kanon

Ultimately from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn). Doublet of kanun and qanun.
* For sense of land lease tax, via Arabic قَانُون (qānūn, “tax, law”).
* For sense in music and Christianity, via Dutch canon, from Old French canon, from Latin canōn.

(music) a piece of music in which the same melody is played by different voices, but beginning at different times; a round.

(Christianity, literature) the works of a writer that have been accepted as authentic.


stringendo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian stringendo (“tightening”).


modernisme

(Christianity) a religious movement in the early 20th century that tried to reconcile dogma with modern science and philosophy.


perda

peraturan daerah
peraturan daerah#Indonesian


atribut

From Dutch attribuut, from French attribut, from Latin attributum.

(grammar) a word that qualifies a noun, a qualifier.

(archaeology) a characteristic or quality of an artifact.


epos

Borrowed from Dutch epos, from Latin epos, from Ancient Greek ἔπος (épos).

(literature) epic: an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a deity, demigod (heroic epic), other legend or traditional hero.


ambulatori

From English ambulatory, from Latin ambulatorius.


Panchen Lama

id-noun

Panchen Lama (plural Panchen-Panchen Lama)


ideologi

idéologi (canonical)
ideologi-ideologi (plural)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch ideologie, from French idéologie.


harmoni

From Dutch harmonie, from Middle Dutch harmonia, armonie, from Old French harmonie, from Latin harmonia, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονία (harmonía).

(music) process by which individual sounds are joined or composed into whole units or compositions.


makam

From Malay makam, from Arabic مَقَام (maqām)


positif

From Dutch positief, from French positif, from Latin positivus.

(photography) positive, a positive image; one that displays true colors and shades, as opposed to a negative.


RKA

(finance) Initialism of rencana kerja anggaran (“work plan and budget”).


dangdut

Altered from dang-ding-dut.
Coined by Tempo (Indonesian magazine).

(music) dangdut, a genre of Indonesian music that combines elements of Arab and Malay folk music.


fonem

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch foneem, from French phonème, from Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma, literally “sound made”, “utterance”; “thing spoken”, “speech”, “language”).


anafora

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νᾰφορᾱ́ (ănăphorā́).

lbor

(linguistics) an expression that can refer to virtually any referent, the specific referent being defined by context; An expression that refers to a preceding expression.

(Christianity) the most solemn part of the Divine Liturgy or the Mass during which the offerings of bread and wine are consecrated as body and blood of Christ.


pragmatika

(linguistics) pragmatics: the study of the use of language, especially meaning, in a social context; it includes extratextual aspects of language including exophoric reference, phatic utterances, and nonverbal channels.


ekosistem

ékosistêm (canonical)
ekosistem-ekosistem (plural)

Affixed eko- + sistem, from Dutch ecosysteem, from English ecosystem.

(biology, ecology, sciences) a system formed by an ecological community and its environment that functions as a unit.

(business, marketing) a set of interconnected products and services.


hio

From Hokkien, specifically Zhangzhou Hokkien 香 (hioⁿ, “joss stick; incense”).

bor

(Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism) joss stick; incense

Taoism; Confucianism; Taoism; Confucianism


mudra

(Hinduism) Any of the formal body positions and postures used in yoga and meditation.


majeur

Unadapted borrowing from French majeur (“major”).

ubor

(music) Alternative spelling of mayor (“major”)


akronim

From Dutch acroniem, from Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros, “extremity”) and ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”).


feniks

Borrowed from Dutch feniks (“phoenix”), from Medieval Latin phenix, from Latin phoenīx, from Ancient Greek φοῖνιξ (phoînix), from Egyptian bnw (boinu, “grey heron”). Doublet of foniks and funiks.

(mythology) a mythological bird, said to be the only one of its kind, which lives for 500 years and then dies by burning to ashes on a pyre of its own making, ignited by the sun. It then arises anew from the ashes.

(mythology) a mythological Chinese chimerical bird whose physical body symbolizes the six celestial bodies; a fenghuang.


feniks

(astronomy) Phoenix: A spring constellation of the southern sky, said to resemble the mythical bird. It lies north of Tucana.


demagogi

Borrowed from Dutch demagogie (“demagoguery”), from French démagogie.


partus

Learned borrowing from Latin partus (“birth, delivery”).

lbor

(obstetrics) childbirth, parturition: The fact or action of giving birth to a child, as the culmination of pregnancy.


autokrat

Prefixed auto- + *krat, from Dutch autocraat (“autocrat”), from French autocrate, from Ancient Greek αὐτοκρατής (autokratḗs).


kapela

Learned borrowing from Latin cappella. Doublet of kapel

(Christianity, Roman Catholicism) Alternative spelling of kapel (“chapel”)


anonim

From Dutch anoniem, from French anonyme, from Latin anōnymus, from Ancient Greek ἀνώνυμος (anṓnumos).


mesjid

mêsjid (canonical)
mesjid-mesjid (plural)

/məsˈd͡ʒɪt̚/

alternative spelling of masjid (“mosque”)


biola

From Malay biola, from Portuguese viola, from Old Galician-Portuguese viola, from Old Occitan viola, from Medieval Latin vitula, from Vitula, Roman goddess of joy and victory.

(music) violin: A musical four-string instrument, generally played with a bow or by plucking the string, with the pitch set by pressing the strings at the appropriate place with the fingers; also any instrument of the violin family.


gereja

gêrèja (canonical)
gereja-gereja (plural)

From Malay gereja. Borrowed from Portuguese igreja, from Old Galician-Portuguese igreja, from Latin ecclēsia, from Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía, “congregation”).

der

A Christian house of worship; a building where Christian religious services take place.

A particular denomination of Christianity.


ter-

base (verb)
base (adjective)
base (adverb)

From Malay ter-, from Classical Malay ter-, from Proto-Malayic *tAr-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀ-, from Proto-Austronesian *taʀ-.

and in several words whose first syllable ends with

ter- + sangka (“to suspect”) → tersangka (“suspect”)

(law) noun derivative from perfective aspect of the passive transitive verb


kongres

From earlier konggres, from Dutch congres, from Latin congressum.

(politics) large consultative and/or legislative body.


can-can

Unadapted borrowing from French cancan (“cancan dance”).

ubor

(dance) cancan: a high-kicking chorus line dance originating in France.


karisma

From Dutch charisma, from Latin, from Ancient Greek χᾰ́ρῐσμᾰ (khắrĭsmă, “grace, favour, gift”), from χᾰρῐ́ζομαι (khărĭ́zomai, “I show favor”), from χᾰ́ρῐς (khắrĭs, “grace”), from χαίρω (khaírō, “I am happy”).

der

(Christianity) an extraordinary power granted by the Holy Spirit.


stasi

Borrowed from Dutch statie (“station”) (compare Afrikaans stasie (“station”)), from French station, from Old French estation, estacion, from Latin stātiō, stātiōnem. Doublet of stasiun and stase. Cognate of Afrikaans stasie (“station”).

(Catholicism) administration division in a parish.


promotor

From Dutch promotor, from Latin promotor.

(education) promotor: a full professor of a university who acts as the principal supervisor of a student's doctoral research.


romo

From Javanese rama (“father”), from Old Javanese rāma (“father”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *amax (“father”), from Proto-Austronesian *ama-h (“father”). Semantic loan from Portuguese padre (“priest”, literally “father”).


arja

From Balinese ᬅᬃᬚ (arja), probably from Sanskrit ऋज् (ṛj). Cognate of Old Javanese arjya, arja, rĕja (“good, beautiful, fortunate”).

cog

(drama) a Balinese dramatic performance, but often only a dance.


sosialisme

Affixed sosial + -isme, from Dutch socialisme, from French socialisme.


akor

From Dutch akkoord, from Middle Dutch accoort, from Old French acorder (Modern French accord), from Vulgar Latin *accordāre, ultimately from Latin cor (“heart”). Doublet of accoord and akur.

(music) chord: a harmonic set of three or more notes that is heard as if sounding simultaneously.


imperialisme

Affixed imperial + -isme, from Dutch imperialisme, from French impérialisme.

(politics) imperialism: The policy of forcefully extending a nation's authority by territorial gain or by the establishment of economic and political dominance over other nations.


konser

konsèr (canonical)
konser-konser (plural)

From Dutch concert, from French concert, from Italian concerto.


goreng

From Malay goreng, from Classical Malay goreng. Onomatopoeic. Cognate with Javanese ꦒꦺꦴꦫꦺꦁ (goréng).

menggoreng-goreng [reduplication + agent focus]

saham perusahaan kecil itu digoreng

that small company's stock shares are pumped

(economics) to pump a price of a certain share or cryptocurrency


porok

Borrowed from Javanese porok (ꦥꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴꦏ꧀, “fork”), from Dutch vork, from Middle Dutch vorke, from Old Dutch furka, from Proto-West Germanic *furkō, from Latin furca.


kata benda

Compound of kata (“word”) + benda (“thing”), calque of Dutch dingwoord (“noun, substantive”, literally “thing word”).


merdeka

From Malay merdeka, from Classical Malay مرديكا (mĕrdeka), from Sanskrit महर्द्धिक (maharddhika, “prosperous”). Cognate of Javanese ꦩꦂꦢꦶꦏ (mardika), Buginese ᨆᨑᨙᨉᨀ (maradeka), Tagalog maharlika. Doublet of mahardika.

der

Indonesia sudah dinyatakan merdeka sejak 17 Agustus 1945.

Indonesia has been declared to be independent since 17 August 1945.

(politics) free from colonialism, annexation, military occupation, etc.; liberated; independent


aktif

Borrowed from Dutch aktief, from Old French actif, from Latin activus. Doublet of aktiva.

Mereka aktif di eskul mereka.

They are active in their extracurricular.


amendemen

amèndêmèn (canonical)
amendemen-amendemen (plural)

From Dutch amendement, from French amendement, from Middle French amendement, from Old French [Term?].

(law) an addition to and/or alteration to the Constitution.


asuransi

→ Malay: asuransi

Borrowed from Dutch assurantie, from Middle Dutch asseurancie, from Old French asseurance.

(insurance) a means of indemnity against a future occurrence of an uncertain event.

insurance:
the business of providing insurance.

(Standard Malay)


bangku

From Malay bangku, from Classical Malay بڠکو (bangku), a borrowing from Portuguese banco, from Italian banco, from Old High German bank, from Proto-Germanic *bankiz. Doublet of bank.


baterai

batêrai (canonical)
baterai-baterai (plural)

From Dutch batterij, from Middle French batterie, from Old French baterie.

battery:
(military) tactical artillery unit.


bioskop

From Dutch bioscoop (“cinema”), from French bioscope and/or German Bioscop (now spelt Bioskop).


biskop

Borrowed from Dutch bisschop (“bishop”), from Middle Dutch bischop, from Old Dutch biskop, from Latin episcopus, from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos). Doublet of uskup.

(Christianity, Catholicism, informal) synonym of uskup


delegasi

délêgasi (canonical)
delegasi-delegasi (plural)

From Dutch delegatie, from French délégation, from Latin delegatio, delegationis, delego.

(management, trading) an act of delegating.


departemen

dêpartêmèn (canonical)
departemen-departemen (plural)

→ Tetum: departemén

From Dutch departement, from French département, from Old French département. During Japanese occupation period, the term was used as translation of Japanese 部(ぶ) (bu, “department”).

(government) one of the principal divisions of executive government.

(education) one of the divisions of instructions in a university.

(government) bureau (in state affairs) an administrative unit of government.

(Standard Malay)

(education) school: within a larger educational institution, an organizational unit, such as a department or institute, which is dedicated to a specific subject area.


distrik

From Dutch district, from Middle Dutch district, from Middle French district, from Medieval Latin districtus (“a district within which the lord may distrain, also jurisdiction”), from Latin districtus, past participle of distringō, distringere (“draw asunder, compel, distrain”), from dis- (“apart”) + stringō, stringere (“draw tight, strain”).

district: an administrative division of an area.

