Estonia

Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


Algeria

From Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir, “the islands”), plural of جَزِيرَة (jazīra, “island”), referring to the several small islands that once existed in the Bay of Algiers.

der

اَلْجَزَائِر


Albania

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


Armenia

Armenia (a country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


Monaco

it:Comune di Monaco
it:Monaco
it:Principato di Monaco


Oman

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Slovenia

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)

Kosovo Slovenia Kossovo Slovenia Cossovo


Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


Russia

1538, from Medieval Latin Russī (“Russians”). Ultimately from Byzantine Greek Ρωσία (Rōsía).

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Georgia

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


Macedonia

Macedonia (a geographic region in Southeast Europe in the Balkans, including North Macedonia and parts of Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and Serbia)

(historical) Macedonia (an ancient Greek kingdom in Southeast Europe)

Macedonia (former name of North Macedonia: a country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans)

administrative region
administrative region

Macedonia (a geographic region and former administrative region of Greece)

Bulgarian Macedonia
Bulgarian Macedonia#English

Macedonia (a geographic region in southwestern Bulgaria; in full, Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia)

(historical) Macedonia (a former constituent republic of Yugoslavia)


Scandinavia

Borrowed from Latin Scandināvia, from Proto-Germanic *Skadinawjō (“Scadia island”).

Scandinavia (a geographic region of Northern Europe, consisting of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden collectively and sometimes Finland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands)

Scandinavian Peninsula
Scandinavian Peninsula#English

Scandinavia (a peninsula in Northern Europe, consisting of Norway, Sweden and most of northern Finland; in full, Scandinavian Peninsula)


Parigi

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


Nicosia

From Medieval Latin and Old French Nicosia, from Byzantine Greek Λευκωσία (Leukōsía), q.v. Doublet of Lefkosia.

Nicosia (the capital city of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus)


Vienna

Of disputed origin. Possibly from the Roman name, Latin Vindobona, or from a Celtic word *Vedunia (“forest stream”), for which compare Proto-Celtic *widus (“woodland”).


Alessandria

Alessandria (a city and province of Piedmont, Italy)


Andalusia

Borrowed from Arabic الْأَنْدَلُس (al-ʔandalus)/الْأَنْدُلُس (al-ʔandulus, “Iberia”), from Late Latin *Vandalicia (“land of the Vandals”).

bor+

الْأَنْدَلُس

autonomous community
autonomous community

Andalusia (a historical region and autonomous community in southern Spain, the most populated and second largest of the seventeen autonomous communities that constitute Spain)


Sarajevo

Bosnia ed Erzegovina
Bosnia ed Erzegovina#English

Sarajevo (the capital city of Bosnia ed Erzegovina)


Argovia

Aargau, Argovia (a canton of Switzerland)


Gerusalemme

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


Tripolitania

Tripolitania (a historic region and former province in western Libya, centered around the coastal city of Tripoli)


Grecia

Borrowed from Latin Graecia, from Ancient Greek Γραικός (Graikós).


Francia

France (a country located primarily in Western Europe)


Scozia

la Scozia (canonical feminine)
Iscozia (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin Scōtia, after the population of Scōtī, a term of possible Celtic origin.

Scotland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


Nuova Scozia

From nuova (feminine of nuovo (“new”)) + Scozia (“Scotland”); calque of Latin Nova Scotia.

af

feminine of <i class="Latn mention" lang="it">nuovo</i> (“new”)

Nova Scotia peninsula
Nova Scotia peninsula#English

Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia peninsula (a peninsula on the coast of the Atlantic, comprising most of the province of Nova Scotia; Nova Scotia peninsula)


Spagna

la Spagna (canonical feminine)
Ispagna (alternative)

→ Albanian: Spanjë

From Latin Hispānia, from a Phoenician or Punic root.

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Inghilterra

a surname transferred from the place name


Giappone

Borrowed from French Japon, from Portuguese Japão, from Malay Jepang, from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún), from Middle Chinese 日本 (nyit pwon^X, “sun origin”).

der

Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)


Ucraina

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


Egitto

→ Maltese: Eġittu

From Latin Aegyptus, from Ancient Greek Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos), from Egyptian Hwt-t:O1-kA:Z1-p:t-H-A40 (ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ, literally “the temple of the ka of Ptah”), referring to Ptah's temple in the important city of Memphis.

