Imavere

Imavere (nominative singular)
Imavere (accusative nominative singular)
Imavere (accusative genitive singular)
Imavere (genitive singular)
Imaveret (partitive singular)
Imaverre (illative singular)
Imaveresse (illative singular)
Imaveres (inessive singular)
Imaverest (elative singular)
Imaverele (allative singular)
Imaverel (adessive singular)
Imaverelt (ablative singular)
Imavereks (singular translative)
Imavereni (singular terminative)
Imaverena (essive singular)
Imavereta (abessive singular)
Imaverega (comitative singular)

→ German: Immafer

From the personal name *Ima, *Immo(i) + -vere.

Imavere (a village in Järva County, Estonia)

Imavere (a village in Saare County, Estonia)


Põltsamaa

Põltsamaa (nominative singular)
Põltsamaa (accusative nominative singular)
Põltsamaa (accusative genitive singular)
Põltsamaa (genitive singular)
Põltsamaad (partitive singular)
Põltsamaasse (illative singular)
Põltsamaas (inessive singular)
Põltsamaast (elative singular)
Põltsamaale (allative singular)
Põltsamaal (adessive singular)
Põltsamaalt (ablative singular)
Põltsamaaks (singular translative)
Põltsamaani (singular terminative)
Põltsamaana (essive singular)
Põltsamaata (abessive singular)
Põltsamaaga (comitative singular)

According to one theory, from Old Estonian *Põltoisa(n), compare Finnish peltoisa. Alternatively from põld (“field”) + ots (“end”) (Põlluotsa -> *Põltsa-), suffixed with maa (“land”). Alternatively, from *põldus, an unattested derivation from põld, which seems unlikely.

Põltsamaa (a town in Jõgeva County, Estonia)


Võru

Võru (nominative singular)
Võru (accusative nominative singular)
Võru (accusative genitive singular)
Võru (genitive singular)
Võru (partitive singular)
Võrru (illative singular)
Võrusse (illative singular)
Võrus (inessive singular)
Võrust (elative singular)
Võrule (allative singular)
Võrul (adessive singular)
Võrult (ablative singular)
Võruks (singular translative)
Võruni (singular terminative)
Võruna (essive singular)
Võruta (abessive singular)
Võruga (comitative singular)

From the name of a local creek. Likely related to the word viru (“whirlpool”), an element found in hydronyms in south-eastern Estonia.
Cognate to Võro Võro.


Virumaa

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Virumaa (genitive Virumaa, partitive Virumaad)

Virumaa (genitive)
Virumaad (partitive)
Virumaa (nominative singular)
Virumaad (nominative plural)
Virumaa (accusative nominative singular)
Virumaad (accusative nominative plural)
Virumaa (accusative genitive singular)
Virumaad (accusative genitive plural)
Virumaa (genitive singular)
Virumaade (genitive plural)
Virumaad (partitive singular)
Virumaid (partitive plural)
Virumaasid (partitive plural)
Virumaasse (illative singular)
Virumaadesse (illative plural)
Virumaisse (illative plural)
Virumaas (inessive singular)
Virumaades (inessive plural)
Virumais (inessive plural)
Virumaast (elative singular)
Virumaadest (elative plural)
Virumaist (elative plural)
Virumaale (allative singular)
Virumaadele (allative plural)
Virumaile (allative plural)
Virumaal (adessive singular)
Virumaadel (adessive plural)
Virumail (adessive plural)
Virumaalt (ablative singular)
Virumaadelt (ablative plural)
Virumailt (ablative plural)
Virumaaks (singular translative)
Virumaadeks (plural translative)
Virumaiks (plural translative)
Virumaani (singular terminative)
Virumaadeni (plural terminative)
Virumaana (essive singular)
Virumaadena (essive plural)
Virumaata (abessive singular)
Virumaadeta (abessive plural)
Virumaaga (comitative singular)
Virumaadega (comitative plural)

From Viru + maa.
The origin of the first element is uncertain. A myriad of theories have been proposed, connecting it with the words veer (“edge”) (cf. Finnish vieru), virk (“diligent”) (although this is phonetically improbable), viir (“stripe”), virukas (“strong”), viru (“whirlpool”) (see Võru) and a personal name (*Viiroi or *Viroi, according to Kettunen). Mägiste considers this to be a diminutive of the word vire (“gusty (wind)”).
Germanic or Baltic borrowings have also been widely theorized. Grünthal has studied the Baltic connections the most, comparing the term to Latvian vīrs and Lithuanian vyras (“man”) (gen. pl. vyrų; from Proto-Baltic *wī́ˀras), but points out the phonological inconsistency of the Proto-Baltic long *ī turning into a short i in Estonian. That doesn't rule out the Baltic theory though, as the're might have been intermediary developments, which are not uncommon to encounter with toponyms. Furthermore, archeology seems to heavily indicate a Baltic borrowing: a disproportionate amount of bronze artifacts have been dug up, indicating this region's heavy trade with the Balts, and jewellery from this region has many Baltic characteristics, specifically from the Old Prussian-speaking region. EES uncertainly proposes both Germanic and Baltic connections for the term virulane (which includes the suffix -lane). Both Koivulehto and Grünthal have proposed an earlier borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós (“man”), from which the Baltic terms originate, as well as the first element of Old Norse ver-ǫld (“world”) (from Proto-Germanic *weraz). Curiously, the toponym has also been explained through Latin: Bartholomaeus Anglicus in the XIII century encyclopedia De proprietatibus rerum claimed with great confidence that the toponym originates from Latin viror (“greenness”), as the region was considered particularly fertile, green and free of any major castles. If the Indo-European connection is true at all, the term must have been borrowed a very long time ago.

