杉

杉 (canonical)
杉 (canonical)
sugi (romanization)

→ English: sugi

From Old Japanese 杉 (sugi₂), which Miyake (1997) (apud Schuessler, 2007) associates with Old Chinese 松 (OC *sɢloŋ). Ultimately comes from reconstructed Proto-Japonic *sunkOi.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

Cryptomeria japonica
Cryptomeria japonica#Translingual


松

松 (canonical)
matsu (romanization)
matu (romanization)
まつ (hiragana historical)

Kojiki
Kyūjitai
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
Ōsaka

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *matu.
Various theories exist regarding its ultimate origin:
* Might be a shift from 保つ (tamotsu, “to hold”). However, the accent of 保つ (tamotsu) in the Heian period is HHL, while 松 (matsu) is LH. It can be better derived from 持つ (motsu, “to hold, to carry”), which has LF accent in the Heian period.
* Might be from 待つ (matsu, “to wait”), either from the way that a pine tree must wait for leaves to fall to grow new ones, or from the way that it lasts ten thousand years and preserves its color. The accent of 待つ (matsu) is LF.
* Possibly derived from 全く (mataku, “entirely”), from 全い (matai, “complete”), because it spends its time in the snow for winter. However, the classical term 全し (matasi) is HHF in the Heian period.
* From 睫毛 (matsuge, “eyelashes”), since their leaves represent such. However, it requires deletion of the -ge, and matsuge is certainly from 目 (ma-, “eye”).
* From 真常木 (matonoki, “true eternal tree”), as the pine tree is an evergreen tree.
* From a place name 松のむらたち (MATSU no muratachi), as opposed to muratatsu.
* From 芽厚 (meatsu, literally “bud (that feels) hot”).
* From 纏わる (matsuwaru, “get wrapped around”), as the leaves are around the trunk.
* From 真 (ma-, “true”) + つ (tsu, abbreviation of 約まる (tsuzumaru, “to shrink”)).
* From 間千 (machi, literally “space (of) thousands”).
* A shift from 股 (mata, “crouch”), as the pine tree leaves split into two.


栂

栂 (canonical)
栂 (canonical)
tsuga (romanization)

⟨tuɡa⟩ → /t͡suɡa/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Appears to be an alternative phonetic realization of toga below.

southern Japanese hemlock, Tsuga sieboldii


栂

⟨to₁ɡa⟩ → /toɡa/
: Alternative reconstruction:
⟨to₁ɡa⟩ → */twoɡa/ → /toɡa/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Appears to be an alternative phonetic realization of tsuga above.


梛

梛 (canonical)
梛 (canonical)
nagi (romanization)


椹

ja-noun

椹(さわら) or 椹(サワラ) • (sawara) ^(←さはら (safara)?)

椹 (canonical)
椹 (canonical)
sawara (romanization)
safara (romanization)
さはら (hiragana historical)


榧

榧 (canonical)
榧 (canonical)
kaya (romanization)

Torreya nucifera
Torreya nucifera#Translingual


樅

樅 (canonical)
樅 (canonical)
momi (romanization)


檜

檜 (canonical)
檜 (canonical)
hinoki (romanization)

→ English: hinoki

⇒ English: hinokitiol

Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

Originally a compound of 檜 (hi, “Japanese cypress”, see below) + の (no, attributive particle) + 木 (ki, “tree”).
The wood and bark was commonly used as tinder, and the term was previously thought to be from 火 (hi, “fire”) + の (no, attributive particle) + 木 (ki, “tree”). However, later research into ancient kana usage in Old Japanese revealed that 檜 had a reading of ⟨pi₁⟩, while 火 was read as ⟨pi₂⟩, ruling out this derivation.

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Chamaecyparis obtusa
Chamaecyparis obtusa#Translingual


檜

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

⟨pi₁⟩ → */pʲi/ → /ɸi/ → /hi/
From Old Japanese 檜 (pi₁).
First appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

(archaic, or in compounds) Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)


蘭

kanji used to transliterate borrowings from foreign languages, especially Buddhist terms from Sanskrit

Short for 阿蘭陀, 和蘭, 和蘭陀 (Oranda): Holland, the Netherlands


蘭

From Middle Chinese 蘭 (MC lan).
Compare modern Mandarin 蘭 /兰 (lán).

Short for 阿蘭陀, 和蘭, 和蘭陀 (Oranda): Holland, the Netherlands, Dutch


蘭

蘭 (canonical)
蘭 (canonical)
araragi (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠ɾa̠ɡʲi]

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
Any further derivation is unclear. Speculative possibilities include:
* The initial ara- may be cognate with 荒い (arai, “rough; wild”). The final -ragi is unknown, however.
* Alternatively, the initial arara- may be cognate with 荒らか (araraka, “rough; wild”). The final -gi may be cognate with 木 (ki, “tree”), perhaps in reference to the way the plant's stalk rises straight and tall.

