dihydrotestosterone

en-noun

dihydrotestosterone (countable and uncountable, plural dihydrotestosterones)

By surface analysis, di- + hydro- + testosterone.

surf

However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.

2015 August 17, Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al., “Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women”, in International Journal of Endocrinology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An androgenic metabolite of testosterone; used to treat certain breast cancers.


testosterone

en-noun

testosterone (countable and uncountable, plural testosterones)

From test(is) + -o- + -sterone (“steroid hormone”).

af

Mammalian testes contain almost no testosterone because it is sent out into the body as quickly as it is made.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 168:

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.


heparin

en-noun

heparin (countable and uncountable, plural heparins)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A compound occurring in the liver and other tissues which inhibits blood coagulation. A sulfur-containing polysaccharide, it is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis.


MAO

monoamine oxidase
monoamine oxidase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of monoamine oxidase.


trypsin

trypsin (countable and uncountable, plural trypsins)

From Ancient Greek τρῖψις (trîpsis, “rubbing”) + -in, since the substance was first found on rubbing down the pancreas with glycerine.

af

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds (a serine protease)


AAS

en-noun

AAS (countable and uncountable, plural AASs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of anabolic–androgenic steroid.


noggin

Uncertain. First use appears c. 1588. Appears in publications in the 1600s (e.g. in The Tincker of Turvey) in several forms including the still-current Irish English form naggin, the rare older Irish, Scottish and Northern English form noggan, used by Jonathan Swift, and the Wexford form nuggeen. Tomás S. Ó Máille and some older dictionaries like Skeat's derive it from Irish naigín, cnaigín, from cnagaire, cnag, but the Oxford English Dictionary argues that Irish naigín and Scottish Gaelic noigean instead derive from English. Compare nog.

(biochemistry) A signalling molecule involved in embryo development, producing large heads at high concentrations.


IF

IF (countable and uncountable, plural IFs)

intermediate filament
intermediate filament#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of intermediate filament.


competitive

en-adj

competitive (comparative more competitive, superlative most competitive)

more competitive (comparative)
most competitive (superlative)

From Latin competītus (past participle of competere) + -ive.

competitive antagonist

(biochemistry) Relating to the inhibition of the effects of a chemical substance by another substance competing with it for binding or bonding.


PKC

protein kinase C
protein kinase C#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase C.


zymase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the fermentation of simple carbohydrates to ethanol and carbon dioxide.


IDE

en-noun

IDE (countable and uncountable, plural IDEs)

(biochemistry, countable) Initialism of insulin-degrading enzyme.


rubisco

Coined by David Eisenberg, from r(ib)u(lose) + bis(phosphate) + c(arboxylase) + o(xygenase).

To turn light into food takes several steps, but the key is an extremely inefficient enzyme called RuBisCO.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 29:

(biochemistry) A enzyme (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase) which catalyzes both the fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the reverse process of photorespiration.


lipotropic

en-adj

lipotropic (comparative more lipotropic, superlative most lipotropic)

more lipotropic (comparative)
most lipotropic (superlative)

(biochemistry) helping to metabolize lipids


aspargine

en-noun

aspargine (countable and uncountable, plural aspargines)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of asparagine.


peptide chain

(biochemistry) a chain of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds, that forms the 'backbone' of proteins


dipeptide

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound formed from two amino acids joined by a peptide bond.


isoleucine

isoleucine (countable and uncountable, plural isoleucines)

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₃NO₂, isomeric with leucine, found in most animal proteins.


proline

proline (countable and uncountable, plural prolines)

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid C₅H₉NO₂ found in most animal proteins, especially collagen; its cyclic structure leads to kinks in the peptide chain of proteins.


actinomycin

actinomycin (countable and uncountable, plural actinomycins)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of a class of toxic polypeptide antibiotics found in soil bacteria of genus Streptomyces.

اکتینومایسین

antibiotic found in bacteria of genus Streptomyces


glutamine

glutamine (countable and uncountable, plural glutamines)

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid C₅H₁₀N₂O₃ found in most animal and plant proteins.


methionine

methionine (countable and uncountable, plural methionines)

/mɪˈθʌɪəniːn/

/mɪˈθʌɪənɪn/

/mɛˈθaɪəˌniːn/

The purpose was to make soya beans more healthy for those for whom they are a staple food by correcting soya beans' natural deficiency in a chemical called methionine.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 253:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A lipotropic, sulphur-containing essential amino acid, C₅H₁₁NO₂S, found in most protein.


polypeptide

(biochemistry) Any such polymer that is not folded into a secondary structure of a protein.

多肽

biochemistry: any such polymer that is not folded into a secondary structure of a protein

(biochemistry) A small protein containing up to 100 amino acids; see also oligopeptide.

多肽

biochemistry: a small protein containing up to 100 amino acids


cysteine

cysteine (countable and uncountable, plural cysteines)

(biochemistry) A sulphur-containing nonessential amino acid C₃H₇NO₂S found in most animal proteins; it readily oxidizes to cystine.

Cys when viewed as a monomer in proteins


threonine

threonine (countable and uncountable, plural threonines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₄H₉NO₃ found in most animal proteins.


leucine

leucine (countable and uncountable, plural leucines)

Derived from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -ine, equivalent to leuco- + -ine.

der+

Thus, leucine is already being seen as a pharmaconutrient of great relevance for the supplementary feeding of malnourished and frail elderly and for specific subpopulations.

2015 October 15, “Buffalo Cheese Whey Proteins, Identification of a 24 kDa Protein and Characterization of Their Hydrolysates: In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₃NO₂, isomeric with isoleucine, found in most animal proteins; it is essential for growth in children.


phenylalanine

en-noun

phenylalanine (countable and uncountable, plural phenylalanines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₉H₁₁NO₂ found in most animal proteins; it is essential for growth; the inability to metabolize it leads to phenylketonuria; it is a constituent of aspartame.


glycine

glycine (countable and uncountable, plural glycines)

Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + -ine

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, amino-acetic acid, C₂H₅NO₂ found in most proteins but especially in sugar cane; the simplest amino acid.


tyrosine

tyrosine (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosines)

From Ancient Greek τῡρός (tūrós, “cheese”) + -ine (since first discovered in cheese); surface analysis is approximately tyro- + -ine.

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid found in most animal proteins, especially casein


alanine

alanine (countable and uncountable, plural alanines)

From aldehyde + -anine, in reference to aldehyde, with the infix -an- for ease of pronunciation, when the German chemist Adolph Strecker first synthesized alanine in 1850 by mixing acetaldehyde (then just known as aldehyde) with ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrochloric acid.

Potatoes can be a good source of alanine.

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, uncountable) A nonessential amino acid 2-aminopropanoic acid found in most animal proteins


DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase (countable and uncountable, plural DNA polymerases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that assists DNA replication.


photoautotroph

From photo- (from the combining form φωτω- (phōtō-) of Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs, “light”)) + autotroph, from auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) an organism, such as all green plants, that can synthesize its own food from inorganic material using light as a source of energy


antivitamin

(biochemistry) Any compound that inhibits the metabolic action of a vitamin.

antywitamina

any compound that inhibits the metabolic action of a vitamin


chemotaxis

en-noun

chemotaxis (countable and uncountable, plural chemotaxes)

(biology, biochemistry) The movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant.

趨化性 /趋化性

the movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant


antiparallel

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-antiparallel.wav

(mathematics) (of vectors) Parallel but in opposite directions.

(biochemistry) Describing the orientations of the two strands of DNA.

secondary structure
secondary structure#English

(biochemistry) Describing two beta strands comprising a protein's secondary structure that are aligned and hydrogen bonded but where the vectors describing the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends of each strand are oriented 180° relative to one another.


androgenous

en-adj

androgenous (comparative more androgenous, superlative most androgenous)

more androgenous (comparative)
most androgenous (superlative)

The Leydig cells play a primary role in synthesis of androgenous hormones in gonochoristic fish.

1983, B.J. Duchac et al., “Electron microscopical studies of gonads in primary and secondary males of protogynous hermaphroditic fish”, in Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or producing androgens; androgenic


molecular biologist

en-noun

molecular biologist (plural molecular biologists)

(biology, biochemistry, genetics) a scientist who specializes in molecular biology


molecular biology

(biology, biochemistry) the branch of biology that studies the macromolecules of life, such as proteins, lipoproteins and nucleic acids


secondary structure

secondary structure (countable and uncountable, plural secondary structures)

(biochemistry) The general three-dimensional structure of a biopolymer such as DNA or a protein.


amphipathic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-amphipathic.wav

From amphi- + Ancient Greek παθικός (pathikós, “remaining passive in a sexual intercourse”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides”).

der

(biochemistry) Of the surface(s) on a protein, particularly an alpha helix, where one surface of the alpha helix has hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite face has hydrophobic (or lipophilic) amino acids.

anfipático

of an alpha helix: having one surface with hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface with hydrophobic or lipophilic aminoacids


biopolymer

Coordinate term: biometal

There are three main classes of biopolymers: polynucleotides (such as RNA and DNA), polypeptides (such as collagen and actin), and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch).

Products based on durable biopolymers have begun appearing in the marketplace.

2007 March 21, Susan Moran, “The new bioplastics, more than just forks”, in The New York Times:

CJ Biomaterials was the first company in the world to produce amorphous PHA, it says, which is a softer, rubberier version of PHA that offers fundamentally different performance characteristics than crystalline or semi-crystalline forms of the biopolymer.

2023 June 29, Mike Edwards, “Collaboration leads to eco-friendly straw made with polyhydroxyalkanoate”, in CPECN:

(biochemistry) Any macromolecule of a living organism that is formed from the polymerization of smaller entities; a polymer that occurs in a living organism or results from life.


glycogen

en-noun

glycogen (countable and uncountable, plural glycogens)

Specifically the liver converts glucose into glycogen — a more compact chemical. It is a little bit like shrink-wrapping food so you can pack more of it into your freezer.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 175:

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals; converted to glucose as needed.


nucleobase

(biochemistry) The base of a nucleic acid, such as thymine, uracil, adenine, cytosine and guanine.

