port

→ Romanian: port

Inherited from Old French port, borrowed from Latin portus, from Proto-Italic *portus, from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”), from *per- (“to go forth, to cross”).


EU

US (a country in North America); initialism of États-Unis (“United States”)


euro

Ce texte, qui devait entrer en vigueur à partir du 1er juillet, créait une obligation pour les plates-formes et les moteurs de recherche de retirer sous vingt-quatre heures – et même dans l’heure pour les images pédopornographiques et l’apologie du terrorisme – les contenus « manifestement illicites » qui leur sont signalés, sous peine d’amendes pouvant aller jusqu’à 1,25 million d’euros.

2020 June 19, “Stopper la haine sur Internet”, in Le Monde:

This text, which will become enforced beginning at the 1st of July, creats an obligation for platforms and search engines to remove in under twenty-four hours — and even within the hour for pedophilic pornography and justifications of terrorism — "manifestly illegal" contents of which they are alerted, under penalty of fines which can go up to 1.25 million euros.


Iraq

Alternative spelling of Irak: Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


France

Antillean Creole: Fwans

Haitian Creole: Frans

Louisiana Creole: Frans, Lafrans (via la France)

Mauritian Creole: Lafrans (via la France)

desc

→ Cantonese: 法蘭西 /法兰西 (faat3 laan4 sai1, faat3 laan4-1 sai1)

→ Burmese: ပြင်သစ် (prangsac)

→ Breton: Frañs

→ Eastern Min: 法蘭西 /法兰西 (Huák-làng-să̤)

→ Finnish: Frans

→ Hokkien: 法蘭西 /法兰西 (Hoat-lân-se)

→ Japanese: フランス (Furansu)

→ Khmer: បារាំង (baarang)

→ Korean: 프랑스 (Peurangseu)

→ Mandarin: 法蘭西 /法兰西 (Fǎlánxī)

→ Manchu: ᡶᠠ
ᠯᠠᠨ
ᠰᡳ (fa lan si)

→ Rade: Prăng

→ Romanian: Franța

Inherited from Middle French France, from Old French France, from Late Latin Francia, from Francī, the name of a Germanic tribe. Doublet of Francie.


Philippines

الْفِلِبِّين

→ Arabic: الْفِلِبِّين (al-filibbīn)

→ English: Philippines

→ Persian: فیلیپین (filipin)

→ Vietnamese: Phi-líp-pin

Philippe + -ine + -s, a calque of Spanish Filipinas, using the pet form of Filipe (“Philip”) (French: Philippe), named after the King of Spain, Philip II.

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


Afghanistan

Ultimately from Classical Persian افغانستان (afğānistān).

der

aller en Afghanistan

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia; capital: Kaboul)


Bahamas

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


Belize

Alternative form of Bélize (“Belize (a country in Central America)”)


Canada

English: Canada

Greek: καναντέρ (kanantér)

Italian: canadair

Serbo-Croatian: kanader

From the Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”).


Cuba

Haitian Creole: Kiba

Cuba (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Djibouti

Débarquement de troupes françaises dans le port de Djibouti.

1935, “File:Troops Djibouti 1935.jpg”, in Wikimedia Commons:

Landing of French troops in the port of Djibouti.


Guatemala

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


Iran

République islamique d’Iran
République islamique d'Iran#French

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East; official name: République islamique d’Iran)


Kiribati

Kiribati (A country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania)


Laos

→ English: Laos


Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)


Luxembourg

→ Japanese: リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru)

Luxembourg (a small country in Western Europe)

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)


Madagascar

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


Mali

→ Persian: مالی (mâli)


Maldives

→ Persian: مالدیو (mâldiv)

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


Mozambique

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


Niger

Japanese: ニジェール (Nijēru)

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)


Nigeria

Nigéria (alternative)
Nigérie (alternative)

Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


Oman

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Portugal

Borrowed from Portuguese Portugal, from Latin Portus Cale.

Portugal (a country in Southern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula)


Qatar

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Ukraine

→ Khmer: អ៊ុយក្រែន (ʼuykraen)

desc

→ Lao: ອູກະແລນ (ʼū ka lǣn)

→ Lao: ອູກະແລນ (ʼū ka lǣn)

→ Persian: اوکراین (okrâyn)

Borrowed from Ukrainian Украї́на (Ukrajína) or Russian Украи́на (Ukraína), from Old East Slavic оукраина (ukraina).

bor+

L’Ukraine a toujours aspiré à être libre : mais étant entourée de la Moscovie, des états du grand-seigneur, et de la Pologne, il lui a fallu chercher un protecteur, et par conséquent un maître dans l’un de ces trois états. Elle se mit d’abord sous la protection de la Pologne qui la traita trop en sujette : elle se donna depuis au Moscovite, qui la gouverna en esclave autant qu’il le put. D’abord les Ukrainiens jouirent du privilège d’élire un prince sous le nom de général ; mais bientôt ils furent dépouillés de ce droit, et leur général fut nommé par la cour de Moscou.

1731, Voltaire, Histoire de Charles XII, page 161:

Ukraine has always aspired to be free: but being surrounded by Muscovy, the states of the Sultan, and Poland, a protector had to be sought, and consequently a master in one of these three states. She first put herself under the protection of Poland, who treated her too much as subject. She then gave herself to the Muscovite, who governed her as a slave as much as he could. At first the Ukrainians enjoyed the privilege of electing a prince under the name of general; but soon they were stripped of this right, and their general was appointed by the court of Moscow.

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


Vietnam

Viêt Nam (alternative)
Viet Nam (alternative)


Burkina Faso

→ Japanese: ブルキナファソ (Burukina Faso)

From Moore burkĩna (“honest”) + Dyula faso (“father's house”), coined by Thomas Sankara.

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


Brunei

Brunéi (alternative)
Bruneï (alternative)


Vanuatu

Vanuatu (a country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania)


Afghan

fr-noun

Afghan m (plural Afghans, feminine Afghane)

Afghan (a resident or native of Afghanistan)


Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)


Seychelles

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


Zaïre

la République du Zaïre

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo

(historical) Zaire (A former country (1971–1997) in Central Africa; now the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


Congo

→ Japanese: コンゴ (Kongo)

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo

Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)

Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


Costa Rica

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


mikado

Borrowed from Japanese 御門 (mikado), from 御 (mi, “honorable”) + 門 (kado, “gate, portal”).


Paraná

Borrowed from Spanish Paraná or Portuguese Paraná, both from Old Tupi paranã (“river”).

Paraná (a river in central and southern South America)


Winnipeg

Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye

* From English Winnipeg; see English etymology for more information. Rendered as Ouinipigon by La Vérendrye.

Winnipeg, Lake Winnipeg (a large lake in Manitoba, Canada)

Lake of the Woods
Lake of the Woods#English

Winnipeg, Winnipeg River (a river that flows 813 km from Lake of the Woods, Ontario, Canada into Lake Winnipeg)


Salvador

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


japonais

→ Rade: Za pô nê


pays du Soleil Levant

le pays du Soleil Levant (canonical masculine)
pays du Soleil-Levant (alternative)

Land of the Rising Sun
Land of the Rising Sun

(periphrasis) the Land of the Rising Sun (Japan)


continent

Antillean Creole: kontinan

Haitian Creole: kontinan

→ Romanian: continent


canal

→ Persian: کانال (kânâl)

→ Romanian: canal

→ Turkish: kanal

Borrowed from Latin canālis. Doublet of chenal.

channel (broadcasting: specific radio frequency or band of frequencies)


Europe

From Latin Eurōpa, from Ancient Greek Εὐρώπα (Eurṓpa), a character in Greek mythology.


Palestine

Palestine (a region of Western Asia, in the Middle East)

Palestine (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


latino

fr-adj

latino (feminine latino or latina, masculine plural latinos, feminine plural latinos or latinas)

latino (feminine)
latina (feminine)
latinos (masculine plural)
latinos (feminine plural)
latinas (feminine plural)


allemand

allemand (feminine allemande, masculine plural allemands, feminine plural allemandes)

allemande (feminine)
allemands (masculine plural)
allemandes (feminine plural)

From Late Latin Alamannus or Alemannus (related to Alamans, ancient Germanic people for whom the name meant "all men", "all people", according to Asinius Quadratus). aleman became alemant by the addition of a terminal T of the singular objective case for adjectives of second class in Old French, and then alemand. The Latin word itself derives from the Old High German Alaman, from a Proto-Germanic *Alamanniz, likely from the roots *allaz (whence English all) and *manniz < *mann- (whence English man).

J’ai acheté une voiture allemande.

Les contes allemands sont fameux.

(relational) German (related to or originating from Germany)


anglais

Il parle anglais.


mer

Antillean Creole: lanmè

Haitian Creole: lanmè

→ Volapük: mel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mer-?
Proto-Indo-European *móri
Proto-Italic *mari
Latin mare
Old French mer
Middle French mer
French mer
Inherited from Middle French mer, from Old French mer, from Latin mare, from Proto-Italic *mari, from Proto-Indo-European *móri.
The word is almost unparalleled as a Latin neuter that has become feminine without being a backformation from a plural in -a (French -e). This has been ascribed to the influence of terre (“land”). In most other Romance languages it is a masculine, the main exception being Romanian mare f.

etymon

J’aime, j’aime, j’aime la solitude parfois. mais j’aime pas les cris quand ils ne s’arrêtent pas, quand les émotions me plongent en mer enragée, quand le manque de moi me fait divaguer.

I love, I love, I sometimes love the loneliness/solitude. But I don't love the crying [cries] when it [they] won't stop, when the emotions plunge me into the enraged sea, when the absence of myself makes me wander.

(uncountable, used with the definite article) the ocean (the continuous body of salt water covering a majority of the Earth's surface)


Roumanie

→ Persian: رومانی (rumâni)

→ Vietnamese: Ru-ma-ni

desc

→ Lao: ລູມານີ (lū mā nī)

→ Lao: ລູມານີ (lū mā nī)

From Latin Romania; alternatively, roumain + -ie.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


Orne

From Latin olinas, a homonym of Fluvius Olne, of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *olīnā (“elbow”).

Orne (a river in Normandy, in northwestern France)


Moscovite

fr-noun

Moscovite m or f by sense (plural Moscovites)

Muscovite (resident or native of Moscow; used of both genders)


français

fr-adj

français (feminine française, masculine plural français, feminine plural françaises)

française (feminine)
français (masculine plural)
françaises (feminine plural)
françois (alternative)
François (alternative)

Altered from Middle French françois, from Old French françois, franceis, from France + -ois, corresponding to Early Medieval Latin francēnsis, from Late Latin Francus (“a Frank”). By surface analysis, France + -ais.

(Louisiana) Franco-American or Francophone


Juneau

English: Juneau

Juneau (the capital city of Alaska, United States).


Maine

From earlier Maienne, from Latin Meduāna, of uncertain origin. Doublet of Mayenne.


Surinam

Alternative spelling of Suriname: Suriname (a country in South America)


Malte

→ Persian: مالت (mâlt)

From Italian and Maltese Malta, from Arabic مالطا, from Latin Melita.

Malta (an island country in Southern Europe)

Malta (The largest island in the Maltese Archipelago)


tsar

tsars (plural)
czar (alternative)
tzar (alternative)

desc

→ Persian: تزار (tezâr), تسار (tesâr) (rare)

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of César.


aber

(geography) a ria, especially one in Brittany


Khmer

fr-noun

Khmer m (plural Khmers, feminine Khmère)


massif

fr-adj

massif (feminine massive, masculine plural massifs, feminine plural massives)

massive (feminine)
massifs (masculine plural)
massives (feminine plural)

Inherited from Old French massiz (with the suffix replaced by -if), from Vulgar Latin *massīcius, from Latin massa.


yin-yang

(Chinese philosophy) yin-yang (opposite principles in Chinese philosophy)


Danube

Inherited from Middle French Danube, from Old French Danube (att. since mid-12th c.), borrowed from Latin Dānubius, from Proto-Celtic *Dānowyos, an extended form of the river-name *Dānu, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂nu (“river goddess”), akin to *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion; to flow”).

der

Danube (a river in Europe; flowing 2850 kilometers from the confluence of the Breg and Brigach at Donaueschingen, Germany, into the Black Sea in Romania)


cap

Borrowed from Occitan cap, from Latin caput. Doublet of chef.


