-पन

Inherited from Old Hindi -पण (-paṇa), -पन (-pana), from Apabhramsa -प्पण (-ppaṇa), from Vedic Sanskrit -त्वन (-tvana). This suffix is not encountered much in Classical Sanskrit, which favours the suffix -त्व (-tva) for this purpose. Ultimately related to Proto-Indo-Iranian *-twam, from Proto-Indo-European *-twom, thematicized from *-tu. Compare -पा (-pā), from -त्व (-tva). Cognate with Marathi -पणा (-paṇā), Marathi -पण (-paṇ).

Forms masculine abstract nouns from adjectives and other nouns: -ity, -ness, -hood, -ship, etc.


-शाली

hi-suffix

-शाली • (-śālī)

adjectival suffix that denotes the presence of some trait; -ous or -ful


-आत्मक

adjectival suffix
containing, imbued with


-इक

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit -इक (-ika).


-ल

Borrowed from English -yl, of Ancient Greek origin.


-ई

-ī (alternative)
ـی (Urdu)
-ई (direct singular)
-ई (direct plural)
-ई (oblique singular)
-इयों (oblique plural)
-ई (singular vocative)
-इयो (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Apabhramsa -इउ (-iu)
Hindi -ई (-ī)
All forms are ultimately from Sanskrit -इक (-ika):
* Direct singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इउ (-iu), from Prakrit -𑀇𑀕𑁄 (-igo), from Sanskrit -इकः (-ikaḥ)
* Oblique singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इहे (-ihĕ/-ihi, genitive singular), from Prakrit -𑀇𑀕𑀲𑁆𑀲 (-igassa) or -𑀇𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (-iassa), from Sanskrit -इकस्य (-ikasya)
* Vocative singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia), from Prakrit -𑀇𑀕 (-iga), from Sanskrit -इक (-ika)
* Direct plural inherited from Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia), from Prakrit -𑀇𑀕𑀸 (-igā), from Sanskrit -इकाः (-ikāḥ)
See -इयों (-iyõ) and -इयो (-iyo) for the etymologies of those endings specifically.


-ई

-ī (alternative)
ـی (Urdu)
-ई (direct singular)
-इयाँ (direct plural)
-ई (oblique singular)
-इयों (oblique plural)
-ई (singular vocative)
-इयो (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia)
Hindi -ई (-ī)
All forms are ultimately from Sanskrit -इका (-ikā). Specifically,
* Direct singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इकाः (-ikāḥ, nominative singular)
* Oblique singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इहे (-ihĕ/-ihi), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इकायाः (-ikāyāḥ, genitive singular)
* Vocative singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इए (-iĕ), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इके (-ike, vocative singular)
See -इयाँ (-iyā̃), -इयों (-iyõ), and -इयो (-iyo) for the etymologies of those endings specifically.


-ई

Etymology tree
Prakrit -𑀇𑀅 (-ia)
Hindi -ई (-ī)
Inherited from Prakrit -𑀇𑀅 (-ia), from Sanskrit -इक (-ika) or Sanskrit -ईय (-īya). Later influenced by Classical Persian ـی (-ī), from Middle Persian -yk' / 𐭩𐭪𐭩 (yky /-īg/, adjectival suffix), a cognate of Sanskrit -इक (-ika) through Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas. Also influenced by Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy, nisba suffix), which in Classical Persian becomes ـی (-ī).

etymon

पहाड़ (pahāṛ, “mountain”) + -ई (-ī) → पहाड़ी (pahāṛī, “mountainous”)

पंजाब (pañjāb, “Punjab”) + -ई (-ī) → पंजाबी (pañjābī, “Punjabi”)

relating or belonging to, forms adjectives from nouns


-ई

Etymology tree
Sanskrit -इन् (-in)bor.
Hindi -ई (-ī)
Borrowed from the nominative singular form of Sanskrit -इन् (-in, “doer, possessor”).

सुख (sukh, “happiness”) + -ई (-ī) → सुखी (sukhī, “happy, possessing happiness”)

यात्रा (yātrā, “travel”) + -ई (-ī) → यात्री (yātrī, “traveller”)


-ई

Etymology tree
Classical Persian ـِی (-ī)bor.
Hindi -ई (-ī)
Borrowed from Classical Persian ـی (-ī), from Middle Persian 𐭩𐭧 (yḥ /-īh/) (forms nouns from adjectives). Doublet of -गी (-gī).

दोस्त (dost, “friend”) + -ई (-ī) → दोस्ती (dostī, “friendship”)

बेवक़ूफ़ (bevaqūf, “foolish”) + -ई (-ī) → बेवक़ूफ़ी (bevaqūfī, “foolishness”)

forms abstract nouns from adjectives or common nouns


हा

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـها (-hā).

bor+

जुंबिश हुई लबों को भरी एक सर्द आह
ली गोशा-हा-ए-चश्म से अश्कों ने रुख़ की राह

Brij Narayan Chakbast, रामायण का एक सीन:

Heaved a cold sigh unto the lips put into motion
Tears took the way to face from the corners of eyes.

jumbiś huī labõ ko bharī ek sard āh
lī gośā-hā-e-caśma se aśkõ ne rux kī rāh

(poetic) plural marker (used chiefly in ezafe-constructs)


-सा

alternative form of सा (sā, “similar to, -ish”)


-वाला

hi-suffix

-वाला • (-vālā) m

→ English: wallah

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-
Sanskrit पा (pā)?
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Sanskrit पार (pāra)?
Sanskrit पाल (pāla)
Hindi -वाला (-vālā)
Inherited from Sanskrit पाल (pāla) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-). Cognate with Bengali -ওয়ালা (-ōẇala).

etymon

चाय (cāy, “tea”) + -वाला (-vālā) → चायवाला (cāyvālā, “tea seller”)

डब्बा (ḍabbā, “box”) + -वाला (-vālā) → डब्बावाला (ḍabbāvālā, “lunch deliverer, dabbawallah”)


-वाला

hi-suffix

-वाला • (-vālā) m

लिखना (likhnā, “to write”) + -वाला (-vālā) → लिखनेवाला (likhnevālā, “one who writes”)

छींकना (chī̃knā, “to sneeze”) + -वाला (-vālā) → छींकनेवाला (chī̃knevālā, “one who sneezes”)

मैं वहाँ जानेवाला था।

वो यहाँ आनेवाली है।

वो यहाँ आने ही वाली है।

denotes prospective verb forms; going to, about to [when used with exclusive emphatic particle ही (hī)]


-आना

Etymology tree
Classical Persian ـَانَه (-āna)bor.
Hindi -आना (-ānā)
Borrowed from Classical Persian ـانه (-āna).

bor+

दोस्त (dost, “friend”) + -आना (-ānā) → दोस्ताना (dostānā, “friendly”)

