アジア

From Chinese 亞細亞 /亚细亚 (Yàxìyà), in turn from Latin Asia. Pronunciation was probably influenced by Dutch Azië.

(historical) Asia (an ancient province of the Roman Empire in modern western Turkey, existing between 133 BC (during the Roman Republic) and the 7th century AD)


アフリカ

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɾʲika̠]

(historical) Africa (a former province of the Roman Empire, containing what is now Tunisia and portions of coastal Algeria and Libya)


アメリカ

Amerigo Vespucci
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:松村明

Borrowed from English America, from New Latin America, feminine form of Americus, a Latinization of the given name of Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512), an Italian explorer.

アメリカ大陸

the Americas, specifically the continent

1999 September 16, Motohiro Katou, “ヤコブの階段 (Yakobu no Kaidan) [Jacob’s Ladder]”, in Q.E.D. 証明終了 (Kyū Ī Dī Shōmei Shūryō) [Q.E.D. (manga)], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 90:

Well, duh!! America is the "world police" after all!!

当たり前さ‼それが〝世界の警察〟たるアメリカの役目だろ‼

Atarimae sa‼ Sore ga〝sekai no keisatsu〟taru Amerika no yakume daro‼

当たり前さ‼それが〝世界の警察〟たるアメリカの役目だろ‼

United States of America
United States of America#English

America, United States of America (a country in North America)


イギリス

From Portuguese inglês (“English”, adjective). Compare English English (adjective), Mandarin 英吉利 (Yīngjílì, “England”).

グレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国

Gurēto Buriten oyobi Kita Airurando Rengō Ōkoku

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

United Kingdom
United Kingdom#English:_Q145

United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)

2001 March 10 [1998 December 16], Motohiro Katou, “ミネルヴァの梟(ふくろう) [Owl of Minerva]”, in Ｑ.(キュー)Ｅ.(イー)Ｄ.(ディー) 証(しょう)明(めい)終(しゅう)了(りょう) [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], 9th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 102:

The king of hearts is Charles I of England

ハートのＫはイギリスのチャールズ一世

Hāto no kingu wa Igirisu no Chāruzu Issei

イングランド イングランド#Japanese

(loosely) Synonym of イングランド (Ingurando): England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


愛

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).
Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

(US) Short for 愛州 (“Idaho (a state of the United States)”).


米

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)

(ateji) United States, America (a country in North America)


米

米 (canonical)
bei (romanization)
べい (hiragana historical)

米国 (Beikoku, “US”)

日米関係 (Nichi-Bei kankei, “Japan–United States relations”)

日米関係 にちべいかんけい

アメリカ合衆国 アメリカ合衆国#Japanese

亜米利加合衆国 亜米利加合衆国#Japanese

United States (abbreviation of アメリカ合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku) and 亜米利加合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku), a country in North America)


リトアニア

Lithuania (a country in northeastern Europe)


USA

[jɯ̟ː e̞sɨ e̞ː]

initialism of the United States of America, a country in North America: USA


アルゴス

[a̠ɾɯ̟ɡo̞sɨ]

ja:アルゴス (曖昧さ回避)


メイン

メイン州


神

Kyūjitai
Mandarin language
Middle Chinese language
Shinjitai

From Middle Chinese 神 (MC zyin). Compare modern Mandarin 神 (shén).

阪神 (hanshin)

Short for 神戸 (Kōbe, “Kōbe (a city in Japan)”).


東京

ja-pos

東(とう)京(きょう) • (Tōkyō) ^(←とうきやう (Toukyau)?)

東京 (canonical)
Tōkyō (romanization)
Toukyau (romanization)
とうきやう (hiragana historical)

→ Dutch: Tokio

→ English: Tokyo

→ Finnish: Tokio

→ French: Tokyo

→ German: Tokio

→ Khmer: តូក្យូ (toukyou)

→ Korean: 동경 (Donggyeong)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Tokyo

→ Portuguese: Tóquio

→ Russian: То́кио (Tókio)

→ Spanish: Tokio

→ Thai: โตเกียว (dtoo-giao)

→ Vietnamese: Đông Kinh

/tou kʲau/ → /toːkʲɔː/ → /toːkʲoː/
Compound of Middle Chinese-derived elements 東 (tō, “east, eastern”) + 京 (kyō, “capital”).
The city of Tokyo was renamed from 江戸 (Edo) in 1868 after Emperor Meiji moved the capital from Kyoto.

com

昨日、東京は曇りでしたか。

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan, consisting of 23 special wards)


東京

Borrowing from Vietnamese 東京 (Đông Kinh, literally “Eastern capital”), a historical name for Hanoi.

bor

(historical) Tonkin (northern region of Vietnam)


京都

京都 (canonical)
Kyōto (romanization)
Kyauto (romanization)
きやうと (hiragana historical)

→ English: Kyoto

→ Korean: 교토 (Gyoto)

→ Portuguese: Kyoto

→ Russian: Кио́то m (Kióto)

→ Vietnamese: Kinh Đô

Early Modern Japanese
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

/kjauto/ → /kjɔːto/ → /kjoːto/
From Middle Chinese 京都 (kjaeng tu, literally “capital city”).

京都五山

京都五山 きょうとござん

京都御所

京都御所 きょうとごしょ

京都所司代

京都所司 きょうとしょし

京都代官

京都代官 きょうとだいかん

京都盆地

京都盆地 きょうとぼんち

京都守護

京都守護 きょうとしゅご

Short for 京都府 (Kyōto-fu): Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture (a prefecture of Japan)

京都府

Short for 京都市 (Kyōto-shi): Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


中国

From Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”). Compare modern Cantonese 中國 /中国 (zung¹ gwok³). Attested from at least the 12th century.

ltc-l

1998 November 30 [1990 November 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)とアニマル惑星(プラネット) [Nobita and the Animal Planet] (大長編ドラえもん; 10), 22nd edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 27:

アメリカとか中国とかいろいろあるじゃない。

Amerika toka Chūgoku toka iroiro aru ja nai.

You know, countries. There are a bunch of them like America and China.

アメリカとか中国とかいろいろあるじゃない。

中華人民共和国 中華人民共和国#Japanese

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(especially in contemporary usage) short for 中華人民共和国 (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku), the People's Republic of China


東

/ɸiŋɡaɕi/ → /ɸiɡaɕi/ → /hiɡaɕi/
Sound shift from hingashi (see Etymology 2 below).
Now the standard word for east.

a historical red-light district in Edo located east of Edo Castle, today in Fukagawa, Kōtō, Tokyo prefecture

(Buddhism) Short for 東本願寺 (Higashi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Shimogyō, Kyoto, Japan

東本願寺

Higashi (multiple places throughout Japan, especially referring to a ward in Okayama, Kumamoto, Sakai, Sapporo, Nagoya, Niigata, Hamamatsu, Hiroshima and Fukuoka)


北

北 (canonical)
北 (canonical)
Kita (romanization)

Attributed to Old Japanese, although the exact phonetics are not clear, as the term is not cited in phonetic man'yōgana.
Ultimate derivation unknown.

Kita (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


森

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).
Probably cognate with 盛り (mori, “heap, pile”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 盛る (moru, “to heap up, to build up into a significant amount”), from the way a forest can look like a heap or mound from a distance.

Mori (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)

Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


京

京 (canonical)
kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

京言葉 (kyōkotoba)

京料理 (kyōryōri, literally “Kyōto cuisine”)

京の着倒れ、大阪の食い倒れ

Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).


京

(specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)

上京 (jōkyō)

(especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)


倭

Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


光

⟨pi₁kari⟩ → */pʲikari/ → /ɸikari/ → /hikari/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).

Hikari (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


加

Fourth grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)


加

(US) Short for 加州 (“California (a state of the United States)”).


匈

ja-noun

匈(きょう) • (kyō)

abbreviation of 匈牙利 (= Hungary), a country in Central Europe


呉

Daijirin
Emperor Yang of Sui
Japanese missions to Sui China
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Prince Shōtoku

Likely from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 暮れる (kureru, “to set (said of the sun or moon), to get dark”), from the way that China lies to the west of Japan, in the direction of the setting sun. This may be related to the famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:
* 日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云 /日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云
: 日出處 /日出处 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處 /日没处 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China.
In textual Japanese, the term Kure originally referred more specifically to the ancient State of Wu (roughly analogous with the modern Jiangnan region), and later shifted to refer to China as a whole.
First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720.

呉楽

gigaku, an extinct form of masked drama performance originally imported from China

Kure (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


土

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 土 (MC duX).

Short for 土佐 (Tosa, “Tosa (a former province of Japan)”).


堺

From 境(さかい) (sakai, “boundary, border”).

Sakai (a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


央

央 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

(US) Short for 央州 (“Oregon (a state of the United States)”).


宇

ウクライナ ウクライナ#Japanese

Short for ウクライナ (“Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe)”).


宮

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明

/mi₁ya/ → /miya/
From Old Japanese. A compound of 神 or 御 (mi, “spiritual honorific”) + 屋 (ya, “house”).

compound

an old name for a region in the Atsuta area of Nagoya, Aichi prefecture, where the Atsuta Shrine is located


宮

宮 (canonical)
kyū (romanization)
kyuu (romanization)
きゆう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 宮 (MC kjuwng, “dwelling; palace; note on a scale”). Compare literary reading of Hokkien 宮 /宫 (kiong).

ltc-l

(traditional music of China and Japan) the keynote or tonic of a musical scale, such as do in the do re mi scale notation of solfège

Short for 宮刑: literally “palace punishment”, this consisted of castration for men and sequestration in the palace for women


寺

Tanjō Temple: any of various Buddhist temple

寺印

the official stamp or seal of a Buddhist temple


寺

寺 (canonical)
tera (romanization)
軒 (counter)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
ja:松村明

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, and in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation.
* Some sources derive Japanese tera from an ancestor of Middle Korean 졀 (jeol) (likely Baekje). This is from earlier 뎔 (dyeol, “temple”) and is the nativised reading of 찰 (刹, chal, “Buddhist temple”) below, deriving in turn from Middle Chinese 剎 (MC tsrhaet), shortened from 剎多羅 (MC tsrhaet ta la, “Buddhist monastery, temple or shrine”), borrowed from Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land, area, domain”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ṭṣáytram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáytram, from Proto-Indo-European *tḱéytrom.
* Other sources describe Japanese tera as cognate with modern Korean 찰 (刹, chal, “temple”), appearing as a component in terms such as 선찰 (禪刹, seonchal, “Zen temple”), 사찰 (寺刹, sachal, “Buddhist temple”).
* Another derivation is given as Pali thera (“elders”) in reference to the monks.
Considering the phonetic development in Korean, the avenues for transmission of Buddhist terms to Japan, and the consistent temple sense of the Japanese term throughout recorded history, the now-obsolete Korean 뎔 (dyeol, “temple”) may be a more likely source than Pali thera (“elders”).


嶋

a neighborhood of Makinohara, Shizuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Iida, Nagano Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Nishiwaki, Hyōgo Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kinokawa, Wakayama Prefecture.


巴

From Middle Chinese 巴 (MC pae). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

(historical) Ba (an ancient state in eastern Sichuan)


布

From Middle Chinese 布 (MC puH).
;“Hawaii”
Short form of ateji (当て字) spelling 布哇.

(US) Short for ハワイ (“Hawaii (a state and former kingdom in the United States)”).


旭

Asahi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


柏

Kashiwa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


栃

栃 (canonical)
rei (romanization)
れい (hiragana historical)

Spelling pronunciation, guided by characters like 励(れい) (rei) and 蛎(れい) (rei). As a kokuji designed for the native word とち (tochi), 栃 originally does not have an on'yomi.

Short for 栃木 (Tochigi, “Tochigi (a prefecture of Japan)”).


