fa

fá (alternative)
ba (alternative)
badh (alternative)
budh (alternative)

gurab Alba fá hainm don chrích sin

2014 [1628–1634], Geoffrey Keating, edited by Beatrix Färber, David Comyn, Patrick S. Dinneen, Foras Feasa ar Éirinn, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts:

Is leomhan Ó mBriun an bhean / siur ga seoladh [ar] a son, / síol na n-ealta fa díon damh, / síol glan nach ba creachta ar gcrodh.

1939 [c. 13th century], “Bean ós mhnáibh cáich Cailleach Dé”, in Lambert McKenna, editor, Aithdioghluim Dána, Dublin:

A lion-hero of the Í Bhriuin is this lady, a sister that guides them by her words; noble the offspring of that flock, my guardians (ensuring) that all I own be safe from harrying.

obsolete form of ba (“was”) (past affirmative and relative of is).


ab

Contraction of the relative particle a and the prevocalic variant of the past/conditional copula particle b’.

Fear maith ab ea é.

buachaill ab áirde ná mo dheartháir

Alternative form of ba (used in relative clauses before a vowel sound).


is

From Old Irish is (“is”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”).

Is múinteoir é Dónall.

Is é Dónall an múinteoir.

Is féidir liom snámh.

Is maith liom tae.

Is mise a chonaic é.

Is é Dónall atá ina mhúinteoir.

an buachaill is mó

Is mó an buachaill ná Séamas.

Is é Séamas an buachaill is mó in Éirinn!

James is the biggest boy in Ireland! (lit. "It is James (who is) the boy (who) is biggest in Ireland")

Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives


dar

head

dar (before a vowel in the present/future darb, before a vowel in the past/conditional darbh)

in the present (before-vowel)
future darb (before-vowel)
in the past (before-vowel)
conditional darbh (before-vowel)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

Fusion of do (“to, for”) or de (“from”) with the copular particle ar.

an fear dar miste é

an fear dar mhiste é


an

An bhfuil tú ag éisteacht?

Níl a fhios agam an bhfuil sé anseo.

Used to form direct and indirect questions

ar

used with the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs


an

An maith leat bainne?

Níl a fhios agam an é Conchúr a chonaic mé.

used to introduce copular questions, both direct and indirect, in the present/future tense


an

Alternative form of a (used before numbers when counting)


ag

From Middle Irish oc, ac, ic, from Old Irish oc, occ. Compare Scottish Gaelic aig.

ag siúl

ag gáire

ag ithe

ag ól

particle used with the verbal noun to mark the progressive aspect:


ba

ba
bha
mba
b’ (alternative)
ab (alternative)
badh (alternative archaic)
budh (alternative)
dob (alternative)
dob' (alternative)

Ba é Dónall an múinteoir.

Ba mhaith liom cupán tae.

fear ba shine ná m'athair

past/conditional direct relative of is (used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives)


do

From confusion between Middle Irish ro- (in perfect), no- (in imperfect and conditional), and do- (of many verbs with that preverb), from Old Irish ro-, no-, to- respectively.

d’ (alternative before-lenited-fh before-vowel)

do mhol sé

(Munster, literary) prefixed before the preterite, imperfect and conditional forms of a verb


do

Reanalysis of do (“past tense marker”) and the early modern unstressed preverb do- of verbs like do-gheibhim (“I get”), do-chím (“I see”) (and possibly also a- in a-tú (“I am”), a-deirim (“I say”)) in relative clauses as a relative marker.

an cailín do mholann sé

(Munster, literary) relative marker (in direct relative clauses)


go

From Old Irish co, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”), Russian ко (ko, “to”).

inh

D’ith sé go maith.

Shiúlaíodar go mall.

go feargach

Tá an t-anraith seo go maith.

Bhí a mac go hálainn.

Ní raibh an scannán go huafásach.

used to make predicative adjectives expressing an opinion or value judgment


chan

From Middle Irish nocon, nochon, from Old Irish nícon, nacon, from ní con.

Chan ólann sé.

Chan fhanann sé.

ní

used in Munster Irish, Connacht Irish, and some varieties of Ulster Irish


ar

except of past autonomous forms (triggers-lenition)

an

used with non-past tenses and in the past tense of some irregular verbs

Ar chuala tú mé?