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Cipro

Via Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros).

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


Germania

Repubblica Federale Tedesca
Repubblica Federale Tedesca#Italian

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany; official name: Repubblica Federale Tedesca)

Kosovo Germania Kossovo Germania Cossovo


Svizzera

la Svizzera (canonical feminine)
Isvizzera (alternative)

→ Albanian: Zvicër, (Gheg) Zvicërr

→ Armenian: Զվիցերիա (Zvicʻeria)

→ Maltese: Żvizzera

desc

→ Ottoman Turkish: اسویچره (İsviçre), ازویچره (İzviçere)

Turkish: İsviçre

From Early New High German Schwytzer (“a Swiss person”, modern German Schweizer). Compare Dutch Zwitser.

bor

modern German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Schweizer</i>

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)

Kosovo Svizzera Kossovo Svizzera Cossovo


Portogallo

Kosovo Portogallo Kossovo Portogallo Cossovo


Croazia

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Belgio

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


Serbia

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Montenegro

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

Kosovo Montenegro Kossovo Montenegro Cossovo


Baviera

→ Armenian: Պավիերա (Paviera)

Bavaria (a historic region, former duchy, former kingdom, and modern state of Germany; the modern state includes parts of historical Swabia and Franconia as well as historical Bavaria)


Canton

El Dorado County
El Dorado County#English

several other places in the United States:

a former settlement in El Dorado County, California

Broadwater County
Broadwater County#English

a submerged ghost town in Broadwater County, Montana

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

Doddridge County
Doddridge County#English

an unincorporated community in Doddridge County, West Virginia

an unincorporated community in Barron County, Wisconsin


Colonia

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


Marocco

From Arabic مَرّاكُش (marrākuš), from Berber, of uncertain derivation but often thought to mean “Land of God”. The word originally referred to the capital city of Marrakech (founded late 11th c.), but came to be used as a pars pro toto for the westernmost region of the Islamic world both in Islamic and European languages.


Mosca

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


Norvegia

From Medieval Latin Norvegia, from Old Norse Norvegr (“north way”) (see Norway).

Norway (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)

Kosovo Norvegia Kossovo Norvegia Cossovo


Ungheria

Kosovo Ungheria Kossovo Ungheria Cossovo


Berlino

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)


Tangeri

Through Latin Tingis and Arabic طَنْجَة (ṭanja).

Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima#English

Tangier (a port city, the capital of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco)


Corsica

Corsica (an island, department, and administrative region of France, in the Mediterranean to the north of Sardinia)


Nilo

From Latin Nīlus, from Ancient Greek Νεῖλος (Neîlos).


Cordova

Córdoba (the capital of the province of Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain)


Ginevra

a female given name; Guinevere of Arthurian legend


Galles

Wales (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


Pomerania

Pomerania (a former duchy, historical province of Prussia, and now a geographic region of Central Europe split between Germany and Poland on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea)


Svezia

la Svezia (canonical feminine)
Isvezia (alternative)

Ottoman Turkish: اسوج (İsvec)

Turkish: İsveç

Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


Danimarca

a surname transferred from the place name


Paesi Bassi

i Paesi Bassi (canonical masculine plural)

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands#English

constituent countries
constituent country

Netherlands, Kingdom of the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe, consisting of four constituent countries: the Netherlands per se, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten)

Kosovo Paesi Bassi Kossovo Paesi Bassi Cossovo


L'Aia

From Dutch Den Haag, through French La Haye.