桂

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 香 (ka, “fragrance, good smell”) + 出 (zu, “to come out, to put something out”) + ら (ra, nominalizing suffix): "that which puts out a good smell", from the way the wood smells good.

compound

桂飴: a type of sweet traditionally sold in villages in the mountains around Kyōto Prefecture

桂鮎: ayu caught in the Katsura River in Kyōto

桂巻: a style of women's head wrapping popular during the Muromachi Period

using a long piece of cloth tied in front above the forehead

桂宮: one of the four 親王家

branches of the Imperial Family of Japan which were eligible to succeed to the Chrysanthemum Throne in the event that the main line should die out

a woman selling of katsura ayu and katsura ame in areas around old Kyōto

a prostitute from the village of Katsura near Kyōto

a noblewoman's bridesmaid in ancient Japan

a neighbourhood on the west bank of the Katsura River in Kyoto


桑

桑 (canonical)
sō (romanization)
sau (romanization)
さう (hiragana historical)

(US) Short for 桑港 (“San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).


桜

桜 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

/au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 櫻 (MC 'eang).

サクラメント サクラメント#Japanese

(US) Short for サクラメント／桜府 (Sakuramento, “Sacramento (a city in California, United States)”).


洛

洛 (canonical)
raku (romanization)
らく (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 洛 (MC lak), originally referring to 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō, “Luoyang”).

上洛 (jōraku)

(especially) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)


港

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kyūjitai
Kōjien
Minato, Tokyo
Nihon Shoki
Shinjitai
Shinmura Izuru
ja:港
ja:港区

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720. Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *minato.
The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of 水 (mi-, “water”) + な (na, assimilated apophonic form of の (no, “genitive case marker”)) + 門 (to, “gate”).
* However, this does not correlate cleanly with the etymology of 水 (mizu, “water”), reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *mentu (“water”). Then again, there are numerous attested words where 水 (mi) is used as the first and last element in compounds, suggesting either that the derivation of 水 (mizu) might differ.
Vovin, on the other hand suggests that the initial mi- was 御 (mi-, “honorific prefix”), while -na- meant "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”). Compare 涙 (namida, “tears”), 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), 漬く (nazuku, “soak in water”, obsolete).
* However, this may present semantic difficulties, as any native formation like namida that proposes "water" for the initial nam and "eye" for a following component reverses the usual word-formation pattern for Japanese, where the main or head noun comes last. In addition, the na element appears in other words with no relation to "water", as an assimilated apophonic form of genitive particle の (no), seen in terms such as 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, literally “hand's heart/center”), 眼間 (manakai, “where the lines of sight of the eyes converge”, literally “eyes' exchanging/crossing”).

com

assimilated apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">の</i> (no, “genitive case marker”)

Minato (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

an administrative district in Osaka Prefecture


濠

(abbreviation) Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


燕

Tsubame (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


福

Short for 福岡 (Fukuoka).: Fukuoka (a prefecture of Japan)


羅

(US) Short for 羅府 (“Los Angeles (a city in California, United States)”).


聖

(Brazil) Short for 聖州 (“São Paulo (a state of Brazil)”). or Short for 聖市 (“São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)”).


英

From Middle Chinese 英 (MC 'jaeng).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Short for 英吉利 (Igirisu).: Britain, United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)


萩

Hagi (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


葡

ポルトガル ポルトガル#Japanese

Short for ポルトガル／葡萄牙 (“Portugal (a country in Europe)”).


葵

葵 (canonical)
Aoi (romanization)
Afufi (romanization)
あふひ (hiragana historical)

Aoi (a ward and neighborhood of Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

The neighborhoods of Naka and Higashi, Nagoya and of Okazaki and Nishio; in Aichi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Okayama, Okayama Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Izumisano, Osaka Prefecture.

The neighborhoods of Kakegawa and Fukuroi, Shizuoka Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture.


蕨

Warabi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


薩

薩 (canonical)
satsu (romanization)
satu (romanization)
さつ (hiragana historical)

Short for 土佐 (Tosa, “Tosa (a former province of Japan)”).


豪

Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


日本

→ English: nihonium

→ Japanese: ニホニウム

Japanese_pitch_accent#Noun ending in 特殊拍+の

/nitɨpoɴ/ → /nip̚poɴ/ → /niɸoɴ/ → /nihoɴ/
Coined in Japan of Sinic elements, as compound of 日 (nichi, “sun”) + 本 (hon, “origin”) and literally meaning "origin of the sun". The hon element was apparently pronounced /poɴ/ when first coined. Over time, the initial /p/ lenited, becoming /ɸ/ as shown in the Nifon entry in the 1603 Nippo Jisho ("Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary"). This then became the /h/ sound in modern Japanese.
In older texts, this was read as kun'yomi as 日の本 (Hinomoto). The on'yomi readings Nippon and Nihon became more common in the Heian period, with both persisting into modern use. The Nihon reading appears to be the most common in everyday Japanese usage.
This may be related to the famous letter from Prince Shōtoku to Emperor Yang of Sui sent via the Japanese mission to Sui China in 607, wherein we see the first mention of Japan as the Land of the Rising Sun, and a description of China as Land of the Setting Sun:
:
日出處 /日出处 (literally “sun + emerge + place”) here refers to Japan, while 日沒處 /日没处 (literally “sun + sink + place”) refers to China.

lang

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

ニホンVSニッポン 「日本」の読み方、どっちが優勢?

...the son of heaven of the land of the rising sun sends a letter to the son of heaven of the place where the sun sets, for good health and so on.

rì chū chù tiānzǐ zhìshū rì méi chù tiānzǐ wúyàng yúnyún

日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云

日出处天子致书日没处天子无恙云云

Nifon ニホン (日本) 日本.

1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 463:

Short for 日本国 (Nihon-koku): Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


閖

A 国字 (kokuji, “Japanese-coined character”) which was said to be coined by coined by Date Tsunamura when he was looking at the sea through the gate of Dainenji Temple in Sendai.

ja-etym-kokuji

Only used in 閖上 (yuriage) (a place in Natori, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


阪

阪 (canonical)
han (romanization)
はん (hiragana historical)

阪神 (hanshin)

Short for 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Ōsaka (a city in Japan)”).


魲

Extended shinjitai form of 鱸(すずき) (Suzuki).

Suzuki (a neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


鱸

Suzuki (neighborhoods in Japan):
a neighborhood of Niigata, Niigata.


ハワイ

ハワイ州

Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)

Hawaii, Hawaii County (a county of Hawaii, United States)


麑

Shortening of 麑島, obsolete spelling of 鹿(か)児(ご)島(しま) (kagoshima, “Kagoshima”). Pronunciation from Middle Chinese 麑 (MC ngej).

(obsolete) Short for 鹿児島／麑島 (Kagoshima, “Kagoshima (a province of Japan)”).


韓国

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟]

Shortened from 大韓民国(だいかんみんこく) (Daikan Minkoku, “Republic of Korea”), from Korean 대한민국 (Daehanmin'guk). The archaic sense may be from 大韓帝國(だいかんていこく) (Daikan Teikoku, “Korean Empire”).

ja-r

South Korea (a country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula)


韓国

Of 韓(から) (kara, “China; Korea; foreign country”, archaic) and 國(くに) (kuni, “kingdom; country”).

(archaic) Korea (a geographic region consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country)

Alternative form of 唐国 (Karakuni; Karakoku):

China (a large country in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers; the People's Republic of China, since 1949)


ベトナム

Borrowed from English Vietnam, from Vietnamese Việt Nam.


オーストラリア

[o̞ːsɨ̥to̞ɾa̠ɾʲia̠]

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア


豪州

ja-pos

豪(ごう)州(しゅう) • (Gōshū)

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア


北京

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:北京

Borrowed from English Peking, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The kanji are an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 北京 (Běijīng). Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).

obor

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


シドニー

ja:シドニー (曖昧さ回避)

Sydney (a major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia)

Sydney (a seaport and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada)


インドネシア

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


沖縄

ja-noun

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (okinawa) ^(←おきなは (okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
okinawa (romanization)
okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Compound of Old Japanese elements 沖(おき) (oki, “offshore, at sea”) + 縄(なわ) (nawa, “rope”), in reference to the string of islands.

ja-com

(rare, possibly obsolete) a rope used to catch fish


沖縄

ja-pos

沖(おき)縄(なわ) • (Okinawa) ^(←おきなは (Okinafa)?)

沖縄 (canonical)
Okinawa (romanization)
Okinafa (romanization)
おきなは (hiragana historical)

Battle of Okinawa
Okinawa
Okinawa Island
Okinawan language
ja:沖縄

沖縄諸島

沖縄諸島 おきなわしょとう

[...] 十六日發、廿一日戊午、第一第二兩舟同至阿児奈波嶋在多禰島南西第三舟作夜已泊同處十二月六日南風起第一舟著石不動第二舟發向多禰去七日至益救嶋[...]

さつまがたとは惣名也、きかいは十二の島なれば、くち五島は日本へ随へり、おく七しまはいまだ我朝に従はずといへり、白石、、あこしき、くろ島、いわうが島、あせ納、あ世波、やくの島とて、ゑらぶ、おきなは、きかいが島といへり

the main island in the Okinawa Islands: Okinawa Island

a group of islands known as the Okinawa Islands

the southern-most Japanese prefecture: Okinawa Prefecture


いと

怡土: a former county in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture


神社

神社 (canonical)
Kamiyashiro (romanization)

a town in Watarai District, Mie Prefecture


ローマ

ローマ • (Rōma)

From Italian Roma, possibly via Portuguese Roma.

ja:ローマ (曖昧さ回避)

Rome (a major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)

Rome (a metropolitan city of Lazio, Italy)


アラブ首長国連邦

アラブ しゅちょうこく れんぽう

アラブ首(しゅ)長(ちょう)国(こく)連(れん)邦(ぽう) • (Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō)

アラブ首長国連邦 (canonical)
Arabu Shuchōkoku Renpō (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠bɯ̟ ɕɨ̥t͡ɕo̞ːko̞kɯ̟ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

アラブ (Arabu, “Arab”) + 首長国 (shuchōkoku, “emirate”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”)

af

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


メス

Metz (a city in Lorraine, northeastern France)


瑞典

ja-pos

瑞典(スウェーデン) • (Suwēden)

[sɨβ̞e̞ːdẽ̞ɴ]

The spelling is ateji (当て字), from Chinese 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn).

スウェーデン スウェーデン#Japanese

obsolete spelling of スウェーデン: Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


アイスランド

Kore Yamazaki, “第3篇 The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead. [Composition 3: The Balance distinguishes not between gold and lead.]”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 98:

Iceland, a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean.

北極海に浮かぶ火山島アイスランド

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Iceland (an island and country in the North Atlantic Ocean in Europe)


スペイン

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


大和

→ Chinese: 大和 (Dàhé)

⟨yamato₂⟩: *[jamatə] → /jamato/
From older 邪馬台 (yamatai). From Old Japanese 大和 (yamato₂), from Proto-Japonic *yamatə. Originally a geographical region in Nara, came to refer to all of Nara, and eventually to the country as a whole: Japan.
Chinese texts often used the word 倭 (“dwarf, midget”) to refer to the people of the Japanese archipelago, possibly because they were actually smaller, or more likely as an insult. This character came to be used in early Japanese texts, such as the Man'yōshū poetry compilation, with a kun'yomi or native-Japanese reading of Yamato to refer to Japan in general.
This 倭 character also has an on'yomi or borrowed Chinese reading of wa. During the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), the 倭 character with an original Chinese meaning of “midget, dwarf” was replaced with the 和 character that is also read wa, but instead has the more favorable meaning of “harmony”, in spellings of the native Japanese term Yamato. The 大 character meaning “great” was then prefixed to this. The resulting kanji compound 大和 can also be read with a kun'yomi of Ōyamato (see below).


大和

Appears to be a borrowing from Middle Chinese 大和 (MC dajH|daH hwa|hwaH).

a neighborhood of Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture.

a place:
a township in Bazhong, Sichuan, China.


フランス

[ɸɯ̟ɾã̠ɰ̃sɨ]

Either directly borrowed from French France, or indirectly from English France.

France (a country located primarily in Western Europe)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:フランス
ja:松村明


モスクワ

[mo̞sɨ̥kɯ̟β̞a̠]

From Russian Москва́ (Moskvá). Doublet of モスコー (Mosukō).

