anti-

Borrowed from English anti-, French anti-, German anti-, Italian anti-, Spanish anti-, Russian анти- (anti-), all ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí).

anti- + toxino (“toxin”) → antitoxino (“antitoxin”)

anti-, contra-, counter- (for use mainly in scientific terms)


bio-

Borrowed from English bio-, French bio-, German bio-, Italian bio-, Spanish bio-, Portuguese bio-, French bio-, Portuguese bio-, English bio-, Russian био- (bio-), all ultimately from Ancient Greek βίος (bíos).

bio- + kemio (“chemistry”) → biokemio (“biochemistry”)


dis-

Borrowed from Esperanto dis-, from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.


-ed

From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

manuo (“hand”) + -ed → manuedo (“handful”)


en-

en- + irar (“to go”) → enirar (“to go in; enter”)

en- + swichar (“to switch”) → enswichar (“to switch on”)


-io

Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

duko (“duke; duchess”) + -io → dukio (“duchy”)

episkopo (“bishop”) + -io → episkopio (“bishopric, diocese, episcopate”)

paroko (“parish priest, rector”) + -io → parokio (“parish”)

rejo (“sovereign, ruler, king, queen, monarch”) + -io → rejio (“kingdom”)

suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person


pre-

Borrowed from English pre-, French pré-, Italian pre-, Spanish pre-, Russian пред- (pred-), пре- (pre-).


-a

arjento (“silver”, noun) + -a → arjenta (“silver”, adjective)


-u

Common vowel found in pronouns in Romance languages: French tu, Italian tu and Spanish tú, also in French vous and as an o in Italian voi and Spanish vos, etc. (Compare tu and vu)

omna (“all, every”) + -u → omnu (“everyone”)

suffix used to form pronouns indicating a person


-ar

Borrowed from French -er, Italian -are, Spanish -ar, from Latin -āre.

io-bor

Me volas komprar ca objekto.

This ending denotes the present infinitive form of a verb.


-eg-

From Esperanto -eg-, from Russian -яга (-jaga).

domo (“house”) + -eg- → domego (“mansion”)

bela (“beautiful”) + -eg- → belega (“gorgeous”)

blamar (“to blame”) + -eg- → blamegar (“to vituperate”)

suffix denoting augmentation, intensity, a higher or extreme degree


ek-

Prefix form of ek (“out of (motion from; made or extracted from; fractional part of), out from, out (forth from), of (made of)”).

ek- + irar (“to go”) → ekirar (“to go out; exit”)


-et-

From Esperanto -et-, from French -et/-ette, Italian -etto/-etta, Spanish -ito/-ita, from Latin -ittus.

sigaro (“cigar”) + -et- → sigareto (“cigarette”)

dormar (“to sleep”) + -et- → dormetar (“to doze”)

suffix forming a diminutive or indicating a smaller degree or qualitative change; also used as an affectionate diminutive


-ulo

Back-formation from maskulo (“male”). Decision no. 714, Progreso V, 1090, Progreso VI.

progreso

avo (“grandparent”) + -ulo → avulo (“grandfather”)

filio (“child, offspring”) + -ulo → filiulo (“son”)

frato (“sibling”) + -ulo → fratulo (“brother”)

kavalo (“horse”) + -ulo → kavalulo (“stallion”)

kuzo (“cousin”) + -ulo → kuzulo (“(male) cousin”)

nepoto (“grandchild”) + -ulo → nepotulo (“grandson”)

nevo (“nephew or niece, nibling”) + -ulo → nevulo (“nephew”)

onklo (“uncle or aunt”) + -ulo → onklulo (“uncle”)

rejo (“monarch”) + -ulo → rejulo (“king”)

spozo (“spouse”) + -ulo → spozulo (“husband”)

yuno (“child”) + -ulo → yunulo (“boy”)


-um-

honoro (“honor”) → honorumala (“honorary”)

kruco (“cross”) → krucumar (“to cross (another road etc.)”)

orelo (“ear”) → orelumo (“ear-covering, earlap”)

suffix to be used only in specific cases where the meaning is also specified


ad-

Prefix form of ad. Also based on Latin ad-.

