baru

Inherited from Malay baru, a variant of baharu, from Proto-Malayic *baharu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)baqəʀu, from Proto-Austronesian *(ma-)baqəʀuh.

baharu (alternative dialectal)
baroe (alternative)
baharoe (alternative)

Mereka baru pulang sekolah.


sedang

Inherited from Malay sedang, from Old Javanese sĕḍaṅ, sĕḍĕṅ (“right, appropriate; just, while”), probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *rɔm (“appropriate, worthy”).

der

sĕḍaṅ, sĕḍĕṅ

Dia sedang kelaparan

Progressive aspect
progressive aspect#English

(auxiliary) Progressive aspect without necessarily a final perspective.


kemarin

kêmarin (canonical)
kelmarin (alternative)

From Malay kemarin, kelmarin, from Classical Malay کمارين (kemarin), کلمارين (kelmarin), from Proto-Malayic *kə maləm hari(-an). Equivalent to blend of ke + malam + hari.

Kemarin aku pergi ke rumah teman.

I was going to a friend's home yesterday.


sana

From Malay sana, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sana (“there, yonder”).

inh

Dia tinggal di sana.

Aku pergi ke sana dua kali sebulan.


kali

From Malay kali, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”). Doublet of kala.

Clipping of barangkali (“perhaps, maybe, probably”)


sekali

Inherited from Malay sekali. Equivalent to
From se- + kali.

Aku pergi ke sana sebulan sekali.

Pelajaran itu sulit sekali.


kek

Syncopic form of kayak (“like, such as”)


mana

(colloquial, in some contexts only) not, doesn't (negates meaning of verb)


de jure

Unadapted borrowing from Latin dē jūre (literally “according to law”).


SM

Sebelum Masehi
Sebelum Masehi#Indonesian

abbreviation of Sebelum Masehi (“Before Christ”): BC


accelerando

Unadapted borrowing from Italian accelerando (“accelerating”).


kayak

From Betawi kaya', kaya, from Javanese ꦏꦪ (kaya, “like, such as”), from Old Javanese kaya (“like, as, as if, it looks as if”), from Pali काय (kāya), from Sanskrit क (ka, “similarity (suffix)”).


ini

From Malay ini, from Proto-Malayic *(i)ni(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)ni, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)ni.

1999, Potret, Kentut Siapa?, Aquarius Musikindo

It's only natural and everyone has done it before


main

From Malay main, from Proto-Malayic *main, a reduction from Pre-Proto-Malayic *qumaim, *qumayam, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um- + *qayam (“domesticated animal, plaything”). The "unpromptedly" sense is a semantic loan from Betawi maèn or an Eastern Indonesian Malay form (compare Kupang Malay maen). Doublet of ayam (“chicken”).

main tunjuk

to appoint (someone) with no prior notice; to accuse (someone) for no apparent reason

(colloquial) unpromptedly (without prior notice; for no apparent reason)


lento

Unadapted borrowing from Italian lento, from Latin lentus.


alias

Borrowed from Dutch alias, from Latin alias (“at another time; at another place, elsewhere, under other circumstances, otherwise”).


waktu

From Malay waktu, from Arabic وَقْت (waqt, “time”).


tidak

From Malay tidak, from earlier tida, tiada with a vocative glottal stop, from Proto-Malayic *ti (“basic negator”) + *ada (“to exist”).

tak (alternative)
dak (alternative dialectal)

Kami tidak tahu.

Buku itu tidak mahal.

a negative marker used for negating the meanings of verbs, adverbs, and adjectives: not


lagi

From Malay lagi, from Classical Malay lagi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lagi (emphatic particle). Semantic loan from Betawi Ora lagih for "in the process of" sense.

inh

again, anew, (bukan ... lagi) anymore; any longer


atas

From Malay atas, from Proto-Malayic *atas, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *atas (compare Tagalog taas), from Proto-Austronesian *aCas.


bukan

From Malay bukan, from Classical Malay bukan.

kan (alternative clipping)
'kan (alternative clipping)
boekan (alternative)

Dia bukan seorang dokter.

