polyribosome

(biochemistry) A cluster of ribosomes, connected by mRNA, that collectively synthesizes protein


kinase

From Ancient Greek κινεῖν (kineîn, “to move”) + -ase, a suffix forming enzyme names.

uder

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates), in a process termed phosphorylation.


nonsteroidal

Finerenone, a nonsteroidal MRA, was among the drugs in the trials.

2024 January 9, Jacqueline Howard, “Kidney disease medication found to reduce risk of cardiovascular death in certain heart failure patients in new study”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) That does not consist of or contain steroids.


constitutive

en-adj

constitutive (comparative more constitutive, superlative most constitutive)

more constitutive (comparative)
most constitutive (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-constitutive.wav

(biochemistry) (of an enzyme) that is continuously produced at a constant rate


metallochaperone

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that move metal ions to specific sites within a cell, normally to bind with metalloenzymes and cofactors


sphingosine

(biochemistry) An unsaturated aliphatic amino alcohol associated with the lipids of brain tissue


sphingolipid

(biochemistry) Any lipid, such as sphingomyelin, that is derived from sphingosine or one of its derivatives


sphingomyelin

(biochemistry) a phospholipid, derived from sphingosine and choline, found in nerve tissue


misfold

en-verb

misfold (third-person singular simple present misfolds, present participle misfolding, simple past and past participle misfolded)

misfolds (present singular third-person)
misfolding (participle present)
misfolded (participle past)
misfolded (past)

The prionopathies are best known among the neurodegenerative diseases for their ability to misfold, self-propagate, and infect other organisms.

2021 March 1, Anderson, K.N., Overcast, W.B., Brosch, J.R., Graner, B.D., Veronesi, M.C., “Prionopathies and Prionlike Protein Aberrations in Neurodegenerative Diseases”, in American Society of Neuroradiology, volume 11, number 2, →DOI, pages 127-148:

(biochemistry, intransitive, of a protein or nucleic acid) To fold into an unusual or incorrect tertiary structure; misfolded proteins occur in various diseases, including amyloidoses and dementias, although the question of causation versus consequence is not yet definitively answered for dementias.


globulin

en-noun

globulin (countable and uncountable, plural globulins)

The most effective approach to delaying and preventing recurrent HBV infection has been high dose immune globulin (anti-HBsIg) perioperatively and postoperatively (table 4).

1993 November 27, Teresa L. Wright, Johnson Y. N. Lau, “Clinical aspects of hepatitis B virus infection”, in The Lancet, volume 342, number 8883, →PMID, page 1342:

On the good news front, the guide reports that a new hepatitis A vaccine, which is now licensed in Europe, should be available in the United States sometime this year. It provides longer protection than the current recommended vaccine -- immune globulin (IG) -- against the hepatitis A virus, which means it does not have to be administered as frequently.

1994 March 20, James Yenckel, “Health in the Tropics”, in The Washington Post:

Even for the unprotected, those who are exposed can expect 90 percent effectiveness with a course of postexposure prophylaxis that includes hepatitis B immune globulin and initiation of hepatitis B vaccine.

2000, Kimbra Cutlip, “Preventing needlestick injuries in healthcare settings”, in Hospital Topics, volume 78, →PMID:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of simple proteins, soluble in water only in the presence of salts, that are coagulated by heat


retinoblastoma protein

retinoblastoma protein (plural retinoblastoma proteins)

(biochemistry) A protein whose inactivation by mutation leads to the formation of retinoblastomas.


ubiquitinated

(biochemistry) modified or degraded by the attachment of ubiquitin molecules


ubiquitination

ubiquitination (countable and uncountable, plural ubiquitinations)

(biochemistry) The modification of a protein by the covalent attachment of one or more ubiquitin molecules


ubiquitinate

en-verb

ubiquitinate (third-person singular simple present ubiquitinates, present participle ubiquitinating, simple past and past participle ubiquitinated)

ubiquitinates (present singular third-person)
ubiquitinating (participle present)
ubiquitinated (participle past)
ubiquitinated (past)

From ubiquitin + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(biochemistry) To modify a protein by attaching ubiquitin molecules.


ubiquitin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of small protein, or polypeptide, present in the cells of all eukaryotes, that play a part in modifying and degrading proteins.


