Mexico

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


Luxembourg

→ Japanese: リュクサンブール (Ryukusanbūru)

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)


São Paulo

Borrowed from Portuguese, named after Saint Paul.

Et pourtant São Paulo ne m'a jamais paru laide : c'était une ville sauvage comme le sont toutes les villes américaines, à l'exception peut-être de Washington, D.C., [...]

1955, Claude Lévi-Strauss, chapter XI, in Tristes Tropiques, Plon, published 1993, →ISBN, page 108; republished as John Weightman, Doreen Weightman, transl., Tristes Tropiques, Penguin, 2011, →ISBN:

— And yet I never thought that São Paulo was ugly: it was a‘wild’ town, as are all American towns, with the possible exception of Washington, D.C., …

São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)


Paraná

Borrowed from Spanish Paraná or Portuguese Paraná, both from Old Tupi paranã (“river”).

Paraná (the provincial capital of Entre Ríos, Argentina)


Ontario

Probably from Wyandot ontari:io (literally “great lake”).

der

San Bernardino County
San Bernardino County#English

Ontario (a city in San Bernardino County, California)

Ontario (a city in Richland County, Ohio)

Ontario (a city in Malheur County, Oregon)


Canberra

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


Sydney

(uncountable) Sydney (a major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia, and the most populous city in Australia)


Melbourne

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


Edmonton

Edmonton (the capital city of Alberta, Canada)


Winnipeg

Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye

* From English Winnipeg; see English etymology for more information. Rendered as Ouinipigon by La Vérendrye.

Winnipeg (the capital city of Manitoba, Canada)


Toronto

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada and largest city in Canada)


Fredericton

Fredericton (the capital city of New Brunswick, Canada)


Iqaluit

Borrowed from Inuktitut ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ (iqaloit, “place of fish”), plural of ᐃᖃᓗᒃ (iqalok, “fish”).

bor+

Iqaluit (the capital city of Nunavut, Canada)


Yellowknife

Northwest Territories
Northwest Territories#English

Yellowknife (the capital of and only city in the Northwest Territories, Canada)


Ottawa

Borrowed from English Ottawa, ultimately from Ojibwe odaawaa (“traders”).

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; the capital city of Canada)


Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur#English:_Q1865

Kuala Lumpur (a federal territory, the capital and largest city of Malaysia, located in the western part of the country)


Bombay

Mumbai, Bombay (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


Calcutta

Borrowed from English Calcutta, from Bengali কলকাতা (kolkata).

Kolkata, Calcutta (the capital city of West Bengal, India)


Hong Kong

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Amsterdam

Amsterdam (a city and municipality of North Holland, Netherlands; the capital city of the Netherlands)


Paris

desctree

→ English: Paris, Paree (humorous, deliberate misspelling), Parish, Parris, Parrish, Pares
→ Arabic: بارِيس (bārīs), بَارِيز (bārīz) — dated, پَارِيس (pārīs) — rare
→ Afar: Baaríis
→ Somali: Baaríis
→ Hindi: पेरिस (peris)
→ Urdu: پَیرِس (pairis)
→ Punjabi: پَیرَس (pairas)

Inherited from Old French Paris, from Late Latin name of an earlier settlement, Lūtētia Parīsiōrum (“Lutetia of the Parisii”), from Latin Parīsiī, a Gaulish tribe.

avec des si on mettrait Paris en bouteille

Paris est beaucoup moins bruyant en été

Paris est vraiment belle la nuit

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


Ankara

Ankara (the capital city of Turkey and the capital of Ankara Province)


Naples

Inherited from Middle French Napples, from Italian Napoli, from Latin Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεᾱ́πολῐς (Neā́polĭs), from νέᾱ (néā, “new”) + πόλῐς (pólĭs, “city”).

Naples (a metropolitan city and city in Campania, Italy)


Berlin

→ Vietnamese: Béc-lanh

→ Persian: برلن (berlan)

États de la zone: Bade-Wurtemberg · Bavière · Brandebourg · Hesse · Basse-Saxe · Mecklembourg-Poméranie-Occidentale · Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie · Rhénanie-Palatinat · Sarre · Saxe · Saxe-Anhalt · Schleswig-Holstein · Thuringe

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)


Cologne

Inherited from Old French Cologne, Coloigne, from Latin colōnia (“colony”) in Colōnia Agrippīna (“Agrippine Colony”), a settlement named after Agrippina, the mother of Roman Emperor Nero.

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


Florence

→ Dutch: Florence

→ English: Florence

Turkish: Floransa

Florence (the capital city of Tuscany, Italy)


Helsinki

Helsinki (the capital city of Finland; a municipality, the capital of the region of Uusimaa, Finland)


Juneau

English: Juneau

Juneau (the capital city of Alaska, United States)


Kiev

Kyiv (the capital city of Ukraine and regional administrative centre of Kyiv Oblast)


Lagos

Borrowed from Portuguese Lagos (literally “lakes”).

bor+

a major city, the former capital of Nigeria

a city and municipality of Faro district, Portugal


Liverpool

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Liverpool (a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England)


Los Angeles

Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


Milan

Milan (the capital city of Lombardy, Italy)


New York

New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey)


Oslo

Oslo (a county and municipality, the capital city of Norway)


Quito

Borrowed from Spanish Quito. Named after the Quitu tribe. The name is a combination of two Tsafiki words: quitso (“center”) + to (“the world”); roughly translating as "center of the world."


Rome

→ Guianese Creole: Ròm

→ Haitian Creole: Wòm

→ Persian: رم (rom)

→ Lao: ໂຣມ (rōm)

Inherited from Old French Rome, from Latin Rōma.

Rome (a major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)


Saint-Pierre

→ Mi'kmaq: Senpir

The island of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is named after Saint Peter, the patron saint of fishermen.
The town and commune are named after the island.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon#English

Saint-Pierre (a commune, the capital of the overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France)


San Francisco

Meronym: Tenderloin

San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


Syracuse

desctree

→ English: Syracuse
→ Italian: Syracuse
→ Japanese: シラキュース (Shirakyūsu)
→ Mandarin: 錫拉丘茲 /锡拉丘兹 (Xīlāqiūzī, Xílāqiūzī)
→ Portuguese: Syracuse

From Latin Syrācūsae, from Ancient Greek Συρᾱ́κουσαι (Surā́kousai). See above. In sense 3, borrowed back from English Syracuse, in turn from the French form of the name.

Syracuse (a port, the capital city of the province of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy)


Munich

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


Tirana

Tirana (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Albania, located in the center of the country west of the mountain of Dajti on the plain of Tirana; it is the seat of its eponymous county and municipality)


Tokyo

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan)


Tunis

Tunis (the capital city, since 1159, and largest city of Tunisia)


Turin

Turin (the capital city of Piedmont, Italy)


Vancouver

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)


Vientiane

desc

فِيَانْتِيَان

فِيِينْتِيَان

→ Arabic: فِيَانْتِيَان (fiyāntiyān), فِيِينْتِيَان (fiyīntiyān)

→ Czech: Vientiane

→ English: Vientiane

→ Finnish: Vientiane

→ German: Vientiane

→ Japanese: ヴィエンチャン (Vienchan)

→ Korean: 비엔티안 (Bientian)

→ Polish: Wientian

→ Portuguese: Vienciana, Vientiane

→ Russian: Вьентьян (Vʹjentʹjan)

→ Ukrainian: В'єнтьян (Vʺjentʹjan)


Zurich

Zurich (the capital city of Zurich canton, Switzerland)


Zagreb

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


Pescara

Pescara (the capital city of the province of Pescara, Abruzzo, Italy)


Pistoia

Pistoia (the capital city of the province of Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy)


Pordenone

Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia#English

Pordenone (the capital city of the province of Pordenone, Friuli-Venezia Giulia autonomous region, Italy)


Potenza

Potenza (a city, the provincial capital, a in Potenza, and regional capital of Basilicata, Italy)


Prato

Prato (the capital city of the province of Prato, Tuscany, Italy)


Rieti

Rieti (the capital city of the province of Rieti, Lazio, Italy)


Rimini

Rimini (a resort city, the capital of the province of Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, Italy)


Sassari

Sassari (a city and commune, the capital city of the province of Sassari, Sardinia, Italy)


Teramo

Teramo (the capital city of the province of Teramo, Abruzzo, Italy)


Terni

Terni (the capital city of the province of Terni, Umbria, Italy)


Trapani

Trapani (the capital city of the province of Trapani, Sicily, Italy)


Trieste

Trieste (a city in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia autonomous region, Italy)


Udine

a city in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia autonomous region, Italy


Namur

→ Azerbaijani: Namür

→ Bulgarian: Намюр (Namjur)

→ German: Namür

→ Ottoman Turkish: نامور (Namür)

→ Persian: نامور (nâmur)

→ Russian: Намю́р (Namjúr)

→ Ukrainian: Намю́р (Namjúr)

The municipality in Québec is named after the province in Belgium. The majority of the municipality's initial inhabitants emigrated from the province in the second half of the 19th century.

Meronyms: Beez, Belgrade, Boninne, Bouge, Champion, Cognelée, Daussoulx, Dave, Erpent, Flawinne, Gelbressée, Jambes, Lives-sur-Meuse, Loyers, Malonne, Marche-les-Dames, Naninne, Rhisnes, Saint-Marc, Saint-Servais, Suarlée, Temploux, Vedrin, Wépion, Wierde


Bruges

Inherited from Old French Bruges, from Old Dutch Bruges, Bruggas, Brugias, probably from brugga (“bridge”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brugjǭ.

Bruges (the capital city of West Flanders province, Belgium)


Charleroi

Meronyms: Couillet, Dampremy, Gilly, Gosselies, Goutroux, Jumet, Lodelinsart, Marchienne-au-Pont, Marcinelle, Monceau-sur-Sambre, Montignies-sur-Sambre, Mont-sur-Marchienne, Ransart, Roux


Arlon

Meronyms: Autelbas, Bonnert, Guirsch, Heinsch, Toernich

le vieil Arlon


Sarajevo

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Sarajevo (the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina)


Prague

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


Pori

Pori (a municipality, the capital city of the region of Satakunta, Finland)


Turku

Southwest Finland
Southwest Finland#English

Turku (a municipality, the capital city of the region of Southwest Finland)


Tampere

Tampere (a municipality, the capital city of the region of Pirkanmaa, Finland)


Alexandrie

Alessandria (a city and province of Piedmont, Italy)


Nuuk

Borrowed from Danish Nuuk, from Greenlandic Nuuk.