含氮碱基 (hándàn jiǎnjī, literally “nitrogenous base”)


stop codon

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) a sequence of three RNA nucleotides (A, C, G or U) that instruct the synthesis, or translation, of a protein to stop. The three-letter stop codon sequences have been given names: "UAG" is amber, "UGA" is opal, and "UAA" is ochre.

lopetuskodoni

codon that instructs protein synthesis to stop


biomolecule

Zinc oxide is biosafe and, therefore, there are no toxic effects for biomedical applications that immobilize and modify biomolecules (Kumar and Shen, 2008).

2011, Sam Zhang, Biological and Biomedical Coatings Handbook: Applications, page 343:

In the close vicinity of a chiral nanostructure, the circular dichroism of a biomolecule could be greatly enhanced, due to the interaction with the local superchiral fields.

2016, S. Hamed Shams Mousavi, Sajanlal R. Panikkanvalappil, Mostafa A. El-Sayed, Ali A. Eftekhar, Ali Adibi, “Large Enhancement of Circular Dichroism Using an Embossed Chiral Metamaterial”, in arXiv:

(biochemistry) Molecules, such as amino acids, sugars, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, DNA, and RNA, that occur naturally in living organisms; any such molecule, even if created outside a living thing (as for example in a test tube or bioreactor).


nitrogen fixation

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially such conversion, by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants


guanodine

guanosine monophosphate
guanosine monophosphate

guanosine diphosphate
guanosine diphosphate

guanosine triphosphate
guanosine triphosphate

(biochemistry, genetics) any of the three nucleotides guanosine monophosphate, guanosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate


guanosine

guanosine (countable and uncountable, plural guanosines)

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from guanine and ribose


adenosine

From German Adenosin, corresponding to aden(ine) + (rib)os(e) + -ine.

Caffeine acts as an antagonist at receptors in the brain for one of the chemical messengers called adenosine.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 82:

Think of adenosine as a chemical barometer that continuously registers the amount of elapsed time since you woke up this morning.

2017, Matthew Walker, Why We Sleep, Penguin, published 2018, page 27:

SAM: Readings confirmed. Based on the levels of adenosine in your system, the neural implant is functioning properly.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Hyperion:

Adenosine levels can be quickly righted after a few nights of good sleep, however.

2022 June 24, Oliver Whang, “The Sleep Debt Collector Is Here”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from adenine and ribose, found in striated muscle tissue.


conformer

(physical chemistry, biochemistry) A particular folded state or conformation of a protein, especially an abnormal conformation of a prion


cycloamylose

(biochemistry) any of a class of cyclic oligomers of glucose; they have a toroidal shape and bind tightly with many aromatic compounds, the guest molecule fitting into the cavity like a key and lock; they mimic the action of several enzymes


AFP

(biochemistry) Initialism of alpha-fetoprotein.


cytochemistry

cytochemistry (usually uncountable, plural cytochemistries)

(biochemistry) The biochemistry of cells, especially that of the macromolecules responsible for cell structure and function.


riboflavin

riboflavin (countable and uncountable, plural riboflavins)

(biochemistry) Yellow or orange-yellow water-soluble compound, a member of the vitamin B complex, that acts as a growth-promoting factor in humans and other animals.


hormonal

en-adj

hormonal (comparative more hormonal, superlative most hormonal)

more hormonal (comparative)
most hormonal (superlative)


lyse

en-verb

lyse (third-person singular simple present lyses, present participle lysing, simple past and past participle lysed)

lyses (present singular third-person)
lysing (participle present)
lysed (participle past)
lysed (past)

(biochemistry) To break down molecularly into smaller molecules; to induce lysis.


dextrin

en-noun

dextrin (countable and uncountable, plural dextrins)

(biochemistry) Any of a range of oligomers of glucose, intermediate in complexity between maltose and starch, produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch; used commercially as adhesives.


dextran

dextran (countable and uncountable, plural dextrans)

(biochemistry) A biopolymer of glucose produced by enzymes of certain bacteria; used as a substitute for blood plasma, and as a stationary phase in chromatography.

dextran

a biopolymer of glucose produced by enzymes of certain bacteria


metalloprotein

(biochemistry) a protein, such as haemoglobin or chlorophyll, that contains a metal atom as a cofactor

metalloproteiini

a protein that contains a metal atom as a cofactor


cofactor

(biochemistry) A substance, especially a coenzyme or a metal, that must be present for an enzyme to function.

輔因子 /辅因子

substance that must be present for an enzyme to function

(biochemistry) A molecule that binds to and regulates the activity of a protein.


epinephrine

epinephrine (countable and uncountable, plural epinephrines)

From Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + νεφρός (nephrós, “kidney”) + -ine.

At the ER, after deflating me with a cocktail of epinephrine, a steroid and an antihistamine, the doctors scolded me for not coming in more quickly: I could have died of asphyxiation.

2023 November 1, “‘We’re sedating women with self-care’: how we became obsessed with wellness”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, medicine) A catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter; as a hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress (when it stimulates the autonomic nervous system); as a neurotransmitter, synthesized from norepinephrine. It is also used as a medication.


zymogen

(biochemistry) A proenzyme, or enzyme precursor, which requires a biochemical change (i.e. hydrolysis) to become an active form of the enzyme.


EPO

EPO (countable and uncountable, plural EPOs)

Alternative form: Epo

(biochemistry) Short for erythropoietin.


zymophyte

From zymo- (“yeast”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biochemistry) A fermentation produced by bacteria, yeasts or similar micro-organisms.


adrenaline

adrenaline (usually uncountable, plural adrenalines)

→ Catalan: adrenalina

→ Dutch: adrenaline

→ French: adrénaline

→ Spanish: adrenalina

→ Swahili: adrenalini

/əˈdɹɛnəlɪn/

From adrenal + -ine, coined by Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi in 1901.

coin

(biochemistry) Epinephrine, the hormone and neurotransmitter.


EDP

en-noun

EDP (countable and uncountable, plural EDPs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of elastin-derived peptide.


merlin

Acronym of moesin-Ezrin-Radixin-like protein + -in (“protein”)

suffix

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">protein</i>

(biochemistry) A cytoskeletal protein active in the suppression of tumors.


co-

From Latin co-, allomorph of Latin con-.

coglucosidase is a coenzyme that activates a glucosidase, coprotease is a protease coenzyme, codehydrogenase is any dehydrogenase coenzyme


tropic hormone

(biochemistry) A hormone that regulates the activity of the endocrine glands


biopoesis

From bio- + -poesis, alternative form of -poiesis.

(biochemistry, biology) The formation of life from self-replicating, but not living, molecules.


chemosystematics

(biochemistry) chemotaxonomy; the classification of organisms based on their biochemistry


chemokine

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of various chemotactic cytokines, produced during inflammation, that organize the leukocytes.


bioluminescence

en-noun

bioluminescence (countable and uncountable, plural bioluminescences)

(biology, biochemistry) The emission of light by a living organism (such as a firefly).


chemotaxonomy

chemotaxonomy (usually uncountable, plural chemotaxonomies)

(biochemistry, genetics) The classification or taxonomy of organisms based on differences and similarities in biochemistry, especially on differences in amino acid sequence in proteins that the organisms have in common.


cytokine

/ˈsa͜ɪˌɾəˌka͜ɪn/

From cyto- + Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”).

der

Thus, in the case of viral infection, mechanisms of resistance would be threefold, namely, interferon production, the immune response, including both antibody and lymphokine production, and the generation of lymphokine-like substances by the infected cells themselves. These latter substances have been defined as cytokines.

1975 July 14, Bigazzi PE, Yoshida T, Ward PA, Cohen S., “Production of Lymphokine-Like Factors (Cytokines) by Simian Virus 40-Infected and Simian Virus 40-Transformed Cell”, in The American Journal of Pathology, volume 80, number 1, page 69:

A fundamental feature expressed by the vast majority of cytokines is a profound immunomodulatory activity.
Many cytokines, presently available in pure recombinant form, modify bone cell metabolism.

1991, Maxine Gowen, Cytokines and Bone Metabolism, page 26:

The cytokines are generally considered to be a group of peptides secreted by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, lymphocytes and T cells, although the same peptides may also be secreted by non-immune cells such as neurological tissues and adipocytes.

2012, Victor R. Preedy, Ross Hunter, editors, Preface: Cytokines, page v:

The cytokines provide a classic example of products of the immune system which alter brain and endocrine activities. A variety of cytokines, including interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α, have been traditionally associated with peripheral control of the immune system, inflammation, and acute phase response.

2013, Errol B. De Souza, editor, Preface: Neurobiology of Cytokines: Methods in Neurosciences, volume 16, page xiii:

Surprisingly, mTOR inhibitors displayed little inhibitory efficacy regarding receptor modulation and cytokine production which may be clinically relevant in terms of the risk of underimmunosuppression with this class of drugs.

2015 July 6, “NK Cells of Kidney Transplant Recipients Display an Activated Phenotype that Is Influenced by Immunosuppression and Pathological Staging”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system.

細胞因子 /细胞因子

any of various small regulatory proteins


dopaminergic

(biochemistry) Any substance that affects the production of dopamine


tropic

en-adj

tropic (comparative more tropic, superlative most tropic)

more tropic (comparative)
most tropic (superlative)

From Late Latin tropicus (“of or pertaining to the solstice, as a noun, one of the tropics”), from Ancient Greek τροπικός (tropikós, “of or pertaining to a turn or change; or the solstice; or a trope or figure; tropic; tropical; etc.”), from τροπή (tropḗ, “turn; solstice; trope”).

der

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is allosterically regulated by various tropic factors, such as BPG and acidity.