depyrimidination

en-noun

depyrimidination (countable and uncountable, plural depyrimidinations)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A process in which the chemical bond linking a pyrimidine (cytosine or thymine) to a deoxyribose sugar breaks spontaneously. It occurs at a lower rate compared to depurination with only 500 cytosine and thymine bases lost per cell per day in a typical mammalian cell.


thyrocalcitonin

thyrocalcitonin (countable and uncountable, plural thyrocalcitonins)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of calcitonin.


thyroxine

thyroxine (countable and uncountable, plural thyroxines)

From thyr- (“thyroid”) + ox- (“oxygen”) + -ine.

af

(biochemistry) A hormone (an iodine derivative of tyrosine), produced by the thyroid gland, that regulates cell metabolism and growth.


calcitonin

en-noun

calcitonin (countable and uncountable, plural calcitonins)

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that has the effect of lowering blood calcium.


translocon

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biochemistry) A complex of proteins associated with the translocation of nascent polypeptides into the interior space of the endoplasmic reticulum from the cytosol


rhomboid protease

rhomboid protease (plural rhomboid proteases)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that cleave proteins within biological membranes allowing release of effector domains from the membrane


anserine

anserine (countable and uncountable, plural anserines)

From Latin anser (“goose”) + -ine, after German Anserin.

(biochemistry) A dipeptide compound present in birds and other vertebrates, originally isolated from goose muscle.


hemagglutinin

hemagglutinin (countable and uncountable, plural hemagglutinins)

(biochemistry) An antigenic glycoprotein that causes agglutination of red blood cells


neuraminidase

neuraminidase (countable and uncountable, plural neuraminidases)

(biochemistry) An antigenic enzyme, found on the surfaces of viruses, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal acylneuraminic residues from oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.


resveratrol

resveratrol (countable and uncountable, plural resveratrols)

Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a phenolic compound of the stilbene family present in wines and various parts of the grape, including the skin, and shows antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.

2003, Massimo Maffei, “7: Biochemistry, physiology and bioengineering of bioactive compounds from plants used as dietary supplements”, in Massimo Maffei, editor, Dietary Supplements of Plant Origin: A Nutrition and Health Approach, page 152:

2003, Diane F. Birt, Weiqun Wang, Nancy Paiva, Angela Au, Chilly Chung, Laura Schmitt, Yu Jiang, Chapter 5: Cancer Prevention by Phytochemicals, Modulation of Cell Cycle, Mark S. Meskin, Wayne R. Bidlack, Audra J. Davies, Douglas S. Lewis, R. Keith Randolph (editors), Phytochemicals: Mechanisms of Action, Volume 4, page 64,
Resveratrol was first identified in grape vines in 1976 and in wine in 1992.

2011, Yiwei Li, Dejuan Kong, Aamir Ahmad, Bin Bao, Fazlul H. Sarkar, Chapter 16: Augmenting the Efficacy of Chemo- and Radio-Therapy by Nutraceuticals: Evidence from Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials, Fazlul H. Sarkar (editor), Nutraceuticals and Cancer, page 366,
Resveratrol is a phytoalexin mainly found in grapes. Red wine contains a high level of resveratrol. Resveratrol has been shown to prevent the development of mammary and other tumors in vivo in animal models (Bishayee 2009).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A phenolic substance, 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, a stilbenoid and phytoalexin, that is found in some fruits and nuts, and in red wine, and is reputed to have some beneficial properties for humans.


sonic hedgehog

Named after the video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in reference to the hedgehog signalling pathway, itself from sonic (Japanese ソニック (Sonikku)).

(biochemistry, sometimes capitalized) A morphogenic protein that controls cell division of adult stem cells and has been implicated in the development of some cancers.

Sonic the Hedgehog (character)
sonic hedgehog


satori

satori (usually uncountable, plural satoris)

Borrowed from Japanese 悟り (satori, “understanding; (Buddhism) enlightenment, satori”), from 悟る (satoru, “to perceive; to comprehend, understand; to come to enlightenment”), from Middle Chinese 悟 (nguH, “to become aware, apprehend, realize; to awaken”) (modern Mandarin 悟 (wù)), used to translate Pali bodhi (“supreme knowledge”) or its etymon Sanskrit बोधि (bodhi, “perfect knowledge or wisdom by which a person becomes a buddha or jina; enlightened or illuminated intellect of a Buddha or jina”).
Sense 3 (“mutant gene of Drosophila that causes homosexual behaviour in males”) was coined by the Japanese scientist Daisuke Yamamoto in a 1991 paper, based on the Japanese term.

coinage

We have isolated a new Drosophila mutant, satori (sat), the males of which do not court or copulate with female flies. […] We have screened about 2000 fly lines with single P-element insertions for altered sexual behavior, yielding a mutant named satori (sat; nirvana in Japanese), the males of which do not court or copulate with females. Instead, sat males exhibit homosexual courtship.