Reykjavík

Borrowed from Icelandic Reykjavík (“bay of smokes”).


Skopje

Romanization of Macedonian Скопје (Skopje).

Skopje (the capital city of North Macedonia)


Vaduz

Vaduz (a town and municipality, the capital of Liechtenstein)


Utrecht

Utrecht (a city and municipality, the capital of Utrecht province, Netherlands)


Cambridge

Cambridge (a city in Cambridgeshire, England)


Douglas

Douglas (the capital city of the Isle of Man, United Kingdom)


Berne

Bern (the capital city of Switzerland; the capital city of Bern canton)


Lucerne

Lucerne (the capital city of Lucerne canton, Switzerland)


Neuchâtel

From Old French nuef (“new”) + chatel (“castle”).

the capital city of Neuchâtel canton, Switzerland


Le Caire

au Caire

du Caire


Jérusalem

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


Avignon

From Occitan Avinhon, from Latin Aveniōnem.


Big Apple

Big Apple (nickname for New York City: a major city in New York, United States)


Thessalonique

→ Persian: تسالونیک (tesâlonik)

Central Macedonia
Central Macedonia#English

Thessaloniki (a port city, the capital of Central Macedonia, in northern Greece)


La Mecque

Mecca (a large city in the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in Islam)


Gibraltar

Gibraltar (a peninsula, city, and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, at the southern end of Iberia)


Washington

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Washington, Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)


Sophie

→ English: Sophie

→ Danish: Sofie, Sophie

→ German: Sofie, Sophie

→ Norwegian: Sofie, Sophie

Norman: Sophie

→ Swedish: Sofie, Sophie

1845, Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, Voyage en Bulgarie 1841, chapitre IX
On franchit une marche de Nissa à Mustapha-Pacha-Palanka, puis une autre de Palanka à Scharkoë et une troisième de Scharkoë à Sophie, en traversant le long plateau de Tzaribrod.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(archaic) Sofia (the capital city of Bulgaria)


Chicago

Audio

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)


Rennes

Rennes (the capital city of Ille-et-Vilaine department, France; the capital city of the region of Brittany)


Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires (the capital city of Argentina)


Constantinople

Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire#English

(historical) Constantinople (the former name, from 330–1930 C.E., of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey; the former capital of the Ottoman Empire and of the Byzantine Empire before that)


Detroit

Borrowed from English Detroit, from French Détroit, from détroit.

Detroit; alternative form of Détroit
a city in Michigan, United States


Moscou

→ Persian: مسکو (mosko)

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


Mantoue

Mantua (the capital city of the province of Mantua, Lombardy, Italy)


Venise

→ Vietnamese: Vơ-ni-dơ

Semi-learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Venetia.

slbor

Venice (the capital city of Veneto, Italy)


Acre

From Latin Akre, from Ancient Greek Ἄκο (Áko) or Ἄκη (Ákē), from Hebrew עכו (ʿAkko), of unknown origin.

Acre (a port city in northern Israel, holiest city in the Baháʼí Faith)


Bergen

From Norwegian Bergen, from Old Norse Bjǫrgvin (“meadow between the mountains”).

der

Bergen (a port city, municipality, and former county of the county of Vestland, Norway, formerly part of the county of Hordaland)


Bologne

From Latin Bononia, the Roman settlement's name.


Canton

Borrowed from Portuguese Cantão, from Mandarin 廣東 /广东 (Guǎngdōng).

Quangtung (alternative)
Quanton (alternative)

synonym of Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


Guangzhou

/ɡwɑ̃ɡ.dʒɔw/

Guangzhou (a major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


Koala

English: Koala

Coala (alternative)
Coalla (alternative)
Koalla (alternative)

(historical, 18th century) a former settlement and capital of Koala, Liptako, West Africa, destroyed at the end of the eponymous kingdom by Fula rebellion


Liège

Chinese:

desc

→ Mandarin: 列日 (Lièrì) (transliteration)

→ English: Liège

→ Polish: Liège

→ Portuguese: Liège

Found in Medieval Latin as Leodium or Leodicum, probably ultimately of Germanic origin, from Proto-Germanic *liudiz (“people”).

Meronyms: Angleur, Bressoux, Chênée, Glain, Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, Sclessin, Wandre

Liège (a city, the provincial capital of Liège, Belgium)


Macao

Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Nancy

From the medieval name, Medieval Latin Nanciacum, from Old High German Nanzig.

Nancy (a city, the prefecture of Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Grand Est, France)


Nice

From the Roman name, Latin Nīcaea, from Ancient Greek Νίκαια (Níkaia), from νίκη (níkē, “victory”). Doublet of Nicée.

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Nice (a coastal city, the capital of Alpes-Maritimes department, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeast France)


Porto

Porto (a city and municipality, the district capital of Porto district, Portugal)


Pula

Pula (the largest city in Istria County, Croatia)


Rabat

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


Sens

From Latin name Senones during Roman rule; originally the capital of the Gaulish people of the same name.


Trente

Trentino-Alto Adige
Trentino-Alto Adige#English

Trento (a city, the capital of the province of Trentino and the region of Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy)


Valence

Valence (a city and commune, the capital of the department of Drôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, southeastern France)

Valencia (the capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)


Vienne

→ Persian: وین (viyan)

Of disputed origin. Perhaps from the Roman name, Latin Vindobona, or possibly from a Celtic word *Veduna (“forest stream”), which would justify the phonetic evolution into the modern french form. Compare Proto-Celtic *widus (“woodland”).

Vienna (the capital city and state of Austria)


Ville

Named after the fact that New Orleans was the main city of French Louisiana.

(Louisiana) New Orleans (a city in Louisiana, United States)


Seattle

Seattle (a city in Washington, United States)


Hongkong

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Tanger

Through Latin Tingis and Arabic طَنْجَة (ṭanja).

Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima#English

Tangier (a port city, the capital of the region of Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco, on the Strait of Gibraltar)


Ljubljana

Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


Cognac

From Medieval Latin Comniacum, from the name Cominius + Gallo-Roman suffix -acum, from Proto-Celtic *-ākom. The gens Cominius is an Italic family name; see Cominia for further details.

Cognac (a city and commune of Charente department, region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France; famous for cognac brandy)


Tana

nickname for Antananarivo: the capital and largest city of Madagascar


Londres

desctree

→ Italian: Londra
→ Maltese: Londra
→ Ottoman Turkish: لوندره (Londra)
Turkish: Londra
→ Romanian: Londra

→ Sanskrit: लण्ड्र (laṇḍra)

Inherited from Middle French Londres, from Old French Londres, ultimately from Latin Londinium.
However, it is not a natural evolution from Latin to French, as Londinium would render *Londin, *Londein. Thus, it is possible that it was borrowed or at least derived from Old English Lunden. The final syllable would have been weakened to -dn, later changing to -dr, which would yield an epenthetic -e. The -s would be added to fit Old French declension.

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; the capital city of England)


Baton Rouge

Bâton-Rouge (alternative)
Bâton Rouge (alternative)

Baton Rouge (the capital city of Louisiana, United States)


Medicine Hat

Borrowed from English Medicine Hat. From Blackfoot saamis.

Medicine Hat (a city in Cypress, Alberta, Canada)


Bruxelles

Of Germanic origin, composed from *brōk (“marsh”) + *sali (“building, room”).

af

Brusselle (alternative obsolete)
Brusselles (alternative obsolete)

Il reste quelques jours de plus à Bruxelles.

He's staying in Brussels for a few more days.


Mâcon

A development of earlier Mascon, from Medieval Latin Masconis, a syncopated form of Madasconis and Matisco, probably from Gaulish matus (“bear”) (from Proto-Celtic *matus, commonly understood as a euphemistic derivation from *matis (“good”)) and a suffix equivalent to -iscus (“-ish: forming adjectives”).

Mâcon (a city and commune, the prefecture of Saône-et-Loire department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


Sidon

Borrowed from Latin Sīdōn, from Ancient Greek Σιδών (Sidṓn), from Phoenician 𐤑𐤉𐤃𐤅𐤍 (ṣydwn).

Sidon (a city, a state of Levant in Phoenicia), now the modern day Saïda in Lebanon.


Tyr

Tyre (a port city, the capital of Tyre district, Lebanon)


Montréal

English: Montreal

Inherited from Middle French Montreal, from Mont Royal (“Mount Royal”), after the nearby mountain, Mont Royal, named by Jacques Cartier. It is uncertain how Royal became -real. A common explanation is that real is the Middle French form of Royal, but Cartier himself recorded le mont Royal when he named it. It may have perhaps been from the Italian G.B. Rasmusio's 1556 map translating the name to Italian as Monte Real.

Montreal (an island on which is situated the largest city in Quebec, Canada)


Calgary

Calgary (the largest city in Alberta, Canada)


Anvers

Antwerp (a large city and municipality, the capital of the province of Antwerp, Belgium; the second-largest city in Belgium)


Aalborg

Aalborg (the capital city of North Jutland, Denmark)


Amos

The city is named after Alice Gouin (né Amos; 1868–1940), the wife of prime minister of Québec Lomer Gouin (1861–1929).

a city in Abitibi Regional County Municipality, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada


Bordeaux

Inherited from Middle French Bordeaulx, from Occitan Bordèu, from Old Occitan Bordel, from Latin Burdigala, from a Proto-Celtic root.

Bordeaux (the capital city of Gironde department, France; the capital city of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine)


Minsk

Minsk (the capital and largest city of Belarus)


Bandar Seri Begawan

LL-Q150 (fra)-DSwissK-Bandar Seri Begawan.wav

Borrowed from Malay Bandar Seri Begawan.

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital city of Brunei)


Port-au-Prince

Port-au-Prince (the capital city of Haiti)


Lyon

English: Lyon, Lyons

From Latin Lugdūnum, from Gaulish *Lugudūnon (“fort of Lug”), from the Celtic deity Lugus, from Proto-Celtic *Lugus.

Lyon, Lyons (the capital city of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France)


Ouagadougou

→ English: Ouagadougou

→ Afrikaans: Ouagadougou

→ Czech: Ouagadougou

→ Portuguese: Ouagadougou

→ Slovak: Ouagadougou

From a local name such as Moore Waogdgo and Farefare Wɔgdɔgɔ.