(biochemistry, not comparable) Having the quality of indirectly inducing a biological or chemical change in a system or substrate.


inhibition

en-noun

inhibition (countable and uncountable, plural inhibitions)

/ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/

From Middle English inhibicioun, inhibicione from Old French inibicion, from Latin inhibitio.
Morphologically inhibit + -ion.

(chemistry, biochemistry) The process of stopping or retarding a reaction.

инхибиране

Stopping or retarding a chemical reaction


œstrogen

(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative spelling of estrogen


humic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a complex mixture of organic acids produced by the decomposition of vegetable matter.


estrogen

estrogen (countable and uncountable, plural estrogens)

/ˈɛstɹəd͡ʒən/

/ˈiːstɹəd͡ʒən/

From estro- (estrus) + -gen (“a producer of”).

af

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">estrus</i>

secondly, in many hormone-target organ interactions including the effect of estrogen on rat uterus, growth hormone and hydrocortisone on rat liver and thyroid hormone on toadpole liver, newly formed microsomes have been isolated which have increased protein synthesizing ability (Tata, 1968).

1970, Harvey W. Mohrenweiser, Role of Hormones in Controlling Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis During Lactogenesis, Michigan State University. Departments of Biochemistry and Dairy, page 36:

It is known as Hatschek's pit and has been found to react positively to antibodies against substance P, met-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH), and the enzyme aromatase (P450ₐᵣₒ), which converts certain androgens into estrogens (see Chapter 3).

2013, David O. Norris, Vertebrate Endocrinology, page 151:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroids that are secreted by the ovaries and function as female sex hormones.


pectin

en-noun

pectin (countable and uncountable, plural pectins)

From French pectine, coined in the 1830s by Henri Braconnot, from acide pectique "pectic acid", from Ancient Greek πηκτικός (pēktikós, “curdling”), from πηκτός (pēktós, “curdled”), from πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “stiffen”).

der

Apple is rich in pectin and so is often added to other fruits when making jam so it will set.

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide extracted from the cell walls of plants, especially of fruits; under acidic conditions it forms a gel. It is often used in processed foods, especially jellies and jams where it causes thickening (setting).


lithotroph

(biochemistry) An organism that obtains its energy from inorganic compounds (such as ammonia) via electron transfer.


progesterone

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛstəɹəʊn/

/pɹoʊˈd͡ʒɛstəˌɹoʊn/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-progesterone.wav

From pro- (“supporting”) + Latin gestāre (“to bear, to carry”) + -one (“a ketone”).

af

Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">gestāre</i>

(biochemistry, steroids, uncountable) A steroid hormone, secreted by the ovaries, whose function is to prepare the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and to maintain pregnancy.

(biochemistry, steroids, countable) A synthetic version of the compound, used in contraceptive pills and other pharmaceutical products.


norepinephrine

en-noun

norepinephrine (countable and uncountable, plural norepinephrines)

/ˌnɔːɹɛpɪˈnɛfɹɪn/

For quotations using this term, see Citations:norepinephrine.

(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter found in the locus coeruleus which is synthesized from dopamine.


noradrenaline

noradrenaline (countable and uncountable, plural noradrenalines)

/nɔːɹəˈdɹɛnəlɪn/

Ranicide in rats was found to be reduced by injection of noradrenaline into the hypothalamus, as was muricide behaviour (Bandler, 1970).[…]Other sites in the unspecified ‘ventral midbrain’ were also found (Bandler, 1971) at which noradrenaline administration in crystalline form served to facilitate predatory aggression (ranicide and muricide).

1984, Stephen T. Mason, “Catecholamines and vegetative behaviour”, in Catecholamines and Behaviour, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section “Aggression”, page 333:

(biochemistry, chiefly UK) Synonym of norepinephrine.

noradrenalina

the compound norepinephrine — see also norepinephrine


zymosan

zymosan (countable and uncountable, plural zymosans)

(biochemistry) an insoluble carbohydrate, obtained from the cell walls of yeast, used in the bioassay of blood serum


adhesion

adhesion (usually uncountable, plural adhesions)

From French adhésion, from Latin stem of adhaesio, from past participle of adhaerare.

(biochemistry) The binding of a cell to a surface or substrate.


hemicellulose

The changes in texture that occur during ripening and cooking result from changes in the cell-wall materials, in particular the cement carbohydrates. One group is the hemicelluloses, which form strengthening cross-links between celluloses. They are built up from glucose and xylose sugars, and can be partly dissolved and removed from cell walls during cooking.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 5, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A mixture of several plant polysaccharides, of smaller molecular weight than cellulose, that are soluble in dilute alkali; they are involved in the manufacture of paper, and are used in the production of furfural and ethanol.


oligosaccharide

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide of low molecular weight, being a polymer of between three and eight monosaccharide units.


chromo-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chromo-.wav

From Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”).


melanocyte

As previously stated, it is pigmented, this pigmentation depending upon the so-called melanocytes.

1905, Willy Edward Alexander Wyman, Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary Surgery, page 06:

(medicine, biochemistry, cytology) A cell in the skin that produces the pigment melanin.


inositol

inositol (countable and uncountable, plural inositols)

From its former name inosite + -ol (“an alcohol”), from Ancient Greek ἰνός (inós, genitive singular of ἴς (ís, “sinew, tendon”)) + -ite.

af

genitive singular of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἴς</i> (ís, “sinew, tendon”)

(biochemistry) A simple carbocyclic sugar (hexahydroxycyclohexane; chemical formula: C₆H₁₂O₆) which occurs in animal and plant tissue. Once treated as part of the vitamin B complex, but is not a vitamin as it can be synthesized by the body.


toxication

(biochemistry) the metabolism of a drug or other compound to produce a toxic metabolite


expressing

/ɛkˈspɹɛsɪŋ/

/ɪkˈspɹɛsɪŋ/

(biochemistry) That translates or transcribes nucleic acid.


tyramine

en-noun

tyramine (countable and uncountable, plural tyramines)

(biochemistry) A compound which occurs naturally in cheese and other foods and can cause dangerously high blood pressure in people taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.


tyrosinase

tyrosinase (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosinases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to catechol oxidase, that catalyzes the production of phenolic pigments such as melanin.


ketogenesis

/ˌkiːtəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

(physiology, biochemistry) The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to produce ketone bodies.


ketogenic

en-adj

ketogenic (comparative more ketogenic, superlative most ketogenic)

more ketogenic (comparative)
most ketogenic (superlative)

/ˌkiːtəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/


immunoglobulin

The recent observation that a heat labile human immunoglobulin, IgE , could mediate the release of both histamine and SRS-Aᵐᵒⁿᵏᵉʸ from primate lung slices (Ishizaka et al., 1969), prompted a re-examination of the biologic activity of rat heat labile homocytotropic antibody.

1969, Robert P. Orange, K. Frank Austen, “Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis”, in Advances in Immunology - Volume 10, page 144:

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of the glycoproteins in blood serum that respond to invasion by foreign antigens and that protect the host by removing pathogens; an antibody.


curcumin

en-noun

curcumin (countable and uncountable, plural curcumins)

From translingual Curcuma, from Arabic كُرْكُم (kurkum, “turmeric”) + -in.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A polyphenol (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione; a major constituent of the spice turmeric.


polyphenol

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains and other plant foods, like nuts and legumes, are rich in polyphenols — antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds that some research suggests can support healthy aging.

2024 September 2, Alice Callahan, “How to Eat for a Long and Healthy Life”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a large class of organic compounds, of plant origin, having more than one phenol group; they tend to be colourful and to have antioxidant properties.

多酚

any of a large class of organic compounds


melanin

melanin (countable and uncountable, plural melanins)

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek stem of μέλας (mélas, “black”) + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of naturally occurring dark pigments, especially the pigment found in skin, hair, fur, and feathers.


xanthine oxidase

xanthine oxidase (plural xanthine oxidases)

(biochemistry) A crystallizable flavoprotein enzyme containing iron and molybdenum that promotes the oxidation especially of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid and of many aldehydes to carboxylic acids and that is obtained usually from milk or liver.


gorgonin

(biochemistry) A complex protein frequently containing appreciable quantities of iodine and bromine that makes up the horny skeleton of typical gorgonians.

gorgonina

protein that makes up the skeleton of gorgonians


biolytic

(biochemistry) Broken down by a biochemical process


inulin

inulin (usually uncountable, plural inulins)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide found in the roots and tubers of certain plants, especially the Compositae; it is mostly a polymer of fructose.


lipopeptide

(biochemistry) An organic complex of lipids and peptides


thrombin

thrombin (countable and uncountable, plural thrombins)

(biochemistry) An enzyme in blood that facilitates blood clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin (by means of ionized calcium).


monoclonal

One of the first examples of the immunogenicity of recombinantly derived antibodies was with murine anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3) used in the induction of immunosupression after organ transplantation.

2002, Gilbert S. Banker, Christopher T. Rhodes, Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th edition, Informa Health Care, →ISBN, page 699:

(biochemistry) genetically engineered from a single clone; used especially of a protein or antibody


monoclonal

(immunochemistry) something produced from a single clone, especially a monoclonal antibody


chlorophyllin

(biochemistry) Any water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll in which the central magnesium atom is replaced (often with copper), and a number of side-chains are converted into sodium salts.

clorofil·lina

biochemistry: water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll


salting out

(biochemistry) A technique for the separation of proteins by differential precipitation in a solution of sodium chloride or ammonium sulphate.


saponin

“Saponins aren't absorbed by the intestines. You've got to get the stuff into the blood.”

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 111:

Soapnuts are the dried fruit of a tree called Sapindus mukorossi (Chinese Soapberry) and contain saponin, a natural surfactant that foams just like soap.

2015, Beth Terry, Plastic-Free: How I Kicked the Plastic Habit and How You Can Too, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of various steroid glycosides found in plant tissues that dissolve in water to give a soapy froth.


lectin

From Latin lēctus (“chosen”) + -in. Coined by W.C. Boyd in 1954.