Alpes

→ Belarusian: А́льпы (Álʹpy)

→ Bulgarian: А́лпи (Álpi)

→ Middle English: Alpes

desctree

English: Alps
→ Hindi: ऐल्प्स (ailps)
→ Japanese: アルプス (Arupusu)
→ Urdu: الپس (alps)

→ Macedonian: А́лпи (Álpi)

→ Ottoman Turkish: آلپ (Alp)

→ Ottoman Turkish: آلپلر (Alpler)

Turkish: Alpler

→ Persian: آلپ (âlp)

→ Romanian: Alpi

→ Russian: А́льпы (Álʹpy)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Алпи

desc

Latin script: Ȃlpe, Alpi (Bosnia, Serbia)

LL-Q150 (fra)-Bastenbas (Lingua)-La Salle-les-Alpes.wav

Alps (a mountain range in Western Europe)


gouffre

Inherited from Old French gofre, with metathesis from Vulgar Latin or Late Latin colfus, culfus, variants of colpus, from Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos).


glacier

glace (“mirror; ice-cream”) + -ier (occupational suffix).


Italie

From Latin Italia via Ancient Greek Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ (Ītalíā), from Oscan 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (víteliú, “land of bulls”), a name for the southwestern tip of the boot of Italy; usually assumed to be a cognate of vitulus (“calf”).


val

Inherited from Old French val, from Latin vallem.


Chypre

→ Khmer: ស៊ីប (siip)

→ Lao: ຊີບ (sīp)

→ Vietnamese: Síp

From Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros).

République de Chypre
République de Chypre#French

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia; official name: République de Chypre)


col

→ Hausa: kwal

Inherited from Old French col, from Latin collum (“neck”). Doublet of cou.

(geography) col (dip on a mountain ridge)


libanais

fr-adj

libanais (feminine libanaise, masculine plural libanais, feminine plural libanaises)

libanaise (feminine)
libanais (masculine plural)
libanaises (feminine plural)


bayou

a stagnant body of water left behind by the meandering of the Mississippi River in Louisiana or elsewhere; a bayou


fjord

→ Romanian: fiord

→ Turkish: fiyort

→ Vietnamese: phi-oóc

Borrowed from Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr. Doublet of port.


khan

From Old French chan, from Medieval Latin canus, caanus, of Turkic origin, from Old Turkic xān (“Central Asian khan”), probably ultimately of non-Turkic (Central Asian) origin.


lac

Inherited from Middle French lac, from Old French lac, a replacement of earlier lai (“pit, trench, ditch, grave, mere, pond”) (see Old French lac). Generally inferred as a borrowing of Latin lacus (“lake”), from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”).


pueblo

From Spanish pueblo. Doublet of people and peuple.

Holonym: amérindien

Meronyms: hopi, zuñi


rive

Inherited from Old French, from Latin rīpa, from Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“to cut, tear, scratch”).


maki

Borrowed from Japanese maki (maki), from まき, from 巻き.


Türkiye

Grâce à la forte participation de l’ONU, de la Türkiye et d’autres partenaires, nous avons montré comment la coopération de quelques-uns peut rétablir la sécurité alimentaire pour beaucoup.

2022, Rafael Barracuda, Comment améliorer le monde: Comment obtenir la paix, la sécurité, la santé et le bonheur ?, →ISBN:

De même, dans les affaires administratives, les différences sont vastes, la Croatie et l’Italie ont déclaré que plus de la moitié des affaires pendantes avaient plus de deux ans, suivies par l’Ukraine (39,6%) et la Türkiye (30,6%).

2022, Systèmes judiciaires européens - Rapport d’évaluation de la CEPEJ - 2022 Partie 1: Tableaux, graphiques et analyses, Conseil de l’Europe, →ISBN, page 163:

Le projet devrait être appliqué en Algérie, en Tunisie, en Palestine, en Égypte, en Jordanie et en Türkiye d’ici 2022.

2022, Traverser la crise du COVID-19 et préparer l’avenir: La reprise dans la région MENA, OCDE, →ISBN, page 82:

Les ministres de la Türkiye, de l’Allemagne, des États-Unis et du Maroc au stand de ce dernier lors de la visite de l’exposition.

2022, “Exhibition & Side Events”, in Transport for Inclusive Societies: Summit Highlights in Pictures, 18-22 May 2022, Leipzig, International Transport Forum, page 33:

Bien que les élèves du Luxembourg et de la Türkiye bénéficient de 15 semaines de vacances par an, celles-ci sont réparties en six périodes de vacances au Luxembourg, et en deux périodes en Türkiye (figure 17.6).

2022, Rapport mondial de suivi sur l’éducation: Les acteurs non étatiques dans l’éducation, UNESCO, →ISBN, page 332:

(neologism) Türkiye, Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


Inde

Borrowed from Classical Persian هِنْد (hind, “India”).


Gibraltar

Gibraltar (a peninsula, city, and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, at the southern end of Iberia)


Belgique

→ Persian: بلژیک (belžik)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بلچیقه (belçika)

> Turkish: Belçika (inherited)

→ Azerbaijani: Belçika

→ Crimean Tatar: Belçika

→ Central Kurdish: بەلجیکا (belcîka)

→ Arabic: بِلْجِيكَا (biljīkā)

Originally an adjective, borrowed from Latin Belgicus; morphologically, from Belge + -ique. Noun use arose by ellipsis of province belgique.

Royaume de Belgique
Royaume de Belgique#English

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France; official name: Royaume de Belgique)


saké

→ Romanian: sake n

→ Turkish: sake

Borrowed from Japanese 酒 (sake, “rice wine”).


Autriche

→ Persian: اتریش (otriš)

→ Northern Kurdish: Otrîş

→ Lao: ໂອຕຣິດ (ʼōt rit)

→ Khmer: អូទ្រីស (ʼoutriih)

→ Mauritian Creole: Otrish

From Middle French Aust(e)riche, Ost(e)riche, from Old French Ostriche (ca. 1200), from Middle High German Ōsterīche, from Old High German Ōstarrīhhi (literally “eastern realm”).


Danemark

→ Persian: دانمارک (dânmârk)

il y a quelque chose de pourri au royaume du Danemark


Irak

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Alabama

Borrowed from English Alabama, itself likely from Alabama Albaamaha.

Demain, je vais dans l’Alabama rendre visite à ma grand-mère.

Tomorrow, I'm going to Alabama to visit my grandmother.

États: Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · Californie · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Floride · Géorgie · Hawaï · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiane · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · Nouveau-Mexique · État de New York · Caroline du Nord · Dakota du Nord · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvanie · Rhode Island · Caroline du Sud · Dakota du Sud · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginie · Washington · Virginie-Occidentale · Wisconsin · Wyoming

Samoa américaines · Guam · Îles Mariannes du Nord · Porto Rico · îles mineures éloignées des États-Unis · Îles Vierges des États-Unis


Colorado

Gulf of California
Gulf of California#English

The Colorado River (a major river of western North America, running from the Rocky Mountains in the United States to the Gulf of California in Mexico.)


Sami

Samis (plural)
Samie (feminine)
Saame (alternative)
Saami (alternative)
Sâme (alternative)
Sámi (alternative)


Albion

« Attaquons dans ses eaux la perfide Albion. »

1793, Augustin Louis de Ximénès, L'Ère des Français:

"Let us attack perfidious Albion in her waters."

« Et la guerre ? Et les forfanteries de la perfide Albion tournant en eau de boudin ? Farce ! Farce ! »

1878, Gustave Flaubert, Correspondances:

"What about war? And what about the conceitedness of the perfidious Albion petering out? What a joke! What a joke!

« Perfide Albion je te maudis / Depuis le jour où tu m’as séduit / Je pense à toi en plein Paris / C’est malgré moi j’ai le mal de ton pays

1982, Yves Martin, Perfide Albion, Saban Records

"Damn you, Perfidious Albion / Since the day you seduced me / I think about you in the middle of Paris / It is in spite of myself that I am homesick for you"


Rhin

From Old High German Rīn, from Proto-West Germanic *Rīn.

Rhine (a major river in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, France, Germany and the Netherlands)


piscine

From Latin piscīna (“fishpond; swimming pool”), from piscis (“fish”), from Proto-Indo-European *peysk-.


Huang He

Yellow River, Huang He (a river in northern China)


colline

Borrowed from Italian collina, from Late Latin collina, from Latin collinus.

Elle m’a dit d’aller siffler là-haut sur la colline.

She told me to go thither and whistle on the hill.


taekwondo

[around 1980] Unadapted borrowing from Korean 태권도(跆拳道) (taegwondo).

ubor

je pratique le taekwondo


Japon

⇒ Haitian Creole: Japon

→ Italian: Giappone

→ Khmer: ជប៉ុន (cĕəʼpon)

⇒ Lombard: Gjapon

→ Norman: Japon

→ Persian:

Iranian Persian: ژاپُن (žâpon)

⇒ Piedmontese: Giapon

→ Rade: Za pô nê (via japonais)

→ Turkish: Japon

→ Venetan: Giapòn

From Portuguese Japão, from Malay Jepang, from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún), from Middle Chinese 日本 (ȵiɪt̚ puən^X, literally “sun origin”).

der

Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


ukase

ukases (plural)
oukase (alternative)
oukaze (alternative)
ukaze (alternative)

→ Dutch: oekaze

Borrowed from Russian ука́з (ukáz, “edict, decree”).

bor+

(historical) ukase (a decree from a Russian ruler, or any absolute or arrogant order)


malaise

Les travaux de la Commission sur l’état d’urgence ont été interrompus mercredi après que l’un de ses avocats eût subi un malaise. Gabriel Poliquin questionnait alors le sous-solliciteur général de l’Ontario, Mario Di Tommaso, lorsqu’il s’est subitement effondré.

2022, Mylène Crête, “Un avocat victime d'un malaise, les travaux interrompus”, in La Presse:

The work of the Public Order Emergency Commission was interrupted Wednesday after one of its attorneys suddenly fell ill. Gabriel Poliquin was questioning the deputy solicitor general of Ontario, Mario Di Tommaso, when he suddenly collapsed.

episode of being taken ill, especially suddenly


Allemagne

→ Ottoman Turkish: آلمانیه (Almanya)

> Turkish: Almanya (inherited)

→ Northern Kurdish: Almanya

→ Abkhaz: алман (alman)

→ Persian:

Dari: آلْمَان (ālmān)

Iranian Persian: آلمان (âlmân)

Tajik: Олмон (Olmon)

→ Vietnamese: An Lê Mân

→ Malagasy: Alemaina

Inherited from Old French Alemaigne, from Latin Alemannia. Compare Portuguese Alemanha, Spanish Alemania, English Almain.

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


Maurice

→ English: Maurice

→ English: Morris

→ Persian: موریس (moris)

Mauritius (A country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (The main island of the country of Mauritius)


couronne

Inherited from Old French corone, inherited from Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē).


Angleterre

desctree

Italian: Inghilterra
→ Arabic: إِنْجِلْتِرَا (ʔinjiltirā)
→ Maltese: Ingilterra
→ Ottoman Turkish: انكلتره
> Turkish: İngiltere (inherited)
→ Azerbaijani: İngiltərə

/ɑ̃.ɡlə.tɛʁ/

Inherited from Middle French Angleterre, Engleterre, from Old French Engleterre, calque of Old English Engla land.

England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)

(informal, often proscribed) England (informal name of the United Kingdom, a country in Western Europe)


plage

→ Albanian: plazh

→ Armenian: փլաժ (pʻlaž)

→ Antillean Creole: plaj

→ Belarusian: пляж (pljaž)

→ Bulgarian: плаж (plaž)

→ Czech: pláž

→ English: plage

→ Greek: πλαζ (plaz)

→ Luxembourgish: Plage

→ Macedonian: плажа (plaža)

→ Ottoman Turkish:

Turkish: plaj

→ Persian: پلاژ (pelâž)

→ Polish: plaża

→ Romanian: plajă

→ Russian: пляж (pljaž)
→ Armenian: պլյաժ (plyaž)
→ Avar: пляж (pljaž)
→ Georgian: პლაჟი (ṗlaži), პლიაჟი (ṗliaži) — nonstandard
→ Tajik: пляж (plyaž)
→ Turkmen: plýaž
→ Uzbek: plyaj

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: плажа

Latin script: plaža

→ Slovak: pláž

→ Slovene: plaža

→ Ukrainian: пляж (pljaž)

→ Yiddish: פּלאַזשע (plazhe)

From Middle French plage (ca. 1300), borrowed from Medieval Latin plagia, in part after Italian piaggia (modern spiaggia). See the Latin for further cognates.


