𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃

hunds (romanization)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (singular vocative)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (accusative singular)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (dative singular)
𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *hundaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwn̥tós, derived from *ḱwṓ (“dog”). Cognates include Old English hund, Old Norse hundr and Old High German hunt, and Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn), which it translates (along with derived κυνάριον (kunárion, “little dog”)).

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌸 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌰𐍆 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 16.21

And desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table: moreover the dogs came and licked his sores. (KJV).

jah gairnida saþ itan drauhsnō þizō driusandeinō af biuda þis gabeigins, akei jah hundōs atrinnandans bilaigōdēdun banjōs is.

𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐍉𐍆 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰: 𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰; 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐌺 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍉 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐍆 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌴.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Mark (Codex Argenteus) 7.28

And she answered and said unto him, Yes, Lord: yet the dogs under the table eat of the children's crumbs. (KJV).

iþ si andhōf imma jah qaþ du imma: jai frauja; jah auk hundōs undarō biuda matjand af drauhsnōm barnē.

𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌽.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Epistle to the Philippians (Codex Ambrosianus A & B) 3.2

Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. (KJV).

saiƕiþ þans hundans, saiƕiþ þans ubilans waurstwjans, saiƕiþ þō gamaitanōn.


𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃

wulfs (romanization)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍉𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆 (singular vocative)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍉𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆 (accusative singular)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰 (dative singular)
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Cognate with Old English wulf, Old High German wolf, Old Norse ulfr, úlfr, and Koine Greek λύκος (lúkos).

𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of John (Codex Argenteus) 10.12

But he that is an hireling, and not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth: and the wolf catcheth them, and scattereth the sheep. (KJV).

iþ asneis jah saei nist hairdeis, þizei ni sind lamba swēsa, gasaiƕiþ wulf qimandan jah bileiþiþ þaim lambam jah þliuhiþ, jah sa wulfs frawilwiþ þō jah distahjiþ þō lamba

𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌸, 𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌺 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌴.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 10.3

Go your ways: behold, I send you forth as lambs among wolves. (KJV).

gaggiþ, sai ik insandja izwis swē lamba in midumai wulfē.


𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍃

𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍉𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌰𐌹𐍈 (singular vocative)
𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍉𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌰𐌹𐍈 (accusative singular)
𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰 (dative singular)
𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *ehwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.


𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽

swein (romanization)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (nominative singular)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (nominative plural)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (singular vocative)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (plural vocative)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (accusative singular)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (accusative plural)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (dative singular)
𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *swīną, from an adjectival form of Proto-Indo-European *suH-. Cognate to Old English swīn and Old Norse svín, and Latin suīnus (“porcine”, adjective).

𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Matthew (Codex Argenteus) 8.30

And there was a good way off from them an herd of many swine feeding. (KJV).

wasuh þan fairra im hairda sweinē managaizē haldana.

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌳 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌴, 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍆.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 15.16

And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat: and no man gave unto him. (KJV).

jah gairnida sad itan haurnē, þōei matidēdun sweina, jah manna imma ni gaf.

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃: 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Mark (Codex Argenteus) 5.12

And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine, that we may enter into them. (KJV).

jah bēdun ina allōs þōs unhulþōns qiþandeins: insandei unsis in þō sweina, ei in þō galeiþaima.


𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂

awistr (romanization)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂 (nominative singular)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 (nominative plural)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂 (singular vocative)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 (plural vocative)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂 (accusative singular)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 (accusative plural)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 (dative singular)
𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *awistrą. Cognate to Old English ēwestre.

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌷 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃.

And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice: and they shall become one flock, one shepherd. (ASV)

jah anþara lamba aih þōei ni sind þis awistris, jah þō skal briggan, jah stibnōs meinaizōs hausjand, jah wairþand ain awēþi, ains hairdeis.

(hapax) sheepfold (enclosure for keeping sheep)


𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃

From Proto-Germanic *gaits. Cognate to Old English gāt and Old Norse geit, and Latin haedus (“kid”).