Níl a fhios agam ar chas sé an t-amhrán.

I don’t know if/whether he sang the song.

Ar ól an cat an bainne?

Ar cuireadh an síol?

Ar mhúinteoir tú?

Used to form direct and indirect copular questions; used before consonants


ar

head

ar (copular form used before consonants and nouns beginning with vowels; triggers lenition in the past/conditional)

in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

an fear ar múinteoir a mhac

an fear ar iascaire a mhac

Introduces an indirect relative clause; present/future tense

an fear ar mhúinteoir a mhac

Introduces an indirect relative clause; past/conditional tense

Ar mhaith leat cupán tae?

Níl a fhios agam ar mhaith léi cupán tae.

I don’t know if she would like a cup of tea.

Introduces a direct or indirect interrogative; past/conditional tense


ar

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

an chathaoir ar shuigh an gasúr air

an cailín ar ól a cat an bainne

an gort ar cuireadh an síol ann

a

used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs


nach

From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, a combination of Proto-Indo-European *né (negative particle) and *-kʷe (“and”); compare Latin neque.

der

Nach bhfuil ocras ort?

Chonaic mé í, nach bhfaca?


nach

Nach maith leat bainne?

Níl a fhios agam an miste dó nó nach miste.

I don’t know if it matters to him or not.

isn’t...?/whether/if it is... (introduces negative questions, both direct and indirect)

an bhean nach múinteoir í

an bhean nach maith léi bainne

who/which isn’t... (introduces negative relative clauses, both direct and indirect)


cár

head

cár (copular form used before a consonant, present/future form used before a vowel cárb, past/conditional form used before a vowel cárbh)

a vowel cárb (archaic future present)
cár
chár
gcár

Cár locht ortsa é?

Cár thairbhe domsa é?

Cár chás má dúirt sé é?

where was/would be..., what was/would be


d'

d’ól sé

d’fhág sé

d’fhreagair sé

(before vowel sounds and fhr-) Apocopic form of do: Marker of the past tense.

Used before vowel sounds (including when f has been lenited to fh before a vowel) and also before fr- lenited to fhr-. The variant form used before consonants, do, is generally omitted but may be encountered in Munster Irish and in literary language.


char

of the following verb (triggers-lenition)

Char dhún mé é.

Char chuala mé é.


cé

cidh (alternative)
gidh (alternative)
gidheadh (alternative)

Only used in cé go, cé gur, cé nach, and cé nár


a

A reduced form of older do (itself a reanalysis of do used in past tenses, and also present in early modern verbs like do-bheirim (“I give”), do-chím (“I see”)), or from the preverb a- in early modern verbs like a-tú (“I am”), a-deirim (“I say”) in relative clauses.

an fear a chuireann síol

an síol a chuireann an fear

an síol a cuireadh

nuair a bhí mé óg

an cat a d'ól an bainne

introduces a direct relative clause, takes the independent form of an irregular verb


a

From Old Irish a (“that, which the relative particle used after prepositions”), reanalyzed as an independent indirect relative particle from forms like ar a (“on which, on whom”), dá (“to which, to whom”), or early modern le a (“with which, with whom”), agá (“at which, at whom”) when prepositional pronouns started to be repeated in such clauses (eg. don té agá mbíon cloidheamh (…) aige, daoine agá mbíonn grádh aco do Dhia). Compare the forms used in Munster instead: go (from agá (“at which”)) and na (from i n-a (“in which”), go n-a (“with which”), ria n-a (“before which”) and later lena (“with which”), tréna (“through which”)).

inh

an bord a raibh leabhar air

an fear a bhfuil a mhac ag imeacht


a

A Dhia!

A dhuine uasail!

Tar isteach, a Sheáin.

A amadáin!


a

a haon, a dó, a trí...

Séamas a Dó

bus a seacht


muna

head

muna (copular form used before consonants, form used before vowels munab)


fá

gurab Alba fá hainm don chrích sin

Alternative form of fa, obsolete form of ba (“was”) (past affirmative and relative of is)


cha

From Middle Irish níco(n), noco(n), nocho(n), nocha(n), from Old Irish nícon, nacon, from ní con.

Cha phósann sí é.

Cha dtugaim.


ó

Basically onomatopoeic, but compare English O, Latin ō, Ancient Greek ὦ (ô), etc.

