GDP

Coordinate term: GTP

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanosine diphosphate, a nucleotide.


acceptor

From Middle English acceptour, from Latin acceptor, with the meanings from accept.

(biochemistry) A transfer RNA molecule that can accept a specific amino acid


nonsense

en-adj

nonsense (comparative more nonsense, superlative most nonsense)

more nonsense (comparative)
most nonsense (superlative)

From non- (“no, none, lack of”) + sense, from c. 1610. Compare the semantically similar West Frisian ûnsin (“nonsense”), Dutch onzin (“nonsense”), German Unsinn (“nonsense”), English unsense (“nonsense”).

(biochemistry) Resulting from the substitution of a nucleotide in a sense codon, causing it to become a stop codon (not coding for an amino-acid).

無義 /无义

resulting from the substitution of a nucleotide in a sense codon, causing it to become a stop codon


AA

en-noun

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

The two tests presently in this category are the blood tests carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and hemoglobin or whole blood acetaldehyde adducts (AA). […] Measurement of AA in the blood has also generated a great deal of recent research interest.

1995, Raymond F. Anton, Raye Z. Litten, John P. Allen, “Biological Assessment of Alcohol Consumption”, in John P. Allen, Megan Columbus, editors, Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, →ISBN, page 36:

(biochemistry) Initialism of acetaldehyde adduct.

Although the ovaries are the main source of androgen excess in PCOS, excess adrenal androgen (AA) levels (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA] and adrenal-secreted androsteredione [A4]) and adrenocortical dysfunction have also been observed in many patients with PCOS (2–6). Proof of the role of AA excess in the development of PCOS is circumstantial at best.

2007, Bulent O. Yildiz, Enrico Carmina, Ricardo Azziz, “Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Dysfunction in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome”, in Ricardo Azziz, John E. Nestler, Didier Dewailly, editors, Androgen Excess Disorders in Women: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Other Disorders, 2nd edition, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, →ISBN, page 213:

(biochemistry) Initialism of adrenal androgen.

(biochemistry, medicine) Initialism of antiandrogen.


abscissin

abscissin (usually uncountable, plural abscissins)

(biochemistry, dated) A plant hormone controlling the dropping off or abscission of certain plant parts, notably the leaves of trees in autumn or cotton bolls.


maskin

(biochemistry) A molecule that binds to CPE (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element) and thus affects the translation of mRNA in dictyate.


deoxyribonucleic acid

Meronym: nucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid found in all living things (and some non-living things such as certain viruses) which consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix; encoded in its structure are genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction.

xüčiltörögč ügejdüülsen bööm čixriin bööm xüčil

хүчилтөрөгч үгэйдүүлсэн бөөм чихрийн бөөм хүчил

küčiltöröɣči ügeyidegülüɣsen bögem sikir-un bögem küčil

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠲᠥᠷᠥᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠬᠢᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ


zipper

→ Cebuano: siper

→ Esperanto: zipo

→ French: zipper

→ Japanese: ジッパー (jippā)

→ Korean: 지퍼 (jipeo)

→ Portuguese: zíper

→ Spanish: zíper

→ Tagalog: siper

1925, zip + -er. The trade name was registered in 1925 by B.F. Goodrich for “boots made of rubber and fabric,” claiming use of the name since June 1923. No longer a registered trademark.


DNA

DNA (countable and uncountable, plural DNAs)

The noun is an initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid. The verb is derived from the noun.

Among the various fractions isolated was one presumed to contain only desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA). Because of certain speculations on the role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis it was necessary to measure and compare the rate of phosphate entry into DNA with that in other fractions of yeast phosphate.

1948 March–April, Martin D[avid] Kamen, “Detection of Intermediates, Criteria of Purity”, in Louis H. Roddis, editor, Supplement to the United States Naval Medical Bulletin on Preparation and Measurement of Isotopes and Some of Their Medical Aspects, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, U.S. Navy; U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 118:

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

1953 April 25, J[ames] D[ewey] Watson, F[rancis] H[arry] C[ompton] Crick, “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, volume 171, number 4356, London: Macmillan and Co.; New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-04-03, page 737, column 1:

As you know, heredity resides in our genes. Our genes are, in turn, composed of complex molecules called DNA. About 10 years ago we learned how to synthesize DNA in the test tube with the use of a certain cellular catalyst or enzyme. […] During the past year, we have been able to synthesize DNA which has the full genetic activity of natural DNA.

1968 March 8, Arthur Kornberg (witness), “Statement of Dr. Arthur Kornberg, Professor and Executive Head of the Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.”, in National Commission on Health Science and Society: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Government Research of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session on S.J. Res. 145: A Joint Resolution for the Establishment of the National Commission on Health Science and Society […], Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 40:

Recent breakthroughs in DNA technology are expected to provide investigators with powerful forensic tools to help solve these difficult kinds of cases.

1988 August, John W. Hicks, “DNA Profiling: A Tool for Law Enforcement”, in Thomas J. Deakin, editor, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, volume 57, number 8, Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice; Office of Congressional and Public Affairs, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, column 3:

[I]n bacteria, recombination between the DNAs of different organisms usually occurs between a piece of DNA from one strain of a bacterium, called the donor strain, and the entire chromosome of another strain, called the recipient strain.

2020, Tina M. Henkin, Joseph E. Peters, “Bacterial Genetic Analysis: Fundamentals and Current Approaches”, in Snyder & Champness: Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 5th edition, Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, →ISBN, page 157, column 1:

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid#English

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid (“a nucleic acid found in all living things (and some non-living things such as certain viruses) which consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix; encoded in its structure are genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction”).

DNS

initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid (for full forms, see deoxyribonucleic acid)


PI

PI (countable and uncountable, plural PIs)

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of phosphatidylinositol (a phospholipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes, also abbreviated in PtdIns)


MT

MT (countable and uncountable, plural MTs)


AC

adenylyl cyclase
adenylyl cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenylyl cyclase.


IN

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of integrase.


amber

amber (countable and uncountable, plural ambers)

red

antonym(s) of “intermediate light in a set of three traffic lights”

From Middle English ambre, aumbre, from Old French aumbre, ambre, from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar, “ambergris”), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭭𐭡𐭫 (ʾnbl /ambar/, “ambergris”). Compare English lamber, ambergris. Displaced Middle English smulting (from Old English smelting (“amber”)), Old English eolhsand (“amber”), Old English glær (“amber”), and Old English sāp (“amber, resin, pomade”).
* The nucleotide sequence "UAG" is named "amber" for the first person to isolate the amber mutation, California Institute of Technology graduate student Harris Bernstein, whose last name ("Bernstein") is the German word for the resin "amber".

ambergris

obsolete: the waxy product of the sperm whale

an amber codon, an amber mutation, an amber suppressor

For example, to cross a temperature-sensitive mutation with an amber mutation, amber suppressor cells are infected at the low (permissive) temperature.

2007, Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, edition 3, page 333:

Double ambers revert at 10⁻⁸-10⁻⁹, and therefore, reversion is negligible. Double-amber mutants are made by crossing single-amber mutants with each other.

2007, Jonathan C. Kuhn, “Detection of Salmonella by Bacteriophage Felix 01”, in Salmonella: Methods and Protocols, pages 27–28:

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) The stop codon (nucleotide triplet) "UAG", or a mutant which has this stop codon at a premature place in its DNA sequence.


GR

en-noun

GR (countable and uncountable, plural GRs)

2001 Nussey, S. S. and Whitehead, S. A. The adrenal gland. In: Bosher, Andrea. Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. Oxford, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001 [cited 18 December 2009]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A442#A468 .
The expression of GR is ubiquitous and it occurs in two forms, GR-α and GR-β.

glucocorticoid receptor
glucocorticoid receptor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of glucocorticoid receptor.


SP

SP (countable and uncountable, plural SPs)


AR

AR (countable and uncountable, plural ARs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of androgen receptor.


polycystine

(biochemistry) a homopolymer of the amino acid cystine


PR

PR (countable and uncountable, plural PRs)

progesterone receptor
progesterone receptor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of progesterone receptor.


read

From Middle English reden, from Old English rǣdan (“to counsel, advise, consult; interpret, read”), from Proto-West Germanic *rādan, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaną (“advise, counsel”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to arrange”).
Cognate with Scots rede, red (“to advise, counsel, decipher, read”), Saterland Frisian räide (“to advise, counsel”), West Frisian riede (“to advise, counsel”), Dutch raden (“to advise; guess”), German raten (“to advise; guess”), Danish råde (“to advise”), Swedish råda (“to advise, counsel”), Persian رده (rade, “to order, to arrange, class”). In West Germanic the verb had a sense “interpret”, which developed further into “interpret letters” in English and “interpret by intuition, guess” on the continent. Compare rede.

cog

(biochemistry) The identification of a specific sequence of genes in a genome or bases in a nucleic acid string


domain

range

antonym(s) of “domain of definition of a function”

From Middle English demayne, demain (“rule”), from Old French demeine, demaine, demeigne, domaine (“power”), (French domaine), from Latin dominium (“property, right of ownership”), from dominus (“master, proprietor, owner”). See dame, and compare demain, danger, dungeon. Doublet of demesne, domino.

definisieversameling

(mathematics) the set on which a function is defined

(biochemistry) A folded section of a protein molecule that has a discrete function; the equivalent section of a chromosome.


datiscin

(biochemistry) A white crystalline glucoside extracted from bastard hemp (Datisca cannabina).


base

en-noun

base (countable and uncountable, plural bases)

acid

antonym(s) of “chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali”

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis and bass.