Detroit

Borrowed from English Detroit, from French Détroit, from détroit.

A river in Michigan, United States and Ontario, Canada


Sahara

Borrowed from Arabic صَحْرَاء (ṣaḥrāʔ, “desert”).

bor+

Holonym: Afrique

Meronyms: désert de Libye, désert Libyque


Cheyenne

fr-noun

Cheyenne m or f by sense (plural Cheyennes)


Éthiopie

→ Khmer: អេត្យូពី (ʼeetyoupii)

desc

→ Lao: ເອທິໂອປີ (ʼē thi ʼō pī)

→ Lao: ເອທິໂອປີ (ʼē thi ʼō pī)

→ Persian: اتیوپی (etyupi)

Learned borrowing from Latin Aethiopia, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek Αἰθιοπία (Aithiopía).

Ethiopie (alternative)
Æthiopie (alternative)


Allemand

fr-noun

Allemand m (plural Allemands, feminine Allemande)

Turkish: Alman


Américain

Américain m (plural Américains, feminine Américaine)

Américains (plural)
Américaine (feminine)
Amériquain (alternative)

United States of America
United States of America

American; someone born in, or a citizen or inhabitant of, the United States of America


Anglais

Anglais m (plural Anglais, feminine Anglaise)

Anglais (plural)
Anglaise (feminine)
Anglois (alternative)

(Louisiana) an Anglo-American or English speaker, as opposed to someone with French ancestry


Argentine

→? Japanese: アルゼンチン (Aruzenchin)

→ Persian: آرژانتین (âržântin)


Atlas

Learned borrowing from Latin Atlas, from Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas).


Canadien

Le Canadien a entamé la deuxième moitié de saison sur une note positive en signant un difficile gain de 2-1 lors de leur premier match au Centre Bell depuis le 17 décembre.

2016 January 6, Michel Lamarche, “Rien de mieux que la maison”, in Réseau des sports, archived from the original on 2016-01-10:

The Habs started the second half of the season on a positive note with a tough 2-1 win in their first game at the Bell Centre since December 17.

(ice hockey) The Montreal Canadiens hockey club.


Cher

Named after the Cher River, from the pre-Indo-European substrate hydronym *kʰar- (“stone”) (compare Ancient Greek κάρκαρος (kárkaros, “rough, jagged”)).

cog

Cher (a left tributary of the Loire, in central France)


Chili

→ Persian: شیلی (šili)


Chine

From Persian چینی (čini, “Chinese; porcelain”), compound of چین (čin, “China”) and the suffix ـی (-i), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn, “China”), ultimately from Sanskrit चीन (cīna).


Français

fr-noun

Français m (plural Français, feminine Française)

Louisiana Creole: Françé, Fransé

(Louisiana) anybody with French ancestry or who is Francophone


Gard

Gardon, Gard (a right tributary of the Rhône, in southern France)


Hongrois

Hongrois m (plural Hongrois, feminine Hongroise)

Hungarian, resident or native of Hungary (male or of unspecified gender)


Italien

Italien m (plural Italiens, feminine Italienne)


Japonais

Japonais m (plural Japonais, feminine Japonaise)

resident or native of Japan; Japanese person (male or of unspecified gender)


Libanais

Libanais m (plural Libanais, feminine Libanaise)


Lot

Inherited from Late Latin Oltis (Gallo-Roman).

Lot (a right tributary of the Garonne, in southern France)


Malais

Malais m (plural Malais, feminine Malaise)


Nile (a major river in Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi)


Pique

A left tributary of the Garonne, Occitanie, France.


Seine

LL-Q150 (fra)-Bastenbas (Bastenbas (Lingua))-Asnières-sur-Seine.wav

Inherited from Latin Sequana, from a Celtic deity who descended from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon.

Seine (a major river in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Grand Est, Île-de-France and Normandy regions, France)


Tarn

Tarn (a right tributary of the Garonne, Occitanie, France)


Tigre

From Latin Tigris, from Ancient Greek Τίγρις (Tígris), from Old Persian 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (Tigrā), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (Idiglat), from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (Idigna, literally “fast as an arrow”).


Vienne

→ Persian: وین (viyan)

Of disputed origin. Perhaps from the Roman name, Latin Vindobona, or possibly from a Celtic word *Veduna (“forest stream”), which would justify the phonetic evolution into the modern french form. Compare Proto-Celtic *widus (“woodland”).

Vienne (a left tributary of the Loire, in southwest France)


basque

Dictionnaire de la langue française
Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
fr:basque
Émile Littré

Inherited from Old French baste, probably borrowed from Provençal or Occitan basto, from Frankish *bastijan (“to weave, plait, sew”). But others suggest it was named after the fashion of the Basques, the same as basquine and Spanish basquiña.

skirt, skirts (of a jacket, morning coat etc.); basque (of waistcoat)


basque

Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange#Works
fr:basque

This form is inherited from Middle French and took precedence in the mid 15th century. Derived from Latin Vascō, singular form of the plural noun Vascones (see there for more).
The transition of the initial -v- to -b- indicates a likely loan from Spanish or Occitan. Old French forms included bascle, and Old Provençal (Occitan), bascon, basclon. Medieval Latin had the plurals bascli, basculi, and basclos, basculos, but also basclones, basculones, while Renaissance Latin used Basculus among other names. The latinate forms with a v have remained in use too. Doublet of gascon and Vascon, from the accusative form Vasconem. A connection to the family of Basque euskal, euskara is uncertain.

Il n’était pas fidèle, et elles se suspendaient d’autant plus facilement à ses basques que lui ne pensait qu’à se défiler.

2015 January, Virginie Despentes, Vernon Subutex, volume 1, Éditions Grasset, →ISBN, page 15:


basque

→ English: Basque
→ Welsh: Basg

⇒ Irish: Bascach, Bascais


occitan

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Occitānus in the phrase lingua Occitāna, Latinization of langue d’oc. The ending -itanus perhaps after aquitanus.


occitan

fr-adj

occitan (feminine occitane, masculine plural occitans, feminine plural occitanes)

occitane (feminine)
occitans (masculine plural)
occitanes (feminine plural)


Égypte

Antillean Creole: Ejip, Éjip

Haitian Creole: Ejip

Bourbonnais Creole:

Réunion Creole French: Ézip

→ Breton: Egipt

→ Jarai: čar Êjĭp

→ Khmer: អេហ្ស៊ីប (ʼeeziip)

→ Lao: ເອຢິບ (ʼē yip)

→ Lingala: Ejipte

→ Malagasy: Ejipta

→ Romanian: Egipt

Inherited from Middle French Egypte, from Old French Egypte, borrowed from Latin Aegyptus, from Ancient Greek Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos).

Egypte (alternative)
Ægypte (alternative)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Côte d'Ivoire

Japanese: コートジボワール (Kōto Jibowāru)

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


Manche

(with the definite article) the English Channel (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between France and England)


Indien

fr-noun

Indien m (plural Indiens, feminine Indienne)


indien

fr-adj

indien (feminine indienne, masculine plural indiens, feminine plural indiennes)

indienne (feminine)
indiens (masculine plural)
indiennes (feminine plural)


indien

fr-noun

indien m (plural indiens, feminine indienne)


Bhoutan

→ Breton: Bhoutan

→ English: Bhutan (see there for further descendants)

→ Khmer: ប៊ូតង់ (buutɑng)

→ Lao: ບູຕັງ (bū tang)

Probably borrowed from Nepali भुटान (bhuṭān), from Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta, “Tibet”, literally “end of Tibet”); probably ultimately from Tibetan བོད (bod, “Tibet”). Traditionally considered to be derived via Sanskrit भोटान्त (bhoṭānta), but that word is probably a Prakritism.

der

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


Levant

Levant (a region of Western Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea)


plateau

→ Catalan: plató

→ Danish: plateau

→ Dutch: plateau

→ English: plateau

→ German: Plateau

→ Greek: πλατό (plató)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: platå

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: platå

→ Portuguese: platô

→ Romanian: platou

desctree

→ Russian: плато́ (plató)
→ Ukrainian: плато́ (plató)

→ Spanish: plató

→ Swedish: platå

→ Turkish: plato


Fidji

Ultimately from Fijian Viti Levu (“Great Viti”).

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


Ain

Named after the River Ain, from Medieval Latin Hinnis, from earlier Igneus, of pre-Roman, probably Celtic, origin; perhaps Proto-Celtic *inn, itself likely related to the river River Inn (Latin Aenus), both related to *enios (“water”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”), found in many placenames such as the settlement Aenona.


Meuse

LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-Félicité de Choiseul-Meuse.wav

Meuse, Maas (major river in northeastern France, Belgium and the Netherlands)


Katar

Alternative form of Qatar: Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Liban

From Latin Libanus, from Ancient Greek Λίβανος (Líbanos), from a Semitic source.

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


États-Unis

→ Persian: اتازونی (etâzuni)

Haitian Creole: Etazini

From États (“states”) + unis (“united”), calque of English United States.

Les États-Unis sont un grand pays.

United States (a country in North America)


océan

Learned borrowing from Latin Ōceanus, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós).

Coordinate term: mer

(countable) an ocean (one of the large bodies of water separating the continents)

(uncountable, with the definite article) the ocean (the continuous body of salt water covering a majority of the Earth's surface)


Islande

→ Greek: Ισλανδία f (Islandía)

→ Persian: ایسلند (island)

Borrowed from Icelandic Ísland, from Old Norse íss (“ice”) + land (“land, country”).


Lettonie

→ Persian: لتونی (letoni)


cham

Borrowed from Vietnamese Chăm, from Eastern Cham Cam.


Libyen

fr-noun

Libyen m (plural Libyens, feminine Libyenne)


Baton Rouge

Bâton-Rouge (alternative)
Bâton Rouge (alternative)

Baton Rouge (the capital city of Louisiana, United States)


Maghreb

Borrowed from Arabic مَغْرِب (maḡrib, literally “where the sun sets, the West”).


moraine

→ Catalan: morena

desctree

→ English: moraine
→ Irish: moiréan
→ Korean: 모레인 (morein)

→ Spanish: morrena

→ Romanian: morenă

From Savoyard Italian morena, from Franco-Provençal mor, morre (“muzzle, snout”), from Vulgar Latin *murrum.


maharaja

fr-noun

maharaja m (plural maharajas, feminine maharani)

maharajas (plural)
maharani (feminine)
maharadja (alternative)


butte

→ English: butte

Faire une butte autour des plantes de pomme de terre.

(archery) a mound of dirt upon which targets were placed to practice shooting


Andes

cordillère des Andes
cordillère des Andes#French

Synonym of cordillère des Andes (“Andes”)


Albanie

→ Persian: آلبانی (âlbâni)

→ Vietnamese: An-ba-ni

Mauritian Creole: Albani


Viêt Nam

Alternative spelling of Vietnam: Vietnam (a country in Southeast Asia)


Tour de France

LL-Q150 (fra)-DenisdeShawi-Tour de France.wav

(cycling) Tour de France (annual cycling race through France)


bulgogi

Borrowed from Korean 불고기 (bulgogi, from 불 (bul, “fire”) + 고기 (gogi, “meat”)).


Galles

Haitian Creole: Gal


bruxellois

fr-adj

bruxellois (feminine bruxelloise, masculine plural bruxellois, feminine plural bruxelloises)

bruxelloise (feminine)
bruxellois (masculine plural)
bruxelloises (feminine plural)


Etats-Unis

Alternative spelling of États-Unis (“United States (a country in North America)”)


espagnol

espagnol (feminine espagnole, masculine plural espagnols, feminine plural espagnoles)

espagnole (feminine)
espagnols (masculine plural)
espagnoles (feminine plural)

From Spanish español or from Middle French espaignol, from Old French espagneul or espaigneul, borrowed from Old Occitan espaignol, espainol, from a Vulgar Latin *Hispaniolus, from Latin Hispānus, from Hispania. Doublet of épagneul.