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍈𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 ·𐌰· 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 ·𐌵· 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 [·𐌰·] 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐍃; 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹 ·𐌹· 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽; 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼.
jah was fraquman dagis ƕizuh stiur ·a· lamba gawalida ·q· jah gaits [·a·] gamanwida was mis; jah bi ·i· dagans gaf wein allai þizai filusnai jah allai þizai managein; jah ana þō alla hlaif fauramaþleis meinis ni sōkida, in þis ei ni kauridēdjau þō managein in þaim waurstwam.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Book of Nehemiah (Codex Ambrosianus D) 5.18

And there came to me for one day one calf, and I had six choice sheep and a goat; and every ten days wine in abundance of all sorts: yet with these I required not the bread of extortion, because the bondage was heavy upon this people. (Brenton Septuagint Translation).


𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃

ulbandus (romanization)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (singular vocative)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿 (accusative singular)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (dative singular)
𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌼 (dative plural)

→ Proto-Slavic: *velьb(l)ǫdъ (see there for further descendants)

The exact derivation is uncertain.
* Ostensibly from a Proto-Germanic *ulbanduz.
* Usually connected to Ancient Greek ἐλέφας (eléphas) (genitive ἐλέφαντος (eléphantos)) or derivatives thereof in Vulgar Latin. Thus, according to Saskia Pronk-Tiethoff, from a Vulgar Latin variant of elephās or elephantus, which is clearly derived from Ancient Greek.
* Lehmann does not dispute the Latin and Greek origin, but assumes that the word was borrowed already into Proto-Germanic in the form of Proto-Germanic *elpanduz (“elephant, camel”), whence also Old English elpend (an interpretation shared by Köbler).
* Lehmann also notes some variant theories for the ultimate origin of the putative Proto-Germanic term. Among them is the idea that it could be inherited from a Proto-Indo-European *l̥bʰont-, making the term a cognate through inheritance of the Ancient Greek word, and the notion that it may be derived from a language related to Hittite (which has [script needed] (hu(wa)lpant-, “humpback”)) or Luwian, borrowed following Gothic contact with Asia Minor during the third/fourth centuries CE. The latter, Anatolian theory has since been further elaborated by Jaan Puhvel (see references below).
Cognate with Old Norse úlfaldi, Old English olfend, olfenda, Old High German olbento, Old Saxon olbundeo.

inh

𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 𐌽𐌴𐌸𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 18.25

For it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. (KJV).

raþizō allis ist ulbandau þairh þairkō nēþlōs þairhleiþan þau gabigamma in þiudangardja gudis galeiþan.

𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌸~𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌼 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐌷𐌿𐍀 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺.
wasuþ~þan iōhannēs gawasiþs taglam ulbandaus jah gairda filleina bi hup seinana jah matida þramsteins jah miliþ haiþiwisk.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Mark (Codex Argenteus) 1.6

And John was clothed with camel's hair, and with a girdle of a skin about his loins; and he did eat locusts and wild honey; (KJV).

𐌰𐌶𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 𐌽𐌴𐌸𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽, 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Mark (Codex Argenteus) 10.25

It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. (KJV).

azitizō ist ulbandau þairh þairkō nēþlōs galeiþan, þau gabigamma in þiudangardja gudis galeiþan.


𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉

got-noun

𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 • (fauhō) f

fauhō (romanization)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 (nominative singular)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 (singular vocative)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽 (accusative singular)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽𐍉 (genitive plural)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽 (dative singular)
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *fuhǭ (“vixen”). Cognates include Old High German foha and Old Norse fóa (“vixen”).

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌿𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍈𐌰𐍂 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Matthew (Codex Argenteus) 8.20

And Jesus saith unto him, The foxes have holes, and the birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. (KJV).

jah qaþ du imma iēsus: fauhōns grōbōs aigun, jah fuglōs himinis sitlans, iþ sunus mans ni habaiþ ƕar haubiþ sein anahnaiwjai.

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍈𐌰𐍂 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌹.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 9.58

And Jesus said unto him, Foxes have holes, and birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. (KJV).

jah qaþ du imma iēsus: fauhōns grōbōs aigun jah fuglōs himinis sitlans; iþ sunus mans ni habaiþ ƕar haubiþ galagjai.


𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰

fula (romanization)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰 (nominative singular)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰 (singular vocative)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (accusative singular)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌽 (dative singular)
𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *fulô. Cognate to Old English fola and Old High German folo, and related to Koine Greek πῶλος (pôlos), which it translates.

𐌽𐌹 𐍉𐌲𐍃 𐌸𐌿𐍃, 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 𐍃𐌹𐍉𐌽, 𐍃𐌰𐌹, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of John (Codex Argenteus) 12.15

Fear not, daughter of Sion: behold, thy King cometh, sitting on an ass's colt. (KJV).

ni ōgs þus, dauhtar siōn, sai, þiudans þeins qimiþ sitands ana fulin asilaus.

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 19.35

And they brought him [the colt] to Jesus: and they cast their garments upon the colt, and they set Jesus thereon. (KJV).

jah attauhun þana fulan iēsua jah uswairpandans wastjōs seinōs ana þana fulan ussatidēdun iēsu.


𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰

𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰 (nominative singular)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰 (singular vocative)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (accusative singular)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽 (dative singular)
𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with Old Frisian *bera, Old English bera, Old Saxon bero, Old Dutch *bero, Old High German bero and Old Norse bjǫrn.


𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍃

asilus (romanization)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌿𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿 (singular vocative)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌿𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿 (accusative singular)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿 (dative singular)
𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌼 (dative plural)

(possibly) Proto-Slavic: *osьlъ (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Latin asellus, or possibly from an assimilated form of Late Latin asinus. Compare Proto-West Germanic *asil (whence Old English esol and Old High German esil).

𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍄 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿, ⟨𐌾𐌰𐌷⟩ 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌴𐍂 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌸: 𐌽𐌹 𐍉𐌲𐍃 𐌸𐌿𐍃, 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 𐍃𐌹𐍉𐌽, 𐍃𐌰𐌹, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃.

And Jesus, when he had found a young ass, sat thereon; as it is written, Fear not, daughter of Sion: behold, thy King cometh, sitting on an ass's colt. (KJV).

bigat þan iēsus asilu, ⟨jah⟩ gasat ana ina, swasēr ist gamēliþ: ni ōgs þus, dauhtar siōn, sai, þiudans þeins qimiþ sitands ana fulin asilaus.

𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍄𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰, 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌰𐍄; 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸.

Saying, Go ye into the village over against you; in the which at your entering ye shall find a[n ass' ] colt tied, whereon yet never man sat: loose him, and bring him hither. (KJV).

qiþands: gaggats in þō wiþrawairþōn haim, in þizaiei inngaggandans bigitats fulan asilaus gabundanana, ana þammei ni ainshun aiw mannē sat; andbindandans ina attiuhiþ.


𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰

auhsa (romanization)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰 (nominative singular)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐌾𐌿𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰 (singular vocative)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐌾𐌿𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌿 (accusative singular)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐌿𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃? (genitive singular)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌿 (dative singular)
𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *uhsô, from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (“bull”), akin to English ox, German Ochse, and Icelandic oxi, and Sanskrit उक्षन् (ukṣan). A variant u-stem lemma *auhsus was once thought to underlie the forms auhsau and *auhsum (superseded reading, see below), but this view is no longer current among scholars.

[…] 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹 𐍃𐍅𐌴 [𐌰]𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰, 𐌾‹𐌰›𐌷 […]
[…] jah matida hawi swē [a]uhsa, j‹a›h […]

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Book of Daniel (Gothica Bononiensia, folio 2 verso) 4.33, (quoted within the Bologna sermon)

[…] and he ate grass as an ox, and […] (Brenton Septuagint Translation).

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌵𐌰𐌸: 𐌾𐌿𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐌴 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌸𐌿𐌺, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰.

And another said, I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them: I pray thee have me excused. (KJV)

jah anþar qaþ: juka auhsnē usbauhta fimf jah gagga kausjan þans; bidja þuk, habai mik faurqiþanana.

𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌰𐌿𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌿 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸 𐌽𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃; 𐌾𐌰𐌷: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄.

For the scripture saith, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn. And, The labourer is worthy of his reward. (KJV)

qaþ auk gamēleins: auhsau þriskandin munþ ni faurwaipjais; jah: wairþs sa waurstwa mizdōns ist.


𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽

gaitein (romanization)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 (nominative singular)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (nominative plural)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 (singular vocative)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (plural vocative)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 (accusative singular)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (accusative plural)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (dative singular)
𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

From 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (gaits, “goat”) + -𐌴𐌹𐌽 (-ein, diminutive suffix).

affix

𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌹𐌽: 𐍃𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹 𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌽 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌴𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿;

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 15.29

And he answering said to his father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment: and yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my friends: (KJV).

þaruh is andhafjands qaþ du attin: sai, swa filu jērē skalkinōda þus jah ni ƕanhun anabusn þeina ufariddja, jah mis ni aiw atgaft gaitein, ei miþ frijōndam meinaim biwēsjau;


𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃

got-noun

𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃 • (wiþrus) m

wiþrus (romanization)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌿𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌿 (singular vocative)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌿𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿 (accusative singular)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍅𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌿 (dative singular)
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *weþruz (“yearling lamb”). Cognate with Old English weþer and Old Norse veðr.

inh

[…] 𐍃𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍃.
[…] sai, sa ist wiþrus gudis, saei afnimiþ frawaurht þizōs manasēdais.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of John (Codex Ambrosianus E) 1.29, (quoted within Skeireins, leaf 1)

[…] Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world (KJV).


𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱

lamb (romanization)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (nominative singular)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (nominative plural)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (singular vocative)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (plural vocative)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (accusative singular)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (accusative plural)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (dative singular)
𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

To the same root as Proto-Germanic *lambaz (“lamb”), though the Gothic word is an a-stem, not an s-stem.

𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌴.

But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. (KJV).

iþ sa inngaggands þairh daur hairdeis ist lambē.

𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌿𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃, 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌼 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍃.

As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter. (KJV).

swaswē gamēliþ ist þatei in þuk gadauþjanda all dagis, rahnidai wēsum swē lamba slauhtais.


𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂

stiur (romanization)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (nominative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (singular vocative)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (accusative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰 (dative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (nominative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (singular vocative)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (accusative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰 (dative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌼 (dative plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (nominative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (singular vocative)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (accusative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (dative singular)
𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌿𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *steuraz (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *táwros. Cognate with Old Norse stjórr, German stior, Old English stēor (English steer).

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍈𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 ·𐌰· 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 ·𐌵· 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 [·𐌰·] 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐍃; 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹 ·𐌹· 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽; 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼.
jah was fraquman dagis ƕizuh stiur ·a· lamba gawalida ·q· jah gaits [·a·] gamanwida was mis; jah bi ·i· dagans gaf wein allai þizai filusnai jah allai þizai managein; jah ana þō alla hlaif fauramaþleis meinis ni sōkida, in þis ei ni kauridēdjau þō managein in þaim waurstwam.

And there came to me for one day one calf, and I had six choice sheep and a goat; and every ten days wine in abundance of all sorts: yet with these I required not the bread of extortion, because the bondage was heavy upon this people. (Brenton Septuagint Translation).

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌸, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰;

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 15.23

And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry: (KJV).

jah bringandans stiur þana alidan ufsneiþiþ, jah matjandans wisam waila;

𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐍄 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌾𐍉𐌼, 𐌵𐌰𐌼, 𐌿𐍆𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 15.30

But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf. (KJV).

iþ þan sa sunus þeins, saei frēt þein swēs miþ kalkjōm, qam, ufsnaist imma stiur þana alidan.


𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉

got-noun

𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉 • (kalbō) f

kalbō (romanization)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉 (nominative singular)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉 (singular vocative)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽 (accusative singular)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍉 (genitive plural)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽 (dative singular)
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kalbǭ, a feminizing ōn-stem extension of *kalbaz (“calf”). Cognate with Old High German kalba (archaic German Kalbe).

𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌿𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰, (𐌰)𐌶𐌲𐍉𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃; 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐍅𐍃𐍃𐍉𐍀𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍉𐌱, 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃.
untē witōþ þizē unfaurweisanē missadēdē ainaizōs witōþ raidida, (a)zgōn kalbōns gabrannidaizōs utana bibaurgeinais; afaruh þan þō in watō wairpandans hrain jah hwssōpōn jah wullai raudai ufartrusnjandans, swaswē gadōb, þans ufarmitōn munandans.