(somewhat productive) -ly, like ..., forms adjectives


-आना

-ānā (romanization)
ـانا (Urdu)
-आ (stem)
-आना (infinitive)
-आने (infinitive oblique)
-आकर (conjunctive)
-आके (conjunctive)
-आते--आते (progressive)
-आना (direct infinitive masculine singular)
-आने (infinitive masculine oblique singular)
-आने (infinitive masculine plural)
-आनी (feminine infinitive singular)
-आनीं (feminine infinitive plural)
-आता (direct habitual masculine singular)
-आते (habitual masculine oblique singular)
-आते (habitual masculine plural)
-आती (feminine habitual singular)
-आतीं (feminine habitual plural)
-आया (direct masculine perfective singular)
-आये (masculine oblique perfective singular)
-आये (masculine perfective plural)
-आयी (feminine perfective singular)
-आयीं (feminine perfective plural)
-आनेवाला (agentive direct masculine prospective singular)
-आनेवाले (agentive masculine prospective singular)
-आनेवाले (agentive masculine plural prospective)
-आनेवाली (agentive feminine prospective singular)
-आनेवालीं (agentive feminine plural prospective)
-आया हुआ (adjectival direct masculine perfective singular)
-आये हुए (adjectival masculine oblique perfective singular)
-आये हुए (adjectival masculine perfective plural)
-आयी हुई (adjectival feminine perfective singular)
-आयी हुईं (adjectival feminine perfective plural)
-आता हुआ (adjectival direct habitual masculine singular)
-आते हुए (adjectival habitual masculine oblique singular)
-आते हुए (adjectival habitual masculine plural)
-आती हुई (adjectival feminine habitual singular)
-आती हुईं (adjectival feminine habitual plural)
-आया (indicative masculine perfect singular)
-आये (formal indicative masculine perfect plural second-person)
-आये (indicative masculine perfect plural)
-आयी (feminine first-person indicative perfect singular third-person)
-आयी (feminine indicative perfect second-person)
-आयीं (feminine first-person indicative perfect plural third-person)
-आयीं (feminine formal indicative perfect plural second-person)
-आऊँगा (first-person future indicative masculine singular)
-आयेगा (future indicative masculine second-person singular third-person)
-आओगे (future indicative masculine plural second-person)
-आयेंगे (first-person future indicative masculine plural third-person)
-आयेंगे (formal future indicative masculine plural second-person)
-आऊँगी (feminine first-person future indicative singular)
-आयेगी (feminine future indicative second-person singular third-person)
-आओगी (feminine future indicative plural second-person)
-आयेंगी (feminine first-person future indicative plural third-person)
-आयेंगी (feminine formal future indicative plural second-person)
-आऊँ (feminine first-person future masculine singular subjunctive)
-आये (feminine future masculine second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आओ (feminine future masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
-आयें (feminine first-person future masculine plural subjunctive third-person)
-आयें (feminine formal future masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
-आता (counterfactual masculine past singular)
-आते (counterfactual formal masculine past plural second-person)
-आते (counterfactual masculine past plural)
-आती (counterfactual feminine first-person past singular third-person)
-आती (counterfactual feminine past second-person)
-आतीं (counterfactual feminine first-person past plural third-person)
-आतीं (counterfactual feminine formal past plural second-person)
-आ (feminine imperative masculine present second-person singular)
-आओ (feminine imperative masculine plural present second-person)
-आइये (feminine formal imperative masculine plural present second-person)
-आइये (feminine imperative masculine plural present third-person)
-आइयो (feminine future imperative masculine second-person singular)
-आना (feminine future imperative masculine plural second-person)
-आइयेगा (feminine formal future imperative masculine plural second-person)
-आइयेगा (feminine future imperative masculine plural third-person)
-आता हूँ (first-person indicative masculine present singular)
-आता है (indicative masculine present second-person singular third-person)
-आते हो (indicative masculine plural present second-person)
-आते हैं (first-person indicative masculine plural present third-person)
-आते हैं (formal indicative masculine plural present second-person)
-आती हूँ (feminine first-person indicative present singular)
-आती है (feminine indicative present second-person singular third-person)
-आती हो (feminine indicative plural present second-person)
-आती हैं (feminine first-person indicative plural present third-person)
-आती हैं (feminine formal indicative plural present second-person)
-आता था (indicative masculine past singular)
-आते थे (formal indicative masculine past plural second-person)
-आते थे (indicative masculine past plural)
-आती थी (feminine first-person indicative past singular third-person)
-आती थी (feminine indicative past second-person)
-आती थीं (feminine first-person indicative past plural third-person)
-आती थीं (feminine formal indicative past plural second-person)
-आता हूँगा (first-person masculine past present presumptive singular)
-आता होगा (masculine past present presumptive second-person singular third-person)
-आते होगे (masculine past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आते होंगे (first-person masculine past plural present presumptive third-person)
-आते होंगे (formal masculine past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आती हूँगी (feminine first-person past present presumptive singular)
-आती होगी (feminine past present presumptive second-person singular third-person)
-आती होगी (feminine past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आती होंगी (feminine first-person past plural present presumptive third-person)
-आती होंगी (feminine formal past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आता हूँ (first-person masculine present singular subjunctive)
-आता हो (masculine present second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आते हो (masculine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आते हों (first-person masculine plural present subjunctive third-person)
-आते हों (formal masculine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आती हूँ (feminine first-person present singular subjunctive)
-आती हो (feminine present second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आती हो (feminine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आती हों (feminine first-person plural present subjunctive third-person)
-आती हों (feminine formal plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आता होता (counterfactual masculine past singular)
-आते होते (counterfactual formal masculine past plural second-person)
-आते होते (counterfactual masculine past plural)
-आती होती (counterfactual feminine first-person past singular third-person)
-आती होती (counterfactual feminine past second-person)
-आती होतीं (counterfactual feminine first-person past plural third-person)
-आती होतीं (counterfactual feminine formal past plural second-person)
-आया हूँ (first-person indicative masculine present singular)
-आया है (indicative masculine present second-person singular third-person)
-आये हो (indicative masculine plural present second-person)
-आये हैं (first-person indicative masculine plural present third-person)
-आये हैं (formal indicative masculine plural present second-person)
-आयी हूँ (feminine first-person indicative present singular)
-आयी है (feminine indicative present second-person singular third-person)
-आयी हो (feminine indicative plural present second-person)
-आयी हैं (feminine first-person indicative plural present third-person)
-आयी हैं (feminine formal indicative plural present second-person)
-आया था (indicative masculine past singular)
-आये थे (formal indicative masculine past plural second-person)
-आये थे (indicative masculine past plural)
-आयी थी (feminine first-person indicative past singular third-person)
-आयी थी (feminine indicative past second-person)
-आयी थीं (feminine first-person indicative past plural third-person)
-आयी थीं (feminine formal indicative past plural second-person)
-आया हूँगा (first-person future indicative masculine singular)
-आया होगा (future indicative masculine second-person singular third-person)
-आये होगे (future indicative masculine plural second-person)
-आये होंगे (first-person future indicative masculine plural third-person)
-आये होंगे (formal future indicative masculine plural second-person)
-आयी हूँगी (feminine first-person future indicative singular)
-आयी होगी (feminine future indicative second-person singular third-person)
-आयी होगी (feminine future indicative plural second-person)
-आयी होंगी (feminine first-person future indicative plural third-person)
-आयी होंगी (feminine formal future indicative plural second-person)
-आया हूँगा (first-person masculine past present presumptive singular)
-आया होगा (masculine past present presumptive second-person singular third-person)
-आये होगे (masculine past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आये होंगे (first-person masculine past plural present presumptive third-person)
-आये होंगे (formal masculine past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आयी हूँगी (feminine first-person past present presumptive singular)
-आयी होगी (feminine past present presumptive second-person singular third-person)
-आयी होगी (feminine past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आयी होंगी (feminine first-person past plural present presumptive third-person)
-आयी होंगी (feminine formal past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आया हूँ (first-person masculine present singular subjunctive)
-आया हो (masculine present second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आये हो (masculine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आये हों (first-person masculine plural present subjunctive third-person)
-आये हों (formal masculine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आयी हूँ (feminine first-person present singular subjunctive)
-आयी हो (feminine present second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आयी हो (feminine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आयी हों (feminine first-person plural present subjunctive third-person)
-आयी हों (feminine formal plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आया होऊँ (first-person future masculine singular subjunctive)
-आया होए (future masculine second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आये होओ (future masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
-आये होएँ (first-person future masculine plural subjunctive third-person)
-आये होएँ (formal future masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
-आयी होऊँ (feminine first-person future singular subjunctive)
-आयी होए (feminine future second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आयी होओ (feminine future plural second-person subjunctive)
-आयी होएँ (feminine first-person future plural subjunctive third-person)
-आयी होएँ (feminine formal future plural second-person subjunctive)
-आया होता (counterfactual masculine past singular)
-आये होते (counterfactual formal masculine past plural second-person)
-आये होते (counterfactual masculine past plural)
-आयी होती (counterfactual feminine first-person past singular third-person)
-आयी होती (counterfactual feminine past second-person)
-आयी होतीं (counterfactual feminine first-person past plural third-person)
-आयी होतीं (counterfactual feminine formal past plural second-person)
-आ रहा हूँ (first-person indicative masculine present singular)
-आ रहा है (indicative masculine present second-person singular third-person)
-आ रहे हो (indicative masculine plural present second-person)
-आ रहे हैं (first-person indicative masculine plural present third-person)
-आ रहे हैं (formal indicative masculine plural present second-person)
-आ रही हूँ (feminine first-person indicative present singular)
-आ रही है (feminine indicative present second-person singular third-person)
-आ रही हो (feminine indicative plural present second-person)
-आ रही हैं (feminine first-person indicative plural present third-person)
-आ रही हैं (feminine formal indicative plural present second-person)
-आ रहा था (indicative masculine past singular)
-आ रहे थे (formal indicative masculine past plural second-person)
-आ रहे थे (indicative masculine past plural)
-आ रही थी (feminine first-person indicative past singular third-person)
-आ रही थी (feminine indicative past second-person)
-आ रही थीं (feminine first-person indicative past plural third-person)
-आ रही थीं (feminine formal indicative past plural second-person)
-आ रहा हूँगा (first-person future indicative masculine singular)
-आ रहा होगा (future indicative masculine second-person singular third-person)
-आ रहे होगे (future indicative masculine plural second-person)
-आ रहे होंगे (first-person future indicative masculine plural third-person)
-आ रहे होंगे (formal future indicative masculine plural second-person)
-आ रही हूँगी (feminine first-person future indicative singular)
-आ रही होगी (feminine future indicative second-person singular third-person)
-आ रही होगी (feminine future indicative plural second-person)
-आ रही होंगी (feminine first-person future indicative plural third-person)
-आ रही होंगी (feminine formal future indicative plural second-person)
-आ रहा हूँगा (first-person future masculine past present presumptive singular)
-आ रहा होगा (future masculine past present presumptive second-person singular third-person)
-आ रहे होगे (future masculine past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आ रहे होंगे (first-person future masculine past plural present presumptive third-person)
-आ रहे होंगे (formal future masculine past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आ रही हूँगी (feminine first-person future past present presumptive singular)
-आ रही होगी (feminine future past present presumptive second-person singular third-person)
-आ रही होगी (feminine future past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आ रही होंगी (feminine first-person future past plural present presumptive third-person)
-आ रही होंगी (feminine formal future past plural present presumptive second-person)
-आ रहा हूँ (first-person masculine present singular subjunctive)
-आ रहा हो (masculine present second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आ रहे हो (masculine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आ रहे हों (first-person masculine plural present subjunctive third-person)
-आ रहे हों (formal masculine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आ रही हूँ (feminine first-person present singular subjunctive)
-आ रही हो (feminine present second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आ रही हो (feminine plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आ रही हों (feminine first-person plural present subjunctive third-person)
-आ रही हों (feminine formal plural present second-person subjunctive)
-आ रहा होऊँ (first-person future masculine singular subjunctive)
-आ रहा होए (future masculine second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आ रहे होओ (future masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
-आ रहे होएँ (first-person future masculine plural subjunctive third-person)
-आ रहे होएँ (formal future masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
-आ रही होऊँ (feminine first-person future singular subjunctive)
-आ रही होए (feminine future second-person singular subjunctive third-person)
-आ रही होओ (feminine future plural second-person subjunctive)
-आ रही होएँ (feminine first-person future plural subjunctive third-person)
-आ रही होएँ (feminine formal future plural second-person subjunctive)
-आ रहा होता (counterfactual masculine past singular)
-आ रहे होते (counterfactual formal masculine past plural second-person)
-आ रहे होते (counterfactual masculine past plural)
-आ रही होती (counterfactual feminine first-person past singular third-person)
-आ रही होती (counterfactual feminine past second-person)
-आ रही होतीं (counterfactual feminine first-person past plural third-person)
-आ रही होतीं (counterfactual feminine formal past plural second-person)