أَسَاس

something from which other things extend

(biology, biochemistry) A nucleotide's nucleobase in the context of a DNA or RNA biopolymer.

báze

biology: nucleobase in the context of DNA or RNA


translocation

translocation (countable and uncountable, plural translocations)

(biochemistry) A transfer of a molecule through a membrane.


sequence

en-verb

sequence (third-person singular simple present sequences, present participle sequencing, simple past and past participle sequenced)

sequences (present singular third-person)
sequencing (participle present)
sequenced (participle past)
sequenced (past)

From Middle English sequence, borrowed from Old French sequence (“a sequence of cards, answering verses”), from Late Latin sequentia (“a following”), from Latin sequens (“following”), from sequi (“to follow”); see sequent.

der

(transitive, biochemistry) To determine the order of monomers in (a biological polymer), e.g. of amino acids in (a protein), or of bases in (a nucleic acid).

szekvenál

to determine the order of monomers in (a biological polymer)


ABC

en-noun

ABC (countable and uncountable, plural ABCs)

ABC transporter

ABC-transporters are multispan membrane proteins that mediate the active uptake or efflux of specific substrates across various biological membrane systems. A functional ABC-transporter protein usually consists of two transmembrane domains and two ABCs.

2008, Gerd Schmitz, “Sterol Transporters”, in Stefan Offermanns, Walter Rosenthal, editors, Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 2nd edition, volume 1, Springer, →ISBN, page 1157:

(biochemistry) Initialism of ATP-binding cassette.


sense

sense (countable and uncountable, plural senses)

→ Afrikaans: sense

From Middle English sense, from Old French sens, sen, san (“sense, perception, direction”); partly from Latin sēnsus (“sensation, feeling, meaning”), from sentiō (“feel, perceive”); partly of Germanic origin (whence also Occitan sen, Italian senno), from Vulgar Latin *sennus (“sense, reason, way”), from Frankish *sinn ("reason, judgement, mental faculty, way, direction"; whence also Dutch zin, German Sinn, Swedish sinne, Norwegian sinn). Both Latin and Germanic from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”).

gl

enough sense to pound sand into a rathole

where there's no sense there's no feeling

(biochemistry) referring to the strand of a nucleic acid that directly specifies the product.


ADH

en-noun

ADH (countable and uncountable, plural ADHs)

antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of antidiuretic hormone.


glycolysis

glycolysis (usually uncountable, plural glycolyses)

(biochemistry) The cellular degradation of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid, and ATP as an energy source


CD

CD (countable and uncountable, plural CDs)

Abbreviation of various terms and phrases.

cluster of differentiation
cluster of differentiation#English

(immunology, biochemistry) Initialism of cluster of differentiation.


Cr

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of creatine.

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of creatinine.


PG

PG (countable and uncountable, plural PGs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of proteoglycan.


BSA

(biochemistry) Initialism of bovine serum albumin.


PLC

PLC (countable and uncountable, plural PLCs)

Audio (US)

(countable, biochemistry) Initialism of phospholipase C.


nucleic acid

nucleic acid (countable and uncountable, plural nucleic acids)

nucleic + acid; named for the fact that in eukaryotes, some of the important actions of such acids are especially associated with the nucleus of the cell.

(biochemistry, genetics) Any acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases; they are involved in the preservation, replication and expression of hereditary information in every living cell

azido nukleiko

acidic chainlike biological macromolecule


fate

fate (countable and uncountable, plural fates)

From Latin fāta (“prediction”), plural of fātum, from fātus (“spoken”), from for (“to speak”). In this sense, displaced native Old English wyrd, whence Modern English weird.

It’s important to research chemical fate because chemical fate is the best tool we have for understanding and managing human health risks or environmental damage caused by chemical release.

2019 July 12, Danielle Freeman, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, retrieved 2022-08-02:

(biochemistry) The products of a chemical reaction in their final form in the biosphere.


signal

From Old French segnal, seignal or Medieval Latin signāle; noun use of the neuter of Late Latin signālis, from Latin signum; verb use from 1805, as a shortened from signalize (1650s).

(biochemistry) A signalling interaction between cells


antagonist

From Latin antagonista, from Ancient Greek ἀνταγωνιστής (antagōnistḗs, “opponent”) (ἀντί (antí, “against”) + ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “a combatant, pleader, actor”)), from ἀνταγωνίζομαι (antagōnízomai, “to antagonize”).

der

ἀνταγωνιστής

2001: The calcium antagonists represent one of the top ten classes of prescription drugs in terms of commercial value, with worldwide sales of nearly $10 billion in 1999. — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 41)

(biochemistry) A chemical that binds to a receptor but does not produce a physiological response, blocking the action of agonist chemicals.


antenna

From Latin antenna, antemna (“yard, sailyard; pole”). First used in this sense as a Latin word in the 15th century and as an English word by the end of the 17th century.

bor

(biochemistry) A fragment of an oligosaccharide


label

en-verb

label (third-person singular simple present labels, present participle (UK) labelling or (US) labeling, simple past and past participle (UK) labelled or (US) labeled)

labels (present singular third-person)
labelling (UK participle present)
labeling (US participle present)
labelled (UK participle past)
labelled (UK past)
labeled (US participle past)
labeled (US past)

From Middle English label (“narrow band, strip of cloth”), from Old French label, lambel (Modern French lambeau), from Frankish *lappā (“torn piece of cloth”), from Proto-Germanic *lappǭ, *lappô (“cloth stuff, rag, scraps, flap, dewlap, lobe, rabbit ear”), from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“blade”). Cognate with Old High German lappa (“rag, piece of cloth”), Old English læppa (“skirt, flap of a garment”). More at lap.

cog

(biochemistry) To replace specific atoms by their isotope in order to track the presence or movement of this isotope through a reaction, metabolic pathway or cell.

2015, "Protein binder woes" (editorial), Nature Methods, 12(5) (May): 373.
They may be used to label and image a protein within tissue, to isolate cells on the basis of marker expression, or to physically capture a protein from a complex biological mixture....

(biochemistry) To add a detectable substance, either transiently or permanently, to a biological substance in order to track the presence of the label-substance combination either in situ or in vitro


migration

en-noun

migration (countable and uncountable, plural migrations)

From Middle French migration and its source, Latin migrātiō, from the participle stem of migrō (“I migrate”).
Morphologically migrate + -ion

(biochemistry) The movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations.


antagonistic

en-adj

antagonistic (comparative more antagonistic, superlative most antagonistic)

more antagonistic (comparative)
most antagonistic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Relating to an antagonist.


cytosine

After German Cytosin, equivalent to Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos) + -ine. Cytosine was discovered and named by the German biochemists Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues.

Then he found them, the substances that made up the four-letter alphabet in whose language all life is written — adenine and cytosine, guanine and thymine.

1997, Ian McEwan, Enduring Love, Vintage (1998), page 164:

(biochemistry) A heterocyclic base, 4-aminopyrimidin-2(1H)-one, which pairs with guanine in DNA and RNA (by means of three hydrogen bonds).


adenine

en-noun

adenine (countable and uncountable, plural adenines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-adenine.wav

From German Adenin, from Ancient Greek ἀδήν (adḗn, “gland”). By surface analysis, aden- + -ine. It was named in 1885 by the German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, in reference to the pancreas (a specific gland) from which Kossel's sample had been extracted.

One of these labels is ethenoadenine, which is obtained by chemical modification of adenine.

2002, Nikolai L. Vekshin, Photonics of Biopolymers, page 115:

There are two genes in the adenine biosynthetic pathway of yeast (ADE1 and ADE2) that, apart from producing an absolute requirement for adenine when mutant, also produce a change in colony color.

2006, David Markie, “1: Markers, Selection, and Media in Yeast Artificial Chromosome Cloning”, in Alasdair MacKenzie, editor, YAC Protocols, 2nd edition, page 2:

The HCN pentamer, adenine (a constituent of DNA, RNA and many coenzymes), is one of the most abundant biochemical molecules.

2010, Debjani Roy, Rogué Schleyer, “6: Chemical Origin of Life: How do Five HCN Molecules Combine to form Adenine under Prebiotic and Interstellar Conditions”, in Chérif F. Matta, editor, Quantum Biochemistry, page 202:

(biochemistry, genetics) A base, C₅H₅N₅, found in certain glands and tissues, which pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


GABA

[Valium] was followed by many imitators, all sharing the same pharmacological mechanism, which is to enhance the actions of the key inhibitory brain chemical messenger GABA.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 58:

Its action as an inhibitor also distinguishes GABA from the “big three” amines—dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—which generally stimulate brain circuits.

2003, Samuel H. Barondes, chapter 4, in Better than Prozac, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 54:

gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-aminobutyric acid#English

(biochemistry) Acronym of gamma-aminobutyric acid.


UPS

UPS (countable and uncountable, plural UPSes)

(biochemistry) Initialism of ubiquitin-proteasome system.


PAL

PAL (countable and uncountable, plural PALs)

phenylalanine ammonia lyase
phenylalanine ammonia lyase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of phenylalanine ammonia lyase.


CAD

CAD (countable and uncountable, plural CADs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of caspase-activated DNase.


RNA

RNA (countable and uncountable, plural RNAs)

Looked at from RNA’s point of view, DNA is just a passive archive of information, a dull hunk of a telephone directory; it is RNA that looks up the numbers, establishes the connections and determines how long each call will last.

2006 June 20, Nicholas Wade, “DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

ribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of ribonucleic acid.

РНК

рибонуклеинова киселина (ribonukleinova kiselina)

РНК

рибонуклеинска киселина f (ribonukleinska kiselina)

РНК

рибонуклеи́новая кислота́ (ribonukleínovaja kislotá)


exchange

exchange (countable and uncountable, plural exchanges)

From Middle English eschaunge, borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from Old French eschange (whence modern French échange), from the verb eschanger, from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Spelling later changed on the basis of ex- in English. By surface analysis, ex- + change.