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)

Moscow (an oblast of Russia, surrounding the city of Moscow)


中央

中(ちゅう)央(おう) • (Chūō)

From Middle Chinese compound 中央 (MC trjuwng 'jang, “lit. centre”).

Chūō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


仙台

Sendai (the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, in northern Honshu, Japan)

仙台虫喰

仙台虫喰 せんだいむしくい


長崎

desc

→ English: Nagasaki, Nangasaki, Nangasac

→ Dutch: Nagasaki, Nangasacq

→ English: Nangasacq

→ Portuguese: Nangasaque

Nagasaki (the capital city of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)

Nagasaki (a prefecture in western Kyushu, Japan)


長崎県

長崎県 (canonical)
Nagasaki-ken (romanization)

From 長崎 (Nagasaki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan comprising the western part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan and nearby islands; its capital city is also 長崎 (Nagasaki)


秋葉原

秋葉原 (canonical)
Akihabara (romanization)

→ English: Akihabara

→ Korean: 아키하바라 (akihabara)

Formerly 秋葉ヶ原 (Akibagahara), named after 秋葉神社 (Akiba Jinja, “Akiba Shrine”) where fires once commonly break out during the early Meiji period.

a neighborhood of Chiyoda, Tokyo prefecture, known for its commercial market of electronics and popular culture.


名古屋

→ Chinese: 名古屋 (Mínggǔwū)

→ English: Nagoya

→ Hindi: नागोया (nāgoyā)

→ Russian: Наго́я f (Nagója)

→ Thai: นาโงยะ (naa-ngoo-yá)

Uncertain origins, although there are multiple theories.
* From 和(なご)や (nagoya, “mild, calm, warm”, possibly obsolete in modern usage; the stem or precursor form of modern 和(なご)やか (nagoyaka)), in reference to either the clement weather or the relative calmness of the harbor.
* From a compound of 和(なご) (nago, “calm, mild, warm”, stem of adjectives 和(なご)し (nagoshi, “calm”, Classical) and 和(なご)やか (nagoyaka) and of verb 和(なご)む (nagomu, “to become calm”)) + 谷(や) (ya, “valley”), in reference to the local topography.
* A sound shift from 根(ね)小(ご)屋(や) (negoya, literally “root huts”), in reference to the start of the town as a collection of smaller houses at the root or foot of the mountains.
* By extension from 那(な)古(ご) (nago), a place in Osaka mentioned in the Man'yōshū of 759. The name "Nagoya" in reference to the geographical area of the modern city is first mentioned in the late Kamakura period (early 1300s)) as 那(な)古(ご)野(や)荘(しょう) (Nagoya-shō, literally “Nago Field Villa”), an agricultural estate developed earlier in the late Heian period (late 1100s).
: That said, the nago portion of the placename in Osaka is in turn likely from the same adjective root as above.

ja-r

Nagoya (the capital city of Aichi Prefecture, in central Honshu, Japan)

Heian period
Kamakura period
Man'yōshū
Nagoya
名古屋


タイ

Ultimately from Thai ไทย (tai). The kanji is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 泰 (tài).


ハム

ja:ハム (ヴェストファーレン)
ja:ハム (曖昧さ回避)


越南

ja-pos

越(えつ)南(なん) • (Etsunan) ^(←ゑつなん (Wetunan)?)

越南 (canonical)
Etsunan (romanization)
Wetunan (romanization)
ゑつなん (hiragana historical)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 越南 (Yuènán).
For the further etymology of the name of the country, see Vietnam#Etymology.

obor

Synonym of ベトナム (Betonamu): Vietnam (a country in Southeast Asia)


ギリシア

[ɡʲiɾʲiɕia̠]

1988 July 30 [1985 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “アン子(こ) 大(おお)いに怒(いか)る （赤(あか)毛(げ)のアン子(こ) 改(かい)題(だい)） [When Anko Really Gets Mad (originally titled Redheaded Anko)]”, in 宇宙船製造法 [How to Build a Spaceship] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 3), 6th edition, volume 3 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 71:

Anko. As for the mysterious power you displayed…. It’s of a kind that has been running in your mother’s bloodline for generations since ancient times. Your ancestors seem to have come from Thessaly, Greece. They immigrated to Salem, America in the 18th century. That bloodline… basically it was…. A noted line of true witches.

アン子。きみがみせたふしぎな力はね…。きみのおかあさんの家系に、遠い昔から代だい受けつがれてきた血すじによるものだ。御先祖は、ギリシアのテッサリア地方の出らしい。18世紀にアメリカのサレムに移住している。この家系は、………つまりなんというか………。ゆいしょ正しい魔女の名門なんだよ。

Anko. Kimi ga miseta fushigi na chikara wa ne…. Kimi no okāsan no kakei ni, tōi mukashi kara daidai uketsugarete kita chisuji ni yoru mono da. Go-senzo wa, Girishia no Tessaria chihō no de rashii. Jūhasseiki ni Amerika no Saremu ni ijū shite iru. Kono kakei wa,………tsumari nan to iu ka………. Yuisho tadashii majo no meimon na n da yo.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Alternative form of ギリシャ (Girisha): Greece (a country in Southeast Europe)


香港

From English Hong Kong, ultimately from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²).

中華人民共和国香港特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Hon Kon Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


国立

Kunitachi (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


アイルランド

[a̠iɾɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞]

Ireland (an island and country in northwestern Europe)


スウェーデン

ja-pos

スウェーデン • (Suwēden)

[sɨβ̞e̞ːdẽ̞ɴ]

2015 March 6, Åsa Ekström, “自己紹介 [Self-Introduction]”, in 北欧女子オーサが見つけた日本の不思議 [Nordic Girl Åsa discovers the Mysteries of Japan] (北欧女子オーサ; 1) (fiction), Tokyo: Media Factory, page 2:

スウェーデンのストックホルム出身です

Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:スウェーデン
ja:松村明


スリランカ

From English Sri Lanka, from Sinhalese ශ්රී ලංකා (śrī laṁkā).

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)

スリランカ民主社会主義共和国

Suri Ranka Minshu Shakai Shugi Kyōwakoku


高梁

Takahashi (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


台湾

Borrowed from Literary Chinese 臺灣, which came from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., a placename initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan, and eventually became the name of the entire island. The original placename itself was likely originally a loanword transcription from possibly Siraya. Compare Dutch Tayouan, Mandarin 臺灣 /台湾 (Táiwān).


大阪

大(おお)阪(さか) • (Ōsaka) ^(←おほさか (Ofosaka)?)

大阪 (canonical)
Ōsaka (romanization)
Ofosaka (romanization)
おほさか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “large, great”) + 阪 (saka, “hill”). The geographical area was historically known as 小坂 (Wosaka → Osaka, literally “little hill”) and was renamed to mean literally a “large hill”.
Originally spelled as 大坂 until the early Meiji period, possibly for some superstitious reason.

com

Short for 大阪府 (Ōsaka-fu): a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea

大阪府

Short for 大阪市 (Ōsaka-shi): the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan


山陰

Named after San'indō (山陰道(さんいんどう) (san'indō), literally "yin side of the mountain circuit"), a historical region under the ancient Gokishichidō system.

San'in region (a traditional region in central Honshu, Japan, composed of the prefectures of Shimane and Tottori)


ドイツ

→ English: Doitsu

→ Korean: 독일 (dogil)

Listed in some sources as deriving from Dutch Duits (“German”, adjective, noun). Listed in others as a corruption of German deutsch (“German”, adjective) or Deutsch (“German”, noun). Considering the history of cultural contact (and the final ツ rather than チ), the Dutch derivation is more likely.

lang

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

1996 February 25 [1995 August 9], Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)四(よん)十(じゅう)四(よん)幕(まく) 「心(しん)配(ぱい)無(む)用(よう)」 [Act 44: “Nothing to Worry About”]”, in るろうに剣(けん)心(しん) —明(めい)治(じ)剣(けん)客(かく)浪(ろ)漫(まん)譚(たん)— [Rurōni Kenshin: Ballad of a Meiji Swordsroamer], 3rd edition, volume 6 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, pages 95–96:

Germany is currently the leading nation in medicine, so I thought if he received treatment there, then maybe...

独逸は 今 世界で一番医学が進んだ国です そこで 治療に専念すればあるいは…と思いまして

Doitsu wa ima sekai de ichiban igaku ga susunda kuni desu Soko de chiryō ni sennen sureba arui wa…to omoimashite

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Encyclopedia Nipponica
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
Shogakukan
Tōkyō
ja:ドイツ
ja:松村明

ドイツ民主共和国

Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku, former East Germany

民主共和国 みんしゅきょうわこく

ドイツ連邦共和国

連邦共和国 れんぽうきょうわこく


ドイツ連邦共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ れんぽう きょうわこく

ドイツ連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ連邦共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Calque of German Bundesrepublik Deutschland, equivalent to ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

af

Federal Republic of Germany#English:_Q183

(1990–today) Federal Republic of Germany (official name of Germany, a country in Central Europe, reunified with the former East Germany)


吉林

Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


台北

From Mandarin 臺北 /台北 (Táiběi), possibly via English Taipei.


台北

台北 (canonical)
台北 (canonical)
Taihoku (romanization)

→ Bunun: Taihuku

→ English: Taihoku, Daihoku

→ Kanakanabu: Taihuku

→ Saisiyat: tayhoko'

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺北.


エリトリア

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


日向

日向 (canonical)
Hyūga (romanization)
Fiuga (romanization)
ひうが (hiragana historical)

⟨pi₁muka⟩ → */pʲimuka/ → /ɸimuka/ → /ɸiũɡa/ → /hjuːɡa/
Shift from Old Japanese 日向 (Pi₁muka → Himuka).
Equivalent to a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face (a direction)”).

日向夏

hyūganatsu, Citrus × tamurana, a kind of citrus fruit

(historical) Short for 日向国 (Hyūga-no-kuni): Hyūga Province, an old province of Japan, corresponding to modern Miyazaki Prefecture on the eastern coast of Kyushu

日向国

Short for 日向市 (Hyūga-shi): Hyūga (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


アンドル

Centre-Val de Loire
Centre-Val de Loire#English

Indre (a department of Centre-Val de Loire, France)

Indre (a left tributary of the Loire, flowing through the departments of Cher, Indre and Indre-et-Loire in central France)


会津

a region in western Fukushima Prefecture, a former fiefdom of the Aizu-Matsudaira daimyō family during the Edo Period; primary city is 会(あい)津(づ)若(わか)松(まつ) (Aizu Wakamatsu)


大鹿

ja-pos

大(おお)鹿(しか) • (Ōshika) ^(←おほしか (Ofosika)?)

大鹿 (canonical)
Ōshika (romanization)
Ofosika (romanization)
おほしか (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大 (ō, “big”) + 鹿 (shika, “deer”). Appears to be a variation from the ōjika reading.


ケルン

From German Köln. Doublet of コロン (koron), コローニュ (Korōnyu), and コローニェ (Korōnye).

doublet

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


ロンドン

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; the capital city of England)

London (a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada)


パリ

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


朝鮮

ja-pos

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

朝鮮 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

From Chinese 朝鮮 /朝鲜.
/teusen/ > /tjoːsen/, [tɕoːsen]

Korea (a geographic region consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country)

North Korea (a country in East Asia, whose territory consists of the northern part of Korea)


日の出

From 日(ひ) (hi, “sun”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 出(で) (de, “coming out”).

ja-com

Hinode (a town in Nishitama district, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


雨竜

Uryū (a district of Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)

Uryū (a town in Uryū district, Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)

Uryū (a train station in Uryū, Uryū district, Sorachi, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


胡志明

[ho̞ː t͡ɕi mʲĩɴ]


教会

ja-noun

教(きょう)会(かい) • (kyōkai) ^(←けうくわい (keukwai)?)

教会 (canonical)
kyōkai (romanization)
keukwai (romanization)
けうくわい (hiragana historical)

→ Yami: kiokay

→ Sakizaya: kiwkay

全能神教会


天理

Tenri (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


日光

ja-pos

日(にっ)光(こう) • (Nikkō) ^(←につくわう (Nitukwau)?)