Ouagadougou (the capital city of Burkina Faso)


N'Djamena

N'Djaména (alternative)
Ndjamena (alternative)


Moroni

Borrowed from Ngazidja Comorian Mroni, from mroni (“at the river”).

Moroni (the capital city of the Comoros)


Brazzaville

Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
fr:Brazzaville

From Brazza + ville (“city”). Named after Italian-French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1852–1905), who officially founded the settlement in 1880 [from 1880].

named-after

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Brazzaville (the capital city of the Republic of the Congo)


Kinshasa

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Kinshasa (the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


Yamoussoukro

Yamoussoukro (the official and administrative capital of Ivory Coast)


Abidjan

Abidjan (the de facto capital and largest city of Ivory Coast)


Leeds

Leeds (a large city and metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England)


Pompey

→ English: Pompey

Pompey (a city in Meurthe-et-Moselle department, France)


Lahore

Lahore (a city, the provincial capital of Punjab, Pakistan)


Le Cap

au Cap

du Cap


Constance

Konstanz, a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany


Rouen

Inherited from Old French Roem, from the Roman name, Latin Rotomagus, from the Gaulish name Ratumacos, from *rato- (of unclear origin - see Rouen) + *magos, from Proto-Celtic *magos (“field”).

Rouen (the prefecture of the department of Seine-Maritime, and the capital of the region of Normandy, France, on the Seine River)


Canterbury

Borrowed from English Canterbury, from Middle English Caunterbury, Canterburi, from Old English Cantwara burh.

Canterbury (a cathedral city in Kent, England)


Versailles

→ Persian: ورسای (versây)

Uncertain, but possibly from Latin versus (“slope”) or versor (“to dwell”), both from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn around”).

der

Versailles (a city, suburb of Paris and capital of Yvelines department, Île-de-France)


Marseille

From the Latin Massilia, Marsilia, Massalia, from Ancient Greek Μασσαλία (Massalía), possibly an Ancient Ligurian toponym or perhaps from Ancient Greek μάσσων (mássōn, “further”) + ἅλς (háls, “sea”), literally “(city) on far end of the sea” cf. Ancient Greek παραλία (paralía).

af

Meronyms: Belsunce, Canebière, Évêché, Frais-Vallon, La Timone, Sormiou

Marseille (the capital city of Bouches-du-Rhône department, France; the capital city of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)


Orléans

Inherited from Old French Orliens, from Latin Aurelianum. Doublet of Aurélien.

Centre-Val de Loire
Centre-Val de Loire#English

Orleans (the capital city of Loiret department, France; the capital city of the region of Centre-Val de Loire)


Nuremberg

Nuremberg (a major city in Bavaria, Germany)


Le Havre

a city on the north coast of Normandy, France


Lille

Inherited from Old French l'Isle (“the Island”), from Latin Īnsula, from īnsula (“island”), whence also île. The name was resegmented (like its Dutch counterpart Rijsel): in à l'Isle (“at the Isle”), the definite article came to be considered part of the name, and it was thus interpreted as à Lille.

inh+

Meronyms: Bois-Blancs, Faubourg de Béthune, Fives, Hellemmes-Lille, Lille-Moulins, Lomme, Saint-Maurice Pellevoisin, Vauban-Esquermes, Wazemmes

Lille (the capital of Nord department, and the Hauts-de-France region, France)


Ningbo

Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


Caen

Inherited from Old French Caem, Cahom, likely inherited from Latin *Catumagus, from Gaulish *catu-, a word used to describe military activity (see Proto-Celtic *katus), + *magos (“field”).

Caen (a city and commune, the prefecture of the department of Calvados, France)


Arkhangelsk

Arkhangelsk (a city, the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia)


Brest

From earlier Bresta, from Proto-Celtic *brixs (“hill”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ-. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bre (“hill”).


Dieppe

Inherited from Middle French Diepe, from Old French Diepe, (originally a hydronym) from Old Norse djúpr (“deep”) or a West Germanic cognate. Compare Medieval Latin Dieppa, Deupa.
The city in New Brunswick was named in memory of the Canadian soldiers who fell during the Dieppe Raid in 1942.

Westmorland County
Westmorland County#English

a city in Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada.


Maastricht

Borrowed from Dutch Maastricht, from Latin Mosae Traiectum.

Maastricht; a city in Limburg, Netherlands


Bonn

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Bonn (an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the Rhine River; the former capital of West Germany and (until 1999) seat of government of unified Germany)


Strasbourg

Strasbourg (the capital city of Bas-Rhin department, France; the capital city of the region of Grand Est)


Dijon

From the Roman name, Latin Diviōnem, from the name Divius (“godly, divine”); see divus.

Dijon (the capital city of Côte-d'Or department, France)


Angers

Inherited from Latin Civitas Andecavorum, from Andecavi.

Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire#English

Angers (a city, the prefecture of Maine-et-Loire department, Pays de la Loire, France)


Toulouse

→ English: Toulouse

Previously Thoulouse; from Latin Tolōsa, probably of Gaulish origin (Volcae Tectosages), or possibly from an Iberian or Aquitanian name.

Toulouse (the capital city of Haute-Garonne department and of the larger Occitania region, France)


Lausanne

From the Roman name, Latin Lousonna or Lausōnium.

Lausanne (a municipality and city, the capital of Vaud canton, in western Switzerland, in which French is the main language)


Grenoble

Inherited from Old French Graignovol, ultimately from Late Latin Grātiānopolis, named after the emperor Gratian.

Grenoble (a city, the prefecture of the department of Isère, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France)


Jérémie

Haitian Creole: Jeremi

a commune and capital city in Grand'Anse, Haiti


Montpellier

From Medieval Latin mōns (“mountain”) Pessulanus, Pestellarius, pislerius, pistillarius, variant of pastellus (“woad, dye”).
The municipality of Québec is named after postmaster Louis Beaulieu, dit Montpellier.

Montpellier (a large city, the prefecture of Hérault department, Occitania, France)


Nantes

From Latin Portus Namnetum, from the name of the Namnetes, a local Gaulish tribe.

Nantes (the prefecture of the department of Loire-Atlantique, France; the capital city of the region of Pays de la Loire, in historical Brittany)


Mulhouse

Borrowed from Alemannic German Milhüsa or its source Middle High German Mülnhūsen, from Old High German Mulinhūson; compare German Mülhausen (literally “mill house”).

cog

Mulhouse (a city in Haut-Rhin department, Grand Est, France)


Cherbourg

Inherited from Old French Chieresburg, probably from Old Norse kjarr (“thicket”) + borg (“fort”). Compare Old English Kiǣresburh.

Cherbourg, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin (a city in Manche department, Normandy, France)


Cannes

Inherited from Old French Canua, possibly related to cane (“reed”). Or, possibly from a pre-Indo-European substrate toponym *kan ("tall, height").


Troyes

→ English: Troyes

Inherited from Latin Tricassae, from (Augustobona) Tricassium, named after the Tricasses, a Celtic tribe.


Tours

From Latin Turonum, from Turones, the name of the area's Gaulish inhabitants in antiquity.

Tours (a city, the prefecture of Indre-et-Loire department, Centre-Val de Loire, France)


Grenade

English: Grenada

Borrowed from Spanish Granada (city, region; island), from Arabic غَرْنَاطَة (Ḡarnāṭa, initially a suburb of the city, then city, region).


Koweït

Kuwait City (the capital city of Kuwait)


Québec

→ English: Quebec

→ Persian: کبک (kebek)

→ Portuguese: Quebeque, Quebec

Borrowed from Algonquin kepék (“(it) narrows”), originally referred to the area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap.

bor+

Quebec, Quebec City (the capital city of the province of Quebec, Canada)

Québec a annoncé de nouveaux investissements en santé.

Quebec City [i.e. the Quebec government] announced new funding for health.

(by metonymy) The government of the province of Quebec.


Singapour

→ Indonesian: (colloquial) Singapur

→ Persian: سنگاپور (sangâpur)

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


Toulon

From the Roman name, Latin Telō Mārtius. The first word could be from Telo, a Celtic spring deity, from Proto-Celtic *telo (“water hole, spring”), or from the obsolete tol (“hill”), from Proto-Celtic *tullon, *tullos (“hole”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”) (Welsh twll, Breton toull, Irish toll).

der

Toulon (a city, the prefecture of Var department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France)


Metz

Metz (the capital city of Moselle department, France)


Saint-Marin

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Hong-Kong

Hong Kong (a city, island, and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Dunkerque

Meronyms: Malo-les-Bains, Petite-Synthe, Rosendaël, Saint-Gilles

Dunkirk (a city in Nord department, in northern France)


Genève

→ Persian: ژنو (ženev)

Probably ultimately of Celtic origin. See also the Latin name, Genava.


Chongqing

Borrowed from Mandarin 重慶 /重庆 (Chóngqìng).

bor+

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


Wuhan

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


Shenyang

Shenyang (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, in northeastern China)


Laval

LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-hôtel de la Croix-Laval.wav

From la (“the”) + val (“vale (valley)”).
* (Mayenne): From being situated at a valley
* (surname): Derived from the placename in Mayenne
* (Quebec municipality): Derived from the surname of an early settler
* (Quebec island): Derived from the name of the city located on the island

Laval (a large city in southwestern Quebec, Canada; a suburb of Montreal)


Antananarivo

Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar)


Alger

Borrowed from Algerian Arabic الدزَاير (al-dzayir), from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir, “the islands”) (with elision of the first vowel), plural of جَزِيرَة (jazīra, “island”), referring to the several small islands that once existed in the Bay of Algiers.

der

اَلْجَزَائِر


Osaka

Borrowed from Japanese 大(おお)阪(さか) (Ōsaka, literally “large hill”).

ja-r

Osaka (the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


Reims

Named after the Belgic (Gaulish-speaking) tribe, the Remi.

Reims (a city in Marne department, Grand Est, France)


Salzbourg

Salzburg (the capital city of the state of Salzburg, Austria)


Le Mans

English: Le Mans

From Old French Celmans, from Vulgar Latin *Cenomanus, from Latin Cenomanorum, ultimately named after the Celtic tribe Cenomani. The first syllable was later reanalyzed as cel (“this”) and replaced with le (“the”).

Je vais aller au Mans

Le Mans (a city, the prefecture of Sarthe department, Pays de la Loire, France)


Athènes

→ Persian: آتن (âten)

Borrowed from Latin Athēnae, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).