portar (“carry, bear”) → adportar (“bring, carry (to a person or place)”)

ube (“where”) → adube (“where to (with motion), whither”)

to (indicating that to which there is movement, tendency or position, with or without arrival)


ge-

Derived from Esperanto ge-, from German ge-.

avi (“grandparents, grandfathers and/or grandmothers”) → geavi (“grandfathers and grandmothers”)

prefix used with the plural to indicate both sexes together


para-

Borrowed from English para-, French para-, Italian para-, Spanish para-. Decision no. 105, Progreso III.

io-bor

para- + pluvo (“rain”) → parapluvo (“umbrella”)

para- + moskito (“mosquito”) → paramoskito (“mosquito net”)

prefix denoting protection against, something to ward off


retro-

→ Esperanto: retro-

Borrowed from English retro-, Italian retro-.

jetar (“to throw”) + retro- → retrojetar (“to throw back”)

prefix used with a verbal root to indicate: back, backwards, inverse action, return: retro-, re-


ne-

Used to negate verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; non-, un-, in-, im-, ir-.


mis-

Borrowed from English mis-, from Proto-Germanic *missa-.

uzar (“to use”) → misuzar (“to misuse”).


-inda

blamo (“blame”) + -inda → blaminda (“blameworthy”)


des-

Borrowed from English dis-, French dés-, Italian dis-, Spanish des-. Compare dis-, from the same origin. Decision no. 251, Progreso IV.

des- + honoro (“honor”) → deshonoro (“dishonor”)

Expresses the opposite of the root word.


-ino

avo (“grandparent”) + -ino → avino (“grandmother”)

filio (“child, offspring”) + -ino → filiino (“daughter”)

frato (“sibling”) + -ino → fratino (“sister”)

kavalo (“horse”) + -ino → kavalino (“mare”)

kuzo (“cousin”) + -ino → kuzino (“(female) cousin”)

nepoto (“grandchild”) + -ino → nepotino (“granddaughter”)

nevo (“nephew or niece, nibling”) + -ino → nevino (“niece”)

onklo (“uncle or aunt”) + -ino → onklino (“aunt”)

rejo (“monarch”) + -ino → rejino (“queen”)

spozo (“spouse”) + -ino → spozino (“wife”)

yuno (“child”) + -ino → yunino (“girl”)


-ema

parolar (“talk”) + -ema → parolema (“talkative”)

rezistar (“resist”) + -ema → rezistema (“resistant”)

indicates an inclination or tendency toward; usually added to verbal roots


-ido

Borrowed from Ancient Greek -ίδης (-ídēs).

Izrael (“Israel”) + -ido → Izraelido (“Israelite”)

Used on countries or places to mean a descendant from that place


-ilo

Back-formation from utensilo (“utensil, tool, instrument”).

back-form

fotografar (“to photograph”) + -ilo → fotografilo (“camera”)

A suffix used with a verbal root to denote an instrument, tool, or means of performing an action.


-iva

Borrowed from English -ive, French -if, German -iv, Italian -ivo, Russian -и́вный (-ívnyj), Spanish -ivo.

io-bor

instruktar (“to instruct”) + -iva → instruktiva (“instructive”)

responsar (“to be responsible”) + -iva → responsiva (“responsible”)

sugestar (“to suggest”) + -iva → sugestiva (“suggestive”)


ri-

From Italian ri-, English re-. Was originally re-, but was changed to ri- due to the confusion with words that naturally start with re.

Prefix used with verbal roots to mean repetition; re-, again


-an-

From Esperanto -an-, from English -an, French -en, Italian -ano, -ana, Spanish -ano, -ana, from Latin -ānus.