6th Century, Skeireins (Codex Vaticanus Latinus 5750) leaf 3, (referring to Numbers 19)

1966 translation by William H. Bennett
For the [Hebrew] Law prescribed for a certain unpremeditated misdeed that the ash of a heifer burned outside the camp should be cast afterward into clean water and sprinkled with hyssop and red wool, as befitted those who were above deliberate intent.


𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃

𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 • (wriþus) m

wriþus (romanization)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌿 (singular vocative)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿 (accusative singular)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌿 (dative singular)
𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *wrēþuz (“herd”). Cognate to Old English wrǣþ (“band”) and Old Danish vrāth (“herd of swine”). The -i- in the Gothic descendant (which is attested only once, possibly indicating a spelling error) is unexpected; one would expect a Gothic form *𐍅𐍂𐌴𐌸𐌿𐍃 (*wrēþus) based on its cognates.

𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐍈𐌰𐍀𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽.

4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 8.33

Then went the devils out of the man, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the lake, and were choked. (KJV).

usgaggandans þan suns þai unhulþans af þamma mann galiþun in þō sweina, jah rann sa wriþus and driusōn in þana marisaiw jah afƕapnōdēdun.


𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹

𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 • (awēþi) n

awēþi (romanization)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (nominative singular)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌾𐌰 (nominative plural)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (singular vocative)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌾𐌰 (plural vocative)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (accusative singular)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌾𐌰 (accusative plural)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌾𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌾𐌰 (dative singular)
𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *awidiją with devoicing maybe due to Thurneysen's Law. Cognate to Old English ēowde and Old High German ouwiti.

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌷 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃.

And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice: and they shall become one flock, one shepherd. (ASV).

jah anþara lamba aih þōei ni sind þis awistris, jah þō skal briggan, jah stibnōs meinaizōs hausjand, jah wairþand ain awēþi, ains hairdeis.

𐍈𐌰𐍃 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌸 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐍈𐌰𐌽? 𐍈𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹? 𐍈𐌰𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹?

Who goeth a warfare any time at his own charges? who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock? (KJV).

ƕas drauhtinōþ swēsaim annōm ƕan? ƕas satjiþ weinatriwa jah akran þizē ni matjai? ƕas haldiþ awēþi jah miluks þis awēþjis ni matjai?


𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐍃

𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌿𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌿 (singular vocative)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌿𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿 (accusative singular)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐍅𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌿 (dative singular)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌼 (dative plural)


𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍃

𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍃 (nominative singular)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍉𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺 (singular vocative)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍉𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺 (accusative singular)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐌰 (dative singular)
𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

→ Vulgar Latin: *taxūcus (Western Hispania)

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: teixugo

Portuguese: texugo

Spanish: tasugo


𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰

laiwa (romanization)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (nominative singular)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 (nominative plural)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (singular vocative)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 (plural vocative)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (accusative singular)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative plural)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍃 (genitive singular)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌴 (genitive plural)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽 (dative singular)
𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

→ Proto-Slavic: *lьvъ (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Latin leō. Saskia Pronk-Tiethoff reconstructed the term in 2013 as *liwa before being aware of its attestation (which was discovered as a genitive plural laiwanē in the Gothica Bononiensia, first published around that very time), attributing the Slavic forms to a Gothic intermediary based on a hypothetical i-vocalism as she thought would be expected from a Gothic term derived from leō. The form laiwa is not an entirely certain reading due to the poor legibility of the manuscript; the correct reading may still be liwa, but Falluomini (2017) favours the form with -ai-.
Some Gothic given names attested in Latinized form may also contain this term.

... 𐌸𐌿𐌴𐌹 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌴𐌻 𐌿𐍃 𐌱[𐌰]𐌻𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌳𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃.
... þuei daniēl us b[a]ljōndanē laiwanē munþam manwjanē du fraslindan ganasidēs.

6th century, anonymous author, folio 1 verso (after Falluomini 2017) of the Gothica Bononiensia sermon (referring here to Daniel 6:22, 27)

You who saved Daniel from the mouths of roaring lions ready to devour [him]