Ní dubhairt an mháthair seóid ach : « Tá go maith, a inghean ó ».

1939, Peig Sayers, “Inghean an Cheannaidhe”, in Marie-Louise Sjoestedt, Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études; 270) (overall work in French), Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, page 194:

The mother said nothing at all but, “That is well, daughter.”


dob

Dob ionann cor dúinn

We fared alike (literally, ‘The circumstance was the same for us’)


nar

Nar mharbhus tú?

Máire munbadh í Eamhear / nár geinedh no an ngeinfeadhear / ochta mar úan na mara / dá snúadh corcra as cosmhala
Máire – if she was not Eimhear – has there been born or will there be – (breasts like the foam of the sea) – two purple complexions more alike?

An mbéarthaoi dhá uair Eimhear? “Could Eimhear have been born twice?”, Bardic Poetry Database

(classical, interrogative particle) obsolete form of ar


nar

nar (triggers lenition, before vowels narbh)

.i. dá marbhtha sagart ⁊ tú a n-ainbhfios ’nar shagurt é

1618, Aodh Mac Aingil, edited by Cainneach Ó Maonaigh, Scáthán Shacramuinte na hAithridhe, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, published 1952, lines 2873–4, page 88:

i.e. if you were to kill a priest unaware whether he was a priest

(classical, copular) obsolete form of ar


ina

ina (triggers eclipsis, in regular past tenses inar)

san aois ina bhfuil sé

at his age (lit. in the age in which he is)

an chathaoir ina dúirt sé é

in which, in whom (indirect relative; not used in the past tense except with some irregular verbs)


mura

mura (copular form used before consonants, form used before vowels murab)

vowels murab (archaic)
mara (alternative Cois-Fharraige)
muna (alternative)

mura bréag é

if... is not, unless... is (present copular form before a consonant)


inar

inar (form used before non-past tenses ina)

an fear inar chuir mé muinín

an tír inar táirgeadh é


inar

inar (form used before a vowel in the present/future inarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional inarbh)

a vowel in the present (archaic)
future inarb (archaic)
a vowel in the past (archaic)
conditional inarbh (archaic)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

an seomra inar mian liom codladh

an tír inar mhaith liom bheith i mo chónaí

the country in which I would like to live


ná

From Old Irish ná (“don't”, prohibitive particle).

inh

Ná déan sin.

Ná habair é.

don’t (particle used to introduce a negative imperative; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

Dealbh ná raibh tú.

may...not (particle used with raibh, the present subjunctive of bí, to introduce a negative wish)

Ná fuil ocras ort?

Chonac í, ná facas?

(Munster) Alternative form of nach (“not”) (in questions; triggers h-prothesis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)


ní

cha (alternative Ulster)
níor (alternative)

Ní thuigim.

Ní dheachaigh mé ansin.

Ní bhfaighidh siad é.

Ní críonnacht creagaireacht.

Ní hionann iad.

An gloine é? Ní hea.


nó

From Old Irish nó, nú, from Proto-Celtic *nowe (compare Welsh neu and Old Breton nou).

No meaning of its own; only used in nó go (“until”) and its derivatives.


lena

head

lena (triggers eclipsis, in regular past tenses lenar)

Fusion of le (“with”) with various meanings of a. The -n- is analogical to prepositions like i.

an t-ord lena bhfuil sé ag briseadh an chathaoir

the sledgehammer with which he is breaking the chair

an bhean lena dúirt sé é

with which, with whom (indirect relative; not used in the past tense except with some irregular verbs)


murar

murar (past/conditional copular particle used before a consonant, form used before a vowel murarbh)

a vowel murarbh (archaic)
marar (alternative)
munar (alternative)

murar bhréag é

if it was not a lie; if it had not been a lie


cér

cér (copular form used before a consonant, present/future form used before a vowel cérb, past/conditional form used before a vowel cérbh)

Cér leis an leabhar seo?

Cér chóra do dhuine eile?

who was... (triggers lenition of a following consonant)


gur

gur (triggers lenition in the past/conditional, present/future form before a vowel gurb, past/conditional form before a vowel gurbh)

in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)
form before a vowel gurb (future present)

Deir sé gur maith leis tae.

