ablaut

From English ablaut, from German Ablaut (“sound gradation”).

ablaut (substitution of one root vowel for another)


slang

(linguistics) slang, unconventional language.


lingua franca

Unadapted borrowing from Italian lingua franca.

ubor

bahasa perantara
bahasa perantara#Indonesian

(linguistics) Synonym of bahasa perantara


verbal

From Dutch verbaal, from Middle French verbal, from Latin verbālis. Doublet of perbal.

(linguistics) verbal (pertaining to verbs)


instrumental

Borrowed from Dutch instrumentaal, from French instrumental, from Medieval Latin īnstrūmentālis.

(linguistics) applied to a case expressing means or agency.


kata

From Malay kata, from Pali kathā, from Sanskrit कथा (kathā, “speech; story”).

(linguistics) word: (the smallest unit of language that has a particular meaning and can be expressed by itself; the smallest discrete, meaningful unit of language)


tinggi

From Malay tinggi, from Sanskrit तुङ्ग (tuṅga, “high”).

(phonetics) made with some part of the tongue positioned high in the mouth, relatively close to the palate.


dasar

Inherited from Malay dasar, probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ðsar. Compare Javanese ꦝꦱꦂ (dhasar), Old Javanese ḍasar (“base, bottom; workshop”).

cog

(linguistics) a morpheme (or morphemes) that serves as a basic foundation on which affixes can be attached.


kala

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”) or Sanskrit कला (kalā, “a division of time”). Doublet of kali.

der

(grammar) Any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists.

(linguistics, grammar, countable) An inflected form of a verb that indicates tense.


umlaut

From English umlaut, from German Umlaut in the 19ᵗʰ century, from um- or um (“around, re-, trans-”) + Laut (“sound”).


aksara

From Malay aksara, from Sanskrit अक्षर (akṣara, “syllable, letter”).

(of a writing system) Synonym of huruf (“letter”)


lateral

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch lateraal, from French latéral, from Latin laterālis.

(phonetics, phonology) pertaining to speech sounds generated by partially blocking the egress of the airstream with the tongue, leaving space on one or both sides of the occlusion for air passage.


lateral

latêral (canonical)
lateral-lateral (plural)

(phonetics, phonology) A sound produced through lateral pronunciation (such as /l/ in lateral).


persona

Learned borrowing from Latin persōna. Doublet of person.

(grammar) a linguistic category used to distinguish between the speaker of an utterance and those to whom or about whom he is speaking.


nominal

From Dutch nominaal, from French nominal, from Latin nominalis.

(grammar) of or relating to a noun or word group that functions as a noun.


graf

(linguistics, typography) graph: A graphical unit on the token-level, the abstracted fundamental shape of a character or letter as distinct from its ductus (realization in a particular typeface or handwriting on the instance-level) and as distinct by a grapheme on the type-level by not fundamentally distinguishing meaning.


kalimat

From Arabic كَلِمَات (kalimāt, “word, speech, statement”). Doublet of kalimah.

kalimat pasif

(grammar) sentence: a grammatically complete series of words consisting of a subject and predicate, even if one or the other is implied, and typically beginning with a capital letter and ending with a full stop.


fon

From Dutch foon (“phone”), from Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”).

(linguistics) phone, a speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties, considered as a physical event without regard to its place in the phonology of a language.


velum

(anatomy, linguistics) velum: the soft palate.


modus

Learned borrowing from Latin modus. Doublet of mode, model, modul, and modern.

doublet

(linguistics) mood, a verb form that depends on how its containing clause relates to the speaker’s or writer’s wish, intent, or assertion about reality.


akar

Inherited from Malay akar, from Proto-Malayic *akar,from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wakaʀ.

(linguistic morphology) root (the primary lexical unit of a word)


tata bahasa

Inherited from Malay tatabahasa, from tata (“order”) + bahasa (“language”), calque of translingual 語法. Equivalent to tata + bahasa.

a system of rules and principles for speaking and writing a language.

a book describing the rules of grammar of a language.


kata kerja

Compound of kata (“word”) + kerja (“work”), calque of Dutch werkwoord (“verb”, literally “work(ing) word”).

calque

(grammar) verb, a word that indicates an action, event, or state.


kata penghubung

Compound of kata (“word”) + penghubung (“connector”), literally “connector word”.


pasar

→ Dutch: pasar

From Malay pasar (“market”), from Tamil பசார் (pacār, “bazaar”), from Classical Persian بازار (bāzār, “market”), from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾčʾl /wāzār/, “market”). Doublet of bazar.

der

(linguistics) colloquial; vernacular; vulgar


hapax legomena

id-noun

hapax legomena (plural hapax-hapax legomena)

Internationalism, Ancient Greek ἅπαξ λεγόμενον (hápax legómenon, “(something) said only once”), from ἅπαξ (hápax, “once”) and λεγόμενον (legómenon), passive participle of λέγω (légō, “say”).

der

ἅπαξ λεγόμενον

(linguistics) hapax legomenon: a word occurring only once in a given corpus.


kasus

From Dutch casus, from Latin cāsus (“chance, event”), the past participle of cadō (“to fall, happen”).

grammatical case
grammatical case#English

(linguistics, grammar) case (grammatical case)


klik

(linguistics): an ingressive sound made by coarticulating a velar or uvular closure with another closure.


substantif

From Dutch substantief, from New Latin nōmen substantīvum.


inversi

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch inversie, from French inversion.

(grammar) Deviation from standard word order by putting the predicate before the subject. It takes place in questions with auxiliary verbs and in normal, affirmative clauses beginning with a negative particle, for the purpose of emphasis


intensi

From English intension, from Latin intēnsiō (“straining, effort; intensifying”), from intēnsus (“stretched”), perfect passive participle of intendō (“strain or stretch toward”).

(linguistics) intension, any property or quality connoted by a word, phrase or other symbol, contrasted with actual instances in the real world to which the term applies.


tona

From Dutch tonen, plural of toon, from Middle Dutch toon, ultimately from Latin tonus.