(Papuan) a third level administrative division (previously Dutch onderdistrict (“subdistrict”), in Dutch East Indies period) in Papua and West Papua only.


surah

From Arabic سُورَة (sūra, “chapter of the Qur'an”).

(Islam) sura: any of the 114 chapters of the Qur'an.


anak laki-laki

From Malay anak laki-laki, from Classical Malay انق لاكي-لاكي (anak laki-laki), انق لاكي٢ (anak laki2). Equivalent to anak + laki-laki.

inh

انق لاكي-لاكي


bintang

From Malay bintang, from Proto-Malayic *bintaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bituqən (compare Tagalog bituin), from Proto-Austronesian *bituqən.

(astrology) A planet supposed to influence one's destiny.


bintang

From Semantic loan from Dutch sterretje.


bintang

star,
(acting) An actor in a leading role.


huruf

From Malay huruf, from Arabic حُرُوف (ḥurūf) plural of حَرْف (ḥarf).

Coordinate term: angka

(linguistics, typography) graph: A graphical unit on the token-level, the abstracted fundamental shape of a character or letter as distinct from its ductus (realization in a particular typeface or handwriting on the instance-level) and as distinct by a grapheme on the type-level by not fundamentally distinguishing meaning.


fals

From Dutch vals (“false”), from Latin falsus (“counterfeit, false; falsehood”), perfect passive participle of fallō (“deceive”).


Petrus

Learned borrowing from Latin Petrus, from Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros).

a male given name from Dutch [in turn from Latin], equivalent to English Peter


selimut

menyelimuti [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menyelimutkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


iblis

(theology) an evil creature, the objectification of a hostile and destructive force

(folklore) a fictional image of a man, usually red or orange in skin color; with a set of horns on his head, a pointed goatee and a long tail and carrying a pitchfork; that represents evil and portrayed to children in an effort to discourage bad behavior


bija

From Sanskrit बीज (bīja, “seed”). Doublet of biji.


universiteit

From Dutch universiteit (“university”), from Middle Dutch universiteit, from Old French universitei, from Medieval Latin ūniversitās. Cognate with German Universität.

(education, dated) Superseded spelling of universitas.


kapten

kaptèn (canonical)
kapten-kapten (plural)

→ Min Nan: 甲丁 (kap-teng, “captain”)

From Dutch kapitein (“captain”), from Old French capitaine, from Late Latin capitāneus, from Latin caput (“head”). Cognate with Afrikaans kaptein.

(military) An army or air force officer whose rank is higher than that of a lieutenant but lower than that of a major.

(military) A naval officer whose rank is higher than that of a commander but lower than that of a commodore.


artileri

From Dutch artillerie, from Middle Dutch artillerie, from Middle French artillerie, from Old French artillerie (“collection of military engines, crossbows, lances etc.”), from artillier (“to equip, provide with contraptions”), alteration of atiller (“to arrange, adjust, put on clothes or, especially, pieces of armour”) (influenced by art), itself from a Vulgar Latin *apticlāre < *apticulāre, from Latin aptāre (“to make capable”).

large projectile weapons, transportable and usually operated by more than one person; usually various types of cannon, but rocket artillery also exists.

an army unit that uses such weapons, or a military formation using projectile weapons, such as archers.


responsi

Affixed respons + -si, from Dutch responsie (“respond, answer”), from Latin responsio.


kudeta

kudéta (canonical)
kudeta-kudeta (plural)

Ultimately from French coup d’État (literally “stroke (or blow) of state”).


vokal

From Dutch vocaal (“vowel”), from Latin vōcālis.
* Semantic loan from English vocal, except the sense “vowel”.


politikus

From Malay politikus, from Dutch politicus, from Latin polīticus, from Ancient Greek πολιτικός (politikós).
The derogatory sense is from rebracketing to poli- (“many”) + tikus (“rat”) or politik (“politics”) + tikus (“rat”).


ifrit

Inherited from Malay ifrit, from Classical Malay ifrit, from Arabic عِفْرِيت (ʕifrīt).


regu

→ English: regu

From Malay regu.
* The military sense is a semantic loan from Dutch geweergroep.

(military) squad: a unit of tactical military personnel, or of police officers, usually of about ten members.

(scouting) the smallest unit, consisting of penggalang.


akordeon

akordèon (canonical)
akordeon-akordeon (plural)

From Dutch accordeon, from French accordéon, from German Akkordeon.


maktab

From Malay maktab, from Arabic مَكْتَب (maktab).

(Islam, Hajj) An office, bureau, particularly ones providing preparatory services for Hajj pilgrimages.


delik

From Dutch delict, from Latin delictum (“fault”).


SPM

(management, government) Initialism of standar pelayanan minimal (literally “minimum service standard”).


malaikat

From Malay malaikat, from Classical Malay ملائکة (malaikat), from Arabic مَلَائِكَة (malāʔika), the plural of مَلْأَك (malʔak).


Atena

Learned borrowing from Latin Athēna (“Athena”), from Ancient Greek Ἀθηνᾶ (Athēnâ).

lbor

(Greek mythology) the goddess of wisdom, especially strategic warfare, the arts, and especially crafts, in particular, weaving; daughter of Zeus and Metis. Her Roman counterpart is Minerva.


kait

(typography) serif (a short line added to the end of a stroke in traditional typefaces)


istana

From Malay istana, from Classical Malay ايستان (istana), from Sanskrit आस्थान (āsthāna). Doublet of astana.

(if crenellated)


parabel

From Dutch parabel, from Middle French [Term?], from Old French parable, parabole, from Late Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ, “comparison”). Doublet of parabola.

der

(literature) parable, a short narrative illustrating a lesson (usually religious/moral) by comparison or analogy.


sekte

From Dutch sekte, from Old French secte (“a sect in philosophy or religion”), from Late Latin secta (“a sect in philosophy or religion, a school, party, faction, class, gild, band, particularly a heretical doctrine or sect, etc.”), possibly, from Latin sequi (“to follow”).

(religion) sect (split-off religious or philosophical group).


bruder

From Dutch broeder, from Middle Dutch broeder, from Old Dutch bruother, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of frater.


kartel

From Dutch kartel (“cartel”), from German Kartell, from French cartel, from Italian cartello, diminutive of carta, from Latin carta, charta, from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “papyrus, paper”). Doublet of kardus, karton, kartu, katrij, and kertas.

doublet

(economics) group of businesses or nations that collude to fix prices.

(politics) combination of political groups (notably parties) for common action.

cartel:
(law) alliance of at least two parties.

cartel:
alliance of at least two parties.


recitativo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian recitativo.


lelaki

From Malay laki-laki, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Madurese lalake, Tagalog lalaki); Partial reduplication of laki.


domba

→ Cia-Cia: domba

From Malay domba, from Persian دنبه (donba, “sheep's tail”), دم (dom, “tail”), from Middle Persian dwm(b') (/dum(b)/), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewmbʰ- (“penis, tail, rod”).

der

(Christianity) a religious adherent, a member of a congregation or religious community.


zalim

From Malay zalim, lalim, from Classical Malay ظاليم (zalim), from Arabic ظَالِم (ẓālim).


fungsi

From Malay fungsi, from Dutch functie, from French fonction, from Middle French function, ultimately from Latin functiō.

memfungsikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

(linguistics) a way of achieving an aim using language.


batalion

From Dutch bataljon, from French bataillon. Cognate of Malay batalion.

(military) battalion: an army unit having two or more companies, etc. and a headquarters. Traditionally forming part of a regiment.


xilofon

Either from Dutch xylofoon or English xylophone.


epistel

èpistêl (canonical)
epistel-epistel (plural)

From Dutch epistel, from Latin epistola, from Ancient Greek ἐπιστολή (epistolḗ), from ἐπιστέλλω (epistéllō, “I send a message”), from ἐπί (epí, “upon”) + στέλλω (stéllō, “I prepare, send”).

(Christianity) epistle, one of the letters included as a book of the New Testament.


misdrijf

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch misdrijf.


resistans

résistans (canonical)
resistans-resistans (plural)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch résistance, from French résistance, from Latin resistentia.

(psychology) the forces that counteract progress in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.


lobi

(architecture, art) an entryway or reception area; vestibule; passageway; corridor.

(politics) the attempt to influence (a public official or decision-maker) in favor of a specific opinion or cause.


kongregasi

From Dutch congregatie, from Latin congregātiō, itself from congregō (“to herd into a flock”).

(Catholicism) religious congregation: a religious institute of the Catholic Church in which simple vows are taken


TK

taman kanak-kanak
taman kanak-kanak#Indonesian

(education) Initialism of taman kanak-kanak (“kindergarten”).


kantata

From Italian cantata, from Latin [Term?].

(music) cantata: a vocal composition accompanied by instruments and generally containing more than one movement, typical of 17th and 18th century Italian music.


kardinal

From Dutch kardinaal, from Middle Dutch cardinael, from Latin cardinalis.


kring

From Dutch kring (“circle”), from Middle Dutch kring, from Proto-Germanic *kringaz.


Agni

From Sanskrit अग्नि (agní, “fire”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hagníṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hagnís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnís, from *h₁engʷ- (“to burn; fire”). Doublet of anggara.

(Hinduism) Agni, a Hindu and Vedic deity of fire.


sektor

sèktor (canonical)
sektor-sektor (plural)

(law enforcement) an third-level jurisdiction division ranking in Indonesia.


jaksa

→ Min Nan: 若卅

Inherited from Malay jaksa, from Javanese ꦗꦏ꧀ꦱ (jaksa, “prosecutor; auditor”), from Old Javanese dyakṣa, dhyakṣa, adhyakṣa (“inspector, superintendent, supervisor, guardian; highest judicial official”), from Sanskrit अध्यक्ष (adhyakṣa, “inspector, chairperson”). Doublet of adiaksa. The sense of prosecutor is a semantic loan from Dutch officier van justitie and Japanese 檢事(けんじ) (kenji).

sl

(law) prosecutor: a prosecuting attorney.


punia

From Sanskrit पुण्य (puṇya, “good or right, virtue, purity, good work, meritorious act, moral or religious merit”).


busur

From Malay busur, from Proto-Malayic *busur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *busuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *busuʀ.

(Standard Malay)

(architecture) arch an architectural element having the shape of an arch; an arch-shaped arrangement of trapezoidal stones, designed to redistribute downward force outward.


pedagogi

From Dutch pedagogie, from Middle French pédagogie, from Ancient Greek παιδαγωγία (paidagōgía).

(education) pedagogy: the strategies of instruction; an educational philosophy.


sosiologi

From Dutch sociologie, from French sociologie, coined by Auguste Comte in 1834.

(sociology) sociology: the study of society, human social interaction and the rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups and institutions.


orkestra

Learned borrowing from Latin orchestra, from Ancient Greek ὀρχήστρα (orkhḗstra), from ὀρχοῦμαι (orkhoûmai, “to dance”) (an intensification of ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”), from Proto-Indo-European *ergh- (“to set in motion, stir up, raise”)) + suffix *-tra denoting "place". Doublet of orkes


apokalips

From Dutch apocalyps, from Latin apocalypsis, from Ancient Greek ἀποκάλυψις (apokálupsis, “revelation”), literally meaning "uncovering", from ἀπό (apó, “after”) and καλύπτω (kalúptō, “I cover”).

(Christianity) The unveiling of events prophesied in the Revelation; the second coming and the end of life on Earth; global destruction.


kaba

From Minangkabau kaba, from Arabic خَبَر (ḵabar, “news”). Doublet of kabar.

(literature) Minangkabau traditional literature in the form of rhythmic prose, simple sentences with 3-5 words so that it can be said rhythmically or sung, the theme of the story is various, such as heroism, adventure, consolation, and love stories


Nyepi

Reconstructed as meng- + sepi, from Balinese ᬜᭂᬧᬶ (nyepi, “to be quiet”). Doublet of mênyêpi. Cognate of Javanese ꦚꦼꦥꦶ (nyepi, “to be desolate”).