L’Inquisition espagnole s’appelle ainsi parce qu’elle était la contribution -ardente- de l’état espagnol à la lutte contre l’hérésie

The Spanish Inquisition was thus named because it was the -ardent- contribution of the Spanish state to the fight against heresy

Spanish, from or otherwise related to Spain, its people etc.


Espagne

⇒ Haitian Creole: Espay

→ Khmer: អេស្ប៉ាញ (ʼeespaañ)

desc

→ Lao: ເອັສປາຍ (ʼet pāi)

→ Lao: ເອັສປາຍ (ʼet pāi)

Inherited from Old French Espangne, Espaigne, from Latin Hispānia. The /s/ was preserved or reinstated under learned influence (instead of expected *Épagne).

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Pyrénées

→ Ottoman Turkish: پیرنه (Pirene)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پیرنهلر (Pireneler)

Turkish: Pireneler

→ Persian: پیرنه (pirene)

From Latin Pȳrēnaeī montēs, from Ancient Greek Πῡρήνη (Pūrḗnē).

Pyrenees (a mountain range between France and Spain)


Suisse

→ Chinese: 瑞士 (Ruìshì)

→ Japanese: スイス (Suisu)

→ Korean: 스위스 (seuwiseu)

→ Persian: سوئیس (su'is)

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


îlot

îlots (plural)
ilot (alternative)
ilôt (alternative)


Israël

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)


Egypte

Alternative form of Égypte: Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


bosquet

→ Romanian: boschet

Borrowed from Occitan bosquet, from Frankish *busk + -et (diminutive ending). Doublet of bochet. Compare Italian boschetto.


montagne

Inherited from Middle French montaigne, from Old French montaigne, from Early Medieval Latin montānia, a collective based on Latin montem.

si la montagne ne va pas à toi, va à la montagne

des montagnes de dettes

en faire une montagne


ru

Inherited from Old French ru, riu, from Vulgar Latin *rius, from Latin rīvus (“brook, small stream”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rih₂wós (from *h₃reyh₂- (“to flow; to move, set in motion”) + *-wós).


amstellodamois

fr-adj

amstellodamois (feminine amstellodamoise, masculine plural amstellodamois, feminine plural amstellodamoises)

amstellodamoise (feminine)
amstellodamois (masculine plural)
amstellodamoises (feminine plural)


Aquitaine

→ English: Aquitaine

Borrowed from Latin Aquitania. Doublet of the inherited Guyenne and Guienne, from Old French Aguyenne.

Gallia Aquitanica
Gallia Aquitanica#English

Gallia Aquitanica (a province of the Roman Empire)


île

îles (plural)
ile (alternative)
isle (alternative)

Antillean Creole: zil

Haitian Creole: zil, zile

Mauritian Creole: zil

Originally written isle; from Middle French isle, from Old French isle, from Vulgar Latin *īsula, from Classical Latin īnsula. Compare isoler, péninsule and insulaire.


Grande-Bretagne

(loosely) Great Britain, United Kingdom (a country in Western Europe)


Royaume-Uni

le Royaume-Uni (canonical masculine)
RU (alternative)
R.-U. (alternative)

Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord

United Kingdom (a country in Western Europe)


étang

Derived from the Old French verb estanchier, through an earlier form estanc. Unrelated to Latin stāgnum (“pond”), which influenced the change in spelling from ⟨c⟩ to ⟨g⟩.


Sibérie

→ Persian: سیبری (siberi)


polonaise

→ English: polonaise

→ Dutch: polonaise

→ German: Polonäse

→ Greek: πολωνέζα (polonéza)

→ Persian: پولونز (polonez)

→ Polish: polonez

→ Russian: полоне́з (polonéz)

→ Turkish: polonez


rivière

→ English: rivière

From Middle French riviere, from Old French riviere, from Early Medieval Latin rīpāria.

a river (one that flows into a river, lake, bay, etc., but not into an ocean or sea)

les petits ruisseaux font les grandes rivières


Ancien Régime

From ancien (“former”) + régime (“rule, order”).


chaebol

(business) chaebol (a large, family-controlled, South Korean business conglomerate)


côte

Inherited from Middle French coste, from Old French coste, from Latin costa, from Proto-Indo-European *kost-.


suédois

Haitian Creole: syedwa


danois

danois (feminine danoise, masculine plural danois, feminine plural danoises)

danoise (feminine)
danois (masculine plural)
danoises (feminine plural)


néerlandais

néerlandais (feminine néerlandaise, masculine plural néerlandais, feminine plural néerlandaises)

néerlandaise (feminine)
néerlandais (masculine plural)
néerlandaises (feminine plural)
néerl. (alternative)


finnois

Haitian Creole: finwa


finnois

finnois (feminine finnoise, masculine plural finnois, feminine plural finnoises)

finnoise (feminine)
finnois (masculine plural)
finnoises (feminine plural)

Finnish (related to the Finnish language)


grec

fr-noun

grec m (countable and uncountable, plural grecs)

Inherited from Middle French grec, borrowed from Latin graecus, from Ancient Greek Γραικός (Graikós).
This learned form supplanted the older grégeois (now only in feu grégeois), from Old French grezois, derived from inherited Old French gri(e)u with the ending -ois, or possibly stemming from a Vulgar Latin *graeciscus.
The feminine form in -cque is a remnant of an older spelling habit, which has occasionally survived after -e- (compare Mecque), possibly in order to avoid the grave accent (*grèque).


irlandais

From Irlande (“Ireland”) + -ais (demonym suffix).


letton

Certaines reconstructions ont montré que le letton et le lituanien sont les langues encore parlées qui se rapprochent le plus de l’indo-européen.

Certain reconstructions have shown that Latvian and Lithuanian are the languages still spoken which approach closest to Indo-European.


slovaque

Slovak, Slovakian, the Slovakian language


Sacramento

Sacramento, the capital city of California, United States.


Elbe

Elbe (a major river of the Czech Republic and Germany)

Tuscan Archipelago
Tuscan Archipelago#English

Elba (an island in the Tuscan Archipelago)


Letton

fr-noun

Letton m (plural Lettons, feminine Lettonne or Lettone)

Lettons (plural)
Lettonne (feminine)
Lettone (feminine)


Serbe

From Serbo-Croatian Srb, from Proto-Slavic *sьrbъ.


Siam

(historical) Siam (The former name of Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia)


sommet

Inherited from Old French somet, sommette, diminutive derivation of som (“highest part, top of a hill”) from Latin summum.

Nous avons convenu d’organiser régulièrement des sommets Royaume-Uni-UE réunissant les chefs d’État et de gouvernement pour examiner les progrès accomplis, en commençant par un sommet au cours du premier semestre de l’année prochaine.

We agreed to periodically organize EU-United-Kingdom summits where heads of State and of government will meet to consider the accomplished progresses, starting by next summit during the first semester of next year.


Dominique

Borrowed from Late Latin Dominicus, derived from Dominus (“Lord”).

a male given name, equivalent to English Dominic


Dominique

a female given name, masculine equivalent Dominic

Dominica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Soudan

Borrowed from Arabic سُودَان (sūdān, “black people”, plural of أَسْوَد (ʔaswad)).

bor+

plural of <i class="Arab mention" lang="ar">أَسْوَد</i> (ʔaswad)

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


Russie

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Russi, alternatively from russe + -ie.

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Estonie

→ Persian: استونی (estoni)


Andorre

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


Finlande

→ Persian: فنلاند (fanlând)

Haitian Creole: Fenlann


Cambodge

→ English: Cambodia

→ Persian: کامبوج (kâmboj)

desctree

→ Russian: Камбоджа (Kambodža)
→ Turkmen: Kamboja
→ Tajik: Камбоҷа (Kamboja)
→ Uyghur: كامبودژا (kambodzha)
→ Kyrgyz: Камбожа (Kamboja)

→ Vietnamese: Cam Bốt

Borrowed from Middle Khmer Kambuja (Modern Khmer កម្ពុជា (kampuciə)).


Hollande

(colloquial, by extension) Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


Pays-Bas

les Pays-Bas (canonical masculine plural)

From pays (“land, country”) + bas (“low, nether”), a calque of Dutch Nederland. Compare the obsolete borrowing Néerlande.

af

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands#English

constituent countries
constituent country

Netherlands (The main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located primarily in Western Europe bordering Germany and Belgium)

Netherlands, Kingdom of the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe, consisting of four constituent countries: the Netherlands per se, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten)


Écosse

Inherited from Middle French Escosse, from Old French Escoce, Escouce, from Latin Scōtia. The Old French variant with ou is the expected one. However, it seems unlikely that the word was inherited through Vulgar Latin in either form.

Scotland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom, located in northwest Europe to the north of England)


pays de Galles

→ Vietnamese: xứ Uên (calque)

→ Turkish: Galler

From pays (“land, country”) + de (“of”) + Galles (“Wales”).

Wales (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


Lituanie

→ Persian: لیتوانی (litvâni)

desc

→ Lao: ລີຕົວນີ (lī tūa nī)

→ Lao: ລີຕົວນີ (lī tūa nī)

→ Khmer: លីទុយអានី (liituyʼaanii)


Suède

→ Persian: سوئد (su'ed)


Australie

Literally, “the southern land”, from Latin australis (“southern”).

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


Afrique

Inherited from Old French Affrique, borrowed from Latin Āfrica.


États-Unis d'Amérique

fr-proper noun

États-Unis d’Amérique m pl (plural only)

États-Unis d’ Amérique (canonical masculine plural)
Etats-Unis d’Amérique (alternative)

Calque of English United States of America.

calque

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


états-unien

fr-adj

états-unien (feminine états-unienne, masculine plural états-uniens, feminine plural états-uniennes)

états-unienne (feminine)
états-uniens (masculine plural)
états-uniennes (feminine plural)
étasunien (alternative)
étatsunien (alternative)

(relational) United Statian, United Statesian; American


chinois

chinois (feminine chinoise, masculine plural chinois, feminine plural chinoises)

chinoise (feminine)
chinois (masculine plural)
chinoises (feminine plural)


Bulgarie

→ Vietnamese: Bun-ga-ri

From Latin Bulgaria; alternatively, bulgare + -ie.

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


Bolivie

→ Persian: بولیوی (bolivi)


Bermudes

Bermuda (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the North Atlantic Ocean)


Arménie

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


Brésil

→ Persian: برزیل (berezil)

Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


Croatie

→ Persian: کرواسی (korovâsi)

→ Khmer: ក្រូអាស៊ី (krouʼaasii)

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

La République de Croatie
La République de Croatie#French

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe; official name: La République de Croatie)


Grèce

Inherited from Old French Grece, from Latin Graecia


Irlande

→ Persian: ایرلند (irland)

Haitian Creole: Ilann


Macédoine

Inherited from Old French Macedoine, a semi-learned borrowing from Latin Macedonia, from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”), which see for more.

der

Macedonia (a region in the Balkans in Southeast Europe)

Macedonia (former name of North Macedonia, a country in the Balkans in Southeast Europe)


Mexique

Antillean Creole: Meksik

Haitian Creole: Meksik

desc

→ Arabic: المكسيك

→ Arabic: المكسيك

→ Persian: مکزیک (mekzik)

→ Khmer: ម៉ិចស៊ិក (məcsɨk)

→ Norman: Mexique

→ Romanian: Mexic

Borrowed from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco.


Norvège

→ Arabic: النرويج (an-nurwīj)

→ Persian: نروژ (norvež)

→ Ottoman Turkish: نرويج (Norvec)

> Turkish: Norveç (inherited)


Turquie

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Turcia, Turchia; alternatively from turc + -ie.

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


Hispaniola

Haitian Creole: Ispayola

Borrowed from Latin Hispāniola, a latinisation of Spanish la Española.

Hispaniola (an island in the Caribbean Sea)


Ypres

English: Ypres

First mentioned 1066, probably related to the river Ieperlee of Flanders, from Dutch iep (“elm tree”).


vallée

Inherited from Middle French valee, from Old French valee, from val + -ée, from Latin vallis. Cf. also Medieval Latin valleta.