(linguistics) tone: the pitch of a word that distinguishes a difference in meaning, for example in Chinese.


gramatika

Borrowed from Dutch grammatica, from Latin grammatica, from Ancient Greek γραμματική (grammatikḗ, “skilled in writing”), from γράμμα (grámma, “line of writing”), from γράφω (gráphō, “write”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerebh- (“to scratch”).

the study of the internal structure of words (morphology) and the use of words in the construction of phrases and sentences (syntax).


anomali

From Dutch anomalie, from French anomalie, from Ancient Greek ἀνωμαλία (anōmalía, “disaccord”).

(linguistics, politics) a deviation from a rule or from what is regarded as normal; an outlier.


fusi

From Dutch fusie, from Middle French fusion, from Latin fusionem (the accusative of fusio), from fusus, past participle of fundere (“pour, melt”).

(phonology) a type of sound change where two or more sounds merge into one.


atribut

From Dutch attribuut, from French attribut, from Latin attributum.

(grammar) a word that qualifies a noun, a qualifier.


fonem

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch foneem, from French phonème, from Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma, literally “sound made”, “utterance”; “thing spoken”, “speech”, “language”).


anafora

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νᾰφορᾱ́ (ănăphorā́).

lbor

(linguistics) an expression that can refer to virtually any referent, the specific referent being defined by context; An expression that refers to a preceding expression.


pragmatika

(linguistics) pragmatics: the study of the use of language, especially meaning, in a social context; it includes extratextual aspects of language including exophoric reference, phatic utterances, and nonverbal channels.


akronim

From Dutch acroniem, from Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros, “extremity”) and ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”).


kata benda

Compound of kata (“word”) + benda (“thing”), calque of Dutch dingwoord (“noun, substantive”, literally “thing word”).


aktif

Borrowed from Dutch aktief, from Old French actif, from Latin activus. Doublet of aktiva.

Mereka aktif di eskul mereka.

They are active in their extracurricular.


huruf

From Malay huruf, from Arabic حُرُوف (ḥurūf) plural of حَرْف (ḥarf).

(linguistics, typography) graph: A graphical unit on the token-level, the abstracted fundamental shape of a character or letter as distinct from its ductus (realization in a particular typeface or handwriting on the instance-level) and as distinct by a grapheme on the type-level by not fundamentally distinguishing meaning.


vokal

From Dutch vocaal (“vowel”), from Latin vōcālis.
* Semantic loan from English vocal, except the sense “vowel”.


fungsi

From Malay fungsi, from Dutch functie, from French fonction, from Middle French function, ultimately from Latin functiō.

memfungsikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

(linguistics) a way of achieving an aim using language.


artikel

artikêl (canonical)
artikel-artikel (plural)

From Dutch artikel, from Latin articulus (“a joint, limb, member, part, division, the article in grammar, a point of time”); prop. diminutive of artus (“a joint”), from ar (“to fit, join”).

der

(linguistics) A part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun (a, an, or the in English).


diftong

From Dutch diftong, from Middle French diphtongue, from Latin diphthongus, from Ancient Greek δίφθογγος (díphthongos).


kaidah

From Malay kaidah (Standard Malay kaédah), from Arabic قَاعِدَة (qāʕida).

(biology, chemistry, economics, linguistics, physics) A regulation, law, guideline.


informan

(linguistics) A native speaker who acts as a linguistic reference for a language being studied. The informant demonstrates native pronunciation, provides grammaticality judgments regarding linguistic well-formedness, and may also explain cultural references and other important contextual information.


verba

From Dutch verba (“verbs”), from Latin verba, verbum, from Proto-Italic *werβom, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om (“word”).

(grammar) verb, a word that indicates an action, event, or state.


infinitif

Borrowed from Dutch infinitief (“infinitive”), from Old French infinitif, from Latin īnfīnītīvus.


klausa

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin clausa, diminutive of clausula (“close, end; a clause, close of a period”)), from Latin clausus, past participle of claudere (“to shut, close”). Doublet of klausul.

lbor

(grammar) clause: a verb, its necessary grammatical arguments, and any adjuncts affecting them.


kalke

From Dutch calque, from French calque (“calque”, literally “copy, tracing”), from calquer (“to copy, trace”), itself borrowed from Italian calcare, from Latin calcāre (“to tread”).

der

(linguistics) calque: a word or phrase in a language formed by word-for-word or morpheme-by-morpheme translation of a word in another language.


datif

From Dutch datief, from French datif, from Latin dativus.


indeks

(linguistics) a type of noun where the meaning of the form changes with respect to the context.


morfologi

From Dutch morfologie, from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) + λόγος (lógos).

a scientific study of form and structure, usually without regard to function, especially:

(linguistics) the study of the internal structure of morphemes (words and their semantic building blocks).


partikel

partikêl (canonical)
partikel-partikel (plural)

From Dutch partikel, from Middle Dutch partikele, from Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”). Doublet of parsel and persil.

(linguistics) a part of speech which cannot be inflected: an adverb, preposition, conjunction or interjection.


pronomina

Borrowed from Dutch pronomina, plural form of pronomen, from Latin prōnōmen.

(grammar) pronoun: a type of word that refers anaphorically to a noun or noun phrase, but which cannot ordinarily be preceded by a determiner and rarely takes an attributive adjective.


varian

From Dutch variant, from French variant or variante, from Latin variāns.

(Standard Malay)

(linguistics) one of a set of words or other linguistic forms that conveys the same meaning or serves the same function.


desibel

dèsibêl (canonical)
desibel-desibel (plural)

Affixed desi- + bel, from Dutch decibel, from English decibel.

(acoustics, linguistics) decibel: A common measure of sound intensity ratio that is one tenth of a bel on the logarithmic intensity scale. It is defined as dB = 10 log₁₀(P₁ / P₂), where P₁ and P₂ are the relative powers of the sound.


predikat

predikat (canonical)
prédikat (canonical)

From Dutch predicaat, from Middle French predicat (French prédicat), from post-classical Late Latin praedicātum (“thing said of a subject”), a noun use of the neuter past participle of praedicō (“I proclaim”).

Kalimat sekurangnya terdiri atas subyek dan predikat.

A sentence shall at least consist of a subject and a predicate.