Anglia (“England”) + -ana → Angliana (“English”)

civito (“city, town (as a political body)”) + -ano → civitano (“citizen”)

a person or a thing that pertain to a domain (country, society)


-ar-

suffix denoting a collection, group or set of objects or beings


par-

Borrowed from French par-, from Latin per-.

lernar (“to learn”) → parlernar (“to learn thoroughly, master”)

(used especially with verbal roots, denoting completeness or thoroughness)


-enda

Secondary meaning of the Latin future passive participle in -ndus, -nda, -ndum, e.g. Carthago delenda est, "Carthage must be destroyed." See English agenda, tacenda, etc.

suffix added to a verbal root to indicate what should be, or needs to be, done


-eri-

Borrowed from English -ery, French -erie, Italian -eria, Spanish -ería.

restorar (“to satisfy hunger or thirst”) + -eri- → restorerio (“restaurant”)

suffix denoting an establishment, institution


-iero

kandelo (“candle”) + -iero → kandeliero (“candlestick”)

plumo (“pen”) + -iero → plumiero (“penholder”)

sigaro (“cigar”) + -iero → sigariero (“cigar tube”)

pomo (“apple”) + -iero → pomiero (“apple tree”)

lanco (“lance”) + -iero → lanciero (“lancer”)

a case which contains or sustains the thing indicated by the root


sen-

sen- + anmo (“soul”) → senanma (“soulless”)


-uro

Borrowed from Latin -tūra, English -ure, French -ure, Italian -tura, Spanish -dura.

fotografar (“to photograph”) + -uro → fotografuro (“a photograph”)

signatar (“to sign”) + -uro → signaturo (“a signature”)

suffix used with verbal roots to denote the result or product where it is necessary to distinguish this from the act


-izar

Borrowing from English -ize, French -iser, German -isieren, Italian -izzare and Spanish -izar.

salo (“salt”) + -izar → salizar (“to salt”)

armo (“weapon”) + -izar → armizar (“to arm”)

oleo (“oil”) + -izar → oleizar (“to oil”)

lumo (“light”) + -izar → lumizar (“to illuminate”)

suffix used to form a transitive verb meaning: to cover with, add to, supply with or ornament with; -ize


-ea

oranjo (“orange (fruit)”) + -ea → oranjea (“orange (color)”)


-ala

Borrowed from English -al, French -al, German -al, Italian -ale, Spanish -al, all ultimately from Latin -ālis.

amiko (“friend”) + -ala → amikala (“friendly, amicable”)

naciono (“nation”) + -ala → nacionala (“national”)

Suffix used with a noun to make an adjective out of said noun; pertaining to, relating to, appropriate to.


-oza

Borrowed from English -ous, French -eux, German -ös, Italian -oso, Spanish -oso, ultimately from Latin -ōsus.

gratitudar (“to be grateful to”) + -oza → gratitudoza (“grateful”)

danjero (“danger”) + -oza → danjeroza (“dangerous”)

suffix denoting full of, containing, ornamented with, having in itself; -ful -ous


-ario

depozar (“to depost”) + -ario → depozario (“trustee, depositary”)

legacar (“to bequeath”) + -ario → legacario (“legatee”)

sendar (“to send”) + -ario → sendario (“sendee”)

konfidencar (“to tell in confidence”) + -ario → konfidencario

person to which some action are directed towards or some thing is destined for; -ee


-uno

sablo (“sand”) + -uno → sabluno (“a grain of sand”)

grelo (“hail”) + -uno → greluno (“a hailstone”)


hiper-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), English hyper-, French hyper-, German hyper-, Italian iper-, Spanish hiper-.


-es-

frapar (“to hit”) + -esar → frapesar (“being hit”), instead of "esar frapata"

suffix used on transitive verbs to form an abbreviated passive verb (as opposed to "esar -ata").

konstruktar (“to construct, build”) + -eso → konstrukteso (“(the act of) being built”)

suffix used on transitive verbs to form a passive state noun.

frato (“sibling; brother or sister”) + -eso → frateso (“brotherhood, sisterhood”)

blinda (“blind”) + -eso → blindeso (“blindness”)

quale (“how, in what way”) + -eso → qualeso (“quality”)

suffix used on nouns, adjectives and adverbs to form a noun with a state or abstract quality; -ion, -ness, -ity, -tude, -ship, -hood.