Belge

Belgian person, resident or native of Belgium; used of both genders


ruisseau

From Old French ruissel, from Vulgar Latin *rivuscellum (“brook, stream”), from Latin *rīvusculum (“creek, rivulet”) + -ellum (“-elle: forming diminutives”), from rīvus (“rivulet”) + -usculum (“-cule: forming diminutives”). Compare Italian ruscello.


Maroc

→ Arabic: الْمَرُوك (al-marūk)


Bénin

→ Japanese: ベナン (Benan)

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


Corée du Nord

LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Corée du Nord.wav


coréen

fr-adj

coréen (feminine coréenne, masculine plural coréens, feminine plural coréennes)

coréenne (feminine)
coréens (masculine plural)
coréennes (feminine plural)


bulgare

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Bulgarus, from Old Church Slavonic блъгаринъ (blŭgarinŭ, “Bulgarian”). Doublet of bougre.


finlandais

fr-adj

finlandais (feminine finlandaise, masculine plural finlandais, feminine plural finlandaises)

finlandaise (feminine)
finlandais (masculine plural)
finlandaises (feminine plural)


géorgien

/ʒe.ɔʁ.ʒjɛ̃/


géorgien

géorgien (feminine géorgienne, masculine plural géorgiens, feminine plural géorgiennes)

géorgienne (feminine)
géorgiens (masculine plural)
géorgiennes (feminine plural)

/ʒe.ɔʁ.ʒjɛ̃/

(relational) of Georgia (country); Georgian

(relational) of Georgia (US state); Georgian


Gallois

fr-noun

Gallois m (plural Gallois, feminine Galloise)


Syrie

→ Khmer: ស៊ីរី (siirii)

→ Vietnamese: Xi-ri

From Latin Syria, from Ancient Greek Συρία (Suría).

Holonym: Proche-Orient

Meronym: Cœlé-Syrie

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Slovénie

→ Persian: اسلوونی (esloveni)

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


Slovaquie

→ Persian: اسلواکی (eslovâki)


Serbie

From Latin Serbia; alternatively, serbe + -ie.

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Nioué

Niue (an island and country in Polynesia in Oceania, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)


Monténégro

→ Persian: مونتهنگرو (monte-negro)

Borrowed from Venetan Montenegro (literally “black mountain”), a calque of Serbo-Croatian Cȓnā Gòra / Цр̑на̄ Го̀ра, referring to Mount Lovćen.

bor+

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Libye

→ Persian: لیبی (libi)


Jamaïque

Haitian Creole: Jamayik

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Grenade

English: Grenada

Borrowed from Spanish Granada (city, region; island), from Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa, initially a suburb of the city, then city, region).

der

Granada (a province of Andalusia, Spain)

Grenada (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Érythrée

l’Érythrée (canonical feminine)
Erythrée (alternative)

Haitian Creole: Eritre

→ Persian: اریتره (eritre)

→ Turkish: Eritre

From Latin erythraeus, as it was used in Erythraeum mare (“the Erythraean Sea”), from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “red”). The second sense is a semantic loan from Italian l'Eritrea, first used in Italian as an ellipsis of la Colonia eritrea (“Italian Eritrea”, literally “the Erythraean colony”).

En second lieu, si l’on dit que les Tyriens se servirent du même expédient dont commença à user Cléopatre à la Bataille d’Actium, & que ces Vaisseaux furent transportez à force de Bras, & d’Argent, de la mer Mediterranée dans l’Erythrée, l’intervalle de l’une à l’autre n’étant que de trois cens stades; la chose ne paroîtra pas non plus incroyable.

1730, Traitez géographiques et historiques, pages 40–41:

[...] il se demande [...] comment il a pu se faire au contraire que l’Érythrée ait conservé son niveau sans baisser.

1886, Géographie de Strabon, pages 95–96:

(obsolete or historical) Ellipsis of la mer Érythrée (“the Erythraean Sea”).

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


Indonésie

→ Persian: اندونزی (andonezi)

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


Géorgie

Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)


Corée du Sud

LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Corée du Sud.wav


Brunéi

Alternative spelling of Brunei: Brunei (a country in Southeast Asia)


Bosnie-Herzégovine

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Jordanie

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Kirghizistan

Kirghizstan (alternative)
Kirghizie (alternative)

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


Koweït

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Népal

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


Malaisie

→ Persian: مالزی (mâlezi)


Somalie

→ Persian: سومالی (somâli)

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


Singapour

→ Persian: سنگاپور (sangâpur)

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


Thaïlande

Haitian Creole: Tayilann


Moldavie

Persian: مولداوی (moldâvi)

From Moldave + -ie, from Latin Moldavia.

Western Moldavia
Western Moldavia#English

Moldova, Western Moldavia (a region in eastern Romania adjacent to the country of Moldova, once part of the principality of Moldova)


Barbade

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Comores

Union of the Comoros
Union of the Comoros

Comoros (A country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)

Comoros (an archipelago consisting of the Union of the Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte)


Cap Vert

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


Bahreïn

Borrowed from Arabic الْبَحْرَيْن (al-baḥrayn).

bor+

الْبَحْرَيْن

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


Afrique du Sud

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


Guinée-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau (a country in West Africa)


Biélorussie

Borrowed from Russian Белору́ссия (Belorússija).


Mauritanie

→ Persian: موریتانی (muritâni)


Micronésie

Micronesia (a geographical region of Oceania)

Micronesia (A country consisting of about 2000 islands in Oceania)


Ouganda

From Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


Tchèque

fr-noun

Tchèque m or f by sense (plural Tchèques)

→ Iranian Persian: چِک (ček)

→ Turkish: Çek

Czech (resident or native of the Czech Republic)


République tchèque

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


Nouvelle-Zélande

New Zealand (a country and archipelago in Oceania, to the east of Australia)


Arabie saoudite

Arabie Saoudite (alternative)
Arabie séoudite (alternative)
Arabie Séoudite (alternative)

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Azerbaïdjan

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish آذربایجان (Azerbaycan), from Classical Persian آذَرْبَایْجَان (āzarbāyjān).

der

آذَرْبَایْجَان

(original sense) Azerbaijan (a region in northwestern Iran, where ancient Atropatene was located, encompassing the modern provinces of Ardabil, East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan)

[from 20th c.] Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


Yémen

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Taïwan

Taiwan (an island and partly-recognized country in East Asia)

Anping District
Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)
fr:Taïwan


Trinité-et-Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English

Trinidad and Tobago (a country consisting of two main islands in the Caribbean)


Sainte-Lucie

Saint Lucia (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English:_Q691


Antigua-et-Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

Antigua and Barbuda (a country in the Caribbean)


Loire

→ Catalan: Loira

→ English: Loire

→ Polish: Loara

→ Spanish: Loira

Inherited from Latin Liger, itself borrowed from the native Gaulish name of the river, from *liga (“silt, sediment, deposit, alluvium”) (see also French lie, English lees), from Proto-Celtic *legyā, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie, lay”), the same source as many words in English such as lie, ledge, etc.

Centre-Val de Loire
Centre-Val de Loire#English

Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire#English

Loire (a major river in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Centre-Val de Loire and Pays de la Loire regions, France)


Vendée

→ Persian: وانده (vânde)

Vendée (a right tributary of the Sèvre Niortaise, in western France)


Moselle

Moselle (a left tributary of Rhine, in northeastern France, and southwestern Germany)


Mayenne

The place is named after the River Mayenne, probably of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *madyeti (“to burst, spread”); alternatively, from Latin madeo (“to be wet”). Both are ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to be wet, moist”).

Mayenne (a right tributary of the Loire, in northwestern France)


Saint-Marin

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Guinée équatoriale

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English:_Q983

Equatorial Guinea (a country in Central Africa)


Palaos

Ultimately from Palauan Belau (“Palau”).

Palau (A country consisting of around 340 islands in Micronesia, in Oceania)


anse

Inherited from Middle French anse, from Late Old French anse, borrowed from Latin ānsa.


fleuve

Inherited from Middle French fleuve, from late Old French flueve (12th cent.), according to the traditional view, a dissimilated form of fluive, fluie, a re-borrowing of Latin fluvius (“stream”). Alternatively, confluence with Old French fluet, flot ("river, flood"; from Frankish *flōd) and/or borrowing from Old Norse flóð (“tidal flood, estuarine river or flood”) cannot be ruled out. See flot. Replaced native Old French fluns, flum, from Latin flūmen (compare Occitan flume, Romansch flüm, Italian fiume).

gl

"river, flood"; from Frankish <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*flōd</i>

cog

L’Amazone est un fleuve d’Amérique du Sud.

The Amazon is a river located in South America.

Le fleuve Churchill au Labrador se jette dans l’Atlantique, alors que la rivière Churchill au Manitoba se jette dans la baie d’Hudson.

The Churchill River in Labrador flows into the Atlantic Ocean, whereas the Churchill River in Manitoba flows into Hudson Bay.

a river that flows into an ocean or sea (a river that flows into another river or body of water is called a rivière)

Les îles grandissent peu à peu et s’entourent d’une large ceinture de roches tapissées de mousses noirâtres ou de longs fucus bruns qui pendent à leurs flancs comme les roseaux de marbre dont les sculpteurs du dernier siècle ornaient leurs statues de fleuves.

1842, Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau, “L’Archipel de Chausey, souvenirs d’un Naturaliste,”, in Revue des Deux Mondes, volume 30:

The islands gradually grow and are surrounded by a broad belt of rocks carpeted with blackish mosses or long brown seaweed hanging from their sides, like the marble reeds with which last century's sculptors decorated their statues of river gods.

(mythology, art) a river god, or the allegorical artistic representation of a river as an old, bearded man lying on reeds and holding or leaning on an urn from which the river's water flows


Porto Rico

Puerto Rico (a commonwealth, island and dependent territory of the United States in the Caribbean)


Nunavik

Borrowed from Inuktitut ᓄᓇᕕᒃ (nonafik, “place to live”).


détroit de Messine

le détroit de Messine (canonical masculine)

Holonym: mer Ionienne


rade

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


turc

fr-adj

turc (feminine turque, masculine plural turcs, feminine plural turques)

turque (feminine)
turcs (masculine plural)
turques (feminine plural)


arrivederci

Borrowed from Italian arrivederci (“goodbye”), from a (“to”) with rivederci (“to see each other again”), from the infinitive rivedersi (“to see each other again, to meet again”), from ri- (“re-”) with the infinitive vedersi (“to see each other”), from vedere (“to see”) with the variable pronoun si (“oneself; one another”).
Cognate with French au revoir.


détroit

Inherited from Latin districtus. Doublet of district. Compare also étroit and strict.


wallon

Borrowed from Walloon walon, from Frankish *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“foreigner”).


Écossais

fr-noun

Écossais m (plural Écossais, feminine Écossaise)

Écossais (plural)
Écossaise (feminine)
Ecossais (alternative)


sino-

From Medieval Latin Sina (“China”), from Latin Sinae (“the Southern Chinese; Southern China”), from Ancient Greek Σῖναι (Sînai), q.v.


Yvette

Yvette (a tributary of the Orge, Île-de-France, France)


Cornouailles

Inherited from Middle French Cornuaille, from Old French Cornuaille. Ending -s was only added in later French to distinguish from homophonous Cornouaille, which refers to a region in Brittany.


Salat

→ English: Salat

Borrowed from Occitan Salat, from salat (“salty”).

Holonym: Occitanie

Salat (a right tributary of the Garonne in Occitanie, France)


Rhénanie

[...] le commandant Grondelet disait toute son inquiétude à voir la Rhénanie aspirer la quasi-totalité de nos troupes pendant que s’agitaient les classes laborieuses à l’intérieur du pays.

1926, Marcel Aymé, Brûlebois, Éditions Gallimard, chap. VI, 1975 ed., pp. 68-69

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


roumain

From Roumanie, based on analogy with romain (“Roman”), itself from Latin romānus; cf. Romanian român (older rumân). Compare also Italian rumeno, Spanish rumano, etc.


bruyère

Inherited from Old French bruiere, from Early Medieval Latin brūgāria.


croate

Croatian, the national language of Croatia


falaise

→ Portuguese: falésia

→ Romanian: faleză

→ Turkish: falez

Inherited from Old French faleise, faloise, from Frankish *falisa, from Proto-Germanic *falisaz (“rock, cliff”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelis-, *pels- (“rock, cliff”). More at fell.


crête

Inherited from Old French creste, from Latin crista.