(grammar) predicate (the part of the sentence (or clause) which states something about the subject or the object of the sentence)


aneksi

(linguistics) nonidiomatic combination of basic morphemes


saraf

From Malay saraf, from Arabic صَرْف (ṣarf).


aksen

Borrowed from Dutch accent, from Middle Dutch accent, ultimately from Latin accentus.

(linguistics) a higher-pitched or stronger articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to emphasize it.

(linguistics) the distinctive manner of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, social group, etc., whether of a native speaker or a foreign speaker; the phonetic and phonological aspects of a dialect.


hibrida

(linguistics) a word whose elements are derived from different languages.


pasif

→ Malay: pasif

Borrowed from Dutch passief (“passive”), from Latin passivus (“serving to express the suffering of an action”).


elipsis

Learned borrowing from Latin ellipsis, from Ancient Greek ἔλλειψις (élleipsis, “omission”).

(grammar) The omission of a word or phrase that can be inferred from the context.


konsonan

From Dutch consonant, from Old French consonant, from Latin cōnsonāns (“sounding with”), from the prefix con- (“with”) + the present participle sonāns (“sounding”), from sonāre (“to sound”).


ragam

From Malay ragam, from Sanskrit राग (rāga). Doublet of raga and ragi.


tipologi

(linguistics) classification of languages according to their linguistic trait (as opposed to ancestrality like Romance languages).


serap

From Malay serap, from Classical Malay serap, from Proto-Malayic *sərəp, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *sərəp, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *sərəp, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *səʀəp.

(linguistics) to borrow: to adopt a word from another language.


pangkal

(linguistics) stem (The main part of an uninflected word to which affixes may be added to form inflections of the word)


objek

From English object. Replaced earlier obyek.

(grammar) object: The noun phrase which is an internal complement of a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase. In a verb phrase with a transitive action verb, it is typically the receiver of the action.


sandi

From Malay sandi, from Sanskrit सन्धि (sandhi), संधि (saṃdhi). Doublet of sendi.

(phonology) sandhi: any of a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries, such as the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words.


jumlah

From Malay jumlah, from Classical Malay jumlah, from Arabic جُمْلَة (jumla).
* The sense “sentence” is a semantic loan from Arabic جُمْلَة (jumla).


logat

Ultimately derived from Arabic لُغَة (luḡa, “language”).

der+

(linguistics, sociolinguistics) accent (The distinctive manner of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, social group, etc., whether of a native speaker or a foreign speaker; the phonetic and phonological aspects of a dialect)

(linguistics) dialect; idiom; vernacular (a variety of a language)


performa

pêrforma (canonical)
performa-performa (plural)

From Dutch performance, from English performance or French performance.

linguistic performance
linguistic performance

(linguistics) the actual use of language in concrete situations by native speakers of a language, as opposed to the system of linguistic knowledge they possess (competence), cf. linguistic performance.


kontur

From Dutch contour, from French contour.

(linguistics) a speech sound which behaves as a single segment, but which makes an internal transition from one quality, place, or manner to another.


ciri

Inherited from Malay چيري (ciri), from Javanese ꦕꦶꦫꦶ (ciri, “sign, identifying mark, scar”), from Old Javanese ciri (“sign, distinctive mark, evidence”).

inh

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ms">ciri</i>

der

(linguistics) the elements into which linguistic units can be broken down.


beku

From Malay beku, from Classical Malay beku.


suku kata

Compound of suku (“part”) + kata (“word”), from Malay suku kata. Compare to Chinese 音節／音节 (“syllable”, literally “sound + section”).


kata nama

Compound of kata (“word”) + nama (“name”), calque of Dutch naamwoord (“noun”, literally “name + word”).


deret

inh

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ms">dérét</i>

(phonology) a set of consonants that share a particular phonetic or phonological feature.


konteks

From Dutch context, from Middle French contexte or Latin contextus.

(linguistics) the text in which a word or passage appears and which helps ascertain its meaning.


nahu

From Malay nahu, from Arabic نَحْو (naḥw).


pinjam terjemah

id-noun

pinjam terjemah (plural pinjam-pinjam terjemah)

Compound of pinjam (“borrow”) + terjemah (“translate”), calque of Dutch leenvertaling.

com

Kata "sepeda motor" adalah kata pinjam terjemah dari bahasa Belanda "motorfiets".

The word "sepeda motor" is a calque of the Dutch "motorfiets".

(linguistics) A word or phrase in a language formed by word-for-word or morpheme-by-morpheme translation of a word in another language.


rumus

From Malay rumus, from Arabic رُمُوز (rumūz), plural of رَمْز (ramz, “cipher, code”).

(biology, chemistry, linguistics, literature, physics) formula


gatra

Borrowed from Javanese ꦒꦠꦿ (gatra), from Sanskrit गात्र (gātra, “body”).

(linguistics) a grammatical quality of a verb which determines the relationship of the speaker to the internal temporal flow of the event which the verb describes, or whether the speaker views the event from outside as a whole, or from within as it is unfolding

the way something appears when viewed from a certain direction or perspective


kata sifat

* From Malay kata sifat. Reconstructed as kata + sifat.
* Semantic loan from Arabic صِفَات (ṣifāt), plural of صِفَة (ṣifa, “adjective”) for adjective sense.


dialek

Borrowed from Dutch dialect, from Middle French dialecte, from Latin dialectos, dialectus, from Ancient Greek διάλεκτος (diálektos, “conversation, the language of a country or a place or a nation, the local idiom which derives from a dominant language”), from διαλέγομαι (dialégomai, “I participate in a dialogue”), from διά (diá, “inter, through”) + λέγω (légō, “I speak”).

der

(strict sense) a lect (often a regional or minority language) as part of a group or family of languages, especially if they are viewed as a single language, or if contrasted with a standardized idiom that is considered the 'true' form of the language (for example, Bavarian as contrasted with Standard German)

(broad sense) a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular area, community, or social group, differing from other varieties of the same language in relatively minor ways as regards grammar, phonology, and lexicon


kala lampau

From kala + lampau. Calque of English past tense.


wicara

From Javanese ꦮꦶꦕꦫ (wicara), from Old Javanese wicāra, from Sanskrit विचार (vicāra, “thought, discussion”). Doublet of bicara, [Term?], and to talk.


awalan

(grammar, linguistic morphology) A morpheme added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning.


akhiran

* From Malay akhiran, from Classical Malay اخيران (akhiran, “finish”). Equivalent to akhir + -an.
* The sense “suffix” is a semantic loan from English suffix.


bahasa baku

head

bahasa baku (plural bahasa-bahasa baku, first-person possessive bahasa bakuku, second-person possessive bahasa bakumu, third-person possessive bahasa bakunya)

bahasa-bahasa baku (plural)
bahasa baku ku (first-person possessive)
bahasa baku mu (possessive second-person)
bahasa baku nya (possessive third-person)

Compound of bahasa (“language”) + baku (“standard”), calque of Dutch standaardtaal (“standard language”).

clq

Bahasa baku itu dianggap lebih baik daripada ragam bahasa yang lain.

