樺

樺 (canonical)
樺 (canonical)
kaba (romanization)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Wamyō Ruijushō
ja:カバノキ属

A shift from kaniwa below.
First appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.


樺

樺 (canonical)
樺 (canonical)
kanba (romanization)


樺

樺 (canonical)
kaniwa (romanization)
kanifa (romanization)
かには (hiragana historical)

John Batchelor (missionary)
Kōjien
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Sakhalin Ainu language
Shinmura Izuru
Wamyō Ruijushō

⟨kanipa⟩ → /kaniɸa/ → /kaniwa/
From Old Japanese 樺 (kanipa, “sakura, sakura bark”), from Ainu カリンパ (karinpa, “sakura, sakura bark”).
Found in the Man'yōshū (book 6), completed some time after 759 CE, in sense 1. Sense 2 appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.
Compare Sakhalin Ainu カリムバニ (karimba-ni, “cherry tree; Prunus pseudocerasus”) and カリムバタツ (karimba-tat, “Betula Maximowicziana”).

der

(obsolete) Japanese bird cherry (Prunus grayana) or its bark


桃

桃 (canonical)
桃 (canonical)
momo (romanization)

desc

>? Ainu: モマ (moma, “Japanese peach, Japanese apricot”)

Heian period
Nara period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Yayoi period

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *momo. Mentioned in the Nihon Shoki of 720.
Brought to Japan in antiquity, with pits found in prehistoric sites from the Yayoi period, 300 BCE - 300 CE. Mentioned as a food in documents from the Nara and Heian periods.
Ultimate derivation unknown. Theories include the following.
* Possibly derived originally from a reduplication of 実 (Old Japanese mu, modern Japanese mi, “fruit”), from the way that peaches often grow in clusters. However, the vowel shift seems unlikely given regular Japanese phonetic shifts. In addition, most reduplicated terms in Japanese have the 頭高型 (atamadaka-gata) pitch accent pattern, starting high and falling, which differs from the 平板型 (heiban-gata) pitch accent pattern of this term.
* Possibly cognate with Old Japanese 百 (momo, “hundred; lots”). However, this also has the 頭高型 (atamadaka-gata) pitch accent pattern.
* Possibly a reduplication of 毛 (mo, “hair”), from the way that peaches are hairy. The term is spelled as 毛毛 in some ancient documents. However, 毛 was commonly used as man'yōgana for its phonetic value, in which cases its original Chinese meaning of hair is usually ignored.
None of the above possibilities seems very compelling. Given the archaeological evidence, this term probably originated before the Japanese ancestor population migrated to the Japanese archipelago.
Possibly related to 梅 (ancient mume, modern ume, “Japanese apricot, Japanese plum”).

桃尻: → from the way that the end of a peach is often pointy

and thus difficult to place stably: somebody who is bad at horse-riding

桃割れ: → a hairstyle of Meiji and Taisho era

featuring a bun resembling a halved peach

桃栗三年柿八年: “peach and chestnut take three years [to bear fruit]

persimmons take eight” → it often takes time to bear the fruit of one's actions


梅

梅 (canonical)
梅 (canonical)
ume (romanization)

English: ume

Daijisen
Heian period
Kyūjitai
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:松村明
Ōsaka

⟨me₂⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume₂⟩ → ⟨ume₂⟩ → */uməɨ/ → /ume/
From Old Japanese.
Probably ultimately from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj), with the borrowed me reading gaining a pronounced kind of initial m- sound, perhaps realized as *mme. The phonetic spelling was often rendered as むめ (*mme, mume) from the Heian period, with *mme/mume and ume apparently existing in free variation. The reading eventually settled on うめ (ume). Compare the similar pattern of phonetic shift for 馬 (ma → *mma → muma → uma, “horse”), likely from Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX).


梅

→ Translingual: mume

Heian period
Kyūjitai
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
Ōsaka

⟨me₂⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume₂⟩ → /mume/
Possibly from Old Japanese.
This reading becomes common during the Heian period, later falling into disuse.
Superseded by the ume reading above.

(archaic, obsolete) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume


梅

From a later borrowing of Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).

(usually in Chinese contexts) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume


梅

Short for 梅雨 (baiu): East Asian rainy season


桜

桜 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

/au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 櫻 (MC 'eang).

サクラメント サクラメント#Japanese

(US) Short for サクラメント／桜府 (Sakuramento, “Sacramento (a city in California, United States)”).


杏子

杏子 (canonical)
杏子 (canonical)
anzu (romanization)

→ Translingual: ansu

From a dialect of Chinese 杏子 (xìngzi), compare Cantonese 杏子 (hang⁶ zi²).