Etymology tree
Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀤𑀺 (-āvedi)
Hindi -आना (-ānā)
Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀤𑀺 (-āvedi), from Sanskrit -आपयति (-āpayati).

inh+

उठना (uṭhnā, “to rise”) + -आना (-ānā) → उठाना (uṭhānā, “to raise”)

(highly productive) forms transitive or causative verbs from other verbs

दफ़न (dafan, “burial”) + -आना (-ānā) → दफ़नाना (dafnānā, “to bury”)


-आना

hi-suffix

-आना • (-ānā)

-ānā (romanization)
-आना (direct singular)
-आने (direct plural)
-आने (oblique singular)
-आनों (oblique plural)
-आने (singular vocative)
-आनो (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Prakrit 𑀆𑀬𑀬𑀡 (āyayaṇa)
Hindi -आना (-ānā)
Inherited from Prakrit 𑀆𑀬𑀬𑀡 (āyayaṇa), from Sanskrit आयतन (āyatana, “resting place, house, abode”).

inh

कैथ (kaith, “Kayastha”) + -आना (-ānā) → कैथाना (kaithānā)

राजपूत (rājpūt) + -आना (-ānā) → राजपूताना (rājpūtānā, “Rajputana”)


-ता

-tā (romanization)
-ता (direct masculine singular)
-ते (direct masculine plural)
-ती (direct feminine singular)
-तीं (direct feminine plural)
-ते (masculine oblique singular)
-ते (masculine oblique plural)
-ती (feminine oblique singular)
-तीं (feminine oblique plural)
-ते (masculine singular vocative)
-ते (masculine plural vocative)
-ती (feminine singular vocative)
-तीं (feminine plural vocative)

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢 (-anta) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Sanskrit -अत् (-at), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts. Cognate with Latin -ns, English -ant.

ending of the present habitual participle


-ता

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂
Sanskrit -ता (-tā)bor.
Hindi -ता (-tā)
Borrowed from Sanskrit -ता (-tā).

etymon

वीर (vīr, “hero”) + -ता (-tā) → वीरता (vīrtā, “heroism”)

(productive) Forms feminine abstract nouns.


-वाले

-वाला -वाला#Hindi

oblique masculine singular of -वाला (-vālā)

-वाला -वाला#Hindi

vocative masculine singular of -वाला (-vālā)

-वाला -वाला#Hindi

direct masculine plural of -वाला (-vālā)

-वाला -वाला#Hindi

oblique masculine plural of -वाला (-vālā)

-वाला -वाला#Hindi

vocative masculine plural of -वाला (-vālā)


-कर

Inherited from Old Hindi -करि (-kari), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀓𑀭𑀺𑀬 (kariya), from Sanskrit *कर्य (karya), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-.

बोल (bol, “root form of to speak”) + -कर (-kar) → बोलकर (bolkar, “having spoken”)


-दार

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـدار (-dār). Compare Bengali -দার (-dar), Punjabi -ਦਾਰ (-dār).