(zoology) crest (on a bird); comb (on a cock)


alcazar

Borrowed from Spanish alcázar, from Arabic اَلْقَصْر (al-qaṣr, “the castle”), itself from Latin castrum (“castle”). Cognate with château.


Europe centrale

1839-1842 — Louis Agassiz, Histoire des poissons d'eau douce en Europe centrale

Du reste, ainsi que me le marquait la lettre, j’aurais grand plaisir et grand profit à visiter cette région de la Hongrie. C’est par excellence le pays magyar, dont le passé est riche de tant de faits héroïques, et qui, rebelle à tout mélange avec les races germaniques, occupe une place considérable dans l’histoire de l’Europe centrale.

1910, Jules Verne, chapter 1, in Le Secret de Wilhem Storitz:

Appuyer les protestants d’Allemagne, c’était réveiller les méfiances des catholiques français, enhardir nos propres protestants qui s’agitaient dans le Midi. Le Conseil décida de n’intervenir que pour conseiller la paix à l’Union évangélique allemande. Il craignait en somme d’être entraîné dans un grand conflit de l’Europe centrale et s’efforçait de l’empêcher par le moyen ordinaire des médiations diplomatiques.

1924, Jacques Bainville, chapter XI, in Histoire de France:

1933 — Claude Bourdet, Wörgl ou l’« argent fondant » in l’Illustration (4723:56-57)

À peu près inconnue en France, l’économie libre groupe en Suisse et dans les pays de l’Europe centrale de nombreux adhérents.


caverne

Inherited from Middle French caverne, from Old French caverne, borrowed from Latin caverna.


Pacifique

Borrowed from Latin pācificus (“peace making”).


chenal

Inherited from Old French chanel, chenel, inherited from Latin canālis (“channel; canal”) (although the suffix was later modified from Old French -el to -al to more closely reflect the Latin etymon's form). Doublet of canal.


Espagnol

fr-noun

Espagnol m (plural Espagnols, feminine Espagnole)

1 José Cadalso, Lettres marocaines
Les Espagnols écrivent la moitié de ce qu’ils imaginent ; les Français plus qu’ils ne pensent à cause de la qualité de leur style ; les Allemands disent tout, mais de telle façon que la moitié des gens ne les comprennent pas ; les Anglais écrivent pour eux seuls.
.


République centrafricaine

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English:_Q929

Central African Republic (a country in Central Africa)


République dominicaine

Haitian Creole: Repiblik dominikèn

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


République Démocratique du Congo

République démocratique du Congo
République démocratique du Congo#French

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English:_Q974

Alternative letter-case form of République démocratique du Congo: Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


Sao Tomé-et-Principe

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English:_Q1039

São Tomé and Príncipe (a country and archipelago in Central Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean)


Chinois

Chinois m (plural Chinois, feminine Chinoise)

Holonym: Est-Asiatique

Meronyms: Cantonais, Hongkongais, Ningbonais, Pékinois, Shanghaïen, Taïwanais


Danois

Danois m (plural Danois, feminine Danoise)


Irlandais

Irlandais m (plural Irlandais, feminine Irlandaise)

Irlandais (plural)
Irlandaise (feminine)

Irish person (resident or native of Ireland) (male or of unspecified gender)


Norvégien

Norvégien m (plural Norvégiens, feminine Norvégienne)

Norvégiens (plural)
Norvégienne (feminine)


Polonais

Polonais m (plural Polonais, feminine Polonaise)


Slovène

Slovène m or f by sense (plural Slovènes)


Tunisien

Tunisien m (plural Tunisiens, feminine Tunisienne)

Tunisiens (plural)
Tunisienne (feminine)


Turc

Le Mufti commande aux Turcs de baſtonner le Bourgeois, […]

1680, Molière, “Acte IV, Scene V”, in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme [The Middle-Class Aristocrat], page 89:

The mufti orders the Turks to batter the bourgeois, […]


Birman

Birman m (plural Birmans, feminine Birmane)


Syrien

Syrien m (plural Syriens, feminine Syrienne)


volcan

Antillean Creole: vòlkan

Haitian Creole: vòlkan

desctree

→ Irish: bolcán
→ Fingallian: bolcane
→ English: bolcane

→ Turkish: volkan

Probably borrowed through Italian vulcano and Spanish volcán, from Latin Vulcānus (“Vulcan”).


Arno

Borrowed from Italian Arno, from Latin Arnus.


grotte

Borrowed from Italian grotta, from Latin crypta. Doublet of crypte.

cave (a large, naturally occurring cavity formed underground)


Hexagone

l’Hexagone (canonical masculine)
hexagone (alternative)

From the shape of France; which roughly corresponds to a hexagon (hexagone in French).

Qu’est-ce que l’Hexagone ? C’est la France. Mais le mot «France», entaché d’une affectivité suspecte, petite-bourgeoise, tend à basculer vers le folklore ; le langage contemporain lui préfère celui d’Hexagone qui, dans sa pureté fonctionnelle, semble mieux adapté à la définition d’une grande nation moderne.

1970, Robert Beauvais, L’hexagonal tel qu’on le parle:

What is the "Hexagon"? It is France. But the word "France", blemished by a suspect, petit bourgeois affectivity, tends to fall into folklore; the contemporary language prefers "Hexagon", which, in its functional purity, seems better adapted to the definition of a great modern nation.

Être né sous le signe de l’Hexagone / C’est vraiment pas une sinécure / Et le roi des cons sur son trône / Il est français, ça j’en suis sûr

1975, “Hexagone”, in Amoureux de Paname, performed by Renaud:

Being born under the sign of Hexagon / It's not so much a sinecure / And the king of fools upon his throne / He's French, of that I'm sure


hollandais

fr-adj

hollandais (feminine hollandaise, masculine plural hollandais, feminine plural hollandaises)

hollandaise (feminine)
hollandais (masculine plural)
hollandaises (feminine plural)


Néerlandais

fr-noun

Néerlandais m (plural Néerlandais, feminine Néerlandaise)

Néerlandais (plural)
Néerlandaise (feminine)


Hollandais

Hollandais m (plural Hollandais, feminine Hollandaise)

Hollandais (plural)
Hollandaise (feminine)


Albanais

Albanais m (plural Albanais, feminine Albanaise)


ravin

From ravine or raviner, from Old French ravine, from Latin rapīna.


Jourdain

Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


faîte

LL-Q150 (fra)-Fabricio Cardenas (Culex)-faîte.wav

Inherited from Old French feste, from Frankish *first, from Proto-Germanic *firstiz. Compare Dutch vorst, German First, Old English first. The spelling was influenced by Latin fastīgium.


marais

Inherited from Middle French marais, from Old French mareis (“marsh”) (compare Medieval Latin maresc, maresch), from Frankish *marisk (“marsh, swamp”). Related to marécage.


mer du Japon

LL-Q150 (fra)-DenisdeShawi-mer du Japon.wav


Bosphore

Bosphorus (A strait that passes through Istanbul)


rivage

Inherited from Old French rivage, from Late Latin rīpāticum. Equivalent to by surface analysis, rive + -age.

Que n’ai-je ? Une planche de salut, loin du métro, de son raffut, les yeux rivés sur le rivage, oublier ton lointain visage.

What do I not have? A lifeline, far from the metro and all that racket. My eyes glued to the shore to forget your distant face.

Vous êtes l’horizon, nous sommes la mer. Vous êtes les saisons, nous sommes la terre. Vous êtes le rivage, et moi, je suis l’écume.

You are the horizon, we are the sea. You are the seasons, we are the earth. You are the shore, and I am the foam.


Portugais

Portugais m (plural Portugais, feminine Portugaise)

Portugais (plural)
Portugaise (feminine)


Bulgare

Bulgare m or f by sense (plural Bulgares)

Bulgarian (native of Bulgaria, of either gender)


Finnois

Finnois m (plural Finnois, feminine Finnoise)

Finn (of Finnish ethnicity, not nationality)


Nouvelle-Galles du Sud

From nouvelle (feminine of nouveau (“new”)) + Galles (“Wales”) + sud (“south”); calque of English New South Wales.

af

feminine of <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">nouveau</i> (“new”)


galicien

fr-adj

galicien (feminine galicienne, masculine plural galiciens, feminine plural galiciennes)

galicienne (feminine)
galiciens (masculine plural)
galiciennes (feminine plural)

Galician (from either Galicia in Spain or Galicia in Eastern Europe)


Égyptien

fr-noun

Égyptien m (plural Égyptiens, feminine Égyptienne)

Égyptiens (plural)
Égyptienne (feminine)
Egyptien (alternative)
Ægyptien (alternative)


manchot Adélie

manchot Adélie m (plural manchots Adélie)


marécage

From Norman or Picard maresc, from Frankish *marisk (“marsh, swamp”) + -age. Related to marais.


bassin

→ Czech: bazén

→ Danish: bassin

→ German: Bassin

→ Lithuanian: baseinas

→ Persian: باسن

→ Polish: basen

→ Romanian: bazin

→ Russian: бассейн (bassejn)

→ Swedish: bassäng

From Middle French bassin, from Old French bacin, from Vulgar Latin *baccinus, *baccinum, probably from Gaulish.


népalais

fr-adj

népalais (feminine népalaise, masculine plural népalais, feminine plural népalaises)

népalaise (feminine)
népalais (masculine plural)
népalaises (feminine plural)


Népalais

fr-noun

Népalais m (plural Népalais, feminine Népalaise)


Moyen-Orient

(geopolitics) Middle East (region comprising West Asia without the South Caucasus and additionally including all of Egypt (not just the Sinai) and all of Turkey (not just Asian Turkey)


Estonien

Estonien m (plural Estoniens, feminine Estonienne)

Estoniens (plural)
Estonienne (feminine)


marocain

fr-adj

marocain (feminine marocaine, masculine plural marocains, feminine plural marocaines)

marocaine (feminine)
marocains (masculine plural)
marocaines (feminine plural)


sénégalais

sénégalais (feminine sénégalaise, masculine plural sénégalais, feminine plural sénégalaises)

sénégalaise (feminine)
sénégalais (masculine plural)
sénégalaises (feminine plural)


coulée

→ English: coulee


Tchéquie

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe)


Israélien

fr-noun

Israélien m (plural Israéliens, feminine Israélienne)

Israéliens (plural)
Israélienne (feminine)


israélien

fr-adj

israélien (feminine israélienne, masculine plural israéliens, feminine plural israéliennes)

israélienne (feminine)
israéliens (masculine plural)
israéliennes (feminine plural)


océan Pacifique

Pacific Ocean (the world's largest body of water)


océan Indien

Meronym: mer d’Arabie

Indian Ocean (the ocean separating Africa, southern Asia, Australia and Antarctica)


océan Arctique

Arctic Ocean (the smallest of the five oceans of the Earth, on and around the North Pole)


algérien

algérien (feminine algérienne, masculine plural algériens, feminine plural algériennes)

algérienne (feminine)
algériens (masculine plural)
algériennes (feminine plural)


autrichien

autrichien (feminine autrichienne, masculine plural autrichiens, feminine plural autrichiennes)

autrichienne (feminine)
autrichiens (masculine plural)
autrichiennes (feminine plural)


cambodgien

cambodgien (feminine cambodgienne, masculine plural cambodgiens, feminine plural cambodgiennes)

cambodgienne (feminine)
cambodgiens (masculine plural)
cambodgiennes (feminine plural)


égyptien

égyptien (feminine égyptienne, masculine plural égyptiens, feminine plural égyptiennes)

égyptienne (feminine)
égyptiens (masculine plural)
égyptiennes (feminine plural)
ægyptien (alternative)

→ Albanian: egjiptian

→ Romanian: egiptean

From Égypte + -ien. Compare Italian egiziano.


iranien

iranien (feminine iranienne, masculine plural iraniens, feminine plural iraniennes)

iranienne (feminine)
iraniens (masculine plural)
iraniennes (feminine plural)


Sahara occidental

Western Sahara
Western Sahara#English:_Q6250

Western Sahara (A territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory)


Sainte-Hélène

Saint Helena
Saint Helena#English:_Q34497

Saint Helena (An island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean, and an overseas territory of the United Kingdom)


îles Vierges britanniques

fr-proper noun

îles Vierges britanniques f pl (plural only)

British Virgin Islands
British Virgin Islands#English

British Virgin Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean)


estuaire

Borrowed from Latin aestuārium. Doublet of étier.