(Hinduism) Nyepi: A Hindu Balinese day of silence, fasting and meditation that falls on Bali's Lunar New Year.


rubrik

From Dutch rubriek (“rubric”), from Old French rubrique, from Latin rubrīca (“red ochre”), the substance used to make red letters, from ruber (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ-.

(Catholicism) The directions for a religious service, formerly printed in red letters.

(education) A set of scoring criteria for evaluating student work and for giving feedback.


asana

From Sanskrit आसन (āsana). Doublet of angsana.

(archaeology) related to definitions above.


artikel

artikêl (canonical)
artikel-artikel (plural)

From Dutch artikel, from Latin articulus (“a joint, limb, member, part, division, the article in grammar, a point of time”); prop. diminutive of artus (“a joint”), from ar (“to fit, join”).

(law) A section of a legal document, bylaws, etc. or, in the plural, the entire document seen as a collection of these.

(linguistics) A part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun (a, an, or the in English).


Indra

From Sanskrit इन्द्र (indra). Doublet of indra.
* Semantic loan from Javanese ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ (Indra)

sl

(Hinduism) Indra: The god of war and weather; also the King of the Gods or Devas and Lord of Heaven or Svargaloka in Hinduism.


pelabuhan

Affixed labuh + per- -an, from Malay pelabuhan.


Aditya

From Javanese ꦄꦢꦶꦠꦾ (Aditya), from Old Javanese āditya, from Sanskrit आदित्य (ādityá).

(Hinduism) Aditya: Any of a group of solar deities, the sons of Aditi and Kashyapa.


bangsa

Inherited from Malay bangsa, from Classical Malay بڠسا (bangsa), from Old Malay vaṃśa, from Sanskrit वंश (vaṃśá, “offspring, lineage, collection”). Doublet of wangsa. Cognate of Tagalog bansa (“nation”).

der

bangsa India kuno; bangsa Indonesia; bangsa Mesir

The ancient Indians; the Indonesian nation; the Egyptian folk

Bangsa Mongol adalah masyarakat nomad yang banyak mendiami daerah Mongolia

The Mongols are a nomadic community predominantly residing in the region of Mongolia

A group of people, animals, or plants with shared origin and the same characteristic.

(politics) A nation; a people or folk: group or community with often shared ancestral-lines, custom, language, and history; usually formed due to a sense of unity in terms of national, linguistic, or cultural ties, whilst also typically inhabiting a specific region on earth


panji

From Malay panji (“banner, standard”), from Sanskrit पञ्जी (pañjī, “register”). Doublet of banci.
* Semantic loan from Javanese ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦶ (panji) for noun 2 senses.

sl

(literature) a genre of Indonesian heroic and noble story.


diftong

From Dutch diftong, from Middle French diphtongue, from Latin diphthongus, from Ancient Greek δίφθογγος (díphthongos).


kres

From Dutch kruis, from Middle Dutch cruce, from Latin crux (“cross”).

(music) sharp, higher than usual by one semitone (denoted by the symbol ♯ after the name of the note).


eugenika

Internationalism, borrowed from English eugenics.


grasi

From Dutch gratie, from Middle Dutch gracie, from Latin grātia.


otonomi

From earlier autonomi, from Dutch autonomie, from Ancient Greek αὐτονομία (autonomía). Cognate of Afrikaans outonomie.


amin

From Malay amin, from Arabic آمِين (ʔāmīn), from Aramaic ܐܡܝܢ (ʾāmēyn), from Hebrew אָמֵן (ʾāmēn)


liturgi

From Dutch liturgie, from Latin līturgia, from Ancient Greek λειτουργία (leitourgía, “work in public”).

der

(Christianity) liturgy, a predetermined or prescribed set of rituals that are performed.


KPI

key performance indicator
key performance indicator#English

(management) Initialism of key performance indicator.


ruko

(architecture, real estate) Acronym of rumah toko (“shophouse”).


parlementer

(government) parliamentary: of, relating to, or enacted by a parliament.


promoveren

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch promoveren (“to receive a doctorate”, literally “to be promoted”), from Middle Dutch promoveren, from Latin promovere.


HO

surat izin gangguan
surat izin gangguan#Indonesian

(business, government, law) Initialism of hinder ordonnantie (literally “hindrance ordinance”): a government permit for business activities with disturbance, hindrance or danger potential and also known as surat izin gangguan or izin gangguan.


curatele

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch curatele from Latin cūratēla.

(law) legal and financial guardianship under which the ward is an adult.


maskara

(cosmetics) mascara: a cosmetic used to darken and thicken the eyelashes.


advis

Borrowed from Dutch advies, from Middle Dutch avijs, from Old French avis, from the phrase ce m'est a vis ("in my view"), where vis is from Latin visum (“vision, image”)

(finance) Remittance advice, a formal statement indicating financial transactions.


demokrat

From Dutch democraat, from French démocrate.

(politics) democrat: a supporter of democracy; an advocate of democratic politics.


granat

From Dutch granaat, from Middle Dutch garnate, grenate, from Old French grenat, from Latin pomus granatus (“seeded apple”).

(military) grenade: a small explosive device, designed to be thrown by hand or launched from a grenade launcher.


paten

From Dutch patent (“patent”), from Middle French patente, from lettres patentes (“letter in which a privilege is granted”), from Latin littera patens.


absolutisme

→ Malay: absolutisme

Affixed absolut + -isme, from Dutch absolutisme, from French absolutisme.

(politics, political science) the principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary government.

(philosophy) belief in a metaphysical absolute; belief in Absolute.


Roh Kudus

From Arabic الرُّوح الْقُدُس (ar-rūḥ al-qudus).

bor

الرُّوح الْقُدُس


kabupaten

kabupatén (canonical)
kabupaten-kabupaten (plural)

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ (kabupatén), equivalent to bupati + ke- -an. Doublet of kebupatian.

bor+

(government) regency (the second-level administrative division in Indonesia)


kaidah

From Malay kaidah (Standard Malay kaédah), from Arabic قَاعِدَة (qāʕida).

(biology, chemistry, economics, linguistics, physics) A regulation, law, guideline.


kajian

(Standard Malay)

(education) any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration.


nirwana

From Malay nirwana borrowing Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “nirvana”, literally “blown or put out, extinguished”).

bor

(Hinduism) extinction of the flame of life, dissolution, death or final emancipation from matter and re-union with the Supreme Spirit

शून्य शून्य#Sanskrit

(Buddhism) absolute extinction or annihilation (= शून्य (śūnya)) of individual existence or of all desires and passions


penata

pênata (canonical)
penata-penata (plural)


asas

From Malay asas, from Arabic أَسَاس (ʔasās).

(chemistry, education, law, physics) principle


barong

From Balinese ᬩᬭᭀᬂ (“barong”) and Javanese ꦧꦫꦺꦴꦁ (barong), from Old Javanese baroṅ, barwaṅ (literally “bear”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baʀuaŋ (“bear”). Doublet of beruang.


anak perempuan

anak (“child”) + perempuan (“girl”), from Malay anak perempuan, from Classical Malay انق ڤرمڤوان (anak perempuan).


jadi

From Arabic اَلْجَدْي (al-jady, “young goat, Capricorn”).


eksamen

From Dutch examen (“examination”) (pre-1996 eksamen), from Latin exāmen.


primas

Learned borrowing from Latin primas, prīmus, from Proto-Italic *priisemos.

(Catholicism) primate, a title rarely conferred to or claimed by certain bishops


verba

From Dutch verba (“verbs”), from Latin verba, verbum, from Proto-Italic *werβom, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om (“word”).

(grammar) verb, a word that indicates an action, event, or state.


zina

From Malay zina, from Arabic زِنَاء (zināʔ).

(Islam) fornication (sexual intercourse by people who are not married to each other)

(law) adultery (sexual intercourse by a married person with someone other than their spouse)

(biblical) adultery (faithlessness in religion)


manhua

Borrowed from Mandarin 漫畫 /漫画 (mànhuà), from Japanese 漫(まん)画(が) (manga). Doublet of manga and manhwa.

(comics) manhua (comic originating in China)


manhwa

Borrowed from Korean 만화(漫畫) (manhwa), from Japanese 漫(まん)画(が) (manga). Doublet of manga and manhua.

(comics) manhwa (comic originating in Korea)


medeplichtige

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch medeplichtige (“accessory (assisting a crime)”).


waran

(finance) warrant (an option, usually issued together with another security and with a term at issue greater than a year, to buy other securities of the issuer)


chargé d'affaires

id-noun

chargé d'affaires (plural chargé-chargé d'affaires)

Unadapted borrowing from French chargé d’affaires (literally “[one] charged with matters”).

ubor

chargé d'affaires
chargé d'affaires#English

(diplomacy) chargé d'affaires: a diplomat, ranking below an ambassador, who heads a diplomatic mission when no ambassador is present, either temporarily (in the interim between the departure of one ambassador and the accreditation of another) or for an extended time.


zending

zènding (canonical)
zending-zending (plural)

From Dutch zending, from Middle Dutch sendinge.

(Christianity, Protestantism) mission, religious evangelism.


FS

(education) Initialism of fakultas sastra.


stipendium

stipèndium (canonical)
stipendium-stipendium (plural)

From Dutch stipendium, from Latin stipendium, from stips (“alms, small payment”) + pendere (“pay, weigh”).


zendeling

zèndêling (canonical)
zendeling-zendeling (plural)


infinitif

Borrowed from Dutch infinitief (“infinitive”), from Old French infinitif, from Latin īnfīnītīvus.


kapitalisme

From kapital + -isme, from Dutch kapitalisme.


balans

From Dutch balans, from Middle Dutch balanse, from Old French balance, from Latin bilanx.

(accounting) balance sheet: a list accounting for the debits on one side, and for the credits on the other.


FST

(education) Initialism of fakultas sains dan teknologi.


zaken

Borrowed from Dutch zaken (“business; affairs”).

(government, politics) professional, technocratic (generally to cabinet).


koloni

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch kolonie, from Latin colōnia (“colony”), colōnus (“farmer; colonist”), colō (“till, cultivate, worship”).

(government, politics) a governmental unit created on land of another country owned by colonists from a country; region or governmental unit created by another country and generally ruled by another country.

(government, politics) a group of people with the same interests or ethnic origin concentrated in a particular geographic area.


klausa

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin clausa, diminutive of clausula (“close, end; a clause, close of a period”)), from Latin clausus, past participle of claudere (“to shut, close”). Doublet of klausul.

lbor

(grammar) clause: a verb, its necessary grammatical arguments, and any adjuncts affecting them.


stase

From Brabantian Dutch stasie, stase (“station”) (standard Dutch station), from French stage, from Old French estation, estacion, from Latin stātiō, stātiōnem. Doublet of stasiun and stasi.

Pastor Yus juga mengungkapkan bahwa sebagian masyarakat dari desa Yokatapa juga telah diminta oleh aparat untuk berkumpul dan tinggal di halaman Gereja Katolik Stase Waboagapa.

(Catholicism, dialect) alternative spelling of stasi (“administration division in a parish”, literally “station”).


dramatis

Borrowed from Dutch dramatisch, from German dramatisch or French dramatique, from Latin dramaticus, from Ancient Greek δραματικός (dramatikós).

dramatic:
(drama) of or relating to the drama.


dioses

From Dutch diocees, from French diocèse, from Latin dioecēsis (“district under a governor”), from Ancient Greek διοίκησις (dioíkēsis).

der

(Roman Catholicism) diocese: region administered by a bishop.


fosil

Borrowed from Dutch fossiel (“fossil”), from French fossile, from Latin fossilis (“something which has been dug up”), from fodio (“I dig up”).


tata letak

head

tata letak (plural tata-tata letak, first-person possessive tata letakku, second-person possessive tata letakmu, third-person possessive tata letaknya)

tata-tata letak (plural)
tata letak ku (first-person possessive)
tata letak mu (possessive second-person)
tata letak nya (possessive third-person)

Compound of tata (“arrangement”) + letak (“location”).

compound

(publishing) The process of arranging editorial content, advertising, graphics and other information to fit within certain constraints.