Dúirt sé gur mhaith leis tae.


darb

darb (present/future copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant dar)

copular form used before a vowel (future present)
a consonant dar (archaic)
dar b’ (alternative)

an fear darb aithnid mé


a'

Chonnaic sé cailín ag nigheachán i sruthán le cois an bhealaigh mhóir ⁊ chuir sé an tiománach síos ag fiafraighe di a’ bpósfadh sí é. […] Chuaidh an rí é féin síos annsin ⁊ d’fhiafraigh dhi a’ bpósfadh sí é.

1894 March 25, Peadar Mac Fionnlaoigh, “An rí nach robh le fagháil bháis”, in Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge, volume 1:5, Dublin: Gaelic Union, pages 185–88:

He saw a girl washing in a stream by the roadside, and he sent his driver down to ask her if she would marry him. […] The king himself then went down, and asked her would she marry him.

(nonstandard) contraction of an (used to form direct and indirect questions)


nár

nár (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms)

Nár fhille sé!

Nár lige Dia!

may... not (used with the present subjunctive to express a negative wish)

Nár chuala tú mé?

didn’t...? (used to introduce a negative question in the past tense, except with some irregular verbs)

Dúirt sé nár oibrigh sé ansin.

that... not (used with past tenses except of some irregular verbs)

an fear nár chabhraigh mé

which/who... not (used with past tenses except of some irregular verbs)


nár

nár (triggers lenition, before vowels nárbh)

Nár mhaith leat cupán tae?

wasn’t/wouldn’t... be? (used to introduce a negative question)

an bhean nár mhúinteoir í

an bhean nár mhaith léi bainne

which/who wasn’t/wouldn’t be (used to introduce both direct and indirect relative clauses)

Dúirt sí nár mhaith léi cupán tae.

She said that she wouldn’t like a cup of tea

Ní raibh a fhios agam nár mhaith léi cupán tae.

I didn’t know whether she would like a cup of tea.

that... it wasn’t/wouldn’t be; whether/if... it wasn’t/wouldn’t be (used to introduce a negative past/conditional copular subordinate clause, including an indirect question)


b'

B’fhearr liom cupán tae.


amhlaidh

From Middle Irish amlaid, from Old Irish samlaid (“thus, so”).

Is amhlaidh a rinne sé airgead mór.

Is amhlaidh a bhrisfeas tú an chathaoir mar sin.

You're really going to break the chair like that.


dh'

Ní raibh aon fhear óg uasal timpall ná go raibh ag tnúth le Máire Bhán a dh’fhagháil le pósadh, ach ní raibh aon mhaith d’aoinne bheith á lorg.

1939, Peig Sayers, “Inghean an Cheannaidhe”, in Marie-Louise Sjoestedt, Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études; 270) (overall work in French), Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, page 193:

There wasn’t any young gentleman around but that he longed to get Blonde Mary in marriage, but it was no good for anyone to ask her.

(nonstandard) Used after a (“to”) before a lenited verbal noun starting with a vowel sound.


gura

gura (subjunctive copular particle used before consonants, form used before vowels gurab)

copular particle used before consonants (subjunctive)
vowels gurab (archaic)

gura fada buan í an Bhanríon

gura slán duit

gura maith an mhaise duit é


níos

ní ba (past)
ní b’ (past)
níosa (alternative Munster)

From Middle Irish níd as (“a thing that is”); compare Scottish Gaelic nas.

an buachaill níos mó

Tá an buachaill níos mó ná Séamas.

Used with the comparative/superlative form of adjectives to form the simple comparative


mba

dá mba chapall mé


níor

of a following consonant (triggers-lenition)

Níor thuig mé.

Níor chuala mé thú.


níor

Níor cheardaí an té a rinne é.


arb

arb (copular form used before adjective, adverb, or pronoun beginning with vowels)

beginning with vowels (pronoun)
ar (alternative)
ar b’ (alternative)

duine arb ionann é agus gach duine eile

a person who is the same as everyone else

duine arb as an mbaile céanna leat féin é

a person who is from the same town as yourself

an fear arb é a mhac an t-iascaire

Introduces an indirect relative clause; present/future tense


gurb

gur (alternative)
gur b’ (alternative)
gurb’ (alternative)

Deir sé gurb ionann iad.