Corea

Korea (two countries of East Asia, North Korea and South Korea; the peninsula containing these two countries)


Crimea

→ English: Crimea

Crimea (a geographic region and peninsula in Eastern Europe, jutting out into the Black Sea; de facto occupied and annexed in 2014 as a republic of Russia, but internationally recognized as an autonomous republic of Ukraine :)


Nuova Zelanda

New Zealand (a country and archipelago of Oceania, to the east of Australia)


Lorena

Lorraine (a cultural region, former administrative region, and former duchy in eastern France; since 2016 part of the region of Grand Est region)


Praga

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


Irlanda

Ireland (an island and country in northwestern Europe)


Bielorussia

Kosovo Bielorussia Kossovo Bielorussia Cossovo


Bosnia-Erzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

Kosovo Bosnia-Erzegovina Kossovo Bosnia-Erzegovina Cossovo


Danubio

Learned borrowing from Latin Dānubius, from Proto-Celtic *Dānowyos, an extended form of the river-name *Dānu, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂nu (“river goddess”), akin to *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion; to flow”).


Betlemme

From Ecclesiastical Latin Bēthlehēmum, Bēthlehem, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Biblical Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bet léchem).


Jutland

Jutland (a cultural region and peninsula in northwestern Europe, consisting of the mainland part of Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, which is part of Germany)


Groenlandia

Greenland (a large self-governing island and dependent territory of Denmark, in North America)


Lituania

Lithuania (a country in northeastern Europe)

Kosovo Lituania Kossovo Lituania Cossovo


Scania

Scandinavian Peninsula
Scandinavian Peninsula

Scania (a former province, historical region, and peninsula in Sweden, roughly coterminous with Skåne County and occupying the southern tip of the Scandinavian Peninsula)


Elsinore

Borrowed from English, from Danish Helsingør, perhaps a derivation of hals (“narrow strait”, literally “throat; neck”), from Old Norse hals, from Proto-Germanic *halsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kólsos.

Elsinore (a city in northern Zealand, Denmark)


Magonza

From Latin Magontiacum, Mogontiacum, from a Celtic language. Compare Italian Monza and Sicilian Magunza.

Mainz (a city, the state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Maiorca

From Latin īnsula major (literally “larger island”); the intermediate form was Maiorica.

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

Mallorca, Majorca (an island in the Mediterranean; largest of the Balearic Islands)


Olanda

Ultimately from Old Dutch holt lant (“wood land”).

Holland (a traditional region of the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


Zara

Italian spelling alphabet
Appendix:Italian spelling alphabet

the letter Z in the Italian spelling alphabet


Birmania

Ultimately derived from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma), colloquial form of မြန်မာ (mranma).


Catalogna

autonomous community
autonomous community

Catalonia (an autonomous community in northeast Spain)


Giamaica

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Giordano

Borrowed from Latin Iordanus, from Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardén).

Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


Boemia

Bohemia (a cultural region in the west of the former Czechoslovakia and present-day Czech Republic)


Eufrate

From Ancient Greek Εὐφράτης (Euphrátēs), from Old Persian 𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢 (ʰUfrātuš), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (purattu), itself from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Buranun). Related is Elamite 𒌑𒅁𒊏𒌅𒅖 (ú-ip-ra-tu-iš) (cf. Classical Syriac ܦܪܬ (P(ə)rāṯ)).


Loira

Loire (the longest river in France, passing (from southeast to northwest) through the departments of Ardèche, Haute-Loire, Loire, Saône-et-Loire, Allier, Nièvre, Cher, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et-Loire and Loire-Atlantique)


Nuovo Galles del Sud

New South Wales
New South Wales#English:_Q3224

New South Wales (a state of Australia, located in the southeastern part of the continent; a former British colony from 1788 to 1901)


Nazaret

Northern District
Northern District#English

Nazareth (the largest city in the Northern District, Israel)


Manciuria

Manchuria (a historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia)


Gibilterra

Ultimately from Arabic جَبَل طَارِق (jabal ṭāriq), with contamination of terra (“land”).

