pays

→ Catalan: país

→ Galician: país

→ Portuguese: país (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: país

Inherited from Middle French pays, from Old French pais, from Late Latin pāgēnsis (“inhabitant of a district”), derived from Latin pāgus (“countryside; district”).
See related terms. Cognates include Italian paese. Borrowed into Catalan, Portuguese, and Spanish as país. Cognates in regional languages in France: Norman payis, Gallo peïs, Picard poaiyis, Bourguignon paiyis, Franco-Provençal payis, Occitan país, Corsican paese.

inh

prolétaires de tous les pays, unissez-vous


salle à manger

fr-noun

salle à manger f (plural salles à manger)

Turkish: salamanje

LL-Q150 (fra)-Mecanautes-salle à manger.wav


buffet

→ Catalan: bufet

→ Czech: bufet

→ Danish: buffet

→ Dutch: buffet

→ Finnish: buffet

→ Galician: bufete

desc

→ German: Buffet, Büfett, Büfet, Büffet, Büfee, Büffee

→ Italian: buffet

→ Lao: ບຸບເຟ່ (bup fē)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: buffet

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: buffet

→ Persian: بوفه (bufe)

→ Polish: bufet

→ Portuguese: bufê, bufete

→ Romanian: bufet

→ Serbo-Croatian: bìfē, бѝфе̄

→ Spanish: buffet, bufet

desctree

→ Spanish: bufete
→ Cebuano: bupete
→ Tagalog: bupete

→ Swedish: buffé

→ Thai: บุฟเฟต์ (búp-fêe)

→ Turkish: büfe

→ Vietnamese: búp phê

Inherited from Middle French bufet (1150), from Old French bufet, of uncertain origin; possibly a Celtic borrowing. Compare Scottish Gaelic biadh (“food, sustenance”), buadha (“valuable, precious”). Or, according to the Digitized Treasury of the French Language, from an imitative source akin to bouffer (“to eat (in excess)”).

cog

sideboard, dresser (a piece of furniture)


peluche

→ Dutch: pluche

→ English: plush

desctree

→ German: Plüsch
→ Czech: plyš
→ Hungarian: plüss
→ Kashubian: plisz
→ Lower Sorbian: pliš
→ Polish: plusz
→ Silesian: plisz
→ Upper Sorbian: plyš

→ Italian: peluche

→ Portuguese: peluche

→ Russian: плюш (pljuš)

→ Yiddish: פּליוש (plyush)

→ Spanish: peluche

→ Turkish: pelüş, peluş (misspelling)

From Old French peluchier (“to peel; pluck”).


katakana

fr-noun

katakana m (plural katakana or katakanas)


Lombard

Lombard m (plural Lombards, feminine Lombarde)

Lombard (resident or native of Lombardy)


variable

(mathematics) variable (quantity that may assume any one of a set of values)


chandelier

From chandelle + -ier, or from Medieval Latin candelārius. Compare Catalan candeler, Italian candelaio, Spanish candelero.


carillon

→ Catalan: carilló

→ Dutch: carillon

→ English: carillon

→ German: Carillon

→ Italian: carillon

→ Portuguese: carrilhão

Inherited from Old French quarrillon, from Late Latin *quadriniōnem, from quaterniō (“group of four things”).

carillon (set of bells, often in a bell tower)


dan

Borrowed from Japanese 段 (dan), from Chinese 段 (duàn).


kaki

Spelling evolved from khaki which was brought into French usage from the English, Hindu, Urdu and Persian word.


cassation

→ Dutch: cassatie


rédemption

Learned borrowing from Latin redemptiōnem. Doublet of rançon.


aperture

Borrowed from Latin apertūra (“opening”). Doublet of ouverture.

bor+

(phonetics, phonology) opening, openness, aperture


muscle

Inherited from Middle French muscle, a borrowing from Latin mūsculus (“a muscle”, literally “little mouse”). See also the inherited doublet moule (“mussel, clam”).


niche

→ Danish: niche

→ Dutch: niche

→ English: niche

→ Macedonian: ни́ша (níša)

→ Russian: ни́ша (níša)

Inherited from Middle French niche, from Old French niche, deverbal of nichier (“make a nest”), from an unattested verb *nīdicāre, from Latin nīdus (“nest”).


tension

→ Haitian Creole: tansyon

→ Romanian: tensiune

→ Turkish: tansiyon

Inherited from Middle French tension, borrowed from Latin tensiō.

chute de tension


gland

Inherited from Old French glant, from Latin glandem.

Brise-cul, vingt-huit ans, l’air d’un satyre, son vit est tortu ; la tête ou le gland en est énorme : il a huit pouces trois lignes de tour, et le corps du vit huit pouces sur seize de long ; ce vit majestueux est absolument cambré.

1785, Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, translated by Austryn Wainhouse and Richard Seaver, Les 120 journées de Sodome, ou l'École du libertinage:

Bum-Cleaver, twenty-eight years old, has the look of a satyr; his majestic prick is bent saber fashion, its head, or glans, is enormous, it is eight and three-eighths inches in circumference and the shaft eight in length.

Comeronyms: corps caverneux, corps spongieux, frein, prépuce

Holonym: pénis

les papules perlées du gland

Ellipsis of gland du pénis (“glans penis”).

Comeronym: capuchon du clitoris

Holonym: clitoris

gland du clitoris
gland du clitoris#French

Ellipsis of gland du clitoris (“glans clitoridis”).

décalotter le gland

to uncover the glans penis or glans clitoridis by pulling back the foreskin or clitoral hood

recalotter le gland

to cover again the glans penis or glans clitoridis by pulling forward the foreskin or clitoral hood


piste

→ Catalan: pista

→ Dutch: piste

→ English: piste

→ German: Piste

→ Greek: πίστα (písta)

→ Persian: پیست (pist)

→ Turkish: pist

Borrowed from Italian pista, variant of pesta (“footprint”).

Une piste automobile dans le désert.

piste cyclable

track (road or other similar beaten path)

piste d’atterrissage

piste de ski

piste de luge


manager

(sports, Europe, Africa, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, New Caledonia) manager


catamaran

→ Romanian: catamaran

Borrowed from English catamaran, from Tamil கட்டுமரம் (kaṭṭumaram).


follow

(Internet) following (An account which is followed)


follow

Venez me donner de la force et me follow pour suivre la campagne !

Come give me strength and follow me to follow the campaign!

(Internet) to follow (on Twitter and similar sites)


softball

fr-noun

softball m (countable and uncountable, plural softballs)

(sports) softball (“sport”): a variant of baseball

(sports) softball (“ball”): a ball used in the sport of softball


tonne

Pour combattre à pied, les gentilshommes employaient une armure spéciale qui, à cause de sa longue jupe de fer évasée et sans tassettes, s’appelait tonnelet, armure à tonne, armure pour combattre à pied;[…]
XVIe siècle. Une belle armure à tonne, ayant […]

1885, Brussels (Belgium). Musées royaux des arts décoratifs et industriels, Catalogue des armes et armures, page 70:

To fight on foot, gentlemen employed a special armour which, because of its long iron skirt, flared and without tassets, is called tonlet, tonne armour, armour for fighting on foot; […]
16th century. A beautiful tonne armour, having […]

Ces harnois peuvent être à tonne ou tonnelet, c’est-à-dire avec une sorte de jupe de métal évasée protégeant le haut des jambes. Ils peuvent aussi être construits à la manière d’une « combinaison » : le bas du corps est recouvert[…]

2008, Marie-Anne Michaux, Glossaire des termes militaires du seizième siècle: complément du Dictionnaire de la langue française du XVIe siècle d'Edmond Huguet, Honoré Champion, →ISBN:

These harnesses could be tonne or tonlet, that is to say, with a sort of metal flared skirt protecting the top of the legs. They could also be constructed in the manner of a "combination": the bottom of the body is covered […]

(historical) a tonlet; a piece of medieval European armor of articulated lames or long flared metal skirt protecting the hips and thighs


futur

fr-adj

futur (feminine future, masculine plural futurs, feminine plural futures)

future (feminine)
futurs (masculine plural)
futures (feminine plural)


futur

Le verbe manger à la deuxième personne du singulier du futur simple donne: Tu mangeras.

The verb manger, in the second person singular future simple becomes: Tu mangeras (You will eat).


apparent

apparent (feminine apparente, masculine plural apparents, feminine plural apparentes)

apparente (feminine)
apparents (masculine plural)
apparentes (feminine plural)

Inherited from Old French aparent, aparant, borrowed from Latin appārentem.


nerf

Inherited from Middle French nerf, from Old French nerf, inherited from Latin nervus.


anus

→ Turkish: anüs


centurion

Borrowed from Latin centuriōnem. By surface analysis, centurie + -on.

(Ancient Rome, military) centurion (Roman officer)


commodore

fr-noun

commodore m or f by sense (plural commodores)

Borrowed from Dutch kommandeur, from Middle French commandeur; from Latin commendare, from com- + mandare, from mandō (“to order, command”).

capitaine de vaisseau
capitaine de vaisseau

capitaine de croiseur
capitaine de croiseur

(military, nautical) commodore, a naval military rank between captain (capitaine de vaisseau or capitaine de croiseur) and rear admiral (contre-amiral)


lieutenant

lieutenant m (plural lieutenants, feminine lieutenante)

lieutenants (plural)
lieutenante (feminine)

desctree

→ Danish: løjtnant
→ Faroese: loytnantur

→ Romansch: litinent

Univerbation of lieu tenant, literally “placeholder”, from tenir lieu (“to hold the place of someone, to act as a substitute for someone”).

univerbation

deputy, right-hand man, second-in-command


harga

(Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) clandestine emigration


four à micro-ondes

fr-noun

four à micro-ondes m (plural fours à micro-ondes)

LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-four à micro-ondes.wav

From four (“oven”) + à (“of, to”) + micro-onde (“microwave”) (micro- (“micro-”) + onde (“wave”)).


crucifix

Inherited from Old French crocefis, crucefix, borrowed from Latin crucifixus.


bob

From the English personal name Bob, used to designate light infantrymen, and probably introduced into French during the First World War.


thrombose

→ Turkish: tromboz


LSD

Borrowed from German LSD, initialism of Lysergsäure-diethylamid.

lysergic acid diethylamide
lysergic acid diethylamide


mono-

From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, only, sole, single”).


dos

Inherited from Old French dos, from Latin dorsum (through Vulgar Latin dossum). Compare Romansch dies, Catalan dors, Italian dosso, and Romanian dos.

ne pas y aller avec le dos de la cuillère


coda

Borrowed from Italian coda. Doublet of queue.


queue

→ Danish: kø

→ Dutch: keu

→ English: queue, cue

→ German: Queue

→ Norwegian: kø

→ Swedish: kö

Inherited from Middle French queu, cueue, from Old French cue, coe, from Vulgar Latin cōda, variant of Latin cauda. Doublet of coda.

inh+

quand on parle du loup, on en voit la queue


arcade

→ Danish: arkade

→ Dutch: arcade

→ English: arcade

→ German: Arkade

→ Norwegian Bokmål: arkade

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: arkade

→ Swedish: arkad

Borrowed from Italian arcata. By surface analysis, arc + -ade.


application

Inherited from Middle French application, from Old French aplicacion, from Latin applicātiōnem.