-ajo

Borrowed from Esperanto -aĵo, English -age, French -age, Italian -aggio, Spanish -aje, from Latin -aticum.

alkoholo (“alcohol”) + -ajo → alkoholajo (“spirituous liquor”)

reda (“red”) + -ajo → redajo (“substance red”)

used with a noun or adjective to indicate an object so characterised, or an act


-atra

Borrowed from French -âtre, Italian -astro.

reda (“red”) + -atra → redatra (“reddish”)

of the nature of, or having nearly the same appearance, quality or characteristic (ordinarily used with nonverbal roots)


-eyo

denoting the place of, or for, an object or action


-erio

Borrowed from English -ery, French -erie, German -erei, Italian -eria and Spanish -ería.

libro (“book”) + -erio → librerio (“book printery”)

papero (“paper”) + -erio → papererio (“paper factory”)

lakto (“milk”) + -erio → lakterio (“dairy”)

fabrikar (“to manufacture”) + -erio → fabrikerio (“factory”)

imprimar (“to print”) + -erio → imprimerio (“printworks”)

direktar (“to direct; manage, conduct”) + -erio → direkterio (“manager's house or office”)

suffix denoting an establishment, institution, company


-ifo

(added to a nominal root to form an intransitive verb) to generate, produce (naturally or artificially) or secrete


-igo

Suffix added (1) to an adjective or noun to form a transitive verb denoting: to make, render or transform into; (2.1) to an intransitive verb to give it an active sense; (2.2) to a transitive verb, to give a passive sense (i.e. igar -ata), usually followed by the preposition da.


cirkum-

irar (“to go”) → cirkumirar (“go around, wind around”)


-agar

-agar (infinitive present)
-agir (infinitive past)
-agor (future infinitive)
-agas (present)
-agis (past)
-agos (future)
-agus (conditional present)
-agez (imperative present)
-aganta (active adjective participle present)
-aginta (active adjective participle past)
-agonta (active adjective future participle)
-agante (active adverbial participle present)
-aginte (active adverbial participle past)
-agonte (active adverbial future participle)
-aganto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
-aginto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
-agonto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
-aganti (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
-aginti (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
-agonti (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
-agata (adjectival participle passive present)
-agita (adjectival participle passive past)
-agota (adjectival future participle passive)
-agate (adverbial participle passive present)
-agite (adverbial participle passive past)
-agote (adverbial future participle passive)
-agato (noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
-agito (noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
-agoto (future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
-agati (noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
-agiti (noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
-agoti (future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)

martelo (“hammer”) + -agar → martelagar (“to hammer”)

suffix used with names of instruments and the like to indicate the action done with the instrument


-eskar

Borrowed from Latin -ēscere. Was probably adopted before Progreso, probably through Idiom Neutral -eskar.

sidar (“to sit; be sitting”) + -eskar → sideskar (“sit down, take a seat”)

richa (“rich”) + -eskar → richeskar (“to become rich”)


-igar

-igar (infinitive present)
-igir (infinitive past)
-igor (future infinitive)
-igas (present)
-igis (past)
-igos (future)
-igus (conditional present)
-igez (imperative present)
-iganta (active adjective participle present)
-iginta (active adjective participle past)
-igonta (active adjective future participle)
-igante (active adverbial participle present)
-iginte (active adverbial participle past)
-igonte (active adverbial future participle)
-iganto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
-iginto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
-igonto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
-iganti (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
-iginti (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
-igonti (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
-igata (adjectival participle passive present)
-igita (adjectival participle passive past)
-igota (adjectival future participle passive)
-igate (adverbial participle passive present)
-igite (adverbial participle passive past)
-igote (adverbial future participle passive)
-igato (noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
-igito (noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
-igoto (future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
-igati (noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
-igiti (noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
-igoti (future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)

Considered a modified version of -agar. Also from Esperanto -igi, Latin -igō and German -igen.

with a transitive verbal root, gives it a causative sense, usually followed by the preposition da


-ifar

Borrowed from English -ify, French -ifier, German -fizieren, Italian -ificare, Russian -ифици́ровать (-ificírovatʹ), Spanish -ificar. From the same origin as facar.

bor

-ифици́ровать

io-bor

-ифици́ровать

floro (“flower”) + -ifar → florifar (“to blossom, bloom”)

nesto (“nest”) + -ifar → nestifar (“to build a nest”)

sango (“blood”) + -ifar → sangifar (“to bleed”)

Suffix added to a nominal root to form an intransitive verb denoting: to generate, produce (naturally or artificially) or secrete.