جَبَل طَارِق

Strait of Gibraltar
Strait of Gibraltar#English

Gibraltar, Strait of Gibraltar (a strait connecting the Mediterranean to the Atlantic between Gibraltar and Morocco; in full, Strait of Gibraltar)


Arabia Saudita

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Modone

Methoni (a village in Messenia regional unit, Peloponnese region, Greece)


Slovacchia

Kosovo Slovacchia Kossovo Slovacchia Cossovo


Lettonia

Latvia (a country in northeastern Europe)

Kosovo Lettonia Kossovo Lettonia Cossovo


Filippine

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


Azerbaigian

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus in Asia and Europe)

Kosovo Azerbaigian Kossovo Azerbaigian Cossovo


Cecenia

Chechnya (a republic and federal subject of Russia, in the northern Caucasus)


Isole Salomone

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q148966

Solomon Islands (an archipelago in Melanesia, split between the countries of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea)


Balcani

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina

the Balkans (a cultural region and peninsula in Southeast Europe, roughly equivalent to the area covered by Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia, sometimes including Romania, Slovenia, and European Turkey)


Bretagna

Brittany (a cultural region, historical province, and peninsula in northwest France)


Trebisonda

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Τραπεζοῦντα (Trapezoûnta).


Alessio

a male given name from Ancient Greek, equivalent to English Alexis or Alexius


Alessio

a surname transferred from the given name


Algeri

Borrowed from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir, “the islands”), plural of جَزِيرَة (jazīra, “island”), referring to the several small islands that once existed in the Bay of Algiers.

اَلْجَزَائِر


Copenaghen

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)


Dalmazia

Dalmatia (a historical region of Croatia, on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea)

(historical) Dalmatia (a province of the Roman Empire)


Marsiglia

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Marseille (the capital city of Bouches-du-Rhône department, France; the capital city of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)


Mosella

Moselle (a left tributary of Rhine, flowing through the departments of Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle and Moselle in northeastern France, through Luxembourg, and through the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Germany)


Tracia

From Latin Thrācia, from Ancient Greek Θρᾴκη (Thrā́ikē), from Θρᾷξ (Thrâix, “Thracian”).

Thrace (a historical region of Southeast Europe, now divided between Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey)


Terranova

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador#English

Newfoundland (a large island of the coast of eastern Canada, part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador)


Edimburgo

Edinburgh, Edinburgh (a council area of Scotland)


Strasburgo

Strasbourg (the capital city of Bas-Rhin department, France; the capital city of the region of Grand Est)


Smirne

Borrowed from Latin Smyrna, from Ancient Greek Σμύρνα (Smúrna).

Smyrna (an ancient city in Asia Minor, in modern Turkey)

İzmir (a modern city, the capital of İzmir Province, in western Turkey)


Siviglia

Borrowed from Spanish Sevilla, from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), from Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /sefela/, “plain, valley”).

der

إِشْبِيلِيَة

Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya)

Seville (the capital city of Andalusia, Spain)


Savoia

Through an intermediate *Sabau(d)ja, from Latin Sabaudia.

Savoie (a department of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France)

(historical) Savoy (a historical region shared between the modern countries of France, Italy and Switzerland)

(historical) Savoy (a former duchy existing from 1416 to 1847, whose maximal extent included parts of modern southeastern France, northwestern Italy, and southwestern Switzerland; in full, Duchy of Savoy)


San Pietroburgo

Ultimately from Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg). By surface analysis, San Pietro (“Saint Peter”) + -burgo.

Санкт-Петербу́рг

surf

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English:_Q656

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia, known between 1914 and 1924 as Petrograd and between 1924 and 1991 as Leningrad; the former capital of Russia, from 1713–1728 and 1732–1918)


Salisburgo

Salzburg (the capital city of the state of Salzburg, Austria)


Lubiana

Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


Rodano

Rhone, Rhône (a major river in Switzerland and France that flows from the Alps to the Mediterranean Sea)


Nuova Inghilterra

New England (a geographic region of the northeastern United States, consisting of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont)


Norimberga

Nuremberg (a major city in Bavaria, Germany)


Cornovaglia

Cornwall (a peninsula, cultural area, maritime ceremonial county, and duchy in England; forming its south-western extremity, bordered by Devon in the east)


Fiandre

Flanders (two provinces in Belgian Flanders, West Flanders and East Flanders)


Giura

Jura (a department of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


Abissinia

From New Latin, from Arabic حَبَشَة (ḥabaša), from حَبَش (ḥabaš, “Abyssinian”).