Thomas

→ Vietnamese: Tô-ma, Tôma, Thô-ma

Ultimately borrowed from Latin Thōmās m.
 Inherited from Middle French Thomas m, inherited from Old French Tumas m, inherited from Latin Thōmās m.
Compare Occitan Tomàs m.

Il n’est pas rare aujourd’hui que le garçon bouvier se nomme Arthur, Alfred ou Alphonse, et que le vicomte — s’il y a encore des vicomtes — se nomme Thomas, Pierre ou Jacques. Ce déplacement qui met le nom « élégant » sur le plébéien et le nom campagnard sur l’aristocrate n’est autre chose qu’un remous d’égalité. L’irrésistible pénétration du souffle nouveau est là comme en tout.

1862, Victor Hugo, chapter 2, in Les Misérables, Tome I : Fantine, book 4; republished as Isabel F. Hapgood, transl., 1887:

It is not rare for the neatherd's boy nowadays to bear the name of Arthur, Alfred, or Alphonse, and for the vicomte--if there are still any vicomtes--to be called Thomas, Pierre, or Jacques. This displacement, which places the "elegant" name on the plebeian and the rustic name on the aristocrat, is nothing else than an eddy of equality. The irresistible penetration of the new inspiration is there as everywhere else.


Joseph

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English Joseph


penta-

From Ancient Greek πέντε (pénte, “five”).


octo-

From Latin octō (“eight”) or Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”).


mucus

→ Turkish: mukus


inox

From inoxydable and acier inoxydable, by apocopation.

acier inoxydable
acier inoxydable#French

stainless steel; short form of acier inoxydable


premier ministre

fr-noun

premier ministre m (plural premiers ministres, feminine première ministre)

premiers ministres (plural)
première ministre (feminine)

→ English: prime minister

→ German: Premierminister (calque)

desctree

премьер-министр

→ Russian: премьер-министр (premʹjer-ministr)
→ Georgian: პრემიერ-მინისტრი (ṗremier-minisṭri)
→ Kazakh: премьер-министр (premer-ministr)
→ Kyrgyz: премьер-министр (premyer-ministr)
→ Turkmen: premýer-ministr
→ Ukrainian: прем'єр-міністр (premʺjer-ministr)


quart

fr-adj

quart (feminine quarte, masculine plural quarts, feminine plural quartes)

quarte (feminine)
quarts (masculine plural)
quartes (feminine plural)


crêpe

Substantivisation of Old French crespe, from Latin crispus, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-.


puzzle

Unadapted borrowing from English puzzle.


unité astronomique

fr-noun

unité astronomique f (plural unités astronomiques)


Xavier

a male given name from Basque, equivalent to English Xavier


canton

→ German: Kanton

Inherited from Middle French canton, from Old French canton (from the 1240s), from Old Occitan canton (“corner; canton”) (recorded before 1218), adopted in Occitan from North Italian (Gallo-Italic, early Lombard) cantone (“edge, corner; canton”), ultimately representing Latin cant- (“rim (of a wheel)”) with the addition of the -ō (accusative -ōnem) suffix forming augmentatives in Romance.


centre

From Old French centre (13th c.), a borrowing from Latin centrum, from Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron, “sharp point”).

der

(soccer) cross, specifically one directed into the penalty area


Uranus

(Roman mythology) Caelus (Roman deity) Note: The Greek deity Uranus is Ouranos


Neptune

(Roman mythology) Neptune (Roman god of the sea)


kebab

kebab (dish of skewered meat and vegetables)


shawarma

shawarma (a Middle Eastern sandwich-like wrap)


whiskey

Borrowed from English whisky, whiskey, from Irish uisce beatha, Scottish Gaelic uisge-beatha (literally “water of life”).


match

→ Ladino: mach

→ Romanian: meci

→ Turkish: maç


bistro

→ Brazilian Portuguese: bistrô

→ Danish: bistro

→ English: bistro

The etymology is unclear; it is presumed to come from a regional word: bistro, bistrot, bistingo, or bistraud, a word in the Poitou dialect which means a "lesser servant", or bistouille, bistrouille, a colloquial term from the northern area of France for a mixture of brandy and coffee, the kind of beverage that could be served at a bistro. The first recorded use of the word appears in 1884, the next in 1892 ("bistrot").
A popular folk etymology of the word claims that it originated among Russian troops who occupied Paris following the Napoleonic Wars. In taverns they would shout the Russian бы́стро (býstro, “quickly”) to the waiters, so that "bistro" took on the meaning of a place where food was served quickly. This etymology is rejected, due to the 69 year gap between the proposed origin and the first attestation.


programme

desctree

→ English: program
→ Malay: program
→ Tok Pisin: program

→ Polish: program

→ Romanian: program

→ Persian: پروگرام (porogrâm)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پروغرام (program)

Turkish: program

Learned borrowing from Late Latin programma, from Ancient Greek πρόγραμμα (prógramma).

lbor

computer program
computer program#English

(computing) a program (item of software; a computer program)


programmer

programmer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
programmant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
programmé (participle past)
programme (first-person indicative present singular)
programmes (indicative present second-person singular)
programme (indicative present singular third-person)
programmons (first-person indicative plural present)
programmez (indicative plural present second-person)
programment (indicative plural present third-person)
programmais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
programmais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
programmait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
programmions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
programmiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
programmaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
programmai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
programmas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
programma (historic indicative past singular third-person)
programmâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
programmâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
programmèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
programmerai (first-person future indicative singular)
programmeras (future indicative second-person singular)
programmera (future indicative singular third-person)
programmerons (first-person future indicative plural)
programmerez (future indicative plural second-person)
programmeront (future indicative plural third-person)
programmerais (conditional first-person singular)
programmerais (conditional second-person singular)
programmerait (conditional singular third-person)
programmerions (conditional first-person plural)
programmeriez (conditional plural second-person)
programmeraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
programme (first-person present singular subjunctive)
programmes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
programme (present singular subjunctive third-person)
programmions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
programmiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
programment (plural present subjunctive third-person)
programmasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
programmasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
programmât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
programmassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
programmassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
programmassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
programme (imperative second-person singular)
programmons (first-person imperative plural)
programmez (imperative plural second-person)

(computing) to program, to write program code


patient

fr-noun

patient m (plural patients, feminine patiente)

Inherited from Middle French patient, from Old French patient, borrowed from Latin patientem.

(dated) condemned man, person who has been sentenced to death


impatient

impatient m (plural impatients, feminine impatiente)

impatients (plural)
impatiente (feminine)

Borrowed from Latin impatientem. Morphologically analyzable as im- + patient.


château

→ Danish: chateau

→ English: château, chateau

→ Russian: шато́ (šató)

→ Turkish: şato

→ Ukrainian: шато́ (šató)

Inherited from Middle French château, chasteau, chastel, from Old French chastel, from Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum.
* Cognate with Italian castello, Portuguese castelo, Romanian castel, Spanish castillo

castle (fortified building or similar structure; winegrower's estate)


porno

l’industrie du porno

(countable, informal) porn movie, skin flick, blue movie


radical

Learned borrowing from Late Latin rādīcālis.


fiancé

fr-adj

fiancé (feminine fiancée, masculine plural fiancés, feminine plural fiancées)

fiancée (feminine)
fiancés (masculine plural)
fiancées (feminine plural)


snob

C’est un snob.


archer

fr-noun

archer m (plural archers, feminine archère)

From arche, a variant of arc (“bow”) + -er, or from Middle French archier, from Old French archier, from Vulgar Latin *arcārius, alteration of arcuārius, from Latin arcus (“bow”).


cap

Borrowed from Occitan cap, from Latin caput. Doublet of chef.

(Quebec, geography) cap (summit of a mountain)


pelle

Inherited from Latin pāla (“shovel, spade”). Doublet of pale.


carnage

Inherited from Middle French carnage, itself probably from a Norman or Picard (Old Northern French) variant of Old French charnage, itself from char (see also chair (“flesh”)), or from a Medieval Latin carnāticum (“slaughter of animals”), from Latin carnem. See also Old Occitan carnatge, Italian carnaggio.


congruence

From Latin congruentia (“agreement”), from congruēns, present active participle of congruō (“meet together, agree”).


diminuendo

(music) diminuendo (a dynamic mark directing that a passage is to be played gradually more softly)


pianissimo

Borrowed from Italian pianissimo (“very softly”).


pianissimo

fr-noun

pianissimo m (plural pianissimos or pianissimi)

pianissimos (plural)
pianissimi (plural)


prude

Back-formation from prudefemme, feminine of prud’homme (“good man”).


moral

fr-adj

moral (feminine morale, masculine plural moraux, feminine plural morales)

morale (feminine)
moraux (masculine plural)
morales (feminine plural)

Inherited from Middle French moral, from Old French moral, borrowed from Latin morālis.


entrepreneur

fr-noun

entrepreneur m (plural entrepreneurs, feminine entrepreneuse)

entrepreneurs (plural)
entrepreneuse (feminine)

→ English: entrepreneur

desctree

→ Polish: przedsiębiorca, przedsiębierca (obsolete) (calque)
→ Kashubian: przedsãbiérca

→ Romanian: antreprenor

→ Spanish: emprendedor (calque)

/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁə.nœʁ/

entrepreneur (person who organizes and operates a business venture)


cadenas

Borrowed from Old Occitan cadenat, from Late Latin catēnātum, derived from Latin catēna (“chain”). Doublet of chaîné.