1996 September, Hiroki Ito, Daisuke Yamamoto [et al.], “Sexual Orientation in Drosophila is Altered by the Satori Mutation in the Sex-determination Gene Fruitless that Encodes a Zinc Finger Protein with a BTB Domain”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 93, number 18, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, →PMID, archived from the original on 2024-09-30, page 9687, column 1:

[T]he primary site of action of the fru gene should be in the neural cells. satori,^([sic]) one of the P-insertion alleles of fru which we isolated, carried the lacZ gene of E. coli as a reporter, and β-galactosidase expression was found in a subset of brain cells including those in the antennal lobe in the satori mutant.

1996 October, Daisuke Yamamoto, Hiroki Ito, Kazuko Fujitani, “Genetic Dissection of Sexual Orientation: Behavioral, Cellular, and Molecular Approaches in Drosophila melanogaster”, in Neuroscience Research: The Official Journal of the Japan Neuroscience Society, volume 26, number 2, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, abstract, page 95:

In Drosophila the satori (sat) mutants of males do not court or copulate with females but have sexual interest in males.

1998, George P. Rédei, “HOMOSEXUAL”, in Genetics Manual: Current Theory, Concepts, Terms, Singapore; River Edge, N.J.: World Scientific, published 1999, →ISBN, page 484:

(countable, biochemistry) A mutant gene of Drosophila, a genus of fruit flies, that causes homosexual behaviour in males (specifically, courtship directed to other males).


protein phosphorylation

en-noun

protein phosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural protein phosphorylations)

(biochemistry) The binding of phosphate to proteins to form phosphoproteins.


phosphoprotein

(biochemistry) any protein containing bound phosphate or complexed with a phospholipid


proacrosin

(biochemistry) A protein that is a precursor of acrosin.


acrosin

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, found in the acrosome of spermatozoa, that enables penetration of the egg.


tetrahydropalmatine

(biochemistry) A neuroactive alkaloid with analgesic and hypnotic action.


neurosteroid

(biochemistry, neuroscience) A neuroactive steroid


Polo kinase

From the Polo/polo gene in Drosophila melanogaster.

(biochemistry) An enzyme that regulates cell cycle progression.


neuroactive steroid

neuroactive steroid (plural neuroactive steroids)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any of several steroids, synthesized in the myelinating glial cells, which alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels.


trafficking

(biochemistry) The movement of an enzyme (or other protein) through tissue.

traficación

the movement of an enzyme or other protein through tissue


pentapeptide

(biochemistry) An oligopeptide formed from five amino acids.


met-enkephalin

(biochemistry) One of a pair of pentapeptides, (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) occurring naturally in the brain, that affects pain perception.


radiobiology

(biochemistry) The use of radioactive labels to study biological processes


CAG

CAG (countable and uncountable, plural CAGs)

(genetics, biochemistry) The nucleobase coding triplet cytosine (C), adenine (A), guanine (G).


glycosidic bond

glycosidic bond (plural glycosidic bonds)

(biochemistry) Any bond by reaction of the hemiacetal part of a saccharide and the hydroxyl group of another saccharide or an alcohol


actin

actin (countable and uncountable, plural actins)

→ Spanish: actina

From Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktís, “ray”), based on the shape of the filament formed, + -in.

2012, Elaine N. Marieb & Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th ed., chapter 9 "Muscles and Muscle Tissue", page 281.
Actin has kidney-shaped polypeptide subunits, called globular actin or G actin, which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction.

(biochemistry, uncountable) A globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament).

(biochemistry, countable) One of the six isoforms of actin.


polyketide

(biochemistry) Any of many biochemical intermediates, having such a structure, that have a role in biosynthesis and metabolism.


tricarboxylic acid cycle

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

trikarboksyylihappokierto

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle


biosynthesis

biosynthesis (countable and uncountable, plural biosyntheses)

The rate-limiting step for cytokinin biosynthesis involves a group of isopentenyltransferase (IPT) enzymes.