Bukan itu yang kumaksud.


over

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch over. Doublet of oper.


morendo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian morendo.


prestissimo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian prestissimo.


moderato

Unadapted borrowing from Italian moderato.


cantabile

Unadapted borrowing from Italian cantabile.


crescendo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian crescendo, from Latin crēscendum (“increasing, growing”), gerund of crēscō.

der

(music) crescendo: An instruction to play gradually more loudly, denoted by a long, narrow angle with its apex on the left ( < )


fortissimo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian fortissimo.


pianissimo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian pianissimo.


allegretto

Unadapted borrowing from Italian allegretto.


anno

Borrowed from Dutch anno, from Latin annō, ablative of annus.


kudu

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦸꦢꦸ (kudu, “must”), from Old Javanese kudu, kĕdö (“set on; at all costs, by any means; unremittingly, insistently, obstinately, unavoidably”).


moga

Inherited from Malay moga, from Old Javanese moga, amoga, amogha (“and hence it happened”), probably from Sanskrit अमोघ, अमोघा (amogha, amoghā, “succeeding”).


pas

Possibly borrowed and adapted from Dutch pas, a deverbal from passen, from Middle Dutch passen, from pas, from Old French pas, from Latin passus. Therefore related to etymology 1.

Vaksinasi booster untuk perjalanan naik pesawat pas hari H keberangkatan, boleh atau tidak?

2022 July 16, Fitri Haryanti Harsono, “Traveling Naik Pesawat Mulai 17 Juli 2022, Bolehkah Booster Pas Hari H Berangkat?”, in Liputan 6:

Can booster vaccinations for plane travels be taken (precisely) on the day of the departure, or not?

(colloquial, nonstandard) only, not until, not any sooner

"[…] Kebetulan saja program ini bertepatan pas mau pemilu atau pileg dan pilpres," kata Afriansyah saat dihubungi, Senin (26/2/2024).

2024 February 26, Nirmala Maulana Achmad, Ihsanuddin, “TKN: Kebetulan Program Bansos Pas Mau Pemilu, Kebaikan Pak Jokowi Berdampak ke Prabowo-Gibran”, in Kompas:

" […] It is only coincidental that the program coincides with the time that the general elections, or when the legislative and presidential elections were starting," as Afriansyah remarked during our correspondence, Monday (02/26/2024).

(colloquial, nonstandard) when, at the time of


larghetto

Unadapted borrowing from Italian larghetto, diminutive of largo.


di mana

Compound of di (“in”) + mana (“where”), from Malay di mana.

Kau sedang di mana?


en masse

Unadapted borrowing from French en masse.

in a single body or group; as one, together

en masse:
in large amounts or numbers, massively


mezzo piano

Unadapted borrowing from Italian mezzo piano.


allargando

Unadapted borrowing from Italian allargando.

(music) allargando: Decreasing in tempo; getting slower


d'accord

Unadapted borrowing from French d'accord (“in agreement”).


incognito

Unadapted borrowing from Italian incognito, from Latin incognitus.


kan

Kan, sudah ku bilang jangan bermain korek api. Kini kau rasakan akibatnya.

See, I already told you before not to play with the matches. Now you receive the consequences.

Ini punyamu, kan?


bis

Learned borrowing from Latin bis (“twice”).


tête-à-tête

Unadapted borrowing from French tête-à-tête.


vis-à-vis

Unadapted borrowing from French vis-à-vis.


secco

Unadapted borrowing from Italian secco (literally “dry”), from Latin siccus, from Proto-Indo-European *seyk-.

(art) secco: A work painted on dry plaster, as distinguished from a fresco


dong

From Betawi dong, from Dutch dong, dingen (“to solicit”), from Middle Dutch dingen (“to convene, to plead”), from Old Dutch *thingon, from Proto-Germanic *þingōną.

der

Harga Bensin Pertalite Jangan Naik Dong.

Please, don't raise the Pertalite Petrol Price.

(colloquial) please: used to make a polite request

(colloquial) indicates discord between words and actions


en passant

Unadapted borrowing from French en passant (“in passing; incidentally, by the way”).


ab initio

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ab initiō (“from the beginning”).


asa

From Minangkabau asa, from Sanskrit आशा (āśā).

(dialectal, uncommon) synonym of sengaja (“intentionally”)


masa

From Malay masa, from Old Javanese masa, māsa (“time, time of day; season”, literally “month”), from Sanskrit मास (māsa, “month”).
* The sense of doubt or disbelief expression is a semantic loan from Javanese ꦩꦺꦴꦱꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (mosok), variant of ꦩꦱ (masa, “disbelief expression”, literally “certainly not”), from Old Javanese masa (“certainly not”) (cf. salah masa (“at the wrong time”)).

sl

words to express distrust and rhetorical in nature

express the speaker's doubt or disbelief about something that they have just heard, learned, or noticed


masa

Ultimately from Sanskrit माष (māṣa, “a weight of gold”).