Tá a fhios agam gurb ise a rinne é.


níorbh

níorbh (form used before consonants níor)

consonants níor (archaic)
and fh plus vowel (before-vowel)
níorbh’ (alternative)
níor bh’ (alternative)

Níorbh iontaí liom an sneachta dearg ná é.

Nothing would surprise me more. (lit. Red snow wouldn’t surprise me more than it.)

Níorbh fhéidir léi é a dhéanamh.


arbh

arbh (past/conditional copular form used before vowels and fh plus vowel)

an fear arbh iascaire a mhac

Introduces an indirect relative clause; past/conditional tense

Arbh fhearr leat cupán tae?

Níl a fhios agam arbh fhearr léi cupán tae.

I don’t know if she would prefer a cup of tea.

Introduces a direct or indirect interrogative; past/conditional tense


nárbh

and fh plus vowel (before-vowel)
nárbh’ (alternative)
nár bh’ (alternative)

Nárbh fhearr leat cupán tae?

an bhean nárbh iascaire í

an bhean nárbh fhearr léi bainne

Do bhíodar sé mhí gan fille, agus nuair a chonaic Máire an t-árthach ag teacht chun cuain, bhí sceitimíní ar a croidhe le lúthgháir agus le h-áthas, ní nárbh’ iongnadh.

They were [away] six months without returning, and when Máire saw the vessel coming to port, her heart had raptures of gladness and joy, which was not surprising.

Dúirt sí nárbh fhearr léi cupán tae.

She said that she wouldn’t prefer a cup of tea

Ní raibh a fhios agam nárbh fhearr léi cupán tae.

I didn’t know whether she would prefer a cup of tea.


gurbh

Dúirt Úna gurbh ise a rinne é.

Úna said that she was the one who did it.

Dúirt sé gurbh fhearr leis tae.


gurab

gurab (subjunctive copular particle used before vowels and fh plus vowel, form used before consonants gura)

consonants gura (archaic)
gura b’ (alternative)

gurab amhlaidh duit


nára

nára (subjunctive copular particle used before consonants, form used before vowels nárab)

copular particle used before consonants (subjunctive)
vowels nárab (archaic)

nára Dé do bheatha

may you not be welcome; you are not welcome

may... not be (expressing a negative wish)


nárab

nárab (subjunctive copular particle used before vowels and fh plus vowel, form used before consonants nára)

consonants nára (archaic)
nára b’ (alternative)

nárab é do bheatha


arú

arbhú (alternative obsolete)
arthú (alternative Ulster)
arthughadh (alternative obsolete)
arughadh (alternative obsolete)
athrughadh (alternative)
eirfidh (alternative)

used with words denoting a unit of time in the past or future to indicate one unit further away from the present; see derived terms


gí

(Cois Fharraige) Only used in gí go, gí gur, gí nach, and gí nár


murab

murab (copular form used before vowels, form used before consonants mura)

consonants mura (archaic)
mura b’ (alternative)

más é nó murab é

if... is not, unless... is (present copular form before a vowel)


murarbh

murarbh (past/conditional copular particle used before a vowel, form used before a consonant murar)

a consonant murar (archaic)
mararbh (alternative)
munarbh (alternative)
murar bh’ (alternative)

/ˈmˠʊɾˠəɾˠvˠ/

murarbh éagóir uirthi é


cérbh

cérbh (copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant cér)

a consonant cér (archaic)
cér bh’ (alternative)

Chruthaigh sé cérbh é féin.

who was... (triggers lenition of a following consonant)


cérb

cérb (copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant cér)

a consonant cér (archaic)
cér b’ (alternative)

Cérb iad?


cárb

cárb (copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant cár)

a consonant cár (archaic)
cár b’ (alternative)

Níl a fhios agam ó thalamh na bhfionn cárb as é.

I don’t know where on earth he comes from


cárbh

cárbh (copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant cár)

a consonant cár (archaic)
cár bh’ (alternative)

Cárbh aois é?