Pékin

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), specifically the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Beijing. Compare Spanish Pekín, Portuguese Pequim, English Peking, Dutch Peking. See also Tonkin and Nankin (“Nanjing”).

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Copenhague

Ultimately from Danish København, from Old Danish Køpmannæhafn.

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)


Douchanbé

Dushanbe (the capital city of Tajikistan)


Kaboul

Ultimately from Classical Persian کابل (kābul).


Tananarive

(dated) Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar)


Hambourg

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)


Brême

From Middle French Breme, Bresme, Bremes, from Middle Low German Brēmen.

Bremen (the capital city of the state of Bremen, Germany)


Édimbourg

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)


Barcelone

Barcelona (the capital city of Catalonia, Spain)


Séville

Borrowed from Spanish Sevilla, from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), from Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /sefela/, “plain, valley”).

der

إِشْبِيلِيَة

Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya)

Seville (the capital city of Andalusia, Spain)


Lisbonne

English: Lisbon

→ Ottoman Turkish: لیزبون (Lizbon)

Turkish: Lizbon

→ Armenian: Լիզպոն (Lizpon)

From Arabic لِشْبُونَة (Lišbūna), from Latin Olisīpō, of uncertain origin.


Cracovie

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Krakow (a city on the Vistula River, the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland and the former capital (until 1596) of Poland as a whole)


Aix-la-Chapelle

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


Groningue

Groningen (the capital city of Groningen province, Netherlands)


Cayenne

Cayenne (the capital city of French Guiana department)


Binche

Meronyms: Bray, Buvrinnes, Epinois, Leval-Trahegnies, Péronnes-lez-Binche, Ressaix, Waudrez


Limoges

Inherited from Latin Lemovices (adjective Lemovicinus), name of a Gaulish tribe in central France, most likely a reference to their elm bows and spears, of same ultimate origin as elm.

Limoges (a city, the capital of Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France)


Bayonne

English: Bayonne

Galician: Baiona

Portuguese: Baiona

Bayonne (a city and commune of Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France)


Louvain

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Luvanium, Latinized from a Viking/North Germanic or Frankish name *Loven, composed of *lo (“forest, clearing”) + *hvein (“swamp, marsh”), from Proto-Germanic *hwainō, *hwin- (“swamp; moor”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱʷeyn- (“to soil; mud; filth”), thus meaning "swamp near the forest."

Capital city of the province of Flemish Brabant in Belgium


Adélaïde

Japanese: アデライド (Aderaido)

Adelaide (the capital and largest city of South Australia, Australia)


La Nouvelle-Orléans

From nouvelle (“new”) + Orléans; named after Regent Philip, Duke of Orléans (“Orleans”), a place in France.

New Orleans (a city in Louisiana, United States)


La Haye

→ Arabic: لَاهاي (lāhāy)

→ Persian: لاهه (lâhe)

→ Turkish: Lahey

From Middle French, from the noun haye (modern haie), a calque of Middle Dutch die Haghe (modern Dutch Den Haag), from haghe (“enclosure”).

The Hague (the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


Côme

Como (the capital city of the province of Como, Lombardy, Italy)


Pise

Pisa (the capital city of the province of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy)


Orly

Orly (a city and commune of the department of Val-de-Marne, region of Île-de-France, France)


Basse-Terre

Compound of bas (“low”) + terre (“land”).

Basse-Terre (the capital city of the overseas department of Guadeloupe, France)


Riyad

Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


Francfort

Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am-Main (the largest city in Hesse, in central Germany)


Gand

There seems to be 2 hypothesis both concerning water.
1) Gand comes the name of a Gallo-Roman vicus called Ganda, a Celtic word that meant confluant.
2) Gand comes from the Celtic word that had a relation with water, Gond.
That name Gond was transformed by the Frankish to Gand.

Ghent (the capital and largest city of East Flanders, Belgium)


Damas

Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)


Besançon

Ultimately from the Latin name of the city, Vesontiō (accusative Vesontiōnem).

Besançon (a commune, the capital of Doubs department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


Béziers

From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin Betarra, Baeterrae.

Béziers (a city in Hérault department, Occitania, France)


Saitama

Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


Kaohsiung

L'incendie d'un immeuble d'habitation a causé la mort, jeudi 14 octobre, d'au moins 46 personnes et a fait des dizaines de blessés à Kaohsiung, dans le sud de Taïwan.

2021 October 14, “À Taïwan, l'incendie d'un immeuble fait des dizaines de morts”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-10-14, Asie-Pacifique:

On Thursday 14 October, a fire in a block of flats caused the death of at least 46 people and injured dozens in Kaohsiung, in the south of Taiwan.

Kaohsiung (a city and special municipality in southern Taiwan, and the third largest city in Taiwan)


Marrakech

Marrakech (the capital city of the Marrakesh-Safi region, Morocco)


Andorre-la-Vieille

à Andorre-la-Vieille

in Andorra la Vella; to Andorra la Vella

de l'Andorre-la-Vieille

from Andorra la Vella; relating to Andorra la Vella

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella#English

Andorra la Vella (the capital city of Andorra)


Abou Dabi

Borrowed from Arabic أَبُو ظَبْي (ʔabū ẓaby, “father of the gazelle”).

bor+

Abou Dhabi (alternative)
Abu Dhabi (alternative)
Abou Dhaby (alternative)

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; the capital city of Abu Dhabi emirate, United Arab Emirates)


Ciudad de Guatemala

à Ciudad de Guatemala

de la Ciudad de Guatemala

from Guatemala City; relating to Guatemala City

Guatemala City (the capital city of Guatemala)


Hanoï

à Hanoï

de Hanoï


Katmandou

à Katmandou

de Katmandou


Nicosie

à Nicosie

de Nicosie

Nicosia (the capital city of Cyprus; the capital city of Northern Cyprus)


Séoul

Borrowed from Korean 서울 (Seoul). Note that it predates the standard romanization Seoul in Korean.

à Séoul

de Séoul


Téhéran

à Téhéran

de Téhéran


La Valette

à La Valette

de La Valette


Iakoutsk

Yakutsk (the capital city of Sakha, Russia)


Iekaterinbourg

Yekaterinburg (a city, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia)


Bonifacio

Borrowed from Italian Bonifacio, from Late Latin Bonifātius, named after Boniface II of Tuscany. Doublet of Boniface.

Bonifacio (a city and commune of Corse-du-Sud department, Corsica)


Bassorah

Borrowed from Arabic اَلْبَصْرَة (al-baṣra).


Nouméa

Nouméa (capital city of the French overseas territory New Caledonia)


Abomey

Abomey (the capital city of Zou department, in southern Benin)


Gênes

From Latin Genua, whence also Italian Genova.

Genoa (the capital city of Liguria, Italy)


Angora

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish, from Latin Ancyra, from Ancient Greek Ἄγκυρα (Ánkura), from ἄγκυρα (ánkura, “anchor”).

« Angora est nationaliste, en ce sens qu’elle renonce aux prétensions de l’ancien Empire ottoman et qu’elle veut recréer un foyer turc modeste[…] »

1924, Berthe Georges-Gaulis, La nouvelle Turquie:

“Ankara is nationalist, in the sense that it renounces the pretensions of the old Ottoman Empire and wants to recreate a modest Turkish centre […] ”

Il y a, dans le vieil Angora, pour celui qui a conservé le goût du passé, pour celui qui veut voir l’image des superpositions de civilisations dans un même lieu, des habitudes séculaires, différentes les unes des autres[…]

1931, Eugène Pittard, Le visage nouveau de la Turquie: à travers l'Asie-Mineure:

There is, in the old Ankara, for the one who has preserved a taste for the past, for the one who wants to see an image of many civilizations superimposed in the same place, secular habits, different one from another […]

L’offensive est arrêtée. Angora est sauvée. La Turquie patriote, qui a conservé sa foi, a vaincu.

The offensive has been stopped. Ankara is saved. Patriotic Turkey, who has kept the faith, has triumphed.


Brandebourg

Brandenburg (a city in Brandenburg, Germany)


Grosse Pomme

(informal) Big Apple (nickname for New York City: a major city in New York, United States)


Parme

Borrowed from Italian Parma, from Latin.

Parma (the capital city of the province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy)


Messine

Borrowed from Italian Messina, from Latin Messāna, from Ancient Greek Μεσσήνη (Messḗnē).

Messina (the capital city of the metropolitan city of Messina, Sicily, Italy)


Pérouse

Perugia (the capital city of Umbria, Italy; the capital city of the metropolitan city of Perugia, Umbria, Italy)


Sienne

Siena (the capital city of the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy)


Tarente

Taranto (the capital city of the province of Taranto, Apulia, Italy)


Mayence

Esperanto: Majenco

Japanese: マイエンス (Maiensu)

Occitan: Maiança

Inherited from Latin Mogontiacum, the Roman name of the settlement, from a Celtic language.

Mainz (a city, the state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Novossibirsk

Novosibirsk (a city, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia)


Pau

Possibly related to pieu (“stake, post”), or possibly related to pieux (“pious”), referring to a nearby ford named by the church. Or, possibly from a pre-Indo-European toponym *pal, *bal referring to its location at the foot of the mountains.


Hanovre

Hanover (the capital and largest city of Lower Saxony, Germany)


Phuket

Phuket (the capital city of Phuket Province, Thailand)


Amiens

Amiens (the capital city of the Somme department, Hauts-de-France region, France)


Carcassonne

First attested as the Roman name, Latin Carcasō (Pliny).

Carcassonne (an old walled city, the prefecture of Aude department, Occitania, France)


Jéricho

Inherited from Middle French Iericho, from Old French Iericho, from Latin Ierichō, from Ancient Greek Ἰεριχώ (Ierikhṓ), from Biblical Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ (yərīḥō).

Jericho (a city in the West Bank, Palestine)


Cap-Haïtien

English: Cap-Haïtien, Cape Haitien

Cap-Haïtien (a city on the north coast of Haiti)


Colmar

Possibly from a Roman name Latin collis Martis or collis Marius, or from Frankish/Germanic elements corresponding to English coal market, or from Latin columba (“pigeon”).

a city in central Alsace, eastern France


Belfort

From Old French Belfort, from bel (“beautiful”) + fort. Doublet of beaufort.