-वादी

hi-suffix

-वादी • (-vādī) m

समानता (samāntā, “equality”) + -वादी (-vādī) → समानतावादी (samāntāvādī, “equalitarian”)


-इका

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit -इका (-ikā).

lbor

प्रेम (prem, “love”) + -इका (-ikā) → प्रेमिका (premikā, “lover (female)”)


-ना

Etymology tree
Prakrit -𑀅𑀡 (-aṇa)
Prakrit -𑀓- (-ka-)
Hindi -ना (-nā)
Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀡 (-aṇa) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Sanskrit -अन (-ana), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-anam, from Proto-Indo-European *-onom, from *-o- (thematic vowel) + *-nom (verbal noun suffix). Doublet of -अन (-an). Cognate with German -en (“infinitive ending”).

etymon

कर (kar, “do (stem)”) + -ना (-nā) → करना (karnā, “to do”)

(as an inflection)
used to form the infinitive

एक किताब लाना

forms neutral imperatives when used without a verb

छेद (ched, “hole”) + -ना (-nā) → छेदना (chednā, “to bore, dig a hole”)

ललकार (lalkār, “challenge”) + -ना (-nā) → ललकारना (lalkārnā, “to challenge”)

महक (mahak, “fragrant”) + -ना (-nā) → महकना (mahaknā, “to be fragrant”)


-ना

-nā (romanization)
-ना (direct masculine singular)
-ने (direct masculine plural)
-नी (direct feminine singular)
-नीं (direct feminine plural)
-ने (masculine oblique singular)
-ने (masculine oblique plural)
-नी (feminine oblique singular)
-नीं (feminine oblique plural)
-ने (masculine singular vocative)
-ने (masculine plural vocative)
-नी (feminine singular vocative)
-नीं (feminine plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Hindi -ना (-nā), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀡𑀻𑀬 (-aṇīya), from Sanskrit -अनीय (-anīya), whence also the substantive -नी (-nī) ending. The reduction in the participle/adjective would come from taking the form with -nī as a feminine and analogizing the masculine -nā, likely with influence from the infinitive -nā (for which see Etymology 1).

वह खिचड़ी खानी है

मुझे यह किताबें पढ़नीं हैं

forms gerundive participles, meaning that which should, can, or will be done; with a subject in the dative, expresses obligation


-कारक

हानि (hāni, “detriment, damage”) + -कारक (-kārak) → हानिकारक (hānikārak, “detrimental”)


-वां

hi-suffix

-वां • (-vā̃)

तीन तीन#Hindi

चार चार#Hindi

forms ordinal numbers from all cardinals except for एक (ek, “1”), दो (do, “2”), तीन (tīn, “3”), चार (cār, “4”), and sometimes छह (chah, “6”)


-ए

Merging from a few sources:
* Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀲𑀺 (-asi), from Sanskrit -असि (-asi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-asi, from Proto-Indo-European *-esi (second person present).
* Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀤𑀺 (-adi), from Sanskrit -अति (-ati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ati, from Proto-Indo-European *-eti (third person present).
* Inherited from Prakrit -𑀏𑀲𑀺 (-esi), from Sanskrit -अयसि (-ayasi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-áyasi, from Proto-Indo-European *-éyesi (second person causative present).
* Inherited from Prakrit -𑀏𑀤𑀺 (-edi), from Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-áyati, from Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti (third person causative imperfective).

inh

second-person singular
second-person singular#English

Marks the second-person singular simple subjunctive.

third-person singular
third-person singular#English

Marks the third-person singular simple subjunctive.


-ए

All forms are ultimately from Sanskrit -अक (-aka):
* The oblique singular probably inherited from Apabhramsa -अहिं (-ahiṃ), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀁𑀲𑀺 (-aṃsi), from Sanskrit -अस्मिन् (-asmin), the pronominal locative singular ending (cf. अस्मिन् (asmin), तस्मिन् (tasmin), etc). The nasality was lost due to interference from the alternative Apabhramsa -अए (-aĕ/-ai) ending, from -𑀅𑀕𑁂 (-age), ultimately from Sanskrit -अ (-a) + -के (-ke), the locative singular of -क (-ka). That this ending is continues the pronominal locative singular ending is not beyond doubt, because normally the oblique case is based on the genitive. Alternatively, this ending is the result of a crossing of the above two sources, Apabhramsa -अहु (-ahu, genitive singular) (from Sanskrit -अस्य (-asya)), and -एं (-ĕṃ/-iṃ, instrumental singular) (from Sanskrit -एन (-ena)).
* The vocative singular inherited from Apabhramsa -अय (-aya), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀕 (-aga), from Sanskrit -अक m (-aka), the vocative singular.
* The direct plural inherited from Apabhramsa -अय (-aya), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀕𑀸 (-agā), from Sanskrit -अकाः m (-akāḥ), the nominative plural.
* The oblique plural Sanskrit -अकानाम् (-akānām) gave -𑀅𑀕𑀸𑀡𑀸𑀁 (-agāṇāṃ), which developed into -ओं (-õ). For adjectives, the ending was affected by haplological shortening early on resulting in -𑀅𑀕𑀸(𑀡𑀸𑀁) (-agā(ṇāṃ)), later Apabhramsa -अय (-aya) and finally -ए (-e). The oblique vocative had similar haplology. Compare Hindi -ई (-ī).

m+

काले घोड़ों (kāle ghoṛõ) for "black horses" in the oblique plural; note the different conjugations for the adjective and noun

oblique plural of -आ (-ā) strictly for adjectives

vocative plural of -आ (-ā) strictly for adjectives


-वाद

From Sanskrit वाद (vāda, “saying, speech; assertion; dispute”).

der

support of, following, -ism; an ideology


-गिरी

Borrowed from Classical Persian گری (-garī).


-कार

Inherited from Sanskrit -कार (-kāra). Perhaps, also influenced by Persian کار (kâr).


-गर्दी

Borrowed from Classical Persian گردی (-gardī).


-इयत

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـیت (-iyyat).


-ईच

-īc (romanization)
-ईच्च (alternative)
-इच (alternative)

Borrowed from Marathi -च (-ċ), from Old Marathi -𑘓 (-ca), -𑘓𑘲 (-cī), from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀘𑀺𑀅 (cia), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva), from Sanskrit चैव (caiva), from च (ca) + एव (evá).

यह (yah, “this”) + -ईच (-īc) → यईच (yaīc, “this very thing”)

(Bombay Hindi, Hyderabad, colloquial) intensifying particle


-अन

-an (romanization)
-अन (direct singular)
-अन (direct plural)
-अन (oblique singular)
-अनों (oblique plural)
-अन (singular vocative)
-अनो (plural vocative)
-अन (direct singular)
-अनें (direct plural)
-अन (oblique singular)
-अनों (oblique plural)
-अन (singular vocative)
-अनो (plural vocative)
-अण (alternative)

* Inherited from Sanskrit -अन (-ana). Doublet of -ना (-nā).
* Borrowed from Sanskrit -अन (-ana), used in pseudo-Sanskritisms.

पराग (parāg, “pollen”) + -अन (-an) → परागण (parāgaṇ, “pollination”)

बरतना (baratnā, “to make use of”) + -अन (-an) → बर्तन (bartan, “pot, vessel”)

ऐंठना (a͠iṭhnā, “to be twisted”) + -अन (-an) → ऐंठन (a͠iṭhan, “a twist, tension”)

forms nouns of either gender indicating agent nouns, abstract nouns, tool or means, or location


-अन

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـًا (-an), from Arabic ـًا (-an, triptotic indefinite accusative ending).

bor

ऐहतियात (aihtiyāt, “precaution”) + -अन (-an) → ऐहतियातन (aihtiyātan, “precautionarily”)


-अन

Inherited from Sanskrit -इनी (-inī), feminine of -इन् (-in, possessive suffix).

देहाती (dehātī) + -अन (-an) → देहातन (dehātan, “female villager”)

alternative form of -इन (-in): feminine-equivalent forming suffix


-इया

-iyā (romanization)
-इया (direct singular)
-इयाँ (direct plural)
-इया (oblique singular)
-इयों (oblique plural)
-इया (singular vocative)
-इयो (plural vocative)

Ultimately equivalent to Sanskrit -इक (-ika) + -का (-kā). Compare -ई (-ī).


-दान

From the stem of Classical Persian دانستن (dānistan, “to know”).


-दान

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـدان (-dān). Compare Punjabi -ਦਾਨ (-dān).