(typography) The setting or composition of written material into type; typesetting


laporan

(finance) statement: a document that summarizes financial activity.


ofset

(printing) the offset printing process, in which ink is carried from a metal plate to a rubber blanket and from there to the printing surface.

(military) common-directive non-state law military commercial activities.


passe-partout

Unadapted borrowing from French passe-partout.

ubor

(art, photography) matte (decorative border around a picture)


seminari

sèminari (canonical)
seminari-seminari (plural)

From Dutch seminarie (“seminary”), from Latin sēminārium. Doublet of seminar.

(Catholicism, education) seminary, a theological school for Catholic priests.


unipolar

(medicine, politics, psychology) unipolar


reses

Borrowed from Dutch reces (“recess”), from Latin recessus (“retreat, departure; a secret spot, nook, corner”), from recēdō (“to go back, retire, withdraw”) + -tus (“action noun suffix”).

af

(government) recess: a period of time when the proceedings of a parliament, committee, court of law, or other official body are temporarily suspended.


sadisme

sadismê (canonical)
sadisme-sadisme (plural)

From Dutch sadisme, from French sadisme, after Marquis de Sade.


skor

From English score, from Middle English score, skore, schore, from Old English scoru (“notch; tally; score”), from Old Norse skor, from Proto-Germanic *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”), which is related to *skeraną (“to cut”).

der

(education) the performance of an individual or group on an examination or test, expressed by a number, letter, or other symbol; a grade


mitos

From Latin mythos, from Ancient Greek μῦθος (mûthos).


kelim

(sewing) seam (folded back and stitched piece of fabric)


hadas

From Malay [Term?], from Arabic حَدَث (ḥadaṯ, “ordure, excrement”).

(Islam) impureness (in regard to Muslim rites)


sero

Back-formation from pesero (“shareholder”) as per- + sero, from earlier persero, from Portuguese parceiro (“business partner”), from Old Galician-Portuguese parceiro, from Late Latin partiārius, from Latin partiō, from pars.

der

(finance, trading) stock, the capital raised by a company through the issue of shares.


lamin

Borrowed from Tenggarong Kutai Malay lamin, from non-Malayic substrate (cognate with Lotud lamin and Coastal Kadazan hamin).

bor+

the traditional longhouse of East Kalimantan


institut

From Dutch instituut (“institute”), from Middle Dutch institute, from Old French [Term?], from Latin īnstitūtum.

(education) an institution of learning; a college, especially for technical subjects.


kalke

From Dutch calque, from French calque (“calque”, literally “copy, tracing”), from calquer (“to copy, trace”), itself borrowed from Italian calcare, from Latin calcāre (“to tread”).

der

(linguistics) calque: a word or phrase in a language formed by word-for-word or morpheme-by-morpheme translation of a word in another language.


waria

Blend of wanita (“woman”) + pria (“man”). First attested in 1978. Replaced wadam.

blend

a member of Indonesia's traditional transfeminine third gender


katekismus

Borrowed from Dutch catechismus, from Latin catēchismus.


korps

From Dutch korps, corps, from Middle French corps, from Old French corps, from Latin corpus (“body”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷrép-o-, *kʷr̥p-eH₂- (“body”).

(military) a battlefield formation composed of two or more divisions.


organogram

organisation chart
organisation chart#English

organization chart
organization chart#English

(management) organisation chart, organization chart.


integrasi

intêgrasi (canonical)
integrasi-integrasi (plural)

From Dutch integratie, ultimately from Latin integratio.

(politics, government, sociology) the process of fitting into a community, notably applied to 'visible' (ethnic, immigrant...) minorities.


stelsel

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch stelsel (“system”).


fabel

From Dutch fabel (“fable”), from Old French fable, from Latin fābula.

(literature) fable, a fictitious narrative intended to enforce some useful truth or precept, usually with animals, etc. as characters.


higiene

Borrowed from Dutch hygiëne (“hygiene”), from French hygiène, from Ancient Greek ὑγιεινή (τέχνη) (hugieinḗ (tékhnē), literally “art of health”), from ὑγιεινός (hugieinós, “of health, good for the health, wholesome, sound, healthy”), from ὑγιής (hugiḗs, “healthy, sound”).

der

ὑγιεινή (τέχνη)

those conditions and practices that promote and preserve health.


primair

(law) alternative spelling of primèr (“primary”)


oratorium

From Dutch oratorium, from Latin ōrātōrium (“place of prayer, oratory”), substantive of ōrātōrius (“oratorical”), from ōrātor (“public speaker, orator”) + -ōrius.

(Christianity, Roman Catholicism, music) An oratorio, a religiously-themed semi-operatic form of music.

(Roman Catholicism) A prayer room or small chapel.


abdis

From Dutch abdis (“abbess”), from Middle Dutch abdisse.


datif

From Dutch datief, from French datif, from Latin dativus.


kuis

(education) a school examination of less importance, or of greater brevity, than others given in the same course.


oprit

(construction, engineering, road transport) ramp


bokeh

From English bokeh, from Japanese 暈け (boke, “blur”), the nominalized form of 暈ける (bokeru, “to blur (intransitive)”).

(photography) bokeh, a subjective aesthetic quality of out-of-focus areas of an image projected by a camera lens.


katedral

katêdral (canonical)
katedral-katedral (plural)

From Dutch kathedraal, from Late Latin ecclēsia cathedrālis (“church having a bishop's seat”), from Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra, “chair of a teacher, throne”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”). Doublet of kadera.


propedeuse

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch propedeuse (“propedeuse”), from Ancient Greek προπαίδευσις (propaídeusis), προπαιδεύω (propaideúō, “I give preparatory instruction”), πρό (pró, “before”) + παιδεύω (paideúō, “I teach”).

der

προπαίδευσις

(education) propedeuse: the first year's (preparatory) study at some European universities


puisi

From Dutch poëzie, from Middle French poésie (Modern French poésie), from Late Latin poēsia, from earlier poēsis, from Ancient Greek ποίησις (poíēsis).


prélude

Unadapted borrowing from French prélude (“prelude”), from Late Latin praeludium.

ubor

(music) prelude: a short, free-form piece of music, originally one serving as an introduction to a longer and more complex piece; later, starting with the Romantic period, generally a stand-alone piece.


a tempo

Unadapted borrowing from Italian a tempo.

(music) return to normal tempo from a deviation


daging

(religion) flesh: the mortal body of a human being, contrasted with the spirit or soul.


iklan

→ Tetum: iklan

From Arabic إِعْلَان (ʔiʕlān). Coined by Indonesian journalist Soedardjo Tjokrosisworo in 1951 with intention to replace adpertensi (current spelling advertensi).

bor

Arabic إِعْلَان (ʔiʕlān)

coinage

(advertising) advertisement (commercial solicitation)

mengiklankan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

periklanan [causative passive + resultative


indeks

(economics) a single number calculated from an array of prices or of quantities.

(linguistics) a type of noun where the meaning of the form changes with respect to the context.


anarkisme

From Dutch anarchisme. Reconstructed as anarki + -isme.


morfologi

From Dutch morfologie, from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) + λόγος (lógos).

a scientific study of form and structure, usually without regard to function, especially:

(linguistics) the study of the internal structure of morphemes (words and their semantic building blocks).


kredit

krèdit (canonical)
kredit-kredit (plural)

Ultimately from Middle French crédit (“belief, trust”), from Latin creditum (“a loan, credit”), neuter of creditus, past participe of credere (“to believe”).
* Borrowed from Dutch credit (“liabilities”) for sense of liabilities
* Borrowed from Dutch krediet for sense of credit (finance and accounting senses), debt.
* Semantic loan from English credit for sense of value, distinction or honour; course credit.

bor+

(finance) an amount of money in a company that is owed to someone and has to be paid in the future, such as tax, debt, interest, and mortgage payments.

(accounting) the right side of a balance sheet.

liabilities
the right side of a balance sheet.

(accounting) an addition to certain accounts; the side of an account on which payments received are entered.

(education) a course credit, a credit hour – used as measure if enough courses have been taken for graduation

(finance) debt: money that one person or entity owes or is required to pay to another, generally as a result of a loan or other financial transaction.


tirani

From Dutch tyrannie, from Old French tyrannie, from Medieval Latin tyrannia, tyrania, from Ancient Greek τυραννία (turannía, “tyranny”), from τύραννος (túrannos, “lord, master, sovereign, tyrant”).


retouche

Unadapted borrowing from French retouche (“modification, correction, amendment”).


kehamilan

id-noun

kehamilan (countable and uncountable, plural kehamilan-kehamilan)

kehamilan ekstrauterin

extrauterine pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy

kehamilan kornu

cornual pregnancy, interstitial pregnancy


Nehemia

(Christianity, Judaism) Nehemiah (prophet)

(Christianity, Judaism) Nehemiah (book of the Bible)


jasa

From Sanskrit यशस् (yaśas, “honor”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *yáśas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáćas (“glory; honor”).

der

(economics) service, the practice of providing such an act of being of assistance to someone as economic activity.


vrijspraak

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch vrijspraak.


kadi

Inherited from Malay kadi, from Arabic قَاضِي (qāḍī, “judge”).

(Islam, law) qadi: a judge who is trained in and practices Islamic law.


inventarisasi

(business, management) inventory: The process of producing or updating such a list.


gudang

Inherited from Malay gudang, from Tamil கிடங்கு (kiṭaṅku, “store room”), from Proto-Dravidian [Term?]. Cognate of Kannada ಗದಙ್ಗು (gadaṅgu), Malayalam കിടങ്ങു (kiṭaṅṅu).

warehouse (a place for storing large amounts of products. In logistics, a place where products go to from the manufacturer before going to the retailer)


BBN

bea balik nama
bea balik nama#Indonesian

(taxation) Initialism of bea balik nama (“transfer tax”).


anarkis

Borrowed from Dutch anarchist, from French anarchiste, from Ancient Greek ἀναρχία (anarkhía) from the roots ἀν- (an-, “without”) + ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “rule”);. Equivalent to anarki + -is.


barok

From Dutch barok, from French baroque, from Portuguese barocco, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly from Latin verruca (“wart”).

(architecture, literature) Baroque, a period in western architecture, art and music from ca. 1600 to ca. 1760 CE.


haji

From Malay haji, from Arabic حَجِّيّ (ḥajjiyy, “hajji”), حَجّ (ḥajj, “hajj”).

(Islam) hajj: the pilgrimage to Mecca made by pious Muslims; one of the five pillars of Islam.

(Islam) hajji: one who has participated in a hajj.


perdata

pêrdata (canonical)
perdata-perdata (plural)

From Javanese ꦥꦿꦢꦠ (pradata, “court”), from Old Javanese pradata (“communication; explanation”), from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-, “act of”) + धट (dhaṭa, “ordeal by the balance”).

compound

(law) civil, relating to private relations among citizens, as opposed to criminal matters.


apokrifa

Learned borrowing from Latin apocrypha, apocryphus, from Ancient Greek ἀπόκρυφος (apókruphos).


kulpa

(law) culpa: negligence or fault, as distinguishable from dolus (deceit, fraud), which implies intent, culpa being imputable to defect of intellect, dolus to defect of heart.


fiksi

From Dutch fictie, from Latin fictiō. Cognate to Afrikaans fiksie.

, cereka (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)

(literature) literary type using invented or imaginative writing, instead of real facts, usually written as prose.


sendok

→ Laboya: sodeka

From Malay senduk, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sinduk (“spoon, ladle”). Cognate to Sundanese ᮞᮦᮔ᮪ᮓᮧᮊ᮪ (séndok).


kujang

Borrowed from Sundanese ᮊᮥᮏᮀ (kujang), inherited from Old Sundanese kūjang.