日光 (canonical)
Nikkō (romanization)
Nitukwau (romanization)
につくわう (hiragana historical)

Nikkō (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


大麻

a neighborhood of Ebetsu, Hokkaido Prefecture


寧波

寧(ねい)波(は) or 寧波(ニンポー) • (Neiha or Ninpō)

寧波 (canonical)
寧波 (canonical)
Neiha (romanization)
Ninpō (romanization)

Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


横浜

Yokohama (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


麻布

Most likely a compound of Old Japanese elements 麻 (asa, “hemp, ramie”) + 生 (fu, “place where things grow”), given that the Azabu area was known in ancient times as a place for growing hemp or ramie.
This fu element also appears in terms such as 粟生 (awafu, “a field for growing millet”) and 豆生, 豆田 (mamefu, “a field for growing beans”). The use of 布 to spell the fu portion would be an example of ateji, probably influenced by the way that hemp is used to make cloth (布).
The reasons for the shift in pronunciation from asafu to azabu remain unclear.


江の島

Enoshima (an island in Kanagawa Prefecture, on the northeastern part of Sagami Bay).


茨城

Russian: Ибара́ки f (Ibaráki)

According to legend, people in the age of Emperor Sujin (崇神) built a thorny castle (茨の城) there and wiped out burglars.

Ibaraki (a prefecture in north-eastern Honshu, Japan)


北海道

ja-pos

北(ほっ)海(かい)道(どう) • (Hokkaidō) ^(←ほくかいだう (Fokukaidau)?)

北海道 (canonical)
Hokkaidō (romanization)
Fokukaidau (romanization)
ほくかいだう (hiragana historical)

→ English: Hokkaido

desc

→ Korean: 홋카이도 (Hotkaido), 혹가이도 (Hokgaido), 북해도 (Bukhaedo)

From 北海 (hokkai, “northern sea”) + 道 (-dō, “circuit”).
Coined in 1869; see 北海道 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ʲᵃ Before that, the region was known as 蝦夷地 (Ezochi, literally “land of the northern barbarians”).

pedia

an island prefecture on the northern part of Japan; its capital city is 札幌 (Sapporo)


青森県

ja-pos

青(あお)森(もり)県(けん) • (Aomori-ken) ^(←あをもりけん (Awomoriken)?)

青森県 (canonical)
Aomori-ken (romanization)
Awomoriken (romanization)
あをもりけん (hiragana historical)

[a̠o̞mo̞ɾʲikẽ̞ɴ]

From 青森 (Aomori) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 青森 (Aomori)


秋田県

秋田県 (canonical)
Akita-ken (romanization)

From 秋田 (Akita) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 秋田 (Akita)


岩手県

岩(いわ)手(て)県(けん) • (Iwate-ken) ^(←いはてけん (Ifateken)?)

岩手県 (canonical)
Iwate-ken (romanization)
Ifateken (romanization)
いはてけん (hiragana historical)

[iβ̞a̠te̞kẽ̞ɴ]

From 岩手 (Iwate) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is 盛岡 (Morioka)


山形県

山形県 (canonical)
Yamagata-ken (romanization)

From 山形 (Yamagata) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is also 山形 (Yamagata)


宮城県

宮城県 (canonical)
Miyagi-ken (romanization)

From 宮城 (Miyagi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan; its capital city is 仙台 (Sendai)


福島県

福島県 (canonical)
Fukushima-ken (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕima̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 福島 (Fukushima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in 東北 (Tōhoku) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 福島 (Fukushima)


群馬県

群馬県 (canonical)
Gunma-ken (romanization)

[ɡɯ̟̃mːa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 群馬 (Gunma) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan; its capital city is 前橋 (Maebashi)


茨城県

茨城県 (canonical)
Ibaraki-ken (romanization)

From 茨城 (Ibaraki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 水戸 (Mito)


栃木県

栃木県 (canonical)
Tochigi-ken (romanization)

[to̞t͡ɕiɡʲikẽ̞ɴ]

From 栃木 (Tochigi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan; its capital city is 宇都宮 (Utsunomiya)


埼玉県

埼玉県 (canonical)
Saitama-ken (romanization)

From 埼玉 (Saitama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

Saitama (an inland prefecture in the Kantō region of Japan)


千葉県

千葉県 (canonical)
Chiba-ken (romanization)

From 千葉 (Chiba) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan, facing the Pacific Ocean and Tokyo Bay; its capital city is also 千葉 (Chiba)


東京都

東(とう)京(きょう)都(と) • (Tōkyō-to) ^(←とうきやうと (Toukyauto)?)

東京都 (canonical)
Tōkyō-to (romanization)
Toukyauto (romanization)
とうきやうと (hiragana historical)

From 東京 (Tōkyō, “Tokyo”) + 都 (to, “capital city”).

com

the capital prefecture of Japan, located in the 関東 (Kantō) region including several archipelagos on the Pacific Ocean, and the 23 special wards in its central part collectively referred to as simply 東京 (Tōkyō, “Tokyo”, former “Tokyo City”)


広東

Borrowed from English Canton (“Guangzhou; Guangdong”). The kanji is from Chinese 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng).

Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)

Synonym of 広州 (Kōshū): Guangzhou (a major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


広東

ja-pos

広(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)


木村

→ Chinese: 木村 (Mùcūn)

→ English: Kimura

Compound of 木(き) (ki, “tree”) + 村(むら) (mura, “village”). Literally, “tree village”.

ja-com

a historical village in Gamō, Ōmi, Tōsandō, Japan; equivalent to the former place in Gamō, Gamō district, Shiga Prefecture, now a place in Higashiōmi, Shiga Prefecture.


神奈川県

ja-pos

神(か)奈(な)川(がわ)県(けん) • (Kanagawa-ken) ^(←かながはけん (Kanagafaken)?)

神奈川県 (canonical)
Kanagawa-ken (romanization)
Kanagafaken (romanization)
かながはけん (hiragana historical)

[ka̠na̠ɡa̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 神奈川 (Kanagawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 関東 (Kantō) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 横浜 (Yokohama)


新潟県

新(にい)潟(がた)県(けん) • (Niigata-ken) ^(←にひがたけん (Nifigataken)?)

新潟県 (canonical)
Niigata-ken (romanization)
Nifigataken (romanization)
にひがたけん (hiragana historical)

[ɲ̟iːɡa̠ta̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 新潟 (Niigata) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 新潟 (Niigata)


奈良

Emperor Sujin
Nara
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
ja:奈良
man'yōgana

From Old Japanese. Attested from at least the early 700s. The kanji are ateji (当て字).
Various ancient spellings suggest forms ending in -ku or -ki. This latter element is not attested past the Old Japanese stage:
 奈羅, 那羅, 楢, 儺羅
名良, 奈良, 那良
那楽, 寧楽
平城
 →
 ⟨nara⟩
 ⟨nara⟩
 ⟨naraku⟩
 ⟨naraki₂⟩
 →
 /nara/
 */naraᵑ/
 */narakʉ/
 */narakɨ/
 → /nara/
According to the Nihon Shoki (720 CE), the placename is derived from the Japanese verb 均す, 平す (narasu, “to flatten”). In The Study of Place Names, Kunio Yanagida stated, “Nara stands for ‘flatland’.”
However, an analysis of Old Japanese phonetic spellings (man'yōgana) reveals that the city name was often spelled with a final -ku or -ki element, which makes it phonologically unlikely that the city name derives directly from the verb narasu. The root from which the verb itself derives, nar-, appears in various terms related to “flat” or “flatness”, a fitting descriptor for the local geography. The final -ku or -ki element in the ancient spellings may be Old Japanese 城 (ki₂ → ki, “palisade, stronghold, fortress, castle”), as also suggested in the alternative kanji spelling 平城 (literally “flat stronghold”). See also the discussion of the city name's etymology on Wikipedia.

cog

Short for 奈良県 (Nara-ken): Nara (a prefecture of Japan)

奈良県

Short for 奈良市 (Nara-shi): Nara (the capital city of Nara Prefecture)


富山県

富山県 (canonical)
Toyama-ken (romanization)

From 富山 (Toyama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 富山 (Toyama)


石川県

ja-pos

石(いし)川(かわ)県(けん) • (Ishikawa-ken) ^(←いしかはけん (Isikafaken)?)

石川県 (canonical)
Ishikawa-ken (romanization)
Isikafaken (romanization)
いしかはけん (hiragana historical)

[iɕika̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 石川 (Ishikawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is 金沢 (Kanazawa)


福井県

福(ふく)井(い)県(けん) • (Fukui-ken) ^(←ふくゐけん (Fukwiken)?)

福井県 (canonical)
Fukui-ken (romanization)
Fukwiken (romanization)
ふくゐけん (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ikẽ̞ɴ]

From 福井 (Fukui) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 福井 (Fukui)


山梨県

山梨県 (canonical)
Yamanashi-ken (romanization)

From 山梨 (Yamanashi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is 甲府 (Kōfu, “Kofu”)


長野県

長野県 (canonical)
Nagano-ken (romanization)

From 長野 (Nagano) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is also 長野 (Nagano)


岐阜県

[ɡʲiɸɯ̟kẽ̞ɴ]

From 岐阜 (Gifu) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan; its capital city is also 岐阜 (Gifu)


静岡県

静(しず)岡(おか)県(けん) • (Shizuoka-ken) ^(←しづをかけん (Sidwokaken)?)

静岡県 (canonical)
Shizuoka-ken (romanization)
Sidwokaken (romanization)
しづをかけん (hiragana historical)

From 静岡 (Shizuoka) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

Shizuoka (a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; capital: Shizuoka)


愛知県

愛知県 (canonical)
Aichi-ken (romanization)

From 愛知 (Aichi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中部 (Chūbu) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 名古屋 (Nagoya)


三重県

三(み)重(え)県(けん) • (Mie-ken) ^(←みへけん (Mifeken)?)

三重県 (canonical)
Mie-ken (romanization)
Mifeken (romanization)
みへけん (hiragana historical)

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is 津 (Tsu)


滋賀県

滋賀県 (canonical)
Shiga-ken (romanization)

From 滋賀 (Shiga) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan; its capital city is 大津 (Ōtsu, “Otsu”)


京都府

京(きょう)都(と)府(ふ) • (Kyōto-fu) ^(←きやうとふ (Kyautofu)?)

京都府 (canonical)
Kyōto-fu (romanization)
Kyautofu (romanization)
きやうとふ (hiragana historical)

[kʲo̞ːto̞ɸɯ̟]

From 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyoto”) + 府 (-fu, “prefecture”).

suffix

Kyoto (a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea)


大阪府

ja-pos

大(おお)阪(さか)府(ふ) • (Ōsaka-fu) ^(←おほさかふ (Ofosakafu)?)

大阪府 (canonical)
Ōsaka-fu (romanization)
Ofosakafu (romanization)
おほさかふ (hiragana historical)

[o̞ːsa̠ka̠ɸɯ̟]

From 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”) + 府 (-fu, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”)


兵庫県

ja-pos

兵(ひょう)庫(ご)県(けん) • (Hyōgo-ken) ^(←ひやうごけん (Fyaugoken)?)

兵庫県 (canonical)
Hyōgo-ken (romanization)
Fyaugoken (romanization)
ひやうごけん (hiragana historical)

[ço̞ːɡo̞kẽ̞ɴ]

From 兵庫 (Hyōgo, “Hyogo”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan and the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 神戸 (Kōbe, “Kobe”)


奈良県

[na̠ɾa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 奈良 (Nara) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

an inland prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 奈良 (Nara)


和歌山県

和歌山県 (canonical)
Wakayama-ken (romanization)

From 和歌山 (Wakayama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 近畿 (Kinki) region of Japan facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 和歌山 (Wakayama)


鳥取県

鳥取県 (canonical)
Tottori-ken (romanization)

From 鳥取 (Tottori) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 鳥取 (Tottori)


島根県

島根県 (canonical)
Shimane-ken (romanization)

From 島根 (Shimane) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is 松江 (Matsue)


岡山県

ja-pos

岡(おか)山(やま)県(けん) • (Okayama-ken) ^(←をかやまけん (Wokayamaken)?)

