son

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 村(そん) (son, “village”). Romanised according modified Kunrei-shiki romanization.

(historical, 1942-1945) synonym of kecamatan


-ase

From Dutch -age, from French -age, from Middle French -age, from Old French -age, from Latin -āticum.


-itas

-tas (alternative)
-iti (alternative Brunei Malaysia Singapore)


-an

From Malay -an, from Proto-Malayic *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.

laut (“sea”) + -an → lautan (“ocean”)

pangkal (“origin”) + -an → pangkalan (“base”)

ribu (“thousand”) + -an → ribuan

kilo (“kilo”) + -an → kiloan

added to a noun
suffix for measurement result; -s

ratus (“hundred”) + -an → ratusan (“hundreds”)

(colloquial) -s; suffix for quantity (about value)

added to a noun
-s; suffix for quantity (about value)

hari (“day”) + -an → harian (“daily”)

-ly, specifying time intervals, having the sense of "occurring at such intervals"

makan (“to eat”) + -an → makanan (“food”)

added to a verb to create a noun
suffix for object

kubur (“to bury”) + -an → kuburan (“grave”)

added to a verb to create a noun
suffix for place

didik (“to educate”) + -an → didikan

added to a verb to create a noun
suffix for result

timbang (“to weigh”) + -an → timbangan (“balance”)

added to a verb to create a noun
suffix for tool

pimpin (“to lead”) + -an → pimpinan (“leader”)

added to a verb to create a noun
suffix for way or method

asin (“salty”) + -an → asinan (“pickle”)

added to an adjective to create a noun
suffix for having property

tinggi (“high”) + -an → tinggian (“higher”)

(colloquial) suffix for intensity (quality or quantity)


-an

sepeda (“bicycle”) + -an → sepedaan (“to ride a bicycle”)

verb-forming
(colloquial) to use of [base]

selamat (“safe”) + -an → selamatan (“to celebrate with offerings to the spirits to assure safety”)

rujak (“a kind of salad”) + -an → rujakan (“to have rujak to be eaten or made”)

verb-forming
(colloquial) to hold or to have [base]

sendiri (“alone”) + -an → sendirian (“by oneself”)

(colloquial) to do as indicated by the [base]

sekolah (“school”) + -an → sekolahan (“school complex”)

noun-forming
(colloquial) the location of [base]

becak (“rickshaw”) + -an → becakan (“rickshaw fare”)

noun-forming
(colloquial) the cost of [base]

sepeda (“bicycle”) + -an → sepedaan (“bicycle-riding”)

selamat (“safe”) + -an → selamatan (“celebration with offerings to the spirits to assure safety”)

rujak (“a kind of salad”) + -an → rujakan (“rujak eating or production”)

susu (“milk”) + -an → susuan (“breast-feeding period”)

noun-forming
(colloquial) event of [base]


-an

Semantic loan from Javanese -ꦲꦼꦤ꧀ (-en).

koreng (“ulcer”) + -an → korengan (“serious infection disease”)

uban (“grey hair”) + -an → ubanan (“grey haired condition”)


-in

head

-in (non-active/imperative/basic -in, active nge- -in, passive di- -in)

tlb

(colloquial, dialectal, originally Jakarta)

Borrowed from Betawi -in, from Balinese -in.

beli (“to buy”) → beliin (“to buy (for)”)

bikin (“to make”) → bikinin (“to make (for)”)

used to form benefactive aspect on a verb

liat (“to see”) → liatin (“to look”)

denger (“to hear”) → dengerin (“to listen”)

besar (“big”) → besarin (“to make big; to enlarge; to raise”)

panjang (“long”) → panjangin (“to make long; to extend”)

naik (“to go up”) (intransitive) → naikin (“to go up”) (transitive)

ketawa (“to laugh”) → ketawain (“to laugh at”)


-si

→ Malay: -si

From Dutch -tie, from Latin -tiō. Cognate to Afrikaans -sie.


-i

head

-i (non-active/imperative/basic -i, active meng- -i, passive di- -i)

Inherited from Malay -i, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i (local transitive suffix)

inh

verbal suffix for manipulating, completing, or placing the object from a noun

transitive verbal suffix for causation in surface of the object from an adjective

transitive verbal suffix for doing activity to the object from a transitive verb

Hormati orang tua!

transitive locative imperative verbal suffix from a noun:

kuliti

Sutradarai film ini!

transitive adverbial imperative verbal suffix from a noun: to act as/be [base] with reference to object


-i

-iah (alternative)
-ni (alternative)
-wi (alternative)
-wiah (alternative)

From Malay -i, from Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy).

adjective suffix (with the meaning “related to ...”)


-is

strategis

pragmatis

praktis

psikologis


-is

anarkis

jurnalis


x

(text messaging, slang) abbreviation of -nya


-ana

(organic chemistry) a saturated hydrocarbon; an alkane

(inorganic chemistry) a simple binary compound of hydrogen and a nonmetal or metalloid


-ina

Devi + -ina → Devina

Karen + -ina → Karenina


-ita

Borrowed from Spanish -ita, influenced by wanita (“woman”).

puspa (“flower”) + -ita → Puspita


-lah

Enclitic for verbs and adverbs to indicate the jussive, imperative.

