"-t-" meaning in French

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "-et, -it"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -et, -it",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-at"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -at",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "-e"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French -e",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From the -t of Latin -et, -it, which survived in Old French in some verb forms, now still spelt with -t (such as il fait, dort etc.). In Middle French, when final /t/ was no longer pronounced outside of liaison, the ending was reinstated analogically in the inversion forms of all verbs, even those in which -t had already been lost in Old French (such as those from Latin -at > Old French -e).\nNote, however, that verbs spelled with final -t, -d can make liaison generally before a vowel, while the others do so in inversion only.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "interfix"
      },
      "expansion": "-t-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "interfix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French terms with collocations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with collocations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "67 33",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "87 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French interfixes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "63 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 4 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "63 37",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Are we talking?",
          "text": "Parle-t-on?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Is he looking at me?",
          "text": "Me regarde-t-il ?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Is there a place?",
          "text": "Y a-t-il un endroit?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Which whales did Claire see?",
          "text": "Quelles baleines Claire a-t-elle vues?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The gardener-poet sometimes knows that he is fertile and his Tree is fruitful. Does he not conquer death every time he plants a tree-poem?",
          "ref": "1965 November, Carlo François, “Poésie d’André Marissel [André Marissel’s Poetry]”, in The French Review, volume 39, number 2, American Association of Teachers of French, →JSTOR, pages 265–274:",
          "text": "Le jardinier-poète sait parfois qu’il est fécond et que son Arbre est fertile. Ne vainc-t-il pas la mort chaque fois qu’il plante un arbre-poème?",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "an interfix, liaison or linking consonant used in inversion constructions for third-person singular verbs with orthographic forms ending in a letter other than -t or -d"
      ],
      "id": "en--t--fr-interfix-48364SbR",
      "links": [
        [
          "interfix",
          "interfix#English"
        ],
        [
          "liaison",
          "liaison#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/t/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-t-"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "à fond",
        "3": "-er",
        "4": "afonner"
      },
      "expansion": "à fond + -er → afonner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "cancan",
        "3": "-er",
        "4": "cancaner"
      },
      "expansion": "cancan + -er → cancaner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "en-",
        "3": "ruban",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "enrubanner"
      },
      "expansion": "en- + ruban + -er → enrubanner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "en-",
        "3": "turban",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "enturbanner"
      },
      "expansion": "en- + turban + -er → enturbanner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "moyen",
        "3": "-er",
        "4": "moyenner"
      },
      "expansion": "moyen + -er → moyenner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "dé-",
        "3": "gant",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "déganter"
      },
      "expansion": "dé- + gant + -er → déganter",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "écran",
        "3": "-t-",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "écranter",
        "t1": "screen",
        "t4": "to screen"
      },
      "expansion": "écran (“screen”) + -t- + -er → écranter (“to screen”)",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "faisan",
        "3": "-d-",
        "4": "-é",
        "5": "faisandé"
      },
      "expansion": "faisan + -d- + -é → faisandé",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "cauchemar",
        "3": "-d-",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "cauchemarder"
      },
      "expansion": "cauchemar + -d- + -er → cauchemarder",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "caviar",
        "3": "-d-",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "caviarder"
      },
      "expansion": "caviar + -d- + -er → caviarder",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "bazar",
        "3": "-d-",
        "4": "er",
        "5": "bazarder"
      },
      "expansion": "bazar + -d- + er → bazarder",
      "name": "affixusex"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "A 'euphonic' consonant added before certain vowel-initial suffixes (such as the verb-forming suffix -er) in order to prevent a hiatus when deriving new words from a base that ends in a vowel. It might be influenced by the use of /t/ as a liaison consonant. Although avoided in this context, hiatus is phonologically possible; it occurs in words that were not derived within French by suffixation (e.g. créer, borrowed from Latin creō) and some suffixed words such as trouer, embouer show hiatus (or a realization of the first vowel as a semivowel).\nWhen the base ends in a nasal vowel, the inserted consonant sound is sometimes /n/ instead, with denasalization of the preceding vowel; there are many examples from bases ending in -on /ɔ̃/ (compare also à fond + -er → afonner), some from bases ending in -an /ɑ̃/ (cancan + -er → cancaner, en- + ruban + -er → enrubanner, en- + turban + -er → enturbanner) or -en /ɛ̃/ (moyen + -er → moyenner). However, /t/ can also be used after bases ending in a nasal vowel; often ones spelled with final -nt (as in dé- + gant + -er → déganter), but sometimes after bases spelled with final -n (as in écran (“screen”) + -t- + -er → écranter (“to screen”).\nSometimes, as the result of analogy, another unetymological consonant is inserted before a vowel-initial suffix upon derivation (not necessarily after a vowel); e.g. /d/ after /ɑ̃/ in faisan + -d- + -é → faisandé, or after /aʁ/ (due to the influence of words ending in -ard) in cauchemar + -d- + -er → cauchemarder, caviar + -d- + -er → caviarder, bazar + -d- + er → bazarder.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "interfix"
      },
      "expansion": "-t-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "interfix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Coordinate term: -l-"
        },
        {
          "text": "biffeton, dépiauter, gruter, maintée"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "added between vowels to prevent certain sequences of vowels"
      ],
      "id": "en--t--fr-interfix-ZBmj5WBO",