(archaeology) unit of measurement of weight for gold and silver


cuma

From Malay cuma, from Tamil சும்மா (cummā, “lazily, idly, leisurely; just for fun, without any reason, just because”).

der

tjoema (alternative)
tjuma (alternative)


dak

(chiefly dialectal) alternative form of tidak


da capo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian da capo.

ubor

(music) from scratch; from the beginning; from the top


rallentando

Unadapted borrowing from Italian rallentando.


ritenuto

Unadapted borrowing from Italian ritenuto.


mesti

Inherited from Malay mesti, from Javanese ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦛꦶ (mesthi), probably from Old Javanese muṣṭi, from Sanskrit मुष्टि (muṣṭi, “fist, clenched hand”). Doublet of pasti.


decrescendo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian decrescendo.


bakal

Inherited from Malay bakal, probably from Old Javanese bakal, ultimately probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *[b]kəl[ ] (“to give, make over”).


kaya

alternative spelling of kayak (“like, similar”)


asal

Etymology tree
Arabic أَصْل (ʔaṣl)bor.
Malay asal
Indonesian asal
Inherited from Malay asal, borrowed from Arabic أَصْل (ʔaṣl). Doublet of asli

etymon

(uncommon) from the beginning; from the start


musti

alternative spelling of mesti (“must; sure”)


dulu

A contraction of dahulu. From Proto-Austronesian *zulu (“earlier, in advance”).


banyak

From Malay banyak, from Classical Malay باڽق, from Old Malay vañak. First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription as "vañakña" (current form banyaknya).

Terima kasih banyak.


beberapa

Inherited from Malay beberapa, from partial reduplication of berapa.


juga

From Malay juga. Cognates with Central Malay juge, Musi jugo.


hanya

Saya hanya bisa berbicara sedikit bahasa Indonesia.


saja

aja (alternative colloquial)
sahaja (alternative archaic obsolete)
sadja (alternative)
sahadja (alternative)

From Malay sahaja, saja, from Classical Malay سهاج (sahaja), ساج (saja), from Sanskrit सहज (sahaja, “natural, innate, original”).

der

merely, only, just, without any other reason etc. and nothing more

always
at all times; throughout all time

constantly during a certain period, or regularly at stated intervals (opposed to sometimes or occasionally)

very, extremely: used to firmly establish that nothing else surpasses in some respect as emphasis


lagipula

(proscribed) alternative form of lagi pula


esok

From Malay esok, from Javanese ꦲꦺꦱꦸꦏ꧀ (ésuk), from Old Javanese isuk.


tengah

From Malay tengah (“center”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təŋaq.

progressive aspect
progressive aspect#English

(auxiliary) progressive aspect without necessarily a final perspective.


tahu

Inherited from Malay tahu, from Proto-Malayic *tahu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqu, from Proto-Austronesian *Caqu.

Dia tidak tahu bolos.

(colloquial, figurative, used in a negative phrase) once, yet


pada

From Malay pada, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pada (“same, equal, like”).


kemudian

Affixed of mudi + ke- -an, inherited from Malay kemudian, from Old Malay kamudyan (attested in Laguna Copperplate Inscription). Mudi is from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)udəhi (compare Fijian muri). Cognate with Minangkabau kudian.


paling

paling cantik


mending

Aku mending pilih yang ini daripada yang lainnya.

(colloquial) used to specify choice or preference; rather, preferably, in preference to (usually followed by daripada)

Mengapa beli rokok? Mending beli gado-gado.

Why would you buy cigarettes? You'd best buy gado-gado instead.

(colloquial) best; to the most advantage, with the most success

Masih mending kamu tidak dipukuli orang itu.

You're lucky that you weren't hit by that person instead.

(colloquial) Used to express comparison between a situation deemed more fortunate than a worse hypothetical.


dimana

In post-1972 usage, perhaps from a misconception that this word comes from affixed di- + mana. It may also be influenced by the spelling of slang gimana.

(1947–1972) superseded spelling of di mana


da capo al fine

Unadapted borrowing from Italian da capo al fine.

ubor

(music) da capo al fine: repeat from the beginning up to the word fine ("end")


pelan

From Malay pelan, a variant of perlahan.


tumben

Tumben kamu datang tepat waktu!

used to express surprise or to indicate that something is unusual or unexpected


en face

Unadapted borrowing from French en face.


terlalu

Inherited from Malay terlalu, equivalent to ter- + lalu.

Lukisannya terlalu besar untuk digunakan sebagai hiasan dinding.

