sin

From Middle Irish sin, from Old Irish sin.

Sin é mo dheartháir.

Ó cad é sin don té sin nach mbaineann sin dó?

(Can we date this quote?), “Cad é sin don té sin [What is that to anyone]”:

Oh what is that to him whom that doesn't concern?


ar

head

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

ga-pron

except of past autonomous forms (triggers-lenition)

Sin ar chonnaic mé ann.

Ar thuig tú ar canadh?

Cheannaigh mé ar íoc tú as.

a

form used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs


ea

From Old Irish ed (“it”). Ultimately akin to English it, Latin id, etc.


sí

head

sí m (genitive singular sí, nominative plural síthe)

sí (genitive singular)
síthe (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
sí (indefinite singular)
síthe (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a shí (indefinite singular)
a shíthe (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an sí (definite singular)
na síthe (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
an tsí (definite singular)
dative (definite)
leis an sí (definite singular)
don sí (definite singular)
leis na síthe (definite plural)

From Middle Irish side, from Old Irish síd, from Proto-Celtic *sīdos (“mound (inhabited by fairies); peace”), from Proto-Indo-European *sēds, from *sed- (“to sit”). Doublet of síth.


té

From Old Irish intí; synchronically analyzable as t- (marker of t-prothesis) + é (“him”).


cad

Clipping of cad é, from early modern caidhe (“what is?”) from Old Irish cote (“what is the nature of? of what kind is?”), due to analogy with copular phrases like is é, an é.

der

Cad as duit?


bean

PIE word
 *gʷḗn
From Old Irish ben, from Proto-Celtic *benā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.

Tá triúr iníonacha agam; tá bean acu trasinscneach.

I have three daughters; one of them is transgender.


cé

head

cé (triggers h-prothesis of a following disjunctive pronoun é, í, iad; followed by a relative clause)

ga-pron

of a following disjunctive pronoun é (triggers-h-prothesis)
í (triggers-h-prothesis)
iad (triggers-h-prothesis)

From Old Irish cía, from Proto-Celtic *kʷei (from which also Welsh pwy), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis.

Cé hé?

Cé hí an bhean sin?

Cé a dhéanfaidh é?


tú

From Old Irish tú, from Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


mé

head

mé (emphatic form mise, conjunctive and disjunctive)

Tá mé anseo.

Feiceann sé mé.


muid

From the first-person plural present verb ending -mid reanalyzed as a subject pronoun.


sibh

sibh (emphatic form sibhse, conjunctive and disjunctive)

From Old Irish sib (compare Scottish Gaelic sibh, Manx shiu, from Proto-Celtic *swiswis (compare Welsh chwichwi), a reduplicated form of *swīs (“you, ye”) (see Old Irish síi), from Proto-Indo-European *wos.

Bhí sibh ansin.

Cloisim sibh.


siad

siad (emphatic form siadsan, conjunctive)


a

From Old Irish a (“that, which the relative particle used after prepositions”), reanalyzed as an independent indirect relative particle from forms like ar a (“on which, on whom”), dá (“to which, to whom”), or early modern le a (“with which, with whom”), agá (“at which, at whom”) when prepositional pronouns started to be repeated in such clauses (eg. don té agá mbíon cloidheamh (…) aige, daoine agá mbíonn grádh aco do Dhia). Compare the forms used in Munster instead: go (from agá (“at which”)) and na (from i n-a (“in which”), go n-a (“with which”), ria n-a (“before which”) and later lena (“with which”), tréna (“through which”)).

ar

used with the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs

Sin a bhfuil ann.

An bhfuair tú a raibh uait?

Íocfaidh mé as a gceannóidh tú.


á

head

á (triggers lenition in the masculine singular, h-prothesis in the feminine singular, and eclipsis in the plural)

ga-pron

in the masculine singular (triggers-lenition)

Táim á bhualadh.

Táim á ól.

I am drinking it (referring to a masculine noun, e.g. bainne (“milk”)).

Táim á bualadh.

Táim á hól.
I am drinking it (referring to a feminine noun, e.g. bláthach (“buttermilk”)).

Táim á mbualadh.

Táim á n-ól.

him, her, it, them (used before the verbal noun in the progressive to indicate a third person direct object)

Tá an buachaill á bhualadh.

The boy is being hit (literally ‘The boy is at his hitting’).

Tá an chloch á tógáil ag Séamas.
The stone is being lifted by Séamas (literally ‘The stone is at its lifting by Séamas’).

used as a quasi-reflexive pronoun in a sentence with passive semantics


í

From sí with loss of s- by analogy with é (“him”).