Territoire de Belfort
Territoire de Belfort#English

Belfort (a city and commune, the prefecture of Territoire de Belfort department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


SJ

(sports) abbreviation of San Jose: a city in California, United States


Pichilemu

[…] de bonne heure il mouilla à Pichilemu, à 90 milles au sud de Valparaiso […]

1893, Revue maritime et coloniale, volume 116, page 106:

De San Fernando part un embranchement de chemin de fer qui se rend a la Palmilla et aboutira plus tard sur la côte, à la rade ouverte et peu hospitalière de Pichilemu.

1898, Edouard Charton, Le Tour du monde: nouveau journal des voyages, page 622:

Du surf vers Pichilemu pour les amateurs.

2011, Dominique Auzias, Jean-Paul Labourdette, Chili - Îles de Paques, page 178:


Mytilène

Mytilene (the capital city of the island of Lesbos, Greece, and capital city of the North Aegean region, Greece)


Casablanca

Casablanca (the capital city of the region of Casablanca-Settat, Morocco)


Messines

The municipality in Québec is named after the city of Messines in Belgium; Canadian troops fought in and around the city during the First World War.


Auxerre

Auxerre (a city and commune of Yonne department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


Annecy

Inherited from Middle French Anasseu, from the Gallo-Roman name, Latin Anneacum, Anericiacum, Anicius, Aniciacus, Aniciaca, "belonging to Anecius," from a Germanic personal name Anerik (Latinized Annarigus).

Annecy (a city, the capital of Haute-Savoie department, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France)


Quimper

Quimper (a city, the prefecture of Finistère department, Brittany, France)


Saint-Malo

Said to be named after Saint Malo of Wales, whose name could be from Old Breton machlou, from mach (“hostage, warrant”) + lou (“beautiful, bright, brilliant”) (probably from the same source as Gaulish leux (“light, brilliance”)).


Livourne

Borrowed from Italian Livorno, from Old Italian Legorno, from Latin Liburnus, from Liburni, name of the ancient population of Liburnians.

Livorno (a province and city in Tuscany, Italy)


Palerme

Palermo (the capital city of Sicily, Italy; the capital city of the metropolitan city of Palermo, Sicily, Italy)


Vérone

Verona (the capital city of the province of Verona, Veneto, Italy)


Aoste

Borrowed from Franco-Provençal, from the Latin name of the location, Augusta Praetōria Salassōrum, whence also Italian Aosta. Doublet of Aouste.


Ajaccio

Borrowed from Italian Ajaccio, from Corsican Aiacciu, Old Italian Addiazzo, from Latin Adiacium, possibly from Tuscan Italian agghiacciu (“sheep pen”), or from a derivative of Byzantine Greek ἀγαθός (agathós, “good fortune, mooring”); related to Agde.

der

Ajaccio (the capital and largest city of Corsica, France)


Saragosse

From Old French Sarragoce, ultimately from Latin Caesaraugusta.


Pondichéry

Borrowed from Tamil பாண்டிச்சேரி (pāṇṭiccēri).

bor+

பாண்டிச்சேரி

Puducherry, Pondicherry (the capital city of the union territory of Puducherry, India)


Dubaï

Dubai (the capital city of Dubai emirate, United Arab Emirates)


Padoue

From Vulgar Latin Patava, Pataua, ultimately from Latin Patavium, the Roman name.

Padua (the capital city of the province of Padua, Veneto, Italy)


Norilsk

Borrowed from Russian Нори́льск (Norílʹsk).

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai#English

Norilsk (a city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia)


Poitiers

English: Poitiers

Inherited from Middle French Poictiers, from Old French Peitiers, from Latin Pictāva, Pictāvium, Pictāvis, after the Pictones, the Gaulish tribe inhabiting the region.

Poitiers (a city, the capital of Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France)


Nîmes

→ English: Nîmes

Previously Nismes, from Middle French Nismes, ultimately from Latin Colonia Nemausus, from the name of a Gaulish god.

Meronyms: Pissevin-Valdegour, Vaquerolles

Nîmes (a city in Gard department, Occitania, France)


Arles

→ English: Arles

*(Bouches-du-Rhône): Borrowed from Occitan Arle; from Latin Arelate.
*(Pyrénées-Orientales): Borrowed from Catalan Arles; from Latin Arulas.

Arles (a city in Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France)


Lancastre

Lancaster (a city, the county town of Lancashire, England)


Perpignan

Inherited from Latin Perpenniānum, from the given name Perpenna, an Etruscan name.

Meronyms: Bas-Vernet, Château-Roussillon, Clos Banet, Mailloles, Mas Guérido, Moulin-à-Vent, Saint-Assiscle, Saint-Gaudérique, Saint-Martin

Perpignan (a city in Pyrénées-Orientales department, France)


Saint-Denis

Saint-Denis (the capital and largest city of Réunion, France)


Salonique

Central Macedonia
Central Macedonia#English

Thessaloniki, Salonica (a port city, the capital of Central Macedonia, in northern Greece)


La Rochelle

→ English: La Rochelle, Rochelle

⇒ English: New Rochelle

→ French: New Rochelle → La Nouvelle-Rochelle (calque)

Literally, “the Little Rock”, from Old French rochelle. Equivalent to roche + -elle.

La Rochelle (a port city and commune of Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France)


Pavie

Pavia (the capital city of the province of Pavia, Lombardy, Italy)


Pavie

→ English: Pavie

Pavie (a city in Gers department, France)


Genk

Genk (a city and municipality of Belgium)


Shanghaï

Changaï (alternative)
Chang Haï (alternative)
Chang-Haï (alternative)
Changhaï (alternative)
Shangaï (alternative)
Shang-Haï (alternative)
Shanghai (alternative)

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Philadelphie

Philadelphia (a large city in Pennsylvania, United States)


Bethléhem

Bethlehem (a city in the West Bank, Palestine)


Frobisher Bay

Frobisher Bay (the former name of Iqaluit, the capital city of Nunavut, Canada)


Ville de Québec

Quebec City (the capital city of the province of Quebec, Canada)


Chartres

Modern French pronunciation of Latin Carnūtēs, name of a Gaulish tribe, from a Celtic root for “rock, stone”.

Chartres (a town, the departmental capital of Eure-et-Loir, Centre-Val de Loire, France)


Ségou

a city in south-central Mali, lying 235 kilometres (146 mi) northeast of Bamako on the River Niger


Cordoue

Córdoba (the capital of the province of Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain)


Cantorbéry

Canterbury (a cathedral city in Kent, England)


Modène

Modena (a city in Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy)


Saint-Domingue

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Santo Domingo (the capital city of the Dominican Republic)


Roubaix

Probably of Frankish origin, from *rausa (“reed”) + *baki (“brook”), from Proto-Germanic *rauzą + *bakiz. For the first element see roseau (“reed”).

Volume 24 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. New York, International Publishers
Extract from article “Two Model Town Councils” written by Frederick Engels, originally published in The Labour Standard No. 8 on June 25, 1881

1989, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Collected works: Marx and Engels, 1874-83, page 394

Shortly before the establishment of the Labour Standard, there was a strike of factory operatives in the town of Roubaix, close on the Belgian frontier.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


Saïda

→ English: Saïda

Borrowed from Arabic صَيْدَا (ṣaydā), from Classical Arabic صَيْدُون (ṣaydūn), from Phoenician 𐤑𐤉𐤃𐤅𐤍 (ṣydwn).

Saïda (a port city in Lebanon), the modern city representing the ancient Sidon.


Saïda

→ English: Saïda

Saïda (a city, the capital of Saïda, Algeria)


Cadix

Borrowed from Spanish Cádiz, from Arabic قَادِس (qādis), from Latin Gādēs, from Ancient Greek Γάδειρα (Gádeira), from Phoenician 𐤂𐤃𐤓 (gdr /gādēr, gādīr/).


Oussouriisk

Ussuriysk (a city in Primorsky Krai, Russia)


Beresford

Borrowed from English Beresford. The town is named after military officer and politician William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford (1768 - 1854).

a city in Lincoln County, South Dakota, United States


Zebak

1963, Nicolas Bouvier, L'Usage du Monde, 2005 ed., Payot & Rivages, pp. 393-394; translated 1992 by Robyn Marsack as The Way of the World, 2011 ed., Eland

— At Zebak there was a clay and straw mosque and about twenty dilapidated houses, filled with smoke by the mounted patrol who guarded access to the upper Wakan and the Chinese border.

Et Zebak, c'est une mosquée de torchis et une vingtaine de masure enfumées par la patrouille montée qui contrôle l'accès du haut Wakhan et de la frontière chinoise.

Zebak (the capital city of the Zebak District, Badakhshan, Afghanistan)


Bergerac

From the Old French and Frankish form Bragayrac, from Vulgar Latin *Bracariacum, a diminutive of the Latin or Gaulish name *Braccius, which could have evolved in meaning from bracchium (“arm”).

Bergerac (a city in Dordogne department, France)


Bois-le-Duc

Spanish: Bolduque

A calque of Dutch 's-Hertogenbosch (literally “the duke's forest”).

uder

's-Hertogenbosch (a city in the Netherlands)


Angoulême

Angoulême (a city in Charente department, France)


Nanterre

LL-Q150 (fra)-Bastenbas (Bastenbas (Lingua))-Nanterre.wav

From the Roman name, Latin Nemetodurum, a Gaulish name from Proto-Celtic *nemetom (“sanctuary”) and Gaulish *durom (“door”) (the second element found also in Augustodurum), from Proto-Celtic *dwār, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwṓr.

Nanterre (a city in Hauts-de-Seine department, Île-de-France, France)


Voronej

Voronezh (a city, the administrative center of Voronezh Oblast, Russia)


Dauphin

→ English: Dauphin

From dauphin
* (Dauphin, MB, CA): Named after the French monarchal title, the heir to the French throne.


Dnipro

a city and raion of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine


Nijni-Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod#English:_Q891

Nizhny Novgorod (the capital city of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia; the fourth-largest in the country by population)


Sotchi

Borrowed from Russian Со́чи (Sóči), from Georgian სოჭი (soč̣i, “fir”).

Sochi (a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia)


Kamloops

Borrowed from English Kamloops. From French Camp des loups (“camp (“camp”)+loup (“wolf”)”). From Shuswap tk'əmlúps (“meeting of the rivers”).

der

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Kamloops (a city in British Columbia, Canada)


Edmundston

Borrowed from English Edmundston. The city is named after politician and diplomat Edmund Walker Head (1805 - 1868).