(historical) Abyssinia (former name of Ethiopia: a country and former empire in East Africa; used as an exonym until the mid 20th century)


Azio

From Latin Actium, from Ancient Greek Ἄκτιον (Áktion).


Stoccarda

Stuttgart (the capital and largest city of Baden-Württemberg, Germany)


Elba

Elba (an Italian island in the Tuscan Archipelago off the west coast of Italy, administratively part of Tuscany; between the Italian coast and Corsica)


Zagabria

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


Normandia

administrative region
administrative region

Normandy (an administrative region, historical province, and medieval kingdom in northwest France, on the English Channel)


Gerico

From Latin Ierĭchō, itself through Ancient Greek Ἰεριχώ (Ierikhṓ) from Biblical Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ (Yərīḥō).


Galizia

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Gallicia, from Classical Latin Gallaecia, from Gallaecī (“a tribe in the region”).

Galicia (a former kingdom and autonomous community in northwestern Spain)


Galilea

Galilee (a mountainous geographic region in northern Israel)


Amburgo

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)


Frisia

(historical) Frisia (a traditionally Frisian-speaking coastal Western Europe, politically split between Netherlands and Germany)


Friburgo

Fribourg (the capital city of Fribourg canton, Switzerland)


Francoforte

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am-Main (the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany)

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder (a sizable town in Brandenburg, in eastern Germany)


Epiro

From Latin Ēpīrus, from Ancient Greek Ἤπειρος (Ḗpeiros, “mainland”).

der

Epirus (a historical region and ancient kingdom in Southeast Europe, today split politically between northwestern Greece and southwestern Albania)


Dresda

Dresden (the capital city of Saxony, Germany)


Dodecaneso

Dodecanese (an archipelago of Greece, in the Aegean Sea)


Damasco

Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)


Cracovia

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Krakow (a city on the Vistula River, the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland and the former capital (until 1596) of Poland as a whole)


Brema

Bremen (the capital city of the state of Bremen, Germany)


Castiglia

(historical) Castile (a medieval kingdom and former county in the Iberian Peninsula; the nucleus of modern Spain)

Castile (a vaguely defined geographical region of central Spain generally corresponding to the regions of Old and New Castile)


Caienna

Cayenne (the capital city of French Guiana department)


Sassonia

Saxony (a state of modern Germany, located in the east, far from historical Saxon lands)


Marrakech

Marrakech (the capital city of the Marrakesh-Safi region, Morocco)


Monaco di Baviera

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


Asturie

Asturias (an autonomous community and province of Spain, on the Spanish north coast facing the Cantabrian Sea)


Lusazia

Lusatia (a traditionally Slavic-speaking cultural region in Central Europe, in modern Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic)


Anversa

Borrowed from French Anvers, from Dutch Antwerpen.

Antwerp (a large city and municipality, the capital of the province of Antwerp, Belgium; the second-largest city in Belgium)


Alsazia

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Alsatia, from Old High German ali sazzo (“inhabitant of the other”) (referring to the opposite bank of the Rhine), from Proto-Germanic *aljaz (“other”) + *sitjaną (“inhabitant”, literally “sitter”).

q

Alsace (a cultural region, former administrative region and historical province of France; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Grand Est)


Finlandia

Kosovo Finlandia Kossovo Finlandia Cossovo


Aquitania

Aquitaine (a historical region of France)


Borgogna

Compare French Bourgogne, Late Latin Burgundia.

Burgundy (a historical region and former administrative region of France; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté)


Piccardia

Picardy (a former administrative region and historical province of France; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Hauts-de-France region)


Aquisgrana

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


Lucerna

Lucerne (the capital city of the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland)


Gironda

Gironde (an estuary in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, France, formed by the merger of the rivers Garonne and Dordogne; in full, the Gironde estuary)


Aragona

Aragon (an autonomous community and medieval kingdom in northeastern Spain)


Leida

From Dutch Leiden, seemingly from Proto-Germanic *līþa- (“canal”).