The result proved less about the safety of genetic engineering than it did about the safety of lectins – known animal poisons.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 252:

Soybeans are another excellent source of plant proteins but they are also on the list of high lectin foods. They are very important to vegans and vegetarians as they make it easy for them to get adequate proteins in their diet.

2018, Stanley Adamson, Lectin Free Handbook: The Essential Guide To The Lectin Diet Plus A 7-Day Lectin Avoidance Meal Plan And Recipes, PublishDrive:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that bind specific carbohydrates.


adrenochrome

adrenochrome (countable and uncountable, plural adrenochromes)

Investigation of the chemical constitution showed that it has the properties of N-methyl-2:3-dihydro-3-hydroxyindole-5:6-quinone. The shorter name adrenochrome is proposed for this substance. […] Adrenochrome is a very unstable substance: it is completely destroyed in 4 min. by 1% hydrochloric acid, and in 40 sec. by 1% ammonia.

1937, David Ezra Green, “Adrenaline and Adrenochrome”, in The Biochemical Journal, volume 31, number 4, page 596:

(biochemistry) An oxidation product of adrenaline or epinephrine; its semicarbazone is used as a drug to reduce bleeding.


amygdalin

(biochemistry) A glycoside of benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide found in bitter almonds, and in the kernels of some other fruit.


catecholamine

Epinephrine and dopamine are two other catecholamine transmitters.

1988, Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 3rd edition, page 1025:

The catecholamines are used in several motivational and emotional systems of the brain, and their concentration is regulated by proteins that break them down or recycle them.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 746:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of aromatic amines derived from pyrocatechol that are hormones produced by the adrenal gland.


phosphatidylcholine

(biochemistry) The phospholipid phosphatidyl choline


phosphatidylglycerol

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any phospholipid in which the small organic molecule is glycerol


cephalin

In 1912 Howell reported the results of a study of the thromboplastic action of the tissues in which he showed that the active substance is a phosphatid having the general properties of cephalin.

1916 June, Jay McLean, “The Thromboplastic Action of Cephalin”, in American Journal of Physiology, volume 41, pages 250–257:

(biochemistry) A phospholipid found particularly in the cells of nervous tissue; it is also the primary phospholipid in bacteria.


liposome

From lipo- (“fat”) + -some (“body”). From Ancient Greek λίπος (lípos, “fat”) and Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “soma”).

Albrecht applied the term "liposome" to small refractive droplets observed in freshly mounted sections of liver and other tissues.

1930 September, Ben Dawes, “The Absorption of Fats and Lipoids in the Plaice (P. platessa L.)”, in Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, volume 17, number 1, page 75:

(biochemistry) An aqueous compartment enclosed by a bimolecular membrane, typically of phospholipid; a lipid vesicle.


glucosamine

glucosamine (countable and uncountable, plural glucosamines)

(biochemistry) An amino derivative of glucose that is a component of polysaccharides such as chitin; it is marketed as a dietary supplement supposedly to reduce the symptoms of arthritis.


glycolipid

(biochemistry) An association of a carbohydrate and a phospholipid, such as phosphatidylinositol, found in cell membranes

糖脂

an association of a carbohydrate and a phospholipid found in cell membranes

(biochemistry) A similar compound lacking a phosphate group


ergotamine

ergotamine (countable and uncountable, plural ergotamines)

/ɜːˈɡɒtəmiːn/

Borrowed from German Ergotamin, corresponding to ergot + -amine.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) An alkaloid, extracted from ergot, that causes constriction of blood vessels and has been used to treat migraine; it is related to lysergic acid.


hyoscyamine

From Latin hyoscyamus (“henbane”) + -ine.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A poisonous alkaloid present in henbane that is the stereoisomer of atropine, with similar properties to hyoscine, and used medicinally to treat abdominal pain and similar conditions.


prolamine

(biochemistry) any of a class of proteins, high in proline, found in the seeds of cereals


pyridoxamine

pyridoxamine (countable and uncountable, plural pyridoxamines)

(biochemistry) A constituent of vitamin B6, essential for the metabolism of starch and amino acids.


tryptamine

tryptamine (countable and uncountable, plural tryptamines)

By surface analysis, tryptophan + amine.

(uncountable, biochemistry) a heterocyclic amine found in both plant and animal tissue, where it is an intermediate in several metabolic schemes.


penicillamine

penicillamine (countable and uncountable, plural penicillamines)

rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline, sulfur-containing amino acid produced by the hydrolysis of penicillins, used pharmacologically as a chelating agent to remove heavy metals such as copper from the body, and as an anti-inflammatory agent, especially for rheumatoid arthritis; 2-amino-3-methyl-3-mercaptobutanoic acid, (CH₃)₂C(SH)CH(NH₂)COOH.


monoamine

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-monoamine.wav

Dopamine and norepinephrine are so-called monoamines.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 167:

The first effective drugs used to treat clinical depression were compounds that act by enhancing the activity of chemicals known as monoamines in the brain.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 55:

(chemistry, biochemistry) Any compound having a single amino functional group, especially a neurotransmitter.


apo-

From the Ancient Greek prefix ἀπό- (apó-), from the preposition ἀπό (apó, “from, away from”), from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“off, away”), whence the English words off and of, and ab- (via Latin). Doublet of ab- and off-.

der

aporeceptor is a receptor that targets apoproteins or apolipoproteins, apoflavoprotein is the apoprotein of a flavoprotein, apomucin is the apoprotein of a mucin

(biochemistry) An apoenzyme: an enzyme without its cofactor; associated apoproteins.

apoglobin is a form of a globin that lacks a heme unit, apomyoglobin is a form of myoglobin that lacks a heme unit, apometalloprotein is the form of a metalloprotein that lacks the coordinated metal atom

Lacking, without, scant.
(biochemistry) Lacking a metallic unit.

Lacking, without, scant.
Lacking a metallic unit.


thiamine

en-noun

thiamine (usually uncountable, plural thiamines)

(biochemistry) One of the constituents of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast and bran, that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates.


protamine

(biochemistry) Any of various strongly basic proteins of relatively low molecular weight that are rich in arginine and are found associated especially with DNA in place of histone in the sperm cells of various animals (such as fish).


galactose

galactose (countable and uncountable, plural galactoses)

From Ancient Greek γάλακτος (gálaktos, “milk”) + -ose (“sugar”).

uder

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide found, along with lactose, in dairy products, and is synthesized by the body where it is found associated with glycolipids and glycoproteins.


lysozyme

[Alexander Fleming] had in 1923 discovered lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme found in saliva, mucus and tears as part of the body’s first line of defence against invading pathogens.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), pages 47–48:

(biochemistry) A bacteriolytic (or antibiotic) enzyme found in many animal secretions, and in egg white.


nisin

en-noun

nisin (countable and uncountable, plural nisins)

Blend of group N + streptococci + inhibitory substance.

blend

Lactococcus lactis
Lactococcus lactis#Translingual

(biochemistry) A polycyclic peptide produced by fermentation with the bacterium Lactococcus lactis; used as a preservative in processed cheese etc.


androsterone

en-noun

androsterone (countable and uncountable, plural androsterones)

(biochemistry, steroids) An androgenic hormone, excreted in the urine, somewhat less active than testosterone.


androgenic

en-adj

androgenic (comparative more androgenic, superlative most androgenic)

more androgenic (comparative)
most androgenic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or being an androgen.


corticosteroid

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in a large range of physiological systems.

Wúràọlá’s first patient was a man who had not noticed any significant improvement after a regimen of corticosteroids had been prescribed for his spondylosis.

2023, Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀, A Spell of Good Things, Canongate Books, page 209:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of several synthetic hormones of related structure.


corticosterone

en-noun

corticosterone (countable and uncountable, plural corticosterones)

“The brain doesn’t get the rest it needs, resulting in a drop in executive function and accompanied by an increase in corticosterone levels.”

2022, Bonnie Garmus, Lessons in Chemistry, Penguin (2023), page 206:

(biochemistry, steroids) A corticosteroid hormone, produced in the adrenal glands, involved in metabolism.


deoxycorticosterone

deoxycorticosterone (countable and uncountable, plural deoxycorticosterones)

deoxycorticosterones (plural)
DOC (abbreviation)

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone, produced in the adrenal cortex; sometimes manufactured synthetically for use in cases of adrenal insufficiency.


estrone

estrone (countable and uncountable, plural estrones)

(American spelling, biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A natural estrogenic hormone that is a ketone C₁₈H₂₂O₂ found in the body chiefly as a metabolite of and less potent than estradiol, that is also secreted especially by the ovaries, and that is used to treat various conditions (such as ovarian failure and menopausal symptoms) relating to estrogen deficiency.


theelin

The isolation of the crystalline hormone seems to justify the selection of a new name which should be reserved for the crystalline material and which in reality becomes the name of a new and probably hitherto unknown chemical substance. Accordingly, we suggest the term “theelin.“ This word is derived from the Greek word “theelus” used both adjectively and nominally to signify “female.”

1930 June, CD Veler, “The preparation of the crystalline follicular ovarian hormone: Theelin”, in Journal of Biological Chemistry, page 357:

(biochemistry, steroids) The steroid hormone estrone.


antiandrogen

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any substance that inhibits the release or the biological effects of an androgen.

抗雄激素

any substance that inhibits the release or biological effects of an androgen


plastoquinone

plastoquinone (countable and uncountable, plural plastoquinones)

(biochemistry) a quinone, related to the carotenoids, involved in the electron transport process of photosynthesis


phytoestrogen

(biochemistry) A substance found in certain plants (such as genistein) which can produce effects like that of the hormone estrogen when ingested into the body.


aldosterone

/ælˈdɒstəɹəʊn/

From aldo- (“related to aldehydes”) + -sterone, modelled on German Aldosteron; coined in the 1950s.

af

(biochemistry, steroids) A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body.


estrogenic

Assuming, for the moment, that one is of some definite genetic sex, at birth […] Suppose, in addition, I am born with a vagina and an estrogenic capability toward femininity.