Madawaska County
Madawaska County#English

a city in Madawaska County, New Brunswick, Canada.


Lévis

a city and regional county municipality of Chaudière-Appalaches, Quebec, Canada


Sherbrooke

Borrowed from English Sherbrooke, the surname of the British governor general.

a city and regional county municipality of Quebec, Canada


Saguenay

a city and regional county municipality of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada


Gatineau

English: Gatineau

Korean: 가티노 (Gatino)

Gatineau (a city and regional county municipality in the Outaouais region, Quebec, Canada, on the Quebec-Ontario border)


Dorval

English: Dorval

Island of Montreal
Island of Montreal#English

Dorval: a city in Island of Montreal, Quebec, Canada


Debaltseve

From Ukrainian Деба́льцеве (Debálʹceve).

Donetsk People’s Republic
Donetsk People's Republic

Debaltseve (a city, the administrative centre of Debaltseve urban hromada, Horlivka Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, founded as a railway station in 1878, controlled by the Donetsk People’s Republic since the conclusion of the Battle of Debaltseve in February 2015)

(fully communauté territoriale de Debaltseve) Debaltseve urban hromada (an urban hromada of Horlivka Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, founded in 2020)


Ispahan

Borrowed from Classical Persian اِسْپَهَان (ispahān).

bor+

Isfahan (a city in Iran, the seat of Isfahan County's Central District, and the capital of Isfahan Province, the third largest city of Iran; the former capital of Iran, from 1598–1736)


Hinche

Haitian Creole: Ench

→ English: Hinche

Hinche (A commune in and capital of Centre department in Haiti)


Boulogne

Boulogne, Boulogne-sur-Mer (a coastal city and commune in Pas-de-Calais department, Hauts-de-France, France)


Hébron

Hebron (a city in the West Bank, Palestine)


Thurso

The city was named by Scottish settlers after the city of Thurso in Scotland.

a city in Papineau Regional County Municipality, Outaouais, Quebec, Canada


Nijni Novgorod

Borrowed from Russian Ни́жний Но́вгород (Nížnij Nóvgorod).

Ни́жний Но́вгород


Nankin

Borrowed from Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), based on the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Also see Tonkin and Pékin (“Beijing”).

Nanjing (the capital city of Jiangsu, China)


Blois

Inherited from Old French Blais, Bleis, from Late Latin Blesēnses, Blesensibus, Blesis (Merovingian), from Gallo-Roman *Blesu, a Celtic/Gaulish name possibly meaning "wolf," from Proto-Celtic *bledyos (“wolf”).

Blois (a city and commune, the prefecture of Loir-et-Cher department, Centre-Val de Loire, France)


Bathurst

Borrowed from English Bathurst. The city is named after Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst (1762 - 1834).

Gloucester County
Gloucester County#English

Bathurst (a city in Gloucester County, New Brunswick, Canada).


Tourcoing

"Corner tower," from tour + coin (“corner, wedge”).

Tourcoing (a city and commune of Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France)


Aix-en-Provence

From the Roman name, Latin Aquae Sextiae (“waters of Sextius”), from aqua + Sextius, a gens derived from sextus (“sixth”).

der

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Aix-en-Provence, Aix (a city and commune of Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France)


Beauvais

From Late Latin Bellovacum, named after the Celtic tribe Bellovaci.

Beauvais (a city and commune of Oise department, Hauts-de-France, France)


Mirabel

a city and regional county municipality of Laurentides, Quebec, Canada


Bourges

Either from a Germanic derivative of German Burg or a Gallo-Latin pronunciation of Bituriges.


Biarritz

Biarritz (an elegant seaside city and commune on the Bay of Biscay in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France)


Hyères

Inherited from Middle French Eyras, Eras, through Occitan from Latin area.

Hyères (a city and commune of Var department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France)


Vicence

Vicenza (the capital city of the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy)


Bellefontaine

English: Bellefontaine

From belle (“beautiful”) + fontaine (“fountain”).

af

Bellefontaine (a city, the county seat of Logan County, Ohio, United States)


Babi

nickname for Abidjan: the largest city in Ivory Coast


Foix

→ English: Foix

Foix (the capital city of Ariège department, France; capital city)


Tilsit

Tilsit (former name of Sovetsk: a city in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)


Saint-Étienne

Saint-Étienne (a city in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France)


Shawinigan

Borrowed from English Shawinigan, a transliteration of the Amerind terms used for the area.
The municipality is named after the city.

Shawinigan (a city in the Mauricie region, Quebec)


Val-d'Or

Derived from val (“vale”) + d' (“of”) + or (“gold”). The city is named after the gold mines in the area.

La Vallée-de-l'Or
La Vallée-de-l'Or#English

a city in La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada


Catane

Catania (the capital city of the metropolitan city of Catania, Sicily, Italy)


Vincennes

Vincennes (a city and commune of Val-de-Marne department, Île-de-France, France)


Fort-de-France

Fort-de-France (the capital city of the French department of Martinique)


Ripoll

Ripoll (the capital of Ripollès, Girona, Catalonia)


Plaisance

Derived from plaisance (“pleasure”), either as a reference to the pleasant surroundings of the municipality or as a reference to one of several locales in France. The Italian city is derived from the Latin Placentia, from placentia < placēns (“pleasing, welcoming”).

Piacenza (the capital city of the province of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy)


Longueuil

English: Longueuil

From Middle French Longueil. Named after Longueil, a village in Normandy.

Longueuil (a city in the region of Montérégie, Quebec, Canada)

Longueil

A placename of several locations in France


Coni

From Piedmontese Coni, ultimately from Latin cuneus (“wedge”).


Sault Ste. Marie

English: Sault Ste. Marie

From sault + Sainte Marie, from Middle French. From being the sault (“rapids”) on the Rivière Sainte Marie (“Saint Marys River”).

Sault Sainte Marie (alternative)
Sault Sainte-Marie (alternative)
Sault-Sainte-Marie (alternative)
Sault Ste Marie (alternative)
Sault Ste-Marie (alternative)
Sault-Ste-Marie (alternative)
Sault Ste.-Marie (alternative)
Sault-Ste.-Marie (alternative)

Sault Ste. Marie
Sault Ste. Marie#English:_Q463165

Sault Ste. Marie (a city, the seat of the Algoma District, Ontario, Canada)

Sault Ste. Marie
Sault Ste. Marie#English:_Q986634

Sault Ste. Marie (a city, the county seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, United States)


Milhouse

(obsolete) alternative spelling of Mulhouse


Verdun

[vaɛ̯ʁ̥.dœ̃˞]

Inherited from Latin Virodunum, from Gaulish.

Verdun (a small city in Meuse department, Grand Est, France)


Kairouan

→ English: Kairouan

Borrowed from Arabic الْقَيْرَوَان (al-qayrawān), definite form of قَيْرَوَان (qayrawān, “caravan”), from Middle Persian kʾlwʾn'. Doublet of caravane.

bor+

الْقَيْرَوَان


Louvain-la-Neuve

City of the province of Walloon Brabant in Belgium


Bastogne

Meronyms: Longvilly, Noville, Villers-la-Bonne-Eau, Wardin

Bastogne (a city in Luxembourg, Belgium)


Moncton

Borrowed from English Moncton. The city is named after military officer and colonial administrator Robert Monckton (1726 - 1782).

Westmorland County
Westmorland County#English

Moncton (a city in Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada).


Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville

Calque of Vietnamese Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.

cal

Hô Chi Minh-Ville (alternative)
Hô Chi Minh Ville (alternative)
Ho Chi Minh-Ville (alternative)
Ho Chi Minh Ville (alternative)
Ho-Chi-Minh-Ville (alternative)

Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City#English


Sihanoukville

Sihanouk + -ville. From Khmer សីហនុ (səyhnuʼ), a Khmer given name. Named after Kampuchean king Norodom Sihanouk (1922–2012)

named-after

Sihanoukville (a city, the provincial capital of Sihanoukville, Cambodia)


Trois-Rivières

English: Trois-Rivières

From trois (“three”) + rivières (“rivers”).
From the fact that three rivers flow through the area (confluence of two rivers, one flowing into the other, resulting in three channels, two incoming and one outgoing).

a city and regional county municipality of Outaouais, Quebec, Canada


Ziguinchor

A city in (and the capital of) the above region of Senegal; the largest populated place in the Casamance area of the country.


Rufisque

Corrupted form of the Portuguese name rio fresco meaning freshwater


Thèbes

Borrowed from Latin Thēbae, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Θῆβαι (Thêbai).


Soleure

Solothurn (a canton and city in Switzerland)


Varennes

English: Varennes

a city, a suburb of Greater Montreal Area, Quebec; founded by René Gaultier, sieur de Varennes


Coblence

Koblenz (an independent city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Baalbeck

Baalbek-Hermel Governorate
Baalbek-Hermel Governorate#English

Baalbek (the capital city of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon)


Ernée

a city in France, a town in the department of Mayenne


Agen

Borrowed from Occitan Agen, from Latin Aginnum.

Agen (a city and commune, the prefecture of Lot-et-Garonne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France)


New Rochelle

Borrowed from English New Rochelle, in turn of French and Old French origin. Doublet of Nouvelle-Rochelle.

Westchester County
Westchester County#English

(Europe) New Rochelle (a city in Westchester County, New York, United States)


Nijni

Nizhny Novgorod (a city, the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia)


Trèves

English: Treves

From Latin Treverorum, from Augusta Treverorum, from Gaulish.

Trier (a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Détroit

English: Detroit

Detroit; a city in Michigan, United States


Port-Royal

English: Port Royal

From port + royal.
* (Jamaica): Calque of Spanish Puerto Real

United States of America
United States of America

a location in the United States of America

Port Royal (an inlet in South Carolina, United States)

Port Royal (an island of South Carolina, United States)

Port Royal (a city in South Carolina, United States)


Ouarzazate

Borrowed from Arabic وَرْزَازَات (warzāzāt).

bor+

Ouarzazate (the capital city of Ouarzazate, Draa-Tafilalet, Morocco)


CSL

CSL (initialism of Côte-Saint-Luc: a city in Montréal, Québec, Canada)


Petit-Noir

Petit-Noir (a city in Jura department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


Khimki

Khimki (a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia)


Bozouls

Bozouls (a city in Aveyron department, France)


Princeville

* (Québec): Prince + -ville, named after Pierre Prince, one of the first pioneer colonizers of the area.
* (Hawaii): prince + -ville. From English Princeville, named after Hawaiian Prince Albert Kamehameha

a city in L'Érable, Centre-du-Québec, Quebec, Canada


Encausse

Encausse (a city in Gers department, France)


Luchon

short for Bagnères-de-Luchon: Bagnères-de-Luchon (a city in Haute-Garonne department, Occitania, France)


Bagnères-de-Luchon

→ English: Bagnères-de-Luchon

Borrowed from Occitan Banhères de Luishon.