-आ

-ā (alternative)
-आ (direct singular)
-ए (direct plural)
-ए (oblique singular)
-ओं (oblique plural)
-ए (singular vocative)
-ओ (plural vocative)
-आ (direct masculine singular)
-ए (direct masculine plural)
-ई (direct feminine singular)
-ई (direct feminine plural)
-ए (masculine oblique singular)
-ए (masculine oblique plural)
-ई (feminine oblique singular)
-ई (feminine oblique plural)
-ए (masculine singular vocative)
-ए (masculine plural vocative)
-ई (feminine singular vocative)
-ई (feminine plural vocative)

From a merger of a few sources, but in all cases from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos:
* Inherited from Old Hindi -आ (-ā), from older -औ (-au), from Apabhramsa -अउ m (-aü, nominative), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀑 (-ao), -𑀅𑀬𑁄 (-ayo), -𑀅𑀕𑁄 m (-ago, nominative), from Sanskrit -अकः ~ -अको m (-akaḥ ~ -ako, agentive suffix, variant nominative forms based on sandhi). Doublet of -अक (-ak).
* From historic a-stems extended by Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Sanskrit -क (-ka). Doublet of -क (-ka).
* Borrowed from Classical Persian ـه (-â), from Middle Persian -k' (-ag), from Proto-Iranian *-akah.

inh

suffix found in many masculine nouns of both Indo-Aryan and Perso-Arabic origin

उचकना (ucaknā, “to jump, leap”) + -आ (-ā) → उचक्का (ucakkā, “thief, pickpocket”)

रसोई (rasoī, “kitchen”) + -आ (-ā) → रसोइया (rasoiyā, “chef”)

forms some nouns with agentive meaning from verbs or nouns

बहु- (bahu-, “multi-”) + मंज़िल (manzil, “storey”) + -आ (-ā) → बहुमंज़िला (bahumanzilā, “multi-storey”) (lit. "having many storeys")

forms some nouns with possessive meaning

झूठ (jhūṭh, “lie”) + -आ (-ā) → झूठा (jhūṭhā, “false, fake, liar”)

भूख (bhūkh, “hunger”) + -आ (-ā) → भूखा (bhūkhā, “hungry, famished”)

forms adjectives from nouns, showing a property


-आ

-ā (alternative)
-आ (direct masculine singular)
-ए (direct masculine plural)
-ई (direct feminine singular)
-ई (direct feminine plural)
-ए (masculine oblique singular)
-ए (masculine oblique plural)
-ई (feminine oblique singular)
-ई (feminine oblique plural)
-ए (masculine singular vocative)
-ए (masculine plural vocative)
-ई (feminine singular vocative)
-ई (feminine plural vocative)
-या (alternative)

Inherited from Old Hindi -आ m (-ā) ~ -ई f (-ī), leveled (when not after vowels) from older -या m (-yā) / -यौ (-yau) ~ -ई f (-ī), from Apabhramsa -इअउ m (-iaü) ~ -ईअ f (-īa, nominative), from Prakrit -इअ m (-ia) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-). See there for more. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tós. The -y- which surfaces when this suffix occurs after a vowel is a reflex of -i- in -इअ (-ia).
Doublet of -इत (-it) and -त (-ta). Cognate with Punjabi -ਈਆ (-īā) and distantly English -ed.

कह (kah, “say”) + -आ (-ā) → कहा (kahā, “said”)

देख (dekh, “see”) + -आ (-ā) → देखा (dekhā, “seen”)


-आ

-ā (alternative)
-आ (direct singular)
-आएँ (direct plural)
-आ (oblique singular)
-आओं (oblique plural)
-आ (singular vocative)
-आओ (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit -आ (-ā), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-aH, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂. Distantly cognate with Latin -a.

पुष्प (puṣp, “flower”) + -आ (-ā) → पुष्पा (puṣpā, “flower, female given name”)

हरित (harit, “green”) + -आ (-ā) → हरिता (haritā, “green”)


-आ

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـه (-â), from Arabic ـَة (-a).

साहिर (sāhir, “enchanter”) + -आ (-ā) → साहिरा (sāhirā, “enchantress”)

forms the feminine form of some Perso-Arabic agent nouns


-ईला

hi-suffix

-ईला • (-īlā)

-īlā (romanization)
-ईला (direct masculine singular)
-ईले (direct masculine plural)
-ईली (direct feminine singular)
-ईली (direct feminine plural)
-ईले (masculine oblique singular)
-ईले (masculine oblique plural)
-ईली (feminine oblique singular)
-ईली (feminine oblique plural)
-ईले (masculine singular vocative)
-ईले (masculine plural vocative)
-ईली (feminine singular vocative)
-ईली (feminine plural vocative)

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀇𑀮𑁆𑀮 (-illa) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Ashokan Prakrit *-𑀇𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*-illa), which belongs to a class of adjectival suffixes that have been tied to Proto-Indo-European *-lós. Compare Nepali -इलो (-ilo), -ईलो (-īlo).

inh+

रस (ras, “juice”) + -ईला (-īlā) → रसीला (rasīlā, “juicy”)

ज़हर (zahar, “poison”) + -ईला (-īlā) → ज़हरीला (zahrīlā, “poisonous”)


-शुदा

Borrowed from Classical Persian شده (šuda).

bor+

शादी (śādī) + -शुदा (-śudā) → शादीशुदा (śādīśudā, “married”)

तलाक़ (talāq) + -शुदा (-śudā) → तलाक़शुदा (talāqśudā, “divorced”)

गुम (gum) + -शुदा (-śudā) → गुमशुदा (gumśudā, “lost”)


-त्व

Borrowed from Sanskrit -त्व (-tva). Doublet of -पन (-pan).

गुरु (guru, “heavy, weighty”) + -त्व (-tva) → गुरुत्व (gurutva, “gravity; heft”)

forms abstract nouns from Sanskrit-borrowed words


-आऊ

टिकना (ṭiknā, “to remain, stay; be affixed”) + -आऊ (-āū) → टिकाऊ (ṭikāū, “lasting, durable”)

forms qualitative adjectives from verb stems


-क

Borrowed from Sanskrit -क (-ka). Doublet of -आ (-ā).

(productive only with Sanskrit loans) a diminutive masculine nominal suffix


-नेर

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀡𑀬𑀭 (ṇayara), from Sanskrit नगर (nágara). Doublet of -नगर (-nagar).

inh+

बीका (bīkā, “Rao Bika”) + -नेर (-ner) → बीकानेर (bīkāner, “the city Bikaner”)


-ईकरण

-īkaraṇ (romanization)
-ईकरण (direct singular)
-ईकरण (direct plural)
-ईकरण (oblique singular)
-ईकरणों (oblique plural)
-ईकरण (singular vocative)
-ईकरणो (plural vocative)

hi-ndecl

-ईकरण//ईक*रण<M>

[iː.kɐ.ɾɐ̃ɳ]

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit: ई (ī) + करण (karaṇa).