é

From Old Irish é, from Proto-Indo-European *éy.


seo

Cuir é seo.

Seo isteach leat.


iad

From Middle Irish íat (“they, them”), from Old Irish é, ía (“they”) (plural of é (“he”)) with the addition of the 3rd person plural verb ending.
Cognate with Welsh hwy ~ hwynt, Breton i ~ int, with the same addition of the verb ending.


pé

Pé áit no pé tír go mbeidh stuidéir air, tair chugham-sa le scéala agus is maith é do luach saothair.

1939, Peig Sayers, “Inghean an Cheannaidhe”, in Marie-Louise Sjoestedt, Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études; 270) (overall work in French), Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, page 196:

Whatever place or whatever country he stays in, come to me with the news and your remuneration will be good.

Synonym of cibé (“whichever, whatever, what”)


féin

From Old Irish féin, from Proto-Celtic *swesin (from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“oneself”)) + *sin (anaphoric pronoun).

mé féin

sinn féin


céard

Univerbation of cé (“what”) + rud (“thing”).

univ

Céard é féin?


caidé

Caidé atá ann?

In standardized Irish this would be "Cad é atá ann?"


cad é

head

followed by the direct relative particle <i class="Latn mention" lang="ga">a</i> in a clause with a finite verb

cad é (followed by the direct relative particle a in a clause with a finite verb)

ga-pron

From early modern caidhe, from Old Irish cote (“what is the nature of? of what kind is?”). Reanalyzed as cad (“what”) + é (“it”) in the modern language. Compare Scottish Gaelic dè, gu dè.

Cad é an t-am é?

Cad é a fuair tú?


siúd

→ Yola: shud

Siúd é an t-oileán.


cibé

Contracted from cé b’é (literally “who/what it may be”)

cibé is brí don mhagadh seo


an té

From Old Irish intí; synchronically analyzable as an (“the”) + t- (marker of t-prothesis) + é (“him”).

an té ḃraṫas is é ṁarḃas
he who betrays slays (saying)
an Té is feárr
the Best, God

1927, Patrick S. Dinneen, Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, p. 1184


cé mhéad

head

cé mhéad (+ genitive, followed by direct relative)

Contracted from cad é a mhéad (“what is its amount”).

Cé mhéad atá air sin?

cé mhéad aráin

Cé mhéad capall agat?


aon duine

/eːn̪ˠˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/

/eːˈn̪ˠɪnʲə/


ibh

ibh (present analytic ibheann, future analytic ibhfidh, verbal noun ibhe, past participle ife)