1978 April 15, Sally Anne Douglas, “Who Am I?”, in Gay Community News, page 5:

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or acting like estrogen.

estrogeeni-

of, relating to, or acting like estrogen


cortisone

en-noun

cortisone (countable and uncountable, plural cortisones)

(biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A corticosteroid hormone, closely related to corticosterone, produced by the adrenal cortex. One of the glucocorticoids, it is also made synthetically for use as an anti-inflammatory and antiallergy agent. 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone, with formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.


ribonuclease

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid.

ribonucléase

enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid


glucocorticoid

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties.


engager

To address this limitation, strategies for redirecting T cells to treat cancer are being intensively investigated, while the bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) therapy constitutes one of the most promising therapeutic approaches.

2021 May 26, Shujie Zhou, Mingguo Liu, Fei Ren, Xiangjiao Meng, Jinming Yu, “The landscape of bispecific T cell engager in cancer treatment”, in Biomarker Research, volume 9, →DOI, article 38, page 1:

(biochemistry) A particle or compound which engages certain cells in a process.


cortisol

cortisol (countable and uncountable, plural cortisols)

(biochemistry, steroids) A glucocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that mediates various metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis), has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, and whose levels in the blood may become elevated in response to physical or psychological stress. When used medicinally it is known as hydrocortisone.


CSP

CSP (countable and uncountable, plural CSPs)

circumsporozoite protein
circumsporozoite protein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of circumsporozoite protein.


acetylcholinesterase

acetylcholinesterase (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholinesterases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.


acetylcholine

acetylcholine (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholines)

Acetylcholine build-up in the body can be toxic.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 11:

(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter in humans and other animals. It is an ester of acetic acid and choline with chemical formula CH₃COOCH₂CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₃.


-ergic

(chiefly biochemistry) Produced or activated by (the specified thing).


tocopherol

From Ancient Greek τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”) + φέρειν (phérein, “to bear or carry”) + -ol.

compound

(biochemistry) Any of several isomers of the principal component of vitamin E, each containing a chromanol ring and an isoprene side-chain.

E308 and E309 when used as an antioxidant


hydrolase

→ Polish: hydrolaza

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a substrate.


IPTG

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside.


receptor

From Middle English receptour, from Old French receptour or Latin receptōrius, from recipiō (“receive”), from re- (“back”) + capiō (“I hold”).

continuous erythropoietin receptor activator

In the target organ, the drug is recognised by ‘receptors’. These are large molecules, usually proteins, to which the drug binds tightly and with a high degree of specificity.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 24:

(biochemistry, medicine) A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions.

受體 /受体

a protein on a cell wall that responds to sensory stimuli


pyridoxine

en-noun

pyridoxine (countable and uncountable, plural pyridoxines)

/ˌpɪɹɪˈdɒksɪn/

(biochemistry) A derivative of pyridine, 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, found in fish, liver, cereals and yeast, and essential for the metabolism of amino acids and starch.


monoamine oxidase

monoamine oxidase (plural monoamine oxidases)

monoamine oxidases (plural)
as MAO (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes, found in the outer membrane of mitochondria, that degrade biogenic amines and are thus responsible for the destruction of transmitter substances at neuronal synapses.

monoaminooxidasa

biochemistry: enzyme that degrades biogenic amines


pyrrolysine

(biochemistry) An amino acid found in methanogenic bacteria.


oxidase

From oxide + -ase introduced by Gabriel Bertrand.

The effects of hemoglobin in anemia and chlorosis, and even in tuberculosis, are due to its triple action; it acts opotherapeutically, through the blood oxydases, which it contains when properly prepared.

1915, “Hemoglobin in Anemia”, in American Medicine, volume 21, page 22:

(biochemistry) Any of many enzymes which catalyze oxidation reactions, especially ones using molecular oxygen.


flavoprotein

(biochemistry) any of a group of enzymes, containing flavin, that act as dehydrogenases


hydrogen cycle

(biochemistry) the transmission of hydrogen from water to carbohydrates etc and back to water by living organisms


apo

In this scenario, unbound proteins are predominantly in the ligand-free ("apo") structure.

2009 January 30, Robert B. Best, Gerhard Hummer, “BIOCHEMISTRY: Unfolding the Secrets of Calmodulin”, in Science:

(biochemistry, of a protein) In an inactive, unbound state


apo

(biochemistry) Short for apolipoprotein.


photohydrogen

(biochemistry) hydrogen produced (along with oxygen) by the photolytic decomposition of water in certain anaerobic algae etc


mycotoxin

They damaged his nervous system with a wartime Russian mycotoxin.

1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 6:

(biochemistry) Any substance, produced by a mold or fungus, that is injurious to vertebrates upon ingestion, inhalation or skin contact.


pilocarpine

pilocarpine (countable and uncountable, plural pilocarpines)

From translingual Pilocarpus (“genus name”) + -ine.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A miotic alkaloid C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₂ obtained from jaborandi that is used chiefly in the form of its hydrochloride or nitrate especially in the treatment of glaucoma.


muscarine

en-noun

muscarine (countable and uncountable, plural muscarines)

From the fungus Amanita muscaria, from Latin musca (“fly”).

(biochemistry) An extremely poisonous alkaloid, obtained from fly agaric, that disrupts the action of acetylcholine neurotransmitter.


nicotinamide

nicotinamide (countable and uncountable, plural nicotinamides)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The amide of nicotinic acid (or niacin).

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


ketoaldose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide which contains both an aldehyde and a ketone functional group in equilibrium with one or more hemiacetal forms.


chaperone

/ˈʃæ.pəˌɹoʊn/

/ˈʃæ.pəˌɹəʊn/

(biochemistry) A protein that assists the non-covalent folding/unfolding and the assembly/disassembly of other macromolecular structures, but does not occur in these structures when the latter are performing their normal biological functions.

protein that aids in folding other proteins

分子伴侣 (fēnzǐ bànlǚ, literally “molecular companion”)


aldose

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a class of monosaccharides having an aldehyde or hemiacetal functional group.


neurohypophysis hormone

neurohypophysis hormone (plural neurohypophysis hormones)

(biochemistry) either of two peptide hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis


co-agonist

(biochemistry) A drug or other chemical that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiologic reaction typical of a naturally occurring substance. Co-agonist implies it is one of other agonists working in conjunction.


NADP

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.


TPN

triphosphopyridine nucleotide
triphosphopyridine nucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of triphosphopyridine nucleotide.


nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide

nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide (uncountable)

(biochemistry) An organic coenzyme involved in biological oxidation and reduction reactions.


DPN

DPN (countable and uncountable, plural DPNs)

diphosphopyridine nucleotide
diphosphopyridine nucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of diphosphopyridine nucleotide.


NAD

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (uncountable)

The treatment in mice involved boosting their levels of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) – a natural protein that already controls DNA repair in our body.

2017 March 24, Tom Bawden, Not getting any older may be possibility after key discovery, in the i, № 1,975, page 15/5:


diphosphopyridine nucleotide

diphosphopyridine nucleotide (plural diphosphopyridine nucleotides)

diphosphopyridine nucleotides (plural)
as DPN (abbreviation)

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide


triphosphopyridine nucleotide

triphosphopyridine nucleotide (plural triphosphopyridine nucleotides)

triphosphopyridine nucleotides (plural)
as TPN (abbreviation)

nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide


ELL

ELL (countable and uncountable, plural ELLs)

RNA polymerase II elongation factor
w:ELL (gene)

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of RNA polymerase II elongation factor: an enzyme found in Cajal bodies.


enose

(biochemistry) any monosaccharide having a carbon-carbon double bond


aggregation number

aggregation number (plural aggregation numbers)

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) the number of molecules that are associated together to form a micelle


glycose

Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + -ose


glyco-amino-acid

(biochemistry) any glycoside of an amino acid (linked via O-, N- or S-)


glycopeptide

(biochemistry) any compound of a carbohydrate and a peptide


heteropolysaccharide

(biochemistry) any polysaccharide formed from two or more different kinds of monosaccharide


glycosaminoglycan

From glycosamino- (“combining form of glycosamine”) + glycan (“polysaccharide”); compare aminoglycan.

prefix

Subcellular fractionation techniques have indicated that the greatest percentage of these glycosaminoglycans that is not extracted with water is contained within the microsomal fraction (36-60%).

1982, Stanislav Reinis, Jerome Goldman, The Chemistry of Behavior: A Molecular Approach to Neuronal Plasticity, page 229:

1998, Christopher C. Rider, 9: Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans, Elizabeth F. Hounsell (editor), Glycoanalysis Protocols, 2nd Edition, page 131,
The biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans appears to be a ubiquitous function in mammalian cells.

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of inherited disorders caused by specific enzyme deficiencies in the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides).

2008, Reuben Matalon, Kimberlee Michals Matalon, Gita Bhatia, “Chapter 22: The Mucopolysaccharidoses and the Mucolipidoses”, in Roger N. Rosenberg, editor, The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disease, 4th edition, page 245:

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide that is a polymer of amino sugars; they are the carbohydrate units of proteoglycans.


iron-sulfur protein

en-noun

iron-sulfur protein (plural iron-sulfur proteins)

(biochemistry) any protein in which iron is coordinated with cysteine sulfur and sometimes also with inorganic sulfur; they have electron transfer and enzymatic function


iron-sulfur cluster

iron-sulfur cluster (plural iron-sulfur clusters)

(biochemistry) A unit comprising two or more iron atoms and bridging sulfur ligands in an iron-sulfur protein.


isoenzyme

Near-synonym: allozyme

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have structures that are (minorly or substantially) different and have physical, biochemical, and immunological properties that are (minorly or substantially) different.


metalloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that contains a metal atom which is essential for its biological activity


prostaglandin

From German Prostaglandin. Equivalent to prosta(te) + gland + -in. So called because it was originally believed to be secreted by the prostate.