Paul

Haitian Creole: Pòl


fin

fr-adj

fin (feminine fine, masculine plural fins, feminine plural fines)

fine (feminine)
fins (masculine plural)
fines (feminine plural)


actrice

fr-noun

actrice f (plural actrices, masculine acteur)

→ Bulgarian: актри́са (aktrísa)

→ Dutch: actrice

→ English: actrice

→ Norman: actrice

→ Ottoman Turkish: آقتریس (aktris)

Turkish: aktris

desctree

→ Russian: актри́са (aktrísa)
→ Azerbaijani: aktrisa
→ Uzbek: aktrisa
→ Yiddish: אַקטריסע (aktrise)

→ Swedish: aktris

→ Ukrainian: актри́са (aktrýsa)

Inherited from Middle French actrice, borrowed from Latin āctrīcem.


dental

fr-adj

dental (feminine dentale, masculine plural dentaux, feminine plural dentales)

dentale (feminine)
dentaux (masculine plural)
dentales (feminine plural)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin dentālis, from Latin dēns (“a tooth”). By surface analysis, dent + -al.


patron

→ German: Patrone

→ Italian: patron

→ Romanian: patron

→ Russian: патро́н (patrón)

→ Turkish: patron

From Old French patron (“patron, protector”), from Latin patrōnus, from pater (“father”).


vase

From Middle French, from Middle Dutch wase (“mud, silt, wet ground, clod of dirt, grass”), from *Old Dutch waso, from Proto-Germanic *wasô (“moisture, ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“moist, wet”). More at ouze.


adoration

Borrowed from Latin adōrātiōnem (“worship, adoration”), from adōrō (“beseech; adore, worship”), from ad (“to, towards”) + ōrō (“beg”).


brave

Probably borrowed from Italian bravo. Compare Spanish, Portuguese bravo. Doublet of bravo.


alto

→ Persian: آلتو (âlto)


soprano

Borrowed from Italian soprano, from Vulgar Latin *superanus, from Latin super. Doublet of the inherited souverain.


sobre

Inherited from Old French sobre, borrowed from Latin sobrius.


liminal

fr-adj

liminal (feminine liminale, masculine plural liminaux, feminine plural liminales)

liminale (feminine)
liminaux (masculine plural)
liminales (feminine plural)


remettre

remettre (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
remettant (gerund participle present)
remettant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
remis (participle past)
remets (first-person indicative present singular)
remets (indicative present second-person singular)
remet (indicative present singular third-person)
remettons (first-person indicative plural present)
remettons (first-person indicative plural present)
remettez (indicative plural present second-person)
remettez (indicative plural present second-person)
remettent (indicative plural present third-person)
remettais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
remettais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
remettais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
remettais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
remettait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
remettait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
remettions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
remettions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
remettiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
remettiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
remettaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
remettaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
remis (first-person historic indicative past singular)
remis (historic indicative past second-person singular)
remit (historic indicative past singular third-person)
remîmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
remîtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
remirent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
remettrai (first-person future indicative singular)
remettrai (first-person future indicative singular)
remettras (future indicative second-person singular)
remettras (future indicative second-person singular)
remettra (future indicative singular third-person)
remettra (future indicative singular third-person)
remettrons (first-person future indicative plural)
remettrons (first-person future indicative plural)
remettrez (future indicative plural second-person)
remettrez (future indicative plural second-person)
remettront (future indicative plural third-person)
remettront (future indicative plural third-person)
remettrais (conditional first-person singular)
remettrais (conditional first-person singular)
remettrais (conditional second-person singular)
remettrais (conditional second-person singular)
remettrait (conditional singular third-person)
remettrait (conditional singular third-person)
remettrions (conditional first-person plural)
remettrions (conditional first-person plural)
remettriez (conditional plural second-person)
remettriez (conditional plural second-person)
remettraient (conditional plural third-person)
remettraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
remette (first-person present singular subjunctive)
remettes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
remette (present singular subjunctive third-person)
remettions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
remettions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
remettiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
remettiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
remettent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
remisse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
remisses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
remît (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
remissions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
remissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
remissent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
remets (imperative second-person singular)
remettons (first-person imperative plural)
remettons (first-person imperative plural)
remettez (imperative plural second-person)
remettez (imperative plural second-person)

Inherited from Old French remetre, inherited from Latin remittō. By surface analysis, re- + mettre.

Quant à l’évêque, avoir vu la guillotine fut pour lui un choc, et il fut longtemps à s’en remettre.

1862, Victor Hugo, chapter 4, in Les Misérables, Tome I : Fantine, book 1:

As for the bishop, seeing the guillotine had been a shock for him, and it took him a long time to get over it.

(pronominal, followed by the preposition de) to get over, to recover (from something)

Il s’est remis à fumer.

(pronominal, followed by the preposition à) to take up again, start (to do something) again


relative

Ellipsis of proposition subordonnée relative.

ellipsis

(grammar) relative clause, adjectival clause, adjective clause


clef

Inherited from Middle French clef, from Old French clef, from Latin clāvis, from Proto-Italic *klāwis, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kleh₂w-. According to Bescherelle.

(heraldry) key; the device as shown on a coat of arms


senior

Borrowed from Latin senior. Doublet of sire, seigneur, and sieur.


junior

Borrowed from Latin juniorem; Doublet of geindre. Cf. also the inherited Old French oblique case gignor.


jade

→ Catalan: jade

→ English: jade

→ German: Jade

→ Italian: giada

→ Portuguese: jade

→ Romanian: jad

→ Spanish: jade

Rebracketed from earlier l’éjade (“jade”), from Spanish piedra de ijada (“flank stone”), via Vulgar Latin *iliata from Latin ilia (“flank”) (jade was thought to cure pains in the side).


bugger

bugger (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
buggeant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
buggé (participle past)
bugge (first-person indicative present singular)
bugges (indicative present second-person singular)
bugge (indicative present singular third-person)
buggeons (first-person indicative plural present)
buggez (indicative plural present second-person)
buggent (indicative plural present third-person)
buggeais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
buggeais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
buggeait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
buggions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
buggiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
buggeaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
buggeai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
buggeas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
buggea (historic indicative past singular third-person)
buggeâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
buggeâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
buggèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
buggerai (first-person future indicative singular)
buggeras (future indicative second-person singular)
buggera (future indicative singular third-person)
buggerons (first-person future indicative plural)
buggerez (future indicative plural second-person)
buggeront (future indicative plural third-person)
buggerais (conditional first-person singular)
buggerais (conditional second-person singular)
buggerait (conditional singular third-person)
buggerions (conditional first-person plural)
buggeriez (conditional plural second-person)
buggeraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
bugge (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bugges (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bugge (present singular subjunctive third-person)
buggions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
buggiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
buggent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
buggeasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
buggeasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
buggeât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
buggeassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
buggeassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
buggeassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
bugge (imperative second-person singular)
buggeons (first-person imperative plural)
buggez (imperative plural second-person)

Quand je l’ai vue arriver, cela s’est passé comme dans la série, j’ai buggé. Elle était déjà trés jolie.

2021 April 15, Benjamin Bourgois, quotee, “Benjamin Bourgois: "On a été autorisés à s'embrasser"”, in La Provence, →ISSN, page 32:

When I saw her arrive, it happened like in the series: I glitched. She was already very pretty.

(computing, also figurative) to malfunction, to glitch


chambre

Antillean Creole: chanm

Haitian Creole: chanm

→ Norman: chambre, chàmbre (Guernsey)

→ Algerian Arabic: شمبرة (šambra)

→ Vietnamese: săm

Inherited from Old French chambre, cambre, from Latin cambra, Medieval spelling of Latin camera (“room”), from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára, “something with an arched cover: a covered wagon, a covered boat, a vaulted chamber”). Doublet of caméra, a borrowing.

der

a chamber in its various senses, including:


enzyme

From Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).


tempe

From Vulgar Latin *tempula, from Latin tempora, originally an accusative plural form of tempus.

...une sueur glacée est sortie à la fois de tous mes membres, j’ai senti mes tempes se gonfler, et j’avais les oreilles pleines de bourdonnements.

1829, Victor Hugo, Le Dernier Jour d’un condamné:

ice-cold sweat dripped of every part of my body at the same time, I felt my temples swell, and there was a deafening hum in my ears.


prophétie

From Latin prophētīa, from Ancient Greek προφητεία (prophēteía, “prophecy”).


allô

→ Hijazi Arabic: ألو

→ Persian: الو (alo)

→ Romanian: alo

→ Russian: алло́ (alló)

→ Spanish: aló

→ Turkish: alo

→ Vietnamese: a-lô

(telephony) hello (when answering at the beginning of a call)

Allô? Tu m’entends?

(telephony) used to confirm that the person being addressed is listening, or to confirm if anyone is listening


métal

Borrowed from Latin metallum (“metal, mine, quarry, mineral”), from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon, “mine, quarry, metal”), of unknown origin.


soufre

Inherited from Middle French soufre, from Old French sulfre, soffre, from Latin sulfur, sulphur, sulphure, from Proto-Indo-European *swelplos, from the root *swel- (“to burn, smoulder”).


bière

→ Abenaki: labial (from "la bière")

→ Khmer: ប៊ីយេរ (biiyɛɛ)

→ Lao: ເບຍ (bīa)

→ Sango: bîêre

→ Vietnamese: bia

Inherited from Middle French biere, borrowed from Middle Dutch bier, from Old Dutch *bier, from Proto-West Germanic *beuʀ (compare Old Saxon and Old High German bior), all from Proto-Germanic *beuzą. Akin to Old English bēor (“beer”). More at beer.


bière

Inherited from Old French biere, from Proto-Germanic *bērō; cognate with German Bahre and English bier.

La mise en bière.

The action of putting a corpse in a coffin.


boire

boire (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
buvant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
bu (participle past)
bois (first-person indicative present singular)
bois (indicative present second-person singular)
boit (indicative present singular third-person)
buvons (first-person indicative plural present)
buvez (indicative plural present second-person)
boivent (indicative plural present third-person)
buvais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
buvais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
buvait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
buvions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
buviez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
buvaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
bus (first-person historic indicative past singular)
bus (historic indicative past second-person singular)
but (historic indicative past singular third-person)
bûmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
bûtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
burent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
boirai (first-person future indicative singular)
boiras (future indicative second-person singular)
boira (future indicative singular third-person)
boirons (first-person future indicative plural)
boirez (future indicative plural second-person)
boiront (future indicative plural third-person)
boirais (conditional first-person singular)
boirais (conditional second-person singular)
boirait (conditional singular third-person)
boirions (conditional first-person plural)
boiriez (conditional plural second-person)
boiraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
boive (first-person present singular subjunctive)
boives (present second-person singular subjunctive)
boive (present singular subjunctive third-person)
buvions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
buviez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
boivent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
busse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
busses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
bût (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
bussions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
bussiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
bussent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
bois (imperative second-person singular)
buvons (first-person imperative plural)
buvez (imperative plural second-person)

Saint Dominican Creole French: boir

Haitian Creole: bwè

Inherited from Middle French boire, from Old French boivre, beivre, from Latin bibere, from Proto-Italic *pibō, from Proto-Indo-European *píph₃eti.
More details on conjugation
The stressed past historic stems (1st singular, 3rd singular and 3rd plural) are from Vulgar Latin perfect stem *būb- (historic Old French bui), while the unstressed past historic (remaining past historic tenses), subjunctive imperfect, and past participle endings changed from -i- to -ū- (*bibūstus → Old French beüs, *bibūtum → Old French beü). The paradigms above later merged with each other, but bui is replaced by Middle French bus with an analogous -s.
The imperfect, 1st and 2nd plural present (including subjunctive), plural imperative and present participle stems are from Old French unstressed stem bev- which involves to beuv-, then buv-.