A sword-like weapon of Sundanese people originates from the Sundanese region in West Java.


pengacara

From peng- + acara (“court examination”).

a professional person with a graduate law degree that qualifies for legal work (such as Juris Doctor)


ABRI

angkatan (“force”) + bersenjata (“armed”) + republik (“republic”) + Indonesia

compound

Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia#Indonesian

(historical) Acronym of Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (“Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces”).


operasi

opêrasi (canonical)
operasi-operasi (plural)

From Dutch operatie, from Latin operātiō, the verb of operor (“I work”), from opus, operis (“work”).

operation
(military) a military campaign.


penghulu

pênghulu (canonical)
penghulu-penghulu (plural)

Affixed peng- + hulu, inherited from Malay penghulu.

(Islam) marriage officiant, imam, priest

chief, head, leader
marriage officiant, imam, priest

(Islam) head of Islamic religious affairs in the regency or municipality

(Islam) Islamic religious affairs counselor at the district court


tebusan

(law) A sum paid for discharge of the offender.


wajan

From Sanskrit भाजन (bhājana). Doublet of bajan and bejana.

wok: A large, oriental, round-bottomed cooking pan.


kejahatan

kêjahatan (canonical)
kejahatan-kejahatan (plural)

Affixed jahat + ke- -an, inherited from Malay kejahatan, from Classical Malay kejahatan.
The sense of crime is a semantic loan from Dutch misdrijf.


patriarki

Internationalism, perhaps borrowed from English patriarchy, from Latin patriarchia, from Byzantine Greek πατριαρχία (patriarkhía), from Koine Greek πατριάρχης (patriárkhēs, “patriarch”), from πατρία (patría) and ἄρχω (árkhō). Doublet of patriarkat.

der

(anthropology, history) a social system in which the father is head of the household, having authority over women and children, and in which lineage is traced through the male line.


kelas

From Dutch klas (“classroom”) and klasse (“class”), from French classe, from Middle French classe, from Latin classis. Doublet of klasis. Not inherited from Malay kelas, which is from English class.
* Semantic loan from English class for all senses other than “classroom” and “grade”.

(sociology) a social grouping, based on job, wealth, etc.

(education) a group of students who commenced or completed their education during a particular year.

(education) short for ruang kelas (“classroom, a room, often in a school, where classes take place”).

ruang kelas

(education) grade, a level of primary and secondary education.


jalur

From Malay jalur, from Classical Malay جالور (jalur).

international relations
international relations

track:
(international relations) approach


imperialis

impèrialis (canonical)
imperialis-imperialis (plural)

From Dutch imperialist m, imperialiste f, from French impérialiste m or f.

(politics) imperialist: an advocate of imperialism.


citra

From Malay citra (“image”), from Sanskrit चित्र (citrá, “picture”).

mencitrakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

(management) people's perception towards a person, company, organization or product


komedi

komédi (canonical)
komedi-komedi (plural)

From Malay komedi borrowed from Dutch komedie, from Latin cōmoedia, from Ancient Greek κωμῳδία (kōmōidía). Doublet of komidi.

(drama) a dramatic work that is light and humorous or satirical in tone.

comedy:
(drama) the genre of such works.


FK

(education) Initialism of fakultas kedokteran.


utang

From Malay utang, hutang, from Classical Malay utang, hutang, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qutaŋ.

(finance) money that one person or entity owes or is required to pay to another, generally as a result of a loan or other financial transaction.

(accounting) liabilities: the right side of a balance sheet.


inkubator

(business) a support programme for the development of entrepreneurial companies.


korve

From Dutch corvee, from French corvée, from Late Latin conrogāta.


brahmana

(Hinduism) a Brahmin, a man belonging to the 1st of the 3 twice-born classes and of the 4 original divisions of the Hindu body (generally a priest, but often in the present day a layman engaged in non-priestly occupations although the name is strictly only applicable to one who knows and repeats the veda).


wereldheer

Unadapted borrowing from Dutch wereldheer (“secular clergyman”).


diaken

Borrowed from Dutch diaken, from Ecclesiastical Latin diāconus, from Ancient Greek διᾱ́κονος (diā́konos).

(Christianity, Protestantism) deacon (male with duties of helping the ministers (pastors, priests) and carrying out parish work)


senat

From Dutch senaat, from Old French senat, from Latin senātus (“council of elders; a senate”), from senex (“old”).

der

(government) the upper house or chamber in some bicameral legislative systems.


katastrofe

From Dutch catastrofe, from French catastrophe, from Latin catastropha, from Ancient Greek καταστροφή (katastrophḗ, “overturning”).

(literature) the dramatic event that initiates the resolution of the plot; the dénouement.


partikel

partikêl (canonical)
partikel-partikel (plural)

From Dutch partikel, from Middle Dutch partikele, from Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”). Doublet of parsel and persil.

(linguistics) a part of speech which cannot be inflected: an adverb, preposition, conjunction or interjection.


perusahaan

Affixed usaha + per- -an. Replaced Dutch bedrijf (“company, corporation”) by Komisi Bahasa Indonesia as published on Kanpō/Berita Pemerintah No.38 Year III Month 3 (2604) in 1944.

(law) corporation: an entity having legal personality, and thus able to own property and to sue and be sued in its own name.

(business) Any business, whether incorporated or not, that manufactures or sells products (also known as goods), or provides services as a commercial venture.


prêt-à-porter

Unadapted borrowing from French prêt-à-porter (“ready-to-wear”).


RPP

(education) Initialism of rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (“lesson plan”).

(education) Initialism of rencana pelaksanaan perkuliahan (“lesson plan”).


Tuhan

From Malay Tuhan, from tuhan, from Proto-Malayic *tuhan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatuan. Doublet of tuan and tuhan.


debetor

(finance, nonstandard) Alternative spelling of debitur (“debitor, debtor”)


mutasi

Mutasi dan promosi jabatan merupakan hal biasa.

Job reposition and promotion are common.

(management, government) reposition about the post of employment.


dorama

Borrowed from Japanese ドラマ, from English drama. Doublet of drama.


kesalahan

kêsalahan (canonical)
kesalahan-kesalahan (plural)

Affixed salah + ke- -an, from Malay kesalahan. Semantic loan from Dutch schuld for the law sense.


martir

From Portuguese mártir, from Ecclesiastical Latin martyr, from Aeolic Ancient Greek μάρτυρ (mártur), from μάρτυς (mártus, “witness”).

(Christianity, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism) martyr, one who willingly accepts being put to death for adhering openly to one's religious beliefs.


angka

From Malay angka, from Sanskrit अङ्ग (aṅga).Semantic loan from Dutch cijfer (“statistic, figure; grade”, literally “digit, numeral”) for sense of rate.

sl

Coordinate term: huruf


kepercayaan

kêpêrcayaan (canonical)
kepercayaan-kepercayaan (plural)

Affixed percaya + ke- -an, from Malay kepercayaan, from Classical Malay kepercayaan (“trusted person”).

inh

(law) religion or faith outside the five official religions in Indonesia (Buddhism, Catholic, Confucianism, Islam and Protestant) in general, specifically Indonesian folk religions.


defensi

défènsi (canonical)
defensi-defensi (plural)

From Dutch defensie, from Middle Dutch defensie, from Latin dēfensiō.

(military) the action of defending, of protecting from attack, danger or injury.

(psychology) an unconscious psychological operation that functions to protect a person from anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and outer stressors


formatur

From Dutch formateur, from French formateur, from Latin formator.

(politics) formateur, chief political negotiator for formal talks that are intended to lead to the formation of a cabinet.


visitator

From Dutch visitator, from Latin vīsitātor (“visitor”).

apostolic visitor
apostolic visitor#English


qanun

From Arabic قَانُون (qānūn), ultimately from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn). Doublet of kanon and kanun.

(Islam) laws established by Muslim sovereigns, in particular the body of administrative, economic and criminal law, especially promulgated by Ottoman sultans, in contrast to sharia, the body of law elaborated by Muslim jurists.

(law) laws established by Aceh autonomous provincial government and the regencies or cities government under it as local law which govern the both governments and society in Aceh.


qanun

(music) qanun, a musical instrument similar to a zither.


retorsi

(trading) retorsion: an act of retaliation taken by one nation against another as a reprisal.


abdas

From Malay abdas, from Classical Malay ابدس (abdas), from Classical Persian آبدست (ābdast) of آب (āb, “water”) + دست (dast, “hand”). Cognate of Javanese ꦲꦧ꧀ꦢꦱ꧀ (abdas), Sundanese ᮃᮘ᮪ᮓᮞ᮪ (abdas).


remisi

From Dutch remissie, from French rémission, from Latin remissiō, remittō, re- + mittō.

A lessening of amount due, as in either money or work, or intensity of a thing.

(law) A reduction or cancellation of the penalty for a criminal offence; in particular, the reduction of a prison sentence as a recognition of the prisoner's good behaviour.


partitur

From Dutch partituur, from German Partitur, from Italian partitura (“partition, musical score”), from Medieval Latin partitūra, from partiō, partior (“to divide, to partition, to share”) + -ūra.

der

(music) full score, conductor's score, partitur.


pronomina

Borrowed from Dutch pronomina, plural form of pronomen, from Latin prōnōmen.

(grammar) pronoun: a type of word that refers anaphorically to a noun or noun phrase, but which cannot ordinarily be preceded by a determiner and rarely takes an attributive adjective.


praktikan

(education) student who takes practicum or practical.

(education) student who takes clinical education or field training.


absolutis

Affixed absolut + -is, borrowed from Dutch absolutistisch.

(politics, historical, political science) absolutist, absolutistic, absolute (pertaining to the absolute sovereignty of rulers)


absolutis

Affixed absolut + -is, borrowed from Dutch absolutist.

(politics, historical, political science) absolutist (adherent of the absolute sovereignty of rulers)


varian

From Dutch variant, from French variant or variante, from Latin variāns.

(Standard Malay)

(linguistics) one of a set of words or other linguistic forms that conveys the same meaning or serves the same function.


desibel

dèsibêl (canonical)
desibel-desibel (plural)

Affixed desi- + bel, from Dutch decibel, from English decibel.

(acoustics, linguistics) decibel: A common measure of sound intensity ratio that is one tenth of a bel on the logarithmic intensity scale. It is defined as dB = 10 log₁₀(P₁ / P₂), where P₁ and P₂ are the relative powers of the sound.


hosti

From Dutch hostie (“host”), from Latin hostia (“sacrifice, offering”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰostiyo-, from *ǵʰes- (“hand”).

(Catholicism) host, consecrated bread or wafer.


resor

* From Dutch ressort (“(judicial) district”), from French ressort (“law jurisdiction”).
* Sense of recreation place is a semantic loan from English resort.

(law enforcement) an second-level police jurisdiction division in Indonesia at kabupaten or kota.


promovendus

From Dutch promovendus (“doctoral student, doctoral candidate”), from Latin prōmovendus (“which is to be propelled, advanced”).

der

(education) doctoral student, doctoral candidate.


balak

badan pelaksana
badan pelaksana#Indonesian

(military) acronym of badan pelaksana (“executive body”).


bariton

From Dutch bariton, from Italian baritono, from Ancient Greek βαρύτονος (barútonos), from βαρύς (barús, “heavy”) + τόνος (tónos, “tone”).

(music) baritone:
the male voice between tenor and bass.

the musical range between tenor and bass.

a person, instrument, or group that performs in the range between tenor and bass.


pagu

(Standard Malay)

(finance) The maximum permitted level in a financial transaction.

(Standard Malay)

(architecture) The overhead interior surface that covers the upper limits of a room.


dewan

From Malay dewan, from Classical Persian دیوَان (dēwān), from Middle Persian d(p)ywʾn' (dēwān, “archive, collected writings”). Compare to Hindi दीवान (dīvān), Ottoman Turkish دیوان (dîvân), Dutch douane. Doublet of dipan and duane.

(politics) chamber: the legislature or division of the legislature itself.


pekon

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Doublet of pekan. Cognate of Malay pekan (“town; market; week”).