Bagnères-de-Luchon (a city in Haute-Garonne department, France)


Les Sables-d'Olonne

Les Sables d' Olonne (canonical masculine plural)

→ English: Les Sables-d'Olonne

Les Sables-d'Olonne
Les Sables-d'Olonne#English

Les Sables-d'Olonne (a city in Vendée department, France)


Mirepoix

→ English: Mirepoix

Mirepoix (a city in Ariège department, France)


La Tuque

English: La Tuque

From a nearby mountain thought to resemble a tuque.

La Tuque (a city in Mauricie, Quebec, Canada)


Magdebourg

Magdeburg (the capital city of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)


Stains

→ English: Stains

Stains (a city in Seine-Saint-Denis department, France)


Mazingarbe

→ English: Mazingarbe

Mazingarbe (a city in Pas-de-Calais department, France)


Atton

Atton (a city in Meurthe-et-Moselle department, France)


Nérac

→ English: Nérac

Nérac (a city in Lot-et-Garonne department, France)


Bruniquel

Bruniquel (a city in Tarn-et-Garonne department, France)


Marval

Marval (a city in Haute-Vienne department, France)


Mireval

Mireval (a city in Hérault department, Occitania, France)


Pétersbourg

(obsolete) alternative form of Saint-Pétersbourg (“Petersburg”)


Léningrad

former name of Saint-Pétersbourg (“Leningrad”)


Breitenbach

Borrowed from German Breitenbach, from Alemannic German Braitebàch.

Breitenbach (a city in Bas-Rhin department, France)


Breitenbach-Haut-Rhin

Breitenbach-Haut-Rhin (a city in Haut-Rhin department, France)


Sept-Îles

From sept îles (literally “seven islands”).

Sept-Îles (a city in the Côte-Nord region of eastern Quebec, Canada)


Tirlemont

Tienen (a city in Flemish Brabant, Belgium)


Ruremonde

Roermond (a city in Limburg, Netherlands)


Péking

English: Peking

Peking (obsolete spelling of Pékin, former name of Beijing: the capital of China)


Kansk

Kansk (a city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Siberia, Russia)


Krasnoïarsk

Borrowed from Russian Красноя́рск (Krasnojársk).

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai#English

Krasnoyarsk (a city, the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia, Russia)


Duquesne

Normanno-Picard equivalent to Duchêne (‘of the oak’).

Duquene (alternative)
Duquêne (alternative)
Duquenne (alternative)

a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States

Allegheny County
Allegheny County#English

a city in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States


Ouralsk

Borrowed from Russian Ура́льск (Urálʹsk).

synonym of Oural (“Oral”) (a city in Kazakhstan)


Éryx

(historical) Erice (a city in Sicily, Italy)


Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois

→ English: Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois

Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (a city in Essonne department, France)


Tarascon-sur-Ariège

→ English: Tarascon-sur-Ariège

Borrowed from Occitan Tarascon d'Arièja.

Tarascon-sur-Ariège (a city in Ariège department, France)


Sebba

→ English: Sebba

Sebba (the capital city of Yagha, Burkina Faso)


Saint-Priest

→ English: Saint-Priest

Borrowed from Franco-Provençal Sant-Priést.

Saint-Priest (a city in Lyon Metropolis department, France)


Tobolsk

Borrowed from Russian Тобо́льск (Tobólʹsk).

Tobolsk (a city in Tyumen Oblast, Russia)


Tioumen

Borrowed from Russian Тюме́нь (Tjuménʹ).

Tyumen (the capital of Tyumen Oblast, Russia)


Doudinka

Borrowed from Russian Дуди́нка (Dudínka).

Dudinka (a port city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia)


Cargèse

a city and commune of Corse-du-Sud department, Corsica, France


Jacmel

Haitian Creole: Jakmèl

→ Dutch: Jacmel

→ English: Jacmel

→ Spanish: Jacmel

→ Taíno: Yaquimel

Jacmel (a port town, commune, and capital of Sud-Est department, Haiti)


Bar-le-Duc

Bar-le-Duc (the capital of Meuse department, France)


Saint-Brieuc

Saint-Brieuc (a city and commune, the prefecture of Côtes-d'Armor department, Brittany, France)


Sarrebourg

Saarburg (a city in Trier-Saarburg district, state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Montlhéry

Montlhéry (a city in Essonne department, France)


Lunebourg

Luneburg (a city in Lower Saxony, Germany)


Besac

(informal) Besançon (a city and commune, the prefecture of Doubs department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


Tsingoni

Meronyms: Combani, Hachénoua, Mandani, Mirereni, Mrowalé


M'tsangamouji

M'Tsangamouji (canonical feminine)
Mtsangamouji (alternative)


Razès

→ English: Razès

City in Haute-Vienne: Borrowed from Occitan Rasès.
Region of Aude: Borrowed from Occitan Rasés.

Razès (a city in Haute-Vienne department, France)


Limoux

→ English: Limoux

Limoux (a city in Aude department, France)


Limours

→ English: Limours

Limours (a city in Essonne department, France)


Jouy-en-Josas

→ English: Jouy-en-Josas

Jouy-enJosas (a city in Yvelines department, France)


Arpajon

→ English: Arpajon

Arpajon (a city in Essonne department, France)


Walcourt

→ English: Walcourt

Meronyms: Berzée, Castillon, Chastrès, Clermont, Fontenelle, Fraire, Gourdinne, Laneffe, Pry, Rognée, Somzée, Tarcienne, Thy-le-Château, Vogenée, Yves-Gomezée

Walcourt (a city in Namur Province, Belgium)


Béjaïa

Bejaia (a city and commune of Béjaïa province, Algeria)


Zaporijia

Borrowed from Ukrainian Запорі́жжя (Zaporížžja).

Zaporizhzhia (an industrial city and urban hromada, the administrative center of Zaporizhzhia Raion and Zaporizhzhia Oblast, in south-central Ukraine, on the Dnipro River)


Pointe-à-Pitre

Pointe-à-Pitre (a commune and city in Guadeloupe department, French West Indies)


Gembloux

→ English: Gembloux

Meronyms: Beuzet, Bossière, Bothey, Corroy-le-Château, Ernage, Grand-Leez, Grand-Manil, Isnes, Lonzée, Mazy, Sauvenière


Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville

a city and municipality of Quebec, Canada


Créteil

Créteil (a city and commune of the department of Val-de-Marne, region of Île-de-France, France)


Aulnay

Inherited from Latin Aunaium, with later addition of the spurious silent letter -l-.

Aulnay (short for Aulnay-sous-Bois, a city and commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, Île-de-France, France)


La Nouvelle-Rochelle

From nouvelle (“new”) + Rochelle, calque of English New Rochelle, in turn of French and Old French origin. Doublet of New Rochelle.

Nouvelle-Rochelle (alternative)
Nouvelle Rochelle (alternative)

(North America) New Rochelle (a city in Westchester County, New York, United States)


Gracefield

Derived from a compound of the English surname Grace and field. The city is named after mayor of the former municipality Patrick Grace.

La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau
La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau#English

a city in La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality, Outaouais, Quebec, Canada


Campbellton

Borrowed from English Campbellton. The city is named after colonial administrator Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet (1769–1843).

Restigouche County
Restigouche County#English

a city in Restigouche County, New Brunswick, Canada


Port-Louis

Port Louis (the capital city of Mauritius)


Cap-Français

Cap Français (canonical feminine masculine)


Mégare

Borrowed from Latin Megara, from Ancient Greek Μεγάρα (Megára).


Zaporojié

Borrowed from Russian Запоро́жье (Zaporóžʹje).


Alexandrovsk

Borrowed from Russian Алекса́ндровск (Aleksándrovsk).

Алекса́ндровск

(historical) synonym of Zaporijia (“Alexandrovsk”)


Olexandrivsk

Borrowed from Ukrainian Олекса́ндрівськ (Oleksándrivsʹk).

Олекса́ндрівськ


Izioum

Izium (a city in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine)


Popasna

Borrowed from Ukrainian Попа́сна (Popásna).

Popasna (a city, the administrative centre of Popasna urban hromada, Siverskodonetsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, founded as a railway station in 1878, occupied by Russian forces since May 2022, heavily damaged during the war in Donbas and then razed to the ground during the Battle of Popasna)

(fully communauté territoriale de Popasna) Popasna urban hromada (an urban hromada of Siverskodonetsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, founded in 2020)


Rouyn-Noranda

The name of the city is derived from the name of the former cities of Rouyn and Noranda.

a city and regional county municipality of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada


Portneuf

The city is named after the fiefdom of Portneuf, named in turn after military officer René Robineau de Portneuf (1659–1726).
The municipality is named after the former Barony of Portneuf, named in turn after the city.

a city in Portneuf Regional County Municipality, Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada


Kalouga

Kaluga (a city, the capital of Kaluga Oblast, Russia)


Belleterre

Compound of beau (“beautiful”) + terre (“earth, land”). Originally the name of a mine.

af

a city in Témiscamingue Regional County Municipality, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada


Ville-Marie

Derived from ville (“city”) and the name Marie. The city is named after Saint Mary.


Témiscaming

Derived from the name of lac Témiscamingue, derived in turn from the Algonquin terms tim (“deep”), kami (“expanse of water”) and the locative element -ing (“in”).


Duparquet

The city is named after French military officer Jean-Annet Chabreuil Du Parquet.

a city in Abitibi-Ouest Regional County Municipality, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada


La Sarre

The city is named after the La Sarre Regiment.


Macamic

The city is named after a nearby lake, the name of which is derived from a Algonquin compound composed of mak (“crippled, lame”) and amik (“beaver”).