Je rêve de boire à tes mots

on ne saurait faire boire un âne qui n’a pas soif


boisson

fr-noun

boisson f (countable and uncountable, plural boissons)

Inherited from Late Latin bibitiōnem, from Latin bibitus, from bibō (“to drink”).

(obsolete) act of drinking, consumption of a liquid

s’adonner à la boisson

(uncountable) drinking (the activity of consuming alcoholic beverages)

Puis-je vous offrir une boisson ?


cage

Inherited from Old French cage, from Latin cavea.


enter

enter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
entant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
enté (participle past)
ente (first-person indicative present singular)
entes (indicative present second-person singular)
ente (indicative present singular third-person)
entons (first-person indicative plural present)
entez (indicative plural present second-person)
entent (indicative plural present third-person)
entais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
entais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
entait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
entions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
entiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
entaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
entai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
entas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
enta (historic indicative past singular third-person)
entâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
entâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
entèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
enterai (first-person future indicative singular)
enteras (future indicative second-person singular)
entera (future indicative singular third-person)
enterons (first-person future indicative plural)
enterez (future indicative plural second-person)
enteront (future indicative plural third-person)
enterais (conditional first-person singular)
enterais (conditional second-person singular)
enterait (conditional singular third-person)
enterions (conditional first-person plural)
enteriez (conditional plural second-person)
enteraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
ente (first-person present singular subjunctive)
entes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
ente (present singular subjunctive third-person)
entions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
entiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
entent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
entasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
entasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
entât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
entassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
entassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
entassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ente (imperative second-person singular)
entons (first-person imperative plural)
entez (imperative plural second-person)

From a Vulgar Latin *imptāre, contraction of *imputāre (“to graft”) (unrelated to Latin imputō (“to reckon, attribute”)), from inpotus (attested in Salic Law), from Ancient Greek ἔμφυτος (émphutos, “planted”). The Greek word may have actually reached Gaul through traders at the Mediterranean coastal colonies before the Roman conquest.


chant

→ Turkish: şan

Inherited from Old French chant, from Latin cantus.


gai

fr-adj

gai (feminine gaie, masculine plural gais, feminine plural gaies)

gaie (feminine)
gais (masculine plural)
gaies (feminine plural)

Louisiana Creole: gé

From Old French gai, from Old Occitan gai, from Gothic *𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*gaheis, “impetuous”); or from Frankish *gāhi (“fast, sudden, impetuous”), Frankish *wāhi (“pretty”), both from Proto-Germanic *ganhuz (“lively, fast, quick”); or (per Liberman, Chance, Meier) from Latin vagus (“wandering, inconstant, flighty”), with *[w] → [ɡ] as in French gaine. Doublet of vague in that case.
Cognate with English gay and Italian gaio.


dent

Inherited from Middle French dent f, with change of gender from Old French dent m, from Latin dentem m, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dénts, *h₃dónts.

à cheval donné on ne regarde pas les dents


bientôt

Inherited from Old French bientost. By surface analysis, bien (“very”) + tôt (“early”).


vampire

→ Armenian: վամպիր (vampir)

→ Asturian: vampiru

→ Belarusian: вампір (vampir)

→ Catalan: vampir

→ Czech: vampýr

→ English: vampire (see there for further descendants)

→ Galician: vampiro

→ Georgian: ვამპირი (vamṗiri)

→ Greek: βαμπίρ (vampír)

→ Italian: vampiro

→ Malagasy: vampira

→ Occitan: vampire

→ Romanian: vampir

→ Russian: вампир (vampir) (see there for further descendants)

→ Slovak: vampír

→ Spanish: vampiro, vampira

→ Basque: banpiro

→ Cebuano: bampira

→ Tagalog: bampira

→ Waray-Waray: bampira

→ Ottoman Turkish: وامپیر (vampir)

Turkish: vampir

→ Ukrainian: вампір (vampir)


Claudia

a female given name from Latin, a Latinate variant of Claudie


origami

Borrowed from Japanese 折り紙 (おりがみ, origami), from 折り (おり, ori, “to fold”) + 紙 (かみ, kami, “paper”).

bor+

(countable) origami (piece of art made by folding paper)


donation

→ Romanian: donație

From Middle French donation, from Latin dōnātiōnem.


gaulois

From Middle French, from Old French gualeis (“Welsh”) (compare Old French walois (“langue d'oil”)), from Frankish *walhisk (“Roman”), from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz (“non-Germanic, foreign”). Cognate with Old High German walahisc (“Roman”), Old English wǣlisċ, wīelisċ (“foreign, Celtic”). More at Welsh, Gaul.


gaulois

fr-adj

gaulois (feminine gauloise, masculine plural gaulois, feminine plural gauloises)

gauloise (feminine)
gaulois (masculine plural)
gauloises (feminine plural)

Old French galois, from galer, from Frankish, related to galant.


moteur

→ Persian: موتور (motor)

Borrowed from Latin mōtor. Displaced Old French mouveur.

moteur de recherche

Selon Aristote, Dieu est le moteur non mû.

According to Aristotle, God is the unmoved mover.

(philosophy) mover; one who causes a movement [from 1377]


royal

royal (feminine royale, masculine plural royaux, feminine plural royales)

royale (feminine)
royaux (masculine plural)
royales (feminine plural)

→ Belarusian: рая́ль (rajálʹ)

→ Bulgarian: роя́л (rojál)

→ Lithuanian: rojalis

→ Russian: роя́ль (rojálʹ)

→ Ukrainian: роя́ль (rojálʹ)

Inherited from Middle French roial, from Old French roial, from earlier reial, real, from very early Old French (c. 880) regiel, from Latin rēgālis, from rēx (“king”) + -ālis. Equivalent to roi + -al.


poche

Esperanto: poŝo
Ido: posho

Inherited from Middle French poche, from Old French puche, poche (“purse, small bag”), from Frankish *pokkō, *pokō (“pouch, bag”), from Proto-Germanic *pukô (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-Indo-European *buk-, *bu-, *bew- (“to blow, swell”). Reinforced by Old Norse puki, poki (“bag, pocket”), via Old Northern French.
Cognate with Middle Dutch poke, Alemannic German Pfoch (“purse, bag”), Old English pohha, pocca (“poke, pouch, pocket, bag”), and English pocket; compare also pouch.

ladle (container used in a foundry to transport and pour out molten metal)


balai

→ Esperanto: balai

Inherited from Old French balai, from ealier balain (“bundle of broom”, 12th c.), ultimately from Proto-Celtic *banatlo- (“broom plant”). It is uncertain whether the Celtic word passed into French through a Gaulish *balano- or rather through Middle Breton balain, balazn, from Old Breton balan. The latter appears more likely.


xérès

From Spanish Xeres, obsolete spelling of the name of the Spanish city Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, where the beverage was produced.

De vieilles femmes étaient assises dans un coin et buvaient de petits verres de xérès. L’une d’elles fumait une longue pipe.

2007, JK Rowling, translated by Jean-François Ménard, Harry Potter à l'école des sorciers [Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone], Gallimard Jeunesse, page 77:


ire

(archaic, literary or poetic) ire, anger


doyen

fr-noun

doyen m (plural doyens, feminine doyenne)

Inherited from Old French deien, from Late Latin decānus, from Latin decem.


bricolage

→ Catalan: bricolatge

→ English: bricolage

→ Portuguese: bricolagem

→ Spanish: bricolaje


bœuf

Haitian Creole: bèf

Inherited from Middle French bœuf, from Old French buef, boef, from Latin bovem (“ox”), from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (compare English cow).
The music sense derives from the expression “faire un Bœuf”, after the Parisian cabaret-bar Le Bœuf sur le toit where jam sessions were held.

faire un bœuf


tour

→ Breton: tour

→ Russian: тура́ (turá)

→ Ukrainian: тура́ (turá)

Inherited from Old French tor, from Latin turrem, from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis), τύρσις (túrsis).


tour

From Latin tornus. Related to Etymology 2.


limousine

→ Dutch: limousine

→ English: limousine

→ German: Limousine

desc

→ Portuguese: limusine, limusina, limousine

→ Russian: лимузи́н (limuzín) (see there for further descendants)

→ Turkish: limuzin

From the name of the former French region Limousin, from Limoges. The naming of the car is sometimes attributed to Limoges-born engineer Charles Jeantaud.

(fashion) traditional woolen cloak from Haute-Vienne


coupe

→ English: coupe

Inherited from Old French cope, cupe, from Late Latin cuppa, from Latin cūpa. Doublet of cuve. The sports sense is a semantic loan from English cup.


brand

Inherited from Middle French brand, from Old French brant, from Frankish *brand (“firebrand, flaming sword”), from Proto-Germanic *brandaz (“firebrand, torch, sword”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenu- (“to burn”). Cognate with Old High German brant (“fire, firebrand, burning iron”), Old English brand (“fire, flame, brand, torch, sword, weapon”), Old Norse brandr (“fire, firebrand, sword”). More at English brand.


mac

(colloquial, computing) Clipping of Macintosh.


bijection

Je voudrais démontrer que cette fonction est une bijection réciproque.