This enzyme generates an inflammatory mediator known as prostaglandin, which triggers pain and other aspects of inflammation.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 51:

Indeed, it’s possible to create the full storm of cold symptoms with no cold virus at all, but only a potent cocktail of the so-called inflammatory mediators that the body makes itself[,] among them, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins and interleukins, powerful little chemical messengers that cause the blood vessels in the nose to dilate and leak, stimulate the secretion of mucus, activate sneeze and cough reflexes and set off pain in our nerve fibers.

2010 October 4, Jennifer Ackerman, “How Not to Fight Colds”, in The New York Times:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of naturally occurring lipids derived from the C₂₀ acid prostanoic acid; they have a number of physiological functions and may be considered to be hormones.


phosphorylation

phosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural phosphorylations)

Src worked by unleashing an indiscriminate volley of phosphorylation—throwing “on” dozens of molecular switches.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 359:

(biochemistry) the process of transferring a phosphate group from a donor to an acceptor; often catalysed by enzymes.


proteome

/ˈpɹəʊtɪəʊm/

Blend of protein + genome or proteo- + -ome.

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis allows the separation of thousands of proteins, and provides the means for separating the proteome (the PROTEin complement expressed by a genOME) of a simple species, or the protein component of a complex tissue.

1996 January 14, Marc R. Wilkins, “From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Amino Acid Analysis”, in Nature Biotechnology, volume 14, page 61:

So now the quest is to crack the human proteome – a concept so novel that the term proteome didn't even exist a decade ago.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 367:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome.


regular star macromolecule

regular star macromolecule (plural regular star macromolecules)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a star macromolecule having identical arms


variegated star macromolecule

variegated star macromolecule (plural variegated star macromolecules)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A star macromolecule having arms composed of different types or numbers of monomers.


glycosphingolipid

(biochemistry) a lipid that contains at least one monosaccharide unit and either a sphingoid or a ceramide


ceramide

Blend of cerebroside + amide, or from Latin cēra (“wax”) + amide.

(biochemistry) Any of various lipids formed by linking a fatty acid to sphingosine and found widely but in small amounts in plant and animal tissue


pepsin

pepsin (countable and uncountable, plural pepsins)

From German Pepsin, corresponding to Ancient Greek πέψις (pépsis, “digestion”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that chemically digests, or breaks down, proteins into shorter chains of amino acids.


tetrapyrrole

(biochemistry) any of several natural pigments having a structure of four pyrrole rings connected by a one-carbon unit

tetrapirrolo

any of several natural pigments with four pyrrole rings


orotic acid

/əˌɹɑt.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd/

From Ancient Greek ὀρός (orós, “whey”) + -ic acid.

(biochemistry) A crystalline acid which was discovered in milk and is a growth factor for various microorganisms (as Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis; uracil-6-carboxylic acid, C₅H₄N₂O₄.


oxidoreductase

From its morphology, oxido- + reductase.

It remains to be seen whether oxidoreductase deficiency is a significant cause of non-syndromic ambiguous genitalia in newborn females and undermasculinized males of unknown diagnosis as assessed by urinary steroid analyses.

2011, Charles G. D. Brook, Peter Clayton, Rosalind Brown, Brook's Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, page 196:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.


PAH

phenylalanine hydroxylase
phenylalanine hydroxylase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of phenylalanine hydroxylase.


dinitrogenase

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dinitrogen reductase

dinitrogenase reductase
dinitrogenase reductase


dinitrogenase reductase

(biochemistry) One of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


nitrogen fixer

(biochemistry) a plant or other organism which performs nitrogen fixation


dioxygenase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dioxygenation reactions


phytochrome

(biochemistry) Any of a class of pigments that control most photomorphogenic responses in higher plants


phycobilin

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting New Latin roots/stems referring to plants and bile. By surface analysis, phyco- + bilin = phyco- + bili- + -in, although according to American Heritage Dictionary, bilin was back-formed from phycobilin (as opposed to phycobilin being derived from bilin as surface analysis suggests).

(biochemistry) Any of a group of bilins (pigments derived from porphyrins) found in some photosynthetic algae; they are open-chain tetrapyrroles related to mammalian bile pigments.

international scientific vocabulary
phycobilin

ficobilina

highly coloured pigment found in photosynthetic algae


osteocalcin

en-noun

osteocalcin (countable and uncountable, plural osteocalcins)

Comparison of the sequences of the various osteocalcins indicates that the central portion of the molecule is highly conserved.

1994, Hideaki Ogura, Pharmacological Approach to the Study of the Formation and the Resorption Mechanism of Hard Tissues, Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, page 134:

Osteocalcin has recently been identified as a bone-derived hormone with significant functional impacts on sex steroid production by the testis, completing the circle of mutual interdependence between the skeletal system and gonad (for reviews, see Refs 536–538).

2014, Lee B. Smith, William H. Walker, “16: Hormone Signaling in the Testis”, in Tony M. Plant, Anthony J. Zeleznik, editors, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 669:

Osteocalcin together with the other Gla-protein MGP belongs to a distinct subgroup of the larger vitamin K-dependent protein family, the constituents of which are primarily involved in blood coagulation.

2017, Olena V. Andrukhova, Reinhold G. Erben, “11: Kidney—Bone: Interaction”, in Susan Y. Smith, Aurore Varela, Rana Samadfam, editors, Bone Toxicology, Springer, page 349:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A protein, found in bone and dentin and manufactured by osteoblasts, that plays a role in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis.

ostéocalcine

protein found in bone and dentin, manufactured by osteoblasts


oxyproline

oxyproline (countable and uncountable, plural oxyprolines)

(biochemistry) a lactam of glutamic acid


anabolic steroid

anabolic steroid (plural anabolic steroids)

(biochemistry, steroids) A class of steroid hormones that promote growth of tissue.

“anabole Steroide”)

anaboles Steroid n (often referred to in plural

anabol steroid

often referred to in plural: “anabola steroider”


sodium pump

(biochemistry) The transport of sodium ions across biological membranes using the metabolic energy of ATP.

natriumpumppu

transport of sodium ions across membranes


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (uncountable)

(biochemistry) The phosphate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme important in fatty acid synthesis.


dinucleotide

(biochemistry) Any molecule consisting primarily of two nucleotide units


phospholipase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphate ester bonds of phospholipids.


phosphatase

These results are in accordance with the observations of Pirani et al., who found that in normal pregnancy there was no correlation between serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase activity and crude baby weight or placental weight.

2018, A.S. Curry, Biochemistry of Women Methods, page 241:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze phosphate esters, and are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and phospholipids, and in the formation of bone.

磷酸酶

an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate esters


auxin

auxin (countable and uncountable, plural auxins)

From Ancient Greek αὐξάνειν (auxánein, “to grow”).

der

In Arabidopsis roots, cold stress may reduce shootward auxin transport and alter the intracellular auxin gradient.

2015 July 2, Yang Y-W, Chen H-C, Jen W-F, Liu L-Y, Chang M-C, “Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shoots and Roots of TNG67 and TCN1 Rice Seedlings under Cold Stress and Following Subsequent Recovery: Insights into Metabolic Pathways, Phytohormones, and Transcription Factors”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and cytokinins, during the proembryogenic early stages, and ethylene and gibberellic and abscisic acids later in the development of somatic embryos.

2015 August 18, Clelia De-la-Peña et al., “The role of chromatin modifications in somatic embryogenesis in plants”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

(botany, biochemistry) A class of plant growth substance (often called phytohormones or plant hormones) which play an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant life cycle.


constitutively

(biochemistry, of a metabolic process) at a constant rate regardless of physiological demand


guanylic acid

(biochemistry) the nucleotide guanosine monophosphate formed during protein synthesis


inosinic acid

(biochemistry) a nucleotide, inosine phosphate, found in muscle tissue


guanylate

From guanylic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of guanylic acid; the salts are used as flavour enhancers.


TR

thioredoxin reductase
w:thioredoxin reductase

(biochemistry) Initialism of thioredoxin reductase.


papain

en-noun

papain (countable and uncountable, plural papains)

Attested since the late 1800s. From papaya + -in.

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme in papaya fruit which can be used to tenderize meat.


ALP

alkaline phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of alkaline phosphatase.


aptamer

From Latin aptus (“apt, proper”) + -mer (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part, portion”); compare mero-).

uder

Aptamers are oligomers of RNA or DNA that spontaneously fold into specific three-dimensional shapes that can bind defined targets. The specificity of the shape of the binding site arises from the base sequence of the aptamer, which determines the base-pairing pattern of the oligomer.

2005, (US) National Research Council, Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks, page 117:

2009, Corinne Ravelet, Eric Peyrin, Chapter 10: Aptamers in Affinity Separations: Stationary Separation, Yingfu Li, Yi Lu (editors), Functional Nucleic Acids for Analytical Applications, page 271,
The use of DNA or RNA aptamers as tools in analytical chemistry is a very promising field of research because of their capabilities to bind specifically the target molecules with an affinity similar to that of antibodies.

The field of aptamer research is also more targeted, with many more catalytic aptamers being examined rather than for binding alone.

2010, Dabid Loakes, “Nucleotides an Nucleic Acids; Oligo- and Polynucleotides”, in D. W. Allen, J. C. Tebby, John C. Tebby, David Loakes, editors, Organophosphorus Chemistry, page 144:

2015, Caroli J et al, "APTANI: a computational tool to select aptamers through sequence-structure motif analysis of HT-SELEX data", Bioinformatics, 32 (2): 161-164, "3 Results".
To test APTANI performances and validate its findings, we analyzed a sequence library corresponding to an HT-SELEX experiment designed to isolate aptamers specific for murine IL4Ra (Roth et al., 2012).

(biochemistry, genetics) Any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein, selected from a large random sequence-pool, used to bind to a specific target molecule.

aptameeri

any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein used to bind to a specific target molecule


aad

alloxazine adenine dinucleotide
alloxazine adenine dinucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of alloxazine adenine dinucleotide.