It is assumed that the standard register is better than other language varieties.

Bahasa baku mendukung empat fungsi.

Standard language supports four functions.

Nadin menjelaskan bahwa dirinya kerap menggunakan bahasa baku dalam berbicara sehari-hari.

Nadin told that she usually uses the standard register in her day-to-day speech.

standard language
standard language#English

(sociolinguistics) standard language: A form of a language that is institutionally promoted, regarded as the most "correct" or neutral variety; used by a population for public and formal purposes.


isolek

(linguistics) isolect, idiom (neutral term between ‘language’ and ‘dialect’)


tutur

Inherited from Malay tutur, from Proto-Malayic *tutur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tutur (“to speak clearly and deliberately”).

inh

(linguistics) parole: language in use, as opposed to language as a system.


turunan

Affixed turun (“descent”) + -an, inherited from Malay turunan, from, Classical Malay turunan (“descendant”). The sense “derivative” is a semantic loan from English derivative.

(linguistics) A word that derives from another one.

derivative:
A word that derives from another one.


kata hubung

Inherited from Malay kata hubung, from kata (“word”) + hubung (”to connect”). Equivalent to kata + hubung.

conjunction (a word used to join other words or phrases together into sentences, with the meaning used to show how the two joined parts are related)


menurunkan

turun (root)
menuruni (active locative)
terturuni (locative)
dituruni (locative passive)
turuni (locative)
turunilah (locative)
menurunkan (active)
terturunkan
diturunkan (passive)
turunkan
turunkanlah
memperturun (active causative)
terperturun (active causative)
diperturun (active causative passive)
perturunkan (active causative)
perturunlah (active causative)
memperturuni (active causative locative)
terperturuni (causative locative)
diperturuni (causative locative passive)
perturuni (causative locative)
perturunilah (causative locative)
memperturunkan (active causative)
terperturunkan (causative)
diperturunkan (causative passive)
perturunkan (causative)
perturunkanlah (causative)

From Malay menurunkan,
from Classical Malay menurunkan. Equivalent to
turun + meng- -kan.


kanonis

(mathematics, linguistics) In canonical form.


wilapa

From Sanskrit विलाप (vilāpa, “lamentation”).


lokalisasi

Borrowed from Dutch lokalisatie. By surface analysis, lokal + -isasi.

(translation studies, chiefly software, marketing) the act, process, or result of adapting translated text to fit a local culture; domestication


lokalisasi

head

lokalisasi (active melokalisasi, passive dilokalisasi, perfective passive terlokalisasi)

melokalisasi (active)
dilokalisasi (passive)
terlokalisasi (passive perfective)

(translation studies, chiefly software) to adapt translated text to fit a local culture; to domesticate


kosakata

Calque of Dutch woordenschat (“vocabulary”, literally “word treasure”) as kosa + kata (“word”). The word kosa is from Sanskrit कोश (kośa, “dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, treasury, store”).

der

...kosakata Indonesia tjukuplah orang membandingkan ,,Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia„ tahun 1952 buatan W. J. S. Poerwadarminta dengan sebuah kamus buatan sebelum perang (misalnja kamus Klinkert atau Van Ronkel).

1957, Tardjan Hadidjaja, Asas-asas pendidikan bahasa ibu bagi anak Djawa, Ganaco:


eksaminasi

èksaminasi (canonical)
eksaminasi-eksaminasi (plural)

From Dutch examinatie, from Latin exāminātiō.

(linguistics) examination of authenticity.

examination,
examination of authenticity.


nisbah

Inherited from Malay nisbah, from Classical Malay nisbah, from Arabic نِسْبَة (nisba). The sense in Arabic grammar and Islamic finance are semantic borrowings from the same Arabic word.

(Arabic grammar) nisba: a common suffix to form adjectives of relation or pertinence.


adjektif

From Dutch adjectief, from Middle French adjectif, from Latin adiectīvus.

(linguistics, nonstandard) Alternative spelling of adjektiva (“adjective”).


netral

From Dutch neutral, from late Middle Dutch neutrael, from Middle French neutral, from Old French neutral, from Latin neutrālis, itself from neuter (“neither”).

(linguistics) neuter, neither masculin nor feminine.


konstruksi

From Dutch constructie, from Middle Dutch constructie, from Old French construction, from Latin cōnstructiō, from cōnstruere (present active infinitive of cōnstruō) + tiō.

(grammar) A group of words arranged to form a meaningful phrase.


konstruksi

head

konstruksi (active mengonstruksi, passive dikonstruksi, perfective passive terkonstruksi)

mengonstruksi (active)
dikonstruksi (passive)
terkonstruksi (passive perfective)

(grammar) To build (a sentence, an argument, etc.) by arranging words or ideas.


derivatif

From Dutch derivatief, from Middle French dérivatif, from Latin dērīvātus, perfect passive participle of dērīvō (“I derive”).

derivative,
(linguistics) derived from root word.


kodifikasi

(law, linguistics, management) codification

the process of precisely formulating a statement, such as a code of laws.

the act or result of arranging something into a code; the act of setting down a body of knowledge in a systematic way.


bahasa ibu

Compound of bahasa (“language”) + ibu (“mother”), calque of Dutch moedertaal.