(biochemistry) The transfer of substances or elements like gas, amino-acids, ions etc. sometimes through a surface like a membrane.


gum

gum (countable and uncountable, plural gums)

From Middle English gomme, gumme, borrowed from Anglo-Norman gome, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin cummi, gummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy (“anointing oil”), qmyt (“acanthus resin, gum”). Cognate with Spanish goma (“rubber”). Doublet of gumma.

صَمْغ

sticky substance exuded by certain plants

խեժ

sticky substance resembling that exuded by certain plants

gum arabic

gum-oleo-resin

(botany, biochemistry, chiefly uncountable) A viscous water-soluble carbohydrate exudate of certain plants that hardens when it becomes dry, or such a substance as a component of a plant exudate.


xylose

xylose (countable and uncountable, plural xyloses)

(biochemistry) One of the pentoses, C₅H₁₀O₅, a white crystalline sugar, derived from wood.

древе́сный са́хар m (drevésnyj sáxar, literally “wood sugar”)

деревни́й цу́кор m (derevnýj cúkor, literally “wood sugar”)


PSP

PSP (countable and uncountable, plural PSPs)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Initialism of phenolsulfonphthalein.


express

en-verb

express (third-person singular simple present expresses, present participle expressing, simple past and past participle expressed)

expresses (present singular third-person)
expressing (participle present)
expressed (participle past)
expressed (past)

From Old French espresser, expresser, from frequentative form of Latin exprimere.

(biochemistry) To translate messenger RNA into protein.

When a cell “expresses” a gene, it translates the DNA first into a signature messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and subsequently into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein.

2015, Ferris Jabr, How Humans Ended Up With Freakishly Huge Brains Wired:

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(biochemistry) To transcribe deoxyribonucleic acid into messenger RNA.


activation

en-noun

activation (countable and uncountable, plural activations)

/ˌæktɪˈveɪʃən/

/ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/

(biochemistry) The process by which molecules are made able to react.

aktivaatio

process through which molecules are made able to react


complement

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.


achroödextrin

From Ancient Greek privative ἀ- (a-, “not”) + χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + dextrin.

(biochemistry) Dextrin not colorable by iodine.


protein

en-noun

protein (countable and uncountable, plural proteins)

Gerardus Johannes Mulder
Jöns Jacob Berzelius

Suggested by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in a letter to Gerardus Johannes Mulder, from French protéine and German Protein, both coined based on Ancient Greek πρωτεῖος (prōteîos, “primary”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”).

der

human seminal plasma protein hypersensitivity

Meronym: amino acid

Proteins carry out the bulk of cellular functions, including relaying signals, providing structural support, and accelerating biochemical reactions.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 534:

(biochemistry, countable) Any of numerous large, complex naturally-produced molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, in which the amino acid groups are held together by peptide bonds.


duplex

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplex (“double, two-fold”), from duo (“two”) + plico (“fold together”); compare the roots of διπλόος (diplóos, “double”); compare also πλέκω (plékō, “twist, braid”). By surface analysis, duo- + -plex.

(biochemistry) A double-stranded polynucleotide.


enzyme

en-noun

enzyme (countable and uncountable, plural enzymes)

From German Enzym, coined 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).

affix

en:proteinaceous or ribonucleic biocatalyst

(biochemistry) A biomolecule that catalyses a biological chemical reaction: either a globular protein with this function or an RNA molecule with this function.

Coordinate term: ribozyme

(strictly) The protein type specifically.


agonist

→ Polish: agonista

Borrowed from Latin agōnista, from Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “combatant, champion”). By surface analysis, agon or agony + -ist.

surf

Acetylcholine is an agonist at the cholinergic receptor.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A molecule that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction.


bilirubin

en-noun

bilirubin (countable and uncountable, plural bilirubins)

From international scientific vocabulary, from German Bilirubin. By surface analysis, bili- + rub- + -in. The German word was naturalized into other languages as international scientific vocabulary (e.g., bilirubin, bilirubine, bilirubina).

The doctors said this was very common, just her new-born liver catching up with the rest of her — the build-up of bilirubin in her blood. The substance red blood cells produce when broken down.

2022, Maddie Mortimer, Maps of Our Spectacular Bodies, Picador, page 339:

(biochemistry) A bile pigment that is a product of the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin (which occurs within macrophages as they digest red blood cells), and which is responsible for the yellowish color seen in bruises. Extremely high levels of bilirubin may cause jaundice.

bilirubin
international scientific vocabulary


heme

heme (countable and uncountable, plural hemes)

The binding of oxygen to the iron molecule causes the hemoglobin molecule to undergo conformational changes that affect the binding of oxygen to other heme sites.

2008, John Greer, John Foerster, George Rodgers, Fixos Paraskevas, Bertil Glader, Daniel Arber, Robert Means Jr, Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology: Volume One: Twelfth Edition, page 141

Impossible's breakthrough was in discovering that meat's essence comes from heme—the iron-rich molecule in blood that carries oxygen and is responsible for the deep-red color.

2018, Ruth Reichl, Silvia Killingsworth, The Best American Food Writing 2018, Mariner Books, →ISBN, page 152:

(biochemistry) The component of hemoglobin (and other hemoproteins) responsible for binding oxygen. It consists of an iron ion that binds oxygen and a porphyrin ring that binds the globin molecules; one molecule binds one molecule of oxygen.


avidity

avidity (usually uncountable, plural avidities)

From Middle English avidite, from Old French avidite (modern French avidité), from Latin aviditās (“avidity, covetousness”), equivalent to avid + -ity.

der

(biochemistry) The measure of the synergism of the strength of individual interactions between proteins.


gate

en-verb

gate (third-person singular simple present gates, present participle gating, simple past and past participle gated)

gates (present singular third-person)
gating (participle present)
gated (participle past)
gated (past)

From Middle English gate, gat, ȝate, ȝeat, from Old English ġeat (“gate”), from Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą (“hole, opening”).
See also Old Norse gat, Swedish and Dutch gat, Low German Gaat, Gööt.

(transitive, biochemistry) To open (a closed ion channel).


WAP

en-noun

WAP (countable and uncountable, plural WAPs)

whey acidic protein
whey acidic protein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of whey acidic protein.


sorbitol

sorbitol (countable and uncountable, plural sorbitols)

From earlier sorbite (from sorb + -ite) + -ol. By surface analysis, sorb + -itol.

(biochemistry) A faintly sweet alcohol C₆H₁₄O₆ that occurs in some fruits, is made synthetically, and is used especially as a humectant and softener and in making ascorbic acid.


trehalose

trehalose (countable and uncountable, plural trehaloses)

/ˈtɹiːələʊz/

The most important of these is the common sugar furnished by the sugar cane, hence termed cane sugar, related to which are some others of small importance, viz., trehalose, melezitose, and melitose, represented by the general formula (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁,xH₂O).

1862, William Allen Miller, Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, volume 3:

The researchers fed a natural sugar called trehalose to mice genetically engineered to have a severe version of Huntington's disease.

2004 January 24, New Scientist, page 14:

Major components of the polar lipids are the acylated trehaloses which differ considerably in their acylation patterns to trehalose and in fatty acid content.

2013, Thomas M. Shinnick, Tuberculosis, page 14:

Two bacterial strains that have plagued hospitals around the country may have been at least partly fueled by a sugar additive in our food products, scientists say. Trehalose, a sugar that is added to a wide range of food products, could have allowed certain strains of Clostridium difficile to become far more virulent than they were before, a new study finds.

2018 January 3, Amina Khan, “A popular sugar additive may have fueled the spread of not one but two superbugs”, in Los Angeles Times:

(biochemistry) A disaccharide formed from two glucose units; it is an isomer of maltose


LT

LT (countable and uncountable, plural LTs)

(biochemistry, immunology) Initialism of leukotriene.


chitin

chitin (countable and uncountable, plural chitins)

From French chitine, from Latin chitōn (“mollusk”), from Ancient Greek χιτών (khitṓn). See also chiton.

Chitin usually occurs throughout Invertebrates in the form of an investment to the outermost cellular layer or ectoderm.

1880, Arthur Gamgee, A Text-book of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal Body, Macmillan, page 299:

The robot’s energy source is the sugar in the polysaccharide called chitin that makes up a fly’s exoskeleton.

2004 September 11, New Scientist, page 19:

(biochemistry) A complex polysaccharide, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi; thought to be responsible for some forms of asthma in humans.

խիտին

polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in arthropod and fungi


nucleoside

(biochemistry) an organic molecule in which a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (or nucleobase), which can be either a double-ringed purine or a single-ringed pyrimidine, is covalently attached to a five-carbon pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA). When the phosphate group is covalently attached to the pentose sugar, it forms a nucleotide.


glycoside

From glyco- (“a sugar”) + -ide (similar to glucoside), 1925–1930.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A molecule in which a sugar group (the glycone) is bound to a non-sugar group (the corresponding aglycone) by a nitrogen or oxygen atom. Glycosides yield a sugar after undergoing hydrolysis.


glucoside

(biochemistry) A glycoside that yields glucose after hydrolysis.


nucleotide

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nucleotide.wav

From nucleo- (“relating to the nucleus”) + -ide (“chemical suffix”).

af

With a genome of only 400 million or so nucleotide bases, the pufferfish, Fugu rubripes rubripes, has the smallest known genome of any vertebrate animal. […] But the region of DNA between the landmarks can be a million or more nucleotides long.

1993 December 28, James Younger, “Fishy Short Cut To Mapping Human Genome”, in The New York Times:

Magid draws […] a diagram depicting a restriction enzyme cutting neatly through a sequence of nucleotides.