(government) fourth level administrative division in Pringsewu, Tanggamus, West Lampung, and West Pesisir


evangeli

èvangéli (canonical)
evangeli-evangeli (plural)

From Dutch evangelie, from Middle Dutch ewangelie, from Latin evangelium, from Ancient Greek εὐαγγέλιον (euangélion, “good news, message”). Doublet of Injil.

(Christianity) gospel,
first section of New Testament.

account of the life, death, and teachings of Jesus.


predikat

predikat (canonical)
prédikat (canonical)

From Dutch predicaat, from Middle French predicat (French prédicat), from post-classical Late Latin praedicātum (“thing said of a subject”), a noun use of the neuter past participle of praedicō (“I proclaim”).

Kalimat sekurangnya terdiri atas subyek dan predikat.

A sentence shall at least consist of a subject and a predicate.

(grammar) predicate (the part of the sentence (or clause) which states something about the subject or the object of the sentence)


mobilitas

(military) the ability of a military unit to move or be transported to a new position.

(anthropology, sociology) people's ability to move between different social levels or professional occupations.


oportunis

Borrowed from Dutch opportunist (“opportunist”), from French opportuniste


provisi

From Dutch provisie, from French provision, from Latin prōvīsiō (“preparation, foresight”), from prōvidēre (“provide”).

der

provisi makelar
provisi makelar#Indonesian

(trading) short for provisi makelar (“commission”): a fee charged by an agent or broker for carrying out a transaction.


provos

From English provost, from Middle English, from late Old English profost, from Late Latin prōpositus, variant of Latin praepositus (“[one] placed in command”).

(military) provost: an officer of the military police, particularly provost marshal or provost sergeant.


seminaris

Affixed seminari + -is, from Dutch seminarist.

(Catholicism) seminarian, seminarist: a student training to be a priest at a Roman Catholic seminary.


oditur

From Dutch auditeur (“magistrate”), from French auditeur, from Latin audītor (“hearer, auditor”). Doublet of auditor.


SPG

sekolah pendidikan guru
sekolah pendidikan guru#Indonesian

(education, historical) Initialism of sekolah pendidikan guru (literally “teacher education school”).


kolonialisme

Affixed kolonial + -isme, borrowed from Dutch kolonialisme.

(government, history, politics) colonialism.


metode

From Dutch methode, from French méthode, from Middle French method, from Latin methodus, from Ancient Greek μέθοδος (méthodos, “pursuit of knowledge, investigation, mode of prosecuting such inquiry, system”), from μετά (metá, “after”) + ὁδός (hodós, “way, motion, journey”). Cognate of Afrikaans metode.


statuta

Learned borrowing from Latin statūta, inflection of statūtus (“established, erected”). Semantic loan from Dutch statuten (“articles of association”), plural of statuut.

sl

memorandum of association
memorandum of association#English

(business, law) memorandum of association.


DPO

daftar pencarian orang
daftar pencarian orang#Indonesian

(law enforcement) Initialism of daftar pencarian orang (“wanted list”).


eror

From English error, from Middle English errour, from Old French error, from Latin error (“wandering about”).


demokratis

(politics) democratic: Pertaining to democracy; favoring democracy, or constructed upon the principle of government by the people.


pelat

From Dutch plaat, from Middle Dutch plate, from Old French plate, from Medieval Latin plata, from Vulgar Latin *platta, *plattus.

(Standard Malay)

(architecture) a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces


autokratis

Borrowed from Dutch autocratisch (“autocratic”)


fasade

From Dutch façade, from French façade, from Italian facciata, a derivation of faccia (“front”), from Latin facies (“face”). Doublet of fasad.

(architecture, colloquial) Synonym of fasad (“facade”).


latar

From Malay latar, from Javanese latar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dataʀ (“flat”), ultimately Proto-Austronesian *dataR (“flat, flat or level land”). Doublet of datar and rata.

der

(literature) the time, place and circumstance in which something (such as a story or picture) is set.

(drama) the mounting of a play, etc., for the stage.


drif

From English drift, from Middle English drift, dryft (“act of driving, drove, shower of rain or snow, impulse”), from Old English *drift (“drift”), from Proto-Germanic *driftiz (“drift”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”).

(mining, engineering) drift: a passage driven or cut between shaft and shaft; a driftway; a small subterranean gallery; an adit or tunnel.


tentamen

tèntamèn (canonical)
tentamen-tentamen (plural)

From Dutch tentamen (“examination”), from Latin tentāmen (“attempt”).

Salah satu stresor pada mahasiswa adalah tentamen anatomi.

One of student stressors is anatomy [practical] examination.


imamat

From Malay imamat, borrowed from Arabic إِمَامَة (ʔimāma, “leadership”). Doublet of imamah.


logistik

From Dutch logistiek, from French logistique.

(military) the procurement, supply, maintenance, and transportation of equipment, facilities, and personnel.


hukum

Inherited from Malay hukum, from Classical Malay hukum, from Arabic حُكْم (ḥukm).

(law) a binding regulation or custom established by its legislative and judicial authorities in a community.


komunisme

Affixed komunis + -isme, from Dutch kommunisme (current spelling communisme), from French communisme or German Kommunismus.


aneksi

(linguistics) nonidiomatic combination of basic morphemes


komponis

From Dutch componist, from German Komponist. Compare to Afrikaans komponis.


markas

From Malay markas, from Arabic مَرْكَز (markaz).

(military, law enforcement) base, headquarter.


baptis

From Portuguese baptismo, from Old Galician-Portuguese batismo, bautismo, baptismo, borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptismus, baptismum from Ancient Greek βαπτισμός (baptismós), from βαπτίζω (baptízō, “I immerse, plunge”). Compare to Turkish vaftiz.

(Christianity, Catholicism, Protestantism) baptism.


biku

From Malay biku from Pali bhikkhu (“beggar, Buddhist monk”), from Sanskrit भिक्षु (bhikṣú, “mendicant”).


protektorat

(government, history, politics) protectorate (a protected autonomous state)


ampu

Inherited from Malay ampu (“to support”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əmpu. Doublet of empu.

inh+

(law) to legally responsible for a minor (in loco parentis) or an incompetent person


saraf

From Malay saraf, from Arabic صَرْف (ṣarf).


wali

From Malay wali, from Arabic وَلِيّ (waliyy).

(law, Indonesia) A person or institution legally responsible for a minor (in loco parentis).


jurnal

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch journaal, from French journal, from Old French journal (“daily”), from Latin diurnālis, from diurnus (“of the day”), from diēs (“day”).

(accounting, trading) A chronological record of payments.

journal,
A chronological record of payments.


HAM

hak asasi manusia
hak asasi manusia#Indonesian

(law) acronym of hak asasi manusia (“human right”).


demokratik

From English democratic, from Old French democratique, from Ancient Greek δημοκρατικός (dēmokratikós, “of or for democracy", "favoring or suited for democracy”).

der

δημοκρατικός

Republik Demokratik Timor Leste


TPS

tempat pemungutan suara
tempat pemungutan suara#Indonesian

(government, politics) Initialism of tempat pemungutan suara.

tes potensi skolastik
tes potensi skolastik#Indonesian

(psychology) Initialism of tes potensi skolastik.


Yosua

(Christianity, Judaism) Joshua (Biblical character)

(Christianity, Judaism) Joshua (book of the Bible)


melati

Inherited from Malay melati, from
Classical Malay melati, from Sanskrit मालती (mālatī, “jasmine”).

(law enforcement, military) the epaulette of a middle-rank officer in the Indonesian National Armed Forces and Indonesian National Police


Aram

Yakub melarikan diri ke tanah Aram, dan Israel memperhambakan diri untuk mendapat isteri, ya, untuk mendapat isteri ia menjadi gembala.

1985, Alkitab Bahasa Indonesia Sehari-hari (BIS), Kitab Hosea 12:12:

Jacob fled to the land of Aram, and Israel worked for a wife, and for a wife he kept sheep.

Aram (historical region corresponding to present-day Syria and northern Israel)


Isa

From Malay Isa, from Classical Malay Isa, from Arabic عِيسَى (ʕīsā).

Arabic عِيسَى (ʕīsā)

(Islam) Jesus (Isa), son of Mary, revered as a major prophet in Islam.


patena

(Catholicism) paten: The plate used to hold the host during the Eucharist.


waham

* From Arabic وَهْم (wahm, “imagination, fancy”).
* Semantic loan from Dutch waan (“delusion”).


hipotek

hipotèk (canonical)
hipotek-hipotek (plural)

From Dutch hypotheek, from Latin hypothēca (“pledge, mortgage”), from Ancient Greek ὑποθήκη (hupothḗkē, “warning, pledge”).


aksen

Borrowed from Dutch accent, from Middle Dutch accent, ultimately from Latin accentus.

(linguistics) a higher-pitched or stronger articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to emphasize it.

(linguistics) the distinctive manner of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, social group, etc., whether of a native speaker or a foreign speaker; the phonetic and phonological aspects of a dialect.


Yunus

(Islam, Christianity, Judaism) Jonah (prophet)

(Christianity, Judaism) Jonah (book of the Bible)


ilah

From Malay ilah, from Arabic إِلٰه (ʔilāh, “god”), from Proto-Semitic *ʾil-.


hibrida

(linguistics) a word whose elements are derived from different languages.


majalah

From Malay majalah, from Arabic مَجَلَّة (majalla).


internuntius

intêrnuntius (canonical)
internuntius-internuntius (plural)

Affixed inter- + *nuntius, from Dutch internuntius, from Latin internuntius.


baur

bintara urusan
bintara urusan#Indonesian

(military) Acronym of bintara urusan (“administrative non-commissioned officer”).


pasif

→ Malay: pasif

Borrowed from Dutch passief (“passive”), from Latin passivus (“serving to express the suffering of an action”).


krisma

From Late Latin crisma, from Ecclesiastical Latin chrisma, from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma, “anointing”, “unction”), from χρίω (khríō, “anoint”).

(Catholicism) chrism: a mixture of oil and balm, consecrated for use as an anointing fluid in certain Christian ceremonies, especially confirmation.

(Catholicism) ellipsis of sakramen krisma (“confirmation”): a ceremony of sealing and conscious acknowledgement of the faith in many Christian churches, typically around the ages of 14 to 18.


istisna

Borrowed from Arabic اِسْتِثْنَاء (istiṯnāʔ, “exception”).

bor+

اِسْتِثْنَاء


SKP

sasaran kerja pegawai
sasaran kerja pegawai#Indonesian

(management) Initialism of sasaran kerja pegawai.

satuan kredit profesi
satuan kredit profesi#Indonesian

(education) Initialism of satuan kredit profesi.


DPT

(politics) Initialism of daftar pemilih tetap (“electoral register, electoral roll”).


elipsis

Learned borrowing from Latin ellipsis, from Ancient Greek ἔλλειψις (élleipsis, “omission”).

der

(typography) a mark consisting of (in English) three periods, historically or more formally with spaces in between, before, and after them, " . . . ", or, more recently, a single character, "…", used to indicate that words have been omitted in a text or that they are missing or illegible, or (in mathematics) that a pattern continues (e.g., 1, ..., 4 means 1, 2, 3, 4).

(grammar) The omission of a word or phrase that can be inferred from the context.


gaya

From Malay gaya, probably from Sanskrit गय (gaya, “acquired or conquered properties”).


soal

From Malay soal, from Classical Malay سوٴال (soal), from Arabic سُؤَال (suʔāl).

(education) problem, question, exercise, paper.


candi

Borrowed from Javanese ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶ (candi), from Old Javanese caṇḍi (“temple, sanctuary”).

Hikmah tersebut menghunjam dengan dalam ketika ritual telanjang itu sudah 11 kali mengelilingi candi.