Leiden (a city in South Holland, Netherlands)


Avignone

a city in Vaucluse department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France


Baleari

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English:_Q5765

Balearic Islands (an archipelago, autonomous community, and province off the east coast of Spain, formed by the four major islands Mallorca, Minorca, Ibiza, and Formentera and several smaller islands)


Patrasso

Patras (a city, the regional capital of Western Greece, Greece)


Carinzia

(historical) Carinthia (a former duchy and historical region of Central Europe, now split politically between Austria and Slovenia):

Carinthia (a traditional region in northern Slovenia)


Cirenaica

Cyrenaica (a geographic region, an and former province of northeastern Libya; in modern usage, extended to the entire eastern portion of Libya)


Coblenza

Koblenz (an independent city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Danzica

Borrowed from German Danzig, from Polish Gdańsk.

Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Gdańsk (the capital city of Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Delo

From Latin Delos, from Ancient Greek Δῆλος (Dêlos).


Fiume

From Latin Flūmen, from flūmen (“river”). See fiume for more.


Egina

Borrowed from Latin Aegīna, from Ancient Greek Αἴγινα (Aígina).


Eleusi

From Latin Eleusis, from Ancient Greek Ἐλευσίς (Eleusís).


Gange

Borrowed from Latin Gangēs, from Ancient Greek Γάγγης (Gángēs).


Mosa

From Latin Mosa, from Celtic, deriving from Proto-Celtic *mosā.

Meuse, Maas (a major river that flows about 901 km (560 mi) from France through Belgium and the Netherlands to the North Sea)


Giaffa

Borrowed from Arabic يَافَا (yāfā), borrowed from Biblical Hebrew יָפוֹ (Yāfō).


Liegi

Liège (the capital city of the province of Liège, Belgium)


Lilla

Borrowed from French Lille (see there for more), from Old French l'Isle (“the Island”), ultimately from Latin īnsula (“island”).

Lille (the capital city of Nord department, France; the capital city of the region of Hauts-de-France)


Lione

Lyon, Lyons (the capital city of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France)


Lubecca

Lübeck (a city in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)


Groninga

Groningen (a province of the Netherlands)


Salonicco

Central Macedonia
Central Macedonia#English

Thessaloniki (a port city, the capital of Central Macedonia, in northern Greece)


Alghero

Unclear origin. Usually thought to derive from Medieval Latin Aleguerium (literally “stagnation of seaweed”) or Sardinian S'Alighèra, from aliga (“seaweed; rubbish”) + -era, but either way from Latin alga (“seaweed”), from Proto-Indo-European *alg-, *alǵ- (“to be dirty, slimy”).

bor

Alghero (a city and port town in Sardinia, Italy)


Sebastopoli

Sevastopol (a port city in Crimea, internationally recognized as part of Ukraine but de facto in Russia)


Slesia

Silesia (a cultural region of Central Europe, now chiefly in Poland, with small portions in the Czech Republic and Germany, from early modernity until 1945 predominantly German-speaking with Slavic-speaking minorities (and local majorities))


Soletta

Solothurn (a city and canton of Switzerland)


Tiro

Borrowed from Latin Tyrus (“Tyre”), from Ancient Greek Τύρος (Túros) from Phoenician [Term?]; see Tyre for more information.

Tyre (an ancient city-state in Phoenicia)


Tessaglia

From Ancient Greek Θεσσαλία (Thessalía).

Thessaly (a historical region and modern administrative region of north-central Greece)


Tiberiade

Latin Tiberias, itself from the Emperor's name Tiberius (in Ancient Greek Τιβέριος (Tibérios)) with the suffix Ancient Greek -άς (-ás, “female patronymic or relational suffix”)


Tigri

From Latin Tigris, from Ancient Greek Τίγρις (Tígris).


Tolone

Toulon (a city, the prefecture of Var department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France)


Treviri

Trier (a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Turenna

Touraine (a historical province of France, extant until 1790 whose capital was Tours)


Ulma

Ulm (a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany)


Valacchia

Moravian Wallachia
Moravian Wallachia#English

Wallachia, Moravian Wallachia (a cultural region in northeast Moravia, in the Czech Republic; in full, Moravian Wallachia)


Vosgi

Vosges (a department of Grand Est, France)


Giza

From Egyptian Arabic اَلْجِيزَة (il-Gīza), of uncertain origin.