Cárbh as é?

where was/would be..., what was/would be


darbh

darbh (past/conditional copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant dar)

a consonant dar (archaic)
dar bh’ (alternative)

an fear darbh aithnid mé


faoina

faoina (triggers eclipsis, in regular past tenses faoinar)

an crann faoina bhfuil sé ina shuí

an bhó faoina dúirt sé scéal

under which, under whom; about which, about whom (indirect relative; not used in the past tense except with some irregular verbs)


faoinar

faoinar (form used before non-past tenses faoina)

/ˈfˠiːnˠəɾˠ/

an bord faoinar shuigh a cat

an tír faoinar ghabh sé amhrán


faoinar

faoinar (form used before a vowel in the present/future faoinarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional faoinarbh)

a vowel in the present (archaic)
future faoinarb (archaic)
a vowel in the past (archaic)
conditional faoinarbh (archaic)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

/ˈfˠiːnˠəɾˠ/

an bord faoinar mian lena cat a bheith ina shuí

the table under which her cat wants to sit

an tír faoinar mhaith leis amhrán a ghabháil

the country about which he would like to sing a song


n-a

Alternative form of a (relative particle)


n-ar

Alternative form of ar (indirect relative particle)


faoinarb

faoinarb (form used before a consonant faoinar)

a consonant faoinar (archaic)
faoinar b’ (alternative)

/ˈfˠiːnˠəɾˠbˠ/

cíos feo-fheirme, pé acu a bhunaíos nó nach mbunaíonn an deontas faoinarb iníoctha é comhbhaint thiarna talún agus tionónta,

1957, Acts of the Oireachtas, No. 6/1957: STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS, 1957:

a fee-farm rent, whether the grant under which it arises does or does not create the relationship of landlord and tenant,https://web.archive.org/web/20151016190018/http://acts.oireachtas.ie/zza6y1957.2.html#s2_p27


faoinarbh

faoinarbh (form used before a consonant faoinar)

a consonant faoinar (archaic)
faoinar bh’ (alternative)

/ˈfˠiːnˠəɾˠvˠ/

Más féidir spreagaim páirtithe an ghearáin chun machnamh a dhéanamh faoinarbh fhearr dóibh áis a bhaint as cur chuigeanna dá leithéid ar an gcéad fhásc.

2010, Pensions Ombudsman, Digest of Cases, 2010, p. 2:

Where possible, I would actively encourage the parties involved in a complaint to first consider availing of such approaches.https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215512/http://www.pensionsombudsman.ie/cms/sites/default/files/Digest_of_Cases_EN_2010.pdf


inarb

inarb (form used before a consonant inar)

a consonant inar (archaic)
inar b’ (alternative)

tír inarb é an nós é sin


inarbh

inarbh (form used before a consonant inar)

a consonant inar (archaic)
inar bh’ (alternative)

tír inarbh fhearr liom oibriú

a country in which I would prefer to work


lenar

lenar (form used before non-past tenses lena)

an buachaill lenar bhuail mé


lenar

lenar (form used before a vowel in the present/future lenarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional lenarbh)

a vowel in the present (archaic)
future lenarb (archaic)
a vowel in the past (archaic)
conditional lenarbh (archaic)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

an fear lenar féidir labhairt le hainmhithe

an bhean lenar dhóigh gurbh fhíor é


lenarb

lenarb (form used before a consonant lenar)

a consonant lenar (archaic)
lenar b’ (alternative)

/ˈlʲɛnˠəɾˠbˠ/

páiste lenarb eagal go dtiocfaidh robálaí sa teach

a child who is afraid that a robber will come into the house


lenarbh

lenarbh (form used before a consonant lenar)

a consonant lenar (archaic)
lenar bh’ (alternative)

/ˈlʲɛnˠəɾˠvˠ/

an fear lenarbh fhéidir labhairt le hainmhithe

páiste lenarbh eagal go dtiocfadh robálaí sa teach

a child who was afraid that a robber would come into the house


ónar

ónar (form used before non-past tenses lena)

an leabhar ónar bhain mé é


ónar

ónar (form used before a vowel in the present/future lenarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional lenarbh)

an fear ónar gairid é

teanga ónar mhaith léi aistriú

a language from which she would like to translate


ónarb

ónarb (form used before a consonant lenar)

a consonant lenar (archaic)
ónar b’ (alternative)

/ˈoːnˠəɾˠbˠ/

Más rud é, maidir le pinsean (neamhranníocach) baintrí is iníoctha faoi na hAchta um Pinsin do Bhaintreacha agus do Dhílleachtaí, 1935 go 1952, agus a bhfuil liúntas i leith leanaí ar áireamh ann, gurb é an lá ceaptha nó aon lá dá éis an lá ónarb iníoctha an pinsean, ní bheidh ráta an phinsin níos mó ná tríocha agus dhá scilling sa tseachtain.

