tao

tattao (plural)
taok (first-person possessive singular)
tattaok (first-person possessive singular)
taom (possessive second-person singular)
tattaom (possessive second-person singular)
taona (possessive singular third-person)
tattaona (possessive singular third-person)
taota (dual first-person possessive)
tattaota (dual first-person possessive)
taomi (possessive singular)
tattaomi (distributive plural possessive)
taotayo (possessive singular)
tattaotayo (distributive plural possessive)
taoyo (plural possessive second-person)
tattaoyo (plural possessive second-person)
taoda (plural possessive third-person)
tattaoda (plural possessive third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *tau, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tau, Proto-Austronesian *Cau.


tao

Alternative form of datao: indefinite pronoun usually referring to the speaker


alo

From Proto-Philippine, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qahəlu, *laqəlu, from Proto-Austronesian *qaSəlu.

pestle (instrument used with a mortar to grind things)


balik

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balik.


bayad

From Proto-Philippine *bayaD, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bayaD.


suka

Ultimately borrowed from Sanskrit चुक्रा (cukrā, “tamarind tree”), possibly through Malay cuka (“soured wine, vinegar”). Cognate with Bikol Central suka, Cebuano suka, Tagalog suka, Maranao soka', Pangasinan tuka, and Tausug sukaꞌ.


dua

From Proto-Philippine, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duha, from Proto-Austronesian *duSa.


kali

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kali, from Proto-Austronesian *kalih.

to dig (to move hard-packed earth out of the way)


bulan

From Proto-Philippine *bulan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, from Proto-Austronesian *bulaN.

moon (largest natural satellite of planet Earth)

moon (any substantially sized natural satellite of a planet)

month (period into which a year is divided)


kita

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kita, from Proto-Austronesian *kita.


kita

kíta (canonical)
kitkita (plural)
kitak (first-person possessive singular)
kitkitak (first-person possessive singular)
kitam (possessive second-person singular)
kitkitam (possessive second-person singular)
kitana (possessive singular third-person)
kitkitana (possessive singular third-person)
kitata (dual first-person possessive)
kitkitata (dual first-person possessive)
kitami (possessive singular)
kitkitami (distributive plural possessive)
kitatayo (possessive singular)
kitkitatayo (distributive plural possessive)
kitayo (plural possessive second-person)
kitkitayo (plural possessive second-person)
kitada (plural possessive third-person)
kitkitada (plural possessive third-person)


mama

Maiparit ti agtupra ti mama.

momma (a betel nut plus other ingredients to be chewed on)


t

The twenty-third letter of the Ilocano alphabet, called ti and written in the Latin script.


t

Clipping of ti (“the”), homophonous to ti.

(text messaging, Internet slang) Nonstandard spelling of ti.


persen

ilo-verb

përsë́n (perfective pinerres, imperfective perpersen, past imperfective pinerperres, future persento)

përsë́n (canonical)
pinerres (perfective)
perpersen (imperfective)
pinerperres (imperfective past)
persento (future)
-en (affix)
perres (root)

ilo-infl-table

persen


libro

Ayanna ti libro?


baba

Adda idiay baba


daan

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daqan, from Proto-Austronesian *daqaN.

inh+

daan a bado


ikan

Inherited from Proto-Philippine, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hikan, from Proto-Austronesian *Sikan.


wen

A: Awan isudan.
B: Ay wen?
A: They're no longer here.
B: Oh really?

Indicating surprise at, or requesting confirmation of, some new information; to express skepticism; really


puso

ilo-noun

puso (plural puspuso, Kur-itan spelling ᜉᜓᜐᜓ)

puspuso (plural)
pusoko (first-person possessive singular)
puspusoko (first-person possessive singular)
pusomo (possessive second-person singular)
puspusomo (possessive second-person singular)
pusona (possessive singular third-person)
puspusona (possessive singular third-person)
pusota (dual first-person possessive)
puspusota (dual first-person possessive)
pusomi (possessive singular)
puspusomi (distributive plural possessive)
pusotayo (possessive singular)
puspusotayo (distributive plural possessive)
pusoyo (plural possessive second-person)
puspusoyo (plural possessive second-person)
pusoda (plural possessive third-person)
puspusoda (plural possessive third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pusuq.


libreria

Borrowed from Spanish librería, however it had a semantic change influenced by English library.


bapa

(usually Ilocos Norte, dialectal) term of respect for a (male) person one generation older than the speaker


anak

anák (canonical)
annak (plural)
aannak (plural)

From Proto-Philippine *anak, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *anak, from Proto-Austronesian *aNak.


anak

anák (canonical)
anakko (first-person possessive singular)
annakko (first-person possessive singular)
aannakko (first-person possessive singular)
anakmo (possessive second-person singular)
annakmo (possessive second-person singular)
aannakmo (possessive second-person singular)
anakna (possessive singular third-person)
annakna (possessive singular third-person)
aannakna (possessive singular third-person)
anakta (dual first-person possessive)
annakta (dual first-person possessive)
aannakta (dual first-person possessive)
anakmi (possessive singular)
annakmi (distributive plural possessive)
aannakmi (distributive plural possessive)
anaktayo (possessive singular)
annaktayo (distributive plural possessive)
aannaktayo (distributive plural possessive)
anakyo (plural possessive second-person)
annakyo (plural possessive second-person)
aannakyo (plural possessive second-person)
anakda (plural possessive third-person)
annakda (plural possessive third-person)
aannakda (plural possessive third-person)

interest (price paid for receiving borrowed money or goods)


bagi

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baqagi (“share; portion”). Cognate with Tagalog bahagi.


bagi

bagí (canonical)
bagbagi (plural)
bagik (first-person possessive singular)
bagbagik (first-person possessive singular)
bagim (possessive second-person singular)
bagbagim (possessive second-person singular)
bagina (possessive singular third-person)
bagbagina (possessive singular third-person)
bagita (dual first-person possessive)
bagbagita (dual first-person possessive)
bagimi (possessive singular)
bagbagimi (distributive plural possessive)
bagitayo (possessive singular)
bagbagitayo (distributive plural possessive)
bagiyo (plural possessive second-person)
bagbagiyo (plural possessive second-person)
bagida (plural possessive third-person)
bagbagida (plural possessive third-person)

relative (person connected with another by blood or affinity)


lua

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luheq, from Proto-Austronesian *luSeq.


pullo

From Proto-Philippine [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puluq, from Proto-Austronesian *puluq.


awan

Awan ti kuartana.


asin

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *qasiN.


data

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta, an enclitic form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita (“we (inclusive), we (dual)”), whence Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita (“we (inclusive)”). Compare Kankanaey daita (“we (two), you and I”), Pangasinan sikata (“we (two), you and I”), Kapampangan ikata (“we (two), you and I”), Tagalog kata (“we (two), you and I”), Bikol Central kita (“we (inclusive)”), Cebuano kita (“we (inclusive)”), and Maranao sekta (“we (inclusive)”).

cog

Data laeng ti adda ti kasar ita nga aldaw.

It is only us two who have a wedding today.

First-person dual absolutive independent pronoun; we (two); us (two); you and I; you and me


Okinawa

tlb

(minced oath, slightly vulgar, colloquial)

Borrowed from English Okinawa, due to its similarities with the swear word ukinana.


para

Borrowed from Spanish para (“stop”) (second person singular imperative), from parar (“stop”).

Said by any jeepney passenger to call onto the driver to halt the vehicle, with the intention of dismounting.


susi

Borrowed from Hokkien 鎖匙 /锁匙 (só-sî, “key”).


-ka

Napankan?

Estudianteka.

Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you

Ay-ayatenka.

Estudianteka.

Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)


puente

Idi ubbingkam, awan pay la dagiti puente a pagballasiwan. Pagnaen ken langoyenmi wenno agbalsakam tapno makaballasiw laeng.

When we were kids, there were no bridges for us to cross the river. We'd either walk and swim through the river or use a raft just to get to the other side.


-na

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

Kayatna ti mangan.

Third-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; he, she, it

Naimas ti makanna.

Third-person singular possessive marker; his, her, its

Rebbengna nga addaka ditoy.

Kasla nga awan inggana ti utangna.

Fossilized enclitic of some adverbials or auxiliary verbs

Tulongantayo dagiti awan balayna.

Let's help the homeless. (Let's help those who do not have homes.)

Naupay uray dagiti napigsa ti pakinakemna.

Even the strong-willed (ones) became disheartened.

Referential pronoun used in existential or relative clauses; the (adjective) (ones), those who, the ones who


-ko

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku.

Inlukatko ti tawa ta napudot.

Aramidekto dayta no bigat.

First-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; I

Daytoy ti pamiliak.

Annakko dagitoy.

First-person singular possessive marker; my


laya

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laqia.


-ta

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta, an enclitic form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita, whence Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita.

Aggayyemta.

First-person dual absolutive enclitic pronoun; we (two); us (two); you and I; you and me

Masapul a tulunganta ni Maria.

First-person dual ergative enclitic pronoun; we (two); you and I

Awan inggana koma ti ayatta.

First-person dual possessive marker; our (mine and yours); of us two


-da

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ida, from Proto-Austronesian *ida.

Sumakdoda idiay poso.

Third-person plural absolutive enclitic pronoun; they; them

Inusarda ti lapisko.

Third-person plural ergative enclitic pronoun; they

Napardas ti kotseda.

Third-person plural possessive marker; their


nana

From Proto-Philippine [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nanaq, from Proto-Austronesian *naNaq.

pus (fluid found in regions of infection)


puro

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *pujuq. Compare Indonesian pulau, Malay pulau, Sundanese pulo, Tagalog pulo.

island (area of land completely surrounded by water)


-t

Clipping of ti or nonstandard spelling of 't.


apin

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hapin (“liner; layer; insulation”).

inh

leaves placed at the bottom of a clay pot, on the inside, as a protective lining before rice is poured into it to be cooked

ap-ap

leaves placed inside a clay pot before cooking rice


sala

ilo-noun

sala (plural salla, Kur-itan spelling ᜐᜎ)


pito

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pitu, from Proto-Austronesian *pitu.


walo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *walu, from Proto-Austronesian *walu.


walo

a kind of plant whose leaves are used to refresh the head


Pebrero

Borrowed from Spanish febrero (“February”).


agosto

From Spanish agosto, from Vulgar Latin agustus, from Latin augustus.


aso

From Proto-Philippine *asu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *asu, from Proto-Austronesian *(w)asu.


ya

Haanko ammo ya.

(Baguio, Benguet) Expressing apprehension following or preceding a reasoning or excuse; eh.


laud

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lahud, from Proto-Austronesian *lahud.


basa

wet (of an object: covered with or impregnated with liquid)


basa

* Borrowing from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā, “speech, language”)
* Borrowed from Malay baca, from Sanskrit वाचा (vācā).


sika

síka (canonical)
siksika (plural)
sikak (first-person possessive singular)
siksikak (first-person possessive singular)
sikam (possessive second-person singular)
siksikam (possessive second-person singular)
sikana (possessive singular third-person)
siksikana (possessive singular third-person)
sikata (dual first-person possessive)
siksikata (dual first-person possessive)
sikami (possessive singular)
siksikami (distributive plural possessive)
sikatayo (possessive singular)
siksikatayo (distributive plural possessive)
sikayo (plural possessive second-person)
siksikayo (plural possessive second-person)
sikada (plural possessive third-person)
siksikada (plural possessive third-person)


sika

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

Second-person singular absolutive independent pronoun; you


timid

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *timid, compare Tetum timir.


yoyo

From Spanish yoyo, according to Constantino (1971). See also Spanish yo (“I”) & Ilocano yo (“you; by you; your”).


baka

From Proto-Philippine *bakáq. Compare Bikol Central baka, Remontado Agta baka, Ibaloi baka, and Tagalog baka.


mata

From Proto-Philippine *mata, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mata, from Proto-Austronesian *maCa.


asi

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qasiq (“pity; compassion”).


Domingo

a surname from Spanish [in turn originating as a patronymic], most common in Ilocos Norte

a male given name from Spanish, equivalent to English Dominic


ili

ilo-noun

íli (plural il-ili, Kur-itan spelling ᜁᜎᜒ)

íli (canonical)
il-ili (plural)
ilik (first-person possessive singular)
il-ilik (first-person possessive singular)
ilim (possessive second-person singular)
il-ilim (possessive second-person singular)
ilina (possessive singular third-person)
il-ilina (possessive singular third-person)
ilita (dual first-person possessive)
il-ilita (dual first-person possessive)
ilimi (possessive singular)
il-ilimi (distributive plural possessive)
ilitayo (possessive singular)
il-ilitayo (distributive plural possessive)
iliyo (plural possessive second-person)
il-iliyo (plural possessive second-person)
ilida (plural possessive third-person)
il-ilida (plural possessive third-person)


iho

iho (feminine iha, Kur-itan spelling ᜁᜑᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish hijo (“son”), from Old Spanish fijo, from Latin filius.

term of endearment for a boy by an older person


eut

The ⟨i-⟩ and ⟨-yo-⟩ of iyot were replaced with homophonous English E and English U.

(Internet slang, text messaging) abbreviation of iyot


sida

rice topping; viand (dish eaten with rice, such as meat, fish, vegetables, etc.)


langa

From Sanskrit लिङ्ग (liṅga, “sign; characteristic”).


agari

ilo-verb

agari (perfective nagari, imperfective agar-ari, past imperfective nagar-ari, future agarinto, 2nd actor trigger)

nagari (perfective)
agar-ari (imperfective)
nagar-ari (imperfective past)
agarinto (future)
ag- (affix)
ari (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agari


biblioteka

ilo-noun

biblioteka (Kur-itan spelling ᜊᜒᜊ᜔ᜎᜒᜂᜆᜒᜃ)


obispo

Borrowed from Spanish obispo (“bishop”).


isu

Possibly from Proto-Austronesian *i and Proto-Austronesian *su. Compare Pangasinan so.

Mapanak no isu ti mapan.

Third-person singular absolutive independent pronoun; he, she, him, her, it

No asino ti agkadutdot, isu ti agkakuyog.

(literally, “Whoever has the same feathers, the same go together.”)


isu

A: Napanen isuda.
B: Ay isu?
A: They already went.
B: Really?

(informal) Indicating surprise at, or requesting confirmation of, some new information; to express skepticism; really


ima

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lima, *qalima, from Proto-Austronesian *lima, *qalima.


sitio

a subdivision of a barangay, typically rural.


labi

Ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *ləbiq.


ari

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [Term?], compare Maori ariki.


dama

(board games) checkers (US); draughts (UK)


mabolo

Compare Tagalog mabulo and Cebuano mabolo.


dara

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daʀaq; cognate with Indonesian darah, Malagasy ra, Nauruan ara.


Garcia

From Spanish García, possibly of Basque origin. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a common surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish García


puerto

Spanish puerto, from Old Spanish puerto, from Latin portus, from Proto-Italic *portus, from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”), from *per- (“to go forth, to cross”).


otro

(colloquial) meddlesome; naughty, misbehaved


pili

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [Term?]; compare pilih.


kanta

ilo-noun

kanta (plural kankanta, Kur-itan spelling ᜃᜈ᜔ᜆ)


ida

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ida, from Proto-Austronesian *ida.

Ikkanyo ida ti makan.

Third-person plural absolutive patient enclitic pronoun; them


apo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ampu (“grandparent/grandchild (reciprocal)”), from Proto-Austronesian *apu (“grandparent/grandchild (reciprocal)”).

inh

(usually endearing, familiar) grandparent

(usually endearing, familiar) master; mistress


bakal

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *bakal (“spear used in war”).


itlog

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qitəluʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qiCəluʀ.


beh

Coordinate term: dre

Term of address to a fellow young female or young effeminate man


langit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋit, from Proto-Austronesian *laŋiC.


pinggan

pinggán (canonical)
pingganko (first-person possessive singular)
dagiti pingganko (first-person possessive singular)
pingganmo (possessive second-person singular)
dagiti pingganmo (possessive second-person singular)
pingganna (possessive singular third-person)
dagiti pingganna (possessive singular third-person)
pingganta (dual first-person possessive)
dagiti pingganta (dual first-person possessive)
pingganmi (possessive singular)
dagiti pingganmi (distributive plural possessive)
pinggantayo (possessive singular)
dagiti pinggantayo (distributive plural possessive)
pingganyo (plural possessive second-person)
dagiti pingganyo (plural possessive second-person)
pingganda (plural possessive third-person)
dagiti pingganda (plural possessive third-person)

Borrowed from Malay pinggan, from Classical Persian پنگان (pingān, “cup; bowl”) (compare Cebuano pinggan (“chinaware”), Tamil பீங்கான் (pīṅkāṉ, “ceramic”)).


bibig

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bibiʀ (“lower lip”), from Proto-Austronesian *biʀbiʀ. Compare bibir.


bato

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *batu, from Proto-Austronesian *batu (compare Cebuano bato, Fijian vatu, Hawaiian haku, Hiligaynon bato, Indonesian batu, Kapampangan batu, Malagasy vato, Malay batu, Maori whatu, Sundanese batu, Tagalog bato).


pusa

ilo-noun

pusa (plural puspusa, Kur-itan spelling ᜉᜓᜐ)

Onomatopoeic. False cognate of Malayalam പൂച്ച (pūcca).

false cognate

ob-obraem 'toy, pusa?

(Abra, slang) familiar term used to refer to female or gay friends


niog

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [Term?], compare Indonesian nyiur.


waig

From Proto-Philippine *wahiʀ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wahiʀ.


ᜀᜎ᜔ᜇᜏ᜔

ilo-noun

ᜀᜎ᜔ᜇᜏ᜔ • (aldaw)


tallo

From Proto-Philippine [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təlu, from Proto-Austronesian *təlu.


baro

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)baqəʀu, from Proto-Austronesian *(ma-)baqəʀuh.


kuto

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu, from Proto-Austronesian *kuCu.


dila

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dilaq (compare Indonesian lidah, Kiput deleiʔ, Malay lidah, Tagalog dila).


kain

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kain (“woman's skirt”).


lisa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lisehaq, from Proto-Austronesian *liseqeS (compare Fijian lise, Hawaiian liha, Maori riha).


lawwa

head

lawwa (used in a reduplicated form as lawwalawwa)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lawaq (compare Indonesian labah).


asar

way of fishing done using reeds forming a fence and placed around a waterfall


asar

Borrowed from Spanish asar (“to roast”).


Peralta

From Spanish Peralta, toponymic surname from piedra alta. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Peralta, generally concentrated in Ilocos Sur and La Union


sita

síta (canonical)
sitsita (plural)
sitak (first-person possessive singular)
sitsitak (first-person possessive singular)
sitam (possessive second-person singular)
sitsitam (possessive second-person singular)
sitana (possessive singular third-person)
sitsitana (possessive singular third-person)
sitata (dual first-person possessive)
sitsitata (dual first-person possessive)
sitami (possessive singular)
sitsitami (distributive plural possessive)
sitatayo (possessive singular)
sitsitatayo (distributive plural possessive)
sitayo (plural possessive second-person)
sitsitayo (plural possessive second-person)
sitada (plural possessive third-person)
sitsitada (plural possessive third-person)


sita

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta, an enclitic form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita, whence Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita. See data for cognates.

(regional) First-person dual absolutive independent pronoun; we (two); us (two); you and I; you and me


balo

From Proto-Philippine *balu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balu.


adal

learning; education; knowledge; degree; vocation; profession


wak

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *waak (“crow, raven”).


anis

From Spanish anís, from French anis, from Latin anīsum, from Ancient Greek ἄνῑσον (ánīson).


mangan

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma-ŋaən. Compare Isnag mangan, Kapampangan mangan, Pangasinan mangan, Tagalog mangain, Javanese mangan, and Balinese mangan.


lona

From Spanish lona (“canvas”), from the name of the French coastal town Olonne, where the linen cloth was woven.


bales

From Proto-Austronesian *baləs (“to answer; retaliate”).


batea

pan (wide receptacle used in gold washing)


estimar

attention given to or entertainment of guest


pintas

pintasko (first-person possessive singular)
pinpintasko (first-person possessive singular)
pintasmo (possessive second-person singular)
pinpintasmo (possessive second-person singular)
pintasna (possessive singular third-person)
pinpintasna (possessive singular third-person)
pintasta (dual first-person possessive)
pinpintasta (dual first-person possessive)
pintasmi (possessive singular)
pinpintasmi (distributive plural possessive)
pintastayo (possessive singular)
pinpintastayo (distributive plural possessive)
pintasyo (plural possessive second-person)
pinpintasyo (plural possessive second-person)
pintasda (plural possessive third-person)
pinpintasda (plural possessive third-person)


templa

proportionate mixture of ingredients (in food, medicine, etc.)


anges

→ Ivatan: anges

From Proto-Philippine *haŋəs (“to breath heavily with difficulty”). Cognate with Cebuano hangos.


tian

From Proto-Philippine *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.


rosario

Borrowed from Spanish rosario (“rosary”).


tabbed

ilo-adj

tabbéd or tabbë́d (Kur-itan spelling ᜆᜊ᜔ᜊᜒᜇ᜔)


daya

From Proto-Philippine *daya, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daya, from Proto-Austronesian *daya.


daya

any occasion involving a feast or reunion


iha

ilo-noun

iha (masculine iho, Kur-itan spelling ᜁᜑ)

Borrowed from Spanish hija (“daughter”), from Old Spanish fija, from Latin filia.

term of endearment for a girl by an older person


Valdez

From Spanish Valdez, spelling variant of Valdés, Asturian place name. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, then as Valdés, most of which has been respelled to Valdez by analogy with surnames usually ending with -ez.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Spanish [in turn from Asturian], equivalent to Spanish Valdez, widespread in Ilocos Region and Cagayan Valley; most prevalent in Pangasinan, La Union and Ilocos Sur


saksi

From Malay saksi, from Sanskrit साक्षी (sākṣī).


ayat

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ayat (“to threaten”).

inh

act of putting a cock into the sight of another cock before a cockfight


singsing

From Chinese as per Blust (2010-), possibly Hokkien 手指 (chhiú-chí / chhiú-chái / chhiú-cháiⁿ). Cognates with Kapampangan singsing, Tagalog singsing, Bikol Central singsing, Cebuano singsing, Maranao sising, Malay cincin, Indonesian cincin, Khmer ចិញ្ចៀន (ceñciən), etc.


sao

From Proto-Philippine *sahuq (“words, speech”).

inh

Iniiloko a sao


bao

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balabaw.
Compare Cebuano ambaw, Higaonon ambaw, Mansaka ambaw,
Tagakaulu Kalagan ambaw,
Tausug ambaw,
Tiruray ambaw and
Makasar balao


kua

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kua. Cognates with Kankanaey kua, Central Bontoc kuwani, Pangasinan kuan, Tagalog kuwan, Hanunoo kuwa, Cebuano kuwan, and Tontemboan kua, kuan.

Replaces a word or root that the speaker cannot recall; whatchamacallit; thingy; thingamajig

With initial CV reduplication, used to form possessive pronouns


bado

Borrowed from Malay baju (cf. Tagalog baro), ultimately from Classical Persian بازو (bāzū, “upper arm”).


basi

sugar cane wine creating by boiling sugar cane juice on bark of the Java plum (lumboy) and fermenting it inside clay jars containing yeast


daga

From Proto-Austronesian *daʀəq, compare Tetum rai.


Molina

From Spanish Molina, occupational surname. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a common surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Molina, generally concentrated in Ilocos Sur


arak

Borrowed from Malay arak, from Arabic عَرَق (ʕaraq).


arak

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aʀak (“to walk single-file”).


balon

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balun (cf. Bikol Central balon, Cebuano balon Tagalog baon).

provisions; food, money or supplies brought on a journey or outside home


Tue

Mountain Province
Mountain Province#English

A barangay of Tadian, Mountain Province, Philippines


kantaen

ilo-verb

kantaë́n (perfective kinanta, imperfective kankantaen, past imperfective kinankanta, Kur-itan spelling ᜃᜈ᜔ᜆᜁᜈ᜔)

kantaë́n (canonical)
kinanta (perfective)
kankantaen (imperfective)
kinankanta (imperfective past)
-en (affix)
kanta (root)

ilo-infl-table

kantaen


-ak

after words ending in consonants and sometimes vowels except /a/

after words ending in /a/ and sometimes other vowels

From Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.

Pilipinoak.

Kinagatak ti aso.

First-person singular absolutive enclitic pronoun; I, me


banglo

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *baŋ(ə)luh.


angin

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *haŋin, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *haŋin.


bagnet

bagnet (Filipino dish of pork belly boiled and deep fried until crispy)

pieces of fat from which lard has been extracted

semi-moist wood that is difficult to burn

(figurative) person who is difficult to convince or influence


tulang

From Proto-Northern Luzon *tuʔlaŋ, from Proto-Philippine *tuqlaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuqəlaŋ, from Proto-Austronesian *CuqəlaN.


kutsara

Borrowed from Spanish cuchara (“spoon”).


-mo

Ilukatmo man ti tawa.

Saludsodem no ania ti makan madamdama.

Second-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; you

Nagpintas ti anakmo.

Napudot ti kapem.

Second-person singular possessive marker; your


salamat

(Cordillera) Synonym of agyamanak; thank you


-m

Alternative form of -mo (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)


-nak

Ay-ayatennak?

Fused enclitic with second-person singular agent and first-person singular patient; fuses -mo (“you, your”) and -ak (“I, me”)

Imbatinak itattay.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and first-person singular patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -ak (“I, me”)


lako

Borrowed from Malay laku (“marketable; saleable”).


barbas

Borrowed from Spanish barbas, plural of barba.


balay

ilo-noun

baláy (plural balbalay, Kur-itan spelling ᜊᜎᜌ᜔)

baláy (canonical)
balbalay (plural)
balayko (first-person possessive singular)
balbalayko (first-person possessive singular)
balaymo (possessive second-person singular)
balbalaymo (possessive second-person singular)
balayna (possessive singular third-person)
balbalayna (possessive singular third-person)
balayta (dual first-person possessive)
balbalayta (dual first-person possessive)
balaymi (possessive singular)
balbalaymi (distributive plural possessive)
balaytayo (possessive singular)
balbalaytayo (distributive plural possessive)
balayyo (plural possessive second-person)
balbalayyo (plural possessive second-person)
balayda (plural possessive third-person)
balbalayda (plural possessive third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *balay, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balay, from Proto-Austronesian *balay.


alagad

Ultimately from Proto-Philippine *alagad. Compare Cebuano alagad (“to rely on”). Unlike in Tagalog and other Philippine languages, where alagad means “follower”, “disciple”, or “servant”, the Ilocano word means “what is followed”, “model”, “guide”, “pattern”, or “standard”. As a root word, variations can mean “regulation”, “constitution”, “design”, or “to follow rules or plans”, where the verb is similar to the ones in Tagalog and other Philippine languages (e.g., pagalagaden, umalagad, alagaden).


aritos

Borrowed from Spanish aritos, plural of arito. Compare Hiligaynon aritos.


aros

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaʀus (“current; flow”) (cf. Tagalog agos).

inh

carrying away of something by the current


bagyo

From Proto-Austronesian *baʀiuS (“typhoon”).


balanak

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balanak. Compare Malay belanak,Tagalog banak,
Cebuano balanak,Bikol Central balanak, Buginese balana',Aklanon baeának,
Sundanese balanak and Makasar balanak.

inh+

a mullet (of any member of the family Mugilidae)


balatong

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balatuŋ.


bangka

large double outrigger canoe without outriggers


bangkay

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *baŋkay, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baŋkay.


basol

From Proto-Philippine *basul (“to blame someone for something”).


bawi

From Proto-Philippine *bawiq (“to regain”).

redemption; regaining of what one has lost


bayabas

Borrowed from Spanish guayabas, plural form of guayaba


bilanggo

From Tagalog bilanggo, ultimately from Tamil விலங்கு (vilaṅku, “animal; fetters; shackles; manacles”).


istoria

ilo-noun

istoria (plural is-istoria, Kur-itan spelling ᜁᜐ᜔ᜆᜓᜎᜒᜀ)


buto

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *butuq (cf. Bikol Central buto (“penis”), Cebuano buto (“testicle”), Hiligaynon buto (“penis”), Kapampangan butu (“penis”), and Tagalog buto (“penis”)), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *butuq (Malagasy voto (“penis”) and Malay butuh (“penis”)), from Proto-Austronesian *buCuq (cf. Saisiyat bosoe' (“testicle”)).


dagum

→ Dupaningan Agta: dagum

From Proto-Philippine *daʀum, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaʀum, from Proto-Austronesian *zaʀum.


dalan

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *dálan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zalan, from Proto-Austronesian *zalan.


dalayap

key lime (Citrus × aurantiifolia, syn. Citrus lima)


ipes

ipës (plural ip-ipes, Kur-itan spelling ᜁᜉᜒᜐ᜔)

From Proto-Philippine *ipəs, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ipəs, from Proto-Austronesian *Cipəs. Cognate with Cebuano ipos and Tagalog ipis.


kapas

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kapas. Compare Malay kapas.


Pascua

From Spanish Pascua, from pascua.
As a surname, it is introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.


kotse

Borrowed from Spanish coche (“car; coach; carriage”).


na-

na- + dalus (“cleanliness”) → nadalus (“clean”)


-k

Alternative form of -ko (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)


patatas

Borrowed from Spanish patatas, plural form of patata, from Taíno batata.


perlas

Borrowed from Spanish perlas, perla (“pearl”).


botos

Borrowed from Spanish votos, plural of voto.


manong

→ Hawaiian Creole: manong

Either from a clipping of Spanish hermano + -ng or a borrowing from Tagalog manong.

Tallokam nga agkakabagis. Siak iti maudi, ni manongko iti maikadua, kenni manangko iti naunaan.

We are three brothers and sisters. I was the last, my big brother is second, and my elder sister is the first.

Manong, mabalin nga agsaludsod?

respectful term of address or honorific for a young man or boy or any male older than oneself; mister; bro


mabasa

ilo-verb

mabasá (perfective nabasa, imperfective mabasbasa, past imperfective nabasbasa, future mabasanto, 4th actor trigger)

mabasá (canonical)
nabasa (perfective)
mabasbasa (imperfective)
nabasbasa (imperfective past)
mabasanto (future)
ma- (affix)
actor (root)
mabasa
nabasa (infinitive root)
mabasbasa (perfective root)
nabasbasa (imperfective)
mabasanto
basa (future)

ilo-infl-table

mabasa


kabugaw

variety of the key lime larger than the dalayap (Citrus lima)


bawang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bawaŋ (“garlic, onion”).


bawang

From Proto-Philippine *bawáŋ (“ravine”). Cognate with Tagalog bawang.


pipino

Borrowed from Spanish pepino (“cucumber”).


bagay

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bagay (“same kind or type”).


ragadi

Borrowed from Malay gergaji, ultimately from Sanskrit क्रकच (krakaca, “saw”).


bagas

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀas, from Proto-Austronesian *bəʀas.


ribo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀibu. Cognate with Bikol Central ribo, Malay ribu, Cebuano libo, Hiligaynon libo, and Tagalog libo.


abukay

Cacatua haematuropygia
Cacatua haematuropygia#Translingual

Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia)


bukol

Ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buŋkul. Doublet of bungkol.


nipa

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nipaq (“swamp palm”).


sibuyas

Borrowed from Spanish cebollas, plural of cebolla.


agarak

ilo-verb

agarak (perfective nagarak, imperfective agar-arak, past imperfective nagar-arak, future agarakto, 2nd actor trigger)

nagarak (perfective)
agar-arak (imperfective)
nagar-arak (imperfective past)
agarakto (future)
ag- (affix)
arak (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agarak


agarak

ilo-verb

agarák (perfective nagarak, imperfective agar-arak, past imperfective nagar-arak, future agarakto, 2nd actor trigger)

agarák (canonical)
nagarak (perfective)
agar-arak (imperfective)
nagar-arak (imperfective past)
agarakto (future)
ag- (affix)
arak (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agarak

to gather; to congregate; to join together; to assemble


adda

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wada.


rigat

difficulty; hardship (as of a task or action)


adigi

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hadiʀi, from Proto-Austronesian *Sadiʀi.


apros

From Proto-Philippine *ap(ə)rus (“to touch someone lightly”).


apros

From Proto-Philippine *hapʀus (“rub; massage”) and *hap(ə)rus (cf. Bikol Central hapgos, Tagalog hagpos).


bubon

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bubun.


Ferrer

a common surname from Catalan, equivalent to Catalan Ferrer, common in Ilocos region.


bangar

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baŋ(ə)qəʀ (“rotten smell; stench”) (cf. Cebuano bang-og (“smell of feces or flatulence”), Malay bangar (“putrid”)), from Proto-Austronesian *baŋ(ə)qəʀ.


calis

Kasta met a kalpasan daydi panagrabiida, nangala iti calis, nagyaman manen Kenka, sana inted kadagiti disipulosna, ket kinunana...

2017, Diocese of Baguio, “Misa a Sangkagimongan [The Order of Mass]”, in Aweng Rambak: Hymnal of the Diocese of Baguio (overall work in English, Tagalog, Ilocano, and Kankanaey), Baguio: Diocese of Baguio, page xlv

In a similar way, when supper was ended, he took the chalice and once more giving thanks, he gave it to his disciples, saying...


Ramos

From Spanish Ramos, from ramos, plural of ramo (“branch”). Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a common surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Ramos, common on most Ilocano-speaking areas


Castillo

Borrowed from Spanish Castillo. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a common surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Castillo, widespread across Ilocano-speaking areas


dre

Coordinate term: beh

Term of address to a fellow young male, especially a stanger


tradision

ilo-noun

tradision (Kur-itan spelling ᜆ᜔ᜎᜇᜒᜐᜒᜂᜈ᜔)


sapatos

Borrowed from Spanish zapatos, plural of zapato (“shoe”).


-mi

From Proto-Austronesian *kami, from *ami.

Dinalusanmi ti kuarto.

First-person plural exclusive ergative enclitic pronoun; we (not you)

Adayo pay ti balaymi.

First-person plural exclusive possessive marker; our (exclusive)


kalamansi

→ Ibanag: kalamansi

Probably borrowed from Tagalog kalamansi.

Citrus × microcarpa
Citrus × microcarpa#Translingual

Citrofortunella mitis
Citrofortunella mitis

calamondin; calamansi (Citrus × microcarpa, syn. ×Citrofortunella mitis)


atis

Annona squamosa
Annona squamosa#Translingual


banat

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baNat (“stretch”).

lengthening (of iron, gold, etc.) by forging


ading

term of address for a younger person of the same generation as the speaker


lumot

From Proto-Philippine *lumut, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lumut.


betis

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *bətíʔəs, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bətiəs, from Proto-Austronesian *bətiəs.


buok

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buhək, from Proto-Austronesian *bukəS.


danum

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *danum, from Proto-Austronesian *daNum. Compare Pangasinan danum, Kapampangan danum, Batad Ifugao danum, Ibanag danum, Ivatan ranum, Chamorro hånom, etc.


babuy

From Proto-Philippine *babuy, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babuy, from Proto-Austronesian *babuy.


naid

Naid tao ditoy.


apoy

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hapuy, from Proto-Austronesian *Sapuy.


siak

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.

Siak laeng ti napan.

First-person singular absolutive independent pronoun; I, me


darat

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daʀat (“littoral sea”). Cognate with Tagalog dagat (“sea”), Cebuano dagat, Kapampangan dayat, Pangasinan dayat, Tausug dagat, Malay darat (“dry land”), and Tetum raat (“seashore”).


asep

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *asəp and *qasəp (“incense”).


Burgos

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos
José Burgos

From Spanish Burgos, from burgo.
* (surname): Spanish toponymic name. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.
* (municipalities in Ilocos Sur and La Union): Named after José Burgos, Filipino priest of the Gomburza movement.

sense

a surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Burgos, mostly found in Ilocos Sur

several municipalities in the Philippines

Burgos (a municipality of Ilocos Norte, Philippines)

Burgos (a municipality of La Union, Philippines)

Burgos (a municipality of Isabela, Philippines)


Salazar

From Spanish, of Basque origin. Literally, “old hall”.


Sanchez

From Spanish Sánchez, from Sancho+-ez. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Sánchez: a surname from Spanish [in turn originating as a patronymic], mostly found in Ilocos Sur


Ramirez

From Spanish Ramírez. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Ramirez, Ramírez: a common surname from Spanish, generally concentrated in Ilocos Sur and La Union provinces


kuak

Kuak dayta.

First-person singular possessive pronoun; mine; my


duol

From Proto-Philippine *duul (cf, Cebuano duhol).

food given to young birds by their mother


babai

From Proto-Austronesian *ba-bahi, from *bahi (“woman; female”).


baag

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahaʀ.


-dak

Mangngegdak?

Fused enclitic with second-person plural agent and first-person singular patient; fuses -yo (“you (all), your”) and -ak (“I, me”)

Fused enclitic with second-person singular polite agent and first-person singular patient

Kanayondak a tagtagibassiten.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and first-person singular patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -ak (“I, me”)


balinghoy

Manihot esculenta
Manihot esculenta#Translingual


krimen

Borrowed from Spanish crimen (“violent crime”), from Latin crīmen.


bayawak

From Proto-Philippine *bayawak, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bayawak.


aldaw

ilo-noun

aldaw (plural al-aldaw, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜎ᜔ᜇᜏ᜔)

al-aldaw (plural)
aldawko (first-person possessive singular)
al-aldawko (first-person possessive singular)
aldawmo (possessive second-person singular)
al-aldawmo (possessive second-person singular)
aldawna (possessive singular third-person)
al-aldawna (possessive singular third-person)
aldawta (dual first-person possessive)
al-aldawta (dual first-person possessive)
aldawmi (possessive singular)
al-aldawmi (distributive plural possessive)
aldawtayo (possessive singular)
al-aldawtayo (distributive plural possessive)
aldawyo (plural possessive second-person)
al-aldawyo (plural possessive second-person)
aldawda (plural possessive third-person)
al-aldawda (plural possessive third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *qaljaw, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaləjaw.


sabon

Borrowed from Early Modern Spanish jabón, from Old Spanish xabon.


Igorot

Igorot; Cordilleran (indigenous inhabitant of the Luzon Cordillera mountain ranges in the Philippines)


Acosta

From Spanish Acosta. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish, common in Ilocos Sur

A barangay of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines


Cardenas

From Spanish Cárdenas. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.


Martinez

Borrowed from Spanish Martínez, from Martín+-ez. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Martínez, generally concentrated around Ilocos Sur and La Union provinces


bagina

Bagina dayta.

Third-person singular possessive pronoun; his, hers/her, its


bagina

Nakitana ti bagina iti salamin.

He/she saw himself/herself in the mirror.

Third-person singular reflexive pronoun; himself, herself, itself


Llanes

From Spanish Llanes, from Asturian Llanes, after the municipality in Asturias, Spain. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish [in turn from Asturian], mostly found in Ilocos Sur


pagtayaban

Pagtayaban ti Cauayan


labaha

Clipped compound of Spanish la (“the”) + navaja (“penknife”).


bassit

ilo-adj

bassít (comparative basbassit, comparative basbassit, Kur-itan spelling ᜊᜐ᜔ᜐᜒᜆ᜔)

bassít (canonical)
basbassit (comparative)


anay

equalization of something in weight, measure or number


anay

From Proto-Philippine *anay, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *anay, from Proto-Austronesian *aNay.


atsuete

From Philippine Spanish achuete, variant of Mexican Spanish achiote, from Classical Nahuatl āchiyōtl.

Bixa orellana
Bixa orellana#Translingual

orange-red dye obtained from the achiote seed


iyot

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *qiut. Compare Tausug iyut and Coastal Kadazan izut.


gubat

From Proto-Philippine *gubát (“to attack; to go to war”).


kagaw

From Proto-Philippine *kaʀaw, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaʀaw. Conant 1911 notes that the change of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/Proto-Philippine /ʀ/ to Ilocano /ɡ/ (and also in Bontoc and Kankanaey) is rather an anomaly for unknown reasons.

Sarcoptes scabiei
Sarcoptes scabiei#Translingual


uwak

ilo-noun

uwák (plural uwwak, Kur-itan spelling ᜂᜏᜃ᜔)


patay

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *p-atay, from Proto-Austronesian *aCay.


lungon

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luŋun.


pampam

Possibly from English pan-pan (“post-WWII Japanese prostitute catering to American soldiers”), from Japanese パンパン (panpan) as per Potet (2016), an ellipsis of パンパンガール (panpangāru), possibly from English pompom girl as a WW2 American military slang. Stephen Trussel claims it was derived from Proto-Philippine *pampám (“prostitute”), but he also noted it was possibly a loan distribution with an unclear source. See also Japanese ぱんぱん and English pum-pum.


tsinelas

Borrowed from Spanish chinelas, plural of chinela.


ag-

ag-+doktor=agdoktor "to be a doctor"

ag-+taray=agtaray "to run"

verbalizing suffix, used to form a verb in the object focus from a root word


angkla

Borrowed from Spanish ancla, from Latin ancora, from Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura).


kampana

Borrowed from Early Modern Spanish campana.


lampin

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lampin.


angkas

Possibly borrowed from Spanish ancas, plural of anca (“haunch”).


tangad

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋad.


ngay

Sika ngay?

Used to question the listener
for a response or affirmation

Ayanmon ngay?

Where are you? [I have been waiting for so long!]

Used to question the listener
that implies impatience.

Ania ngay dayta?

Used to question the listener
that implies dismay or disgust.

Wen ngay.

Used to agree with what the listener has said.

Awan ngay maaramidak.

Awan ngay maaramidak.

[I'm sorry], I wasn't able to do anything.


kutsarita

Borrowed from Spanish cucharita (“teaspoon”).


sinulid

thread (long, thin and flexible form of material)


panday

Borrowed from Malay pandai, from Prakrit 𑀧𑀁𑀟𑀺𑀅 (paṃḍia), from Sanskrit पाण्ड्यः (pāṇḍyaḥ, “learned; wise”).


gumatang

ilo-verb

gumatang (perfective gimmatang, imperfective gumatgatang, past imperfective gimmatgatang, future gumatgatangto, 1st actor trigger)

gimmatang (perfective)
gumatgatang (imperfective)
gimmatgatang (imperfective past)
gumatgatangto (future)
-um- (affix)
actor

ilo-infl-table

gumatang

Kuna ti dad duna a paamati a nagasgasat kano ti lalaki a mangbusat v/enno umuna a gumatang iti tiendaan ngem ti maysa a babai. Ken saan ngamin a makaananus ti lalaki a tumawar. Ited- na lattan ti pagbayadna a зaanen a tumawtawar, ...

1962, Interchurch Language School (Quezon City, Philippines), Ilocano for missionaries:

(47) Gumatang ti mangga diay ubing. buy Det mango Det child (The child will buy a mango.) (48) Diay ubing ti gumatang ti mangga. Det child Det buy Det mango ( It is the child who will buy the mango.) The affix um, as well as the other affixes, ...

1987, Saint Louis University Research Journal:

besa ken Hiniebra San Miguel. Gumatang met ni Lucas ti puhitan. Siak, agapoyak . Agkanta ni Yolanda ken aggitara ni Lito. Bumiilod- ni Susana ti ' projector' ta agbuyakami ti 'slide'. Idiay _ balay da Maria ti pagdayaanmi ta dakkel ti balayda.

1984, Precy Espiritu, Let's Speak Ilokano, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 99:

"Saanak a gumatang," kinuna ti baket ket saanen a tim- man-aw "Oy, boy! Gumatangka 'ti bokayok, ne, nakaim-imas, na- kasamsam-it. Makapalukmeg pay. Ken iregalomto ken ni mis- tram!" Timman-aw met ti ubing ket nagpinnerrengda.

1969, Juan S. P. Hidalgo, Bituen ti Rosales, ken dadduma pay a sarita:


umay

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maʀi, from Proto-Austronesian *aʀi, *mai, *ari.

inh+

Maykadtoy! (Umayka ditoy!)


agsangit

ilo-verb

agsangit (perfective nagsangit, imperfective agsangsangit, past imperfective nagsangsangit, future agsangitto, 2nd actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄ᜔ᜐᜅᜒᜆ᜔)

nagsangit (perfective)
agsangsangit (imperfective)
nagsangsangit (imperfective past)
agsangitto (future)
ag- (affix)
sangit (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agsangit


amian

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qamihan, from Proto-Austronesian *qamiS.


abagat

From Proto-Philippine *habaʀat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *habaʀat (“southwest monsoon”), from Proto-Austronesian *Sabaʀat. Compare Tagalog habagat.


kasinsin

ilo-noun

kasinsin (plural kakasinsin, Kur-itan spelling ᜃᜐᜒᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜈ᜔)


apon

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *hapun (“to roost”).


kintsay

Borrowed from Hokkien 芹菜 (khîn-chhài, “celery”).


dudon

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *dudun (cf. Bikol Central duron, Cebuano dulon).


tukak

From Proto-Philippine *tukák (“a kind of loud frog”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-kak₁ (“cackle; to lough loudly”).


ramot

From Proto-Philippine *ʀamut, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀamut (“fibrous roots”).


Villena

Borrowed from Spanish Villena, from Catalan.


tunaw

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *tunaw, with root *-naw₂ (“melt, liquefy”). Cognate with Bikol Central, Cebuano & Tagalog tunaw; Maranao tonaw and Sangir matuno.


angot

From Proto-Austronesian *haŋut (“to smell”).


tuloy

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuluy.


Bautista

Borrowed from Spanish, from San Juan Bautista.


Alcala

From Spanish Alcalá, from Arabic القَلْعة (al-qalʕa, “the citadel, the fort”).


Tamayo

From Spanish Tamayo. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Spanish mostly found in Ilocos Sur


Tolentino

From Spanish, after St. Nicholas of Tolentino (San Nicolás de Tolentino), from Tolentino in Italy.


asang

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hasaŋ.


Manzano

From Spanish Manzano, from manzano (“apple tree”). Surname originating from Badajoz province, Extremadura, Spain. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Manzano, common in Ilocos region


Hilario

Borrowed from Spanish Hilario, from Galician.

a male given name from Spanish, equivalent to English Hilary


Ancheta

Borrowed from Spanish Ancheta, from Basque.


Carbonell

From Catalan Carbonell. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Catalan, equivalent to Catalan Carbonell, common in La Union


Viloria

From Spanish Viloria. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish, common in Ilocos Sur


daing

→ Ivatan: daing


Coloma

From Spanish Coloma. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Coloma, common in Ilocos Norte


Baldonado

Ultimately from Spanish, an alteration of Maldonado


Dumlao

From dumlaw (“to notice”). Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Ilocano, originating in Ilocos Norte


Marzan

From Spanish Marzán. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish, generally concentrated in La Union and Ilocos Sur provinces


Beckel

A barangay of La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines


Agcaoili

Hispanization of agkawili. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Ilocano, common in Ilocos Norte


dalem

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daləm.


Madriaga

From Spanish Madriaga. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.


Bumanglag

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.


gabay

Pakawanem ti gabay.


tatang

From Philippine Spanish tata (“daddy”) + -ng (“diminutive suffix”).


Pagaduan

From adu. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Ilocano, mostly found in Tarlac and eastern Pangasinan


Zulueta

Borrowed from Spanish Zulueta, from Basque.


langoy

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *laŋuy, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *naŋuy, from Proto-Austronesian *Naŋuy.


Madamba

a surname from Ilocano, generally concentrated in Ilocos Norte


balete

any of a species of trees found in the Philippines, usually strangler figs


Madariaga

From Spanish Madariaga, from Basque Madariaga. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish [in turn from Basque], mostly found in Ilocos Norte


bakuna

Borrowed from Spanish vacuna, from vaca.


Cabanatuan

Cabanatuan (canonical)
Cabanatuán (canonical)

Cabanatuan (the largest city, the former provincial capital of Nueva Ecija, Central Luzon, Philippines)


ukay

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hukay (“dig up something buried, disinter”). Compare Tagalog hukay, Cebuano ugkay, and Malay ungkai.


kasumba

Ultimately from Sanskrit कुसुम्भ (kusumbha). Compare Cebuano kasubha, Tagalog kasubha, and Malay kesumba.

Carthamus tinctorius
Carthamus tinctorius#Translingual


bukbok

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bukbuk (“weevil that infests bamboo, wood and rice”).


bukbok

From Proto-Philippine *bukbuk (“to pour out”).


amianan

From amian + -an (literally, "the direction of the north wind")


Amami

From the incipit of the Ilocano translation of the Lord's Prayer. Literally, “Our Father”.


rabii

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀabiqi (“late afternoon, evening, evening meal, yesterday”), from Proto-Austronesian *ʀabiqi (“late afternoon, evening, evening meal”)


tawen

ilo-noun

tawë́n (plural tawwen, Kur-itan spelling ᜆᜏᜒᜈ᜔)

From Proto-Austronesian *CawiN (“year”) (a term mostly reflected in Formosan languages).


alsem

From Proto-Northern Luzon *ʔalsəm "sour", from Proto-Philippine *qalsəm, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaləsəm, from Proto-Austronesian *qaləsəm.


ngipen

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nipən, from Proto-Austronesian *nipən.


uleg

From Proto-Philippine *quləj (cf. Aklanon ueod, Cebuano ulod, Tagalog uod), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quləj (cf. Malagasy olitra, Indonesian ulat, Malay ulat), from Proto-Austronesian *quləj (cf. Puyuma Hured).


bituen

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *bituən, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bituqen, from Proto-Austronesian *bituqen.


turog

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *tuduʀ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuduʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *tuduʀ.


dakkel

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *dakəl (“big; great”).


gayyem

gayyë́m (canonical)
gagayyem (plural)
gayyemko (first-person possessive singular)
gagayyemko (first-person possessive singular)
gayyemmo (possessive second-person singular)
gagayyemmo (possessive second-person singular)
gayyemna (possessive singular third-person)
gagayyemna (possessive singular third-person)
gayyemta (dual first-person possessive)
gagayyemta (dual first-person possessive)
gayyemmi (possessive singular)
gagayyemmi (distributive plural possessive)
gayyemtayo (possessive singular)
gagayyemtayo (distributive plural possessive)
gayyemyo (plural possessive second-person)
gagayyemyo (plural possessive second-person)
gayyemda (plural possessive third-person)
gagayyemda (plural possessive third-person)


digos

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *diʀus.


inagosto

From Spanish agosto, from Vulgar Latin *agustum, from Latin augustus.


agbasa

Agbasa ti ubing iti libro.

Agbasa ti balasang iti medisina.


ugsa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uʀsa. Compare Dupaningan Agta ogsa, Tagalog usa, Indonesian rusa.


gasut

From Proto-Northern Luzon *gasut, from Proto-Philippine *Ratus.


katam

Borrowed from Malay ketam (“carpenter’s plane”). Compare Tagalog katam, Bikol Central katam, and Tausug katam.


Apo

An honorific used to address a person older than the speaker or to elder


ayaten

ilo-verb

ayatën (perfective inayat, imperfective ay-ayaten, past imperfective inay-ayat, future ayatento, object trigger)

ayatën (canonical)
inayat (perfective)
ay-ayaten (imperfective)
inay-ayat (imperfective past)
ayatento (future)
-en (affix)
ayat (root)

ilo-infl-table

ayaten


agadal

ilo-verb

agádal (perfective nagadal, imperfective agad-adal, past imperfective nagad-adal, future agadalto, 2nd actor trigger)

agádal (canonical)
nagadal (perfective)
agad-adal (imperfective)
nagad-adal (imperfective past)
agadalto (future)
ag- (affix)
adal (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agadal


Badoc

A municipality of Ilocos Norte, Philippines


Batac

Batac (a city in Ilocos Norte, Philippines)


Bucaneg

a surname from Ilocano, borne by Pedro Bucaneg


aglako

ilo-verb

aglako (perfective naglako, imperfective aglaklako, past imperfective naglaklako, 2nd actor trigger)

naglako (perfective)
aglaklako (imperfective)
naglaklako (imperfective past)
ag- (affix)
lako (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

aglako


agkatawa

ilo-verb

agkatawa (perfective nagkatawa, imperfective agkatkatawa, past imperfective nagkatkatawa, future agkatawanto, 2nd actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄ᜔ᜃᜆᜏ)

nagkatawa (perfective)
agkatkatawa (imperfective)
nagkatkatawa (imperfective past)
agkatawanto (future)
ag- (affix)
katawa (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agkatawa


naimas

ilo-adj

nàímas (comparative naimimas, comparative naimimas, moderative pangimasen, comparative superlative kaimasen, absolutive superlative nakaimimas, intensive nagimasen, Kur-itan spelling ᜈᜁᜋᜐ᜔)

nàímas (canonical)
naimimas (comparative)
kaimasen (comparative superlative)
nakaimimas (absolutive superlative)
nagimasen (emphatic)


Ballesteros

From Spanish Ballesteros, occupational surname from ballesteros (plural of ballestero). Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.
The municipality is named after Gregorio Ballesteros, Filipino priest.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Spanish, equivalent to Spanish Ballesteros

Ballesteros (a municipality of Cagayan, Philippines)


tulong

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuluŋ (“to help, to assist”). Cognate with Malay tolong.


barot

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *barut (cf. Tagalog balot).


biag

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bihaʀ (“captive: taken alive in war; to spare: allow to live”). Compare Pangasinan bilay, Tagalog bihag.


agdait

ilo-verb

agdait (perfective nagdait, imperfective nagdadait, past imperfective agdaitto, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄ᜔ᜇᜁᜆ᜔)

nagdait (perfective)
nagdadait (imperfective)
agdaitto (imperfective past)
ag- (affix)
dait (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agdait

Agdaitto ni Maria iti Saanto nga agdait ni Maria bado na no malem. iti bado na no malem. 28.15 Substitution Drill. Replace saan in the negative sentences in 28.14 with di- . Diakto agsurat kenka intono bigat. Dinto agdait ni Maria iti bado na ...

1971, Emma J. Fonacier Bernabe, Virginia Lapid, Bonifacio P. Sibayan, Ilokano Lessons:

Ammoda ti agdait daguiti ub- ubbingmo á babay?==¿Saan man? naimbag unay ti panag- daitda quet nasangayan ti siglatda nga agdait. =Nalacansa ti agdait, no naimbag ti dagum quet nalinis ti daiten. íes. 58.=Jncay agbunag iti darat.

1892, José Naves, Grammátic Hispano-Ilocana ..., page 404:

No ngumato ti telon addanto a madadaan ni Tisay a mangururnos kadaguiti tugtugao ken kas agdaldalus ket pasaray inna templaen ti arpa sana irapin ti agdait. TISAY Ania nga'd lat' castoyen. Winarawarada man daguiti tugtugaoen.

1987, Filemon Palafox, Wilhelmina Q. Ramas, Philippine Drama: Twelve Plays in Six Philippine Languages, →ISBN:

Idi laeng a maammuanna nga uray gayam dagiti doktor masapul met a sursuruenda ti agdait ket ti lasag ti tao ti pagsanayanda! Naga- tibuor dagiti agas iti agongna ket kasla kayatna ti agbakuar. Nasiputan ti nars ti panangbagkatna iti ...


Garalde

From Basque Garalde and Garralde.
Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, then as Garralde; spelling later changed due to trilled and flapped R being allophones, eventually displacing original.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Basque, common in Ilocos Norte


agsigarilio

ilo-verb

agsigarilio (perfective nagsigarilio, imperfective agsigsigarilio, past imperfective nagsigsigarilio, future agsigarilionto, 2nd actor trigger)

nagsigarilio (perfective)
agsigsigarilio (imperfective)
nagsigsigarilio (imperfective past)
agsigarilionto (future)
ag- (affix)
sigarilio (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agsigarilio

Dika agsigarilio iti katabakuan: Bank of the Philippines. ken dadduma pay nga impormasion iti 22565 COUNTRYSIDE banking. v.6, no. 12–; Detrading ti tabako a Virginia. Deposited cember 1980—Deposited by the Central by the Philippine ...

Sa-an nga agsigarilio. Saan nga uminum iti arak ken saan nga agsugal. Masapul a saan nga agpalpalabas iti oras kadagiti kalkalsada wenno kadagiti pagpapukisan wenno pagpasukmonan. Ken ammona ti makimisa.

1968, Jose Asia Bragado, Saringit: ken napili a sarita:

He doesn't smoke. He does not drink alcohol and does not gamble. He must not spend time on the streets or in barber shops. And he knows how to go to church.

Iparitda pay la ngata ti agsigarilio?" "Inka kitaen dagidiay napipintas a babbalasang ta mamurmurayanka," kinuna ni CIC Aguila. "Kasla nabuyakon daydiay maysa ngem diak la malagip no anta a pelikula." "Ni ngata Alon ti kunam ," kinuna ni ...

1988, Ani: Literary Journal of the Cultural Center of the Philippines:

to smoke (inhale and exhale smoke from a burning cigarette)


kalangay

Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia)


dela Cruz

From Spanish de la Cruz, a reference to the Holy Cross.


Fariñas

From Spanish Fariñas, from Galician Fariñas. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish [in turn from Galician], common in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte


Batallones

ilo-proper noun

Batallones (Kur-itan spelling ᜊᜆᜎ᜔ᜌᜓᜈᜒᜐ᜔)

From Spanish batallones. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Spanish [in turn transferred from the common noun], common in Ilocos Norte


Aglipay

a surname from Ilocano, notably held by Gregorio Aglipay, founder of the Philippine Independent Church

A barangay of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines


Aglipay

member of the Philippine Independent Church


Baguio

Baguio (an independent city in Benguet, Luzon, Philippines)

central business district
central business district

(uncommon) the central business district of Baguio City


Ulep

From ulep (“cloud”). Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Ilocano, common in Ilocos Norte


Vinoya

From buyaen. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Ilocano, originating in Ilocos Norte but more common in Pangasinan


Manglicmot

Manglicmot (Kur-itan spelling ᜋᜅ᜔ᜎᜒᜃ᜔ᜋᜓᜆ᜔)


Bagaoisan

Old surname originating in present-day Ilocos Norte.


Gacusan

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.


Macadangdang

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, then as Macadandang

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname, mostly concentrated in Isabela, Tarlac and Ilocos Norte


Sabangan

A municipality of Mountain Province, Philippines.


de Guzman

a common surname from Spanish, common in Ilocos region.


Mamuad

a surname from Ilocano, originating in Ilocos Norte


Barroga

From baruga (“to throw a piece of wood or stick”). It also refers to a game similar to syato. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Ilocano, found throughout Ilocandia


Galicinao

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, then as Galisinao. The change of S to C is due to seseo in Philippine Spanish.


Duldulao

From duldulaw. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname, Duldulao, from Ilocano, mostly found in Ilocos Norte


nanang

From Philippine Spanish nana (“mommy”) + -ng (“diminutive suffix”).


simbaan

ilo-noun

simbaan (plural simsimbaan, Kur-itan spelling ᜐᜒᜋ᜔ᜊᜀᜈ᜔)

place of worship (any building used for public worship regardless of belief)


inumen

Ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *inumən (“drink”) (cf. Bikol Central inomon, Cebuano imnon, Malagasy inomina, Tagalog inumin). By surface analysis, inum + -en.


inumen

ilo-verb

inumë́n (perfective ininom, imperfective in-inumen, past imperfective inin-inom, future inumento, object trigger)

inumë́n (canonical)
ininom (perfective)
in-inumen (imperfective)
inin-inom (imperfective past)
inumento (future)
-en (affix)
inum (root)

ilo-infl-table

inumen


salbabida

Borrowed from Spanish salvavidas (“life preserver”).


De Guzman

Alternative letter-case form of de Guzman


aroo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aʀuhu and *qaʀuhu (cf. Tagalog aguho).

Casuarina equisetifolia
Casuarina equisetifolia#Translingual


taning

Borrowed from Tagalog taning (“time limit”).


Sanglay

From Hokkien, possibly "sang lai" meaning "deliver goods" according to Rubino (2000), referring to 送來 /送来 (sàng lâi) proposed by Chan-Yap (1980) for Tagalog Sanglay. See also Spanish Sangley.


Tumacder

From tumakder (“to stand up”). Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Ilocano, mostly found in Ilocos Norte


duling

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zuliŋ (cf. Malay juling).


bulakbol

Borrowed from Tagalog bulakbol, from English blackball.


Dancel

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, then as Dansil; spelling is a Hispanization of the original


idiay

[ʔidˈd͡ʒaɪ̯]

there (far from both the speaker and the listener)


karabasa

Borrowed from Spanish calabaza, from Iberian *calapacceu.


Cabatuan

A municipality in west-central Isabela, Philippines


dagus

From Proto-Philippine *dagus (“to continue on with doing something”).


dagus

From Proto-Philippine *dagus (“to lodge”).


anibong

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qanibuŋ (“species of palm”).


Mamaclay

From mamaklay (“to carry on one's shoulders”). Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname from Ilocano, mostly found on Ilocano settlers in Nueva Ecija


dukot

From Tagalog dukot, from Proto-Philippine *dukut.

to pull or draw out something (from a pocket or drawer)


Rafanan

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a common surname from Spanish, prevalent in Ilocos Sur


tugtog

From Proto-Philippine *tugtug, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tugtug, from Proto-Austronesian *CugCug.


dayag

Ita dayagmo

A title of respect used when referring to God, the saints, kings, or people of high rank: His/Her/Your/Their Majesty/Excellency


arsobispo

ilo-noun

arsobispo (Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜎ᜔ᜐᜓᜊᜒᜐ᜔ᜉᜓ)

Borrowed from Spanish arzobispo (“archbishop”).


Pagatpatan

a surname, mostly found in Ilocos Norte, Cagayan and Isabela


La Union

From Spanish La Unión, from the union of several districts into a new province in 1850.

La Union (a province of the Ilocos Region, Luzon, Philippines; capital and largest city: San Fernando)


Ilocos Sur

Ilocos Sur (a province of the Ilocos Region, Luzon, Philippines; capital: Vigan; largest city: Candon)


Fairview

A barangay of Baguio, Benguet, Philippines


nagasang

ilo-adj

nagasang (comparative nagasgasang, comparative nagasgasang, moderative panggasangen, comparative superlative kagasangan, absolutive superlative nakagasgasang, intensive naggasang)

nagasgasang (comparative)
kagasangan (comparative superlative)
nakagasgasang (absolutive superlative)
naggasang (emphatic)


banag

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banaʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *baNaʀ.


taraok

From Proto-Philippine *taRaquk (compare Tagalog tilaok).


Mallig

A municipality in western Isabela, Philippines


laktaw

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *lak(ə)táw (“jump over or across”).


abutra

Arcangelisia flava
Wikispecies:Arcangelisia flava

yellowfruit moonseed (Arcangelisia flava)


damortis

Pithecellobium dulce
Pithecellobium dulce#Translingual

Pithecellobium dulce, a species of legume originally from Central America


agdan

From Proto-Philippine *haʀdan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *haʀəzan (cf. Tagalog hagdan).


Bontoc

Bontoc (a municipality, the capital of Mountain Province, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines)


Mountain Province

Borrowed from English Mountain Province.

Inta agawid sadiay Mountain Province.

Come, let's go home to Mountain Province.

A province of the Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines. Capital: Bontoc


Cagayan

Cagayan (a province of Cagayan Valley, Luzon, Philippines; capital and largest city: Tuguegarao)


saklolo

Borrowed from Early Modern Spanish socorro.


Poblacion

ilo-proper noun

Población (Kur-itan spelling ᜉᜓᜊ᜔ᜎᜐ᜔ᜌᜓᜈ᜔)


bateng

From Proto-Philippine *batəŋ (“hunting net”) (cf. Cebuano batong, Isnag batang).

kind of net used for hunting deer or boar


balbaliw

Balbaliw nga imbakal manen ni Alvaro nga itan, nadagdagsenen gapu iti pannakaitanebna iti danum. "Agsekkadka ket tenglem a naimbag ti tali," impukkaw ni Alvaro idinto a natanang ken napigsa ti panangguyodna iti tali agingga a balbaliw ...

1968, T. Gabriel Tugade, Puraw a balitok:


balikid

Balikid a balikid. Sa agdata. Ngem kaskasdi a di makaturog. Kaslá adu ti agkagat . Adda ngata kiteb ? Wenno alimbasagen laeng? Nalagipna ni Evelyn. Dagidi panagay-ayamda idi ubbingda ití paraangan ti taeng dagiti ag-Reyes.


barekbek

"Ditoy sentro," inyallawat ni Eding. Immasideg a tap- tapayaenna ti sangabotelia a tudo. "Ditoy ti pagtuduanna, isu ti . yan ti barekbek." "Ditoy?" nagdusngi ni Sencio. "Ania ti pakainaigan ti tudo a nalpasen a nagtinnag iti tudo a di pay nabukel?

1968, Juan S. P. Hidalgo, Napili a sarita dagiti Ilokano:

long basket with a net used to catch shrimp


batek

Nagandap dagiti nadumaduma a maris ti batek ti Batekan, ket iti barukongna, nakita ti lakan ti pannakayuged ti tallo a sinankrus. Adda nakaal-aliaw a rikna a nagkarayam iti amin a paset ti bagi ti lakan. Nagkiremkirem.

painted designs on the body, especially of the Tinguian; tattoo


bittaog

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bitaqug (see Tagalog bitaog and Cebuano bitaog).

Calophyllum inophyllum
Calophyllum inophyllum#Translingual

bitaog; palomaria (Calophyllum inophyllum)


buneng

Ti buneng nga adda iti ima ti Filipino isu pay laeng iti katalkan nga alikamen nga aramaten iti aniaman a banag ket lagidawek a dagiti trade school ken ti panagbiag a makuna a moderno wenno kabaroanan, pinalumayna dagiti kaaduan nga ...

1941, Philippines. Civilian Emergency Administration. Office of Publicity and Propaganda, Mangidalan kadagiti umili iti peggad: People's guide in emergency. (Ilocano-English)


kaaduan

Makapaldaang ti kas man di panangipateg ti kaaduan nga Ilokano iti kultura ken literaturada.

1969, Greg C. Laconsay, Dagiti kapintasan a sarita iti Iluko:


kadagiti

Oblique form of dagiti: for or among them


kalgaw

“Inton kalgaw, Lelong. Umaydanto kano amin agbakasion ditoy.” - “Dadakkel ket ngatan dagitay ubbing. Mailiwkam unayen a makakita kadakuada,” kinuna met ni Lelongna. “Ni Ponso la unay ... nabayagen daydi naudi a yaayna ditoy.”

Napanunotna ti lumablabbaga a rupa ni Mr. Viloria, ti bumungbungkong nga insukibet diay drayber ti owner, ti anangsab ni Pinky tunggal aradwenda dagiti bingkol iti kalgaw. Napanunotna ti alat ken ti linaon daytoy a lames.

1994, June L. Rodriguez, Bigkis: mga piling akda : Gantimpalang Ani, 1987-1991, →ISBN:


Hakob

From Spanish Jacob, from Late Latin Iacobus, from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Hebrew יעקב (ya'aqóbh; Modern: Ya’akov, “Jacob”, literally “heel-grabber”), from עקב (‘aqev, “heel of the foot”).


anannong

a culture-bound syndrome where a visit by a stranger afflicts a child with sudden illness and convulsions


sigget

semi-cooked rice in the pot while being boiled


kaniami

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -mi, whence Proto-Austronesian *-kami, from *ami.

Intedda kaniami.

First-person plural exclusive oblique pronoun; to us (not you), for us (not you)


kulibangbang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baŋbaŋ (compare with Brunei Malay kulimambang and Coastal Kadazan kohibambang) from Proto-Austronesian *baŋbaŋ (compare with Amis adipangpang).


kukua

possessions; property; assets; owned items


kararag

karkararag (plural)
kararagko (first-person possessive singular)
karkararagko (first-person possessive singular)
kararagmo (possessive second-person singular)
karkararagmo (possessive second-person singular)
kararagna (possessive singular third-person)
karkararagna (possessive singular third-person)
kararagta (dual first-person possessive)
karkararagta (dual first-person possessive)
kararagmi (possessive singular)
karkararagmi (distributive plural possessive)
kararagtayo (possessive singular)
karkararagtayo (distributive plural possessive)
kararagyo (plural possessive second-person)
karkararagyo (plural possessive second-person)
kararagda (plural possessive third-person)
karkararagda (plural possessive third-person)


karing

butterflied milkfish marinated in calamondin juice, garlic and soy sauce


pinikpikan

ilo-noun

pinikpíkan (Kur-itan spelling ᜉᜒᜈᜒᜃ᜔ᜉᜒᜃᜈ᜔)

An Igorot chicken dish with singed feathers


salomagi

Compare Karao salomagi and Pangasinan salomage.


kenka

ken + -ka, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

Intedda kenka.

Second-person singular oblique pronoun; to you, for you


bakia

Borrowed from Hokkien 木屐 (ba̍k-kiah, “wooden clogs”).


-kami

From Proto-Austronesian *kami, from *ami.

Makitugawkami man kenka.

First-person plural exclusive absolutive enclitic pronoun; we (not you); us (not you)


tumulong

ilo-verb

tumulong (perfective timmulong, imperfective tumultulong, past imperfective timmiltulong, future tumulongto, Kur-itan spelling ᜆᜓᜋᜓᜎᜓᜅ᜔)

timmulong (perfective)
tumultulong (imperfective)
timmiltulong (imperfective past)
tumulongto (future)
-um- (affix)
tulong (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

tumulong

Tumulongkayo dito.


Vigan

Borrowed from Spanish Vigan, also spelled as Bigan in early maps like the Velarde map (1734), originally from Ilocano Bigan. A common theory is that this word derived from Ilocano biga (“giant taro / Biga'a (Alocasia macrorrhizos)”) + -an (“locative suffix”) where Alocasia macrorrhizos plants once grew abundantly along the banks of the Mestizo River, from which Captain Juan de Salcedo derived the city's name, after a misunderstanding with the locals, thinking he was asking the name of the plants. The other theory derives this word from Hokkien 美岸 (Bí-gān, literally “beautiful coast”), possibly by Chinese settlers in the area.

der

Vigan (a city, the provincial capital of Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Region, Luzon, Philippines)


baaw

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahaw (cf. Ivatan vahaw, Tagalog bahaw), from Proto-Austronesian *baSaw.


La Trinidad

ilo-proper noun

La Trinidad (Kur-itan spelling ᜎ ᜆ᜔ᜎᜒᜈᜒᜇᜇ᜔)

La Trinidad (a municipality, the capital of Benguet, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines)


Alaminos

Alaminos (a city in Pangasinan, Philippines)


alutiit

Hemidactylus frenatus
Hemidactylus frenatus#Translingual

house lizard, common house gecko, (Hemidactylus frenatus)


bay-ong

bay-óng (canonical)
baybay-ong (plural)
bay-ongko (first-person possessive singular)
baybay-ongko (first-person possessive singular)
bay-ongmo (possessive second-person singular)
baybay-ongmo (possessive second-person singular)
bay-ongna (possessive singular third-person)
baybay-ongna (possessive singular third-person)
bay-ongta (dual first-person possessive)
baybay-ongta (dual first-person possessive)
bay-ongmi (possessive singular)
baybay-ongmi (distributive plural possessive)
bay-ongtayo (possessive singular)
baybay-ongtayo (distributive plural possessive)
bay-ongyo (plural possessive second-person)
baybay-ongyo (plural possessive second-person)
bay-ongda (plural possessive third-person)
baybay-ongda (plural possessive third-person)

Borrowed from Tagalog bayong (“bag or sack made from palm leaves”).


siwang

Compare Tagalog siwang and Yogad siwang.


ngarud

Wen ngarud.

Yes, because the alternative that we have just discussed is not viable.

Adda ngarud.

There is, stop saying that there's none.

an indicator or affirmation that the alternative is not viable, is silly, and/or can be negated.

Intan ngarud.

Let’s go, we can stop waiting [for something].

Agmanehokan ngarud.

an indicator that negates an implicit alternative to an action; then.

Inta lattan kadi ’diay Baguio, saan ’diay La Unión? Wen ngarud.
Shall we go to Baguio, not La Unión? Fine, yes.

a way to add a negative tone
reluctant tone

Inta lattan kadi ’diay Baguio, saan ’diay La Unión? Wen ngarud.
Shall we go to Baguio, not La Unión? Yes, I already agreed.

a way to add a negative tone
impatient tone

Inta lattan kadi ’diay Baguio, saan ’diay La Unión? Wen ngarud.
Shall we go to Baguio, not La Unión? Yes already, please stop asking.

a way to add a negative tone
irritable tone


gabat

straggler; missing or stray animal or person


silindro

Borrowed from Tagalog silindro, from Spanish cilindro (“cylinder”).


lihia

Borrowed from Spanish lejía (cf. Tagalog lihiya).


naalsem

ilo-adj

naalsém (comparative naal-alsem, comparative naal-alsem, moderative pang-alsemen, comparative superlative kaalseman, absolutive superlative nakaal-alsem, intensive nag-alsemen)

naalsém (canonical)
naal-alsem (comparative)
kaalseman (comparative superlative)
nakaal-alsem (absolutive superlative)
nag-alsemen (emphatic)


agtaray

ilo-verb

agtaráy (perfective nagtaray, imperfective agtartaray, past imperfective nagtartaray, future agtarayto, 2nd actor trigger)

agtaráy (canonical)
nagtaray (perfective)
agtartaray (imperfective)
nagtartaray (imperfective past)
agtarayto (future)
ag- (affix)
taray (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agtaray

[ʔɐɡ.tɐˈɾaɪ̯]


adalem

deep location (such as of a river or opening in the ground)


agek

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hajək, from Proto-Austronesian *Sajək.


baniaga

From Malay berniaga (“trade”), from either Portuguese veniaga (“merchant; merchandise”) or directly from Sanskrit वणिजक (vaṇijaka, “merchant”), from वाणिज (vāṇija, “merchant, trader”). (cf. Cebuano banyaga (“rascal”), Kapampangan banyaga (“trade”), Tagalog banyaga (“foreigner”)).


bay-a

From Proto-Philippine *bayaq (“to leave things or persons alone”) (cf. Tagalog baya).

inh

act of permitting, allowing or letting something


aganak

ilo-verb

aganák (perfective naganak, imperfective agan-anak, past imperfective nagan-anak, future aganakto, 2nd actor trigger)

aganák (canonical)
naganak (perfective)
agan-anak (imperfective)
nagan-anak (imperfective past)
aganakto (future)
ag- (affix)
anak (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

aganak


apges

smarting; burning sensation from a wound


aramang

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *haʀəmaŋ (“kind of marine eel”).

inh+

any of a number of species of small marine shrimp of the genus Acetes


arban

From Proto-Austronesian *-ban (“group”).


sangit

From Proto-Northern Luzon *saŋit, from Proto-Philippine *taŋis, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋis, from Proto-Austronesian *Saŋis.


arimadeng

[ʔɐɾɪmɐˈdɛŋ]

[ʔɐɾɪmɐˈdɯŋ]


ariwekwek

[ʔɐɾɪwɛkˈwɛk]

[ʔɐɾɪwɯkˈwɯk]


aririt

very fine object (such as thread, leaves)


ariwatang

[ʔɐɾɪˈwataŋ]


aspili

pin (needle without an eye, used for fastening)


bangir

⇒ Tagalog: kabilang bangir


nabanglo

ilo-adj

nabangló (comparative nabangbanglo, comparative nabangbanglo, moderative pabangluen, comparative superlative kabangluen, absolutive superlative nakabangbanglo, intensive nagbangluen, Kur-itan spelling ᜈᜊᜅ᜔ᜎᜓ)

nabangló (canonical)
nabangbanglo (comparative)
kabangluen (comparative superlative)
nakabangbanglo (absolutive superlative)
nagbangluen (emphatic)


batikuleng

[bɐtɪkʊˈlɛŋ]

[bɐtɪkʊˈlɯŋ]


Bauang

Bauang (a municipality of La Union, Philippines)


agbatok

ilo-verb

agbatok (perfective nagbatok, imperfective agbatbatok, past imperfective nagbatbatok, future agbatokto, 2nd actor trigger)

nagbatok (perfective)
agbatbatok (imperfective)
nagbatbatok (imperfective past)
agbatokto (future)
ag- (affix)
batok (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agbatok


bedbed

From Proto-Philippine *bəjbəj (“to wind”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəjbəj (“to wind around”). from Proto-Austronesian *bəjbəj (“to wrap around repeatedly”).


bessang

opening or rip on the hem of a dress or skirt


bengngat

From Proto-Philippine *bəŋat (“to state”) (cf. Cebuano bungat, Hiligaynon bungat).


bettak

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bətak (“to split”) (cf. Tagalog bitak).

breaking (of bottles, waves hitting the seashore, etc.)


buklaw

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *buk(ə)law.


dakami

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da and Proto-Austronesian *kami, from *ami.

Dakami ti sumaruno a mapan.

First-person plural exclusive absolutive independent pronoun: we (not you); us (not you)


dagidi

Plural remote demonstrative: those ones (implies something that existed in the past, is vague, or will exist in the future)


dagidiay

[dɐ.ɡiˈd͡ʒaɪ̯]

oblique distant singular demonstrative: there (far from both speaker and listener)


daydiay

Direct/indirect distant singular demonstrative: that


daydiay

Direct/direct distant singular demonstrative: that one (far from both speaker and listener)


dagitay

Plural recent demonstrative: those ones (implies something that have recently happened)


dengngeg

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəŋəʀ (“to hear”).


deppa

From Proto-Austronesian *dəpah (cf. Tagalog dipa, Cebuano dupa, Indonesian depa and Malay depa).


dengdeng

From Proto-Philippine *dəŋdəŋ. Compare to Indonesian dendeng.

way of cooking vegetables with salt and fish sauce by boiling


eleksion

Borrowed from Spanish elección (cf. Tagalog eleksiyon).


Lagan

A barangay of Sabangan, Mountain Province, Philippines


lapayag

Compare Gaddang layag and Pangasinan layag.


Hillside

A barangay of Baguio, Benguet, Philippines


digra

ilo-noun

digrá (plural didigra, Kur-itan spelling ᜇᜒᜄ᜔ᜎ)


Villaviciosa

ilo-head

Villaviciosa (Kur-itan spelling ᜊᜒᜎᜒᜀᜊᜒᜐᜒᜂᜐ)


agtugaw

ilo-verb

agtugaw (perfective nagtugaw, imperfective agtugtugaw, past imperfective nagtugtugaw, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄ᜔ᜆᜓᜄᜏ᜔)

nagtugaw (perfective)
agtugtugaw (imperfective)
nagtugtugaw (imperfective past)
ag- (affix)
tugaw (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agtugaw


Kankanaey

Kankanaey (pertaining to the Kankanaey people or the Kankanaey language)


-tay

Nakitatay isuna.


dinardaraan

From dara + -an + -in- with partial reduplication.

dinuguan (Filipino savory stew with pig blood)


kiling

Bambusa vulgaris
Bambusa vulgaris#Translingual


alamano

Borrowed from Spanish a la mano (“by the hand”). Compare Kapampangan galamanu, Cebuano lamano, Waray-Waray lamano, and Maranao lamano.


sementerio

ilo-noun

sementerio (Kur-itan spelling ᜐᜒᜋᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜒᜎᜒᜂ)


nuang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qanuaŋ, ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *qaNuaŋ. Compare Tagalog anwang.


paet

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqət (“chisel”) (cf. Malay pahat).


sarut

From Proto-Philippine *sarut (cf. Kapampangan salut, Bikol Central sarot).


pag-ong

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *pag(ə)quŋ.


Kristiano

ilo-noun

Kristiano (Kur-itan spelling ᜃ᜔ᜎᜒᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜀᜈᜓ)


tengnga

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *teŋaq. Compare Tagalog gitna, Cebuano tunga, Malay tengah.


perres

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pəʀəs. Cf. Tagalog pigis.


Setiembre

ilo-proper noun

Setiembre (Kur-itan spelling ᜐᜒᜆᜒᜁᜋ᜔ᜊ᜔ᜎᜒ)

Borrowed from Spanish setiembre, alternative form of septiembre.


kalendario

Borrowed from Spanish calendario, from Latin calendārium.


kamalala

Probably from Sanskrit का॑मलोल (kā́malola, “overcome with desire or passion”). See Sanskrit काम (kā́ma).


Sanchez Mira

Borrowed from Spanish Sánchez Mira, from Sánchez + Mira, named after Spanish brigadier general Manuel Sánchez Mira, who served as alcalde mayor of Cagayan.

named-after

Sanchez Mira (a municipality of Cagayan, Philippines)


Lucban

A name of several barangays in Baguio, Benguet, Philippines


Guimba

Guimba (a municipality of Nueva Ecija, Philippines)


Carbonel

a surname from Catalan, a spelling variant of Carbonell


Echague

Named after Spanish governor general Rafael de Echagüe y Bermingham.
The name came to be pronounced with /ɡe/ as the diaeresis in the U was dropped with the introduction of the modern Filipino alphabet.

Echague (a municipality of Isabela, Philippines)


Bacarra

ilo-proper noun

Bacarra or Bacarrá (Kur-itan spelling ᜊᜃᜎ)

Bacarra (a municipality of Ilocos Norte, Philippines)


ukom

Borrowed from Malay hukum (“law”), from Arabic حُكْم (ḥukm, “judgment”). Compare Kapampangan ukum, Tagalog hukom


kararua

Compare Kapampangan kaladdua and Tagalog kaluluwa.


Gaoiran

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos


Leaño

From Spanish Leaño. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos


sangapulo ket innem

ilo-head

sangapulo ket innem (Kur-itan spelling ᜐᜅᜉᜓᜎᜓ ᜃᜒᜆ᜔ ᜁᜈ᜔ᜈᜒᜋ᜔)


kuarta

Nakad-adu ti regalo ni lolak kaniak nga kuarta.

My grandmother gave me a lot of money as a gift.


koriente

Awan kano iti koriente agrugi ti alas sais ti bigat agpatingga iti alas tres ti malem no bigat ditoy probinsiatayo.

There will be no electricity from 6:00 am to 3:00 pm tomorrow in our province.


munisipio

(by extension) town hall; municipal hall; city hall


behikulo

Borrowed from Spanish vehículo, but with the silent ⟨h⟩ pronounced as /h/ due to English influence.


konsiensia

ilo-noun

konsiensia (Kur-itan spelling ᜃᜓᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜁᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜀ)


kabalio

Borrowed from Spanish caballo. Compare Tagalog kabayo.


dinengdeng

dinengdeng (dish made from vegetables cooked in salt and fish sauce by boiling)


Tuguegarao

Tuguegarao (a city, the provincial capital of Cagayan, Cagayan Valley, Luzon, Philippines; regional capital of Cagayan Valley)


-yo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Tulonganyo ni Paul.

Second-person plural ergative enclitic pronoun; you (all)

Second-person singular polite ergative enclitic pronoun; you

Kamusta ti trabahoyo?

Second-person plural possessive marker; your

Second-person singular polite possessive marker; your


bangking

odd; uneven; unbalanced; unequal; lopsided

unmatched; odd; mismatched; unpaired (having only one from a pair, such as having only one eye, arm, leg, etc.)


ngad

Informal spelling of nga'd; alternative form of ngarud.


ambulansia

ambulansia (Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜋ᜔ᜊᜓᜎᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜀ)


nalpas ti ani, awan ti garami

nalpás ti ani (canonical)
awán ti garami (canonical)

[nɐlˌpas ti ˌʔa.ni | ʔɐˌwan ti ɡɐˈɾa.mi]

Literally, “after the harvest, there is no straw/hay”.


Bayombong

Bayombong (a municipality, the capital of Nueva Vizcaya, Cagayan Valley, Luzon, Philippines)


ᜊᜒᜁᜎ᜔ᜈᜒᜐ᜔

ilo-noun

ᜊᜒᜁᜎ᜔ᜈᜒᜐ᜔ • (biilnis)


ᜀᜋ᜔ᜊᜓᜎᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜀ

ᜀᜋ᜔ᜊᜓᜎᜈ᜔ᜐᜒᜀ • (ambulansia)


ᜐᜁᜇ᜔ᜇᜒᜃ᜔

ᜐᜁᜇ᜔ᜇᜒᜃ᜔ • (saiddik)


kapilia

Borrowed from Spanish capilla, from Late Latin cappella.


Cuyapo

Cuyapo (a municipality of Nueva Ecija, Philippines)


Lupao

Lupao (a municipality of Nueva Ecija, Philippines)


mannanakaw

From mang- + takaw, with partial reduplication of the root, takaw.

Agannadkayo kadagiti mannanakaw iti tiangge.


pakasaritaan

pakasaritaan (Kur-itan spelling ᜉᜃᜐᜎᜒᜆᜀᜈ᜔)


agsagana

ilo-verb

agsagana (perfective nagsagana, imperfective agsagsagana, past imperfective nagsagsagana, future agsaganato, 2nd actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄ᜔ᜐᜄᜈ)

nagsagana (perfective)
agsagsagana (imperfective)
nagsagsagana (imperfective past)
agsaganato (future)
ag- (affix)
sagana (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agsagana


Bersamina

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.


Baro a Tawen

ilo-proper noun

Baro a Tawë́n (Kur-itan spelling ᜊᜎᜓ ᜀ ᜆᜏᜒᜈ᜔)


Aldaw ti Wayawaya

Aldáw ti Wayawayá (Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜎ᜔ᜇᜏ᜔ ᜆᜒ ᜏᜌᜏᜌ)

Independence Day (holiday in the Philippines, held at June 12)


aguyek

ilo-verb

aguyek (perfective naguyek, imperfective aguy-uyek, past imperfective naguy-uyek, future aguyekto, 2nd actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄᜓᜌᜒᜃ᜔)

naguyek (perfective)
aguy-uyek (imperfective)
naguy-uyek (imperfective past)
aguyekto (future)
ag- (affix)
uyek (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

aguyek


uong

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uhuŋ. Cognate to Pangasinan oong and Cebuano uhong.


Libtong

A barangay of Bacarra, Ilocos Norte, Philippines


General Mamerto Natividad

ilo-proper noun

General Mamerto Natividád (Kur-itan spelling ᜑᜒᜈᜒᜎᜎ᜔ ᜋᜋᜒᜎ᜔ᜆᜓ ᜈᜆᜒᜊᜒᜇᜇ᜔)

Named after Filipino general and revolutionary Mamerto Natividad.

named-after

General Mamerto Natividad
w:General Mamerto Natividad

General Mamerto Natividad (a municipality of Nueva Ecija, Philippines)


Casilagan

A barangay of San Juan, La Union, Philippines

A barangay of Santa Cruz, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

A barangay of Narvacan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

A barangay of Banayoyo, Ilocos Sur, Philippines


Salomague

A barangay of Cabugao, Ilocos Sur, Philippines


Cabaroan

From kabaruan, from baro (“new”). Doublet of Cabaruan

A barangay of Santa Catalina, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

A barangay of Tagudin, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

A barangay of San Emilio, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

A barangay of Bantay, Ilocos Sur, Philippines


Banaoang

A barangay of Santa, Ilocos Sur, Philippines


kanawan

From the metathesis of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ka-)wanan, from Proto-Austronesian *(ka-)wanaN.

kanawan nga ima


agsala

ilo-verb

nagsala (perfective agsalsala, imperfective nagsalsala, past imperfective agaalanto, 2nd actor trigger)

nagsala (canonical)
agsalsala (perfective)
nagsalsala (imperfective)
agaalanto (imperfective past)
ag- (affix)
sala (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

agsala


aggingined

ilo-verb

agginginë́d (perfective naggingined, imperfective agginggingined, past imperfective nagginggingined, future agginginedto, 2nd actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄ᜔ᜄᜒᜅᜒᜈᜒᜇ᜔)

agginginë́d (canonical)
naggingined (perfective)
agginggingined (imperfective)
nagginggingined (imperfective past)
agginginedto (future)
ag- (affix)
gingined (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

aggingined


disnugen

ilo-verb

disnugë́n (perfective dinisnug, imperfective disdisnugen, past imperfective dinisdisnug, Kur-itan spelling ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜈᜓᜄᜒᜈ᜔)

disnugë́n (canonical)
dinisnug (perfective)
disdisnugen (imperfective)
dinisdisnug (imperfective past)
-en (affix)
disnug (root)

ilo-infl-table

disnugen


ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜈᜓᜄᜒᜈ᜔

ilo-verb

ᜇᜒᜐ᜔ᜈᜓᜄᜒᜈ᜔ • (disnugin)


Agpaoa

a surname from Ilocano, common in Ilocos Norte


ᜉᜓᜇᜓᜆ᜔

ilo-noun

ᜉᜓᜇᜓᜆ᜔ • (pudut)


aglangoy

ilo-verb

aglangóy (perfective naglangoy, imperfective aglanglangoy, past imperfective naglanglangoy, future aglangoyto, 2nd actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄ᜔ᜎᜅᜓᜌ᜔)

aglangóy (canonical)
naglangoy (perfective)
aglanglangoy (imperfective)
naglanglangoy (imperfective past)
aglangoyto (future)
ag- (affix)
langoy (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

aglangoy

[ʔɐɡ.lɐˈŋoɪ̯]


umisem

ilo-verb

umisëm (1st actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜂᜋᜒᜐᜒᜋ᜔)

umisëm (canonical)
um- (affix)
isem (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

umisem


ᜂᜋᜒᜐᜒᜋ᜔

ilo-verb

ᜂᜋᜒᜐᜒᜋ᜔ • (umisim)


ᜇᜃ᜔ᜃᜒᜎ᜔

ilo-adj

ᜇᜃ᜔ᜃᜒᜎ᜔ • (dakkil)


ᜁᜐᜒᜋ᜔

ilo-noun

ᜁᜐᜒᜋ᜔ • (isim)


Azurin

From earlier Azorín. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, then as Azorín.

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

a surname, mostly found in Ilocos Sur (esp. Vigan)


gadia

Borrowed from Malay gajah, from Sanskrit गज (gaja).


ᜎᜓᜂᜆ᜔

ilo-noun

ᜎᜓᜂᜆ᜔ • (luut)


ᜏᜒᜈ᜔ᜈᜓ

head

ᜏᜒᜈ᜔ᜈᜓ • (winnu)


Paoay

From paway (“open field outside of a town”)

Paoay (a municipality of Ilocos Norte, Philippines)


Daquioag

a surname from Ilocano mostly found in Ilocos Norte

A barangay of Marcos, Ilocos Norte, Philippines


Rigonan

Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos


Paguirigan

a surname, originating in Ilocos Norte but mostly found in Cagayan


Rumbaoa

Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos. Compare Pangasinan Rombaoa, a respelled variant in Pangasinan.


Agtarap

[ʔɐɡ.tɐˈɾap]

From agtar-ap. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Ilocano, mostly found in Ilocos Norte


Agbunag

From agbunag. Introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

a surname from Ilocano, originating in Ilocos Norte but mostly found in La Union


Agbulos

a surname from Ilocano, originating in Ilocos Sur


naragsak a Paskua

ilo-head

naragsak a Paskua (Kur-itan spelling ᜈᜎᜄ᜔ᜐᜃ᜔ ᜀ ᜉᜐ᜔ᜃᜓᜀ)

naragsak a Paskua ken naragsak a Baro a Tawen


aguray

ilo-verb

aguray (perfective naguray, imperfective agur-uray, past imperfective nagur-uray, future agurayto, 2nd actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜀᜄᜓᜎᜌ᜔)

naguray (perfective)
agur-uray (imperfective)
nagur-uray (imperfective past)
agurayto (future)
ag- (affix)
uray (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

aguray

[ʔɐˈɡu.ɾaɪ̯]


ᜀᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜇᜒᜆ᜔

ilo-noun

ᜀᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜇᜒᜆ᜔ • (andidit)


ᜇᜓᜋ᜔ᜎᜏ᜔

ilo-proper noun

ᜇᜓᜋ᜔ᜎᜏ᜔ • (dumlaw)


ᜆᜓᜋᜃ᜔ᜇᜒᜎ᜔

ᜆᜓᜋᜃ᜔ᜇᜒᜎ᜔ • (tumakdil)


ᜆᜓᜋᜃ᜔ᜇᜒᜎ᜔

ilo-verb

ᜆᜓᜋᜃ᜔ᜇᜒᜎ᜔ • (tumakdil)


tumakder

tumakdë́r (perfective +, 1st actor trigger, Kur-itan spelling ᜆᜓᜋᜃ᜔ᜇᜒᜎ᜔)

tumakdë́r (canonical)
-um- (affix)
takder (root)
actor

ilo-infl-table

tumakder


datao

Pangaasim ta nabannog pay datao!

Indirect pronoun that usually refers to the speaker.


kadatao

Anusenyo piman ta narigat daytoy para kadatao.

Please be patient because this is difficult for me.


kaniak

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -k(o), whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku.

Intedda kaniak.

First-person singular oblique pronoun; to me, for me


bagik

Bagik dayta.

First-person singular possessive pronoun; mine; my


bagik

Inyam-ammok ti bagik.

First-person singular reflexive pronoun; myself


kukuak

Kukuak dayta.


kaniam

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -m(o), whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-mu.

Intedda kaniam.

Second-person singular oblique pronoun; to you, for you


bagim

Bagim dayta.

Second-person singular possessive pronoun; yours; your


bagim

Kitaem ti bagim.

Second-person singular reflexive pronoun; yourself


kukuam

Kukuam dayta.


datayo

From data (“we (dual)”) + -yo (“you (plural)”). Compare Pangasinan sikatayo (sikata + yo), Kapampangan katamu (kata + mu), and Tagalog tayo.

Datayo ti mangayo.

First-person plural inclusive absolutive independent pronoun; we (including you); us (including you)


sitayo

From sita (“we (dual)”) + -yo (“you (plural)”). Compare Pangasinan sikatayo (sikata + yo) and Kapampangan katamu (kata + mu).

(regional) First-person plural inclusive absolutive independent pronoun; we (including you); us (including you)


-tayo

Makibinnadangtayo amin.

First-person plural inclusive absolutive enclitic pronoun; we (including you); us (including you)

Sapay kuma ta magun-odtayo ti arapaaptayo.

First-person plural inclusive ergative enclitic pronoun; we (including you)

Napintas ti balaytayo!

First-person plural inclusive possessive marker; our (inclusive)


sikami

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Austronesian *kami, from *ami.

(regional) First-person plural exclusive absolutive independent pronoun: we (not you); us (not you)


-kam

Sumangpetkamto madamdama.


dakayo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da and Proto-Philippine *kayú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Dakayo ti mangubas.

You are the ones who will gather grapes.

Second-person plural absolutive independent pronoun; you (all)

Second-person singular polite absolutive independent pronoun; you


sikayo

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Philippine *kayú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

(regional) Second-person plural absolutive independent pronoun; you (all)

(regional) Second-person singular polite absolutive independent pronoun; you


-kayo

From Proto-Philippine *kayú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Sumurotkayo kaniak.

Second-person plural absolutive enclitic pronoun; you (all)

Second-person singular polite absolutive enclitic pronoun; you

Ay-ayatenkayo amin.

Annakkayo amin.

Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person plural patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -kayo (“you (all)”)


-kay

Agsublikayto inton bigat.


isuna

Kayatmo nga ayabak isuna?

Third-person singular absolutive independent pronoun; he, she, him, her, it

Ti libro nga daytoy ket isuna ti nabasak idi kalman.


isuda

Isuda ti kakaarubak.

Third-person plural absolutive independent pronoun; they, them


-nata

Inikkannata ti regalo.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and first-person dual patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -ta (“we/us two, you and I/me”)


-data

Sursuruandata ti agbasa.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and first-person dual patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -ta (“we/us two, you and I/me”)

Surotendata.

Fused enclitic with second-person plural agent and first-person dual patient; fuses -yo (“you (all), your”) and -ta (“we/us two, you and I/me”)


-natayo

Sursuruannatayo ti agsurat.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and first-person plural inclusive patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -tayo (“we/us (including you)”)


-datayo

Inikkandatayo ti ayuda kalpasan ti bagyo.

They gave us aid/relief after the typhoon.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and first-person plural inclusive patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -tayo (“we/us (including you)”)


-nakami

Bagaannakami no masapulmo ti tulong.

Fused enclitic with second-person singular agent and first-person plural exclusive patient; fuses -mo (“you, your”) and -kami (“we/us (not you)”)

Inggatangannakami ti pantalon.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and first-person plural exclusive patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -kami (“we/us (not you)”)


-dakami

Tulongandakami man.

Fused enclitic with second-person plural agent and first-person plural exclusive patient; fuses -yo (“you (all), your”) and -kami (“we/us (not you)”)

Fused enclitic with second-person singular polite agent and first-person plural exclusive patient

Binisitadakami idi kalman.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and first-person plural exclusive patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -kami (“we/us (not you)”)


-naka

Anaknaka.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -ka (“you”)


-daka

Katulongdaka iti dua a tawen.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -ka (“you”)

Ay-ayatendaka.

Fused enclitic with first-person plural exclusive agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -mi (“we (not you), our”) and -ka (“you”)


-nakayo

Pagimbubulsekannakayo laeng.

He is just pretending to be blind to you.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and second-person plural patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -kayo (“you (all)”)


-dakayo

Ikkandakayo ti inumenyo madamdama.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and second-person plural patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -kayo (“you (all)”)

Rumuarkayo tapno makitadakayo.

Fused enclitic with first-person plural exclusive agent and second-person plural patient; fuses -mi (“we (not you), our”) and -kayo (“you (all)”)


kaniata

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -ta, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta.

Intedda kaniata.

First-person dual oblique pronoun; to us (two), for us (two), to you and me, for you and me


kaniatayo

Intedda kaniatayo.

First-person plural inclusive oblique pronoun; to us (including you), for us (including you)


kaniayo

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -yo, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Intedda kaniayo.

Second-person plural oblique pronoun; to you (all), for you (all)


kaniana

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -na, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

Intedko kaniana.

Third-person singular oblique pronoun; to him/her/it, for him/her/it


kaniada

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -da, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ida, from Proto-Austronesian *ida.

Intedko kaniada.

Third-person plural oblique pronoun; to them, for them


kadata

From Proto-Austronesian *ka (“oblique case marker”) + data.

inh

Intedda kadata.


kadatayo

From Proto-Austronesian *ka (“oblique case marker”) + datayo.

Intedda kadatayo.


kadakami

From Proto-Austronesian *ka (“oblique case marker”) + dakami.

Intedda kadakami.

First-person plural exclusive oblique pronoun; to us (not you), for us (not you)


kadakayo

From Proto-Austronesian *ka (“oblique case marker”) + dakayo.

Intedda kadakayo.


kenkuana

Intedko kenkuana.


kadakuada

Intedko kadakuada.


bagita

Bagita dayta.

First-person dual possessive pronoun; ours (mine and yours); of us two


bagita

Urnosenta ti bagita.

First-person dual reflexive pronoun; ourselves (myself and yourself)


bagitayo

Bagitayo dayta.

First-person plural inclusive possessive pronoun; ours (including you); our


bagitayo

Pagtalnaentayo dagiti bagitayo.

First-person plural inclusive reflexive pronoun; ourselves (including yourself/yourselves)


bagimi

Bagimi dayta.

First-person plural exclusive possessive pronoun; ours (not yours); our (not your)


bagimi

Asikasuenmi pay ti bagimi.

First-person plural exclusive reflexive pronoun; ourselves (not yourself/yourselves)