ibheann (analytic present)
ibhfidh (analytic future)
ibhe (noun-from-verb)
ife (participle past)
ibhim (first-person indicative present singular)
ibheann tú (indicative present second-person singular)
ibhir (indicative present second-person singular)
ibheann sé (indicative present singular third-person)
sí (indicative present singular third-person)
ibhimid (first-person indicative plural present)
ibheann sibh (indicative plural present second-person)
ibheann siad (indicative plural present third-person)
ibhid (indicative plural present third-person)
a ibheann (indicative present relative)
a ibheas (indicative present relative)
a n-ibheann (indicative present relative)
ibhtear (autonomous indicative present)
d'ibh mé (first-person indicative past singular)
d'ibheas (first-person indicative past singular)
ibh mé‡ (first-person indicative past singular)
ibheas‡ (first-person indicative past singular)
d'ibh tú (indicative past second-person singular)
d'ibhis (indicative past second-person singular)
ibh tú (indicative past second-person singular)
ibhis‡ (indicative past second-person singular)
d'ibh sé (indicative past singular third-person)
sí (indicative past singular third-person)
ibh sé (indicative past singular third-person)
sí‡ (indicative past singular third-person)
d'ibheamar (first-person indicative past plural)
d'ibh muid (first-person indicative past plural)
ibheamar (first-person indicative past plural)
ibh muid‡ (first-person indicative past plural)
d'ibh sibh (indicative past plural second-person)
d'ibheabhair (indicative past plural second-person)
ibh sibh (indicative past plural second-person)
ibheabhair‡ (indicative past plural second-person)
d'ibh siad (indicative past plural third-person)
d'ibheadar (indicative past plural third-person)
ibh siad (indicative past plural third-person)
ibheadar‡ (indicative past plural third-person)
a d'ibh (indicative past relative)
ar ibh (indicative past relative)
ibheadh (autonomous indicative past)
hibheadh (autonomous indicative past)
d'ibhinn (first-person habitual indicative past singular)
ibhinn‡ (first-person habitual indicative past singular)
n-ibhinn‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past singular)
d'ibhteá (habitual indicative past second-person singular)
ibhteá‡ (habitual indicative past second-person singular)
n-ibhteá‡‡ (habitual indicative past second-person singular)
d'ibheadh sé (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
sí (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
ibheadh sé (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
sí‡ (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
n-ibheadh sé (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
sí‡‡ (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
d'ibhimis (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
d'ibheadh muid (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
ibhimis (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
ibheadh muid‡ (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
n-ibhimis‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
n-ibheadh muid‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
d'ibheadh sibh (habitual indicative past plural second-person)
ibheadh sibh‡ (habitual indicative past plural second-person)
n-ibheadh sibh‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural second-person)
d'ibhidís (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
d'ibheadh siad (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
ibhidís (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
ibheadh siad‡ (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
n-ibhidís‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
n-ibheadh siad‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
a d'ibheadh (habitual indicative past relative)
a n-ibheadh (habitual indicative past relative)
d'ibhtí (autonomous habitual indicative past)
ibhtí‡ (autonomous habitual indicative past)
n-ibhtí‡‡ (autonomous habitual indicative past)
ibhfidh mé (first-person future singular)
ibhfead (first-person future singular)
ibhfidh tú (future second-person singular)
ibhfir (future second-person singular)
ibhfidh sé (future singular third-person)
sí (future singular third-person)
ibhfimid (first-person future plural)
ibhfidh muid (first-person future plural)
ibhfidh sibh (future plural second-person)
ibhfidh siad (future plural third-person)
ibhfid (future plural third-person)
a ibhfidh (future relative)
a ibhfeas (future relative)
a n-ibhfidh (future relative)
ibhfear (autonomous future)
d'ibhfinn (conditional first-person singular)
ibhfinn‡ (conditional first-person singular)
n-ibhfinn‡‡ (conditional first-person singular)
d'ibhfeá (conditional second-person singular)
ibhfeá‡ (conditional second-person singular)
n-ibhfeá‡‡ (conditional second-person singular)
d'ibhfeadh sé (conditional singular third-person)
sí (conditional singular third-person)
ibhfeadh sé (conditional singular third-person)
sí‡ (conditional singular third-person)
n-ibhfeadh sé (conditional singular third-person)
sí‡‡ (conditional singular third-person)
d'ibhfimis (conditional first-person plural)
d'ibhfeadh muid (conditional first-person plural)
ibhfimis‡ (conditional first-person plural)
ibhfeadh muid‡ (conditional first-person plural)
n-ibhfimis‡‡ (conditional first-person plural)
n-ibhfeadh muid‡‡ (conditional first-person plural)
d'ibhfeadh sibh (conditional plural second-person)
ibhfeadh sibh‡ (conditional plural second-person)
n-ibhfeadh sibh‡‡ (conditional plural second-person)
d'ibhfidís (conditional plural third-person)
d'ibhfeadh siad (conditional plural third-person)
ibhfidís‡ (conditional plural third-person)
ibhfeadh siad‡ (conditional plural third-person)
n-ibhfidís‡‡ (conditional plural third-person)
n-ibhfeadh siad‡‡ (conditional plural third-person)
a d'ibhfeadh (conditional relative)
a n-ibhfeadh (conditional relative)
d'ibhfí (autonomous conditional)
ibhfí‡ (autonomous conditional)
n-ibhfí‡‡ (autonomous conditional)
go n-ibhe mé (first-person present singular subjunctive)
go n-ibhead (first-person present singular subjunctive)
go n-ibhe tú (present second-person singular subjunctive)
go n-ibhir (present second-person singular subjunctive)
go n-ibhe sé (present singular subjunctive third-person)
sí (present singular subjunctive third-person)
go n-ibhimid (first-person plural present subjunctive)
go n-ibhe muid (first-person plural present subjunctive)
go n-ibhe sibh (plural present second-person subjunctive)
go n-ibhe siad (plural present subjunctive third-person)
go n-ibhid (plural present subjunctive third-person)
go n-ibhtear (autonomous present subjunctive)
dá n-ibhinn (first-person past singular subjunctive)
dá n-ibhteá (past second-person singular subjunctive)
dá n-ibheadh sé (past singular subjunctive third-person)
sí (past singular subjunctive third-person)
dá n-ibhimis (first-person past plural subjunctive)
dá n-ibheadh muid (first-person past plural subjunctive)
dá n-ibheadh sibh (past plural second-person subjunctive)
dá n-ibhidís (past plural subjunctive third-person)
dá n-ibheadh siad (past plural subjunctive third-person)
dá n-ibhtí (autonomous past subjunctive)
ibhim (first-person imperative singular)
ibh (imperative second-person singular)
ibheadh sé (imperative singular third-person)
sí (imperative singular third-person)
ibhimis (first-person imperative plural)
ibhigí (imperative plural second-person)
ibhidh (imperative plural second-person)
ibhidís (imperative plural third-person)
ibhtear (autonomous imperative)
ibhe (noun-from-verb)
ife (participle past)