2007, Gabriel Sindhunata, Petruk jadi guru, page 177:

This wisdom sank deeply, when the naked ritual had circled the temple 11 times.

ancient temple (archeological site of former Hindu or Buddhist temple in Indonesia)


seser

(dance) the dancer's movement involves shifting his feet to the right and left


rasisme

Internationalism, affixed rasis + -isme, borrowed from Dutch racisme, from French racisme.


konsonan

From Dutch consonant, from Old French consonant, from Latin cōnsonāns (“sounding with”), from the prefix con- (“with”) + the present participle sonāns (“sounding”), from sonāre (“to sound”).


tegangan

têgangan (canonical)
tegangan-tegangan (plural)

Affixed tegang (“tense”) + -an. Semantic loan from Dutch spanning (“tension, voltage”) for physics, psychology and literature senses, see also the loanword spaning.

sl

(psychology) psychological state of being tense.

tension:
psychological state of being tense.

(literature) a feeling of nervousness, excitement, or fear that is created in a movie, book, etc.; suspense.

(literature) suspense: the pleasurable emotion of anticipation and excitement regarding the outcome or climax of a book, film etc.


kadaver

From Dutch kadaver (cadaver), from French cadavre, from Latin cadāver.


SKA

(architecture, Indonesia) Initialism of sertifikat keahlian arsitek (“architect competency certificate”).


pluralisme

From Dutch pluralisme (“pluralism”), from French pluralisme (“pluralism”). Reconstructed as plural + -isme.

(sociology) a social system that permits smaller groups within a society to maintain their individual cultural identities.

(politics) the belief that there should be diverse and competing centers of power in society.


abolisi

From Dutch abolitie, from Middle Dutch abolitie, from Middle French abolition, from Latin abolitiō.

(law) the prevention or abrogation of a prosecution procedure by means of a law


gangsa

Inherited from Malay gangsa (“bronze”), from Sanskrit कंस (kaṃsa). Semantic loan from Javanese ꦒꦁꦱ (gangsa, “musical instrument and/or ensemble”) and Balinese ᬕᬗ᭄ᬲ (gangsa) for musical sense.


BPR

bank perkreditan rakyat
bank perkreditan rakyat#Indonesian

(finance, dated) Initialism of bank perkreditan rakyat.

bank perekonomian rakyat
bank perekonomian rakyat#Indonesian

(finance) Initialism of bank perekonomian rakyat.


Siwa

(Hinduism) Alternative spelling of Syiwa (“Shiva”).


apsara

From Sanskrit अप्सरस् (apsaras). Doublet of apsari.


Ramadhan

(Islam) alternative spelling of Ramadan.


ragam

From Malay ragam, from Sanskrit राग (rāga). Doublet of raga and ragi.


sastra

From Malay sastera, from Sanskrit शास्त्र (śāstra, “scripture”).


tantième

Unadapted borrowing from French tantième (“percentage, proportion”).

ubor

(business) tantième: The share of profits paid to the management or to the board of directors under a profit sharing scheme.


biblio

(publishing) bibliographic notes and/or those placed behind the title page


tableau vivant

Unadapted borrowing from French tableau vivant.


tsarisme

Borrowed from Dutch tsarisme (“tsarism”), from French tsarisme (“tsarism”).


garpu

From Malay garpu, from Portuguese garfo, from Old Galician-Portuguese, from Latin graphium.


devisa

Internationalism, compare to French devise (“assets in foreign currency”), German Devise, Catalan divisa, Italian divisa, Spanish divisa, ultimately from Latin dīvīsa, dīvīsus (“divided, separated; distributed, apportioned”).


tipologi

(Standard Malay)

(archaeology) the result of the classification of things according to their characteristics.

(linguistics) classification of languages according to their linguistic trait (as opposed to ancestrality like Romance languages).


pasal

From Malay fasal, from Arabic فَصْل (faṣl, “chapter, paragraph, division”).
* The law sense of article is a semantic loan from Dutch artikel (“article”). Replaced by Komisi Bahasa Indonesia as published on Kanpō/Berita Pemerintah No.38 Year III Month 3 (2604) in 1944.

sl

(law) article: a section of a legal document, bylaws, etc. or, in the plural, the entire document seen as a collection of these.


rapor

From Malay rapor, from Dutch rapport, from Middle Dutch rapport, from Middle French rapport. Doublet of lapor.


atma

From Sanskrit आत्मा (ātmā, nominative singular), from Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman, “soul, life, self”).


jaringan

Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian

From Malay jaringan, equivalent to jaring + -an.
* Sense of network beside of fabric or fibrous sense is a semantic loan from Dutch netwerk and later English network.
* Sense of biological tissue is a semantic loan from Dutch weefsel (“tissue, fabric”, literally “to weave + perform, action, result”).

sl

(management) project network, network chart: a graph (weighted directed graph) depicting the sequence in which a project's terminal elements are to be completed by showing terminal elements and their dependencies.


TKP

tempat kejadian perkara
tempat kejadian perkara#Indonesian

(crime) Initialism of tempat kejadian perkara (“crime scene”).


FP

(education) Initialism of fakultas pertanian.


bunyi

From Proto-Malayic *buñi, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *buñi, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *buñi, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buñi.

(music) a distinctive style and sonority of a particular musician, orchestra etc.


cawan

From Malay cawan, from Mandarin 茶碗 (cháwǎn, “teacup”).


urup

id-noun

urup (countable and uncountable, plural urup-urup)

(dialectal) Synonym of barter (“barter”)


urup

(dialectal) Synonym of barter (“to barter”)


serap

From Malay serap, from Classical Malay serap, from Proto-Malayic *sərəp, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *sərəp, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *sərəp, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *səʀəp.

(linguistics) to borrow: to adopt a word from another language.


revolusi

révolusi (canonical)
revolusi-revolusi (plural)

Internationalism, Malay revolusi borrowed from Dutch revolutie, from French révolution, from Latin revolūtiō.

(politics) a political upheaval in a government or nation state characterized by great change.

(politics) the removal and replacement of a government, especially by sudden violent action.


korektor

From Dutch corrector, from Latin corrēctor.

(education) assessor, examiner: A person who marks an examination.


TPA

(psychology) Initialism of tes potensi akademik (“academic potential test”).

tempat penitipan anak
tempat penitipan anak#Indonesian

(education) Initialism of tempat penitipan anak (“childcare, daycare”).

taman pengajian Al Qur'an
taman pengajian Al Qur'an#Indonesian

(Islam) Initialism of taman pengajian Al Qur'an.


lembing

lêmbing (canonical)
lembing-lembing (plural)

Inherited from Malay lembing, probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *lmɓŋ, *lmɓəŋ (“shoot”).


hormat

From Malay hormat, from Arabic حُرْمَة (ḥurma, “honor, dignity, good name”).


pantun

(poetry) pantoum: a poem, similar to a villanelle, that comprises a series of quatrains, the second and fourth lines of each stanza repeated as the first and third lines of the next.

(drama) a Sundanese oral narrative performance.


PPN

pajak pertambahan nilai
pajak pertambahan nilai#Indonesian

(taxation, real estate) Initialism of pajak pertambahan nilai (“value added tax”).


PPN

(government) Initialism of perencanaan pembangunan nasional (“national development planning”).


SMA

Pandemi virus korona terjadi saat aku naik ke kelas 1 SMA.

The coronavirus pandemic happened on my first year of senior high school.

sekolah menengah atas
sekolah menengah atas#Indonesian

(education) Initialism of sekolah menengah atas (“senior high school”).


PTS

perguruan tinggi swasta
perguruan tinggi swasta#Indonesian

(education) initialism of perguruan tinggi swasta (“private higher education institution”).


sabda

From Malay sabda, from Classical Malay sabda, from Sanskrit शब्द (śabda).

(religion) word of a God, a prophet, or a king


pangeran

pangèran (canonical)
pangeran-pangeran (plural)

Inherited from Malay pangeran (“prince”) (compare to Malay pengiran (“prince”)), from Javanese ꦥꦔꦺꦫꦤ꧀ (pangéran, “Lord; prince”), from Old Javanese paṅeran (“person, prince, princess, wife, daughter”, literally “master, lord”) (compare to paṅheran (“waiting-place, dwelling-place”)).


niat

From Malay niat, from Classical Malay niat, niyat, niyyat, from Arabic نِيَّة (niyya). The sense in law was coined by Indonesian jurist and professor Moeljatno to translate Dutch voornemen.


ASMR

autonomous sensory meridian response
w:autonomous sensory meridian response

Initialism of autonomous sensory meridian response (“a claimed biological phenomenon involving a pleasurable tingling in response to a stimulus”).


pangkal

(linguistics) stem (The main part of an uninflected word to which affixes may be added to form inflections of the word)


didaktik

From Dutch didactiek, from French didactique, from Ancient Greek διδακτικός (didaktikós, “skilled in teaching”), from διδακτός (didaktós, “taught, learnt”), from διδάσκω (didáskō, “I teach, educate”).

der

(education) didactics: the art and science of teaching.


izin

From Malay izin, borrowed from Arabic إِذْن (ʔiḏn). Semantic loan from Dutch consent.


Kalimantan

→ English: Kalimantan

→ Dutch: Kalimantan

Unknown
* possibly from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”) + मन्थन (manthana, “churning”).
* possibly from Javanese ("diamond river")

compound

(anthropology) a member of a tribe or ethnic and linguistic group native to Kalimantan island


polda

kepolisian daerah
kepolisian daerah#Indonesian

(law enforcement) Acronym of kepolisian daerah.


pengadilan

pêngadilan (canonical)
pengadilan-pengadilan (plural)

Affixed adil + peng- -an. The sense of (law) court is reinforced by semantic loan from Japanese 法院(ほういん) (hōin) and Dutch gerecht.

ja-r

法院(ほういん) (hōin)

the persons officially assembled under authority of law, at the appropriate time and place, for the administration of justice; an official assembly, legally met together for the transaction of judicial business; a judge or judges sitting for the hearing or trial of cases.

(law) court:
the session of a judicial assembly.

the hall, chamber, or place, where justice is administered.

(law) judgment, judgement: the act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also, the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge.


agresi

agrèsi (canonical)
agresi-agresi (plural)

From Dutch agressie (“aggression”), from Middle French agression, from Latin aggressiō.

(Standard Malay)

(politics) the act of initiating hostilities or invasion; the practice or habit of launching attacks.

(Standard Malay), kegarangan

(education, psychology) hostile or destructive behavior or actions.


objek

From English object. Replaced earlier obyek.

(grammar) object: The noun phrase which is an internal complement of a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase. In a verb phrase with a transitive action verb, it is typically the receiver of the action.


paramita

From Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā, “perfection; completeness”).

der

(Buddhism) paramita: perfection or culmination of certain virtues.


hadis

From Malay hadis, from Classical Malay hadis, from Arabic حَدِيث (ḥadīṯ).


Ir.

(historical) Abbreviation of Insinyur (“Bachelor of Engineering”).


jagra

From Sanskrit जाग्रत् (jāgrat, “waking”).

(Hinduism) awake, as the act of ascetic.


legislatif

From Dutch legislatief, from French législatif.

Pemberdayaan lembaga legislatif bisa jadi salah satu solusi.

Empowerment of legislative body can be a solution.

(government, politics) legislative, making, or having the power to make, a law or laws; lawmaking.


tambur

From Dutch tamboer, from French tambour, from Arabic طُنْبُور (ṭunbūr) or Persian تبیر (tabir, “drum”).


dikte

From Dutch dictee, from French dictée, from Latin [Term?].

(education) an activity in school where the teacher reads a passage aloud and the students write it down


FH

(education) Initialism of fakultas hukum.


SBY

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
w:id:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

(Indonesian politics) Initialism of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.


padmasana

From Sanskrit पद्मासन (padmāsana, “lotus seat”), a compound of पद्म (padma, “lotus”) + आसन (āsana, “asana”). Equal to padma + asana.

compound

(Balinese, Hinduism) throne of deva in Balinese Hinduism temple.

(archaeology, literal) a lotus-shaped seat.