岡山県 (canonical)
Okayama-ken (romanization)
Wokayamaken (romanization)
をかやまけん (hiragana historical)

From 岡山 (Okayama) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 岡山 (Okayama)


広島県

広島県 (canonical)
Hiroshima-ken (romanization)

[çiɾo̞ɕima̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 広島 (Hiroshima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 広島 (Hiroshima)


山口県

山口県 (canonical)
Yamaguchi-ken (romanization)

[ja̠ma̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕikẽ̞ɴ]

From 山口 (Yamaguchi) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in the 中国 (Chūgoku) region of Japan facing the Seto Inland Sea and the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 山口 (Yamaguchi)


徳島県

徳島県 (canonical)
Tokushima-ken (romanization)

From 徳島 (Tokushima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the eastern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is also 徳島 (Tokushima)


香川県

香(か)川(がわ)県(けん) • (Kagawa-ken) ^(←かがはけん (Kagafaken)?)

香川県 (canonical)
Kagawa-ken (romanization)
Kagafaken (romanization)
かがはけん (hiragana historical)

[ka̠ɡa̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 香川 (Kagawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the northeastern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 高松 (Takamatsu)


愛媛県

愛媛県 (canonical)
Ehime-ken (romanization)

From 愛媛 (Ehime) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan in the northwestern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Seto Inland Sea; its capital city is 松山 (Matsuyama)


高知県

高(こう)知(ち)県(けん) • (Kōchi-ken) ^(←かうちけん (Kautiken)?)

高知県 (canonical)
Kōchi-ken (romanization)
Kautiken (romanization)
かうちけん (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːt͡ɕikẽ̞ɴ]

From 高知 (Kōchi, “Kochi”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture of Japan in the southern part of 四国 (Shikoku) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 高知 (Kōchi, “Kochi”)


福岡県

ja-pos

福(ふく)岡(おか)県(けん) • (Fukuoka-ken) ^(←ふくをかけん (Fukwokaken)?)

福岡県 (canonical)
Fukuoka-ken (romanization)
Fukwokaken (romanization)
ふくをかけん (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟kɯ̟o̞ka̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 福岡 (Fukuoka) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the northern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 福岡 (Fukuoka)


佐賀県

[sa̠ɡa̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 佐賀 (Saga) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the northwestern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Sea of Japan; its capital city is also 佐賀 (Saga)


熊本県

熊本県 (canonical)
Kumamoto-ken (romanization)

From 熊本 (Kumamoto) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the central part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”); its capital city is also 熊本 (Kumamoto)


大分県

大(おお)分(いた)県(けん) • (Ōita-ken) ^(←おほいたけん (Ofoitaken)?)

大分県 (canonical)
Ōita-ken (romanization)
Ofoitaken (romanization)
おほいたけん (hiragana historical)

From 大分 (Ōita, “Oita”) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

suffix

a prefecture in Japan on the northeastern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 大分 (Ōita, “Oita”)


宮崎県

宮崎県 (canonical)
Miyazaki-ken (romanization)

From 宮崎 (Miyazaki) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan on the eastern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean; its capital city is also 宮崎 (Miyazaki)


鹿児島県

鹿児島県 (canonical)
Kagoshima-ken (romanization)

From 鹿児島 (Kagoshima) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture in Japan comprising the southern part of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) facing the Pacific Ocean and nearby islands; its capital city is also 鹿児島 (Kagoshima)


沖縄県

ja-pos

沖(おき)縄(なわ)県(けん) • (Okinawa-ken) ^(←おきなはけん (Okinafaken)?)

沖縄県 (canonical)
Okinawa-ken (romanization)
Okinafaken (romanization)
おきなはけん (hiragana historical)

[o̞kʲina̠β̞a̠kẽ̞ɴ]

From 沖縄 (Okinawa) + 県 (-ken, “prefecture”).

a prefecture of Japan comprising of islands south of 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”) between the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea; its capital city is 那覇 (Naha)


中部

Chūbu region (a traditional region in central Japan, including the prefectures of Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Nagano, Gifu, Shizuoka, Aichi and optionally Mie)

the Midlands (a region of England, United Kingdom)


鈴木

→ Chinese: 鈴木 /铃木 (Língmù)

→ English: Suzuki

→ French: Suzuki

→ Portuguese: Suzuki

Compound of 鈴(すず) (suzu, “bell”) + 木(き) (ki, “tree”).

ja-com

a neighborhood of Ami, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kawasaki, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture.

a neighborhood of Kodaira, Tokyo prefecture.


東北

Tōhoku (a traditional region of Japan, specifically the northernmost six prefectures in Honshu (clockwise from the northermost): Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Yamagata and Akita)


新宿

ja-pos

新(しん)宿(じゅく) • (Shinjuku) ^(←しんじゆく (Sinzyuku)?)

新宿 (canonical)
Shinjuku (romanization)
Sinzyuku (romanization)
しんじゆく (hiragana historical)

[ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑɨkɯ̟]

Shinjuku (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


米国

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nippo Jisho
Shinmura Izuru
ja:日葡辞書
米国

Appears to be a coinage in Japanese of Middle Chinese derived elements, as a compound of 米 (bei, “rice”) + 國 (koku, “country”).
First cited in Japanese in the 1603 edition of the 日葡辞書 (Nippo Jisho, “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”, formal title: “Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam”). The original meaning was literally "rice country", in reference to any country rich in rice.
By 1819, the sense expanded to include countries that were major rice exporters.
The "America" sense is cited first in 1869.
* This is often explained as using the 米 (“rice”) character as a shortening of the phonetic kanji spelling 亜米利加 (Amerika, “America”), purportedly as used in the 1854 Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity.
* However, the Japanese text of the treaty does not actually include this spelling, rendering this instead as either 米利堅 (Meriken, apparent clipping of “American”) or 亞墨利加 (Amerika).
* Considering that 米利堅 (Meriken) was a common form of the country name from the time of the 1854 treaty up through the early 1900s, this seems the more likely source of the 米 character.

United States, America (a country in North America)


バルト海

バルト海 (canonical)
Barutokai (romanization)

Baltic Sea (a sea in Northern Europe, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden)


キューバ

キューバ • (Kyūba)

キューバ, 玖馬: Cuba (a country, the largest island (based on land area) in the Caribbean)


アセンション島

アセンション島 (canonical)
Asenshon-Tō (romanization)

Ascension Island
Ascension Island#English:_Q46197

British overseas territory
British overseas territory

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha#English

Ascension Island (an island and constituent part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, located in the South Atlantic Ocean)


バハマ

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


カナリア諸島

カナリア諸島 (canonical)
Kanaria Shotō (romanization)

Canary Islands
Canary Islands#English:_Q5813

autonomous community
autonomous community

Canary Islands (an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain, off the coast of northwestern Africa, near Morocco)


グリーンランド

[ɡɯ̟ɾʲĩːn̺ɾã̠ndo̞]

Greenland (a large self-governing island and dependent territory of Denmark, in North America)


マン島

Isle of Man (an island and Crown dependency of the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea)


キリバス

From English Kiribati, from Gilbertese Kiribati, from English Gilberts.

Kiribati (a country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania)


マジョルカ島

マジョルカ島 (canonical)
Majorukatō (romanization)

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

Mallorca, Majorca (an island in the Mediterranean; largest of the Balearic Islands)


マリョルカ島

マリョルカ島 (canonical)
Maryorukatō (romanization)


マルタ

Malta (an archipelago and country in Southern Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea)


ニューブリテン島

^ニュー ^ブリテン-とう

ニューブリテン島 (canonical)
Nyū Buriten-tō (romanization)

[ɲ̟ɨː bɯ̟ɾʲitẽ̞nto̞ː]

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

New Britain (an island in Papua New Guinea)


ニューファンドランド

[ɲ̟ɨːɸã̠ndo̞ɾã̠ndo̞]

ja:ニューファンドランド

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador#English

Newfoundland (a large island of the coast of eastern Canada, part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador)


ニューファンドランド島

ニューファンドランド-とう

ニューファンドランド島 (canonical)
Nyūfandorando-Tō (romanization)


ノーフォーク島

ノーフォーク島(とう) • (Nōfōkutō)

ノーフォーク島 (canonical)
Nōfōkutō (romanization)

Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island#English:_Q31057

Norfolk Island (an external territory consisting of three islands of Australia in the Pacific Ocean, the main island of which is also named Norfolk Island)


ピトケアン諸島

ピトケアン諸島 (canonical)
Pitokean Shotō (romanization)

Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands#English

Pitcairn Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the southern Pacific Ocean)


シェトランド諸島

シェトランド諸島 (canonical)
Shetorando Shotō (romanization)

Shetland Islands
Shetland Islands#English:_Q47134

Shetland Islands (an archipelago and council area of Scotland, roughly north-east of the Orkney Islands; the northernmost part of Scotland and the United Kingdom)


シチリア

Sicily (the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, an autonomous region of Italy, close to Africa and separated from Tunisia and Libya by the Strait of Sicily)


イナリ湖

イナリ湖 (canonical)
Inari-Ko (romanization)


ウィニペグ

Winnipeg (the capital city of Manitoba, Canada)

Winnipeg, Lake Winnipeg (a large lake in Manitoba, Canada, : Lake Winnipeg)

Winnipeg, Winnipeg River (a > in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada)


ウィニペグ湖

ウィニペグ湖 (canonical)
Winipegu-Ko (romanization)


ドン川

[dõ̞ŋɡa̠β̞a̠]

Don (a river, the fifth-longest in Europe, in Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd and Rostov Oblasts, Russia, flowing 1160 miles to the Sea of Azov)


中華

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(usually in compounds) China (a large country in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers; the People's Republic of China, since 1949); Chinese


真珠湾

真珠湾 (canonical)
Shinjuwan (romanization)

真珠 (shinju, “pearl”) + 湾 (wan, “harbor”). Calque of English Pearl Harbor.


ブルンジ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟̃ɲ̟d͡ʑi]


アルゼンチン

[a̠ɾɯ̟zẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕĩɴ]

Borrowed either from French Argentine, or from the first half of English Argentine Republic.
Early transcriptions of foreign words may have used ゼ (ze) for /(d)ʒe/ more often. Compare also different transcriptions of the word angel: エンゼル (enzeru) and エンジェル (enjeru); or ロサンゼルス (Rosanzerusu, “Los Angeles”).


イタリア

Ultimately borrowed from Italian Italia, likely via Portuguese Itália or Dutch Italië.


ロシア

→ Chinese: 露西亞 /露西亚 (Lùxīyà)

Borrowing from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).

1998 December 18 [1977 August 15], Fyodor Dostoyevsky with Tezuka, Osamu, 罪と罰 [Crime and Punishment], 10th edition (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 8:

This story takes place on the eve of a revolution, in the town of Petersburg where there is but decadence and poverty under the rule of the Russian monarchy...

この物語は革命前夜の帝政ロシアにおいて退廃と貧困にあけくれたぺテルブルグの町に起こった……

Kono monogatari wa kakumei zen'ya no teisei Roshia ni oite taihan to hinkon ni akekureta Peteruburugu no machi ni okotta……

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

Daijirin
Kōjien
Russia
Shinmura Izuru
ja:ロシア


シンガポール

[ɕĩŋɡa̠po̞ːɾɯ̟]

From English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”). Doublet of シンガプーラ (shingapūra).

compound

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


フィジー

ja-pos

フィジー • (Fijī)

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


フィリピン

[ɸʲiɾʲipʲĩɴ]

The katakana spelling of 比律賓(フィリピン) (Firipin, “Philippines”), likely from Chinese 菲律賓 /菲律宾 (Fēilǜbīn), from English Philippines, from French Philippines, from Spanish Filipinas.

比島

比律賓諸島 (Firipin shotō, “Philippine Islands”)


ブルネイ

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ne̞ː]


エジプト

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


モンゴル

[mõ̞ŋɡo̞ɾɯ̟]

From Mongolian ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol), Монгол (Mongol).