(linguistics) mother tongue, native language, first language, the language one first learned; the language one grew up with.


bahasa buatan

bahasa (“language”) + buatan (“artificial”).

compound

constructed language
constructed language#English

(linguistics) constructed language, a human language that has been consciously devised by an individual or a small group, as opposed to having naturally evolved as part of a culture like a natural language.


bahasa gaul

bahasa (“language”) + gaul (“friendship, socialisation”).

language outside of conventional usage and in the informal register,

the specialized language of a social group, sometimes used to make what is said unintelligible to those not members of the group.


bahasa halus

bahasa (“language”) + halus (“refined”).


bahasa kasar

bahasa (“language”) + kasar (“crude, rude”).

(linguistics) offensive register, causing offense; arousing a visceral reaction of disgust, anger, or hatred.


bahasa klasik

Compound of bahasa (“language”) + klasik (“classical”), partial calque of Dutch klassieke talen (klassieke + talen).

com

(linguistics, literature) a classical language


bahasa kuno

(linguistics) ancient language, any language originating in times that may be referred to as ancient.


bahasa pasar

id-noun

bahasa pasar (plural bahasa-bahasa pasar)

From bahasa (“language”) + pasar (“market”).

(linguistics) trade language, vehicular language


bahasa resmi

bahasa (“language”) + resmi (“official”).

compound

official language
official language#English

(linguistics) official language, a language afforded an elevated status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction, typically for government use.


bahasa asing

bahasa (“language”) + asing (“foreign”).

foreign language
foreign language#English

a language that is not widely or officially spoken in a particular place.

a language that is not one's native tongue.


bahasa dagang

id-noun

bahasa dagang (plural bahasa-bahasa dagang)

From bahasa (“language”) + dagang (“trade”).


bahasa mati

(linguistics) dead language, a language which no longer has any native speakers.


amplifikasi

From Dutch amplificatie, from Latin amplificātiō.

(linguistics) a translation technique that involves adding content that is not present in the source text to the target text, usually to improve the fluency of the translation.

(linguistics) a figure of speech that adds importance to increase its rhetorical effect.


intonasi

From Dutch intonatie, from French intonation.

(linguistics) the rise and fall of the voice in speaking.The rise and fall of the voice in speaking.


koordinasi

From Dutch coördinatie, from Middle French coordination, from Late Latin coordinationem (accusative of coordinatio), from Latin coordinare.

(linguistics) an equal joining together of two or more phrases or clauses, for example, using and, or, or but.


penanda

A semantic unit, something that conveys meaning or information (e.g. a word of written language); (linguistics, semiotics) a unit consisting of a signifier and a signified concept.

(linguistics) identifier: the sound of spoken word or string of letters on a page that a person recognizes as a sign; signifier.


kala kini

From kala + kini. Calque of English present tense.


kala akan datang

From kala + akan datang. Calque of English future tense.


ilmu saraf

Compound of ilmu + saraf, from Malay ilmu saraf, from Classical Malay ilmu saraf, from Arabic عِلْم الصَّرْف (ʕilm aṣ-ṣarf).

der

عِلْم الصَّرْف

Arabic عِلْم الصَّرْف (ʕilm aṣ-ṣarf)

(linguistics) morphology: the study of the internal structure of morphemes (words and their semantic building blocks).


kontaminasi

From Dutch contaminatie, from Latin contāminātiō.

(linguistics) the influence of one form (often from a foreign language) on the historical development of another form to which it may be related in meaning.


oposisi

From Dutch oppositie, from Middle Dutch opposicie, from Middle French [Term?], from Old French oposicion, from Late Latin oppositio, translating Ancient Greek ἀντίθεσις (antíthesis), from the past participle stem of classical Latin oppōnere (“to set against”).

(linguistics) the opposition between two linguistic elements to show differences in meaning


konstituen

From Dutch constituent, from Latin cōnstituēns, present participle of cōnstituō (“I establish”), from com- (“together”) + statuo (“I set, place, establish”).

(linguistics) a functional element of a phrase or clause.


likuida

From Dutch liquida, from Middle English liquide, from Old French liquide, from Latin liquidus (“fluid, liquid, moist”), from liqueō (“to be liquid, be fluid”).

(phonology) liquid: A class of consonant sounds that includes l and r.


silabel

Borrowed from Dutch syllabe, from French syllabe, from Old French sillebe, from Latin syllaba, from Ancient Greek συλλαβή (sullabḗ), from συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō, “I gather together”), from συν- (sun-, “together”) + λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).


kata kunci

Compound of kata (“word”) + kunci (“key”), calque of Dutch sleutelwoord (“keyword”).

clq

(linguistics) any word that occurs in a text more often than normal.


kata majemuk

From compound of kata (“word”) + majemuk (“compound”), from calque of Dutch samengesteld woord (“compound word”) (samengesteld + woord).


kompositum

From Dutch compositum, from Latin compositum.


ajektiva

(linguistics, nonstandard) Alternative spelling of adjektiva (“adjective”).


ajektif

From Dutch adjectief, from Middle French adjectif, from Latin adiectīvus.

(linguistics, nonstandard) alternative spelling of adjektiva (“adjective”).


bahasa standar

head

bahasa standar (plural bahasa-bahasa standar, first-person possessive bahasa standarku, second-person possessive bahasa standarmu, third-person possessive bahasa standarnya)

bahasa-bahasa standar (plural)
bahasa standar ku (first-person possessive)
bahasa standar mu (possessive second-person)
bahasa standar nya (possessive third-person)

Compound of bahasa (“language”) + standar (“standard”), partial calque of Dutch standaardtaal (“standard language”).

partial calque

Biasanya pemakai bahasa beranggapan bahwa bahasa standar adalah bahasa yang lebih baik dibanding bahasa non-standar.

Language user generally assumed that standard language is better than non-standard language.

Mutu pers ditentukan oleh penggunaan bahasa standar terbaku, baik, dan benar.

Press quality is defined by usage of most standarised, good and right standard language.

Hal ini karena mereka menjadi tolok ukur keberhasilan pemakaian bahasa standar atau baku.

This is because they are success indicator of standard language usage.

(sociolinguistics) standard language: high language variety, usually as codified by prescriptive authorities


bahasa nasional

Compound of bahasa (“language”) + nasional (“national”), partial calque of Dutch nationale taal.

compound

(linguistics) national language, a language afforded an elevated status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction.


bahasa negara

bahasa (“language”) + negara (“country, state”).