îles Cook

Cook Islands
Cook Islands#English:_Q26988

Cook Islands (An archipelago and self-governing country in Oceania, in free association with New Zealand)


République Française

République française
République française#French

Alternative form of République française


Cap-Vert

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


aven

From Occitan avenc, from Gaulish *abonā (“river”), from Proto-Celtic *abū (“river”). Compare Breton aven, avon.

(geology) sinkhole (US), swallow hole (UK)


lande

Inherited from Middle French lande, from Old French lande (“woodland”), from Transalpine Gaulish *landa (compare Irish lann, Welsh llan (“enclosure”)).


TNO

T.N.O. (alternative)
T. N. O. (alternative)

Territoires du Nord-Ouest
Territoires du Nord-Ouest#French

NWT (“Northwest Territories”): Abbreviation of Territoires du Nord-Ouest.


Nouvelle-Angleterre

From nouvelle (feminine of nouveau (“new”)) + Angleterre (“England”); calque of English New England.


isthme

Learned borrowing from Latin isthmus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ἰσθμός (isthmós).


Madrilène

fr-noun

Madrilène m or f by sense (plural Madrilènes)


pakistanais

fr-adj

pakistanais (feminine pakistanaise, masculine plural pakistanais, feminine plural pakistanaises)

pakistanaise (feminine)
pakistanais (masculine plural)
pakistanaises (feminine plural)


Ardèche

Ardèche (a right tributary of the Rhône in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Occitanie, France)


Londonien

fr-noun

Londonien m (plural Londoniens, feminine Londonienne)

Londoniens (plural)
Londonienne (feminine)


kibitka

Borrowed from Russian киби́тка (kibítka).


kaki-lima

Borrowed from Indonesian kaki-lima, from Malay kaki lima.


Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)


États-Unien

fr-noun

États-Unien m (plural États-Uniens, feminine États-Unienne)

États-Uniens (plural)
États-Unienne (feminine)
Étasunien (alternative)
Étatsunien (alternative)


flamand

fr-adj

flamand (feminine flamande, masculine plural flamands, feminine plural flamandes)

flamande (feminine)
flamands (masculine plural)
flamandes (feminine plural)

⇒ Armenian: ֆլամանդացի (flamandacʻi)

→ Azerbaijani: flamand

→ Bashkir: фламанд (flamand)

desc

⇒ Bulgarian: флама́ндец (flamándec), флама́ндски (flamándski)

→ Dutch: flamand

⇒ Georgian: ფლამანდიელი (plamandieli)

→ Hungarian: flamand

→ Kazakh: фламанд (flamand)

→ Kyrgyz: фламанд (flamand)

→ Polish: Flamand

→ Romanian: flamand

флама́ндский

⇒ Russian: флама́ндец (flamándec), флама́ндский (flamándskij)

⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Фламанац, фламански

Cyrillic script: Фламанац, фламански

Latin script: Flamanac, flamanski

→ Tatar: фламанд (flamand)

→ Turkish: Flaman

флама́ндський

⇒ Ukrainian: флама́ндець (flamándecʹ), флама́ндський (flamándsʹkyj)

→ Uzbek: flamand

From Old French flamenc, from Middle Dutch vlaminc.


kachina

Alternative spelling of katchina (“kachina”) (spirit being)


Arménien

fr-noun

Arménien m (plural Arméniens, feminine Arménienne)

Arméniens (plural)
Arménienne (feminine)


ouagalais

fr-adj

ouagalais (feminine ouagalaise, masculine plural ouagalais, feminine plural ouagalaises)

ouagalaise (feminine)
ouagalais (masculine plural)
ouagalaises (feminine plural)


Turkménistan

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


mandchou

mandchou (feminine mandchoue, masculine plural mandchous, feminine plural mandchoues)

mandchoue (feminine)
mandchous (masculine plural)
mandchoues (feminine plural)
mantchou (alternative)


Autrichien

fr-noun

Autrichien m (plural Autrichiens, feminine Autrichienne)

Autrichiens (plural)
Autrichienne (feminine)

From Autriche (“Austria”) + -ien (“-ian”).

an Austrian inhabitant or descendant of the people of Austria


Sénégalais

Sénégalais m (plural Sénégalais, feminine Sénégalaise)

Sénégalais (plural)
Sénégalaise (feminine)

a Senegalese, member or descendant of the population of from Senegal


syrien

fr-adj

syrien (feminine syrienne, masculine plural syriens, feminine plural syriennes)

syrienne (feminine)
syriens (masculine plural)
syriennes (feminine plural)

Haitian Creole: siryen


asturien

asturien (feminine asturienne, masculine plural asturiens, feminine plural asturiennes)

asturienne (feminine)
asturiens (masculine plural)
asturiennes (feminine plural)

(relational) of Asturia (all senses); Asturian


Suédois

fr-noun

Suédois m (plural Suédois, feminine Suédoise)


Rhône

Rhone (a major river in France and Switzerland)


sibérien

fr-adj

sibérien (feminine sibérienne, masculine plural sibériens, feminine plural sibériennes)

sibérienne (feminine)
sibériens (masculine plural)
sibériennes (feminine plural)


outre-Manche

Literally, “across the Channel (from continental Europe)”.


Méditerranée

From mer Méditerranée, from méditerranée, feminine of méditerrané.

mer Méditerranée
mer Méditerranée#French

Short for mer Méditerranée (“Mediterranean”).


Grec

Grecs (plural)
Grecque (feminine)
Græc (alternative)


abîme

abîmes (plural)
abime (alternative)
abyme (alternative)

Inherited from Old French abisme, inherited from Late Latin *abyssimus, a superlative of Latin abyssus (“bottomless pit”), from Ancient Greek ἄβυσσος (ábussos). Compare Spanish, Portuguese abismo. Doublet of abysse.

(heraldry) abyss of a shield, fess point


Suzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu).

zh-l

蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu)

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


makizushi

Borrowed from Japanese makizushi (makizushi), from まきずし, from 巻き寿司.


lagune

→ Danish: lagune

→ Dutch: lagune

→ English: lagoon

Borrowed from Venetan laguna, from Latin lacūna. Doublet of lacune.


alépin

fr-adj

alépin (feminine alépine, masculine plural alépins, feminine plural alépines)

alépine (feminine)
alépins (masculine plural)
alépines (feminine plural)


Béziers

From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin Betarra, Baeterrae.

Béziers (a city in the Hérault department, France)


palestinien

palestinien (feminine palestinienne, masculine plural palestiniens, feminine plural palestiniennes)

palestinienne (feminine)
palestiniens (masculine plural)
palestiniennes (feminine plural)


Coréen

fr-noun

Coréen m (plural Coréens, feminine Coréenne)


Indonésien

Indonésien m (plural Indonésiens, feminine Indonésienne)

Indonésiens (plural)
Indonésienne (feminine)


Irlande du Nord

Haitian Creole: Ilann dinò

LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Irlande du Nord.wav

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

Northern Ireland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


République d'Irlande

la République d’ Irlande (canonical feminine)

Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland#English

Republic of Ireland, Ireland (a country in Western Europe)


Vietnamien

Vietnamien m (plural Vietnamiens, feminine Vietnamienne)

Vietnamiens (plural)
Vietnamienne (feminine)


Sud-Coréen

Sud-Coréen m (plural Sud-Coréens, feminine Sud-Coréenne)

Sud-Coréens (plural)
Sud-Coréenne (feminine)

South Korean (resident or native of South Korea)


londonien

fr-adj

londonien (feminine londonienne, masculine plural londoniens, feminine plural londoniennes)

londonienne (feminine)
londoniens (masculine plural)
londoniennes (feminine plural)


Côte d'Azur

→ English: Côte d’Azur

English: Cote d'Azur

côte + de + azur Literally, “Coast of Azure”.

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Côte d’Azur (a coast in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France, on the Mediterranean), the French Riviera


crique

From Middle French crique, from Old French crique, from Old Norse kriki, which is probably related to krókr (“hook”). Related to English creek.


communautaire

communautaires (plural)
communitaire (alternative)

From communauté + -aire. Compare Latin commūnitārius.

(European Union, pre-2009) that relates to the European Communities


balinais

balinais (feminine balinaise, masculine plural balinais, feminine plural balinaises)

balinaise (feminine)
balinais (masculine plural)
balinaises (feminine plural)

From Balinais (“a Balinese”), from Bali.

(relational) of Bali; Balinese (of, from or associated with Bali, its people or culture)


Wallon

fr-noun

Wallon m (plural Wallons, feminine Wallonne)


Samoa américaines

American Samoa (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United States in Polynesia)


birman

birman m (countable and uncountable, plural birmans)


silésien

fr-adj

silésien (feminine silésienne, masculine plural silésiens, feminine plural silésiennes)

silésienne (feminine)
silésiens (masculine plural)
silésiennes (feminine plural)


Émirats arabes unis

Emirats arabes unis (alternative)
Émirats Arabes Unis (alternative)

LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Émirats arabes unis.wav

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Sublime Porte

→ English: Sublime Porte

Calque of Ottoman Turkish باب عالی (Babıali).

calque

the Sublime Porte, Ottoman sultanic palace, court, capital and empire


madrilène

(relational) of Madrid (capital of Spain); Madrilenian

(relational) of Madrid (province of Spain); Madrilenian


Abomey

(dated) Dahomey (former name of Benin, a country in West Africa)


Balinais

fr-noun

Balinais m (plural Balinais, feminine Balinaise)

a Balinese, member or descendant of the people of Bali


rwandais

fr-adj

rwandais (feminine rwandaise, masculine plural rwandais, feminine plural rwandaises)

rwandaise (feminine)
rwandais (masculine plural)
rwandaises (feminine plural)


Rwandais

fr-noun

Rwandais m (plural Rwandais, feminine Rwandaise)


thaïlandais

fr-adj

thaïlandais (feminine thaïlandaise, masculine plural thaïlandais, feminine plural thaïlandaises)

thaïlandaise (feminine)
thaïlandais (masculine plural)
thaïlandaises (feminine plural)


bohémien

bohémien (feminine bohémienne, masculine plural bohémiens, feminine plural bohémiennes)

bohémienne (feminine)
bohémiens (masculine plural)
bohémiennes (feminine plural)


Bohême

From Middle French Bohême, from Late Latin Boiohaemum. For the etymology, see Bohemia.

Bohemia (A historical region in the west of Czech Republic.)


Bruxellois

fr-noun

Bruxellois m (plural Bruxellois, feminine Bruxelloise)

Bruxellois (plural)
Bruxelloise (feminine)


Majorque

From Latin īnsula maior "larger island"; the intermediate form was Maiorica.