नगर (nagar, “city, town”) + -ईकरण (-īkaraṇ) → नगरीकरण (nagarīkaraṅ, “urbanisation”)


-आवा

पहनना (pahannā, “to wear”) + -आवा (-āvā) → पहनावा (pahnāvā, “clothing”)


-बाज़

-bāz (romanization)
-बाज़ (direct singular)
-बाज़ (direct plural)
-बाज़ (oblique singular)
-बाज़ों (oblique plural)
-बाज़ (singular vocative)
-बाज़ो (plural vocative)

मुक्का (mukkā, “punch”) + -बाज़ (-bāz) → मुक्केबाज़ (mukkebāz, “boxer”)


-आतु

भ्राज (bhrāj, “shining”) + -आतु (-ātu) → भ्राजातु (bhrājātu, “magnesium”)


-पूर्ण

hi-suffix

-पूर्ण • (-pūrṇ)

Borrowed from Sanskrit पूर्ण (pūrṇa, “full, whole”).

bor+

अन्याय (anyāy, “injustice”) + -पूर्ण (-pūrṇ) → अन्यायपूर्ण (anyāypūrṇ, “unjust”)


-इत

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit -इत (-ita), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós

lbor

केंद्र (kendra, “centre”) + -इत (-it) → केंद्रित (kendrit, “centred”)


-ईन

काल (kāl, “time”) + -ईन (-īn) → कालीन (kālīn, “relating to a particular time”)


-ईन

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـین (in).

bor+

शौक़ (śauq, “hobby”) + -ईन (-īn) → शौक़ीन (śauqīn, “having a hobby”)

रंग (raṅg, “colour”) + -ईन (-īn) → रंगीन (raṅgīn, “having a colour, colourful”)

नमक (namak, “salt”) + -ईन (-īn) → नमकीन (namkīn, “having salt, salty”)


-कारी

Borrowed from Sanskrit -कारी (-kārī), nominative singular of -कारिन् (-kārin).

लाभ (lābh, “benefit”) + -कारी (-kārī) → लाभकारी (lābhkārī, “beneficial”)


-कारी

From -कार (-kār) + -ई (-ī). Also from Classical Persian کاری (kārī).

कला (kalā, “art”) + -कारी (-kārī) → कलाकारी (kalākārī, “artistry”)


-वान

Borrowed from Sanskrit -वान् (-vān), masculine nominative singular of -वत् (-vat).

infl of

धन (dhan, “wealth”) + -वान (-vān) → धनवान (dhanvān, “wealthy”)

forms adjectives and nouns which are properly masculines, chiefly from nouns, having the sense possessed of


-अक

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit -अक (-aka).


-नी

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀇𑀡𑀻 (-iṇī), from Sanskrit -इनी (-inī). Doublet of -इनी (-inī).


-नी

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀡𑀻𑀬 (-aṇīya), from Sanskrit -अनीय (-anīya). Doublet of -अनीय (-anīya) and -ना (-nā).

कह (kah, “to say”) + -नी (-nī) → कहनी (kahanī, “saying, utterance”)


-वाँ

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀫 (-ma) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-). Compare Gujarati -મું (-mũ).

-th (suffix used to form ordinals from numerals)


-एलू

घर (ghar) + -एलू (-elū) → घरेलू (gharelū)


-आहट

hi-suffix

-आहट • (-āhaṭ)

-āhaṭ (romanization)
-आहट (direct singular)
-आहटें (direct plural)
-आहट (oblique singular)
-आहटों (oblique plural)
-आहट (singular vocative)
-आहटो (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-tus
Sanskrit -तुम् (-tum)
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Sanskrit -य (-ya)
Sanskrit -तव्य (-tavya)?
Sanskrit -त्व (-tva)?
Hindi -आहट (-āhaṭ)
Compare -आवट (-āvaṭ), both of which may possibly be inherited from Sanskrit -तव्य (-tavya) + -त्व (-tva). Cognate with Punjabi -ਆਹਟ (-āhaṭ), Gujarati -આહટ (-āhaṭ).


-वट

-vaṭ (romanization)
-वट (direct singular)
-वटें (direct plural)
-वट (oblique singular)
-वटों (oblique plural)
-वट (singular vocative)
-वटो (plural vocative)

बनाना (banānā, “to make”) + -वट (-vaṭ) → बनावट (banāvaṭ, “creation”)

सजाना (sajānā, “to decorate”) + -वट (-vaṭ) → सजावट (sajāvaṭ, “decoration”)


-स्तान

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـِستَان (-stān). Doublet of स्थान (sthān) and थाना (thānā).


-ओं

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -आहुं (-āhuṃ) or -अहुं (-ahuṃ), from a blending of -आणं (-āṇaṃ, genitive plural) (from Sanskrit -आनाम् (-ānām)) with one or both of:
* Sauraseni Apabhramsa -अहु (-ahu, genitive singular) or -अहो (-ahŏ) (from Sanskrit -अस्य (-asya)). This blending would be supported by the Sauraseni Apabhramsa instrumental/locative plural form -अहिं (-ahiṃ/-ihiṃ/-ē̆hiṃ) (from Sanskrit -एभिः (-ebhiḥ)).
* Sauraseni Apabhramsa -आहुं (-ā̆huṃ) or Sauraseni Apabhramsa -आहं (-ā̆haṃ), ultimately from Sanskrit -असाम् (-asām), the genitive plural of -अस् (-as), the as-stem ending. Such a transfer might indeed have occurred since the genitive singular in Sauraseni Apabhramsa -अहु (-ahu) was modified to match the as-stem genitive singular ending -अहो (-ahŏ), from Sanskrit -असः (-asaḥ).

m+

oblique plural of masculine and feminine consonant-stems


-ओ

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -अहु (-ahu, second person present indicative/imperative plural), from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀅𑀳 (-aha), from Sanskrit -अथ (-atha), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-atʰa, from Proto-Indo-European *-ete (second person present indicative/imperative plural).

inh

second-person plural
second-person plural#English

तुम तुम#Hindi

Marks the second-person plural simple subjunctive; subjunctive for तुम (tum)

तुम तुम#Hindi

suffix for present second person imperative; the imperative marker for तुम (tum)


-ओ

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -अहु (-ahu) or -हौ (-hau), from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀆𑀳𑁄 (-āho), ultimately a univerbation of Sanskrit -आः (-āḥ), the vocative plural of Sanskrit -अ (-a), and Sanskrit भोस् (bhos) (from भवत् (bhavat)).


-आँ

hi-suffix

-आँ • (-ā̃) m

-ā̃ (romanization)
-आँ (direct singular)
-एँ (direct plural)
-एँ (oblique singular)
-ओं (oblique plural)
-एँ (singular vocative)
-ओं (plural vocative)

Inherited from stems with an intervocalic -m-, either primary one or secondarily originated from -p- or -v- (which develop via -ṽ- into -m-). The -m- is lost after having nasalized the following vowel. See -आ (-ā).


-एँ

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-इयों

head

-इयों • (-iyõ)

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -इआहुं (-iā̆huṃ), from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀇𑀕𑀸𑀡𑀸𑀁 (-igāṇāṃ), from Sanskrit -इकानाम् (-ikānām), the genitive plural ending of both -इक m (-ika) and -इका f (-ikā).


-इयो

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -इअहु (iahu), ultimately a univerbation of Sanskrit -इकाः (-ikāḥ), the vocative plural ending of both -इक m (-ika) and -इका f (-ikā), and Sanskrit भोस् (bhos). See -आ (-ā).


-इयाँ

head

-इयाँ • (-iyā̃)

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -इऔ (-iau), taking a final nasal from either instrumental -इअहिं (-iahiṃ) (See -ए (-e)) or the direct plural ending of the "unextended" inflection descending from Sanskrit -ई (-ī), ultimately from Sanskrit -इकाः (-ikāḥ), the nominative plural of -इका (-ikā).


-ऊँ

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀆𑀫𑀺 (-āmi, first person present indicative singular), from Sanskrit -आमि (-āmi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-aHmi.

inh+

Marks the first-person singular simple subjunctive.


-एं

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -अहिं (-ahiṃ), further unknown.

Marks the first-person plural simple subjunctive.

Marks the third-person plural simple subjunctive.