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


ニュージーランド

ニュージーランド • (Nyū Jīrando)

[ɲ̟ɨːʑiːɾã̠ndo̞]

New Zealand (a country and archipelago in Oceania, to the east of Australia)


トルクメニスタン

[to̞ɾɯ̟kɯ̟me̞ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


ポルトガル

[po̞ɾɯ̟to̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


カザフスタン

[ka̠za̠ɸɯ̟sɨ̥tã̠ɴ]

Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán).

bor+

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


チリ

Borrowed from Portuguese Chile, ultimately from Quechua chili (“the end of the world”).


北朝鮮

ja-pos

北(きた)朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Kita Chōsen) ^(←きたてうせん (Kita Teusen)?)

北朝鮮 (canonical)
Kita Chōsen (romanization)
Kita Teusen (romanization)
きたてうせん (hiragana historical)

[kʲi̥ta̠ t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

Compound of 北 (kita-, “north”) + 朝鮮 (Chōsen, “Korea”), calque of Korean 북조선 (Bukjoseon).

prefix

国連本部に連絡して安全保障理事会を召集しろ！テロリストの国籍にかかわらず船が北朝鮮に向かうことが確実になれば武力行使の同意をとらなければならない

1998 May 8, Kenshi Hirokane, “議その147 「膠着状態(デッドロック)」 [Debate 147: ‘Deadlock’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 18 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 17:

Contact the UN headquarters and convene the Security Council! Regardless of the terrorists’ nationality, if the ship is verified to be heading toward North Korea, we must get approved to use force

Kokuren honbu ni renraku shite Anzen Hoshō Rijikai o shōshū shiro! Terorisuto no kokuseki ni kakawarazu fune ga Kitachōsen ni mukau koto ga kakujitsu ni nareba buryoku kōshi no dōi o toranakere ba naranai

Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国

Democratic People's Republic of North Korea


オランダ

→ Korean: 화란 (Hwaran)

→ Okinawan: ウランダ (uranda)

→ Vietnamese: Hoà Lan

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:オランダ
ja:松村明

From Portuguese Holanda (“Holland”). Note that some sources give the erroneous Portuguese source spelling as Olanda (which is actually Italian), likely because the Portuguese h is silent. Compare Chinese 荷蘭 /荷兰 (Hélán) of the same meaning.

Holland (a traditional region of the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

2002 September 17, Motohiro Katou, “Saiyaku no Otoko [Bummer Guy]”, in Q.E.D. Shōmei Shūryō [Q.E.D. Quod Erat Demonstrandum], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 89:

Hold on! Is this really a Dutch ship? The flag on this ship isn’t the Dutch flag, is it!?

待てよ！これは本当にオランダの船か？船についてる旗 あれはオランダの国旗じゃないぞ‼

Mate yo! Kore wa hontō ni Oranda no fune ka? Fune ni tsuite ru hata are wa Oranda no kokki ja nai zo‼

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


イラク

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


イラン

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


天の川

ja-pos

天(てん)の川(かわ) • (Ten no Kawa) ^(←てんのかは (Ten no Kafa)?)

天の川 (canonical)
Ten no Kawa (romanization)
Ten no Kafa (romanization)
てんのかは (hiragana historical)

From 天 (ten, “heaven”) + の (no, possessive/attributive particle) + 川 (kawa, “river”).


南アフリカ

南アフリカ (canonical)
Minami Afurika (romanization)

南 (minami, “south”) + アフリカ (Afurika, “Africa”)

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


トルコ

Borrowed from Portuguese turco (“Turkish; Turk”, adjective; noun)

bor+

Southeastern Europe
Southeastern Europe#English

Turkey (a country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:トルコ
ja:松村明


バングラデシュ

[bã̠ŋɡɯ̟ɾa̠de̞ɕɨ]


ブータン

ja-pos

ブータン • (Būtan)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


カンボジア

カンボジア • (Kanbojia) ^(←カンボヂア (Kanbodia)?)

Kanbojia (romanization)
Kanbodia (romanization)
カンボヂア (historical katakana)

Borrowed from English Cambodia. Doublet of 南瓜 (kabocha).


クック諸島

クック諸島 (canonical)
Kukku Shotō (romanization)

[kɯ̟k̚kɯ̟̊ ɕo̞to̞ː]

Cook Islands
Cook Islands#English:_Q26988

Cook Islands (an archipelago and self-governing country in Oceania, in free association with New Zealand)


東ティモール

東ティモール (canonical)
Higashi Timōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


モルディブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


マーシャル諸島

マーシャル諸島 (canonical)
Māsharu shotō (romanization)

マーシャル (Māsharu, “Marshall”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Marshall Islands

com

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English:_Q709

Marshall Islands (a country consisting of two archipelagos in Micronesia, in Oceania)


ミクロネシア

Micronesia (a country consisting of about 2000 islands in the Micronesia region)


アメリカ合衆国

ja-pos

アメリカ がっしゅうこく

アメリカ合(がっ)衆(しゅう)国(こく) • (Amerika Gasshūkoku)

アメリカ合衆国 (canonical)
Amerika Gasshūkoku (romanization)

[a̠me̞ɾʲika̠ ɡa̠ɕːɨːko̞kɯ̟]

アメリカ (Amerika, “America, United States”) + 合衆国 (gasshūkoku, “federal state”).

af

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


アルジェリア

[a̠ɾɯ̟ʑe̞ɾʲia̠]


ベルリン

ja:ベルリン (曖昧さ回避)

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)


ワシントン

Washington State
Washington State#English

Washington, Washington State (a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States)

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Short for ワシントンD.C. (Washinton Dīshī).: Washington, Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)


ブラジル

[bɯ̟ɾa̠ʑiɾɯ̟]

Brazil (a large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


アフガニスタン

[a̠ɸɯ̟ɡa̠ɲ̟isɨtã̠ɴ]

Afghanistan (a landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


アルバニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟ba̠ɲ̟ia̠]

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


アンドラ

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


英国

From Middle Chinese 英國 (MC 'jaeng kwok). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

United Kingdom
United Kingdom#English:_Q145

Synonym of イギリス: United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)

イギリス

イングランド イングランド#Japanese

Synonym of イングランド: England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)

イングランド

Synonym of ブリテン: Great Britain (a large island of the United Kingdom in Northern Europe)


ベラルーシ

[be̞ɾa̠ɾɯ̟ːɕi]

Internationalism. Either borrowed from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ) or from Russian Белару́сь (Belarúsʹ).


ベルギー

[be̞ɾɯ̟ɡʲiː]

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)

Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:ベルギー
ja:松村明


アンティグア・バーブーダ

ja-pos

アンティグア・バーブーダ • (Antigua Bābūda)

[ã̠ntʲiɡɯ̟a̠ ba̠ːbɯ̟ːda̠]

アンティグア (Antigua, “Antigua”) + バーブーダ (Bābūda, “Barbuda”), calque of English Antigua and Barbuda

ja-compound

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English:_Q781

Antigua and Barbuda (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean, Antigua and Barbuda)

ja:アンティグア・バーブーダ


アオテアロア

Aotearoa (new Zealand, a country in Oceania; the Māori name, used especially in a Polynesian or pre-colonial context)


アルメニア

[a̠ɾɯ̟me̞ɲ̟ia̠]

Armenia (a country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


アゼルバイジャン

[a̠ze̞ɾɯ̟ba̠iʑã̠ɴ]

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus in Asia and Europe)


バルバドス

From Portuguese Barbados (literally “Bearded”).

bor

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


入來

ja-pos

入(いり)來(き) or 入(いり)來(く) • (Iriki or Iriku)

入來 (canonical)
入來 (canonical)
Iriki (romanization)
Iriku (romanization)

Iriki (a former town in Satsuma district, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, merged into the city of Satsumasendai in 2004)


合衆国

合衆国 (canonical)
Gasshūkoku (romanization)

[ɡa̠ɕːɨːko̞kɯ̟]

From Literary Chinese 合眾國 (hézhòngguó), from 合 (“union”) + 眾國 (“democratic state”), which is a calque of English United States, probably coined by Elijah Coleman Bridgman before 1844. Soon rebracketed as 合衆(がっしゅう) (gasshū, “assembly of people”) and 国(こく) (koku, “state”).

lang

訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」

訳語の意味変動 ― 日中韓における「合衆」

第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会

第4回 漢字文化圏近代語研究会

ja-r

アメリカ合衆国 アメリカ合衆国#Japanese

Short for アメリカ合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku): United States of America (a country in North America)

北米合衆国

北米合衆国 ほくべいがっしゅうこく


ソマリア

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


ベリーズ

Belize (an English-speaking country in Central America, formerly called British Honduras)


ベナン

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


フィンランド

[ɸʲĩn̺ɾã̠ndo̞]

2001 January 23, Masami Kurumada, “黄金(ゴールド)聖衣(クロス)の巻(まき) [Gold Cloths]”, in Saint(セイント)星(セイ)矢(ヤ) [Saint Seiya], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 106:

I’m back, Miss. The 7th Cloth has arrived from Finland.

お嬢さま ただいま フィンランドより７つめの聖衣がとどきました

Ojō-sama tadaima Finrando yori nanatsume no Kurosu ga todokimashita


スコットランド

Scotland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


イスラエル

[isɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)


イングランド

[ĩŋɡɯ̟ɾã̠ndo̞]

England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


ウェールズ

ja-pos

ウェールズ • (Wēruzu)

[β̞e̞ːɾɯ̟zɨ]

Wales (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)

ja:ウェールズ (曖昧さ回避)


ウガンダ

From English Uganda, from Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


ウズベキスタン

[ɯ̟zɨbe̞kʲisɨtã̠ɴ]


エストニア

Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


グルジア

[ɡɯ̟ɾɯ̟ʑia̠]

From Russian Гру́зия (Grúzija). Officially displaced by ジョージア in April 2015. Compare Korean 그루지야 (Geurujiya).

lang

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

lj

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

国名呼称の変更（グルジア）

ジョージア ジョージア#Japanese

(obsolete in formal contexts) Synonym of ジョージア: Georgia (a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


スロヴェニア

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


チェコ

Clipping of チェコスロバキア (Chekosurobakia, “Czechoslovakia”), from English Czecho-. Compare Mandarin 捷克 (Jiékè), Korean 체코 (Cheko).

clipping

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe)


ネパール

[ne̞pa̠ːɾɯ̟]

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


薩摩

薩摩川内

薩摩川内 さつませんだい

(薩摩郡) Satsuma (a district of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

(薩摩町 or さつま町) Satsuma (a town in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

Satsuma Province, an old province of Japan


筑前

[t͡ɕikɯ̟zẽ̞ɴ]

Chikuzen Province, an ancient province of Japan near Fukuoka


中華民国

中華民国 (canonical)
Chūka Minkoku (romanization)

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 中華民國 /中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó).

obor

Republic of China
Republic of China#English:_Q865

Republic of China (official name of Taiwan, a partly-recognized country in East Asia; the rump state left over from the Republic of China on the mainland after 1949)


ラクロス

[ɾa̠kɯ̟ɾo̞sɨ]

From English lacrosse, LaCrosse, La Crosse, from Canadian French la crosse (literally “the stick”).

der

La Crosse (a river in the United States)


エチオピア

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 280:

I have come back from the expedition to Ethiopia. Due to some circumstances, I have been through quite some tough times along the way.

エチオピア遠征の帰路 事情あって道中に難儀をしております

Echiopia ensei no kiro Wakeatte dōchū ni nangi o shite orimasu


ナウル

Nauru (a country and island in Oceania, in the Pacific Ocean)


モンテネグロ

[mõ̞nte̞ne̞ɡɯ̟ɾo̞]

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


モザンビーク

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


ミャンマー

ja-pos

ミャンマー • (Myanmā)


ナイジェリア

Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


パラオ

Ultimately from Palauan Belau (“Palau”).

Palau (a country consisting of around 340 islands in Micronesia, in Oceania)


ガーナ

ガーナ • (Gāna)


パレスチナ

Learned borrowing from Latin Palaestīna.

Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:パレスチナ
ja:松村明


ハンガリー

[hã̠ŋɡa̠ɾʲiː]


ギニアビサウ

[ɡʲiɲ̟ia̠ bʲisa̠ɯ̟]

Guinea-Bissau (a country in West Africa)


デンマーク

[dẽ̞mːa̠ːkɯ̟]


オマーン

オマーン • (Omān)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ラトビア

Ultimately from Latvian Latvija, possibly via English Latvia

Latvia (a country in northeastern Europe)


モルジブ

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


北アイルランド

北アイルランド (canonical)
Kita Airurando (romanization)

Calque of English Northern Ireland: 北 (kita, “Northern”) + アイルランド (Airurando, “Ireland”)

compound

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English:_Q26

Northern Ireland (a constituent country and province of the United Kingdom, situated in the northeastern part of the island of Ireland)


ノルウェー

ja-pos

ノルウェー • (Noruwē)

[no̞ɾɯ̟β̞e̞ː]

Norway (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


パプアニューギニア

[pa̠pɯ̟a̠ ɲ̟ɨː ɡʲiɲ̟ia̠]

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English:_Q691


パラグアイ

[pa̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟a̠i]


ペルシア

[pe̞ɾɯ̟ɕia̠]

My name is Sarc! Servant of Cambyses!! The King of Kings of Persia, son of Cyrus, celebrated by Ahura Mazda!!

わが名はサルク！主はカンビュセス‼キュロスの子アフラ・マズダのよみし給う者ペルシア王にして諸王の王‼

Waga na wa Saruku! Aruji wa Kanbyusesu‼ Kyurosu no ko Afura Mazuda no yomishitamau mono Perushia Ō ni shite Shōō no Ō‼


クウェート

クウェート • (Kuwēto)

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


サウジアラビア

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


フェニキア

Borrowed from English Phoenicia, Latin Phoenicia, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Φοινίκη (Phoiníkē).


ギニア

ja:ギニア (曖昧さ回避)


ブルガリア

[bɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡa̠ɾʲia̠]

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


ジャマイカ

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


カメルーン

[ka̠me̞ɾɯ̟̃ːɴ]


ルワンダ

[ɾɯ̟β̞ã̠nda̠]


ルーマニア

[ɾɯ̟ːma̠ɲ̟ia̠]

Borrowing from English Rumania, ultimately from Romanian Rumânia, the older spelling of modern România.


ロシア連邦

ロシア連邦 (canonical)
Roshia Renpō (romanization)

[ɾo̞ɕia̠ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː]

From ロシア (Roshia, “Russia”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”).

af

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English:_Q159

Russian Federation (official name of Russia, a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

(historical, informal) Russian Federation (alternative name of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, a former republic of the Soviet Union)


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 雲南 /云南 (Yúnnán)

obor

Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)


雲南

Analyzable as a compound of 雲 (un, “Short for 出雲”) + 南 (nan, “south”). Thus the term can be translated literally as "Southern part of Izumo Province".

com

Unnan (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


廈門

zh-l

廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén)

Xiamen, Amoy (a subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


廈門

Borrowed from Portuguese Amoy, in turn from Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi).

zh-m

廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi)

Amoy, Xiamen (a subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


サンフランシスコ

Borrowed from Spanish San Francisco (“Saint Francis”).

San Francisco (a city in California, United States)

桑港

San Francisco, California, United States


ロサンゼルス

[ɾo̞sã̠nd͡ze̞ɾɯ̟sɨ]

Borrowed from English Los Angeles via an older transcription. A modern transcription would be *ロスアンジェレス (Rosu Anjeresu).
Ultimately from Spanish Los Ángeles (literally “The Angels”). Doublet of ロス・アンヘレス (Rosu Anheresu).

der

ja:ロサンゼルス (曖昧さ回避)

Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)

census-designated place
census-designated place

Los Angeles (a census-designated place in Willacy County, Texas, United States)

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

Los Angeles (an unincorporated community in La Salle County, Texas, United States)

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

Los Angeles County (a county of California, United States)

Los Angeles River
Los Angeles River#English

Los Angeles River (a river in California, United States)


寧夏

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
w:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a Hui autonomous region of China)


遼寧

Liaoning (a province in northeastern China)


山東

山東 (canonical)
Santō (romanization)
Santou (romanization)
さんとう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 山東 (MC srean tuwng).

Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)


山東

Alternative form of 山東 (Santō): Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)


山東

(obsolete) east of the Rockies (a geographical region of the United States)


桑港

ja-pos

桑(そう)港(こう) • (Sōkō)

1929 June 2, “健康診斷係醫 勞慰午餐會”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3:

桑港日本人會

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

(obsolete) San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


桑港

桑港 (canonical)
San Furanshisuko (romanization)

1902, “第2章 海外移民の状況”, in 海外出稼案内:

桑港及び沙都の両地

San Furanshisuko oyobi Shiatoru no ryōchi

1929 June 2, “受診者百九十名中 齒の疾患再多數”, in 日米 (Nichibei) [The Japanese American News], number 10629, page 3:

桑港日本人會

日本人會 にほんじんくわい

サンフランシスコ サンフランシスコ#Japanese

obsolete spelling of サンフランシスコ (San Furanshisuko) (= San Francisco), a city in California, United States


静岡

静(しず)岡(おか) • (Shizuoka) ^(←しづをか (Sidwoka)?)

静岡 (canonical)
Shizuoka (romanization)
Sidwoka (romanization)
しづをか (hiragana historical)

Shizuoka (the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


海南

Located at the southern part of 海草(かいそう)郡(ぐん) (kaisōgun, “Kaisō District, Wakayama”).

ja-r

Kainan (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


海南

Hainan (an island and province of China)

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
w:Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

Hainan, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (a Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Qinghai, China)

Hainan (a district of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


海南

ja-pos

海(かい)南(なん) or 海(ヘ)南(ナム) • (Kainan or Henamu)

海南 (canonical)
海南 (canonical)
Kainan (romanization)
Henamu (romanization)

Haenam (a county of South Jeolla Province, South Korea)


上海

Borrowed from English Shanghai, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi).

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Shanghai
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:上海市


揚州

揚(よう)州(しゅう) • (Yōshū)

Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, in eastern China)


関西

関(かん)西(さい) • (Kansai) ^(←くわんさい (Kwansai)?)

関西 (canonical)
Kwansai (romanization)
くわんさい (hiragana historical)

→ Russian: Канса́й m (Kansáj)

Literally “west of 逢坂の関 (Ōsaka-no-seki, “tollgate of Ōsaka-yama”)”.

Kansai (a traditional region in central Japan, that includes the cities of Osaka, Kyoto and Nara, their associated urban prefectures, and the surrounding prefectures of Hyogo, Wakayama, Mie, and Shiga)


中京

中(ちゅう)京(きょう) • (Chūkyō) ^(←ちゅうきやう (Tyuukyau)?)

中京 (canonical)
Chūkyō (romanization)
Tyuukyau (romanization)
ちゅうきやう (hiragana historical)

中 (“mid-”) + 京 (“capital”). Nagoya is the "Central Capital", between 東京 (Tōkyō, literally “Eastern Capital”) and 西京 (Saikyō, “Kyoto”, literally “Western Capital”).

Chūkyō (a metropolitan area in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture)


中京

中(なか)京(ぎょう) • (Nakagyō) ^(←なかぎやう (Nakagyau)?)

中京 (canonical)
Nakagyō (romanization)
Nakagyau (romanization)
なかぎやう (hiragana historical)

Nakagyō (a ward of Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture)


スイス

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:スイス
ja:松村明


ウィーン

ウィーン • (Wīn)

From German Wien. Doublet of ヴィエンナ (Vienna) and ヴィエンヌ (Viennu, “Vienne”).

doublet

Wien (a river in Austria, flowing through Vienna)


長江

ja-pos

長(ちょう)江(こう) • (Chōkō) ^(←ちやうかう (Tyaukau)?)

長江 (canonical)
Chōkō (romanization)
Tyaukau (romanization)
ちやうかう (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːko̞ː]

From Chinese 長江 /长江 (Cháng Jiāng, literally “long river”).


青山

ja-pos

青(あお)山(やま) • (Aoyama) ^(←あをやま (Awoyama)?)

青山 (canonical)
Aoyama (romanization)
Awoyama (romanization)
あをやま (hiragana historical)

Compound of 青 (ao, “blue or green; lush with life”) + 山 (yama, “mountain”).

compound

So named as the land was deeded to Aoyama Tadanari (青山忠成, d. 1613; Wikipedia article) by Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康, d. 1616; Wikipedia article)

Aoyama (a neighborhood in the north of Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan)

Aoyama (a former town in the Naga District, Mie Prefecture, Japan)

Aoyama, Aoyama Station (a railway station in the city of Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


青山

From Middle Chinese 青山 (tsheng srɛn, literally “green or blue + mountain or hill”). Compare modern Min Nan reading chheng-san, or Mandarin reading qīngshān.
The 山 character is read san ordinarily. The san changes to zan as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Qingshan (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)

Qingshan (a district of Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)

Qingshan (several towns, townships and subdistricts in China)


洛陽

ja-pos

洛(らく)陽(よう) • (Rakuyō) ^(←らくやう (Rakuyau)?)

洛陽 (canonical)
Rakuyō (romanization)
Rakuyau (romanization)
らくやう (hiragana historical)

Luoyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


徐州

Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


杭州

杭(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


杭州

To distinguish it orally with 広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū).

ja-r

広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū)


高岡

Takaoka (a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


中華人民共和国

ja-pos

ちゅうか じんみん きょうわこく

ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく

中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ^(←ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (Tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku)?)

中華人民共和国 (canonical)
Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku (romanization)
Tyuukwazinminkyouwakoku (romanization)
ちゆうくわじんみんきようわこく (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕɨːka̠ d͡ʑĩmʲːiŋʲ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From 中華 (Chūka, “China”) + 人民共和国 (jinmin kyōwakoku, “people's republic”), from Chinese 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó).

zh-l

People's Republic of China#English:_Q148

People's Republic of China (official name of China, a country in East Asia)


許昌

Xuchang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


河南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河南 (Hénán).

obor

(historical) Henan (a geographic region south of the Yellow River in northern China)


河南

Kanan (a town in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)

a neighborhood of Miyako, Iwate Prefecture

a neighborhood of Imabari, Ehime Prefecture

a neighborhood of Fuchū, Hiroshima Prefecture


河南

ja-pos

河(かわ)南(みなみ) • (Kawaminami) ^(←かはみなみ (Kafaminami)?)

河南 (canonical)
Kawaminami (romanization)
Kafaminami (romanization)
かはみなみ (hiragana historical)

Kawaminami (a neighborhood of Kaga, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


河南

河(かわ)南(なみ) • (Kawanami) ^(←かはなみ (Kafanami)?)

河南 (canonical)
Kawanami (romanization)
Kafanami (romanization)
かはなみ (hiragana historical)

Kawanami (a neighborhood of Maibara, Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


定州

Dingzhou (a city in Baoding, Hebei, China)


川崎

→ Chinese: 川崎 (Chuānqí)

→ English: Kawasaki

→ Russian: Каваса́ки m (Kavasáki)

Compound of 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”) + 崎(さき) (saki, “headland”). Literally, “river cape”.

ja-com

Kawasaki (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; a ward of Kawasaki; a station in Kawasaki); also:

a town in Tagawa district, Fukuoka Prefecture; a place in Kawasaki.

a town in Shibata district, Miyagi Prefecture.

a place in Gojōme and Hachirōgata, Minamiakita district, Akita Prefecture.

a place in Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki Prefecture.

a place in Hiji, Hayami district, Ōita Prefecture.

a place in Ōkawa, Tosa district, Kōchi Prefecture.

a place in Hanyū, Hannō and Fujimino, Saitama Prefecture.

a place in Agano, Nagaoka and Niigata, Niigata Prefecture.

a place in Yahiko, Nishikanbara district, Niigata Prefecture.

a place in Makkari, Abuta district, Hokkaido Prefecture.