Enclitic for adverbs to indicate reassurance, emphasis and assertion.


-isme

Internationalism, from Dutch -isme, from Middle French -isme, from Latin -ismus, from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós).


-if

respons (“response”) > responsif (“responsive”)

-ive: forms adjectives denoting characteristics or qualities


-log

-logist, a person who specialize in the subject field specified in the stem


-ik

From English -ic, from Old French -ique, from Latin -icus, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos, formed with the i-stem suffix *-i- and the adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos.

analitik


-nja

(1901–1947, 1947–1972) superseded spelling of -nya


-ken

memutuskan (standard) >> mêmutuskên (dialect)

menyatakan (standard) >> mênyatakên (dialect)

“Saya memutusken, ehem, untuk menyataken berhenti dari jabatan saya sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia, terhitung sejak saya bacaken pernyataan ini pada hari ini, Kamis 21 Mei 1998.”

I decided, um, to declare of resignation from my post as President of the Republic of Indonesia since I read this declaration on today, Thursday, 21 May 1998.

(dialect, Java) alternative form of -kan


-ku

From Malay -ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku. Compare Tagalog ko.

This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language

The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms

while the proclitic is only used as a subject

anakku

(casual or informal) first person singular oblique enclitic pronoun

dia mencintaiku

dia memberiku hadiah

mereka sombong kepadaku

as an object of a preposition, with the exception for di, ke, and dalam


-mu

From Malay -mu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu. Compare Tagalog mo.

temanmu

(casual or informal, usually singular) second person oblique enclitic pronoun

second person oblique enclitic pronoun
as a possessive adjective

mereka sedang mencarimu

ayah akan memberimu uang

second person oblique enclitic pronoun
as a direct or indirect object

hadiah ini untukmu


-nya

From Malay -nya, from Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a (compare Tagalog niya, Javanese -ne, Madurese -na).

ibunya

third person singular oblique enclitic pronoun

aku memeluknya

kami belum memberitahukannya tentang ini

aku pinjam pensil ini darinya

as an object of a preposition, with the exception for 'di', 'ke', and sometimes 'dalam' (see the usage notes below)

bangunannya indah

pakaiannya mana?

(in some contexts and positions only) used to mark definiteness

bukunya aku

abangnya Dani

used to mark possessive, especially in some context where it needs to be clear

manisnya permen ini

(by extension)
used to emphasize an adjective

punahnya suatu bahasa

the extinction of a language (punah means 'extinct')

lemahnya pemerintah

the weakness of the government (lemah means 'weak')

(by extension)
uses to nominalize an adjective

dibacanya buku

(with the passive prefix 'di-') used to nominalize a passive verb

dia nulisnya lama

kamu makannya jangan gitu

(sometimes colloquial in some contexts) uses to nominalize an active verb


-asi

From Dutch -atie, from Latin -ātiō. Related to -isasi.


-ida

any of a group of related compounds - azide, polysaccharide, glycoside

a binary compound - bromide, arsenide, palladide


-kan

head

-kan (non-active/imperative/basic -kan, active meng- -kan, passive di- -kan)

meng- -kan (active)
di- -kan (passive)
-ken (alternative)

Inherited from Malay -kan, from Proto-Malayic *-kən, shortened form of Proto-Malayic *akən. Cognate with Karo Batak -ken and Toba Batak -hon. Doublet of akan (“will (future tense auxiliary)”).

doublet

Belikan aku sebatang pensil!

used to indicate transitive imperative beneficial verbs

Bangunkan Siti!

used to indicate transitive imperative causative verb, from an intransitive verb base: to order and cause the object to perform [base]

Tikamkan belati ini ke perut harimau itu!

Thrust this knife into that tiger’s belly!

used to indicate transitive imperative instrumental verb, from an intransitive verb base

Pasarkan buku itu!

Gudangkan kursi ini!

used to indicate transitive imperative locative verb, from a noun base.

Korbankan dia!

used to indicate transitive imperative causative verb, from a noun base.


-wan

From Pali -vant, from Sanskrit -वत् (-vat), from Proto-Indo-European *-wénts.


-una

From English -yne. Influenced by -ana and -ena.


-wi

-i (alternative)
-iah (alternative)
-ni (alternative)
-wiah (alternative)

Inherited from Malay -wi, from Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy).

adjective suffix (with the meaning “related to ...”)


-ena

From English -ene, from the Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós) feminine patronymic suffix.

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one double bond; an alkene

(organic chemistry) an aromatic hydrocarbon based on benzene


-ena

From English -ene. Derived from graphene, expressing its monolayer characteristic.

a single-atom thick two-dimensional layer of atoms


-kah

Bisakah saya tidur?

added to modal verbs and adverbs in questions

interrogative words
question word#English

added to interrogative words for emphasis


-sentris

From Ancient Greek κεντρικός (kentrikós, “central”). Compare English -centric, German -zentrisch.


-anda

(often honorific, poetic) used to denote esteem and familiarity, often attached to familial subjects


-tyoo

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 長(ちょう) (chō, “chief, head, leader”). Romanised according modified Kunrei-shiki romanization.

(historical, 1942-1945) chief, head, leader


(nonstandard, informal) Reduplication marker of words in base form.