Bruggia

Borrowed from Old French Bruges, from Old Dutch Bruges, Bruggas, Brugias, probably from brugga (“bridge”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brugjǭ. Doublet of Bruges, borrowed from Modern French.

Bruges (the capital city of West Flanders, Belgium)


Setta

a river that flows through Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna


Capodistria

From Italian Capo ("Cape") + d' ("of") + Istria ("Istria").


Caporetto

Ultimately from an assumed Latin *Caporētum, *Caprētum, possibly from caper (“goat”).


Digione

Dijon (the capital city of Côte-d'Or department, France)


Dordogna

Dordogne (a long river in south-central and southwestern France, emptying into the Gironde estuary, flowing through the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Corrèze, Lot, Dordogne and Gironde)


Villaco

Villach (a statutory city in Carinthia, Austria)


Appenzello

Appenzell Inner Rhodes
Appenzell Inner Rhodes#English

a village, the capital of Appenzell Inner Rhodes canton, Switzerland


Alvernia

From Latin Arvernia, from Arverni, the name of a Gaulish tribe.


Carelia

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Carelia, Latinized from Swedish Karelen, Finnish Karjala, ultimately from an earlier Finnic endonym.

Karelia (a historical region of Northern Europe, located to the north of Saint Petersburg and politically split between Russia and Finland)

Karelia (a republic and federal subject of Russia)


Rovigno

Ultimately from Latin Arupinum (later Ruvinium, Ruginium, also Mons Rubineus); compare Istriot Ruveîgno, Serbo-Croatian Rovinj.


Negroponte

By rebracketing of the phrase στὸν Εὔριπον ("to Evripos") as στὸ Νεὔριπον ("to Nevripos"), thence Negroponte ("Black Bridge" in Italian) by folk etymology, the bridge being interpreted as the bridge of Chalcis.


Luneburgo

Lüneburg (a town, the capital of Lüneburg district, Lower Saxony, Germany)


Cechia

(rare) Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe)


Narbona

Narbonne (a town and commune in Aude department, Occitania, southern France)


Nimega

Nijmegen (a city and municipality of Gelderland, Netherlands)


Cossovo

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Kosovo (a partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Zermagna

The river Zrmanja that flows in Croatia.


Peneo

From Latin Peneus, from Ancient Greek Πηνειός (Pēneiós).


Oronte

From Latin Orontes, from Ancient Greek Ὀρόντης (Oróntēs).


Valona

Vlorë (the third largest city in Albania)


Scarpanto

From Ancient Greek Κάρπαθος (Kárpathos).


Lovanio

Louvain (the capital city of the province of Flemish Brabant, Belgium)


Chio

English: Chio

Chios (an island of Greece, in the eastern Aegean Sea)


Ascalona

From Latin Ascalōn, from Biblical Hebrew אַשְׁקְלוֹן (ashkelón).


Magdeburgo

Magdeburg (the capital city of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)


Il Cairo

Partial calque of Arabic اَلْقَاهِرَة (al-qāhira).

cal

اَلْقَاهِرَة

Cairo (the capital and largest city of Egypt)


Frisinga

Freising (a town, the capital of Freising district, Bavaria, Germany)


Gottinga

Göttingen (an independent city in Lower Saxony, Germany)


Leopoli

Lviv (a city, the administrative center of Lviv Oblast, in western Ukraine)


Amorgo

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀμοργός (Amorgós).


Tino

Clipping of any of a variety of given names ending in -tino, including Agostino, Costantino, Giustino, Martino, Santino, Valentino and others.

a diminutive of the male given names Agostino, Costantino, Giustino, Martino, Santino, or Valentino


Stampalia

Borrowed from Venetan, from Ancient Greek Ἀστυπάλαια (Astupálaia).


Boscoducale

(obsolete) alternative form of 's-Hertogenbosch


Inguscezia

Borrowed from Russian Ингуше́тия (Ingušétija), from Georgian ინგუშეთი (ingušeti).