(linguistics) country official language.


paramasastra

From Javanese ꦥꦫꦩꦱꦱ꧀ꦠꦿ (paramasastra). See there for further etymology.

(obsolete) Synonym of tata bahasa (“grammar”)


keterangan

kêtêrangan (canonical)
keterangan-keterangan (plural)

Inherited from Malay keterangan, synchronically analysable as terang + ke- -an.


subjek

Borrowed from Dutch subject, from Latin subiectus (“a subject, an inferior”), subiectum (“the subject of a proposition”), past participle of subiciō (“throw, lay, place”), from sub (“under, at the foot of”) + iaciō (“throw, hurl”). The pronunciation is influenced by English subject.

der

(grammar) the word or word group about whom a statement is made.


asimilasi

→ Malay: asimilasi

(linguistics, phonology) a sound change process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word (or at a word boundary), so that a change of phoneme occurs.


warna bahasa

Compound of warna (“colour”) + bahasa (“language”), calque of Balinese ᬯᬃᬦᬩᬲ (warna basa, “register”, literally “variety of language”), from Sanskrit वर्ण (varṇa, “colour”) + भाषा (bhāṣā, “language”).

compound

(linguistics) register: a style of a language used in a particular context, which is related to honorific.


amanat

From Malay amanat, from Classical Malay امانت (amanat), from Classical Persian امانت (amānat), from Arabic أَمَانَة (ʔamāna). Doublet of amanah.

amanat anggaran

(communication, linguistics) a communication, or what is communicated; any concept or information conveyed.


tujuan

Affixed tuju + -an, from Malay tujuan. Semantic loan from Dutch oogmerk (“aim, goal”) in law terms.


kontraksi

From Dutch contractie, from Middle French contraction, from Old French contraction, from Latin contractiō.

(linguistics) a process whereby one or more sounds of a free morpheme (a word) are lost or reduced, such that it becomes a bound morpheme (a clitic) that attaches phonologically to an adjacent word.


pelengkap

(linguistics) a word or group of words that completes a grammatical construction in the predicate and that describes or is identified with the subject or object.


komplemen

From Dutch complement, from Latin complementum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”).


orang ketiga

Compound of orang (literally “party”) + ketiga (“third”).
# For grammar and linguistics senses, calque of Dutch derde persoon (“third person”).
# For sense of other man and other woman, probably calque from Chinese 第三者 (dìsānzhě, “the other man, the other women”, literally “third party”).


variasi

From Dutch variatie, from Middle French variation, from Old French variacion, from Latin variātiō.
* Semantic loan from English variation.

(linguistics) a characteristic of language: there is more than one way of saying the same thing.


aspek

From Dutch aspect. Cognate of Afrikaans aspek.

(grammar) a grammatical quality of a verb which determines the relationship of the speaker to the internal temporal flow of the event which the verb describes, or whether the speaker views the event from outside as a whole, or from within as it is unfolding.


referensi

ré‧fê‧rèn‧si

From Dutch referentie, from French référence, presumably from Old French referer (14th century), anyway from Latin referre "to relate, refer", literally "to carry back", itself from re- "back" + ferre "to carry, bring".

(semantics) a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object.


diksi

From Dutch dictie, from Middle French diction, from Latin dictiō.

(linguistics) diction: choice and use of words, especially with regard to effective communication.


linguistik

From Dutch linguïstiek, from linguïst + -iek.

linguistics (the systematic and scholarly study of language)


linguistik

Of or relating to language or linguistics.

linguistic
Relating to a computer language.


bahasa tonal

Compound of bahasa + *tonal, calque of English tonal language.

(linguistics) tonal language: languages which use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously to consonants and vowels


eksplikatif

From English explicative, from Latin explicātīvus, from explicō (“to unfold, open out”).


hipernim

Affixed hiper- + *nim, from English hypernym, from Ancient Greek hyper- (“over”) + -onym (“name”).

(semantics) hypernym: a superordinate word or phrase; a term whose referents form a set which includes as a subset the referents of a subordinate term.


penguatan

pênguatan (canonical)
penguatan-penguatan (plural)

Affixed kuat + peng- -an.
* The confirmation sense is a semantic loan from Latin confirmatio, noun of process from cōnfirmātus (“confirmed”), perfect passive participle of cōnfirmāre, from con- (“with”) + firmāre (“to firm or strengthen”).

(linguistics) a translation technique that involves adding content that is not present in the source text to the target text, usually to improve the fluency of the translation.

(linguistics) a figure of speech that adds importance to increase its rhetorical effect.


deret konsonan

Compound of deret + konsonan, calque of English consonant sequence.


deret vokal

Compound of deret + vokal, calque of English vowel sequence.


tekanan

(linguistics) accent: a higher-pitched or stronger articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to emphasize it.


denotasi

From Dutch denotatie, from French dénotation, from Latin denotatio.

(logic, linguistics, semiotics) denotation: The primary, surface, literal, or explicit meaning of a signifier such as a word, phrase, or symbol; that which a word denotes, as contrasted with its connotation; the aggregate or set of objects of which a word may be predicated.


sinkope

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ). Doublet of sinkop.

lbor

(linguistics, phonology, prosody) syncope: the loss or elision of a sound, from the interior of a word, especially of a vowel sound with loss of a syllable.


formatif

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch formatief, from Middle French formatif.

(grammar) Pertaining to the inflection of words.

formative:
Pertaining to the inflection of words.


formatif

(grammar) formative: A language unit that has morphological function.


statif

Borrowed from Dutch statief, from Latin statīvus (“stationary; permanent”).

der

Kalimat statif adalah kalimat yang predikatnya bukan merupakan verba aktif.

A stative sentence is a sentence whose predicate is not an active verb

(grammar) stative: a construct asserting that a subject has a particular property.


akusatif

From Dutch accusatief, from Latin accūsātīvus.


aglutinasi

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch agglutinatie, from French agglutination, from New Latin agglūtinātiō.

(linguistics) combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning.


anteseden

an‧té‧sè‧dên

From Dutch antecedent, from French antécédent, from Latin antecēdēns (“go before”).