The painting is too large to be used as a wall decoration.

too (to an excessive degree; over; more than enough)


en bloc

Unadapted borrowing from French en bloc.

en bloc; as a whole; all at once; all together


sotto voce

Unadapted borrowing from Italian sottovoce.


rubato

Unadapted borrowing from Italian rubato.


dolce far niente

Unadapted borrowing from Italian dolce far niente (literally “sweet doing nothing, sweet idleness”).

dolce far niente
dolce far niente#English

dolce far niente: sheer indulgent relaxation and blissful laziness, the enjoyment of idleness


sedia

Inherited from Malay sedia, from Sanskrit साध्य (sādhya).

(archaic or poetic) as it has always been; from the beginning; as it was from the start


dapat

Inherited from Malay dapat. Cognate of Hiligaynon dapat, Tagalog dapat.

Pemerintah tak dapat menurunkan harga beras.

The government can not lower the rice price.


stringendo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian stringendo (“tightening”).


tentu

Inherited from Malay tentu, from Old Javanese tantu (“cord, thread; cause of continuity; continuous existence; thread of a story; fixed order, establishment of the world order; established holy place”), from Sanskrit तन्तु (tantu).


benar

Inherited from Malay benar, from Proto-Malayic *bənər, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bənər.


barangkali

Tanyakanlah, barangkali ia mengerti.


minta tolong

Compound of minta (“to ask”) + tolong (“to help”), literally “to ask helping”


silakan

From Malay silakan, from Classical Malay silakan. Equivalent to sila + -kan.

Modifies a verb to ask if the listener can please do the verb. For example: silakan membaca surat itu means can you please read (membaca) that letter (surat itu)?


barang

Inherited from Malay barang, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baraŋ (“marker of indefiniteness”). The meaning 'things, goods, possessions' was a late innovation in western Indonesia.


namun

however (In spite of what preceded; yet)


recitativo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian recitativo.


sokin

From sini + -ok- with the final rime elided.


voorheen

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch voorheen (“formerly, used to”).


bangsa

Uncertain, sense perhaps extended from bangsa (preposition) of Etymology 1.

Bangsa dua bulan lagi dia akan lulus

(colloquial) approximately; about, roughly


besok

tomorrow:
on the day after the present day

tomorrow:
at some point in the future; later on


harus

have to, must, should (indicates obligation)


en profil

Unadapted borrowing from French en profil (“portrayed sideways”).


baku

Borrowed from Manado Malay baku-, from Ternate maku-.

(chiefly dialectal, eastern Indonesia) mutually, reciprocally, each other, one another


hampir

Inconclusive. There is possibility that Indonesian hampir is a loanword from Dutch amper (“scarcely, barely”) as its high and almost universal usage in Flemish, which in turn was derived from Middle Dutch amper (“sour”), which had similar semantic development to German sehr (“very”) and Alemannic German rüüdig (“very”) and cognates of Swedish amper and German Ampfer.


semu

Inherited from Malay سمو (semu), from Old Javanese sĕmu, ultimately probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *sməʔ, *sməh (“equal, alike”). Compare with Old Mon smoḥ (“to be equal, alike”).

inh

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ms">semu</i>


a tempo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian a tempo.

ubor

(music) return to normal tempo from a deviation


perlahan

Inherited from Malay perlahan, ultimately from Proto-Mon-Khmer [Term?].


pro bono publico

Learned borrowing from Latin prō bonō publicō.


lekas

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lekas (“quick, quickly”), *-kas (“swift, agile, strong, energetic”).

inh

Jika kita melalui jalan ini, kita akan lekas sampai sana.

If we go this way, we'll get there quickly.

Lekas sembuh!


konon

From Malay konon, from Classical Malay کونون (konon). The sense in news was a coined by Indonesian litterateur Goenawan Mohamad to translate English it is reported.


tidak pernah

From tidak (“not”) + pernah (“ever”), from Malay tidak pernah.

never (at no time (in the past or present))


masakan

express the speaker's doubt or disbelief about something that he or she has just heard, learned, or noticed


betul

aright: rightly, correctly; in the right way or form


banget

Aku seneng banget


dari mana

Equivalent to dari (“from”) + mana (“where”).

Mereka datang dari mana?

Dari mana arahnya?


jangan

From Malay jangan, from Classical Malay جاڠن (jangan), from Old Malay jāṅan, from Proto-Malayic *jaŋan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaŋan.

Jangan bohong.

Jangan mencuri.

expresses that something is forbidden or shouldn't happen: don't!


silam

Unknown, possibly cognate of Tagalog silam (“blemish”).

sepuluh tahun silam

menyilamkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


agak

From Malay agak, from Classical Malay اڬق (agak).

Percakapan yang agak membosankan.

Conversation that is kind of boring.A rather boring conversation.

Suaranya agak serak hari ini, ada apa dengannya?