Ingushetia (a republic and federal subject of Russia, in the Caucasus)


Ocrida

Ohrid (a city in southwestern North Macedonia)


Curzola

→ German: Kurzel

→ Serbo-Croatian: Kȏrčula

→ English: Korčula

From Latin Corcȳra, from Ancient Greek Κόρκῡρα (Kórkūra).


Giannina

From Gianna (itself a shortening of Giovanna) + -ina (diminutive suffix). See also Giovannina.

affix

itself a shortening of <i class="Latn mention" lang="it">Giovanna</i>

a diminutive of the female given name Giovanna, equivalent to English Joan or Jane


Misurata

Misrata (the capital city of Misrata district, in northwestern Libya)


Gedda

Jeddah (a port city in Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia)


Zaravecchia

Univerbation of Zara (“Zadar”) + vecchia (“old”).

univ

Biograd na Moru (a town in Zadar County, Croatia)


Banato

Banat (a historical region of Central Europe and Eastern Europe)


Cinquechiese

Calque of Medieval Latin Quīnqueecclēsiae (literally “Five Churches”). By surface analysis, cinque + chiese.


Albareale

(obsolete) synonym of Székesfehérvár (“a city in Fejér County, Hungary”).


Ragusa Vecchia

From Ragusa (“Dubrovnik”) and vecchia (“old”).


Perpignano

Borrowed from French Perpignan, from Latin Perpenniānum, from the given name Perpenna.

Perpignan (a city in Pyrénées-Orientales department, France)


Bersabea

(obsolete) alternative form of Beersheba


Corone

From Latin Corōnē, from Ancient Greek Κορώνη (Korṓnē).


Braganza

Bragança (a city in Bragança district, Portugal)


Pan di Zucchero

il Pan di Zucchero (canonical masculine)

Calque of Portuguese Pão de Açúcar (“sugar-loaf”), named after its shape.

calque

Sugarloaf Mountain
Sugarloaf Mountain#English

Sugarloaf Mountain (a rocky peak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)


Cipango

→ Japanese: ジパング

From Early Mandarin 日本國／日本国 (Wade–Giles: Jih⁴-pên³-kuo², IPA: /ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/, “nation of Japan”, literally “Land of the Rising Sun”). Compare Wu 日本 (⁸zeq-pen, IPA: /zəʔ¹¹ pən²³/) 國 /国 (⁷koq, IPA: /koʔ⁵⁵/)

zh-l

Chipangu (alternative)
Cipangu (alternative)
Zipango (alternative)
Zipangu (alternative)
Zipagu (alternative)

Los que tienen por gran cosmografo a Colon piensan que las llamó Indias por la India oriental, creyendo que quando descubrió las Indias iva buscando la isla Cipango

1556 [1553], “Perche si chiamorno Indie [Why it was called India]” (chapter 18), in Augustino de Cravaliz, transl., La historia generale delle Indie occidentali, translation of Historia general de las Indias by Francisco López de Gómara (in Early Modern Spanish), page 18:

Those who regard Columbus as a great cosmographer believe he called it India because of Eastern India, believing that—when he discovered India—he was searching for the isle of Japan

(archaic) Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)


Strigonio

(obsolete) alternative form of Esztergom


Cerigo

→ Greek: Τσιρίγο (Tsirígo)

From Latin Cedrigum, from Cethericum, from Ancient Greek Κύθηρα n pl (Kúthēra).

Kythira (also Cythera, Kythera or Kithira)


Terra del Fuoco

Calque of Spanish Tierra del Fuego (literally “Land of Fire”).

calque

Tierra del Fuego (archipelago between Chile and Argentina)


Laiazzo

Ajazzo (alternative)
Lajazzo (alternative)

(historical) former name of Yumurtalik: a port town in southeastern Turkey


Meleda

English: Meleda (obsolete)

From Venetan Meleda, from Latin Melita, from Ancient Greek Μελίτη (Melítē), q.v.


Bugia

(obsolete) Bejaia (a city and commune of Bejaia province, Algeria)


Simisso

medieval name of Samsun, a city of Turkey


Obrovazzo

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Obróvac /Обро́вац.

bor+

Obróvac//Обро́вац

Obrovac (a town in Zadar County, Croatia)