GHB

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) Initialism of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, often used as a date rape drug.


cystine

en-noun

cystine (countable and uncountable, plural cystines)

From Ancient Greek κύστις (kústis, “bladder”), where it was found.

uder

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine; it contains two cysteine residues linked by a disulfide bond.


AMP

en-noun

AMP (countable and uncountable, plural AMPs)

adenosine monophosphate
adenosine monophosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosine monophosphate.

antimicrobial peptide
antimicrobial peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of antimicrobial peptide.


vitamin A acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) Synonym of retinoic acid


adenosine monophosphate

adenosine monophosphate (plural adenosine monophosphates)

adenosine monophosphates (plural)
AMP (abbreviation)

adenosine diphosphate
adenosine diphosphate

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide, found in all animal muscle cells, reversibly convertible to adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate.


vitamin A

(biochemistry) Any of several closely related fat-soluble vitamins that are essential for normal vision; retinol.

فِيتَامِين أَلِف

any fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision


vitamin B

(biochemistry) Any member of the vitamin B complex.


retinol

retinol (countable and uncountable, plural retinols)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A fat-soluble carotenoid vitamin (vitamin A), present in fish oils and green vegetables, essential to normal vision and to bone development.


vitamin B3

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) niacin


vitamin B12

(biochemistry) The compound cobalamin or cyanocobalamin.


cyanocobalamin

cyanocobalamin (usually uncountable, plural cyanocobalamins)

The cyanocobalamin molecule contains the element cobalt (Co). Cattle and sheep grazing areas deficient in this element develop vitamin B12 deficiency, as the rumen microorganisms are then unable to manufacture the vitamin.

2013, David Frape, Equine Nutrition and Feeding, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A synthetic form of vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).


vitamin D1

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol and lumisterol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D2

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol or calciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D3

(biochemistry) Cholecalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D4

(biochemistry) Dihydroergocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


biotin

biotin (countable and uncountable, plural biotins)

Borrowed from German Biotin, from Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos, “life”) + the suffix -in.

(biochemistry) A sulfur-containing member of the vitamin B complex, 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid, found in liver, egg yolk, milk, and yeast, essential to the activity of multiple enzyme systems.


vitamin D5

(biochemistry) Sitocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-vitamin D.wav

From vitamin + D (“4th letter”). From being the fourth vitamin discovered. Coined in 1922 by Elmer McCollum, who discovered the vitamin.

(biochemistry) Any of a number of fat-soluble vitamins, required for normal bone development and that prevents rickets; can be manufactured in the skin on exposure to sunlight.


laccase

Higushi (54) reported on mushroom phenol oxidase prepared by the method of Freudenberg and its use for oxidation of coniferyl alcohol and related compounds and demonstrated that the enzyme product was a mixture of tyrosinase and laccase.

1962, Forest Products Journal, volume 12, page 142:

(biochemistry) Any of several copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in plants and microorganisms.


protease

/ˈpɹəʊtɪeɪz/

As a matter of fact the casein protease digests boiled and coagulated serum far more easily than unboiled serum, as set forth by the following experiments.

1903 November 2, S. G. Hedin, “On the presence of a proteolytic enzyme in the normal serum of the ox”, in The Journal of Physiology, volume 30, number 2, page 195:

All were tested for their ability to clot milk and to hydrolyze denatured hemoglobin, egg albumin, protamine (salmon), histone (calf thymus), and benzoyl-l-arginineamide. In no case was any trace of protease activity detected.

1948 September 20, Margaret R. McDonald, “A method for the preparation of "protease-free" crystalline ribonuclease”, in Journal of General Physiology, volume 32, number 1, page 39:

For our purposes, it is sufficient to note that dysregulation of desquamatory protease activity in the SC is often involved in conditions of compromised skin barrier.

2015, Raja Sivamani, Jared R. Jagdeo, Peter Elsner, Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that cuts or cleaves proteins.

蛋白質分解酵素

たんぱくしつぶんかいこうそ


endorphin

Borrowed from French endorphine, from endo(gène) (“endogenous, produced within”) and morphine.

The explanation for the depression-reducing effects of exercise that clearly has been the most popular with the media is the endorphin hypothesis (see Hoffmann, 1997), which has also been discussed as a possible explanation in nearly every exercise-depression literature review.

2019, Curt L. Lox, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, Heather L. Gainforth, Steven J. Petruzzello, The Psychology of Exercise: Integrating Theory and Practice, Routledge, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of peptide hormones found in the mammalian brain that act as neurotransmitters and have properties similar to morphine.


proteolytic

desc

протеоли́тик

→ Russian: протеоли́тик (proteolítik)

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or promoting proteolysis

protéolytique

of, relating to, or promoting proteolysis


proteolysis

en-noun

proteolysis (countable and uncountable, plural proteolyses)

(biochemistry) The hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids, especially as part of the digestion of food.


hemerythrin

hemerythrin (countable and uncountable, plural hemerythrins)

(biochemistry) A respiratory pigment found in sipunculids, priapulids and brachiopods.


respiratory pigment

respiratory pigment (plural respiratory pigments)

(biochemistry) any of several coloured metal-containing protein pigments which combine reversibly with oxygen and which are found in the tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates and whose role is to transport oxygen


hemocyanin

hemocyanin (countable and uncountable, plural hemocyanins)

(biochemistry) a blue copper-containing respiratory pigment (a metalloprotein) found in most molluscs, and some arthropods


chlorocruorin

From chloro- + cruor + -in (see also cruorin). Named by British zoologist Ray Lankester in 1868.

Later it was shown that the α-bands of the pyridine haemochromogens of both cytochrome a and chlorocruorin resemble each other closely (Keilin, 1933 a).

1966, David Keilin, edited by Joan Keilin, The History of Cell Respiration and Cytochrome, University of Cambridge, page 174:

The affinity of chlorocruorin for oxygen is equivalent to the haemoglobin. It is interesting that within the same family of worms like [S]abellidae, [S]erpulidae and [A]mphotritidae same^([sic]) species have chlorocruorin while others have haemoglobin.

2003, Ashok Kumar, Animal Physiology, Discovery Publishing House, page 192:

1992, N. B. Terwilliger, Chapter 8: Molecular Structure of the Extracellular Heme Proteins, Ch. P. Mangum (editor), Advances in Comparative & Environmental Physiology 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers, Springer-Verlag, 1992 softcover reprint, page 203,
It was earlier thought that chlorocruorin was very different from hemoglobin based on a subunit structure with a mass of 34-35 kDa (Antonini et al. 1962; Guerratore and Zito 1977). […] Some writers have questioned the value of drawing a distinction between the chlorocruorins and hemoglobins, especially from an evolutionary point of view (Mangum 1985; see also Toulson, Chap. 9, this Vol.). The visual phenomenon of green blood has perhaps led to a stronger distinction between chlorocruorin and hemoglobin than warranted.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A green respiratory pigment found in many annelids.

chlorocruorine

respiratory pigment found in some annelids


rhamnose

From translingual Rhamnus "genus of buckthorns" + -ose (“used to form names of sugars”).

(biochemistry) A methyl-pentose, 6-deoxy-L-mannose, which occurs in the leaves and flowers of poison ivy and is a constituent of many plant glycosides.


ribulose

ribulose (countable and uncountable, plural ribuloses)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a ketopentose whose phosphate derivatives participate in photosynthesis

ribulosa

ketopentose whose derivatives participate in photosynthesis


ketopentose

(biochemistry) A pentose that is also a ketose.


aldopentose

(biochemistry) A pentose that is also an aldose.


NASBA

(microbiology, biochemistry) Initialism of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification: a transcription-based isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique.


sulfur cycle

(chemistry, biochemistry) the natural cycle which includes the mineralization of organic sulfur to sulfide, oxidation of this to sulfate, and reduction of this to sulfide followed by microbial incorporation of this into organic compounds


tenderizer

(biochemistry) Any substance added to meat, especially papain, before cooking in order to make it more tender.


sulphatase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of sulfatase


sulfatase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes, in animals and bacteria, which catalyze the hydrolysis of organic sulfates


second messenger

second messenger (plural second messengers)

(biochemistry) Any substance used to transmit a signal within a cell, especially one which triggers a cascade of events by activating cellular components


sedoheptulose

sedoheptulose (countable and uncountable, plural sedoheptuloses)

(biochemistry) A heptose ketose widely distributed in plants of the family Crassulaceae especially in the leaves of the sedum; it plays a part in the fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis


exonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of enzymes which cleave single nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) chain.


exoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, generated by a cell, that functions outside of that cell.


exopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes which catalyze the removal of a single amino acid from the end of a polypeptide chain


endopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and elastase, which catalyze the splitting of polypeptide chains away from the ends


endoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was generated.


siderophore

From sidero- + -phore, literally iron carrier.

(biochemistry) Any medium-sized molecule that has a high specificity for binding or chelating iron; they are employed by microorganisms to obtain iron from the environment


endonuclease

(biochemistry) Any enzyme which catalyzes the cleavage of nucleic acids so as to produce variously sized fragments.


endostatin

(biochemistry) A protein which inhibits the formation of the blood vessels that supply tumours.

endostatiini

protein which inhibits the formation of blood vessels


somatostatin

somatostatin (countable and uncountable, plural somatostatins)

From Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) + statin.

(biochemistry) A cyclopeptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that inhibits the production of certain other hormones


paratope

(biochemistry) That part of the molecule of an antibody that binds to an antigen.


epitope

Holonym: idiotope

(biochemistry) The part of a biomolecule (such as a protein) which is the target of an immune response


photoinhibition

(biochemistry) The inhibition of photosynthesis caused by protein damage due to high levels of light (especially ultraviolet)


photolyase

photolyase (countable and uncountable, plural photolyases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that repairs DNA that has been damaged by light.

fótaláis

an enzyme that repairs DNA that has been damaged by light


photophosphorylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is involved in the photosynthetic phosphorylation of ATP.


photophosphorylation

photophosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural photophosphorylations)


photosystem

(biochemistry) Either of two biochemical systems, active in chloroplasts, that are part of photosynthesis


photosynthate

From photosynthesis + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

af

(biochemistry) Any compound that is a product of photosynthesis.