ref

EEW

Mägiste, Julius (1982) Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume XII, Helsinki: Finnisch-Ugrische Gesellschaft, page 3884

Kettunen, Lauri (1955) Etymologische Untersuchungen über estnische Ortsnamen (Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian Toimituksia, Sarja B) (in German), volume 90, number 1, Helsinki, page 187

Mägiste, Julius (1928) oi̯-, ei̯-deminutiivid läänemeresoome keelis (Läänemeresoome nominaaltuletus; I) (in Estonian), Tartu, page 197

ref

Grünthal 1997

Grünthal, Riho (1997) Livvistä liiviin. Itämerensuomalaiset etnonyymit (Castrenianumin toimitteita) (in Finnish), volume 51, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN, pages 200–204

Lõugas, Vello (1978) “Kuidas Virumaa endale nime sai?”, in Horisont (in Estonian), volume 11, number 7, →ISSN, pages 8–11

“virulane”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012

Koivulehto, Jorma (1993) “Suomi”, in Virittäjä (in Finnish), volume 97, number 3, →ISSN, page 400

Ruppel, Klaas, editor (2021–2023), “Viro”, in Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 72) (in Finnish), Kotimaisten kielten keskus, →ISSN

Tamm, Marek (2014) “Kujuteldavad maastikud. Ida-Baltikum ja 13. sajandi Euroopa kultuuriline geograafia [Imagined Landscapes: The Eastern Baltic Region and the Cultural Geography of Thirteenth-Century Europe]”, in Linda Kaljundi, Helen Sooväli-Sepping, editors, Maastik ja mälu. Pärandiloome arengujooni Eestis (Acta Universitatis Tallinnensis. Socialia, 1736-941X) (in Estonian), Tallinn: University of Tallinn, →ISBN, page 90

“Virumaa”, in [KNR] Eesti kohanimeraamat [Book of Estonian Toponyms] (in Estonian) (online version, occasionally updated), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2017–

(historical) A former county in northeastern Estonia, existed between 1918–1950


Kõmrimaa

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Kõmrimaa (genitive Kõmrimaa, partitive Kõmrimaad)

Kõmrimaa (genitive)
Kõmrimaad (partitive)
Kõmrimaa (nominative singular)
Kõmrimaa (accusative nominative singular)
Kõmrimaa (accusative genitive singular)
Kõmrimaa (genitive singular)
Kõmrimaad (partitive singular)
Kõmrimaasse (illative singular)
Kõmrimaas (inessive singular)
Kõmrimaast (elative singular)
Kõmrimaale (allative singular)
Kõmrimaal (adessive singular)
Kõmrimaalt (ablative singular)
Kõmrimaaks (singular translative)
Kõmrimaani (singular terminative)
Kõmrimaana (essive singular)
Kõmrimaata (abessive singular)
Kõmrimaaga (comitative singular)

(rare) Wales (a country in northwestern Europe, a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


Kuressaare

Kuressaare (genitive Kuressaare, partitive Kuressaaret)

Kuressaare (genitive)
Kuressaaret (partitive)
Kuressaare (nominative singular)
Kuressaare (accusative nominative singular)
Kuressaare (accusative genitive singular)
Kuressaare (genitive singular)
Kuressaaret (partitive singular)
Kuressaaresse (illative singular)
Kuressaares (inessive singular)
Kuressaarest (elative singular)
Kuressaarele (allative singular)
Kuressaarel (adessive singular)
Kuressaarelt (ablative singular)
Kuressaareks (singular translative)
Kuressaareni (singular terminative)
Kuressaarena (essive singular)
Kuressaareta (abessive singular)
Kuressaarega (comitative singular)

Kuressaare (a town in northeastern Estonia)


Sillamäe

Sillamäe (genitive Sillamäen, partitive [please provide])

[ˈsʲilːɑˌmæe̯]


Maardu

Maardu (genitive Maardu, partitive Maardut)

Maardu (genitive)
Maardut (partitive)
Maardu (nominative singular)
Maardu (accusative nominative singular)
Maardu (accusative genitive singular)
Maardu (genitive singular)
Maardut (partitive singular)
Maardusse (illative singular)
Maardus (inessive singular)
Maardust (elative singular)
Maardule (allative singular)
Maardul (adessive singular)
Maardult (ablative singular)
Maarduks (singular translative)
Maarduni (singular terminative)
Maarduna (essive singular)
Maarduta (abessive singular)
Maarduga (comitative singular)


Põhja-Makedoonia

Põhja-Makedoonia (genitive Põhja-Makedoonia, partitive Põhja-Makedooniat)

Põhja-Makedoonia (genitive)
Põhja-Makedooniat (partitive)
Põhja-Makedoonia (nominative singular)
Põhja-Makedoonia (accusative nominative singular)
Põhja-Makedoonia (accusative genitive singular)
Põhja-Makedoonia (genitive singular)
Põhja-Makedooniat (partitive singular)
Põhja-Makedooniasse (illative singular)
Põhja-Makedoonias (inessive singular)
Põhja-Makedooniast (elative singular)
Põhja-Makedooniale (allative singular)
Põhja-Makedoonial (adessive singular)
Põhja-Makedoonialt (ablative singular)
Põhja-Makedooniaks (singular translative)
Põhja-Makedooniani (singular terminative)
Põhja-Makedooniana (essive singular)
Põhja-Makedooniata (abessive singular)
Põhja-Makedooniaga (comitative singular)

North Macedonia
North Macedonia#English:_Q221

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

North Macedonia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)