From Old Irish ibid (compare Manx iu), from Proto-Celtic *ɸibeti, from Proto-Indo-European *píph₃eti (compare Latin bibō, Sanskrit पिबति (pibati), Old Church Slavonic пити (piti), Ancient Greek πίνω (pínō)), from *peh₃-.

(literary, transitive, intransitive) drink


ibh

ibh (emphatic form ibhse, conjunctive and disjunctive)


seod

seod f (genitive singular seoide, nominative plural seoda)

seod m (genitive singular seoid, nominative plural seoda)

seoide (genitive singular)
seoda (nominative plural)
seoid (genitive singular)
seoda (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
seod (indefinite singular)
seoda (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a sheod (indefinite singular)
a sheoda (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
seoide (indefinite singular)
seod (indefinite plural)
dative (indefinite)
seoid (archaic dialectal indefinite singular)
nominative (definite)
an tseod (definite singular)
na seoda (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
na seoide (definite singular)
na seod (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an tseod (definite singular)
leis an tseoid (archaic definite dialectal singular)
don tseod (definite singular)
don tseoid (archaic definite dialectal singular)
leis na seoda (definite plural)
nominative (indefinite)
seod (indefinite singular)
seoda (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a sheoid (indefinite singular)
a sheoda (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
seoid (indefinite singular)
seod (indefinite plural)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an seod (definite singular)
na seoda (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
an tseoid (definite singular)
na seod (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an seod (definite singular)
don seod (definite singular)
leis na seoda (definite plural)


seod

Seod é lón na mbláthanna, nach é?

Cois Fharraige form of seo (used before é, í, iad)


aoinne

Ní raibh aoinne cloinne age n-a muinntir ach í agus do mhéaduigh sin uirrim agus grádh na ndaoine don inghean óg so.

1939, Peig Sayers, “Inghean an Cheannaidhe”, in Marie-Louise Sjoestedt, Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études; 270) (overall work in French), Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, page 193:

Her parents had no children (lit. “no one of children”) but her, and that increased the esteem and love of the people for this young girl.

Alternative form of aon duine (“anyone; no one”)


ceachtar

/ˈcaxt̪ˠəɾˠ/

[ˈcaht̪ˠəɾˠ]

/ˈcæxt̪ˠəɾˠ/

[ˈcæːxt̪ˠəɾˠ]

Is féidir le ceachtar againn dul.

Ní raibh a fhios ag ceachtar den dá bhuachaill.

either, (chiefly in the negative) neither [with ag or de ‘of’]


aoinneach

Alternative form of aon neach (“anyone”)


gach aon duine

gach aon duine
ghach aon duine
ngach aon duine

/ɡax eːn̪ˠˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/

/ɡaˈheːn̠ʲə/

/ɡaˈxeːn̠ʲə/


araile

From Old Irish arale, alaile, from Proto-Celtic *aralyos (“other”) (compare Middle Welsh arall), a dissimilated reduplication of *alyos (“other”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.


cá mhéad

cá mhéad (+ genitive, followed by direct relative)

/kɑːˈvʲeːd̪ˠ/

Contracted from cá a mhéad (“what is its amount”).

Synonym of cé mhéad (“how much, how many”)


puinn

Alternative form (and former spelling) of poinn (“profit, avail”), from Latin pondus.

Níl puinn céille aige.
He hasn’t much sense.

An bhfuil puinn airgid agat?

(chiefly in the negative) a bit, much/many (followed by the genitive)

chómh gasta le puinn den dáimh

céadar ar cuireadh puinn san áirc de

the cedar of which much of the Ark was made

(literary, poetic) much, many (in positive affirmative sentences)


seobh

Seobh í Síle is sin é Páidín.

Cois Fharraige form of seo (at the start of a sentence before é, í, iad)


gach uile dhuine

/ɡa ˌxɪlʲə ˈɣɪnʲə/

/ˌxɪlʲə ˈɣɪnʲə/

/ɡa ˌfˠɛlʲə ˈɣɪnʲə/

/ɡax ˌfˠɛlʲə ˈɣɪnʲə/