His voice is hoarse a little today, what happens to him?


tulat

day after day after tomorrow
day after day after tomorrow

(dialectal) day after day after tomorrow, in three days


tiada

From Malay tiada, from Proto-Malayic *ti (“basic negator”) + *ada (“to exist”).


pernah

From Malay pernah, from Sanskrit पारणा (pāraṇā, “going through”).

der

semelfactive or non-iterative aspect i. e. the action or situation has happened once or more but did not repeat itself


sekarang

Affixed of se- + karang, from Malay sekarang.


tunai

From Malay tunai, from Tamil துணை (tuṇai).


sahaja

From Malay sahaja, from Sanskrit सहज (sahaja, “natural, innate, original”).


mungkin

From Malay mungkin, from Arabic مُمْكِن (mumkin, “possible”).

Mungkin Dani akan datang untuk makan malam.


lebih

Inherited from Malay lebih, from Proto-Malayic *ləbih, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ləbiq (“excess, surplus”). Cognate with Minangkabau labiah, Javanese luwih, Tagalog labì (“fragment, remnant, remains”).

cog

Aku lebih suka dendeng dibanding rendang.

lebih dingin

Dia lebih kaya daripada kamu.

more (used to mark comparative adjective)


cukup

tjoekoep (alternative)
tjukup (alternative)


begitu

bêgitu (canonical)
gitu (alternative colloquial)

Inherited from Malay begitu, probably from blend of bagai + itu.

tidak begitu baik

Dia begitu pintar dalam matematika.


bener

(colloquial, Java) alternative form of benar


harian

Affixed hari + -an, inherited from Malay harian.

daily: that occurs every day, or at least every working day


bersama

From Malay bersama. Equivalent to ber- + sama.


mohon

From Malay mohon, from Classical Malay mohon. Related to Cebuano puhon (“soon”), Tagalog puhon (“contrition”) and Malagasy mifona (“to beg pardon, to entreat, to solicit”). Doublet of pohon.
* nasalization of pohon.
* from Javanese ꦩꦸꦲꦸꦤ꧀, ꦩꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀ (muhun, muwun, “to cry”) (compare ꦚꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀, ꦱꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀ (nyuwun, suwun, “to ask”)), from Old Javanese amuhun (“to beg, beg leave”), suhun (“to ask respectfully”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *cuun (“to desire”).

der

ꦩꦸꦲꦸꦤ꧀, ꦩꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀

Mohon makanannya diambil di teras sekolah.

Please take the food from the school terrace.


coûte que coûte

Unadapted borrowing from French coûte que coûte.

ubor

at all costs, by hook or by crook, by any means, no matter what


gara-gara

Probably borrowed from Betawi gara-gara (“reason”).


sepanjang

From Malay sepanjang, from Classical Malay sepanjang. Equivalent to se- + panjang.


kembali

Inherited from Malay kembali. Can be reanalyzed as ke + meng + balik (the same analysis can be seen in sendiri).


bisi

(dialectal, Sunda) an expression to express concern about the possibility of something; in case, lest


sedalam-dalamnya

tarik nafas sedalam-dalamnya


dalam-dalam

to a deep extent or degree; very greatly

so as to extend far down or far into something

deeply
in a profound, not superficial, manner


biasanya

Biasanya saya bangun pagi. tapi berhubung saya sakit, saya bangun siang hari ini.

Normally i wake up early. But since I'm sick, I woke up in the afternoon today.


nawaitu

From Arabic نَوَيْتُ (nawaytu, “I intend to”), first-person singular past active of نَوَى (nawā, “to intend”).


enggak

nggak (alternative)
gak (alternative)
engga (alternative)
ngga (alternative)
ga (alternative)

From Betawi engga' (“no”), from Javanese ꦔ꧀ꦒꦏ꧀ (nggak), ꦒꦏ꧀ (gak, “no, not”) probably ultimately from Proto-Mon-Khmer [Term?].


selalu

sêlalu (canonical)
s'lalu (alternative contraction)
slalu (alternative contraction)


saling

→ Min Nan: 家量 (ka-liông)

Mereka saling membenci.


kedua

Jembatan ini yang kedua terpanjang di dunia.

This bridge is the next longest one in the world.


à corps perdu

Unadapted borrowing from French à corps perdu (“impetuously, desperately”, literally “with lost body”).


empat mata

* Compound of empat (“four”) + mata (“eye”)
* Calque of Dutch onder vier ogen (“in private”, literally “under four eyes”). The same phrase is used in German unter vier Augen, Danish under fire øjne, and Icelandic undir fjögur augu.

clq

Mungkinkah kita berbicara empat mata?