I would like to show that this function is an inverse bijection.


surjection

Borrowing from Latin superiectiōnem (“a throwing over or on; (figuratively) an exaggeration, a hyperbole”). Compare injection, bijection, with the same second element but different prefixes.


visage

Inherited from Old French visage, from vis (from Latin visus) + -age, or possibly a Vulgar Latin *visāticum.

face

only used in certain constructions, or in Canada

se voir comme le nez au milieu du visage


fine

(typography) thin space, non-breakable space

a number of high grade French brandies (usually AOC certified)


scotch

From 3M's Scotch tape. Genericized trademark.


bacon

Unadapted borrowing from English bacon, from Middle English bacon (“meat from the back and sides of a pig”), from Old French bacon, bacun (“ham, strip of lard”), from Frankish *bakkō, from Proto-Germanic *bakō, *baką, *bakaz (“back”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“back, buttocks; to vault, arch”).
Attested since 1899.


transformation

fr-noun

transformation f (plural transformations)

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin trānsfōrmātiōnem, from Latin trānsfōrmō.


chœur

Inherited from Middle French cuer, quer, a semi-learned adaptation or borrowing (from different stages in time) from Latin chorus, from Ancient Greek χορός (khorós). Doublet of chorus.


manœuvre

→ Albanian: manovër

→ Arabic: مُنَاوَرَة (munāwara)

→ Bulgarian: маневра (manevra)

→ German: manöver

→ Dutch: manoeuvre

→ English: maneuver

→ Norwegian: manøver

→ Hungarian: manőver

→ Italian: manovra

→ Turkish: manevra

→ Polish: manewr

→ Swedish: manöver

→ Romanian: manevră

→ Russian: манёвр (manjóvr)

→ Crimean Tatar: manövr

→ Kazakh: маневр (manevr)

→ Mongolian: маневр (manevr)

→ Ukrainian: маневр (manevr)

→ Uyghur: مانېۋىر (manëwir)

→ Uzbek: manyovr

From Vulgar Latin manū opera, from ablative of Latin manus (“hand”) + opus (“work”).

plaine des manœuvres


nœud

Inherited from Old French neu, from Latin nōdus, from Proto-Indo-European *gned-, *gnod- (“to bind”). Doublet of knout.


fer

Antillean Creole: fè

Haitian Creole: fè

Karipúna Creole French: fé

Louisiana Creole: fèr, fè

Inherited from Middle French fer, from Old French fer, from Latin ferrum.

croix de bois, croix de fer, si je mens, je vais en enfer


frère

Haitian Creole: frè

Inherited from Old French frere, from older fredre, fradre, from Latin frātrem, from Proto-Italic *frātēr, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.

Coordinate term: sœur

Mon frère n’a rien fait.

Coordinate term: sœur

Frère Martin, qu’est-ce que vous cherchez ?

(informal) bro, a male comrade or friend


sœurette

fr-noun

sœurette f (plural sœurettes, masculine frérot)


prière

Inherited from Old French priere, preiere, from Early Medieval Latin precāria, derived from Latin precem.


sphère

From Late Latin sphēra, from Latin sphaera (“ball, globe, celestial sphere”), from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “ball, globe”). Replaced Old French espere, from the same Latin source.


sœur

Haitian Creole: sè

Mauritian Creole: ser

→ Ladino: sör

→ Vietnamese: xơ

Inherited from Middle French soeur, from Old French suer (nominative), from Latin soror (cf. also the Old French oblique form seror from the Latin accusative sorōrem), from Proto-Italic *swezōr, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

Coordinate term: frère

Bonjour, ma sœur.

Comment allez-vous, sœur Marie ?


lunettes

desctree

Saint Dominican Creole French: linettes
Haitian Creole: linèt

→ Lingala: manɛ́ti


aire

Inherited from Old French aire, eire, from Latin ārea. Doublet of are and area, which were learned borrowings.

une aire


aire

Probably from Latin ager, agrum (and hence a doublet of ager, a later borrowing), or related to the above. Compare Old Occitan agre (“bird's nest”).

une aire


ère

From Middle French ere, here (16th c.), a borrowing from Late Latin aera.


coup

→ Danish: kup

→ Dutch: coup

→ English: coup

→ German: Coup

Mauritian Creole: kou

Norwegian:

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kupp

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kupp

→ Swedish: kupp

Inherited from Old French colp, cop, from Late Latin colpus, syncopated form of Latin colaphus, from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos).

pistolet à six coups


arc-en-ciel

Haitian Creole: lakansyèl


pelo

(slang) guy, fellow, bloke, chap, dude, boyfriend


lettre

Inherited from Old French letre, inherited from Latin littera.


cul

Inherited from Middle French cul, from Old French cul, from Latin cūlus, from Proto-Indo-European *kuH-l-, zero-grade without s-mobile form of *(s)kewH- (“to cover”).

le beurre, l’argent du beurre et le cul de la crémière

En effet, le prince Vibescu marchait, comme on croit à Bucharest que marchent les Parisiens ; c’est-à-dire à tous petits pas pressés et en tortillant le cul.

2008 [1907], Guillaume Apollinaire, chapter I, in Alexis Lykiard, transl., Les Onze mille verges [The Eleven Thousand Rods] (fiction):

Indeed, Prince Vibescu used to walk as Bucharest folk believe Parisians walk, that's to say with rapid little footsteps and wriggling his arse.

Ce fut un étalage admirable de culs de toutes les nationalités, car ce bordel modèle possédait des putains de toutes races. Le cul en forme de poire de la Frisonne contrastait avec les culs rebondis des Parisiennes, les fesses merveilleuses des Anglaises, les postérieurs carrés des Scandinaves et les culs tombants des Catalanes.

1967 [1907], Guillaume Apollinaire, chapter VI, in David B. Lewis + Wiktionary, transl., Les Onze mille verges [Debauched Hospodar] (fiction):

This was an admirable display of arses of all nationalities, as this model whorehouse held hookers of all races. The Frisian girl’s pear-shaped arse contrasted with the plump Parisians’, with the marvelous buttocks of the English, the square behinds of the Scandinavians, and the plunging arses of the Catalans.

Le cul mène le monde.

sexual intercourse
sexual intercourse#English


pouvoir

Inherited from Middle French povoir, from Old French povoir, pooir, from earlier Old French poeir, podeir, from Vulgar Latin potēre, regularization of Latin posse. The /-v-/ was eventually added, after the loss of the intervocalic dental, to break hiatus. The archaic 1SG present indicative puis is from a Vulgar Latin *posseō (rather than possō), for which cf. Old Catalan puix.


vue

Cette vidéo a atteint les 1 000 000 vues sur YouTube.

(Internet) view (an individual viewing of a video by a user)


trouble

→ German: Trubel

Deverbal from troubler or from Old French troble.

trouble bipolaire

trouble de la personnalité

trouble de l’érection

trouble de l’humeur

trouble du sommeil

trouble mental

trouble obsessionnel compulsif

trouble psychiatrique

trouble psychique


cou

From Latin collum. Doublet of col. Cognate with Italian collo, Galician and Portuguese colo, Spanish cuello.

Il a un cou assez long.


coup de pied

→ Greek: κουντεπιέ (kountepié)

donner un coup de pied dans la fourmilière

Il m’a donné un coup de pied !


incident

fr-adj

incident (feminine incidente, masculine plural incidents, feminine plural incidentes)

incidente (feminine)
incidents (masculine plural)
incidentes (feminine plural)


coup de foudre

fr-noun

coup de foudre m (plural coups de foudre)

Near-synonym: coup de cœur

Quand j’ai fait la connaissance de Henri, ç’a été le coup de foudre!

When I met Henri, it was love at first sight!


doux

fr-adj

doux (feminine douce, masculine plural doux, feminine plural douces)

douce (feminine)
doux (masculine plural)
douces (feminine plural)

Inherited from Old French dous, from Latin dulcem (“sweet”).

une pente douce


fou

fr-noun

fou m (plural fous or (obsolete) foux, feminine folle)

fous (plural)
foux (obsolete plural)
folle (feminine)

Mauritian Creole: fol

Inherited from Middle French fol, from Old French fol, from Latin follem. Cognate with English fool.


fou

Derived from Spanish alfil, from Arabic اَلْفِيل (al-fīl, “elephant; bishop (chess piece)”), influenced by Etymology 1.


évêque

Haitian Creole: evèk

→ Khmer: អេវ៉េគ (ʼeeveek)

→ Malagasy: eveka

Inherited from Old French evesque, inherited from Late Latin episcopus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos).


goût

→ English: gout

→ Vietnamese: gu

Inherited from Middle French goust, from Old French goust, from Latin gustus, from Proto-Italic *gustus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus.

des goûts et des couleurs, on ne discute pas

C’est un goût subtil.

Ils ont le même goût musical.

Nous avons des activités pour tous les goûts.

La langue est l’organe du goût.

Ce tabac a un goût de pourri.

(literally, “This tobacco has a rotten smell.”)


roux

Inherited from Old French ros, from Latin russus.

(cooking) roux (a mixture of fat and flour)


genou

Esperanto: genuo

Inherited from Old French genouz, genoilz plural of genoil, from Late Latin genuculum, alteration of Latin geniculum, diminutive of genū (“knee”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Cognate with Bourguignon genô, Occitan genolh.


fisc

(economics) tax authorities, fiscal administration

tax authorities, fiscal administration
government department of taxation


tuer

tuer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
tuant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
tué (participle past)
tue (first-person indicative present singular)
tues (indicative present second-person singular)
tue (indicative present singular third-person)
tuons (first-person indicative plural present)
tuez (indicative plural present second-person)
tuent (indicative plural present third-person)
tuais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
tuais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
tuait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
tuions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
tuiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
tuaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
tuai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
tuas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
tua (historic indicative past singular third-person)
tuâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
tuâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
tuèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
tuerai (first-person future indicative singular)
tueras (future indicative second-person singular)
tuera (future indicative singular third-person)
tuerons (first-person future indicative plural)
tuerez (future indicative plural second-person)
tueront (future indicative plural third-person)
tuerais (conditional first-person singular)
tuerais (conditional second-person singular)
tuerait (conditional singular third-person)
tuerions (conditional first-person plural)
tueriez (conditional plural second-person)
tueraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
tue (first-person present singular subjunctive)
tues (present second-person singular subjunctive)
tue (present singular subjunctive third-person)
tuions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
tuiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
tuent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
tuasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
tuasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
tuât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
tuassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
tuassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
tuassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
tue (imperative second-person singular)
tuons (first-person imperative plural)
tuez (imperative plural second-person)

Inherited from Middle French tuer, from Old French tuer (“kill, extinguish”), from Latin tūtārī (“avert, ward off”). Compare Occitan tuar.

Fumer tue.

Il les a tués! Il a tué tous!

il ne faut pas vendre la peau de l’ours avant de l’avoir tué


hélicoptère

→ Danish: helikopter

desctree

→ English: helicopter
→ Amharic: ሄሊኮፕተር (helikoptär)
→ Cebuano: helikopter
→ Malay: helikopter
→ Tagalog: helikopter

→ Polish: helikopter

→ Romanian: elicopter

→ Serbo-Croatian: helikopter

→ Persian: هلیکوپتر (helikopter)

→ Turkish: helikopter

From Ancient Greek ἕλιξ (hélix, “spiral”) + πτερόν (pterón, “wing”).
Coined in 1861 by Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt.


putain

→? English: poontang, pootang

Inherited from Old French putain, originally the oblique case of pute (“dirty woman”) formed with the suffix -ain, from Vulgar Latin pūtta, from Latin pūta (“girl”). Compare with salope, Italian puttana, Spanish puta.


cabriolet

→ Catalan: cabriolé

→ Czech: kabriolet

→ Danish: cabriolet

→ Dutch: cabriolet

→ English: cabriolet

→ German: Cabriolet

→ Galician: cabriolé

→ Italian: cabriolet, cabriolè

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kabriolet

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kabriolet

→ Portuguese: cabriolé

→ Spanish: cabriolé

→ Swedish: cabriolet

Borrowed from Italian cabriola, cabriole (“horse caper”) + -et, from Latin capreolus, from Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“buck, he-goat”); see also Old Norse hafr (“he-goat”), Old English hæfer, Welsh gafr, Old Irish gabor. Doublet of Chevrolet.

der

a knotted cord, each end tied to wood, to tie criminals to by the wrists


place

Haitian Creole: laplas (with definite article la)

→ English: laplas

→ Moroccan Arabic: بلاصة (blaṣa)

Inherited from Old French place, from Latin platea, from Ancient Greek πλατεῖα (plateîa).


parkour

→ English: parkour

→ German: Parkour

→ Portuguese: parkour

Respelling of parcours (“route, course”), ultimately from Latin.


tata

onomatopoeic

Expressive

Les enfants, aujourd’hui on va voir tata !


lycanthrope

fr-noun

lycanthrope m or f by sense (plural lycanthropes)

From Ancient Greek λυκάνθρωπος (lukánthrōpos, “human-wolf”).