(linguistics, grammar) A word, phrase or clause referred to by a pronoun.


aposisi

From Dutch appositie, from Middle French apposition, from Latin appositiō.


argumen

From Dutch argument, from French argument, from Latin argūmentum, from arguō (“prove, argue”).

(linguistics) any of the phrases that bears a syntactic connection to the verb of a clause.


artikulasi

From Dutch articulatie, from French articulation, from Latin articulātiō.

(Standard Malay)

(linguistics) the manner in which a phoneme is pronounced.


aspirasi

From Dutch aspiratie, from French aspiration, from Latin aspiratio.

(linguistics) a burst of air that follows the release of some consonants.


kolokasi

Affixed ko- + lokasi, from Dutch collocatie, from Latin collocātiō (“a putting together”).

(linguistics) collocation: The grouping or juxtaposition of things, especially words or sounds.

(linguistics, translation studies) A sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance (i.e., the statistically significant placement of particular words in a language), often representing an established name for, or idiomatic way of conveying, a particular semantic concept.


nirsuara

nir- + suara (“voice”). Calque of English voiceless.

(phonetics, of a consonant or vowel) voiceless: Spoken without vibration of the vocal cords


konjugasi

From Dutch conjugatie, from Latin coniugātiō (“combining, connecting; conjugation”), from coniugō (“join, unite together”).

(linguistics, grammar) The act of conjugating a verb.

conjugation:
The act of conjugating a verb.


konjungsi

From Dutch conjunctie, from Old French conjonction, from Latin coniūnctiō (“joining”), from coniungere (“to join”).

(grammar) conjunction (a word used to join other words or phrases together into sentences)


konotasi

From Dutch connotatie, from Medieval Latin connotātiō, from connotō (“I mark in addition”), from Latin con- (“together, with”) + noto (“I note”).

(semantics) connotation: A meaning of a word or phrase that is suggested or implied, as opposed to a denotation, or literal meaning. A characteristic of words or phrases, or of the contexts that words and phrases are used in.


produktif

From Dutch productief, from French productif, from Late Latin productīvus, or formed from Latin productus with the suffix -if.

(linguistics) productive (consistently applicable to any of an open set of words)


produktivitas

From produktif + -itas, displaced the older produktivitet, a loan word from Dutch productiviteit.

(linguistics) productivity (ability to form new words using established patterns and discrete linguistic elements)


deklinasi

déklinasi (canonical)
deklinasi-deklinasi (plural)

From Dutch declinatie, from Middle Dutch declinacie, from Latin dēclīnātiō.

(grammar) declension: the act of declining a word; the act of listing the inflections of a noun, pronoun or adjective in order.


transkripsi

From Dutch transcriptie, from Middle French transcription, from Latin transcriptiōnem, trānscrībō (“transcribe”).

(linguistics) A representation of speech sounds as phonetic symbols.


difusi

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch diffusie, from French diffusion.

(linguistics) The spread of cultural or linguistic practices, or social institutions, in one or more communities.


modalitas

Internationalism, affixed *modal + -itas.

(linguistics) mood: The inflection of a verb that shows how its action is conceived by the speaker.


konkordansi

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch concordantie, from French concordance, from Medieval Latin concordantia.

(linguistics) concordance: An alphabetical verbal index showing the places in the text of a book where each principal word may be found, with its immediate context in each place.


interferensi

intêrfêrènsi (canonical)
interferensi-interferensi (plural)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch interferentie, from French interférence.

(linguistics) The situation where a person who knows two languages inappropriately transfers lexical items or structures from one to the other.


analisis wacana

id-noun

analisis wacana (plural analisis-analisis wacana)

Compound of analisis (“analysis”) + wacana (“discourse”), calque of English discourse analysis.

com

discourse analysis
discourse analysis#English

(linguistics) discourse analysis: Any of a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken or signed language use.


kalimat majemuk bertingkat

id-noun

kalimat majemuk bertingkat (plural kalimat-kalimat majemuk bertingkat)

kalimat-kalimat majemuk bertingkat (plural)

Compound of kalimat majemuk + bertingkat.

complex sentence
complex sentence#English

(grammar) complex sentence: a sentence that contains an independent clause as well as one or more dependent clauses, such as a relative clause, an adverbial clause, or a noun clause.


kalimat majemuk setara

kalimat majemuk setara (plural kalimat-kalimat majemuk setara)

compound sentence
compound sentence#English

(grammar) compound sentence: a sentence that has two or more independent clauses, joined by a conjunction (such as 'but', 'and') and/or punctuation (such as ',').


kalimat tunggal

kalimat tunggal (plural kalimat-kalimat tunggal)

Compound of kalimat (“sentence”) + tunggal.

(grammar) simple sentence: a sentence that contains one independent clause and no dependent clause.


pengucapan

pêngucapan (canonical)
pengucapan-pengucapan (plural)


fonemis

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch fonemisch.


kohesi

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch cohesie.

(linguistics) grammatical or lexical relationship between different parts of the same text.


adisi

Borrowed from Dutch additie, from French addition, from Latin additiōnem.


redundansi

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch redundantie, from French redondance.

(linguistics) superfluity: something redundant or excessive; a needless repetition in language


bahasa kebangsaan

Compound of bahasa (“language”) + kebangsaan (“national”), calque of Dutch nationale taal.

compound

(linguistics) national language, a language afforded an elevated status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction.


kata ganti

Compound of kata (“word”) + ganti (“to replace; to change”), calque from Chinese 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”, literally “substitute/replace word”).

zh-l

(grammar) pronoun: a type of word that refers anaphorically to a noun or noun phrase, but which cannot ordinarily be preceded by a determiner and rarely takes an attributive adjective.


kata ganti orang

id-noun

kata ganti orang (plural kata-kata ganti orang)

Compound of kata ganti (“pronoun”) + orang (“person”), calque of Dutch persoonlijk voornaamwoord (compare to Malay kata ganti diri).

clq

personal pronoun
personal pronoun#English

(grammar) personal pronoun: pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as I), second person (as you), or third person (as he, she, it, they).


pronomina persona

id-noun

pronomina persona (plural pronomina-pronomina persona)

Compound of pronomina (“pronoun”) + persona (“to replace; to change”), from Latin pronomina personalia.


kata kerja bantu

id-noun

kata kerja bantu (plural kata-kata kerja bantu)

Compound of kata kerja (“verb”) + bantu (“auxiliary”), calque of Dutch hulpwerkwoord (“auxiliary verb”).


verba bantu

Compound of kata kerja (“verb”) + bantu (“auxiliary”), calque of Latin verbum auxiliare (“auxiliary verb”).


pengertian

understanding (the act of one that understands)

A statement of the meaning of a word or word group or a sign or symbol (dictionary definitons).