Géorgien

Géorgien m (plural Géorgiens, feminine Géorgienne)

Géorgiens (plural)
Géorgienne (feminine)

/ʒe.ɔʁ.ʒjɛ̃/

Georgian, resident or native of the Transcaucasian country Georgia

Georgian, resident or native of the US state of Georgia


Palestinien

Palestinien m (plural Palestiniens, feminine Palestinienne)

Palestiniens (plural)
Palestinienne (feminine)


Sarre

États de la zone: Bade-Wurtemberg · Bavière · Brandebourg · Hesse · Basse-Saxe · Mecklembourg-Poméranie-Occidentale · Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie · Rhénanie-Palatinat · Sarre · Saxe · Saxe-Anhalt · Schleswig-Holstein · Thuringe


Flamand

Flamand m (plural Flamands, feminine Flamande)

Fleming (resident or native of Flanders, Belgium)


schah

schahs (plural)
chah (alternative)
shah (alternative)


bâlois

fr-adj

bâlois (feminine bâloise, masculine plural bâlois, feminine plural bâloises)

bâloise (feminine)
bâlois (masculine plural)
bâloises (feminine plural)


phocéen

phocéen (feminine phocéenne, masculine plural phocéens, feminine plural phocéennes)

phocéenne (feminine)
phocéens (masculine plural)
phocéennes (feminine plural)


canadianisme

Canadianism (word or phrase originated in Canada or with special meaning in Canada)


Ossétie

Ossetia, a Caucasian region, ancestral home of the Ossetic culture


libyen

libyen (feminine libyenne, masculine plural libyens, feminine plural libyennes)

libyenne (feminine)
libyens (masculine plural)
libyennes (feminine plural)


Maltais

fr-noun

Maltais m (plural Maltais, feminine Maltaise)


Pas de Calais

pas 'a pass, strait' (from Latin passus 'step, pace') + de 'of' + Calais

the English Channel or Strait of Dover, the North Sea strait between Dover (England) and Calais (France)


viennois

fr-adj

viennois (feminine viennoise, masculine plural viennois, feminine plural viennoises)

viennoise (feminine)
viennois (masculine plural)
viennoises (feminine plural)

of or relating to Vienna, Austria; Viennese


Viennois

fr-noun

Viennois m (plural Viennois, feminine Viennoise)

a native or inhabitant of Vienna, Austria; a Viennese


Amérindien

Amérindien m (plural Amérindiens, feminine Amérindienne)

Amérindiens (plural)
Amérindienne (feminine)


Ukrainien

Ukrainien m (plural Ukrainiens, feminine Ukrainienne)

Ukrainiens (plural)
Ukrainienne (feminine)

L’Ukraine a toujours aspiré à êtrelibre : mais étant entourée de la Moscovie, des états du grand-seigneur, et de la Pologne, il lui a fallu chercher un protecteur, et par conséquent un maître dans l’un de ces trois états. Elle se mit d’abord sous la protection de la Pologne qui la traita trop en sujette : elle se donna depuis au Moscovite, qui la gouverna en esclave autant qu’il le put. D’abord les Ukrainiens jouirent du privilège d’élire un prince sous le nom de général ; mais bientôt ils furent dépouillés de ce droit, et leur général fut nommé par la cour de Moscou.

1731, Voltaire, Histoire de Charles XII, page 161:

Ukraine has always aspired to be free: but being surrounded by Muscovy, the states of the Sultan, and Poland, a protector had to be sought, and consequently a master in one of these three states. She first put herself under the protection of Poland, who treated her too much as subject. She then gave herself to the Muscovite, who governed her as a slave as much as he could. At first the Ukrainians enjoyed the privilege of electing a prince under the name of general; but soon they were stripped of this right, and their general was appointed by the court of Moscow.

Ukrainian (resident or native of Ukraine)


Galicie

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Gallicia, from Classical Latin Gallaecia, from Gallaecī (“a tribe in the region”).

Galicia (area of Central/Eastern Europe)


varsovien

fr-adj

varsovien (feminine varsovienne, masculine plural varsoviens, feminine plural varsoviennes)

varsovienne (feminine)
varsoviens (masculine plural)
varsoviennes (feminine plural)


Varsovien

fr-noun

Varsovien m (plural Varsoviens, feminine Varsovienne)

Varsoviens (plural)
Varsovienne (feminine)

Varsovian (resident or native of Warsaw)


athénien

fr-adj

athénien (feminine athénienne, masculine plural athéniens, feminine plural athéniennes)

athénienne (feminine)
athéniens (masculine plural)
athéniennes (feminine plural)


Athénien

fr-noun

Athénien m (plural Athéniens, feminine Athénienne)

Athéniens (plural)
Athénienne (feminine)


Finlandais

Finlandais m (plural Finlandais, feminine Finlandaise)

Finlandais (plural)
Finlandaise (feminine)


République française

la République française (canonical feminine)

French Republic (the official name of France, a country in Western Europe)


zurichois

fr-adj

zurichois (feminine zurichoise, masculine plural zurichois, feminine plural zurichoises)

zurichoise (feminine)
zurichois (masculine plural)
zurichoises (feminine plural)


Zurichois

fr-noun

Zurichois m (plural Zurichois, feminine Zurichoise)

Zurichois (plural)
Zurichoise (feminine)


irakien

fr-adj

irakien (feminine irakienne, masculine plural irakiens, feminine plural irakiennes)

irakienne (feminine)
irakiens (masculine plural)
irakiennes (feminine plural)
iraqien (alternative)
iraquien (alternative)


Irakien

fr-noun

Irakien m (plural Irakiens, feminine Irakienne)

Irakiens (plural)
Irakienne (feminine)
Iraqien (alternative)
Iraquien (alternative)


Arcadien

Arcadien m (plural Arcadiens, feminine Arcadienne)

Arcadiens (plural)
Arcadienne (feminine)

Arcadian (resident or native of modern Arcadia in Greece)


océan Atlantique

Atlantic Ocean (the ocean lying between the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east)


Algérien

Algérien m (plural Algériens, feminine Algérienne)

Algériens (plural)
Algérienne (feminine)


nô

nô m (countable and uncountable, plural nôs)

(uncountable) noh (Japanese theatrical genre)


République du Congo

From république (“republic”) (ultimately from Latin res publica (“public affairs, commonwealth”)) + du (“of the”) + Congo (from a native Congolese language).

uder

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English:_Q971

Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


Pakistanais

fr-noun

Pakistanais m (plural Pakistanais, feminine Pakistanaise)

Pakistanais (plural)
Pakistanaise (feminine)

Pakistani, Paki (resident or native of Pakistan)


oued

wadi (a valley, gully, or stream-bed in northern Africa and southwest Asia that remains dry except during the rainy season)


Gascogne

→ Swedish: Gascogne

From Middle French and Old French Gascoigne, from Medieval Latin Gasconia, from Vulgar Latin Wasconia, from Latin Vasconia, from Vascones + -ia, from Ancient Greek Οὐασκώνων (Ouaskṓnōn), as used by Strabo in his 1st-century Geographica, Book III. Variously derived from αἴξ (aíx, “goat”) (literally “he-goat people”) or a variant of Ausci (from which Aquitan, Occitan, and perhaps related to Euskara). Cognate to Basque. Compare Gascon.
For sound changes: /v/ → /w/ occurred in the change from Latin to Proto-Romance, while /w/ → /g/ common in (non-Iberian) Romance languages, notably French; compare warranty and guarantee, William and Guillaume. By contrast, /v/ developed into /b/ and /β̞/ in Spanish and Gascon, under influence of Basque, hence the divergence.


Berlinois

Berlinois m (plural Berlinois, feminine Berlinoise)

Berlinois (plural)
Berlinoise (feminine)

Berliner (a resident or native of Berlin)


berlinois

fr-adj

berlinois (feminine berlinoise, masculine plural berlinois, feminine plural berlinoises)

berlinoise (feminine)
berlinois (masculine plural)
berlinoises (feminine plural)


Saône

→ English: Saône

LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-église Saint-Louis de Fontaines-sur-Saône.wav

Saône (a right tributary of the Rhône, in eastern France)


arcadien

arcadien (feminine arcadienne, masculine plural arcadiens, feminine plural arcadiennes)

arcadienne (feminine)
arcadiens (masculine plural)
arcadiennes (feminine plural)


Ille

Inherited from Middle French Yle, from Old French Ysla, from Isla, from Latin īnsula (“island”).


mer Égée

la mer Égée (canonical feminine)
mer Egée (alternative)
mer Ægée (alternative)

Haitian Creole: lanmè Eje

desc

→ Persian: دریای اژه (daryâ-ye eže) (partial calque)

From Latin Aegaeum mare, itself a partial calque of Ancient Greek Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος (Aigaîon pélagos).

der

Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος


Laotien

fr-noun

Laotien m (plural Laotiens, feminine Laotienne)


fr-proper noun

le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord

le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord m

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland#English

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the official name of the United Kingdom, a country in Western Europe)

fr:Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord


livre sterling

fr-noun

livre sterling f (plural livres sterling)


Aragonais

Aragonais m (plural Aragonais, feminine Aragonaise)

Aragonais (plural)
Aragonaise (feminine)


Africain

Africain m (plural Africains, feminine Africaine)


Dakarois

Dakarois m (plural Dakarois, feminine Dakaroise)


Croate

→ Persian: کروات (korovât)


Thaïlandais

Thaïlandais m (plural Thaïlandais, feminine Thaïlandaise)

Thaïlandais (plural)
Thaïlandaise (feminine)


Nord-Coréen

Nord-Coréen m (plural Nord-Coréens, feminine Nord-Coréenne)

Nord-Coréens (plural)
Nord-Coréenne (feminine)


Azéri

Azéri m (plural Azéris, feminine Azérie)


Bouroundi

Rare spelling of Burundi (“Burundi (a country in East Africa)”).


Iranien

Iranien m (plural Iraniens, feminine Iranienne)


Ethiopie

Alternative form of Éthiopie: Ethiopia (a country in East Africa)


Equateur

Alternative form of Équateur: Ecuador (a country in South America)


Kirghizstan

Alternative form of Kirghizistan: Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


Roumain

Roumain m (plural Roumains, feminine Roumaine)

→ Armenian: ռումեն (ṙumen)

→ Turkish: Rumen


Lithuanie

Alternative form of Lituanie: Lithuania (a country in Eastern Europe)


Lituanien

Lituanien m (plural Lituaniens, feminine Lituanienne)

Lituaniens (plural)
Lituanienne (feminine)
Lithuanien (alternative)


Marocain

Marocain m (plural Marocains, feminine Marocaine)


Slovaque

Slovaque m or f by sense (plural Slovaques)


cordillère

cordillères (plural)
cordeliere (alternative)
cordillière (alternative)


précipice

tomber dans un précipice


presqu'île

presqu’ île (canonical feminine)
presqu’îles (plural)
presqu’ile (alternative)

From presque (“almost”) + île (“island”), a calque of Latin paenīnsula.

Mytilène […] s’étageait autrefois en amphithéâtre sur une presqu’île à demi détachée, qui était reliée à la terre que par des ponts de pierre blanche.

1901, Pierre Louÿs, “Lesbos aujourd'hui”, in Archipel, published 1932:


escarpement

→ English: escarpment

(uncountable) steepness (state of being steep)


hambourgeois

fr-adj

hambourgeois (feminine hambourgeoise, masculine plural hambourgeois, feminine plural hambourgeoises)

hambourgeoise (feminine)
hambourgeois (masculine plural)
hambourgeoises (feminine plural)


Hambourgeois

fr-noun

Hambourgeois m (plural Hambourgeois, feminine Hambourgeoise)

Hambourgeois (plural)
Hambourgeoise (feminine)

Hamburger (resident or native of the German city of Hamburg)


Abyssinie

Abyssinia (former name of Ethiopia, a country in East Africa)


tunisien

fr-adj

tunisien (feminine tunisienne, masculine plural tunisiens, feminine plural tunisiennes)

tunisienne (feminine)
tunisiens (masculine plural)
tunisiennes (feminine plural)


gascon

Inherited from Middle French gascon, from Old French gascon, Guascuinz, gascoign, gascun, from Latin vascōnem, from Proto-Basque or Aquitanian euskara. The initial -g- is likely due to influence from Germanic (Visigothic) pronunciation. Doublet of basque.


Asie centrale

Central Asia (smaller area of Central Asia)


Morave

Moravian (resident or native of Moravia)


mer Adriatique

Adriatic Sea (sea that stretches from the Ionian Sea to the Gulf of Venice)


Amour

The world's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China, emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin


mer Morte

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


mer des Caraïbes

la mer des Caraïbes (canonical feminine)

LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-mer des Caraïbes.wav

Meronym: archipel de San Blas

Caribbean Sea (a tropical sea in the Western Hemisphere)


Ceylan

Ceylon (the former name of Sri Lanka, an island and country in South Asia)


saoudi

saoudi (feminine saoudite, masculine plural saoudis, feminine plural saoudites)

saoudite (feminine)
saoudis (masculine plural)
saoudites (feminine plural)


caye

Haitian Creole: kay


encre de Chine

LL-Q150 (fra)-DenisdeShawi-encre de Chine.wav

Meronym: noir de fumée