Taxus cuspidata
Taxus cuspidata#Translingual

Synonym of 一位 (ichii): Taxus cuspidata, the Japanese yew


麻黄

ja-noun

麻(ま)黄(おう) or 麻黄(マオウ) • (maō) ^(←まわう (mawau)?)

麻黄 (canonical)
麻黄 (canonical)
maō (romanization)
mawau (romanization)
まわう (hiragana historical)


銀杏

銀杏(いちょう) or 銀杏(イチョウ) • (ichō) ^(←いちやう (ityau) or イチヤウ (ityau)?)

銀杏 (canonical)
銀杏 (canonical)
ichō (romanization)
ityau (romanization)
いちやう (hiragana historical)
イチヤウ (hiragana historical)

Edo period
Ginkgo biloba
Muromachi period
historical kana orthography
ja:イチョウ

/it͡ɕijau/ → /it͡ɕjɔː/ → /it͡ɕoː/
Borrowing from Chinese 鴨腳 /鸭脚 (yājiǎo, “ginkgo”) around the Muromachi period.
There is an Edo-period folk etymology that the original derivation was 一葉 (ichiyō, literally “a single leaf”), but from the historical kana usage, 一葉 would be read as いちえふ (ichi-efu) → いてふ (itefu), instead of いちやう (i-chau).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓).

Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba#Translingual

Short for 銀杏頭 (ichō-gashira): an Edo-period hairstyle, with the topknot in the shape of a ginkgo leaf, today usually associated with higher-ranked sumo wrestlers


銀杏

Attested around the mid-12th century.
Borrowing from Middle Chinese 銀杏 (MC ngin haengX), utilizing the 唐音 (tō'on, “Tang sound”) of 杏 (an), as in 杏子 (anzu, “apricot”).
The an changes to nan as an instance of renjō (連声).


銀杏

ja-noun

銀(ぎん)杏(きょう) • (ginkyō) ^(←ぎんきやう (ginkyau)?)

銀杏 (canonical)
ginkyō (romanization)
ginkyau (romanization)
ぎんきやう (hiragana historical)

→ Translingual: Ginkgo

→ English: ginkgo

[ɡʲĩŋʲkʲo̞ː]

Borrowing from Middle Chinese 銀杏 (MC ngin haengX), utilizing the 慣用音 (kan'yō-on, “Customary sound”) of 杏 (kyō), as in 杏仁 (kyōnin, “apricot seed”).


公孫樹

[ko̞ːsõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑɨ]


赤松

赤松 (canonical)
赤松 (canonical)
akamatsu (romanization)

Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), also known as the Japanese umbrella pine or the tanyosho pine


若松

a small pine tree used for decoration at New Year's


まき

まき (canonical)
マキ (canonical)
maki (romanization)

Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

From Old Japanese, originally from 真(ま) (ma-, “great, excellent”, archaic use) + 木(き) (ki, “tree”), likely from how the trees were well-suited for use as timber.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE in sense 1 and in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE in sense 2.

ja-com

Synonym of 高野槇 (kōyamaki, “Japanese umbrella-pine (Sciadopitys verticillata)”) or 犬槇 (inumaki, “yew plum pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus)”)


唐檜

ja-noun

唐(とう)檜(ひ) or 唐檜(トウヒ) • (tōhi) ^(←たうひ (taufi)?)

唐檜 (canonical)
唐檜 (canonical)
tōhi (romanization)
taufi (romanization)
たうひ (hiragana historical)

Hondo spruce, Picea jezoensis subsp. hondoensis


糸杉

Literally, “thread cypress”, 糸(いと) (ito, “thread”) + 杉(すぎ) (sugi, “cedar”)


一位

ja-noun

一(いち)位(い) or 一位(イチイ) • (ichii) ^(←いちゐ (itiwi) or イチヰ (itiwi)?)

一位 (canonical)
一位 (canonical)
ichii (romanization)
itiwi (romanization)
いちゐ (hiragana historical)
イチヰ (hiragana historical)

Based on the the first in rank in the Japanese medieval court sense, from the 笏 (shaku, “baton”) they hold made of yew.


落葉松

落葉松 (canonical)
落葉松 (canonical)
karamatsu (romanization)

Jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 落葉 /落叶 (luòyè).


伽羅

(historical) the Gaya confederacy: a grouping of smaller states on the southern end of the Korean peninsula, roughly dating to 42-532 CE

漢

韓 (Kara, “Korea”), by extension of the Gaya confederacy to the entire Korean peninsula

by extension of the Korean peninsula further to the Chinese mainland


伽羅

There are two leading theories, both deriving from Middle Chinese 伽羅 (MC gja la):
* From the first two syllables of 伽羅阿伽嚧 (MC gja la 'a gja lu), a phonetic rendering of Sanskrit कालागुरु (kālāguru), referring to a kind of fragrant black (kāla) agarwood tree (aguru) used for incense.
* From the last two syllables of 多伽羅 (MC ta gja la), a phonetic rendering of Sanskrit तगर (tagara), referring to Tabernaemontana coronaria (pinwheel flower or crepe jasmine) or a fragrant powder made from the plant.