Is it possible for us to talk in private?

privately, in private, in secret (between two persons)


sekaligus

Perhaps derived from sekali (“once, one time”).


sebaiknya

should (used to express opinion, advice, or instruction, about what is required or desirable)


sambil

Reconstructed as se- + ambil, inherited from Malay sambil.

...guru Spiritual saya muncul dan hadir dihadapan saya sambil menatap saya.

My spiritual teacher appeared and was present in front of me while staring at me.

"Iya Ma..." jawab saya sambil beranjak dari tempat tidur.

"Yes Mom", I answered as I was getting out of the bed.


dahulu

From Malay dahulu. From Proto-Austronesian *zulu (“earlier, in advance”). Doublet of dulu.

inh

dh (alternative)
dh. (alternative)
d.h. (alternative)
d/h (alternative proscribed)

Itu dahulu, ini sekarang.


segera

From Malay segera (“immediate; quick”), from Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghra, “speedy, quick, rapid”).


langsung

live (of a broadcast: direct, in real time, as it happens)


perlu

From Malay perlu, from Javanese ꦥꦼꦂꦭꦸ (perlu), from Arabic فَرْض (farḍ, “obligation”). Doublet of fardu.


kebanyakan

From Malay kebanyakan, from Classical Malay kebanyakan (“most”), equivalent to banyak + ke- -an.


bagaimana

From Malay bagaimana.
Equivalent to bagai + mana.

Bagaimana cara kau menggambar manga?

how, in what manner (often followed by cara (“way, manner”))

Bagaimana hubunganmu dengan ayahmu?

How is your relationship with your father?

Mereka semua mendapatkan apa yang mereka mau, tetapi bagaimana denganku?

They all get what they want, but what about me?


seberapa

Seberapa kuat Anda?

Seberapa sering?


tetap

From Malay tetap, from Proto-Austronesian *tetep (“firm, fixed”).


niscaya

From Malay niscaya, from Classical Malay نسچاي (“niscaya”), from Sanskrit निश्चय (niścaya).


con amore

Unadapted borrowing from Italian con amore (literally “with love”).

ubor

(music) con amore: played gently, with tenderness


sendirian

Affixed sendiri + -an, from Malay sendirian, from Classical Malay sendirian.


justru

Inherited from Malay justeru (“hence; therefore”), probably from Portuguese justo

inh+

a conjunction used to emphasize that something is true or false. precisely, exactly

in fact actually (on the contrary); even the opposite. instead


singkat cerita

long story short
long story short#English


di sini

From di (“in/on/at”) + sini (“here”), likely to contrast from other compounds such as dari sini (“from here”).


disini

(1947–1972) superseded spelling of di sini


dari sini

Equivalent to dari (“from”) + sini (“here”).


samsek

Gue belom makan samsek!


jamber

Lu semalem tidur jamber?


semaleman

(colloquial) nonstandard form of semalaman


mingguan

Inherited from Malay mingguan. Equivalent to minggu + -an.


bareng

* Borrowed from Betawi bareng, from Javanese ꦧꦉꦁ (bareng, “together”).
* Inherited from Malay berangai, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language *barangay. Literally a kind of long boat that is ridden together. This meaning can be found in Philippines languages.


senantiasa

From Malay sentiasa, senantiasa, from Classical Malay سنتياس (sentiasa), سننتياس (senantiasa), from Sanskrit नित्यशस् (nityaśas, “eternally, constantly”).


lagi pula

Compound of lagi (“again”) + pula (“too”).

com+

(conjunctive) moreover (in addition to what has been said)


kebetulan

From Malay kebetulan. Equal to betul + ke- -an.

accidentally: in an accidental manner; by chance, unexpectedly; unintentionally


sekadar

sekadar-sekadar (plural)
sekedar (alternative nonstandard)


slalu

(poetic) contraction of selalu (“always”)


kira-kira

probably, likely, possibly, presumably, apparently


semoga

sêmoga (canonical)
s'moga (alternative contraction)

Semoga sukses!


terus

of a direction relative to the subject, precisely; as if following a direct line

directly; without pause, delay or detour

continuously; without interruption or pause


berbidang-bidang

Affixed ber- + bidang-bidang, a duplication form of bidang.


lanjar

(archaic) after that, at once, immediately


selang

From Malay selang. Cognate of Javanese ꦱꦼꦭ (sela, “gap”), Old Javanese sĕlā.