2000, Zadie Smith, White Teeth, London: Penguin Books, published 2001, →ISBN, page 464:

(biochemistry) The monomer constituting DNA or RNA biopolymer molecules. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (or nucleobase), which can be either a double-ringed purine or a single-ringed pyrimidine; a five-carbon pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA); and a phosphate group.


fructose

en-noun

fructose (countable and uncountable, plural fructoses)

From Latin fructus (“fruit”) + -ose (“sugar”) (derivation of sucrose).

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide ketose sugar, formula C₆H₁₂O₆.


sucrose

sucrose (countable and uncountable, plural sucroses)

There were four forms of sugar interesting to the physiologist---cane sugar, grape sugar, milk sugar, and liver sugar. They might be called, for the sake of distinction, sucrose, glucose, lactose, and hepatose. The first two were vegetable, the last two, animal products.

1858, July 3, The Medical Times & Gazette, 20

Dextran is an indicator of cane deterioration and sucrose loss after harvesting of the cane.

2019, S. Nel, S. B. Davis, A. Endo, and L. M. T. Dicks, “Differentiation between Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from a South African sugarcane processing factory using ARDRA and rpoB gene sequencing” in Archives of Microbiology, 1

(biochemistry) A disaccharide with formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, consisting of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose; normal culinary sugar.


-ose

(biochemistry) Used to indicate a product of protein breakdown


glucose

glucose (countable and uncountable, plural glucoses)

Through French, from Ancient Greek γλεῦκος (gleûkos, “wine, must”); note: -ose comes from glucose, not the other way round. In other words, the view of the word glucose as gluco- + -ose is a reanalysis rather than a historical etymology. This is unusual for being a reanalysis that works completely, that is, without any leftover nonsense syllables (such as the ham- in reanalyzed hamburger).

uder

(biochemistry) A simple monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C₆H₁₂O₆; it is a principle source of energy for cellular metabolism.

葡萄糖

phû-tô-thn̂g, phô-tô-thn̂g, phôe-tô-thn̂g, pû-tô-thn̂g

葡萄糖 (pútáotáng, literally “grape sugar/grape carbohydrate”)


lesion

From Middle English lesioun, from Old French lesion, from Latin laesiō (“injury”), itself from laesus, perfect passive participle of laedō (“I injure, hurt”).

(biochemistry) Any compound formed from damage to a nucleic acid.


repeat

From Middle English repeten, from Old French repeter, from Latin repetō, repetere, from the prefix re- (“again”) + peto (“attack, beseech”).

ҡабатлау

rerun of a television broadcast — see also rerun

(genetics, biochemistry) A pattern of nucleic acids that occur in multiple copies throughout a genome (or of amino acids in a protein).


tag

From Middle English tagge (“small piece hanging from a garment”), probably of North Germanic origin. Compare Norwegian tagg (“point; prong; barb; tag”), Swedish tagg (“thorn; prickle; tine”), Icelandic tág (“a willow-twig”). Compare also tack.

cog

(biochemistry) Any short peptide sequence artificially attached to proteins mostly in order to help purify, solubilize or visualize these proteins.

merkkipeptidi

biochemistry: short peptide sequence artificially attached to proteins


-in

albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin

(biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).

renin, pancreatin

penicillin, streptomycin

cobalamin, niacin, vitamin


primer

en-noun

primer (countable and uncountable, plural primers)

запалка

small charge used to ignite gunpowder or other explosive

(biochemistry, genetics) A molecule which initiates the synthesis of an enzyme, (especially) a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule which initiates DNA replication.

引物

biology: molecule required for replication of DNA


lysis

From Latin lysis, from Ancient Greek λύσις (lúsis, “a loosening”). Compare -lysis.

der

The breakdown of molecules into constituent molecules.

The disintegration or destruction of cells.


casein

en-noun

casein (countable and uncountable, plural caseins)

From French caséine, formed from Latin cāseus (“cheese”) + -ine.

It’s the clumping nature of the caseins that makes possible most thickened milk products, from yogurt to cheese. The whey proteins play a more minor role; they influence the texture of casein curds, and stabilize the milk foams on specialty coffees.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A protein present in both milk and in the seeds of leguminous plants


codon

(biochemistry) A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides, which encode for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or translation.


niacin

in 1942 derived from nicotinic + acid + vitamin, chosen to dissociate it from nicotine, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins.

Mixing the alkali into the recipe in the right way chemically releases the otherwise unavailable niacin in the corn, which stops pellagra in its tracks, and allowed corn-based agricultural populations to grow and spread.

2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 7, in The Secret of Our Success […] , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A water-soluble vitamin, a component of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast, and dairy products; it is essential to metabolism.

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


ligand

Borrowed from Latin ligandus, gerundive of ligo (“bind”).

ربيطة

something that binds to another chemical entity

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) A molecule or moiety (ion, functional group, or radical) that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex; as, especially:

(biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, medicine) Such an entity that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.


lysine

lysine (countable and uncountable, plural lysines)

From lysis + -ine, in reference to its tendency to participate in catalysis.

Lysine is an essential amino acid required for many body functions, including growth and bone development in children; calcium absorption and maintenance of the correct nitrogen balance in the body; maintenance of lean body mass; production of antibodies, hormones, and enzymes; collagen formation and repair of tissue.

2010, Michael T. Murray, Joseph Pizzorno, The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 65:

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₄N₂O₂.


myosin

myosin (countable and uncountable, plural myosins)

myo- (“relating to muscle”), from Ancient Greek μυός (muós), genitive of μῦς (mûs, “muscle”) + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues, allowing mobility in muscles.


motif

From French motif (1848), with the meaning of "main idea or theme". Doublet of motive.

(biochemistry) In a nucleotide or aminoacid sequence, pattern that is widespread and has, or is conjectured to have, a biological significance.

motif

nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern


opal

In Florio’s A World of Words 1598 as opale, from French opale, from Latin opalus, from Byzantine Greek ὀπάλλιος (opállios), from Sanskrit उपल (upala, “gem, stone”), from उपरि (upári, “the upper millstone”). Distantly related to over.

أُوبَال

a mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) A colloquial name used in molecular biology referring to a particular stop codon sequence, "UGA."


serine

serine (countable and uncountable, plural serines)

From Latin sericus (“silken”). The compound was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865.

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, CH₂OH.CH(NH₂)COOH, found in most animal proteins, notably silk.

絲胺酸 /丝胺酸

nonessential amino acid; CH2OH.CH(NH2)COOH

絲氨酸 /丝氨酸 (sī'ānsuān, literally “silk amino acid”)


opine

Derived from Ancient Greek ὀπός (opós, “juice of a plant”) + -ine.

der+

(biochemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds, derived from amino acids, found in some plant tumours

冠瘿氨基酸

any of a class of organic compounds, derived from amino acids, found in some plant tumours


ribose

From German Ribose, formed from Ribonsäure, the first element of which comes from a rearrangement of English arabinose.

(biochemistry) A naturally occurring pentose sugar, which is a component of the nucleosides and nucleotides that constitute the nucleic acid biopolymer, RNA. It is also found in riboflavin.


valine

en-noun

valine (countable and uncountable, plural valines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid found in most animal proteins.


decoration

decoration (countable and uncountable, plural decorations)

/ˌdɛkəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Latin decoratio: compare French décoration.
Morphologically decorate + -ion

(biochemistry, immunology) The use of exotic sugars as decoys to distract the immune system of a host


fermentation

fermentation (countable and uncountable, plural fermentations)

From Middle English fermentacioun, from Latin fermentātiō, fermentātiōnem.

(biochemistry) Any of many anaerobic biochemical reactions in which an enzyme (or several enzymes produced by a microorganism) catalyses the conversion of one substance into another; especially the conversion (using yeast) of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide


pathway

From Middle English pathwei, equivalent to path + way. Cognate with German Pfadweg, Afrikaans padweg.

On the other hand, it can be observed that, with small exceptions, the S. pneumonia strains are the only Streptococci equipped with homospermidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways, which have been found to be involved in pathogenicity mechanisms [50 ] and in the counteraction of oxidative stress [51 ].

2015 September 15, “Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A sequence of biochemical compounds, and the reactions linking them, that describe a process in metabolism or catabolism.

voie

biochemistry: sequence of biochemical compounds


protean

From Ancient Greek Πρωτεύς (Prōteús, literally “first”), the Greek warden of sea-beasts, renowned for his ability to change shape.

bor

(biochemistry) A protein that has been slightly modified by water, dilute acid, or enzymes, but not modified to the extent of a metaprotein.


recruit

en-verb

recruit (third-person singular simple present recruits, present participle recruiting, simple past and past participle recruited)

recruits (present singular third-person)
recruiting (participle present)
recruited (participle past)
recruited (past)

(biochemistry) To prompt a protein, leucocyte. etc. to intervene in a given region of the body.


core

en-noun

core (countable and uncountable, plural cores)

desc

Translingual: core eudicots, core Malvales

From Middle English core, kore, coor (“apple-core, pith”), of obscure and uncertain origin. Possibly of native English origin, from Old English *cor, related to Old English *coruc, *corc (diminutive) (> Middle English cork, crok (“core of a apple or other fruit, heart of an onion”)) and Old English corn (“seed", also "grain”); or alternatively perhaps from Old French cuer (“heart”), from Latin cor (“heart”); or from Old French cors (“body”), from Latin corpus (“body”). Compare also Middle English colk, coke, coll (“the heart or centre of an apple or onion, core”), Dutch kern (“core”), German Kern (“core”). See also heart, corpse.

unc

obscure and uncertain

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

сърцеви́на

something that produces a hollow space in a casting

structural robustness
w:structural robustness

Hence particular parts of a subject studied or examined by technical operations, likened by position and practical or structural robustness to kernels, cores in the most vulgar sense above.