長沙

長沙 (canonical)
Chōsa (romanization)
Tyausa (romanization)
ちやうさ (hiragana historical)

ja:長沙 (曖昧さ回避)

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)

Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)

(historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)

Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)

Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


エルサルバドル

[e̞ɾɯ̟ sa̠ɾɯ̟ba̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

From Spanish El Salvador (literally “The Savior”).

bor

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


メキシコ

From English Mexico, from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco.

Mexico (a census-designated place in Jefferson Township, Miami County, Indiana, United States)

Crittenden County
Crittenden County#English

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Crittenden County, Kentucky, United States)

Mexico (a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Allegany County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Carroll County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (a city, the county seat of Audrain County, Missouri, United States)

Mexico (a town and village in Oswego County, New York, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Tymochtee Township, Wyandot County, Maryland, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Walker Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Mexico (an unincorporated community in Montour County, Pennsylvania, United States)

Mexico (a former unincorporated community in Hunt County, Texas, United States)


ニカラグア

[ɲ̟ika̠ɾa̠ɡɯ̟a̠]

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


コスタリカ

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


グアテマラ

[ɡɯ̟a̠te̞ma̠ɾa̠]

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア
ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

大コロンビア

コロンビア合衆国


コロンビア

ja:コロンビア (曖昧さ回避)

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina)

Columbia (a river in the United States and Canada)


エクアドル

[e̞kɯ̟a̠do̞ɾɯ̟]

Borrowed from Spanish Ecuador (“Equator”).


フランス領ギアナ

ja-pos

^フランス-りょう ^ギアナ

フランス領ギアナ (canonical)
Furansu-ryō Giana (romanization)

French Guiana
French Guiana#English:_Q3769

administrative region
administrative region

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


フォークランド諸島

^フォークランド しょとう

フォークランド諸島 (canonical)
Fōkurando shotō (romanization)

Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands#English:_Q9648

Falkland Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic)


ペルー

ペルー • (Perū)


ウルグアイ

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɡɯ̟a̠i]


チェコ共和国

チェコ共和国 (canonical)
Cheko Kyōwakoku (romanization)

チェコ (Cheko, “Czechia, Czech Republic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


モルドヴァ

Alternative form of モルドバ (Morudoba): Moldova (a country in Eastern Europe)


ウクライナ

[ɯ̟kɯ̟ɾa̠ina̠]

Borrowed from Ukrainian Украї́на (Ukrajína)

bor+

「ウクライナに栄光あれ！英雄たちに栄光あれ！」

“Ukuraina ni eikō are! Eiyū tachi ni eikō are!”

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


ボスニア・ヘルツェゴヴィナ

ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ#Japanese

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Alternative form of ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ (Bosunia Herutsegobina): Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


クロアチア

[kɯ̟ɾo̞a̠t͡ɕia̠]

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


マケドニア

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía).

lbor

ja:マケドニア (曖昧さ回避)

Macedonia (a geographic region in Southeast Europe in the Balkans, including North Macedonia and parts of Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and Serbia)

Macedonia (former name of North Macedonia, a country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans)

Macedonia (a geographic region and former administrative region of Greece)

Bulgarian Macedonia
Bulgarian Macedonia#English

Macedonia (a geographic region in southwestern Bulgaria; in full, Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia)

(historical) Macedonia (a former constituent republic of Yugoslavia)

(historical) Macedonia (a former province of the Roman Empire)


サン・マリノ

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


セルビア

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


リヒテンシュタイン

[ɾʲiçitẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨta̠ĩɴ]

Borrowed from German Liechtenstein (literally “Lightstone”).

bor+

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)

ja:リヒテンシュタイン


ルクセンブルグ

Rukusenburugu (romanization)
ルクセンブルク (alternative)

Luxembourg (a country in Central Europe)

Luxembourg (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)


山本

Yamamoto (a district of Akita Prefecture, Japan)


小林

Kobayashi (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


吉田

Yoshida (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


山口

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 口 (guchi, “mouth; opening, gateway”). The kuchi changes to guchi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

compound

Yamaguchi (the capital city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


松本

Matsumoto (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


藤沢

Fujisawa (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


潮州

ja-pos

潮(ちょう)州(しゅう) • (Chōshū) ^(←てうしう (Teusiu)?)

潮州 (canonical)
Chōshū (romanization)
Teusiu (romanization)
てうしう (hiragana historical)

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)

Chaozhou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)


潮州

潮州(チャオチョウ) • (Chaochō)

[t͡ɕa̠o̞t͡ɕo̞ː]

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)


天津

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


札幌

→ English: Sapporo

→ Russian: Са́ппоро m (Sápporo)

From Ainu サッ・ポロ・ペッ (sat poro pet, literally “dry, great river”). The kanji are ateji (当て字).

bor

札幌市: Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


福岡

ja-pos

福(ふく)岡(おか) • (Fukuoka) ^(←ふくをか (Fukwoka)?)

福岡 (canonical)
Fukuoka (romanization)
Fukwoka (romanization)
ふくをか (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟o̞ka̠]

Fukuoka (the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

Fukuoka (a prefecture in northern Kyushu, Japan)

Fukuoka (several smaller localities in Japan)


東山

東(とう)山(さん) or 東山(とうざん) • (Tōsan or Tōzan)

東山 (canonical)
東山 (canonical)
Tōsan (romanization)
Tōzan (romanization)

東山地方 ― Tōsan chihō ― Tōsan region

東山道

Tōsandō, former district in central Japan


ニジェール

ニジェール • (Nijēru)

[ɲ̟iʑe̞ːɾɯ̟]

From French Niger. Doublet of ナイジャ (Naija).

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)

Niger (a major river in West Africa, that flows into the Gulf of Guinea in Nigeria)


メキシコシティ

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


コンゴ

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congo, Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


ヨルダン

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


アデン

Aden (a port city, the largest city in Yemen; the former capital of South Yemen)


ヨーク

ヨーク • (Yōku)

York (a city, unitary authority, and borough of North Yorkshire, England)

York (a regional municipality of Ontario, Canada)

York (a district and former municipality of Toronto, Canada)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, Nebraska)

Livingston County
Livingston County#English

York (a town in Livingston County, New York)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, Pennsylvania)

York (a city, the county seat of York County, South Carolina)

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

York (a town and local government area (the Shire of York), in the Wheatbelt region, Western Australia)


高麗

Goguryeo
Koma clan
Man'yōshū
ja:高麗 (曖昧さ回避)

⟨ko₂ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym.
Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, given the history of the Koma clan, Goguryeo migrants to Eastern Honshū during the 660s.

a compound of 高麗 + つぶり

Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands; round thing; [spinning] top

(historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)


澳門

zh-m

澳門／澳门 (Àomén)

Synonym of マカオ: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


帝劇

Short for 帝国劇場 (Teikoku gekijō, “the Imperial Theatre”).


新疆

Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


台南

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 臺南. Compare Mandarin 臺南 /台南 (Táinán), English Tainan.


シカゴ

Chicago River
Daijirin
Daijisen
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru
ja:シカゴ (曖昧さ回避)
ja:松村明

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)

Chicago (a river in Illinois, United States)


温州

ja-pos

温(おん)州(しゅう) or 温(うん)州(しゅう) • (Onshū or Unshū)

温州 (canonical)
温州 (canonical)
Onshū (romanization)
Unshū (romanization)

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


江戸川

江(え)戸(ど)川(がわ) • (Edogawa) ^(←えどがは (Edogafa)?)

江戸川 (canonical)
Edogawa (romanization)
Edogafa (romanization)
えどがは (hiragana historical)

From 江戸(えど) (Edo, old name of Tokyo) + 川(かわ) (kawa, suffix for names of rivers).

ja-compound

ja:江戸川 ja:江戸川区

Edogawa (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


川口

[ka̠β̞a̠ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

From 川 (kawa, "river," "stream," "brook") + 口 (kuchi, "mouthlike opening").

Kawaguchi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


滝川

ja-pos

滝川(たきかわ) • (Takikawa) ^(←たきかは (Takikafa)?)

滝川 (canonical)
Takikawa (romanization)
Takikafa (romanization)
たきかは (hiragana historical)

Compound of 滝(たき) (taki, “waterfall”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..

ja-compound

Takikawa (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


グレナダ

Grenada (an island and country in the Caribbean)


ブルキナファソ

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


ビルマ

Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma). Compare German Birma.

(historical) Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)


ボスニア

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Bosnia (a geographic region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, consisting of the northern three fourths of the country)

Bosnia (a country in southeast Europe; in full, Bosnia and Herzegovina)


バーレーン

ja-pos

バーレーン • (Bārēn)

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


淀川

淀(よど)川(がわ) • (Yodogawa) ^(←よどがは (Yodogafa)?)

淀川 (canonical)
Yodogawa (romanization)
Yodogafa (romanization)
よどがは (hiragana historical)

From 淀(よど) (yodo, “pool, eddy”) + 川(かわ) (-kawa, suffix after names of rivers). The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

Yodo River (a river in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


タスマニア

Tasmania (an island group and state of Australiaa former British colony, from 1856 to 1901)


ドミニカ共和国

ja-pos

ドミニカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Dominika Kyōwakoku)

ドミニカ共和国 (canonical)
Dominika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

ドミニカ (Dominika, “Dominica”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

com

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English:_Q786

Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


セネガル

[se̞ne̞ɡa̠ɾɯ̟]


セイシェル

Borrowed from English Seychelles, from French Seychelles.

セーシェル セーシェル#Japanese

Alternative form of セーシェル (Sēsheru): Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


セーシェル

[se̞ːɕe̞ɾɯ̟]

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


ソロモン諸島

ソロモン諸島 (canonical)
Soromon Shotō (romanization)

ソロモン (Soromon, “Solomon”) + 諸島 (shotō, “archipelago”), calque of English Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q685

Solomon Islands (a country consisting of the majority of the Solomon Islands archipelago in Melanesia, in Oceania, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands)


コンゴ共和国

コンゴ共和国 (canonical)
Kongo Kyōwakoku (romanization)

コンゴ (Kongo, “Congo”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English:_Q971

Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, the smaller of the two countries named Congo)


セントクリストファー・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント クリストファー・ネイビス

セントクリストファー・ネイビス • (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu)

Calque of English Saint Christopher and Nevis, equivalent to セントクリストファー (Sento Kurisutofā, “Saint Christopher”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English:_Q763

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country comprising the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean)

ja:セントクリストファー・ネイビス


セントキッツ・ネイビス

ja-pos

セント キッツ・ネイビス

Calque of English Saint Kitts and Nevis, equivalent to セントキッツ (Sento Kittsu, “Saint Kitts”) + ネイビス (Neibisu, “Nevis”)

af

セントクリストファー・ネイビス セントクリストファー・ネイビス#Japanese

Saint Christopher and Nevis
Saint Christopher and Nevis

Synonym of セントクリストファー・ネイビス (Sento Kurisutofā Neibisu, “Saint Christopher and Nevis”): Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country comprising the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean)


南アフリカ共和国

ja-pos

みなみ アフリカ きょうわこく

南(みなみ)アフリカ共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku)

南アフリカ共和国 (canonical)
Minami Afurika Kyōwakoku (romanization)

From 南アフリカ (Minami Afurika, “South Africa”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”).

com

Republic of South Africa
Republic of South Africa#English:_Q258

Republic of South Africa (official name of South Africa, a country in Southern Africa)


東チモール

東チモール (canonical)
Higashi Chimōru (romanization)

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


赤道ギニア

赤道ギニア (canonical)
Sekidō Ginia (romanization)

赤道 (sekidō, “equator”) + ギニア (Ginia, “Guinea”)

af

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English:_Q983

Equatorial Guinea (a country in Central Africa)


ポーランド共和国

ja-pos

ポーランド きょうわこく

ポーランド共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Pōrando Kyōwakoku)

ポーランド共和国 (canonical)
Pōrando Kyōwakoku (romanization)

Republic of Poland
Republic of Poland#English:_Q36

Republic of Poland (official name of Poland, a country in Central Europe)