Sebelum Masehi

Sêbêlum Maséhi (canonical)
SM (alternative abbreviation)


s'moga

(poetic) contraction of semoga (“hopefully”)


belaka

From Malay belaka. Compare with Old Javanese balaka (“only, simply, just, merely”). From Sanskrit [Term?].

cog

wholly, entirely, completely, altogether


tiba-tiba

suddenly (happening quickly and with little or no warning; in a sudden manner)


lumayan

quite, somewhat, rather (to a moderate extent or degree)


yaitu

Inherited from Malay iaitu, from Classical Malay ياءيت (iaitu). Equivalent to ia (“he, she, it”) + itu (“that; to be”).

com

Alternative form: iaitu (Malay)

Ada satu makanan yang dia suka, yaitu ikan.

There is one food that he likes, namely fish.


acapkali

Compound of acap + kali (“times”), from Malay acap kali, acapkali, from Classical Malay اچڤ كالي (acap kali), اچڤ كالي (acapkali).


segitu

(colloquial, chiefly Jakarta) alternative form of sebegitu


sebelumnya

(television) recapitulating the preceding episodes of a series


sempat

Inherited from Malay سمڤت (sempat), from Sanskrit सम्पात (sampāta).

inh

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ms">sempat</i>

once (formerly; during some period in the past)


mula-mula

firstly (in the first place; before anything else; first)


sebentar

Affixed of se- + bentar, from Malay sebentar.


mudah-mudahan

Reduplication of mudah (“easy”) with the suffix -an.


lebih-lebih

Lebih - lebih saya tidak mau membiarkan diri saya menjadi gema semata - mata dari suatu suara yang tak jelas sumbernya.

Moreover, I do not want to allow myself to be the mere echo of an unknown sound.

Karena dari jawaban - jawaban itu tergambar jelas kritikan - kritikan yang cukup pedas , baik dari sudut hukum agama , lebih - lebih dari sudut politik.

1986, Mahbub Djunaidi, Humor jurnalistik:

Because from the answers, it is clear that the criticisms are quite scathing, both from the point of view of religious law, and especially from a political point of view.

Dengan demikian, terbengkelainya kesempatan menempuh pendidikan, lebih-lebih bagi rakyat miskin, setahap demi setahap telah dapat kita atasi.

2006, Indonesia. President (2004-2014 : Yudhoyono), Pidato kenegaraan Presiden RI di depan DPR RI, 16 Agustus 2006:

Thus, the neglected opportunity to pursue education, especially for the poor, has been gradually overcome.


bulanan

langganan koran bulanan


tatap muka

Compound of tatap (“to stare”) + muka (“face”).

com+

face to face (in person; directly; in the physical presence of somebody)


adang-adang

(dialectal) alternative form of kadang-kadang (“sometimes”)


terlanjur

Terlanjur mencintai

already, indicating that something has happened and can't be changed


sambil menyelam minum air

From Malay sambil menyelam minum air. Literally "(while in) diving, drinking the water".

(idiomatic) to do two things in one single action; at one blast; in one fell swoop


selari

(rare) in a row; continuously; in succession


kurang lebih

Compound kurang + lebih, calque of Dutch min of meer.

kurleb (alternative abbreviation colloquial)
lebih kurang (alternative)


besar-besaran

From besar + -an with reduplication at the base word.

massively (in a massive manner, in a way that appears large, heavy or imposing)


sepandai-pandai

Affixation of se- + pandai with duplication on the base word.


sepemakan

sepemakan sirih

in the same duration as a person chewing a betel


sepemakan sirih

in the same duration as a people person eating a betel


soalnya

From soal + -nya, literally "the problem (is)".

(colloquial) because (for the reason that)


dengar-dengar

Dengar-dengar bulan yang lalu kau baru melahirkan, ya?

I heard you just gave birth last month, right?


sembari

Ultimately from Old Javanese bari (“only just, only for a moment”).


persetan

Affixation of per- + setan, literally "to demonize".

(mildly vulgar) to hell with (used to show displeasure or disregard toward the named person or thing)


berminggu-minggu

From ber- + minggu with reduplication of the base word.

Sudah berminggu-minggu dia belum datang.


sepemandangan

(chiefly dialectal or archaic) as far as one's eyes seeing


terpandang-pandang

From ter- + pandang with reduplication at the base word.


kelihatannya

kêlihatannya (canonical)
keliatannya (alternative colloquial)

(somewhat informal) synonym of tampaknya (“there seems”)


tampaknya

Tampaknya ada yang aneh dengan hutan ini.