A clear instance conforming to the dictionary or textbook definition.


silabis

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch syllabisch (“syllabic”).


defleksi

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch deflexie (“deflection, deflexion”).

(linguistics) the degeneration of a language's inflectional system over time.


substitusi

Borrowed from Dutch substitutie, from Middle French substitution, from Latin substitutiō.

(linguistics) The expansion of the lexicon of a language by native means in correspondence to a foreign term.


kata sandang

Compound of kata + sandang, calque of Dutch lidwoord.

(grammar) article: part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun (a, an, or the in English).


artikula

Learned borrowing from Latin articulus (“article”) (compare Spanish artículo, Italian articolo).


bahasa liturgis

id-noun

bahasa liturgis (plural bahasa-bahasa liturgis)

liturgical language
liturgical language#English


laras bahasa

Compound of laras + bahasa, inherited from Malay laras bahasa.

(linguistics) register: a style of a language used in a particular context, which is related to honorific.


akrolek

(sociolinguistics) acrolect: the variety of speech that is considered most suitable for formal occasions (typically using only standard forms).


peyorasi

Borrowed from Dutch pejoratie. By surface analysis, peyora + -si. Cognates to Afrikaans pejorasie.

(linguistics) The process by which a word acquires a more negative meaning over time; pejoration or pejorativization.


pewarisan

pêwarisan (canonical)
pewarisan-pewarisan (plural)

(biology, linguistics) the act or mechanism of inheriting; the state of having inherited.


kata seru

kata sêru (canonical)
kata-kata seru (plural)


kesalingpahaman

(linguistics) mutual intelligibility (the ability of speakers of two language varieties to understand the other)


tertutup

(phonology) formed by closing the mouth and nose passages completely, like the consonants /t/, /d/, and /p/

(phonology) having the sound cut off sharply by a following consonant, like the /ɪ/ in pin


jalan bahasa

a system of rules and principles for speaking and writing a language

the study of the internal structure of words (morphology) and the use of words in the construction of phrases and sentences (syntax)


luncuran

Affixed luncur + -an. Compare Malay لونچورن (luncuran, “coasting”).

cog

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ms">luncuran</i>

(phonology) glide: a transitional sound, especially a semivowel.


penutur jati

Compound of penutur (“speaker”) + jati (“pure; real”).

com+

(linguistics) native speaker (a person who grew up with a particular language as their mother tongue)


penutur asli

Compound of penutur (“speaker”) + asli (“real”).

Synonym of penutur jati (“native speaker”)


rekonstruksi

From Dutch reconstructie. Equivalent to re- + konstruksi.

(linguistics) A result of linguistic reconstruction; a model representing an unattested linguistic unit: a phoneme, a morpheme or a word.


deskriptor

Internationalism, borrowed from English descriptor.

(linguistics) a word or expression used to describe or identify something.


SPOK

(grammar) Initialism of subjek, predikat, objek, dan keterangan.


strukturalisme

By surface analysis, struktural + -isme.

(linguistics) The theory that a human language is a self-contained structure related to other elements which make up its existence.


linguistik terapan

applied linguistics (the interdisciplinary field of linguistics that identifies, investigates and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems)


langue-parole

Unadapted borrowing from French langue (“language”) + parole (“expression; speech; voice”).

com

(linguistics) a theoretical linguistic dichotomy by Ferdinand de Saussure of the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system versus the concrete instances of the use of langue.


bahasa perantara

id-noun

bahasa pêrantara (plural bahasa-bahasa perantara)

bahasa pêrantara (canonical)
bahasa-bahasa perantara (plural)

From bahasa (“language”) + perantara (“intermediary”).

com

(linguistics) lingua franca, link language (a common language used by people of diverse backgrounds to communicate with one another)


penyerapan

(linguistics) borrowing (an instance of a word being borrowed)


perlambangan bunyi

id-noun

perlambangan bunyi (plural perlambangan-perlambangan bunyi)

Compound of perlambangan + bunyi (“sound”), Calque of Dutch klanksymboliek (“sound symbolism”).

clq

(linguistics, phonology) sound symbolism


peleburan

(phonology) coalescence: the merging of two segments into one.

(phonology) a type of sound change where two or more sounds merge into one.


ekstensi

→ Malay: ekstensi

Borrowed from Dutch extensie (“extension”), from French extension, from Late Latin extensio.

bor+

(semantics) capacity of a concept or general term to include a greater or smaller number of objects; — correlative of intension.


bahasa alamiah

id-noun

bahasa alamiah (plural bahasa-bahasa alamiah)

Compound of bahasa (“language”) + alamiah (“natural”).

com+

Synonym of bahasa alami (“natural language”)


bahasa alami

id-noun

bahasa alami (plural bahasa-bahasa alami)

From bahasa (“language”) + alami (“natural”).

natural language (any human language developed naturally)


pewatas

pêwatas (canonical)
pewatas-pewatas (plural)

(grammar) modifier, qualifier (a word, phrase, or clause that limits or qualifies the sense of another word or phrase)


kecap lemes

(linguistics, grammar) respectful and honorific language register in the Sundanese language


pluralisasi

(linguistics) pluralization, pluralisation: the act of making plural.


pasifkan

head

pasifkan (active memasifkan or mempasifkan, passive dipasifkan)

memasifkan (active)
mempasifkan (active)
dipasifkan (passive)


prokem

id-noun

prokèm (plural prokem-prokem or para prokem)

prokèm (canonical)
prokem-prokem (plural)
para prokem (plural)

From preman + -ok- with the final rime elided, from Dutch vrijman (“freeman”).

(historical, linguistics) a slang variant of Indonesian, originally used by preman and became popular among the youth in the 1970's and 1980's.