (a town, the county seat of Harding County, South Dakota)

Buffalo (a small city in Leon County, Texas)

Buffalo (a town in Putnam County, West Virginia)

Buffalo (a city, the county seat of Johnson County, Wyoming)


バッキンガム宮殿

バッキンガム きゅうでん

バッキンガム宮殿 (canonical)
Bakkingamu Kyūden (romanization)

[ba̠k̚ʲkʲĩŋɡa̠mɯ̟ kʲɨːdẽ̞ɴ]

バッキンガム (“Buckingham”) + 宮殿 (“palace”), calque of British English Buckingham Palace

af

はっきんがむきゅうでん'

cal

はっきんがむきゅうでん'

Buckingham Palace (the official London residence of the British monarch)


ブレーメン

Bremen (the capital city of the state of Bremen, Germany)


バステール

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


バルセロナ

Barcelona (a city and municipality of the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; the capital city of Catalonia)

Barcelona (a province of Catalonia, Spain)

Rio Grande do Norte
Rio Grande do Norte#English

Barcelona (a municipality of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil)

Barcelona (a hamlet in Pelynt parish, Cornwall, England)

Barcelona (a municipality of Sorsogon, Philippines)

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

Barcelona (an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States)

Barcelona (the capital city of the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela)


ビュザンティオン

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Βυζάντιον (Buzántion)

lbor

(historical) Byzantium (an ancient Greek city situated on the Bosporus in modern Turkey, renamed Constantinople in 330 C.E.; modern Istanbul)


バーミンガム

Borrowed from British English Birmingham.

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Birmingham (a major city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England)


最上

Mogami (a town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


チェチェン

[t͡ɕe̞t͡ɕẽ̞ɴ]

Chechnya (a republic and federal subject of Russia, in the northern Caucasus)


新潟

ja-pos

新(にい)潟(がた) • (Niigata) ^(←にひがた (Nifigata)?)

新潟 (canonical)
Niigata (romanization)
Nifigata (romanization)
にひがた (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iːɡa̠ta̠]

Compound of 新 (nii-, “new; fresh”) + 潟 (kata, “tidal flat; lagoon”), most likely in reference to the location. The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

Niigata (the capital city of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


美濃

⟨mi₁no₁⟩ → /mʲinʷo/ → /mino/
From Old Japanese.
The name of a province in ancient Japan, this appears in the oldest records of the 600s, and again later in the Kojiki of 712 CE, as 三野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “three + farm/field + 's + province”), apparently because the region had three large farms. This shifted to 御野国 (Mino no kuni, literally “honorable + farm/field + 's + province”), by roughly 702 CE, then a few years later in roughly 708 CE the spelling was officially changed to 美濃国 (Mino no kuni, literally “beautiful + rich/concentrated + 's + province”), with this spelling then later becoming the only one.

(historical) Short for 美濃国 (Mino no kuni): Mino Province, an old province of Japan

美濃国

Short for 美濃市 (Mino-shi): Mino (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


釧路

Kushiro (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


那須

Nasu (a town in Nasu district, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

Nasu (a district of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


舞鶴

Maizuru (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


対馬

The kanji were transliterated into Old Chinese by Chen Shou in Wajinden(original text here)

After crossing a sea for the first time, one arrives at Tsushima Province in more than 1,000 li.(Wiktionary translation)

Shǐ dù yī hǎi, qiān yú lǐ zhì Duìmǎ guó.

始度一海，千餘里至對馬國。

始度一海，千余里至对马国。


富士

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 富士 (Fùshì)

→ Cantonese: 富士 (fu³ si⁶)

→ Dutch: Fuji

→ English: Fuji

→ French: Fuji

→ German: Fuji

→ Italian: Fuji

→ Korean: 후지 (Huji)

→ Portuguese: Fuji

→ Russian: Фудзи (Fudzi)

→ Spanish: Fuji

→ Vietnamese: Phú Sĩ

⟨puzi⟩ → /ɸuʑi/ → /fuʑi/
From Old Japanese 富士 (Puzi).

人知れぬ思ひをつねにするがなる富士の山こそ我が身なりけれ

hito shirenu omoi o tsune ni Suruga naru Fuji-no-yama koso waga mi narikere

富士, 不二, 不尽: Short for 富士山 (Fujisan): Mount Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan)

Fuji (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


カリフォルニア

[ka̠ɾʲiɸo̞ɾɯ̟ɲ̟ia̠]

カリフォルニア州

California (a state of the United States)

ja:カリフォルニア (曖昧さ回避)


佐渡

Sado (an island, city, and former province of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


北条

ja-pos

北(ほう)条(じょう) or 北(きた)条(じょう) • (Hōjō or Kitajō)

北条 (canonical)
北条 (canonical)
Hōjō (romanization)
Kitajō (romanization)

Hojō (a former city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Matsuyama)

Hōjō (a former town in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Kasai)

Kitajō (a former town in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, today merged with the city of Kashiwazaki)


岡山

岡(おか)山(やま) • (Okayama) ^(←をかやま (Wokayama)?)

岡山(かんしゃん) or 岡山(カンシャン) • (Kanshan)

岡山 (canonical)
Okayama (romanization)
Wokayama (romanization)
をかやま (hiragana historical)
岡山 (canonical)
岡山 (canonical)
Kanshan (romanization)

Okayama (the capital city of Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

Kangshan, Gangshan (a suburban district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan)