tao

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *tau, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tau, Proto-Austronesian *Cau.

alternative form of datao: indefinite pronoun usually referring to the speaker


data

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta, an enclitic form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita (“we (inclusive), we (dual)”), whence Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita (“we (inclusive)”). Compare Kankanaey daita (“we (two), you and I”), Pangasinan sikata (“we (two), you and I”), Kapampangan ikata (“we (two), you and I”), Tagalog kata (“we (two), you and I”), Bikol Central kita (“we (inclusive)”), Cebuano kita (“we (inclusive)”), and Maranao sekta (“we (inclusive)”).

cog

Data laeng ti adda ti kasar ita nga aldaw.

It is only us two who have a wedding today.

First-person dual absolutive independent pronoun; we (two); us (two); you and I; you and me


-ka

Napankan?

Estudianteka.

Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you

Ay-ayatenka.

Estudianteka.

Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)


-na

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

Kayatna ti mangan.

Third-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; he, she, it

Naimas ti makanna.

Third-person singular possessive marker; his, her, its

Rebbengna nga addaka ditoy.

Kasla nga awan inggana ti utangna.

Fossilized enclitic of some adverbials or auxiliary verbs

Tulongantayo dagiti awan balayna.

Let's help the homeless. (Let's help those who do not have homes.)

Naupay uray dagiti napigsa ti pakinakemna.

Even the strong-willed (ones) became disheartened.

Referential pronoun used in existential or relative clauses; the (adjective) (ones), those who, the ones who


-ko

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku.

Inlukatko ti tawa ta napudot.

Aramidekto dayta no bigat.

First-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; I

Daytoy ti pamiliak.

Annakko dagitoy.

First-person singular possessive marker; my


-ta

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta, an enclitic form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita, whence Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita.

Aggayyemta.

First-person dual absolutive enclitic pronoun; we (two); us (two); you and I; you and me

Masapul a tulunganta ni Maria.

First-person dual ergative enclitic pronoun; we (two); you and I

Awan inggana koma ti ayatta.

First-person dual possessive marker; our (mine and yours); of us two


-da

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ida, from Proto-Austronesian *ida.

Sumakdoda idiay poso.

Third-person plural absolutive enclitic pronoun; they; them

Inusarda ti lapisko.

Third-person plural ergative enclitic pronoun; they

Napardas ti kotseda.

Third-person plural possessive marker; their


sika

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

Second-person singular absolutive independent pronoun; you


isu

Possibly from Proto-Austronesian *i and Proto-Austronesian *su. Compare Pangasinan so.

Mapanak no isu ti mapan.

Third-person singular absolutive independent pronoun; he, she, him, her, it

No asino ti agkadutdot, isu ti agkakuyog.

Whoever has the same feathers, the same go together.


ida

Ikkanyo ida ti makan.

Third-person plural absolutive patient enclitic pronoun; them


sita

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta, an enclitic form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita, whence Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita. See data for cognates.

(regional) First-person dual absolutive independent pronoun; we (two); us (two); you and I; you and me


-ak

after words ending in consonants and sometimes vowels except /a/

after words ending in /a/ and sometimes other vowels

From Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.

Pilipinoak.

Kinagatak ti aso.

First-person singular absolutive enclitic pronoun; I, me


-mo

Ilukatmo man ti tawa.

Saludsodem no ania ti makan madamdama.

Second-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; you

Nagpintas ti anakmo.

Napudot ti kapem.

Second-person singular possessive marker; your


-m

alternative form of -mo (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)


-nak

Ay-ayatennak?

Fused enclitic with second-person singular agent and first-person singular patient; fuses -mo (“you, your”) and -ak (“I, me”)

Imbatinak itattay.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and first-person singular patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -ak (“I, me”)


-k

alternative form of -ko (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)


-mi

From Proto-Austronesian *kami, from *ami.

Dinalusanmi ti kuarto.

First-person plural exclusive ergative enclitic pronoun; we (not you)

Adayo pay ti balaymi.

First-person plural exclusive possessive marker; our (exclusive)


naid

Naid tao ditoy.


siak

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.

Siak laeng ti napan.

First-person singular absolutive independent pronoun; I, me


kuak

Kuak dayta.

First-person singular possessive pronoun; mine; my


-dak

Mangngegdak?

Fused enclitic with second-person plural agent and first-person singular patient; fuses -yo (“you (all), your”) and -ak (“I, me”)

Fused enclitic with second-person singular polite agent and first-person singular patient

Kanayondak a tagtagibassiten.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and first-person singular patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -ak (“I, me”)


bagina

Bagina dayta.

Third-person singular possessive pronoun; his, hers/her, its


bagina

Nakitana ti bagina iti salamin.

He/she saw himself/herself in the mirror.

Third-person singular reflexive pronoun; himself, herself, itself


kadagiti

Oblique form of dagiti: for or among them


kaniami

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -mi, whence Proto-Austronesian *-kami, from *ami.

Intedda kaniami.

First-person plural exclusive oblique pronoun; to us (not you), for us (not you)


kenka

ken + -ka, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

Intedda kenka.

Second-person singular oblique pronoun; to you, for you


-kami

Makitugawkami man kenka.

First-person plural exclusive absolutive enclitic pronoun; we (not you); us (not you)


dakami

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da and Proto-Austronesian *kami, from *ami.

Dakami ti sumaruno a mapan.

First-person plural exclusive absolutive independent pronoun: we (not you); us (not you)


dagidi

Plural remote demonstrative: those ones (implies something that existed in the past, is vague, or will exist in the future)


daydiay

Direct/direct distant singular demonstrative: that one (far from both speaker and listener)


dagitay

Plural recent demonstrative: those ones (implies something that have recently happened)


-tay

Nakitatay isuna.


-yo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Tulonganyo ni Paul.

Second-person plural ergative enclitic pronoun; you (all)

Second-person singular polite ergative enclitic pronoun; you

Kamusta ti trabahoyo?

Second-person plural possessive marker; your

Second-person singular polite possessive marker; your


datao

Pangaasim ta nabannog pay datao!

Indirect pronoun that usually refers to the speaker.


kadatao

Anusenyo piman ta narigat daytoy para kadatao.

Please be patient because this is difficult for me.


kaniak

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -k(o), whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku.

Intedda kaniak.

First-person singular oblique pronoun; to me, for me


bagik

Bagik dayta.

First-person singular possessive pronoun; mine; my


bagik

Inyam-ammok ti bagik.

First-person singular reflexive pronoun; myself


kukuak

Kukuak dayta.


kaniam

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -m(o), whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-mu.

Intedda kaniam.


bagim

Bagim dayta.

Second-person singular possessive pronoun; yours; your


bagim

Kitaem ti bagim.

Second-person singular reflexive pronoun; yourself


kukuam

Kukuam dayta.


datayo

From data (“we (dual)”) + -yo (“you (plural)”). Compare Pangasinan sikatayo (sikata + yo), Kapampangan katamu (kata + mu), and Tagalog tayo.

Datayo ti mangayo.

First-person plural inclusive absolutive independent pronoun; we (including you); us (including you)


sitayo

From sita (“we (dual)”) + -yo (“you (plural)”). Compare Pangasinan sikatayo (sikata + yo) and Kapampangan katamu (kata + mu).

(regional) First-person plural inclusive absolutive independent pronoun; we (including you); us (including you)


-tayo

Makibinnadangtayo amin.

First-person plural inclusive absolutive enclitic pronoun; we (including you); us (including you)

Sapay kuma ta magun-odtayo ti arapaaptayo.

First-person plural inclusive ergative enclitic pronoun; we (including you)

Napintas ti balaytayo!

First-person plural inclusive possessive marker; our (inclusive)


sikami

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Austronesian *kami, from *ami.

(regional) First-person plural exclusive absolutive independent pronoun: we (not you); us (not you)


-kam

Sumangpetkamto madamdama.


dakayo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da and Proto-Philippine *kayú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Dakayo ti mangubas.

You are the ones who will gather grapes.

Second-person plural absolutive independent pronoun; you (all)

Second-person singular polite absolutive independent pronoun; you


sikayo

From Proto-Austronesian *si and Proto-Philippine *kayú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

(regional) Second-person plural absolutive independent pronoun; you (all)

(regional) Second-person singular polite absolutive independent pronoun; you


-kayo

From Proto-Philippine *kayú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Sumurotkayo kaniak.

Second-person plural absolutive enclitic pronoun; you (all)

Second-person singular polite absolutive enclitic pronoun; you

Ay-ayatenkayo amin.

Annakkayo amin.

Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person plural patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -kayo (“you (all)”)


-kay

Agsublikayto inton bigat.


isuna

Kayatmo nga ayabak isuna?

Third-person singular absolutive independent pronoun; he, she, him, her, it

Ti libro nga daytoy ket isuna ti nabasak idi kalman.


isuda

Isuda ti kakaarubak.

Third-person plural absolutive independent pronoun; they, them


-nata

Inikkannata ti regalo.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and first-person dual patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -ta (“we/us two, you and I/me”)


-data

Sursuruandata ti agbasa.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and first-person dual patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -ta (“we/us two, you and I/me”)

Surotendata.

Fused enclitic with second-person plural agent and first-person dual patient; fuses -yo (“you (all), your”) and -ta (“we/us two, you and I/me”)


-natayo

-natayó (canonical)
-natay (alternative)

Sursuruannatayo ti agsurat.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and first-person plural inclusive patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -tayo (“we/us (including you)”)


-datayo

-datayó (canonical)
-datay (alternative)

Inikkandatayo ti ayuda kalpasan ti bagyo.

They gave us aid/relief after the typhoon.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and first-person plural inclusive patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -tayo (“we/us (including you)”)


-nakami

-nakamí (canonical)
-nakam (alternative)

Bagaannakami no masapulmo ti tulong.

Fused enclitic with second-person singular agent and first-person plural exclusive patient; fuses -mo (“you, your”) and -kami (“we/us (not you)”)

Inggatangannakami ti pantalon.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and first-person plural exclusive patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -kami (“we/us (not you)”)


-dakami

-dakamí (canonical)
-dakam (alternative)

Tulongandakami man.

Fused enclitic with second-person plural agent and first-person plural exclusive patient; fuses -yo (“you (all), your”) and -kami (“we/us (not you)”)

Fused enclitic with second-person singular polite agent and first-person plural exclusive patient

Binisitadakami idi kalman.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and first-person plural exclusive patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -kami (“we/us (not you)”)


-naka

Anaknaka.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -ka (“you”)


-daka

Katulongdaka iti dua a tawen.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -ka (“you”)

Ay-ayatendaka.

Fused enclitic with first-person plural exclusive agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -mi (“we (not you), our”) and -ka (“you”)


-nakayo

-nakayó (canonical)
-nakay (alternative)

Pagimbubulsekannakayo laeng.

He is just pretending to be blind to you.

Fused enclitic with third-person singular agent and second-person plural patient; fuses -na (“he, she, it, his, her, its”) and -kayo (“you (all)”)


-dakayo

-dakayó (canonical)
-dakay (alternative)

Ikkandakayo ti inumenyo madamdama.

Fused enclitic with third-person plural agent and second-person plural patient; fuses -da (“they, their”) and -kayo (“you (all)”)

Rumuarkayo tapno makitadakayo.

Fused enclitic with first-person plural exclusive agent and second-person plural patient; fuses -mi (“we (not you), our”) and -kayo (“you (all)”)


kaniata

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -ta, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta.

Intedda kaniata.

First-person dual oblique pronoun; to us (two), for us (two), to you and me, for you and me


kaniatayo

kaniatayó (canonical)
kaniatay (alternative)

Intedda kaniatayo.

First-person plural inclusive oblique pronoun; to us (including you), for us (including you)


kaniayo

kaniáyo (canonical)
kanyayo (alternative informal)

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -yo, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iu, from Proto-Austronesian *iSu.

Intedda kaniayo.

Second-person plural oblique pronoun; to you (all), for you (all)


kaniana

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -na, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

Intedko kaniana.

Third-person singular oblique pronoun; to him/her/it, for him/her/it


kaniada

From Proto-Philippine *kania + -da, whence Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ida, from Proto-Austronesian *ida.

Intedko kaniada.

Third-person plural oblique pronoun; to them, for them


kadata

From Proto-Austronesian *ka (“oblique case marker”) + data.

inh

Intedda kadata.


kadatayo

kadatayó (canonical)
kadatay (alternative)

From Proto-Austronesian *ka (“oblique case marker”) + datayo.

Intedda kadatayo.


kadakami

kadakamí (canonical)
kadakam (alternative)

From Proto-Austronesian *ka (“oblique case marker”) + dakami.

Intedda kadakami.

First-person plural exclusive oblique pronoun; to us (not you), for us (not you)


kadakayo

kadakayó (canonical)
kadakay (alternative)

From Proto-Austronesian *ka (“oblique case marker”) + dakayo.

Intedda kadakayo.


kenkuana

Intedko kenkuana.


kadakuada

Intedko kadakuada.


bagita

Bagita dayta.

First-person dual possessive pronoun; ours (mine and yours); of us two


bagita

Urnosenta ti bagita.

First-person dual reflexive pronoun; ourselves (myself and yourself)


bagitayo

bágitayo (canonical)
bagitay (alternative)

Bagitayo dayta.

First-person plural inclusive possessive pronoun; ours (including you); our


bagitayo

bagítayo (canonical)
bagitay (alternative)

Pagtalnaentayo dagiti bagitayo.

First-person plural inclusive reflexive pronoun; ourselves (including yourself/yourselves)


bagimi

Bagimi dayta.

First-person plural exclusive possessive pronoun; ours (not yours); our (not your)


bagimi

Asikasuenmi pay ti bagimi.

First-person plural exclusive reflexive pronoun; ourselves (not yourself/yourselves)


bagiyo

Bagiyo dayta.

Second-person plural possessive pronoun; yours; your


bagiyo

Pagtalnaenyo dagita bagiyo.

Second-person plural reflexive pronoun; yourselves


bagida

Bagida dayta.

Third-person plural possessive pronoun; theirs, their


bagida

Rebbengna ti mangeddeng iti bagida.

Third-person plural reflexive pronoun; themselves


kukuata

Kukuata dayta.


kukuatayo

kukuátayo (canonical)
kukuatay (alternative)

Kukuatayo dayta.


kukuami

Kukuami dayta.


kukuayo

Kukuayo dayta.


kukuana

Kukuana dayta.

Third-person singular possessive pronoun; his, hers/her, its


kukuada

Kukuada dayta.