-uyo

From Esperanto -ujo, from French étui, German Etui. Also considered a back-formation from etuyo (masculine). Also paronym to etuyo.

violino (“violin”) + -uyo → violinuyo (“violin case”)

suffix used with a nominal root to denote a receptacle, ordinarily a case, box, chest or sheath


kun-

kun- + laborar (“to work”) → kunlaborar (“to collaborate”)

kun- + existar (“to exist”) → kunexistar (“to coexist”)


-al-

Borrowed from English -al, French -al, -el, -aille, German -al, Italian -ale, -aglia, Spanish -al, all ultimately from Latin -ālis.

amiko (“friend”) + -al- → amikala (“friendly, amicable”)

naciono (“nation”) + -al- → nacionala (“national”)

artifico (“artifice”) + -al- → artificale (“artificially”)

ideo (“idea”) + -al- → idealo (“ideal”)

Suffix used with a noun to make an adjective out of said noun pertaining to, relating to, appropriate to.


-ari-

Borrowed from English -ary, French -arie, Italian -ario, Spanish -ario, from Latin -ārius. Paronym to -er-.

suffix indicating the object of an action

donacar (“to give, donate”) + -ari- → donacario (“donee”)

suffix indicating the recipient of an action or one upon whom a right, especially legal, is conferred


kontre-

kontre- + dicar (“to say, tell”) → kontredicar (“contradict”)

against, contrary to, versus, opposed to


-opla

From Esperanto -obla, the letter "b" was changed to the letter "p" so that the verb obligar (“to oblige”) could be added.

du (“two”) + -opla → duopla (“twofold, double”)


-imo

Borrowed from Idiom Neutral -im, French -ième, Italian -imo, Spanish -imo. Compare -esma from the same source. Decision no. 1219, Progreso VII.

quar (“four”) + -imo → quarimo (“a quarter, a fourth”)

du (“two”) + -imo → duimo (“a half”)

cent (“hundred”) + -imo → centimo (“a hundredth part”)


-yuno

bovo (“bull, cow, ox”) + -yuno → bovyuno (“calf”)


-ach-

From earlier -ac-, from Italian -accio. (Compare Esperanto -aĉ-).

kavalo (“horse”) + -ach- → kavalacho (“nag; a horse of low or bad quality”)

populo (“a people, population”) + -ach- → populacho (“rabble, riffraff; a blunt and badly led people”)

bela (“beautiful”) + -ach- → belacho (“insipid beauty, inexpressive, has no charm”)

dolca (“sweet”) + -ach- → dolcacha (“tasteless, flavorless, flat (of persons and things)”)

bravo (“a brave person”) + -ach- → bravacho (“swaggerer, blusterer, false braveness”)

papero (“paper”) + -ach- → paperacho (“useless paper, invaluable”)

Used to add a pejorative meaning, expressing a very low quality, nuance of despise, antipathy, disgust or repugnance, etc.


-esar

grantar (“to grant”) + -esar → grantesar (“to be granted”)

passive suffix used with transitive verbs to form an intransitive verb with the transitive object as subject


-ijar

(archaic, with a verbal root) begin to, start

(archaic, with an adjectival root) become, get


ca-

dio (“day”) + ca- → cadie (“today”)

horo (“hour”) + ca- → cahore (“at this hour”)

maniero (“manner”) + ca- → camaniere (“in this manner”)

matino (“morning”) + ca- → camatine (“this morning”)

monato (“month”) + ca- → camonate (“during, in this month”)

nokto (“night”) + ca- → canokte (“tonight”)

tempo (“time”) + ca- → catempe (“at this time”)

yaro (“year”) + ca- → cayare (“in this year”)

used to form adverbs denoting the present


-esma

Borrowed from French -ième, Italian -esimo, Spanish -ésimo. Compare -imo from the same source.

un (“one”) + -esma → unesma (“first”)

dek e du (“twelve”) + -esma → dek-e-duesma (“twelfth”)


arki-

Borrowed from English archi-, French archi-, Italian arci-, Portuguese arqui-, Spanish arqui-, all ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-).

arki- + anjelo (“angel”) → arkianjelo (“archangel”)

arki- + duko (“duke”) → arkiduko (“archduke”)

arki- + episkopo (“bishop”) → arkiepiskopo (“archbishop”)