1952, Acts of the Oireachtas, No. 11/1952: SOCIAL WELFARE ACT, 1952:

Where, as respects a widow’s (non-contributory) pension which is payable under the Widows’ and Orphans’ Pensions Acts, 1935 to 1952, and which includes an allowance in respect of children, the day from which the pension becomes payable is, or is after, the appointed day, the rate of the pension shall not exceed thirty-two shillings per week.https://web.archive.org/web/20151017201515/http://acts.oireachtas.ie/zza11y1952.6.html#s61_p1


ónarbh

ónarbh (form used before a consonant ónar)

a consonant ónar (archaic)
ónar bh’ (alternative)

/ˈoːnˠəɾˠvˠ/

1983, Acts of the Oireachtas, No. 38/1983, AIR NAVIGATION (EUROCONTROL) ACT, 1983

the rate of interest, if any, payable on foot of the determination and the date from which it is [lit. ‘was/would be’] payable;https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204254/http://www.acts.ie/zza38y1983.1.html#s9_p8

an ráta úis, más ann, is iníoctha ar scór an chinnidh agus an dáta ónarbh iníoctha é;


trínar

trínar (form used before non-past tenses trína)

/ˈtʲɾʲiːnˠəɾˠ/

an doras trínar chuaigh mé isteach


trínar

trínar (form used before a vowel in the present/future trínarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional trínarbh)

a vowel in the present (archaic)
future trínarb (archaic)
a vowel in the past (archaic)
conditional trínarbh (archaic)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

/ˈtʲɾʲiːnˠəɾˠ/

an seomra trínar mian liom siúl

tír trínar mhaith liom taisteal

a country through which I would like to travel


trínarb

trínarb (form used before a consonant trínar)

a consonant trínar (archaic)
trínar b’ (alternative)

/ˈtʲɾʲiːnˠəɾˠbˠ/

I gcásanna áirithe, is féidir le trádálaithe iarratas a chur isteach ar Phróiseáil Isteach agus ar Phróiseáil faoi Rialú Custaim le nós imeachta simplithe trínarb ionann an dearbhú iontrála earraí agus iarratas ar an nós imeachta.

Revenue: Irish Tax and Customs, Próiseáil faoi Rialú Custaim / Processing under Customs Control

In some instances traders may apply for Inward Processing and Processing under Customs Control using a simplified procedure whereby the declaration of entry for the goods constitutes an application for the procedure.https://web.archive.org/web/20151225210539/http://www.revenue.ie/en/customs/businesses/economic/processing-under-customs-control.html


trínarbh

trínarbh (form used before a consonant trínar)

a consonant trínar (archaic)
trínar bh’ (alternative)

/ˈtʲɾʲiːnˠəɾˠvˠ/

doras trínarbh fhéidir dul

a door through which it would be possible to go


isí

nonstandard spelling of is í (“it is she/it”)


'sé

’Sé dubhairt sí leis an tiománach—“Stad do chuid déanamh grinn ⁊ magaidh ormsa.”

It is what she said to the driver: “Leave off your merry-making and don’t be mocking me.”


gidh

Ulster form of cé: only used in gidh go and gidh nach


ní ba

ní ba (triggers lenition; used before a consonant sound)

Bhí an buachaill ní ba mhó ná Séamas.

past tense of níos (particle used with the comparative/superlative form of adjectives to form the simple comparative)


ní b'

ní b’ (triggers lenition; used before a vowel sound)

Bhí an buachaill ní b’óige ná Séamas.

Bhí an cáilín ní b’fheargaí ná Niamh.


níosa

níosa dheise

Munster form of níos (comparative particle)


cé gur

cé gur (triggers lenition in the past/conditional, present/future form before a vowel cé gurb, past/conditional form before a vowel cé gurbh)

in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)
form before a vowel cé gurb (future present)

cé gur maith leis tae

cé gur mhaith leis tae

although/though/even though... was/would be


cheal

cheal (followed by a negative interrogative particle nach or nár)

Clipping of de cheal, from de (“from”) + cheal (“lack”).

Cheal nach bhfuil a fhios agat é?

expresses surprise in questions or rhetorical questions