There seems to be something strange about this forest.


keliatannya

(colloquial) alternative form of kelihatannya (“there seems”)


bertahu-tahu

From ber- + tahu with reduplication at the base word.


setahu

Setahuku dia sedang sakit.

as far as one knows (as far as someone knows about the topic, subject, aspect, or situation)

(sometimes used with "dengan") with one's knowledge


sepengetahuan

synonym of setahu (“as far as one knows; with one's knowledge”)


tergugup-gugup

From ter- + gugup with reduplication at the base word.


terbata-bata

From ter- + bata with reduplication at the base word.

haltingly (in a halting or limping manner; full of pauses or hesitation)


tergagap-gagap

From ter- + gagap with the base word reduplicated.

haltingly (full of pauses or hesitation)


semau

Dia memilih makanan semaunya.


semau-maunya

From mau + se- -nya with reduplication at the base word.


mau tak mau

alternative form of mau tidak mau (“forcedly”)


bahela

Borrowed from Sundanese baheula (“back then”)

bor+

(dialectal, Sunda) long ago; ancient; back then


beribu-ribu

From ber- + ribu with reduplication at the base word.


kapanpun

nonstandard form of kapan pun (“anytime”)


selidik

attentively; accurately; critically; carefully


sempat-sempatnya

From sempat + -nya, with the base word reduplicated.


kurleb

(colloquial) contraction of kurang lebih (“more or less”)


gimana

(informal) alternative spelling of bagaimana


barusan

From Betawi barusan. Doublet of baru saja.


alangkah

Betapa sulitnya tugas ini!


betapa

Inherited from Malay بتاڤ (betapa), probably blend of buat + apa.

inh

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ms">betapa</i>

Betapa cantiknya anak ini!


tatkala

Inherited from Malay tatkala, from Sanskrit तत्काल (tatkāla).


an sich

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch an sich (“per se, by itself”), from German an sich (“per se, by itself; intrinsic; in and of itself”).


SKSD

(colloquial) initialism of sok kenal, sok dekat


di sana

From di (“there”) + sana, likely to contrast from other compounds such as dari sana (“from there”).


dari sana

From dari (“from there”) + sana, likely to contrast from other compounds such as di sana (“there”).


con dolore

Unadapted borrowing from Italian con dolore.


da camera

Unadapted borrowing from Italian da camera.


di salto

Unadapted borrowing from Italian di salto.


seteguk

[ˈsə.t̪ə.ɡʊk̚]


mentah-mentah

Reduplication of mentah (“raw, unripe, incomplete”).

rdp

(figurative) point-blank, outright (in a direct manner, without hesitation)


sewaktu

(formal) when (used as an relative adverb)


serendah-rendahnya

From rendah + se- -nya with the base word reduplicated.


sepemanggil

as far as the (usual) distance of someone calling (the other)


belakangan

Tapi belakangan ketahuan bahwa enam penanda tangan surat penyerahan bukit itu adalah fiktif.

But eventually it was revealed that the six signatories of the letter handing over the hill were fictitious.


cuma-cuma

Reduplication of cuma (“just, only, but”).


(text messaging) alternative form of sempat


sebegitu

sêbêgitu (canonical)
segitu (alternative colloquial)


sekian

Inherited from Malay sekian, from Classical Malay sekian. Equivalent to se- + kian.


baharoe

(1901–1947, chiefly dialectal) superseded spelling of baru


sebagus-bagusnya

From bagus + se- -nya with reduplication at the base word.


sesegera-segeranya

/səˌsəɡəra səɡəˈraɲa/

From reduplication of segera + se- -nya.


katanya

From kata + -nya, literally, “his/her/its word(s)”.

Katanya ada siswa pindahan tahun ini.

They say that there are transfer students this year.


sampai titik darah penghabisan

sampai titik darah pênghabisan (canonical)

/ˌsam.pai̯ ˌti.tik ˌda.rah pəŋ.haˈbi.san/

[ˌsam.pai̯ ˌt̪i.t̪ɪk̚ ˌda.rah pəŋ.haˈbi.san]

Literally, “to the point of exhaustion blood”.

lit

Dia berjuang sampai titik darah penghabisan.

(idiomatic) to the limit, to the last drop of blood


terus terang

[t̪əˌrʊs t̪əˈraŋ]

frankly, honestly, straightforward, bluntly


betul-betul

[bəˌt̪ʊl bəˈt̪ʊl]


maju mundur

Compound of maju (“to go forward, to advance”) + mundur (“to retreat, to retire, to withdraw, to recede, to back up, to go backward, to turn back”).


turun-temurun

Reduplication of turun with the infix -em-.


bolak-balik

Inherited from Malay bolak-balik, from apophonic reduplication of balik.

Berkasnya disalin bolak-balik biar hemat kertas.

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