(biochemistry) The central part of a protein's structure, consisting mostly of hydrophobic amino acids.


release

en-noun

release (countable and uncountable, plural releases)

From Middle English relesen, relessen, from Old French relaisser (variant of relascher).

отцепване

a device adapted to hold or release a device or mechanism as required

(biochemistry) The process by which a chemical substance is set free.


release

en-verb

release (third-person singular simple present releases, present participle releasing, simple past and past participle released)

releases (present singular third-person)
releasing (participle present)
released (participle past)
released (past)

(biochemistry) To set free a chemical substance.


hyaline

en-noun

hyaline (countable and uncountable, plural hyalines)

From Latin hyalinus, from Koine Greek ὑάλινος (huálinos), from ὕαλος (húalos, “glass”).

where a villus comes next to a gland the short cubical cells of the gland may be traced into the columnar cells of the villus , the hyaline border becoming more marked

1880, Arthur Gamgee, A Text-book of the physiological chemistry […] :

(biochemistry) The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible to alcoholic fermentation.


GC

GC (countable and uncountable, plural GCs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of glucocorticoid.

guanylate cyclase
guanylate cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanylate cyclase.


APT

acyl protein thioesterase
acyl protein thioesterase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of acyl protein thioesterase.


dopamine

dopamine (countable and uncountable, plural dopamines)

“The short-term, dopamine-driven feedback loops that we have created are destroying how society works: no civil discourse, no cooperation, misinformation, mistruth. And it’s not an American problem. This is not about Russian ads. This is a global problem.”

2017 December 12, Amy B Wang, “Former Facebook VP says social media is destroying society with ‘dopamine-driven feedback loops’”, in Washington Post:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A monoamine C₈H₁₁NO₂ that is a decarboxylated form of dopa, present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including adrenalin.


ion channel

2008 Daniels, David. "Ion Channels Play Key Role in R&D". 1 June 2008. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 28 (11), pg 24.; archived 2 January 2010. ISSN 1935-472X. OCLC 77706455.
Ion channels, which facilitate this movement, are protein assemblies that penetrate the membrane and catalyze passage of specific ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), or calcium (Ca2+) into or out of the cell down the electrochemical gradient.

Pleurobrachia was missing many common proteins called ion channels that generate electric signals that travel rapidly down a nerve.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry) A protein complex or single protein that spans between both sides of a cell membrane and allows specific ions to pass through.

離子通道 /离子通道

membrane protein(s) allowing ions to pass


hesperidin

hesperidin (countable and uncountable, plural hesperidins)

(biochemistry) a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruit


keratin

keratin (countable and uncountable, plural keratins)

Borrowed from German Keratin, from Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -in.

(biochemistry) The protein of which hair and nails are composed.


permease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that transport membrane proteins.

permeaasi

enzyme that transports membrane proteins


channel

→ Japanese: チャンネル (channeru)

→ Korean: 채널 (chaeneol)

→ Welsh: sianel

From Middle English chanel (also as canel, cannel, kanel), a borrowing from Old French chanel, canel, from Latin canālis (“groove; canal; channel”). Doublet of canal.

kanal

communication: single path provided by a transmission medium via physical separation

kanaal

broadcasting: specific radio frequency or band of frequencies used for transmitting television

(biochemistry) An ion channel: pore-forming proteins located in a cell membrane that allow specific ions to pass through.


androgen

It is known as Hatschek's pit and has been found to react positively to antibodies against substance P, met-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH), and the enzyme aromatase (P450ₐᵣₒ), which converts certain androgens into estrogens (see Chapter 3).

2013, David O. Norris, Vertebrate Endocrinology, page 151:

However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.

2015 August 17, Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al., “Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women”, in International Journal of Endocrinology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. A male sex hormone such as testosterone or anabolic steroids.


nonessential amino acid

en-noun

nonessential amino acid (plural nonessential amino acids)

(biochemistry) Those of the naturally occurring amino acids that the human body can synthesize for itself, and so need not be provided by dietary protein.

非必需氨基酸

amino acid that the human body can synthesize


essential amino acid

essential amino acid (plural essential amino acids)

(biochemistry) One of the nine naturally occurring amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize, and so must be provided by dietary protein.

aminoàcid essencial

amino acid which is a dietry requirement


amino acid

See amine and acid. Likely a calque of German Aminosäure, which is attested earlier.

(biochemistry) Any organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group.

حمض أميني

any organic compound containing amino and carboxylic acid

(biochemistry) Any of the twenty naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino, and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom), and a variety of side chains, that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins.


terminator

[ˈtɜː.mɪ.næɪ.ɾə]

* Partly from post-classical Latin terminator (5th century), from Latin terminō; partly from terminate + -or.
* (android that kills humans): After the 1984 film The Terminator.

(biochemistry) A DNA sequence that causes RNA transcription to cease and an mRNA transcript to break off.


denature

en-verb

denature (third-person singular simple present denatures, present participle denaturing, simple past and past participle denatured)

denatures (present singular third-person)
denaturing (participle present)
denatured (participle past)
denatured (past)

Sugars are wonderfully robust materials! Unlike proteins that easily denature and coagulate, unlike fats that are damaged by air and heat and go rancid, unlike starch chains that break apart into smaller chains of glucose molecules, sugars themselves are small and stable molecules.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 12, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

Because the activity of an enzyme depends on its structure, any change in that structure will destroy its effectiveness. So cooking foods sufficiently will denature and inactivate any enzymes they may contain.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 15, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(transitive, intransitive, biochemistry) To alter its original form or state, especially of a protein, by heat, acidity etc.

denaturoida

to subject a protein to conditions altering its original form


interface

→ Armenian: միջերես (miǰeres) (calque)

→ Japanese: インターフェース (intāfēsu)

→ Korean: 인터페이스 (inteopeiseu)

desctree

→ Russian: интерфе́йс (interféjs)
→ Kazakh: интерфейс (interfeis)

→ Turkish: ayarüz (calque)

From inter- (“between”) + face (“shape, figure, form”).

تَعْشِيق

point of interconnection between entities

interfaze

computing, object-oriented: connection between parts of software

(biochemistry) The internal surface of a coiled protein (compare exoface).


substrate

(biochemistry) A substance acted upon, as by an enzyme.

substrat

the material or substance on which an enzyme acts


vasodilator

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, pharmacology) A drug or chemical agent that causes dilation of the blood vessels thereby reducing blood pressure.


blotto

Partial acronym of bovine lacto transfer technique optimizer.

acronym of

Secondary goat anti-rabbit antiserum coupled to horseradish peroxidase at a dilution of 1:500 in blotto was then incubated with the blot for 1 hour. Again the unbound antibodies were removed by three rinses in 10% blotto for 15 minutes.

2006, Kimberly Kay Kutz-Naber, Mass Spectral Characterization of Neuropeptides in Cancer Crabs: Method Development and Biological Application (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation), [Madison, Wis.]: University of Wisconsin–Madison, →OCLC, page 236:

Generalized background staining of colostral cell preparations was blocked most effectively with Blotto + 10% FBS.

2007, Anna Levitt Smith, Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Density-separated Bovine Colostral Cells (unpublished M.S. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 40:

Following transfer, the PVDF membrane was removed from the transfer cassette and placed in a sandwich tray and incubated in 20ml blotto (1×tBST, 7% nonfat dry milk and 0.1% Tween-20 pH 7.4) for 1 h while rocking.

2007, Jeffery Ray Williams, Alternate Substrates and Phosphorylation in the Function and Regulation of the Neuronal K-C1 Cotransporter, KCC2 (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 69:

Membranes were blocked at RT for 2 h with blotto [50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.185 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20, 3% nonfat dry milk]. Ape1 monoclonal antibody developed in our laboratory (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA) was diluted in blotto and incubated with the membrane overnight at 4°C (1:1000).

2009 April, Christopher N. Batuello, Mark R. Kelley, Joseph R. Dynlacht, “Role of Ape1 and Base Excision Repair in the Radiation Response and Heat-radiosensitization of HeLa Cells”, in Anticancer Research, volume 29, number 4, →ISSN, →PMID, page 1320, column 1:

(biochemistry) A reagent made from non-fat dry milk, phosphate buffered saline, and sodium azide, which is used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques such as blots and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

بلوتو

reagent used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques


morphine

en-noun

morphine (countable and uncountable, plural morphines)

Borrowed from French morphine or German Morphin, from Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús, “the god and personification of dreams”).

der

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline alkaloid (7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-morphinan-3,6-diol), extracted from opium, the salts of which are soluble in water and are used as analgesics, anaesthetics and sedatives; it is one of a group of morphine alkaloids.


chlorophyll

en-noun

chlorophyll (usually uncountable, plural chlorophylls)

Borrowed from French chlorophylle, from Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”) and φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”).

(biochemistry) Any of a group of green pigments that are found in the chloroplasts of plants and in other photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria.


mtRNA

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of mitochondrial RNA.


tRNA

tRNA (countable and uncountable, plural tRNAs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of transfer RNA.


disaccharide

(biochemistry) Any sugar, such as sucrose, maltose and lactose, consisting of two monosaccharides combined together.

disacàrid

a sugar consisting of two monosaccharides


mRNA

mRNA (countable and uncountable, plural mRNAs)

When a cell “expresses” a gene, it translates the DNA first into a signature messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and subsequently into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein.

2015 November 28, Ferris Jabr, “How Humans Ended Up With Freakishly Huge Brains”, in Wired:

Because of their fragility, the mRNA molecules will quickly fall apart at room temperature. Moderna’s vaccine will need to be refrigerated, and should be stable for up to six months when shipped and stored at –4°F (–20°C).