MMO

methane monooxygenase
methane monooxygenase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of methane monooxygenase. See Methane monooxygenase.


taurine

Researchers found that a high daily dose of taurine, an amino acid commonly added to energy drinks and naturally found in various foods, helped to delay death and mitigate against the biological ravages of aging.

2023 June 8, Elie Dolgin, “From Energy Drinks to Extending Life? Supplement Slows Aging in Mice and Monkeys”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) An amino-sulfonic acid, NH₂CH₂CH₂SO₃H, that has regulatory functions in mammals.


nuclease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids.

核酸酶

any of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester


pendrin

en-noun

pendrin (countable and uncountable, plural pendrins)

(biochemistry) A protein involved in the exchange of chloride and iodide ions across biological membranes.


proteomics

The derived word "proteomics", which has come into use almost as an afterthought, may be equally useful since it indicates something less well-defined but more ambitious. Proteomics is a field, just as genomics is, rather than a closed and conceptually static body of knowledge (as are the genome and proteome, by definition).

1998, N. Leigh Anderson, “Proteome and proteomics: New technologies, new concepts, and new words”, in Electrophoresis, volume 19, page 1853:

(biochemistry) The branch of molecular biology that studies the set of proteins expressed by the genome of an organism.


alkenone

(biochemistry) Any long-chain di-, tri- and tetra- unsaturated methyl and ethyl ketones that are synthesized by a limited number of haptophyte microalgae; the degree of unsaturation is a function of the water temperature


leptin

leptin (countable and uncountable, plural leptins)

Ancient Greek λεπτός (leptós, “thin”) + -in

If we could control leptin, then presumably we could help people to control their weight.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 171:

That is because sleep affects two appetite-controlling hormones, leptin and ghrelin.

2022 February 26, Ruth Alexander, “The surprising links between what you eat and how well you sleep”, in BBC News, BBC, retrieved 2022-02-27:

(biochemistry) A protein hormone produced in adipose tissue; it plays a role in regulating appetite and metabolism.


araban

araban (countable and uncountable, plural arabans)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide composed of arabinose residues


heteroduplex

heteroduplex (plural heteroduplexes or heteroduplices)

heteroduplexes (plural)
heteroduplices (plural)

(biochemistry) A nucleic acid composed of two chains with each derived from a different parent molecule


concatemer

(biochemistry) A segment of DNA composed of multiple repeated sequences linked end to end.


phytosterol

(biochemistry, botany) Any of a group of steroid alcohols, phytochemicals naturally occurring in plants. They are white powders with mild, characteristic odor, insoluble in water and soluble in alcohols.


mineralocorticoid

Severely undervirilized males may have normal mineralocorticoid activity; fully masculinized males may display salt loss.

2011, Christine A. Gleason, Sandra E. Juul, Avery's Diseases of the Newborn, page 1301:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism.

電解質コルチコイド

でんかいしつコルチコイド


progestagen

(biochemistry, steroids) The steroid hormone progesterone.

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a class of synthetic hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone (the only natural progestagen) and have antiestrogenic and antigonadotropic properties.


ergosterol

ergosterol (countable and uncountable, plural ergosterols)

Terbinafine has a unique mechanism of action among the antifugal agents (Petranyi et al, 1984; Balfour and Faulds, 1992), inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key sterol component in the plasma membrane of the fungal cell.

2003, Peter G. Pappas, “Terbinafine”, in William E. Dismukes, Peter G. Pappas, Jack D. Sobel, editors, Clinical Mycology, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 104:

(biochemistry, steroids, mycology) The steroid precursor of vitamin D₂. It is found in cell membranes of fungi, and is their functional equivalent of cholesterol. It is also found in the membranes of some protists.


coagulase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that induces coagulation

(biochemistry) Specifically, the enzyme produced by various Staphylococcus species that converts fibrinogen to fibrin


hybridize

en-verb

hybridize (third-person singular simple present hybridizes, present participle hybridizing, simple past and past participle hybridized)

hybridizes (present singular third-person)
hybridizing (participle present)
hybridized (participle past)
hybridized (past)

(biochemistry) To combine complementary subunits of multiple biological macromolecules.


lactoflavin

en-noun

lactoflavin (usually uncountable, plural lactoflavins)


estrene

A series of compounds related to the estrenes, parent saturated hydrocarbon of which is 5a-estrane (Fig. 4.3), have been obtained by removing the 19-methyl group (No R or Nor) attached to the 10th position in androstene derivatives.

1979, L. V. Asolkar, Diosgenin and Other Steroid Drug Precursors, page 99:

In 1993 , a U.S. patent (# 5,272,134) was granted for fragrances containing 16-androstene and estrene steroids (see examples in Figure 14).

1997, J. J. Lagowski, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry, page 1192:

A pharmaceutical composition in a dosage unit form adapted for nasal administration in a human subject, said composition comprising per dosage unit, an effective amount of an Estrene steroid in a range to effect the nervous system through the vomeronasal organ but ineffective to have a systemic effect by absorption into the circulatory system […]

2000, David L. Berliner, Nathan William Adams, Clive L. Jennings-White, “6140316 Estrebe Steriuds as Neurochemical Initiators of Change in Human Hypothalamic Function and Related pharmaceutical Compositions”, in Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office:

(biochemistry) A derivative of estradiol characterized by a structure that includes a phenolic ring.


lactase

lactase (countable and uncountable, plural lactases)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lactase.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A β-galactosidase enzyme that is involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers.


telopeptide

(biochemistry) an amino acid sequence, (normally at one or more ends), that have a function in building or conforming a protein and are proteolytically removed at maturity


telomerase

(biochemistry, genetics) An enzyme in eukaryotic cells that adds a specific sequence of DNA to the telomeres of chromosomes after they divide; gives the chromosomes stability over time.


mutase

(biochemistry) An isomerase that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule


secretase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that "snips" pieces off a longer protein that is embedded in the cell membrane.


Martinize

en-verb

Martinize (third-person singular simple present Martinizes, present participle Martinizing, simple past and past participle Martinized)

Martinizes (present singular third-person)
Martinizing (participle present)
Martinized (participle past)
Martinized (past)

(biochemistry) To produce a coarse-grain structure of a protein topology


ephedrine

en-noun

ephedrine (countable and uncountable, plural ephedrines)

The great advantage of ephedrine is its effectiveness if taken as a pill, whereas adrenaline works only if injected or inhaled.

2003, Samuel H. Barondes, chapter 5, in Better than Prozac, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 63:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline alkaloid drug C₁₀H₁₅NO obtained from a Chinese ephedra (Ephedra sinica) or synthesized that has the physiological action of epinephrine. It causes constriction of the blood vessels and widening of the bronchial passages and is used in the form of its hydrochloride or sulfate to relieve asthma and hay fever.


peptone

From German Pepton, from Ancient Greek πεπτόν (peptón, “cooked, digested”) derived from πέπτω (péptō, “soften, ripen, boil, cook, bake, digest”).

der

(biochemistry) Any water-soluble mixture of polypeptides and amino acids formed by the partial hydrolysis of protein.

πεπτόνη

water-soluble product of partial protein hydrolysis


elastin

en-noun

elastin (countable and uncountable, plural elastins)

Our stomachs produce an enzyme specifically designed to break down elastin, a type of protein found in meat and nowhere else.

2006, Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma, The Penguin Press, →ISBN, page 289:

(biochemistry) A protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue, that has elastic properties.

élastine

protein with elastic properties, similar to collagen


chymotrypsin

chymotrypsin (countable and uncountable, plural chymotrypsins)

(biochemistry) An endopeptidase enzyme that cleaves peptides at the carboxyl side of tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine amino acids.


PCP

PCP (countable and uncountable, plural PCPs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of peptidyl carrier protein.


lipase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes which catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids.


polyadenylic acid

(biochemistry) A polymer of adenylic acid attached to mRNA before transportation to the cytoplasm.


reductase

disulfide reduction by glutathione is a three-step process, the last of which is catalyzed by glutathione reductase

2008, Louis J. Casarett, Curtis D. Klaassen, Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons, McGraw-Hill Professional, page 187:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that chemically reduces its substrate.


catechol oxidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to tyrosinase, that catalyses the oxidation of phenols such as catechol.


polynucleotide

(biochemistry) A polymeric macromolecule composed of many nucleotides; examples include DNA and RNA


diastase

From Ancient Greek διάστασις (diástasis, “separation”).

uder

(biochemistry) Any one of a group of enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of starch into maltose; mostly amylases (α-amylase and β-amylase).

diastaasi

enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose


peroxidase

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that act on substrates such as hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides such as lipid peroxides.


proteid

When strong nitric acid is added to an aqueous solution of any of the proteids, a white precipitate forms, which turns yellow on heating the liquid.

1907, R. Douglas Bailey, The Brewer's Analyst, page 89:

1914, Eugene Christian, Encyclopedia of Diet: A Treatise on the Food Question, Digital Edition, unnumbered page,
The proteid substances in the body must be formed from proteids taken in the form of food, because only proteid foods contain the element nitrogen. All proteids contain nitrogen, but all nitrogen does not contain protein. All proteids, therefore, are nitrogenous compounds.

1996, Arnold Eiloart (translator and editor), M. Bircher-Benner, Food Science for All and a New Sunlight Theory of Nutrition, page 12,
It was in the forties of the last century that the great chemist, Justus Liebig, brought the chemistry of food up to this point. As he believed moreover that proteids provide not only the building-material of living substance, but also muscular power, he regarded it as a nourishing principle.


polyribonucleotide

(biochemistry) A biological macromolecule consisting of multiple ribonucleotides