Prunus armeniaca
Prunus armeniaca#Translingual

an apricot, especially the Armenian plum, Prunus armeniaca


桜木

[sa̠kɯ̟ɾa̠ɡʲi]

Compound of 桜 (sakura, “cherry, cherry tree”) + 木 (ki, “tree”). The ki changes to gi as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..
The term 桜 (sakura) on its own is ambiguous, and could be used to mean either the tree or the blossom. The addition of 木 (ki, “tree”) makes this distinction clear.

compound

Prunus subg. Cerasus
Prunus subg. Cerasus#Translingual

a sakura tree, the Japanese flowering cherry, Prunus serrulata, a species of subgenus Prunus subg. Cerasus, native to Japan, Korea, and China


西洋李

ja-noun

西(せい)洋(よう)李(すもも) or 西洋李(セイヨウスモモ) • (seiyō sumomo)

西洋李 (canonical)
西洋李 (canonical)
seiyō sumomo (romanization)

From 西洋 (seiyō, “The West”) + 李 (sumomo, “plum”).

compound

Prunus domestica
Prunus domestica#Translingual


巴旦杏

ja-noun

巴(は)旦(たん)杏(きょう) or 巴旦杏(ハタンキョウ) • (hatankyō)

巴旦杏 (canonical)
巴旦杏 (canonical)
hatankyō (romanization)

Prunus amygdalus
Prunus amygdalus#Translingual


光桃

光桃 (canonical)
光桃 (canonical)
hikarimomo (romanization)


椿桃

椿桃 (canonical)
椿桃 (canonical)
zubaimomo (romanization)


椿桃

椿桃 (canonical)
椿桃 (canonical)
tsubaimomo (romanization)


椿桃

椿(つばき)桃(もも) or 椿桃(ツバキモモ) • (tsubakimomo)

椿桃 (canonical)
椿桃 (canonical)
tsubakimomo (romanization)


橉木

橉木 (canonical)
橉木 (canonical)
rinboku (romanization)

Prunus spinulosa
Prunus spinulosa#Translingual

a tree of species Prunus spinulosa, found in Japan


春告草

春告草 (canonical)
harutsugegusa (romanization)

[ha̠ɾɯ̟t͡sɨɡe̞ɡɯ̟sa̠]

Lit. spring heralding plant, 春(はる) (haru, “spring”) + 告(つげ) (tsuge, “tell, inform”) + 草(ぐさ) (gusa, “grass, plant”)


唐紅

ja-noun

唐(から)紅(くれない) • (Kara-kurenai) ^(←からくれなゐ (karakurenawi)?)

唐紅 (canonical)
Kara-kurenai (romanization)
karakurenawi (romanization)
からくれなゐ (hiragana historical)

From 唐 (Kara, “(Tang dynasty) China”) + 紅 (kurenai, “crimson”); contrasted with the alternative spelling 韓紅 (literally “Korean crimson”).

com

千早ぶる神世もきかず竜田川からくれなゐに水くくるとは

905, Kokin Wakashū, (book 5, poem 294; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 17)

I have not heard that, e'en in the age of the Mighty Gods the rivers draped in vivid (literally Chinese) red as is that of Tatsuta.

chihayaburu kamiyo mo kikazu Tatsuta-gawa Kara-kurenai ni mizu kukuru to wa

Synonym of 寒紅梅 (kankōbai): an ume cultivar, Prunus mume var. mume f. alphandii


唐紅

ja-noun

唐(とう)紅(べに) • (tōbeni) ^(←たうべに (taubeni)?)

唐紅 (canonical)
tōbeni (romanization)
taubeni (romanization)
たうべに (hiragana historical)

From 唐 (Tō, “(Tang dynasty) China → foreign”) + 紅 (beni, “crimson”).


山桜

山桜 (canonical)
Yamazakura (romanization)

Compound of 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”) + 桜(サクラ) (sakura, “cherry tree, Prunus serrulata”).
The sakura changes to zakura as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


菊桃

a variety of David's peach (Prunus davidiana var. potaninii)


唐実桜

ja-noun

唐(から)実(み)桜(ざくら) or 唐実桜(カラミザクラ) • (karamizakura)

唐実桜 (canonical)
唐実桜 (canonical)
karamizakura (romanization)

Chinese sour cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus)


フゲンゾウ

Fugenzō (romanization)
Fugenzau (romanization)
フゲンザウ (historical katakana)

[ɸɯ̟ɡẽ̞nd͡zo̞ː]

普賢 (Fugen, “Samantabhadra”) + 象 (zō, “elephant”). See also 六牙の白象 (Rokuge no Byakuzō).


虎の尾

虎の尾 (canonical)
tora no o (romanization)

Literally, “tiger's tail”, 虎(とら) (tora, “tiger”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 尾(お) (o, “tail”)

猩々虎の尾

猩々虎 しょうじょうとら

Synonym of 天南星 (tennanshō, “plants of genus Arisaema”)


高嶺桜

高嶺桜 (canonical)
takanezakura (romanization)

From 高嶺(タカネ) (takane, “high mountain”) + 桜(ザクラ) (zakura, “cherry tree”).
The sakura changes to zakura as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Prunus nipponica
Prunus nipponica#Translingual

the Japanese alpine cherry tree, Prunus nipponica


豆桜

豆桜 (canonical)
mamezakura (romanization)

From 豆(マメ) (mame, “soybean”) + 桜(ザクラ) (zakura, “cherry tree”).
The sakura changes to zakura as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Prunus incisa
Prunus incisa#Translingual