-इये

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -इयै (-iyai, indicative third-person present passive), from Sanskrit -यते (-yate), where the medial -y- is a genuine reflex of the Sanskrit -y-, possibly borrowed or reinserted at an earlier point. Compare the rarer Hindi -इयो (-iyo), from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -इयौ (-iyau, imperative third-person present passive), and also Hindi -ईजिये (-ījiye), also from Sanskrit -यते (-yate) but where the -y- has undergone -(i)y- > -ijj- > -īj-.

m+

suffix for present third-person singular or plural imperative; the imperative marker for आप (āp), the most respectful imperative marker


-ईजिये

-ījiye (romanization)
-ईजिए (alternative)

Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa -इज्जै (-ijjai, indicative third-person present passive), from Sanskrit -यते (-yate), where the medial -y- has undergone -(i)y- > -ijj- > -īj-. Compare the more common -इये (-iye), where the medial -y- was possibly borrowed or reinserted at some point. The latter has influenced this verb, extending the ending to -iye.

inh+

कीजिये कीजिये#Hindi

दीजिये दीजिये#Hindi

suffix for present third-person singular or plural imperative of some verbs; the imperative marker for आप (āp), the most respectful imperative marker, for a handful of common verbs (कीजिये (kījiye), दीजिये (dījiye), etc)


-ईजिए

-ईजिये -ईजिये#Hindi


-आई

-āī (romanization)
-आई (direct singular)
-आइयाँ (direct plural)
-आई (oblique singular)
-आइयों (oblique plural)
-आई (singular vocative)
-आइयो (plural vocative)

From Old Hindi -आई (-āī). As this suffix can be applied to both nominals and verbs, possibly from a merger of:
* Prakrit -𑀅𑀇𑀆 (-aïā), Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀅𑀤𑀺𑀕𑀸 (-adigā), from Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-) + -𑀢𑀸- (-tā-) + -𑀇𑀓𑀸- (-ikā-), pleonastic suffixes attached to Sanskrit -ता (-tā), from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂. This makes it a cognate through Indo-European with English -ty.
* Prakrit -𑀆𑀯𑀺𑀆 (-āviā), from Sanskrit -आपय (-āpaya, “causative-forming suffix”) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀇𑀓𑀸- (-ikā-). See Sanskrit -आपयति (-āpayati), Hindi -आना (-ānā) for more.


-आवट

hi-suffix

-आवट • (-āvaṭ)

-āvaṭ (romanization)
-आवट (direct singular)
-आवटें (direct plural)
-आवट (oblique singular)
-आवटों (oblique plural)
-आवट (singular vocative)
-आवटो (plural vocative)

Compare -आहट (-āhaṭ), both of which may possibly be inherited from Sanskrit -तव्य (-tavya) + -त्व (-tva).


-वाना

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀤𑀺 (-āvedi), from Sanskrit आपयति (āpayati).

inh+

Appendix:Hindi verbal derivation#Second causative

(highly productive) forms second causatives


-अत

-at (romanization)
-अत (direct singular)
-अतें (direct plural)
-अत (oblique singular)
-अतों (oblique plural)
-अत (singular vocative)
-अतो (plural vocative)


-नामा

-nāmā (romanization)
نامَہ (Urdu)
-नामा (direct singular)
-नामे (direct plural)
-नामे (oblique singular)
-नामों (oblique plural)
-नामे (singular vocative)
-नामो (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian نامه (-nāma).

bor+

Forms compounds referring to a document or writing


-पा

Inherited from Prakrit -𑀧𑁆𑀧 (-ppa) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Sanskrit -त्व (-tva), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-twam, from Proto-Indo-European *-twom, thematicized from *-tu. Compare -पन (-pan).

Forms masculine abstract nouns from adjectives and other nouns: -ity, -ness, -hood, -ship, etc.


-बाज़ों

head

-बाज़ों • (-bāzõ)

-बाज़ -बाज़#Hindi


-बाज़ो

-बाज़ो • (-bāzo)

-बाज़ -बाज़#Hindi


-ऊ

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀉𑀕 (-uga) from Sanskrit -उक (-uka) from Proto-Indo-European *-u-kos.

inh+

झाड़ना (jhāṛnā, “to sweep”) + -ऊ (-ū) → झाड़ू (jhāṛū, “broom”)

खाना (khānā, “to eat”) + -ऊ (-ū) → खाऊ (khāū, “glutton”)

ढालना (ḍhālnā, “to pour”) + -ऊ (-ū) → ढालू (ḍhālū, “sloping”)

(added to verbal stems) forms adjectives and nouns of agentive force, sometimes with diminutive, endearing, or pejorative meaning

पतला (patlā, “thin”) + -ऊ (-ū) → पतलू (patlū, “(endearing) skinny one”)

चिपकना (cipaknā, “to stick”) + -ऊ (-ū) → चिपकू (cipkū, “(slang, derogatory) a clingy person”)

(added to adjectives or nouns) a person characterized by (often with diminutive, endearing, or pejorative meaning)


-आबाद

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـآباد (-âbâd).


-के

Inherited from Old Hindi -कै (-kai), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀓𑀤𑁂 (kade), from Sanskrit कृते (kṛte, “having done (locative)”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-.

inh

बोल (bol, “root form of to speak”) + -के (-ke) → बोलके (bolke, “having spoken”)


-अक्कड़

hi-suffix

-अक्कड़ • (-akkaṛ)

-akkaṛ (romanization)
-अक्कड़ (direct singular)
-अक्कड़ (direct plural)
-अक्कड़ (oblique singular)
-अक्कड़ों (oblique plural)
-अक्कड़ (singular vocative)
-अक्कड़ो (plural vocative)

Forms adjectives and nouns pertaining to a habitual behaviour especially in humorous or negative sense, from verb stems


-ची

-cī (romanization)
ـچی (Urdu)
-ची (direct singular)
-ची (direct plural)
-ची (oblique singular)
-चियों (oblique plural)
-ची (singular vocative)
-चियो (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian [Term?], from Turkic

suffix to form nouns (chiefly agent nouns)


-शील

-शील • (-śīl)

Borrowed from Sanskrit शील (śīla, “character, nature, virtuous nature”), which often forms bahuvrihi compounds.

bor+

disposed to, having the nature or character of


-शिकन

Borrowed from Classical Persian شکن (šikan). Doublet of शिकन (śikan).


-गर

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـگر (-gar, “-er”).

जादू (jādū, “magic”) + -गर (-gar) → जादूगर (jādūgar, “magician”)


-गी

Etymology tree
Classical Persian ـگِی (-gī)bor.
Hindi -गी (-gī)
Borrowed from Classical Persian ـگِی (-gī).

bor+

मर्दाना (mardānā, “manly”) + -गी (-gī) → मर्दानगी (mardānagī, “manliness”)

forms abstract nouns from adjectives or common nouns


-अंदाज़

hi-suffix

-अंदाज़ • (-andāz) (Urdu spelling انداز)

[ɐ̃n̪.d̪äːz]

/ən.d̪ɑːd͡ʒ/

[ɐ̃n̪.d̪äːd͡ʒ]

Borrowed from Classical Persian انداز (-andâz).

bor+

A suffix found in some nouns, meaning -er or having the manner of


-फ़रोज़

hi-suffix

-फ़रोज़ • (-faroz) (Urdu spelling ـفروز)

-faroz (romanization)
ـفروز (Urdu)
-फ़ुरोज़ (alternative)

/pʰə.ɾoːd͡ʒ/

[pʰɐ.ɾoːd͡ʒ]

Borrowed from Classical Persian فروز (furoz).