2020 December 5, Jonathan Corum, Carl Zimmer, “How Moderna’s Vaccine Works”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of messenger RNA.

(countable, biochemistry) A strand of messenger RNA.


monosaccharide

(biochemistry) A simple sugar such as glucose, fructose or deoxyribose that has a single ring

monosacàrid

a simple sugar, composed of a single ring


catabolism

catabolism (usually uncountable, plural catabolisms)

From Ancient Greek καταβολή (katabolḗ, “throwing down”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw”).

uder

(biochemistry) Destructive (lytic) metabolism or metabolization, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials.


glycoprotein

(biochemistry) A protein with covalently bonded carbohydrates.


collagen

en-noun

collagen (countable and uncountable, plural collagens)

/ˈkɒləd͡ʒən/

/ˈkɒləd͡ʒɪn/

From French collagène, coined from Ancient Greek κόλλα (kólla, “glue”) and -γενής (-genḗs, “-forming”) (see -gen); it is the main substance that animal glues are derived from. Doublet of collage, colloid, and protocol.

doublet

Science cannot yet account for the conversion of collagen into gelatin.

1843, R. F. Marchand, “On the Chemical Composition of the Bones”, in The Chemist, volume 4, page 57:

(biochemistry) Any of more than 28 types of glycoprotein that form elongated fibers, usually found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.

كولاجين

glycoprotein that forms elongated fibers


lactose

en-noun

lactose (countable and uncountable, plural lactoses)

Borrowed from French lactose, from Latin lac (“milk”) + -ose (derivation of glucose). Coined by French chemist Marcelin Berthelot.

(biochemistry) The disaccharide sugar of milk and dairy products, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, a product of glucose and galactose used as a food and in medicinal compounds.


fatty acid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fatty acid.wav

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a class of aliphatic carboxylic acids, of general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH, that occur combined with glycerol as animal or vegetable oils and fats. Only those with an even number of carbon atoms are normally found in natural fats.


peptide bond

(biochemistry) The primary linkage of amino acids in proteins.


saccharide

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(biochemistry) The unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CₙH₂ₙOₙ. Either the simple sugars or polymers such as starch and cellulose. The saccharides exist in either a ring or short chain conformation, and typically contain five or six carbon atoms.

сахары́д

the unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CnH2nOn


tetrose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing four carbon atoms.


triose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing three carbon atoms. Trioses are the smallest monosaccharides. Dihydroxyacetone and L-/D-glyceraldehyde are the only trioses.


ketose

(biochemistry) A saccharide containing a ketone functional group.


polysaccharide

Cellulose, starches, and complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen, are common polysaccharides in biology.

(biochemistry) A polymer made of many saccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.


hexose

Glucose is a common hexose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing six carbon atoms.


pentose

Ribose, found in RNA, is a common pentose.

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing five carbon atoms.


cellulose

cellulose (countable and uncountable, plural celluloses)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide containing many glucose units in parallel chains.


lactic

From Latin lactis (“of milk”), genitive form of lac (“milk”), with the suffix -ic.

lactic fermentation

In the morning the blood was crowded with commuters, the glucose peons, lactic and ureic sanitation workers, hemoglobinous deliverymen carrying loads of freshly brewed oxygen in their dented vans, […]

2001, Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections:

(biochemistry) Relating to, or producing, lactic acid.


oxyhaemoglobin

oxyhaemoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyhaemoglobins)

(biochemistry) The form of haemoglobin, loosely combined with oxygen, present in arterial and capillary blood.


oxygenase

From German Oxygenase, corresponding to oxygen + -ase.

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyses biochemical reactions with oxygen.


urochrome

urochrome (countable and uncountable, plural urochromes)

(biochemistry) A pigment that causes the yellow color in urine. It is a breakdown product of the blood's haemoglobin and is removed by the kidneys.


oxytocin

oxytocin (countable and uncountable, plural oxytocins)

From oxytocic, from Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús, “swift”) + τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”, from τίκτω (tíktō, “I give birth”)).

af

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τίκτω</i> (tíktō, “I give birth”)

Some women describe episodes of intense pleasure akin to orgasm during nursing. It would be interesting to know whether the release of oxytocin during suckling plays a role in this subjective feeling, as it may do in actual orgasm.

1994, Simon LeVay, The Sexual Brain, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 67:

MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, greatly increases feelings of empathy (and perhaps the actual capacity to perceive the emotions of others); one of the mechanisms (oxytocin release) is now becoming understood, […]

2011, Mark A.R. Kleiman et al., Drugs and Drug Policy, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

When human beings bond—by hugging, kissing, touching, having sex, eating together, giving massages, or even when singing together or speaking reassuring words—oxytocin brings us “in from the cold,” warming us—quite literally—as it redirects blood flow into hands, feet, chests and cheeks.

2012, Giles Slade, “World without oxytocin”, in Big Disconnect, Prometheus Books, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A hormone that stimulates contractions during labor, and then the production of milk; also plays a role in social bonding.


ricin

It had to be one of three things: A hoax. Or anthrax, which meant I’d have to go on Cipro for a month. Or if it was ricin, I was dead, so bye-bye.

2021 January 24, Donald G. McNeil Jr, “Fauci on What Working for Trump Was Really Like”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, toxicology) An extremely toxic lectin extracted from the castor bean.


actinidin

en-noun

actinidin (countable and uncountable, plural actinidins)

(biochemistry) A protein-digesting enzyme present in kiwi fruit. It is also an allergen.


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).


mixed inhibition

en-noun

mixed inhibition (countable and uncountable, plural mixed inhibitions)

(biochemistry) A mode of enzyme inhibition that includes components of both competitive and uncompetitive inhibition.


maltase

maltase (countable and uncountable, plural maltases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose; often associated with amylase.

maltáza

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose


amylase

amylase (countable and uncountable, plural amylases)

egg yolk amylase

Egg yolks contain a starch-digesting enzyme, amylase, that is remarkably resistant to heat. Unless a starch-egg mix is brought to a full boil, the yolk amylase will survive, digest the starch, and turn the stiff cream into a pourable one.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 2, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of digestive enzymes, present in saliva and also contributed to the gut by the exocrine pancreas, that break down complex carbohydrates such as starch into simpler sugars such as glucose.

amilasa

enzyme, present in saliva, that breaks down carbohydrates such as starch


maltose

maltose (countable and uncountable, plural maltoses)

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ formed from the digestion of starch by amylase; is converted to glucose by maltase; it is an isomer of trehalose


albumin

albumin (countable and uncountable, plural albumins)

Borrowed from French albumine, from Latin albumen. Compare albumen.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of monomeric proteins that are soluble in water, and are coagulated by heat; they occur in egg white, milk etc; they function as carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones and play a role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume.


gluten

gluten (countable and uncountable, plural glutens)

From Middle French gluten, borrowed from Latin glūten (“glue”).

Chew on a small piece of dough, and it becomes more compact but persists as a gum-like, elastic mass, the residue that the Chinese named “the muscle of flour” and that we call gluten. It consists mainly of protein, and includes what may well be the largest protein molecules to be found in the natural world.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 10, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

Unfortunately, wholemeal bread is, according to many experts, a tricky thing to get right, as the lower gluten content of the flour makes for dense results […]

2010 June 10, Felicity Cloake, Word of Mouth Blog, The Guardian:

(cooking, biochemistry) The major protein in cereal grains, especially wheat; responsible for the elasticity in dough and the structure in baked bread.


regulome

Regulation materials of cells vary greatly: even water can be an important regulome entity.

(biochemistry) The whole set of regulation components in a cell, tissue, organ, organism, and species, usually used in the context of a signal transduction.


probe

For verb: borrowed from Latin probare (“to test, examine, prove”), from probus (“good”). Doublet of prove.
For noun: borrowed from Late Latin proba (“a proof”), from probare (“to test, examine, prove”); Doublet of proof. Compare Spanish tienta (“a surgeon's probe”), from tentar (“try, test”); see tempt.

сонда

any of various medical instruments used to explore wounds, organs, etc

(biochemistry) Any group of atoms or molecules radioactively labeled in order to study a given molecule or other structure


insular

en-adj

insular (comparative more insular, superlative most insular)

more insular (comparative)
most insular (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin insularis (“of or belonging to an island”), from insula (“an island”), perhaps, from in (“in”) + salum (“the main sea”).


mescaline

en-noun

mescaline (usually uncountable, plural mescalines)

Lophophora williamsii
Lophophora williamsii#Translingual

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic and intoxicating compound present in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), the San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi), and the Peruvian torch (Echinopsis peruviana).


/ˌtiː ˈθɹiː/

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of triiodothyronine.


CK

(biochemistry) Initialism of cytokeratin.

(biochemistry) Initialism of creatine kinase.


histaminase

We suggest, however, that the substance, or system, which produces a change in structure responsible for the loss of physiological activity of histamine be designated histaminase.

1930 December 4, C. H. Best, E. W. McHenry, “The inactivation of histamine”, in The Journal of Physiology:

(biochemistry) A widely occurring flavoprotein enzyme that oxidizes histamine and various diamines.


histone

Borrowed from German Histon, perhaps from Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi, “make stand”) or ἱστός (histós, “loom”).

der

(biochemistry) Any of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin.


histamine

en-noun

histamine (countable and uncountable, plural histamines)

Mellanby and Twort have isolated from the fæces a bacillus which is able to produce from one of the amino acids normally formed in digestion of proteins a highly active body, histamine.