Malartic

The municipality is named after French colonial administrator and military officer Anne-Joseph-Hippolyte de Maurès de Malartic (1730–1800).

a city in La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada

fr:Anne-Joseph-Hippolyte de Maurès de Malartic


Senneterre

Both the city and the municipality are likely named after a French military officer from the Languedoc regiment.


Maniwaki

The name of the city is derived from an Algonquin compound toponym derived from mani (“Mary, Maria”) (referring to Saint Mary) and aki (“land”). The settlement began as a missionary project.


Soledar

From Ukrainian Соледа́р (Soledár, literally “gift of the salt”).

uder

Soledar (a city in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, in eastern Ukraine, containing an extensive salt mine)

Karlo-Libknekhtivsk (1924-1991)

from Ukraninan Карло-Лібкнехтівськ (Karlo-Libknextivsʹk)

Karlo-Libknekhtovsk (1924-1991)

from Russian Карло-Либкнехтовск (Karlo-Libknextovsk)


Mont-Laurier

The name of the city is derived from mont (“mountain”) + Laurier (a surname). The city is named after Canadian lawyer and statesman Wilfrid Laurier (1841–1919).

a city in Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality, Laurentides, Quebec, Canada


Rivière-Rouge

The name of the city is derived from rivière (“river”) and rouge (“red”). The city is named after a nearby river.


Barkmere

Derived from an English toponym derived in turn from a compound of bark and mere.

a city in Les Laurentides Regional County Municipality, Laurentides, Quebec, Canada


Mont-Tremblant

The city is named after a nearby mountain, the name of which derives from mont (“mountain”) and tremblant (“shaking, shaky”). The name of the mountain is said to derive from a Native American story about a powerful spirit inhabiting the peak. Alternatively, the name may derive from a muffled sound that can be heard near the mountain.


Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts

The name of the municipality is derived from the name of Saint Agatha of Sicily (c. 231–251) and the plural form of mont (“mountain”).


Sohar

Al Batinah North Governorate
Al Batinah North Governorate#English

Sohar (a city in Al Batinah North Governorate, Oman)


Tétouan

Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima#English

Tétouan (a city in Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco)


État de la Cité du Vatican

LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-État de la Cité du Vatican.wav

Vatican City State
Vatican City State#English:_Q237

Vatican City State (official name of Vatican City: a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


Brindes

From Latin Brundisium, from Ancient Greek Βρεντέσιον (Brentésion), said to be from Messapic.

Brindisi (a city and province of Apulia, Italy)


Chlef

Chlef (a city, the capital of Chlef Province, Algeria)


Laghouat

der

Arabic الأَغْوَاط (al-ʔaḡwāṭ)


Tournay

Inherited from Latin. Attested on the Cassini map (1740s).

obsolete spelling of Tournai: a city and municipality of Wallonia, Belgium


Sainté

Clipping of Saint-Étienne (“Saint-Étienne”)

clipping

(informal) Clipping of Saint-Étienne (a city in France)


Baie-Comeau

Named after Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau, Québécois naturalist.

Baie-Comeau (a city in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada)


Baie-Saint-Paul

Baie-Comeau (a city in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada)


Sorel-Tracy

Compound of Sorel + Tracy, names of the two towns that amalgamated to form the city.

Sorel-Tracy (a city in Montérégie, Quebec, Canada)


Trois-Pistoles

Trois-Pistoles (a city in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of eastern Quebec, Canada)


Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures

Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures (a city in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada)


Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu

Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu (a city in the Eastern Townships region of southern Quebec, Canada)


Lebel-sur-Quévillon

Lebel-sur-Quévillon (a city in the Nord-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada)


Prétoria

Pretoria (the capital city of South Africa)


Kœnigsberg

Borrowed from German Königsberg, from König (“king”) + Berg (“mountain”), named in honour/honor of Ottokar II, king of Bohemia.

(historical) Königsberg (the former capital of East Prussia)


Trébizonde

Borrowed from Greek Τραπεζούντα (Trapezoúnta).


Crémone

Borrowed from Italian Cremona or Latin Cremōna.

Cremona (a province and city in Lombardy, Italy)


Djaïpour

Il existait en effet dans le palais du maharadjah de Djaïpour une série de tapis portant des étiquettes mentionnant qu'ils avaient été fabriqués à Lahore.

1900, Paul Ferniot, L'Inde; lectures de géographie et d'histoire, accompagnées d'analyses, de résumés, de notes et notices explicatives, etc. et de nombreuses gravures, Grasset, page 25:

Indeed in the palace of the Maharaja of Jaipur there was a series of carpets that had labels saying that they had been made in Lahore.

Jaipur (the state capital of Rajasthan, India)


Bakhmout

Borrowed from Ukrainian Бахмут (Baxmut).

Bakhmut (a city in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine)


Marioupol

Borrowed from Ukrainian Маріу́поль (Mariúpolʹ).

bor+

Mariupol (a city in Mariupol Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine)


Kryvyï Rih

From Ukrainian Криви́й Рі́г (Kryvýj Ríh).

bor

Криви́й Рі́г

Kryvyi Rih (a city in Kryvyi Rih Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine)


Tilsitt

obsolete spelling of Tilsit, former name of Sovetsk: a city in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia


Presbourg

(historical) Pressburg (former name of Bratislava: the capital city of Slovakia)


Poipet

Banteay Meanchey
Banteay Meanchey#English

Poipet (a city in Banteay Meanchey, Cambodia)


Jénine

Jenin (a city in the West Bank, Palestine)


Saint-Jacques

Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela#English

Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (the capital city of Galicia, Spain)


Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle

Santiago de Compostela (a city in A Coruña, Galicia)


La Canée

Chania (a city, the capital of Chania regional unit, on the island of Crete, Greece)


Neom

Borrowed from English Neom, itself from neo- and Arabic مستقبل (mustaqbal).


Sarcelles

Sarcelles (a commune and city in Val-d'Oise department, Île-de-France, France)


Cité du Vatican

LL-Q150 (fra)-Ncfavier-Cité du Vatican.wav

Partial calque of Italian Città del Vaticano, from Latin Cīvitās Vāticāna.

pcal

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


Louhansk

Luhansk (the capital city of Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine)


Tcheliabinsk

Chelyabinsk (a city, the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia)


Irkoutsk

Irkutsk (a city, the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia)


Oulan-Oudé

Ulan-Ude (the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia)


Oufa

Ufa (the capital city of Bashkortostan, Russia)


La Nouvelle-Ibérie

New Iberia (a city in Louisiana, United States)


Aktaou

Aktau (a port city on the Caspian Sea in Kazakhstan)


Koupiansk

From Russian Ку́пянск (Kúpjansk) and Ukrainian Ку́п’янськ (Kúpʺjansʹk).

Kupiansk (alternative)
Coupiansk (alternative obsolete rare)

Губерніи и уѣзды. Gouvernements et districts.
Харьковская. Kharkow.
Въ томъ числѣ уѣзды: Y compris les districts:
Харьковскій. Kharkow.
Волчанскій. Voltchansk.
Изюмскій. Isum.
Купянскій. Coupiansk.
Старобѣльскій. Starobelsk.

1916, Андрѣй Михайловичъ Терне [A. Terné], П. И. Дмитріевъ [P. Dmitriev], Ѳ. Ѳ. Багровъ [Th. Bagrov], editors, Сборникъ статистико-экономическихъ свѣдѣній по сельскому хозяйству Россіи и иностранныхъ государствъ. [Sbornik statistiko-ekonomičeskix svěděnij po selʹskomu xozjajstvu Rossii i inostrannyx gosudarstv.] Recueil de données statistiques et économiques sur l’Industrie agricole en Russie et dans les pays étrangers., Годъ девятый. [God devjatyj.] Neuvième année. (overall work in Russian and French), Петроградъ. Petrograd.: Министерство Земледѣлія. Отдѣлъ Сельской Экономіи и Сельскохозяйственной Статистики. [Ministerstvo Zemledělija. Otděl Selʹskoj Ekonomii i Selʹskoxozjajstvennoj Statistiki.] Ministère de l’Agriculture. Division d’Economie rurale et de Statistique agricole., § III. А. 3. Посѣвная площадь и сборъ подсолнечника въ Россіи въ 1913 и 1914 г.г. [Posěvnaja ploščadʹ i sbor podsolnečnika v Rossii v 1913 i 1914 g.g.] Superficie de la culture et récolte du tournesol en Russie en 1913 et 1914. (pages 128–130), page 130:

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic#English

Kupiansk (a city, the administrative centre of Kupiansk urban hromada, Kupiansk Raion, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, founded in 1655)

(historical, fully ouïezd de Koupiansk m) Kupiansk Povit (a povit of, successively, the Voronezh Viceroyalty and then the Voronezh, Sloboda Ukraine and Kharkov Governorates of the Russian Empire, and then of the Kharkiv Governorate of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic; established in 1779, abolished in 1923)

(historical, fully volost de Koupiansk f) Kupiansk volost (a volost of Kupiansk povit, Russian Empire and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, extant at least as early as 1885 and at least as late as 1913)

(historical, fully okroug de Koupiansk m) Kupiansk Okruha (an okruha of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, established in March 1923, subordinate to the intermediate Kharkiv Governorate until June 1925, part of the Left-Bank pidraion in 1926, and disestablished in June 1930)

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

(fully raïon de Koupiansk m) Kupiansk Raion (a raion of Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, established in March 1923, subordinate to the okruha of the same name of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic until June 1930, and considerably enlarged in July 2020)

(fully communauté territoriale de Koupiansk f) Kupiansk urban hromada (an urban hromada of Kupiansk Raion, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, established in June 2020)

a) achevé sur les lignes : […] DEBALTSOVO-KOUPIANSK (en I947^([sic]) sur Debaltsovo-Popasnaia)

1949–1950, Les Cahiers de l'Économie Soviétique, Years 1949–1950, issue № 6, Paris: Institut d’Étude de l’Économie Soviétique et de l’Économie Planifiée, page 10:

a) [work] completed on the lines: […]  Debaltseve–Kupiansk (in 1947 on Debaltseve–Popasnaya)

Les forces ukrainiennes s’approchent désormais de la ville de stratégique Koupiansk.

2022 September 10th, “La percée ukrainienne dans la région de Kharkiv s’étend « jusqu’à 50 kilomètres »”, in Le Monde, Guerre en Ukraine:


Sébastopol

Sevastopol (a port city in Crimea, internationally recognized as part of Ukraine but de facto in Russia)