Jérusalem

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


trans

Learned borrowing from Latin trāns. Doublet of très.


pile

→ English: pile

→ Haitian Creole: anpil

→ Khmer: ពិល (pɨl)

→ Malagasy: pila

→ Rade: pil

→ Turkish: pil (“battery”)

→ Vietnamese: pin

Inherited from Old French, from Latin pīla (through Italian pila for the “battery” sense). The “tail of a coin” sense is probably derived from previous senses, but it's not known for sure.


fade

From Vulgar Latin *fatidus, blend of Latin fatuus and vapidus.


par

Inherited from Middle French par, from Old French par, from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *peri.


patch

(computing) patch (piece of code used to fix a bug)


performance

→ Turkish: performans


pique

→ German: Pik n

→ Macedonian: пик m (pik)

→ Serbo-Croatian: m

Cyrillic script: пи̏к

Latin script: pȉk

→ Slovene: pík

→ Polish: pik m

→ Russian: пи́ка f (píka)

→ Bulgarian: пи́ка f (píka)

quatre de pique


pirouette

→ Catalan: pirueta

→ Dutch: pirouette

→ English: pirouette

→ German: Pirouette

→ Italian: piroetta

→ Polish: piruet

→ Portuguese: pirueta

→ Russian: пируэ́т (piruét)

From a Gallo-Roman root *pir- („peg, plug“, hence Italian piruolo (“peg top”)) and -ette (diminutive suffix). The word originally meant a “spinning top” (15th century).

a whirling or turning on the toes in dancing

(sports, equestrians) a whirling volt movement made by a horse


plaid

From Old French plait, from Latin placitum.

(history) placitum (kind of medieval council)


taxi

→ Polish: taxi

→ Persian: تاکسی (tâksi)

(by extension) helicopter or plane used for transport


quitter

quitter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
quittant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
quitté (participle past)
quitte (first-person indicative present singular)
quittes (indicative present second-person singular)
quitte (indicative present singular third-person)
quittons (first-person indicative plural present)
quittez (indicative plural present second-person)
quittent (indicative plural present third-person)
quittais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
quittais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
quittait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
quittions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
quittiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
quittaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
quittai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
quittas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
quitta (historic indicative past singular third-person)
quittâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
quittâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
quittèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
quitterai (first-person future indicative singular)
quitteras (future indicative second-person singular)
quittera (future indicative singular third-person)
quitterons (first-person future indicative plural)
quitterez (future indicative plural second-person)
quitteront (future indicative plural third-person)
quitterais (conditional first-person singular)
quitterais (conditional second-person singular)
quitterait (conditional singular third-person)
quitterions (conditional first-person plural)
quitteriez (conditional plural second-person)
quitteraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
quitte (first-person present singular subjunctive)
quittes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
quitte (present singular subjunctive third-person)
quittions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
quittiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
quittent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
quittasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
quittasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
quittât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
quittassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
quittassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
quittassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
quitte (imperative second-person singular)
quittons (first-person imperative plural)
quittez (imperative plural second-person)

From quitte + -er, or from Late Latin quietare (“acquit, discharge, release”), from Latin quiētāre (“to calm”).

(transitive, law or obsolete) to discharge somebody from an obligation


blanc

Antillean Creole: blan

Guianese Creole: blan

Haitian Creole: blan

Karipúna Creole French: blã

Louisiana Creole: blan, blon

Seychellois Creole: blan

Tayo: bla

→ Romanian: blanc

Inherited from Middle French blanc, from Old French blanc, branc, from Early Medieval Latin blancus, a borrowing of Frankish *blank, from Proto-Germanic *blankaz (“bright, shining, blinding, white”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”).
Akin to Old High German blanch (“bright, white”) (German blank (“polished, naked”)), Old Norse blankr (“white”) (Danish blank (“bright, shiny”)), Dutch blank (“white, shining”). More at blink, blank.


noir

fr-adj

noir (feminine noire, masculine plural noirs, feminine plural noires)

noire (feminine)
noirs (masculine plural)
noires (feminine plural)

Inherited from Middle French noir, from Old French noir, neir, from Latin nigrum. Doublet of nègre.

Noir

black person; for the noun with the sense

Ce chat est noir.


bleu

bleu (feminine bleue, masculine plural bleus, feminine plural bleues)

bleue (feminine)
bleus (masculine plural)
bleues (feminine plural)

Inherited from Middle French bleu, from Old French blöe, bleve, blef (“blue”), from Late Latin blāvus, from Frankish *blāu (“blue”), from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (“blue”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰléh₁-, *bʰlh₁-, *bʰleh₁- (“yellow, grey, blue”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to shine”). Cognate with Old High German blāo (“blue”) (German blau), Dutch blauw (“blue”), Old English blāw (“blue”). More at blue.


bleu

Haitian Creole: ble

→ Greek: μπλε (ble)

→ Italian: blu

→ Ladino: blu

Louisiana Creole: blé, ble

(Canada) a supporter of the Conservative Party


formule

→ Turkish: formül

→ Persian: فرمول (formul)

Je vais prendre la formule plat-dessert.

I'll have the main dish with dessert set meal.


Adam

Borrowed from Hebrew אָדָם (adam, “earth, man, soil, light brown”).

bor+

a diminutive of the male given names Adanet, Adenot, Adnet, or Adnot


agitato

Borrowed from Italian agitato. Doublet of agité.


roc

From Old French roc, ultimately from Persian رخ (rox), from Middle Persian lhw' (rox, “rook, castle (chess)”), possibly from Sanskrit रथ (ratha, “chariot”).


clown

fr-noun

clown m (plural clowns, feminine clownesse)


ayatollah

Borrowed from Iranian Persian آیتالله (âyatollâh), from Arabic آيَةُ اللّٰه (ʔāyatu llāh, “sign of God”, from آيَة (ʔāya, “sign”) + اللّٰه (allāh, “God”)).

der

آيَةُ اللّٰه


azote

→ English: azote

→ Italian: azoto

→ Lingala: azoti

→ Polish: azot

→ Portuguese: azoto

→ Russian: азо́т (azót) (see there for further descendants)

→ Turkish: azot

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + ζωή (zōḗ, “life”), coined by Antoine Lavoisier.


avalanche

→ English: avalanche

→ Galician: avalancha

→ Portuguese: avalanche, avalancha

→ Romanian: avalanșă

→ Spanish: avalancha

Borrowed from Franco-Provençal avalançhe (Savoy), blend of aval (“downhill”) and standard lavençhe, from Vulgar Latin *labanka (compare Occitan lavanca, Italian valanga), alteration of Late Latin labina (“landslide”) (compare (Dauphiné) Franco-Provençal lavino, Romansch lavina), from Latin lābor (“to slip, slide”).


avant

Inherited from Middle French avant, from Old French avant (“before, prior in time, forward”), from Late Latin ab ante (“before, in front of”), from Latin ab (“from”) + ante (“before”).


aviation

→ Bulgarian: авиа́ция (aviácija)

→ Catalan: aviació

→ Italian: aviazione

→ Russian: авиа́ция (aviácija) (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: aviación
→ Tagalog: abyasyon

→ Ukrainian: авіа́ція (aviácija)

Coined by G. de la Landelle together with aviateur; from Latin avis (“bird”) + -ation.


avocat

fr-noun

avocat m (plural avocats, feminine avocate)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: آووقات (avokat)
Turkish: avukat

Inherited from Old French avocat (12th c.), a borrowing from Latin advocātus. Doublet of avoué, which may be inherited or an earlier borrowing.


œuf

→ English: oeuf

⇒? English: love (“score of zero”)

Haitian Creole: ze

→ Limburgish: äöf

Inherited from Middle French œuf, from Old French oef, from Vulgar Latin (*)ŏvum, from Classical Latin ōvum. Compare Occitan uòu.

mettre tous ses œufs dans le même panier

on ne fait pas d’omelette sans casser des œufs


ciel

Haitian Creole: syèl

Inherited from Old French ciel, from Latin caelum, from Proto-Italic *kailom, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂i-lom (“whole”), from *keh₂i-.

On croyait au ciel.


feu

→ Karipúna Creole French: djife

Inherited from Old French fu, from Latin focus (“hearth”), which in Late and Vulgar Latin replaced the Classical Latin ignis (“fire”).

feux tricolores

feux de signalisation

« Si le feu est vert, je passe »
« Si le feu est rouge, je m’arrête »

1999, Patrick Lemaire, Psychologie cognitive:

‘If the light is green, I go.’
‘If the light is red, I stop.’


lieu géométrique

fr-noun

lieu géométrique m (plural lieux géométriques)


benzine

→ Greek: βενζίνη f (venzíni)

→ Polish: benzyna f

→ Romanian: benzină f

→ Turkish: benzin

→ Ukrainian: бензи́н (benzýn)


palette

→ English: palette

→ Turkish: palet

→ Russian: палитра (palitra)

From pale + -ette (diminutive) (late 18th century).

pallet, a wooden frame on which things are laden


palais

→ Danish: palæ

Inherited from Middle French palays, from Old French palais, from Latin palātium. Doublet of palace.


glacier

→? Catalan: glacera (calque)

desctree

→ English: glacier
→ Hindi: ग्लेशियर (gleśiyar)

→ Italian: ghiacciaio (calque)

→ New Latin: glaciārium (calque)

→ Romanian: ghețar (calque)

→ Spanish: glaciar
→ Galician: glaciar
→ Portuguese: glaciar

Borrowed from Franco-Provençal gllaciér. First attested in 1757. Cognate with German Gletscher.


glacier

glace (“mirror; ice-cream”) + -ier (occupational suffix).


glace

→ Italian: glassa

→ Lingala: galási

→ Luxembourgish: Glace

→ Moroccan Arabic: جلاص (glāṣ)

→ Swedish: glass

→ Switzerland German: Glace

Inherited from Middle French glace, from Old French glace (“ice", also "glass, mirror, radiance”), from Vulgar Latin *glacium/a, from Latin glaciēs. The senses of "glass, mirror, radiance" were possibly derived from Frankish *glas (“glass”).

inh

(France, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, New Caledonia, Réunion, West Africa) ice cream

Cambodia; Laos; Algeria; Tunisia; Cambodia; Laos; Algeria; Tunisia


sec

fr-adj

sec (feminine sèche, masculine plural secs, feminine plural sèches)

sèche (feminine)
secs (masculine plural)
sèches (feminine plural)

→ Dutch: sec

→ Turkish: sek

Inherited from Old French sec, from Latin siccus (“dry”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyk-.