1913 June 1, Henderson VE, “Res Judicatae: On the Colon and Ileocolotomy”, in The Canadian Medical Association Journal, volume 3, number 6, page 521:

The intake of food triggers a release of histamine, which activates the acid-secreting cells.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 46:

In a strongly ripened cheese, the casein proteins are broken down to amino acids, and the amino acids can be broken down into amines, small molecules that can serve as chemical signals in the human body. Histamine and tyramine are found in large quantities in Cheddar, blue, Swiss, and Dutch-style cheeses, and can cause a rise in blood pressure, headaches, and rashes in people who are especially sensitive to them.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) An amine, C₅H₉N₃, formed by decarboxylation of histidine, that causes dilatation of capillaries, contraction of smooth muscle, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion; it is released during allergic reactions.


histidine

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₆H₉N₃O₂ found in most animal proteins; essential for tissue growth and repair.


side chain

(biochemistry) Any of the variable parts of amino acids that extend from the peptide backbone in proteins; they are referred to as R-groups, which branch off the backbone at the alpha carbon (Cα).


alginic acid

For the long-stalked kelps that sway in dusky forests just below the level of the spring tides, survival in the surf zone is largely a matter of chemistry. Their tissues contain large amounts of alginic acid and its salts, which create a tensile strength and elasticity able to withstand the pulling and pounding of the waves.

1955, Rachel Carson, chapter 2, in The Edge of the Sea, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 17:

(biochemistry) An insoluble colloidal acid (C₆H₈O₆)ₙ that in the form of its salts is a constituent of the cell walls of brown algae and is used as a food additive.


citric acid cycle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-citric acid cycle.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

檸檬酸循環 /柠檬酸循环

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


Krebs cycle

Named after German biochemist and physician Hans Adolf Krebs.

named-after

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms, involving the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units, and serving as the main source of cellular energy.

克雷伯氏循環 /克雷伯氏循环

series of enzymatic reactions — see also citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


aspartic acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, L-α-amino-succinic acid, aminobutanedioic acid, found in animal protein and in sugar beet etc (C₄H₇NO₄).


ascorbic acid

(biochemistry) A white crystalline organic compound, C₆H₈O₆, found in citrus fruits and many vegetables; it is an antioxidant and an efficient scavenger of free radicals.

àcid ascòrbic

the white crystalline organic compound, C6H8O6


cholic acid

en-noun

cholic acid (countable and uncountable, plural cholic acids)

Mid 19th century, from Greek kholikos, from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”).

(biochemistry) a steroidal bile acid, C₂₄H₄₀O₅, derived from cholesterol

(countable, biochemistry) Synonym of bile acid


steroidal

(biochemistry) Of, being, or derived from a steroid.


gibberellic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound, one of the gibberellins, obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, that functions as a growth hormone in plants.


gibberellin

gibberellin (countable and uncountable, plural gibberellins)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of diterpene plant growth hormones first isolated from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi.


macromolecule

Beadle discovered that genes carried instructions to build proteins—complex, multidimensional macromolecules that were the workhorses of the cell.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 345:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins).


unsaturated fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid (plural unsaturated fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as oleic acid, that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

a fatty acid that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

put-páu-hô chi-hông-sng, put-páu-hô chí-hông-sng


steroid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins; many drugs are synthetic steroids.


sterol

From 1913; back-formation from cholesterol.

Sterols are found in all animal and plant tissue and play an important role in hormone chemistry.

Research into marine sterols falls neatly into three chronological periods.

1973, Paul J. Scheuer, Chemistry Of Marine Natural Products, Academic Press, page 58:

1989, Alain Rahier, Pierre Benveniste, 11: Mass Spectral Identification of Phytosterols, W. David Nes, Edward J. Parish (editors), Analysis of Sterols and Other Biologically Significant Steroids, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Academic Press), page 223,
Mass spectrometry (MS) and particularly the combination of mass spectrometry with gas spectrometry (GS/MS) has become an indispensable method for studying plant sterols and their biosynthesis.

The third major class of lipids is sterols. Sitosterol and stigmasterol are the major sterols found in plant membranes whereas cholesterol and ergosterol are found in small quantities. The primary sterol of yeast and other fungi is ergosterol Several sterol derivatives are found in nature.

1993, H. R. Petty, Molecular Biology of Membranes, Plenum Press, page 14:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any steroid that contains a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring.


tryptophan

tryptophan (countable and uncountable, plural tryptophans)

From German Tryptophan, from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to appear”).

der

The quickest way to raise serotonin levels again is to send more tryptophan into the brain, because serotonin is made from tryptophan.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 169:

Tryptophan is an amino acid found in many foods, including dairy and turkey, which is one of the reasons commonly given for why so many of us feel so sleepy after our Thanksgiving feasts.

2020 December 10, Anahad O’Connor, “How Foods May Affect Our Sleep”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid with an indole side chain; present in many foods, especially chocolate, oats, banana and milk; it is essential for normal growth and development and is the precursor of serotonin and niacin; any specific form of this compound, or any derivative of it.


glutamic acid

monosodium glutamate
monosodium glutamate

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, α-amino-glutaric acid, occurring widely in animal and plant tissues; the salt, monosodium glutamate is used as a flavour-enhancing seasoning.

àcid glutàmic

the nonessential amino acid (α-amino-glutaric acid)


cholesterol

en-noun

cholesterol (countable and uncountable, plural cholesterols)

(biochemistry) A sterol lipid synthesized by the liver and transported in the bloodstream to the membranes of all animal cells; it plays a central role in many biochemical processes and, as a lipoprotein that coats the walls of blood vessels, is associated with cardiovascular disease.

كُولِسْتِرُول

an essential component of mammalian cell membranes


indoleacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) an auxin plant hormone, synthesized in leaves, that stimulates growth, especially in the presence of ethylene


transamination

transamination (countable and uncountable, plural transaminations)

(biochemistry) the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to another molecule


coenzyme A

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A coenzyme, formed from pantothenic acid and adenosine triphosphate, that is necessary for fatty acid synthesis and metabolism.


transacetylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from one molecule to another. It is produced by the ‘a’ structural gene of the lac operon.


pantothenic acid

(biochemistry) A water-soluble antioxidant vitamin, 3-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido]propanoic acid needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; it is found in cereals, legumes, meat and other foods


transaminase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination.

轉氨酶 /转氨酶

biochemistry: any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination


coenzyme

(biochemistry) Any small molecule that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.


photosynthesis

photosynthesis (usually uncountable, plural photosyntheses)

[ˌfəʊ.tʰəʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

[ˌfŏʊ.ɾoʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

ışık yardımı ile besin biriktirme süreci

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any process by which plants and other photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.

principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

also, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, used by purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria, and acidobacteria.


adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide that is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions, in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and as a neurotransmitter recognized by purinergic receptors.


transcriptase

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to RNA.


messenger RNA

In the past, RNA did not get this kind of respect. The central dogma of biology has been that DNA makes messenger RNA, messenger RNA makes proteins, and proteins do everything else that needs to be done in a living cell.

2006 June 20, Nicholas Wade, “DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) RNA that encodes and carries information from DNA during transcription to sites of protein synthesis to undergo translation in order to yield a protein.


reverse transcriptase

reverse transcriptase (plural reverse transcriptases)

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.


polymerase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the formation of polymers of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of RNA or DNA respectively as a template.

聚合酶

enzyme that catalyses the formation of polymers


transcribe

en-verb

transcribe (third-person singular simple present transcribes, present participle transcribing, simple past and past participle transcribed)

transcribes (present singular third-person)
transcribing (participle present)
transcribed (participle past)
transcribed (past)

Learned borrowing from Latin trānscrībere (“to write again in another place, transcribe, copy”).

lbor

(biochemistry) To cause DNA to undergo transcription.

transkriboida

biology: to cause to undergo transcription


transhydrogenase

(biochemistry) A mitochondrial enzyme that transports protons across a cell membrane.


transferrin

en-noun

transferrin (countable and uncountable, plural transferrins)

Coordinate term: ferritin (key protein of intracellular iron storage)

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, a beta globulin, in blood serum that combines with and transports iron.


transferase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a functional group, such as amine or phosphate from one molecule to another.

transferasa

enzyme which catalyses the transfer of a functional group


DA

DA (countable and uncountable, plural DAs or DA's)


translocate

en-verb

translocate (third-person singular simple present translocates, present participle translocating, simple past and past participle translocated)

translocates (present singular third-person)
translocating (participle present)
translocated (participle past)
translocated (past)

(biochemistry, transitive) To cause to undergo translocation, usually a transition through a membrane.


transposase

en-noun

transposase (countable and uncountable, plural transposases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for the transposition of transposons


loop

From Middle English loupe (“noose, loop”), earlier lowp-knot (“loop-knot”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse hlaup (“a run”), used in the sense of a "running knot", from hlaupa (“to leap”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną (“to leap, run”). Compare Swedish löp-knut (“loop-knot”), Danish løb-knude (“a running knot”), Danish løb (“a course”). More at leap. The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(biochemistry) A flexible region in a protein's secondary structure.


compartment

First attested 1564, from Middle French compartiment, from Italian compartimento, from Late Latin compartiri (“to divide with, to share with”), from com- + partiri (“to apportion, to divide, to share”).

(biochemistry) The part of a protein that serves a specific function.


nicotinic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; together with nicotinamide is a part of the vitamin B complex


folate

From folic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A salt or ester of folic acid, especially one present in the vitamin B complex.


folic acid

From Latin folium (“leaf”), from its occurrence in leafy vegetables.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid, one of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction

azido foliko

vitamin B9, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid

folate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


essential fatty acid

en-noun

essential fatty acid (plural essential fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) any fatty acid required for human metabolism that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet; originally designated as vitamin F


nanodomain

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nanodomain.wav

(biochemistry) In reference calcium signalling, is where the calcium-binding proteins (or "sensors") are located within a few nanometers of an open calcium channel.


CTR

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

Once more significant differences were observed for CTR w/o LIF. (E)- Protein levels for Hexokinase I and II, GAPDH and PKM1/2 were determined by western Blot and quantified by densiometric evaluation.

2015 July 6, “Dichloroacetate, the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex and the Modulation of mESC Pluripotency”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

calcitonin receptor
w:calcitonin receptor

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of calcitonin receptor.


HD

HD (countable and uncountable, plural HDs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of homeodomain.


blot

→ Polish: blotka

From Middle English blot (“blot, spot, stain, blemish”). Perhaps from Old Norse *blettr (“blot, stain”) (only attested in documents from after Old Norse transitioned to Icelandic blettur), or from Old French bloche (“clod of earth”).

inh

(biochemistry) A method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier.


nitrogenase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, especially in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.


phenol red

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A pH indicator and red dye used to test kidney function.


retinoic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) A derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of acne; it is essential for bone and tissue development.


pyruvate

From pyruvic acid acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

af

On the other hand, it can be observed that, with small exceptions, the S. pneumonia strains are the only Streptococci equipped with homospermidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways, which have been found to be involved in pathogenicity mechanisms [50 ] and in the counteraction of oxidative stress [51 ].

2015 September 15, “Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of pyruvic acid.

焦性葡萄酸塩

しょうせいぶどうさんえん


pyruvic acid

From New Latin acidum pyruvicum, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + ūva (“grape”) + -icum (neuter singular of -icus), from its being produced by the dry distillation of racemic acid, originally derived from grapes.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A yellowish organic keto acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.


deoxyribose

en-noun

deoxyribose (countable and uncountable, plural deoxyriboses)

(biochemistry) A derivative of the pentose sugar ribose in which the 2' hydroxyl (-OH) is reduced to a hydrogen (H); it is a constituent of the nucleotides that constitute the biopolymer, deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.


ribonucleic acid

ribonucleic acid (countable and uncountable, plural ribonucleic acids)

ribonucleic acids (plural)
RNA (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) A derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine; its primary function is in the transcription of genetic material and subsequent synthesis of protein.

àcid ribonucleic

derivative of DNA, used in the transcription of genetic material


surfactant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-surfactant.wav

(biochemistry) A lipoprotein in the tissues of the lung that reduces surface tension and permits more efficient gas transport.

surfaktantti

lipoprotein that facilitates gas transport in the lungs

肺表面活性物質

はいひょうめんかっせいぶっしつ


Rho

(biochemistry) Any of a family of GTP-binding proteins


PK

PK (countable and uncountable, plural PKs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase.


antidiuretic hormone

antidiuretic hormone (plural antidiuretic hormones)

(biochemistry) a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland


ER

ER (countable and uncountable, plural ERs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of estrogen receptor.


RE

RE (countable and uncountable, plural REs)

response element
response element#English

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of response element.


urea

urea (countable and uncountable, plural ureas)

From New Latin, from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, uncountable) A water-soluble organic compound, CO(NH₂)₂, formed by the metabolism of proteins and excreted in the urine.


Sepharose

Trade name, from Separation-Pharmacia-Agarose.

(biochemistry) A cross-linked polysaccharide bead-formed gel based on agarose.


invertase

invertase (usually uncountable, plural invertases)

The costs incurred for the processing of sucrose with invertase could be considerably reduced with the introduction of immobilised invertases, by adopting technology similar to that developed for glucose isomerase.

1995, L. F. J. Woods, S. J. Swinton, “8: Enzymes in the starch and sugar industries”, in Gregory A. Tucker, L.F.J. Woods, editors, Enzymes in Food Processing, page 257:

The disaccharide sucrose and the trisaccharide raffinose are both substrates of invertase. Invertase is encoded by the SUC genes from which six unlinked loci have been identified (SUC1-SUC5, SUC7), which are dipersed through the yeast genome (Lampen, 1968; Ouwehand and van Wijk, 1972; Ottolenghi, 1971).

1997, Karl-Dieter Entian, Hans-Joachim Schüller, “Chapter 13: Genetics of Di- and Trisaccharide Utilization”, in Friedrich K. Zimmermann, Karl-Dieter Entian, editors, Yeast Sugar Metabolism, page 226:

Up-regulation of these invertases is a common response to infection (Hall and Williams, 2000).

2004, J. S. C. Clark, P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, “The Compatible Interaction in Downy Mildew Infections”, in Peter Spencer-Phillips, Michael J. Jeger, editors, Advances in Downy Mildew Research, volume 2, page 18:

2013, Maria Kamiko Kadowaki, Rite de Cássia Garcia Simão, Jose Luís da Conceição Silva, Clarice Aoki Osaku, Luis Henrique Souza Guimarāes, 1: Biotechnical Advances in Fungal Invertases, Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli, Mahendra Rai (editors), Fungal Enzymes, page 14,
The methods used for the immobilization of fungal invertases include adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking and entrapment (Uzun et al. 2011).
Nelson and Griffin (1916) reported that invertase was the first enzyme to be immobilized, and it was bound on charcoal and aluminium hydroxide. Subsequently, mant fungal invertases have been immobilized onto a variety of media […] .

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose (invert sugar), used by bees to produce honey and in the food industry to soften chocolate.


tartaric acid

tartaric acid (countable and uncountable, plural tartaric acids)

From Medieval Latin tartarum (“tartar”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind; it is used as the salts cream of tartar and Rochelle salt.

àcid tartàric

the aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind


electrophoresis

electrophoresis (countable and uncountable, plural electrophoreses)

(analytical chemistry, biochemistry) The separation and analysis of large molecules (such as proteins) by migrating a colloidal solution of them through a gel; gel electrophoresis.

electroforesi

method for separation of large molecules


cross-link

(biochemistry) A similar bond between strands of nucleic acid


NCP

(biochemistry) Initialism of nucleosome core particle.


UTP

uridine triphosphate
uridine triphosphate

(biochemistry) uridine triphosphate — a biomolecule.


uridine

uridine (countable and uncountable, plural uridines)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A nucleoside formed from uracil and ribose.


uric acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) a bicyclic heterocyclic phenolic compound, formed in the body by the metabolism of protein and excreted in the urine (or in faeces, as in birds and insects)


ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone#English

(endocrinology, biochemistry) Initialism of adrenocorticotropic hormone.


TGIF

transforming growth interacting factor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of transforming growth interacting factor.


urokinase

urokinase (countable and uncountable, plural urokinases)

deep vein thrombosis
deep vein thrombosis

(biochemistry) A protease, found in the urine, which converts plasminogen to plasmin, and is used in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.


residue

residue (countable and uncountable, plural residues)

From Middle English residue, from Old French residu, from Latin residuum, neuter of residuus (“remaining”), from resideō (“I remain behind”).

(biochemistry) A molecule that is released from a polymer after bonds between neighbouring monomers are broken, such as an amino acid in a polypeptide chain.


BP

BP (countable and uncountable, plural BPs)


LHRH

luteinizing hormone
luteinizing hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.


HDL

high-density lipoprotein
high-density lipoprotein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of high-density lipoprotein.


VIP

VIP (countable and uncountable, plural VIPs)

vasoactive intestinal peptide
vasoactive intestinal peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of vasoactive intestinal peptide.


LDL

High saturated fat intake has been tied to increased levels of LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol, which raises the risk of heart disease.

2017 December 22, Sophie Egan, “Is It Better to Cook With Coconut Oil or Olive Oil?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In rare instances, however, high blood levels of the so-called bad cholesterol, LDL, result from a genetic defect called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

2018, American Heart Association, “Multi-gene Test Predicts Early Heart Disease Risk”, in Drug Discovery & Development:

low-density lipoprotein
low-density lipoprotein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of low-density lipoprotein.


DHT

DHT (countable and uncountable, plural DHTs)

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of dihydrotestosterone.


PPI

proton-pump inhibitor
w:proton-pump inhibitor

(biochemistry) Initialism of proton-pump inhibitor.

protein–protein interaction
w:protein–protein interaction

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein–protein interaction.


adaptive enzyme

adaptive enzyme (plural adaptive enzymes)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is present in the cell only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value.


ACE

ACE (countable and uncountable, plural ACEs)

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

angiotensin converting enzyme
angiotensin converting enzyme#English

(biochemistry, medicine) Initialism of angiotensin converting enzyme.


PL

(biochemistry) Initialism of proximity labeling.


SIR

SIR (countable and uncountable, plural SIRs)

(biochemistry, genetics) Abbreviation of silent information regulator.


serotonin

serotonin (countable and uncountable, plural serotonins)

/ˌsɛɹəˈtəʊnɪn/

/ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/

(biochemistry) An indoleamine neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine, that is involved in depression, appetite, etc., and is crucial in maintaining a sense of well-being, security, etc.


neurotransmitter

Together with this is the influence of an infinite number of neurotransmitters, neurohormones, environmental hazards, and accidental programmings.

2016, David R. Hawkins, The Eye of the I: From Which Nothing is Hidden, page 142:

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons.

نَاقِل عَصَبِيّ

substance responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons

神経伝達物質

しんけいでんたつぶっしつ

нейромедіа́тор m (nejromediátor, literally “neuromediator”)


PNA

peptide nucleic acid
peptide nucleic acid#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of peptide nucleic acid.


ATP

ATP (countable and uncountable, plural ATPs)

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosine triphosphate.


DOM

(biochemistry) Initialism of dissolved organic matter.


agonistic

en-adj

agonistic (comparative more agonistic, superlative most agonistic)

more agonistic (comparative)
most agonistic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστικός (agōnistikós).

(pharmacology, biochemistry) Pertaining to an agonist.