(archaeology) padmasana, the lotus position.


mahaguru

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit महागुरु (mahāguru, “supreme guru”), reanalyzed as maha- (“supreme”) + guru (“teacher”). Semantic loan from Dutch hoogleraar (“professor”, literally “high teacher”).


ustaz

From Malay ustaz, ustad, from Classical Malay ustaz, ustad, ustadz, ustadh.


takaful

Inherited from Malay takaful, from Arabic تَكَافُل (takāful).


diskursus

Learned borrowing from Latin discursus (“running about”). Semantic loan from Dutch discours (“discourse”).

sl

(social sciences) an institutionalized way of thinking, a social boundary defining what can be said about a specific topic.


sandi

From Malay sandi, from Sanskrit सन्धि (sandhi), संधि (saṃdhi). Doublet of sendi.

(phonology) sandhi: any of a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries, such as the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words.


jumlah

From Malay jumlah, from Classical Malay jumlah, from Arabic جُمْلَة (jumla).
* The sense “sentence” is a semantic loan from Arabic جُمْلَة (jumla).


logat

Ultimately derived from Arabic لُغَة (luḡa, “language”).

der+

(linguistics, sociolinguistics) accent (The distinctive manner of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, social group, etc., whether of a native speaker or a foreign speaker; the phonetic and phonological aspects of a dialect)

(linguistics) dialect; idiom; vernacular (a variety of a language)


Pancasila

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पञ्चशील (pañcaśīla), पञ्च (pañca, “five”) + शील (śīla, “principle”). By surface analysis, panca- + sila.

lbor

1. Belief in the one and only God (Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa)

2. Just and civilized humanity (Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab)

3. The unity of Indonesia (Persatuan Indonesia)

4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives (Kerakyatan yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan dalam Permusyawaratan/Perwakilan)

5. Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia (Keadilan Sosial bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia)

(politics) Pancasila: The official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state, comprising five principles:


balot

(government, politics) a vote in election.

(government, politics) ballot, a list of candidates running for office; a ticket.


anakronisme

From Dutch anachronisme, from French anachronisme, from New Latin anachronismus, from Ancient Greek ἀναχρονισμός (anakhronismós), from ἀναχρονίζομαι (anakhronízomai, “referring to the wrong time”), from ἀνά (aná, “up against”) + χρονίζω (khronízō, “spending time”), from χρόνος (khrónos, “time”).

der

ἀναχρονισμός

(literature) anachronism (glaring inconsistencies to scarcely perceptible misrepresentation of chronological mistake)


UP

(law) Initialism of uang pesangon (“severance pay”).

ujian penghabisan
ujian penghabisan#Indonesian

(education, historical) Initialism of ujian penghabisan.


mahram

From Malay [Term?], from Arabic مَحْرَم (maḥram).

(Islam) mahram: a family member who is haram to marry.


diakon

Derived from Ecclesiastical Latin diāconus, from Ancient Greek διᾱ́κονος (diā́konos).

der+

(Catholicism) deacon (a clergyman ranked directly below a priest, with duties of helping the priests and carrying out parish work)


produser

From Dutch producer, from English producer.

(economics) an individual or organization that creates goods and services.

(art, drama) one who produces an artistic production like a CD, a theater production, a film, a TV program and so on.


ilham

From Malay ilham, from Arabic إِلْهَام (ʔilhām, “inspiration”).

(Islam) A supernatural divine influence on the prophets, apostles, or sacred writers, by which they were qualified to communicate moral or religious truth with authority; a supernatural influence which qualifies people to receive and communicate divine truth; also, the truth communicated.


aksel

(education, colloquial) clipping of akselerasi (“acceleration”).


juz

From Malay juz, from Arabic جُزْء (juzʔ).

(Islam) juz: any of thirty parts of varying length into which the Qur'an is sometimes divided.


unsur

From Malay unsur, from Arabic عُنْصُر (ʕunṣur).

one of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based.

(law) a required aspect or component of a cause of action. A deed is regarded as a violation of law only if each element can be proved.


konglomerat

From Dutch conglomeraat, from Latin conglomerātus, past participle of conglomerāre (“to pile into a heap, to roll together”).

(business) a corporation formed by the combination of several smaller corporations whose activities are unrelated to the corporation's primary activity.


cukai

From Malay cukai (“tax”), from Tamil சுங்கம் (cuṅkam). Displaced Dutch accijnzen, accijns (“excise”) by Komisi Bahasa Indonesia as published on Kanpō/Berita Pemerintah No.38 Year III Month 3 (2604) in 1944.

(Standard Malay)

(law, government) excise, a tax charged on goods produced within the country.


anastilosis

Internationalism, learned borrowing from Ancient Greek αναστήλωσις (anastḗlōsis).

lbor

(archaeology) anastylosis: the reassembly of ruined monuments or other artifacts from remaining fragments in an archeologically responsible way (with use of modern materials when needed).


wajib

From Malay wajib, from Classical Malay wajib, from Arabic وَاجِب (wājib).


sujud

From Malay sujud, from Arabic سُجُود (sujūd), سَجَدَ (sajada, “to prostrate oneself, to bow down”).

(Islam) prostration to God facing the qiblah, usually done in salah


adil

From Malay adil, from Classical Malay عاديل (adil), from Arabic عَادِل (ʕādil).


ateisme

atéismê (canonical)
ateisme-ateisme (plural)

Internationalism, affixed ateis + -isme, borrowed from Dutch atheïsme, from Middle French athéisme.


setra

Borrowed from Javanese ꦱꦺꦠꦿ (sétra, “field, graveyard”) and Balinese ᬲᬾᬢ᭄ᬭ (setra, “cemetery, graveyard”), from Old Javanese setra, kṣetra (“field; cemetery, graveyard; area, sphere of action”), from Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “field”).


episkopat

èpiskopat (canonical)
episkopat-episkopat (plural)

From Dutch episcopaat, from Late Latin episcopatus.

(Catholicism) the tenure in office of a bishop.

episcopate:
the tenure in office of a bishop.

(Catholicism) a bishop's jurisdiction, the extent of his diocese.


korporal

Borrowed from Portuguese corporal, from Latin corporālis.

(Catholicism) corporal, communion cloth: the white linen cloth on which the elements of the Eucharist are placed.


patriark

From Dutch patriarch, from Late Latin patriarcha, from Byzantine Greek πατριάρχης (patriárkhēs, “the founder of the tribe/family”), from Ancient Greek πατριά (patriá, “generation, ancestry, descent, tribe, family”) + -άρχης (-árkhēs, “-arch”). Doublet of batrik.

(Christianity) the highest form of bishop, in the ancient world having authority over other bishops in the province but now generally as an honorary title; in Roman Catholicism, considered a bishop second only to the Pope in rank.


replik

From French réplique, from Latin replicō. Doublet of replika.

(law) prosecutor's reply on defendant's defense.


BAP

(law) Abbreviation of Berita Acara Pemeriksaan.


slendro

Borrowed from Javanese ꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦤ꧀ꦢꦿꦺꦴ (sléndro).

bor+

(music) slendro: a pentatonic scale, the older of the two most common scales used in Indonesian gamelan music, the other being pelog.


kakawin

Reanalyzed as kawi + ke- -an, from Old Javanese kakawin, from Sanskrit कवि (kavi, “poet”).


performa

pêrforma (canonical)
performa-performa (plural)

From Dutch performance, from English performance or French performance.

performance:
(art) a live show or concert.

(Standard Malay)

(management) the amount of useful work accomplished estimated in terms of time needed, resources used, etc.

linguistic performance
linguistic performance

(linguistics) the actual use of language in concrete situations by native speakers of a language, as opposed to the system of linguistic knowledge they possess (competence), cf. linguistic performance.


oknum

→ Tetum: oknum

Borrowed from Arabic أُقْنُوم (ʔuqnūm), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܩܢܽܘܡܳܐ (qnōmā, “self, essence, person, hypostasis”). "Infamous person" sense was only popularized by Mochtar Lubis in late 1960, themed around PKI.

der

(theology, Christianity) person, hypostasis


kontur

From Dutch contour, from French contour.

(linguistics) a speech sound which behaves as a single segment, but which makes an internal transition from one quality, place, or manner to another.


gembala

gêmbala (canonical)
gembala-gembala (plural)

From Malay gembala, possible used infix - + --em-, possibly through a Middle Indo-Aryan language, ultimately from Sanskrit गोपाल (gopāla, “cowherd, earth-protector”).

(figurative, Christianity) saviour, shepherd


ciri

Inherited from Malay چيري (ciri), from Javanese ꦕꦶꦫꦶ (ciri, “sign, identifying mark, scar”), from Old Javanese ciri (“sign, distinctive mark, evidence”).

inh

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ms">ciri</i>

der

(linguistics) the elements into which linguistic units can be broken down.

(literature) mantra (prayer) recited at the coronation of a king


pesero

From earlier persero, from Portuguese parceiro (“business partner”), from Old Galician-Portuguese parceiro, from Late Latin partiārius, from Latin partiō, from pars. Reconstructed as peng- + sero (“stock”).


pondok

→ Hokkien: 盆洛 (phûn-lo̍k)

From Malay pondok, from Classical Malay pondok, from Arabic فُنْدُق (funduq, “hotel”), from Ancient Greek πανδοκεῖον (pandokeîon). The sense “hut” is a semantic loan from Betawi pondok. The sense “Islamic school” is a semantic loan from Javanese ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (pondhok).

semantic loan

pondok pesantren
pondok pesantren#Indonesian

(Islam) ellipsis of pondok pesantren.: an Islamic boarding school, primarily teaching Islam and the Qur'an, similar to other Islamic educational institutions, such as madrasah and maktab.


tembang

têmbang (canonical)
tembang-tembang (plural)


beku

From Malay beku, from Classical Malay beku.


lempeng

Borrowed from Betawi lempeng.
* Semantic loan from English plate for sense “geology plate”, “denture base”, “larger scale” and “printing plate”.

(printing) An engraved surface used to transfer an image to paper.


juru

Inherited from Malay juru-, from Javanese ꦗꦸꦫꦸ (juru, “expert”), from Old Javanese juru (“head, leader, chief; tradesman”).

der

(government) civil servant 1 grade, specifically 1/C grade


dialektika

Learned borrowing from Latin dialectica.


anamnese

(medicine, psychology) alternative spelling of anamnesis


parafin

Borrowed from Dutch paraffine, from Latin paraffinum, from parum (too little) + affinis (related, affinity). Therefore low affinity or being chemically neutral.

(petrochemistry, organic chemistry) paraffin


pandita

Borrowed from Javanese ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦠ (pandhita, “a Hindu priest, religious leader”), from Old Javanese paṇḍita (“sage, holy man”), from Sanskrit पण्डित (paṇḍitá, “scholar, philosopher”). Doublet of pandai and pendeta.


yupa

From Sanskrit यूप (yūpa, “post, pillar”).


komunike

From Dutch communiqué, from French communiqué.

(politics) communiqué: An official report or statement, such as a government press release or the report of a conference.


piala

From Persian پیاله (piyâle, “cup, chalice”).

(Catholicism) chalice: A large drinking cup, often having a stem and base and used especially for formal occasions and religious ceremonies.


pornoaksi

From porno + aksi.
Coined in 2006 in the Bill against Pornography and Pornoaction, which passed in 2008.


kopitiam

From Malay kopitiam, from Hokkien 咖啡店 (ko-pi-tiàm).


liberalisme

liberal + -isme, from Dutch liberalisme, from French libéralisme.

(politics) Any political movement founded on the autonomy and personal freedom of the individual, progress and reform, and government by law with the consent of the governed.

(economics) An economic ideology in favour of laissez faire and the free market (related to economic liberalism).


HPHT

(obstetrics) Initialism of hari pertama haid terakhir (“last menstrual period, LMP”, literally “the first day of the last menstrual period”).


fikes

(education) Initialism of fakultas ilmu kesehatan.


PJT

(obstetrics) Initialism of pertumbuhan janin terhambat (“intrauterine growth restriction”).


entente cordiale

Unadapted borrowing from French entente cordiale.

ubor

international relations
international relations

entente cordiale
entente cordiale#English

(international relations) entente cordiale


FTM

(education) Initialism of fakultas teknologi mineral.


nikah

Inherited from Malay nikah, from Arabic نِكَاح (nikāḥ).