Désolé si j’ai été un peu sec.


jazz

Borrowed from English jazz. The compound jazband is attested in a 1918 copy of Le Matin.


sac

Haitian Creole: sak

→ English: sac

→ Moroccan Arabic: صاك

→ Persian: ساک (sâk)

→ Sedang: xak

Inherited from Old French sac, from Latin saccus, from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos, “sack, bag; sackcloth”), ultimately from Semitic.

der

Coordinate term: brique


dossier

→ English: dossier

→ Dutch: dossier
→ Indonesian: dosir

→ German: Dossier

→ Hijazi Arabic: دوسيه (dōsē)

→ Italian: dossier

→ Luxembourgish: Dossier

desc

→ Portuguese: dossiê, dossier (unadapted form)

→ Romanian: dosar

→ Sicilian: dusseri, dossier

→ Spanish: dossier, dosier

→ Ottoman Turkish: دوسیه (dosya)

Turkish: dosya

Inherited from Middle French dossier. By surface analysis, dos (“back(side)”) + -ier.


chauffeur

fr-noun

chauffeur m (plural chauffeurs, feminine chauffeuse)

chauffeurs (plural)
chauffeuse (feminine)

→ Catalan: xofer, xòfer

→ Czech: šofér

→ Danish: chauffør

desctree

→ Dutch: chauffeur
→ Aukan: safeli
→ Caribbean Javanese: sopir
→ Indonesian: sopir
→ Javanese: ꦱꦺꦴꦥꦶꦂ (sopir)
→ West Frisian: sjauffeur

→ English: chauffeur

⇒ Esperanto: ŝoforo

→ German: Chauffeur

→ Hungarian: sofőr

→ Javanese: (New Caledonian) chauffeur

→ Ladino: shofer, shofor

→ Lingala: sofɛ́lɛ

→ Moroccan Arabic: شيفور

→ Norwegian: sjåfør

→ Persian: شوفر (šufer)

→ Polish: szofer

→ Portuguese: chofer, chauffeur

→ Romanian: șofer

→ Russian: шофёр (šofjór)

→ Serbo-Croatian: шо̀фе̄р m

→ Spanish: chofer

→ Swedish: chaufför

→ Thai: โชเฟอร์ (choo-fə̂ə)

→ Turkish: şoför


malin

fr-adj

malin (feminine maligne or maline, masculine plural malins, feminine plural malignes or malines)

maligne (feminine)
maline (feminine)
malins (masculine plural)
malignes (feminine plural)
malines (feminine plural)

Inherited from Middle French malin(g), backformation from Old French maligne m (12th c.), a borrowing from Latin malignus. Compare the same backformation in bénin and, on the other hand, the original common-gender form preserved in digne.

une tumeur maligne

prendre un malin plaisir à faire quelque chose

to take perverse pleasure in doing something

(chiefly dated or biblical) malicious, sadistic (which likes to do or say hurtful things for fun)

malin comme un singe

avoir l’air malin

C’est malin !

C’est inhumain / De me laisser seul / J’ai l’air malin / Sous mon parasol

1982, “Un été sans toi”, performed by Charles Aznavour:

It's inhuman / To leave me alone / I look silly / Under my umbrella

(informal) smart and quick-thinking, and often tricksterish; cunning, crafty

(Quebec) aggressive (of an animal); petulant (of a person)


malin

fr-noun

malin m (plural malins, feminine maligne or maline)

malins (plural)
maligne (feminine)
maline (feminine)


morgue

→ Portuguese: morgue

→ Turkish: morg

morgue, mortuary (place where dead bodies are stored)


casque

→ Bulgarian: ка́ска (káska)

→ English: casque

→ Romanian: cască

→ Russian: ка́ска (káska)

→ Turkish: kask

→ Ukrainian: ка́ска (káska)


fem

Borrowed from English femme, fem (with the rarer spelling borrowed to avoid ambiguity with French femme (“woman”)). English fem is itself from French femme.

Pour faire simple, une fem (prononcer « faime ») c’est une gouine qui n’a rien contre les jupes, les talons hauts, le vernis à ongles et le maquillage. […] On confond parfois les fems avec les lipstick lesbiennes, les charmantes saphiques éthérées comme on en a vu à la fin des années 90 dans les pubs Dior, Benetton et Versace. […] Les fems ont ça de différent des lipstick lesbiennes que notre féminité n’est pas un passe-droit pour d’intégrer, mais au contraire le drapeau de la subversion.

2007, Wendy Delorme, Quatrième génération, Bernard Grasset, pages 23–24:

a femme (feminine queer woman) (contrast butch)


quarte

quarte juste


quinte

quinte juste

quinte augmentée

quinte diminuée

fausse quinte

(music) fifth (musical interval), quintus (choir)

quinte flush


driver

driver (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
drivant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
drivé (participle past)
drive (first-person indicative present singular)
drives (indicative present second-person singular)
drive (indicative present singular third-person)
drivons (first-person indicative plural present)
drivez (indicative plural present second-person)
drivent (indicative plural present third-person)
drivais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
drivais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
drivait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
drivions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
driviez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
drivaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
drivai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
drivas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
driva (historic indicative past singular third-person)
drivâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
drivâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
drivèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
driverai (first-person future indicative singular)
driveras (future indicative second-person singular)
drivera (future indicative singular third-person)
driverons (first-person future indicative plural)
driverez (future indicative plural second-person)
driveront (future indicative plural third-person)
driverais (conditional first-person singular)
driverais (conditional second-person singular)
driverait (conditional singular third-person)
driverions (conditional first-person plural)
driveriez (conditional plural second-person)
driveraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
drive (first-person present singular subjunctive)
drives (present second-person singular subjunctive)
drive (present singular subjunctive third-person)
drivions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
driviez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
drivent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
drivasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
drivasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
drivât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
drivassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
drivassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
drivassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
drive (imperative second-person singular)
drivons (first-person imperative plural)
drivez (imperative plural second-person)

Adapted borrowing of English drive + -er.

af

(golf outside Louisiana, Cajun) to drive


frigo

→ Dutch: frigo

→ Norman: frigo

Clipping of frigorifique or frigorifié or réfrigérateur.


raison

Inherited from Old French reson, raison, inherited from Latin ratiōnem. Compare the borrowed doublet ration.

la raison du plus fort est toujours la meilleure

(mathematics) common difference (of an arithmetic series)

(mathematics) common ratio (of a geometric series)


pal

From Old French pal (12th c.), variant of pel, from Latin pālus (“stake, pole”). Doublet of pieu. The Trésor informatisé considers Old French pal a learned borrowing, but it might be a dialectal variant instead.


Richard

LL-Q150 (fra)-Bastenbas (Lingua)-chapelle Saint-Sixte de Puy-Richard.wav

a male given name, equivalent to English Richard


brie

→ English: brie

→ Esperanto: brio

→ Persian: بری (beri)

Named after Brie, France, from Gaulish *briga (“hill”). Doublet of Bourgogne.


Brian

Via English Brian from Irish Brian, ultimately from Breton Brien.


asymptote

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀσύμπτωτος (asúmptōtos).

bor+

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis


autobus

→ Catalan: autobús

→ German: Autobus

desc

→ Greek: οτομπούς (otompoús), οτομπίς (otompís) (Egyptiot Dialect)

→ Hebrew: אוֹטוֹבּוּס (ótobus)

→ Persian: اتوبوس (otobus)

desctree

→ Polish: autobus
→ Belarusian: аўтобус (aŭtóbus)

→ Romanian: autobuz

→ Russian: авто́бус (avtóbus) (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: autobús

→ Turkish: otobüs

Coined in Paris in 1907 as a compound of automobile + omnibus.


David

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English David


fez

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish فس (fes). Mentioned as bonnet de fez in 1664. By the 19th century the word fez alone stood for the hat.


voyage

Inherited from Old French voiage, viage, veiage, from Latin viāticum. Doublet of viatique.


testament

From Old French testament, from Latin testāmentum.


grave

→ Norwegian Bokmål: grave

Inherited from Middle French grave, borrowed from Latin gravis. Doublet of grief.

Quatre de ces voyelles sont graves: a, o, u, œu.

1911 April, “Quelques mots sur la pronunciation des lettres Turques”, in Dictionnaire turc-français:

Four of these are vowels are back [vowels], a, o, u, [and] œu


Alice

Inherited from Old French Alis, Alice, from Old High German Adalheidis.

a female given name, equivalent to English Alice


kraken

Borrowed from Norwegian kraken (Bokmål entry; Nynorsk entry), definite singular of krake (“sea monster”) (Bokmål entry; Nynorsk entry), both from Old Norse kraki (“sea monster”, literally “something twisted”), from Proto-Germanic *krankaz (“crooked”).


za

(obsolete, music) solfège syllable formerly used to represent B flat


James

From Old French James, from Vulgar Latin Iacomus, spoken and altered pronunciation of Latin Iacobus, from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ).

Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ)


chorus

Borrowed from Latin chorus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek χορός (khorós). Doublet of chœur.

Willie Smith prend une série de chorus incroyables sur Hocus Pocus, tirant de son instrument des notes suraiguës qui n’existent pas sur le doigté officiel du saxophone alto.