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/t/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-t-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French interfixes",
    "French lemmas",
    "French terms derived from Latin",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "-et, -it"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -et, -it",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-at"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -at",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "-e"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French -e",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From the -t of Latin -et, -it, which survived in Old French in some verb forms, now still spelt with -t (such as il fait, dort etc.). In Middle French, when final /t/ was no longer pronounced outside of liaison, the ending was reinstated analogically in the inversion forms of all verbs, even those in which -t had already been lost in Old French (such as those from Latin -at > Old French -e).\nNote, however, that verbs spelled with final -t, -d can make liaison generally before a vowel, while the others do so in inversion only.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "interfix"
      },
      "expansion": "-t-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "interfix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "French terms with collocations",
        "French terms with quotations",
        "French terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Are we talking?",
          "text": "Parle-t-on?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Is he looking at me?",
          "text": "Me regarde-t-il ?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Is there a place?",
          "text": "Y a-t-il un endroit?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Which whales did Claire see?",
          "text": "Quelles baleines Claire a-t-elle vues?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "The gardener-poet sometimes knows that he is fertile and his Tree is fruitful. Does he not conquer death every time he plants a tree-poem?",
          "ref": "1965 November, Carlo François, “Poésie d’André Marissel [André Marissel’s Poetry]”, in The French Review, volume 39, number 2, American Association of Teachers of French, →JSTOR, pages 265–274:",
          "text": "Le jardinier-poète sait parfois qu’il est fécond et que son Arbre est fertile. Ne vainc-t-il pas la mort chaque fois qu’il plante un arbre-poème?",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "an interfix, liaison or linking consonant used in inversion constructions for third-person singular verbs with orthographic forms ending in a letter other than -t or -d"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "interfix",
          "interfix#English"
        ],
        [
          "liaison",
          "liaison#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/t/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-t-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French interfixes",
    "French lemmas",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "à fond",
        "3": "-er",
        "4": "afonner"
      },
      "expansion": "à fond + -er → afonner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "cancan",
        "3": "-er",
        "4": "cancaner"
      },
      "expansion": "cancan + -er → cancaner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "en-",
        "3": "ruban",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "enrubanner"
      },
      "expansion": "en- + ruban + -er → enrubanner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "en-",
        "3": "turban",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "enturbanner"
      },
      "expansion": "en- + turban + -er → enturbanner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "moyen",
        "3": "-er",
        "4": "moyenner"
      },
      "expansion": "moyen + -er → moyenner",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "dé-",
        "3": "gant",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "déganter"
      },
      "expansion": "dé- + gant + -er → déganter",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "écran",
        "3": "-t-",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "écranter",
        "t1": "screen",
        "t4": "to screen"
      },
      "expansion": "écran (“screen”) + -t- + -er → écranter (“to screen”)",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "faisan",
        "3": "-d-",
        "4": "-é",
        "5": "faisandé"
      },
      "expansion": "faisan + -d- + -é → faisandé",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "cauchemar",
        "3": "-d-",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "cauchemarder"
      },
      "expansion": "cauchemar + -d- + -er → cauchemarder",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "caviar",
        "3": "-d-",
        "4": "-er",
        "5": "caviarder"
      },
      "expansion": "caviar + -d- + -er → caviarder",
      "name": "affixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "bazar",
        "3": "-d-",
        "4": "er",
        "5": "bazarder"
      },
      "expansion": "bazar + -d- + er → bazarder",
      "name": "affixusex"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "A 'euphonic' consonant added before certain vowel-initial suffixes (such as the verb-forming suffix -er) in order to prevent a hiatus when deriving new words from a base that ends in a vowel. It might be influenced by the use of /t/ as a liaison consonant. Although avoided in this context, hiatus is phonologically possible; it occurs in words that were not derived within French by suffixation (e.g. créer, borrowed from Latin creō) and some suffixed words such as trouer, embouer show hiatus (or a realization of the first vowel as a semivowel).\nWhen the base ends in a nasal vowel, the inserted consonant sound is sometimes /n/ instead, with denasalization of the preceding vowel; there are many examples from bases ending in -on /ɔ̃/ (compare also à fond + -er → afonner), some from bases ending in -an /ɑ̃/ (cancan + -er → cancaner, en- + ruban + -er → enrubanner, en- + turban + -er → enturbanner) or -en /ɛ̃/ (moyen + -er → moyenner). However, /t/ can also be used after bases ending in a nasal vowel; often ones spelled with final -nt (as in dé- + gant + -er → déganter), but sometimes after bases spelled with final -n (as in écran (“screen”) + -t- + -er → écranter (“to screen”).\nSometimes, as the result of analogy, another unetymological consonant is inserted before a vowel-initial suffix upon derivation (not necessarily after a vowel); e.g. /d/ after /ɑ̃/ in faisan + -d- + -é → faisandé, or after /aʁ/ (due to the influence of words ending in -ard) in cauchemar + -d- + -er → cauchemarder, caviar + -d- + -er → caviarder, bazar + -d- + er → bazarder.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "interfix"
      },
      "expansion": "-t-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "interfix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Coordinate term: -l-"
        },
        {
          "text": "biffeton, dépiauter, gruter, maintée"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "added between vowels to prevent certain sequences of vowels"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/t/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-t-"
}