-फ़ुरोज़

/pʰʊ.ɾoːd͡ʒ/

मजलिस-फ़ुरोज़-ए-ख़लवत-ए-नामूस

2000, Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib, Dīvana-e-G̲h̲āliba:

-फ़रोज़ -फ़रोज़#Hindi


-एरा

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀅 (-a) + -𑀬𑀭 (-yara), from Sanskrit -तर (-tara), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *-taras, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-taras, from Proto-Indo-European *-teros.

inh+

बाघ (bāgh, “tiger”) + -एरा (-erā) → बघेरा (bagherā, “tiger cub, leopard”)

(no longer productive) expresses connection of sense with a stem nominal form

चाचा (cācā, “uncle”) + -एरा (-erā) → चचेरा (cacerā, “related through a paternal uncle, a cousin”)


-एरा

-erā (romanization)
-एरा (direct masculine singular)
-एरे (direct masculine plural)
-एरी (direct feminine singular)
-एरी (direct feminine plural)
-एरे (masculine oblique singular)
-एरे (masculine oblique plural)
-एरी (feminine oblique singular)
-एरी (feminine oblique plural)
-एरे (masculine singular vocative)
-एरे (masculine plural vocative)
-एरी (feminine singular vocative)
-एरी (feminine plural vocative)
-आरा (alternative)

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀅 (-a) + 𑀕𑀭 (gara), from Sanskrit -कर (-kara, “doer”)

काँच (kā̃c, “glass”) + -एरा (-erā) → कँचेरा (kãcerā, “a glass-worker”)


-गुना

-gunā (romanization)
-गुना (direct masculine singular)
-गुने (direct masculine plural)
-गुनी (direct feminine singular)
-गुनी (direct feminine plural)
-गुने (masculine oblique singular)
-गुने (masculine oblique plural)
-गुनी (feminine oblique singular)
-गुनी (feminine oblique plural)
-गुने (masculine singular vocative)
-गुने (masculine plural vocative)
-गुनी (feminine singular vocative)
-गुनी (feminine plural vocative)
गुना (alternative)

Deverbal form of गुनना (gunnā). Alternatively, inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀕𑀼𑀡𑀕 (guṇaga), from Sanskrit गुणक (guṇaka, “multiplier”).

दो (do, “two”) + -गुना (-gunā) → दोगुना (dogunā, “twice”)

तीन (tīn, “three”) + -गुना (-gunā) → तिगुना (tigunā, “three-fold, thrice”)


-आव

-āv (romanization)
آؤ (Urdu)
-आव (direct singular)
-आव (direct plural)
-आव (oblique singular)
-आवों (oblique plural)
-आव (singular vocative)
-आवो (plural vocative)

Possibly a deverbal of the causative suffix -आना (-ānā), which, in Old Hindi, had a -v- in many forms, like the Old Hindi -आवै (-āvai, first-person), from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀤𑀺 (-āvedi) (compare Marathi -आवणे (-āvṇe)). Compare Punjabi -ਆਅ (-āa).

अलग (alag, “different”) + -आव (-āv) → अलगाव (algāv, “difference”)

forms abstract nouns from adjectives, or nouns referring to someone or something that conforms to the adjective's description; -ity

ठहरना (ṭhaharnā, “to stop”) + -आव (-āv) → ठहराव (ṭhahrāv, “stopping, an obstacle”)

forms abstract nouns from verbs, or nouns referring to someone or something that conforms to the verb's description


-आरा

hi-suffix

-आरा • (-ārā)

-ārā (romanization)
-आरा (direct singular)
-आरे (direct plural)
-आरे (oblique singular)
-आरों (oblique plural)
-आरे (singular vocative)
-आरो (plural vocative)
-आरा (direct singular)
-आराएँ (direct plural)
-आरा (oblique singular)
-आराओं (oblique plural)
-आरा (singular vocative)
-आराओ (plural vocative)
-एरा (alternative)

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀆 (-ā) + 𑀕𑀭 (gara), from Sanskrit -कर (-kara).

inh+

हत्या (hatyā, “killing”) + -आरा (-ārā) → हत्यारा (hatyārā, “killer”)


-बद्ध

Borrowed from Sanskrit -बद्ध (-baddha). See also बद्ध (baddh).

वचन (vacan, “word, promise”) + -बद्ध (-baddh) → वचनबद्ध (vacanbaddh, “bound by word, committed”)


-टा

-ṭā (romanization)
-टा (direct singular)
-टे (direct plural)
-टे (oblique singular)
-टों (oblique plural)
-टे (singular vocative)
-टो (plural vocative)
-टा (direct masculine singular)
-टे (direct masculine plural)
-टी (direct feminine singular)
-टी (direct feminine plural)
-टे (masculine oblique singular)
-टे (masculine oblique plural)
-टी (feminine oblique singular)
-टी (feminine oblique plural)
-टे (masculine singular vocative)
-टे (masculine plural vocative)
-टी (feminine singular vocative)
-टी (feminine plural vocative)

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝 (vaṭṭa), from Sanskrit वर्त (varta), from the root वृत् (vṛt).

झपट (jhapaṭ, “swoop, pounce”) + -टा (-ṭā) → झपट्टा (jhapaṭṭā, “swoop, pounce”)

Pleonastic suffix appended to nouns and adjectives.


-तर

Merging of Sanskrit -तर (-tara) and Classical Persian ـتر (-tar). In both cases, from Proto-Indo-European *-teros. Doublet of -एरा (-erā).

forms the comparative degree of some nouns of Sanskrit origin


-इन

-in (romanization)
ـاِن (Urdu)
-अन (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit -इनी (-inī), feminine of -इन् (-in, possessive suffix).

माली (mālī, “gardener”) + -इन (-in) → मालिन (mālin)

नाग (nāg, “snake”) + -इन (-in) → नागिन (nāgin)


-पुर

Borrowed from Sanskrit पुर (pura, “city”). Doublet of -और (-aur).

bor+

जय (jay, “Jai Singh II”) + -पुर (-pur) → जयपुर (jaypur, “the city Jaipur”)


-और

Inherited from Sanskrit पुर (pura, “city”). Doublet of -पुर (-pur).

inh+

लव (lav, “Lava”) + -और (-aur) → लाहौर (lāhaur, “the city Lahore”)


-गढ़

अली (alī, “Najaf Ali Khan”) + -गढ़ (-gaṛh) → अलीगढ़ (alīgaṛh, “the city Aligarh”)


-नगर

Borrowed from Sanskrit नगर (nágara). Doublet of -नेर (-ner).

मुज़फ़्फ़र (muzaffar, “Sayyid Muzaffar Khan Barha”) + -नगर (-nagar) → मुज़फ़्फ़रनगर (muzaffarangar, “the city Muzaffarnagar”)

suffixed to names of cities, towns, and neighbourhoods


-इस्तान

hi-suffix

-इस्तान • (-istān) (Urdu spelling ـستان)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـِسْتَان (-istān), from Middle Persian -stʾn' (-estān), from Old Persian 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /stāna/), from Proto-Iranian *stā́nam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stʰáHnam, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).


हिनी

hi-suffix

हिनी • (hinī)

A feminine suffix used to form nouns, often indicating a female form or something related to the base noun.


-ख़ोर

-xor (romanization)
ـخور (Urdu)
-ख़ोर (direct singular)
-ख़ोर (direct plural)
-ख़ोर (oblique singular)
-ख़ोरों (oblique plural)
-ख़ोर (singular vocative)
-ख़ोरो (plural vocative)
-खोर (alternative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian خور (xōr), stem of خوردن (xordan, “to eat”).

bor+

हराम (harām, “unlawfully begotten”) + -ख़ोर (-xor) → हरामख़ोर (harāmxor, “one who lives on illegitimately obtained resources or others’ earnings; indolent”)

घूस (ghūs, “bribe”) + -ख़ोर (-xor) → घूसख़ोर (ghūsxor, “bribetaker”, literally, “bribe-eater”)

चंदा चमके चम-चम, चीखे चौकन्ना चोर,
चींटी चाटे चीनी, चटोरी चीनीखोर।

2006, “Chanda Chamke”, in Prasoon Joshi (lyrics), Jatin–Lalit (music), Fanaa, performed by Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan, William Rousseau, Sulaiman Merchant, Aamir Khan, and Kajol:

The moon shines brightly, the alert thief shouts,
the ant laps up sugar, [it is a] fond sugar-eater.

candā camke cam-cam, cīkhe caukannā cor,
cī̃ṭī cāṭe cīnī, caṭorī cīnīkhor.

(literally or figuratively) forms adjectives and nouns: eating, drinking, devouring; eater, drinker, devourer