1947, Hugues Panassié, Cinq mois à New-York, Éditions Corrêa, page 89:

(jazz music) improvisation by a soloist for part of all of a theme

(sound engineering) an audio effect used on the electric guitar to give the impression that multiple musical instruments are playing at the same time


twister

twister (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
twistant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
twisté (participle past)
twiste (first-person indicative present singular)
twistes (indicative present second-person singular)
twiste (indicative present singular third-person)
twistons (first-person indicative plural present)
twistez (indicative plural present second-person)
twistent (indicative plural present third-person)
twistais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
twistais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
twistait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
twistions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
twistiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
twistaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
twistai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
twistas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
twista (historic indicative past singular third-person)
twistâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
twistâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
twistèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
twisterai (first-person future indicative singular)
twisteras (future indicative second-person singular)
twistera (future indicative singular third-person)
twisterons (first-person future indicative plural)
twisterez (future indicative plural second-person)
twisteront (future indicative plural third-person)
twisterais (conditional first-person singular)
twisterais (conditional second-person singular)
twisterait (conditional singular third-person)
twisterions (conditional first-person plural)
twisteriez (conditional plural second-person)
twisteraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
twiste (first-person present singular subjunctive)
twistes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
twiste (present singular subjunctive third-person)
twistions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
twistiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
twistent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
twistasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
twistasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
twistât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
twistassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
twistassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
twistassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
twiste (imperative second-person singular)
twistons (first-person imperative plural)
twistez (imperative plural second-person)


verse

fr-noun

verse f (countable and uncountable, plural verses)

(agriculture) lodging (bending of the stems of crops which reduces yield)

(especially BDSM) One who is willing to take either a submissive or a dominant role in a sexual relationship; a switch.


moi

Inherited from Middle French moy, from Old French mei, moi, mi (“me”), tonic form of me, from Latin mē (“me”), from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)me-, *(h₁)me-n- (“me”). More at me.
See cognates in regional languages in France: Norman mei; Gallo mai; Picard moè; Bourguignon moi; Franco-Provençal mè; Occitan and Corsican me.

3 Also used when a group has both men and women

4 Also used as third person plural reflexive

me (first-person singular direct object pronoun)

to me (first-person singular indirect object pronoun)


épée

Inherited from Middle French espee, from Old French espee, from Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē). Doublet of spathe, a borrowing from Latin, and espade, a borrowing from Occitan.

(heraldry) sword; the weapon as shown on a coat of arms


judoka

judoka m or f by sense (plural judokas, feminine judokate)


esclave

esclave m or f by sense (plural esclaves)

Haitian Creole: esklav

Inherited from Middle French and Old French esclave, a borrowing from Medieval Latin sclavus (“slave”), from Late Latin Sclavus (“Slav”). Doublet of slave.


(sexuality) Alternative form of soixante-neuf


Force

Coined by American filmmaker George Lucas

coin

(Star Wars) force (always proceeded with la), the invisible omnipresent energy that the Jedi and the Sith wield in Star Wars


Cinquante centimètres d’eau suffisent à entraîner même les plus gros 4x4, très nombreux dans ces pays, en principe pour rouler dans les sables du désert, mais en fait pour dominer sur l’asphalte.

2018 November 23, “Dans les pays du Golfe, djellabas trempées et 4x4 noyés [In the states of the Persian Gulf, soaked djellabas and drowned 4x4]”, in Libération:

Fifty centimetres of water is enough to drag even the biggest 4x4, most common in these countries, normally designed to drive in the sand of the desert but actually used to dominate the asphalt.


oligarchie

→ Turkish: oligarşi

First known attestation 1370-1372 in Les Ethiques en françois a translation of Aristotle by Nicolas Oresme, borrowed from Ancient Greek ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía).


flamberge

(1180) From Old French froberge ("name of a sword") changed to "flamberge" with influence of flambe from Germanic *frōberga composed of the elements *frô (“man”) and bergan (“to protect”) from Proto-Germanic *berganą from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”)


Dr

Coordinate term: Dʳᵉ f


Mr

w:Trésor de la langue française informatisé

(rare) (dated) Abbreviation of Monsieur.


intellect

Borrowed from Late Latin intellēctus (“understanding, intellect”), perfect passive participle of Latin intellegō (“understand; reason”).


cure

Inherited from Middle French cure, from Old French cure, from Latin cūra, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to heed”).


palatal

fr-adj

palatal (feminine palatale, masculine plural palataux, feminine plural palatales)

palatale (feminine)
palataux (masculine plural)
palatales (feminine plural)


danse

→ Danish: dans

→ Italian: danza

→ Romanian: dans

→ Turkish: dans

From danser (“to dance”). Doublet of dance.


porc

Inherited from Middle French porc, from Old French porc, from Latin porcus, from Proto-Italic *porkos, from Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos (“young swine, young pig”).

inh

sale porc!

(slang, vulgar, derogatory, offensive) dirty pig, swine, contemptible person


hiatus

Learned borrowing from Latin hiātus (“opening”), from hiō (“stand open”).


chai

Via English chai from Urdu چائے (cāe), Hindi चाय (cāy, “tea”). Doublet of thé.


chai

Mis en bouteille dans nos chais.


lier

lier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
liant (gerund participle present)
liant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
lié (participle past)
lié (participle past)
lie (first-person indicative present singular)
lies (indicative present second-person singular)
lie (indicative present singular third-person)
lions (first-person indicative plural present)
lions (first-person indicative plural present)
liez (indicative plural present second-person)
liez (indicative plural present second-person)
lient (indicative plural present third-person)
liais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
liais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
liais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
liais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
liait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
liait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
liions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
liiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
liaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
liaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
liai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
liai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
lias (historic indicative past second-person singular)
lias (historic indicative past second-person singular)
lia (historic indicative past singular third-person)
lia (historic indicative past singular third-person)
liâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
liâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
liâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
liâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
lièrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
lièrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
lierai (first-person future indicative singular)
lierai (first-person future indicative singular)
lieras (future indicative second-person singular)
lieras (future indicative second-person singular)
liera (future indicative singular third-person)
liera (future indicative singular third-person)
lierons (first-person future indicative plural)
lierons (first-person future indicative plural)
lierez (future indicative plural second-person)
lierez (future indicative plural second-person)
lieront (future indicative plural third-person)
lieront (future indicative plural third-person)
lierais (conditional first-person singular)
lierais (conditional first-person singular)
lierais (conditional second-person singular)
lierais (conditional second-person singular)
lierait (conditional singular third-person)
lierait (conditional singular third-person)
lierions (conditional first-person plural)
lierions (conditional first-person plural)
lieriez (conditional plural second-person)
lieriez (conditional plural second-person)
lieraient (conditional plural third-person)
lieraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
lie (first-person present singular subjunctive)
lies (present second-person singular subjunctive)
lie (present singular subjunctive third-person)
liions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
liiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
lient (plural present subjunctive third-person)
liasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
liasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
liasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
liasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
liât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
liât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
liassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
liassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
liassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
liassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
liassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
liassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
lie (imperative second-person singular)
lions (first-person imperative plural)
lions (first-person imperative plural)
liez (imperative plural second-person)
liez (imperative plural second-person)

→ German: liieren

Inherited from Old French lier, from Latin ligāre, from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”).

lier une sauce


boxer

boxer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
boxant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
boxé (participle past)
boxe (first-person indicative present singular)
boxes (indicative present second-person singular)
boxe (indicative present singular third-person)
boxons (first-person indicative plural present)
boxez (indicative plural present second-person)
boxent (indicative plural present third-person)
boxais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
boxais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
boxait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
boxions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
boxiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
boxaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
boxai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
boxas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
boxa (historic indicative past singular third-person)
boxâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
boxâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
boxèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
boxerai (first-person future indicative singular)
boxeras (future indicative second-person singular)
boxera (future indicative singular third-person)
boxerons (first-person future indicative plural)
boxerez (future indicative plural second-person)
boxeront (future indicative plural third-person)
boxerais (conditional first-person singular)
boxerais (conditional second-person singular)
boxerait (conditional singular third-person)
boxerions (conditional first-person plural)
boxeriez (conditional plural second-person)
boxeraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
boxe (first-person present singular subjunctive)
boxes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
boxe (present singular subjunctive third-person)
boxions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
boxiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
boxent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
boxasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
boxasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
boxât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
boxassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
boxassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
boxassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
boxe (imperative second-person singular)
boxons (first-person imperative plural)
boxez (imperative plural second-person)

→ Catalan: boxar

to box (to fight against (a person) in a boxing match)


formation

→ Dutch: formatie

Inherited from Old French formacion, borrowed from Latin fōrmātiōnem. Cf. also the archaic formaison.

la formation juridique

Je suis gynécologue de formation.


sobriquet

Inherited from Middle French soubriquet (“a chuck under the chin”).


immutable

Learned borrowing from Latin immūtābilis. Compare immuable.


père

→ Dutch: pere

→ English: père

Inherited from Middle French pere, from Old French pedre, pedra, pere, from Latin patrem, from Proto-Italic *patēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

Sr. (senior) (postnominal title used to indicate a father that shares the same name as the son)


temporal

fr-adj

temporal (feminine temporale, masculine plural temporaux, feminine plural temporales)

temporale (feminine)
temporaux (masculine plural)
temporales (feminine plural)

Borrowed from New Latin temporālis, from tempus (“temple”) (whence tempe).

lobe temporal


soft

(computing, countable) a piece of software


adjutant

fr-noun

adjutant m (plural adjutants, feminine adjutante)

warrant officer class 1
warrant officer class 1

(military) warrant officer class 1, warrant officer


tierce

Inherited from Old French tierce, tiers, from Latin tertia.


acnodal

fr-adj

acnodal (feminine acnodale, masculine plural acnodaux, feminine plural acnodales)

acnodale (feminine)
acnodaux (masculine plural)
acnodales (feminine plural)


charge

→ Brazilian Portuguese: charge

→ Romanian: șarjă

→ Turkish: şarj, şarz (misspelling)

Inherited from Middle French charge, from Old French charge, carge, equivalent to a deverbal from charger.

Ce fait constitue une charge très grave contre le prévenu.

This fact constitutes a very serious charge against the accused.

une charge massive contre les positions allemandes

a massive charge against the German positions


thé

Haitian Creole: te

Louisiana Creole: thé

→ Armenian: թեյ (tʻey)

→ Coeur d'Alene: liiti

→ Corsican: tè

→ Greek: τέϊον (téïon) (with neuter suffix -ion)

desctree

→ Italian: tè, té (misspelling)
→ Romansch: te, té, tè

→ Norman: thée

→ Occitan: tè

→ Ojibwe: nitii

→ Romansch: te, té, tè

→ South Slavey: lidí

→ Tîrî: tee

→ Walloon: té

Borrowed from Dutch thee, from Hokkien 茶 (tê). Doublet of chai.

tea (especially made from leaves of the tea plant)


foyer

→ Crimean Tatar: foye

→ Czech: foyer

→ English: foyer

→ German: Foyer

→ Italian: foyer

→ Norwegian Bokmål: foajé

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: foajé

→ Polish: foyer

→ Russian: фойе́ (fojjé) (see there for further descendants)

→ Slovak: foyer

→ Spanish: foyer

→ Serbo-Croatian: foaje

→ Turkish: fuaye

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *focārium, nominalization of the Late Latin adjective focārius, from Latin focus (“hearth”).