伽羅柿

a variety of persimmon noted for its darker skin and sweeter taste

伽羅細工

fine woodwork created using aromatic woods

伽羅代

in the Edo period, a red-light district slang term for money, especially the fee paid to an entertainer or prostitute

伽羅の油

a kind of pomade or hair oil made from sesame oil, plant resin, and clove

伽羅の枕

a wooden headrest with a drawer for burning incense

伽羅蕗

butterbur stem simmer in soy sauce until dark reddish brown

sociable person who is quick to compliment others

just like a Buddha statue made from agarwood

伽羅で作った仏同然: → agarwood only smells nice when burned

so making a statue out of agarwood is pointless: something

to put gold foil on an agarwood Buddha; to put the icing on the cake

伽羅の仏に箔置く: → : adding something good on top of something that is already good

not even passing gas” → neither here nor there

Short for 伽羅木 (kyaraboku): a Japanese yew variety, Taxus cuspidata var. nana


馬尾松

馬(ば)尾(び)松(しょう) or 馬尾松(バビショウ) • (babishō)

馬尾松 (canonical)
馬尾松 (canonical)
babishō (romanization)


ヒマラヤ杉

ヒマラヤ杉 (canonical)
ヒマラヤ杉 (canonical)
himarayasugi (romanization)


杜松

杜松 (canonical)
杜松 (canonical)
nezu (romanization)


翌檜

Shortened from 明日は檜になろう (asu wa hinoki ni narō, literally “tomorrow [the asunaro] will become a hinoki cypress”), a blend/compound of 明日 (asu, “tomorrow”) + なろう (narō, volitional form of verb なる (naru), to “become”).
The kanji spelling is literally "next (day) + hinoki cypress".

blend

volitional form of verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">なる</i> (naru), to “become”


唐松

Alternative spelling of 落葉松 (“Japanese larch”).


甘菜

甘菜 (canonical)
甘菜 (canonical)
amana (romanization)

(archaic) Synonym of 麻黄 (maō, “plants of genus Ephedra”)


セコイア

Sequoia sempervirens
Sequoia sempervirens#Translingual


伊吹

伊吹 (canonical)
伊吹 (canonical)
ibuki (romanization)


紅檜

紅檜 (canonical)
紅檜 (canonical)
benihi (romanization)

Taiwan red cypress, Chamaecyparis formosensis


檜葉

檜葉 (canonical)
檜葉 (canonical)
hiba (romanization)

Synonym of 翌檜 (asunaro, “false aborvitae, Thujopsis dolabrata”)


蘇鉄

ja-noun

蘇(そ)鉄(てつ) or 蘇鉄(ソテツ) • (sotetsu) ^(←そてつ (sotetu)?)

蘇鉄 (canonical)
蘇鉄 (canonical)
sotetsu (romanization)
sotetu (romanization)
そてつ (hiragana historical)


米松

米松 (canonical)
米松 (canonical)
beimatsu (romanization)


白松

白松 (canonical)
白松 (canonical)
shiromatsu (romanization)


鴨脚

鴨(おう)脚(きゃく) • (ōkyaku) ^(←あふきやく (afukyaku)?)

鴨脚 (canonical)
ōkyaku (romanization)
afukyaku (romanization)
あふきやく (hiragana historical)

[o̞ːkʲa̠kɯ̟]

(rare) Synonym of 銀杏 (ichō, “the ginkgo tree, Ginkgo biloba”)


翁草

翁草 (canonical)
翁草 (canonical)
okinagusa (romanization)

Literally, “old man grass”, 翁(おきな) (okina, “old man”) + 草(くさ) (kusa, “grass”). The kusa changes to gusa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

narrow-leaf pasque-flower, Pulsatilla cernua


黒檜

黒檜 (canonical)
黒檜 (canonical)
kurobe (romanization)


都草

都草 (canonical)
都草 (canonical)
miyakogusa (romanization)

Literally, “capital grass”, 都(みやこ) (miyako, “The Capital”) + 草(くさ) (kusa, “grass, plant”). The kusa changes to gusa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


檜翌檜

ja-noun

檜(ひのき)翌檜(あすなろ) or 檜翌檜(ヒノキアスナロ) • (hinoki asunaro)

檜翌檜 (canonical)
檜翌檜 (canonical)
hinoki asunaro (romanization)

檜(ひのき) (hinoki, “cypress”) + 翌檜(あすなろ) (asunaro, “hiba”)

ja-compound

Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai Makino, a variety of hiba