2015 April 23, Simon Moore et al., “Spatiotemporal modelling of hormonal crosstalk explains the level and patterning of hormones and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutant roots”, in The New Phytologist, volume 207, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The synthesis of organic compounds within a living organism, especially the synthesis of large compounds from small ones.


cytohesin

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of a family of proteins, abundant in cells of the immune system, that are regulatory factors in lymphocytes.


azaspiracid

Mytilus edulis
Mytilus edulis#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of several organic compounds with a complex polycyclic structure, that is responsible for the toxicity of some mussels (Mytilus edulis)


oxyntomodulin

oxyntomodulin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyntomodulins)

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone found to suppress appetite.


sirtuin

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that act as regulatory factors that mediate the life-extending effects of a low-calorie diet.


adiponectin

adiponectin (countable and uncountable, plural adiponectins)

(biochemistry) A protein hormone that modulates glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.


non-esterified fatty acid

non-esterified fatty acid (plural non-esterified fatty acids)

non-esterified fatty acids (plural)
as NEFA (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) Any fatty acid which occurs free, rather than esterified with glycerol to form a glyceride or other lipid; usually as the result of hydrolysis


protein subunit

protein subunit (plural protein subunits)

(biochemistry) Any protein that forms assemblies with others, especially those that form multimers or oligomers.


collectrin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that has a regulatory function in kidney development.


phytonadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Alternative form of phytomenadione.


vascular endothelial growth factor

vascular endothelial growth factor (plural vascular endothelial growth factors)

vascular endothelial growth factors (plural)
as: VEGF (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) A signalling protein that regulates vasculogenesis.


phytomenadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A yellow oily naphthoquinone C₃₁H₄₆O₂ that is obtained especially from alfalfa, cabbage, spinach, and other leafy green vegetables or made synthetically and that has a fast, potent, and prolonged biological effect. It is essential for the blood-clotting process, effective orally, and useful especially in treating hypoprothrombinemia induced by anticoagulant drugs (trademark Mephyton).


phylloquinone

phylloquinone (countable and uncountable, plural phylloquinones)

From phyllo- (“leaf”) + (naphtho)quinone.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Synonym of phytomenadione.


menaquinone

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A pale yellow crystalline naphthoquinone C₄₁H₅₆O₂ that is obtained especially from putrefied fish meal and produced by bacteria in the large intestine and essential for the blood-clotting process. It is much more unsaturated than vitamin K₁ and slightly less active biologically, and is an isoprenoid derivative of menadione.


GH

(medicine, biochemistry) Initialism of growth hormone.


angiotensin

/ænd͡ʒɪəʊˈtɛnsɪn/

From angio- + (hyper)tens(ion) + -in. Compare also the morphologic parallels of vasopressin.

2001: In addition to stimulating the srteries to constrict, angiotensin also acts on the kidneys to suppress urine production, and acts on the brain to stimulate thirst and drinking behaviour. — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 43)

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptides that narrow blood vessels and thus regulate arterial pressure.

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2


glycoform

(biochemistry) Any of several different forms of a glycoprotein (or other biological glycoside) having different saccharides attached, or having a different structure.


psilocybin

psilocybin (countable and uncountable, plural psilocybins)

Borrowed from German Psilocybin (coined by Albert Hofmann), from translingual Psilocybe (“genus of mushroom”) + -in.

af

The problem of the mushroom supply was solved straight away when Leary learned from a graduate student named George Litwin that a chemist at the Sandoz Corporation, Dr. Albert Hofmann, had recently synthesized the psychoactive molecule of the mushroom, calling it psilocybin.

2004, Martin Torgoff, “Psychedelic Spring”, in Can’t Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age, 1945–2000, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 70:

It’s no stretch to posit that because human neurotransmitters respond to the platform’s iconic use of a certain shade of blue, and spark with dopamine upon receiving a “like” or “tag” notification, desperate children are now living in cages and a raving madman occupies the Oval Office. Not even Orwell, after a feast of psilocybin, could have predicted this dystopia.

2019 January 29, Tom Bissell, “An Anti-Facebook Manifesto”, in New York Times:

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic alkaloid, C₁₂H₁₅N₂O·H₂PO₃, present in several species of Central American mushroom and producing effects similar to LSD. The prodrug of psilocin.


isoform

This can be demonstrated in NOD mice in which a point mutation in the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene results in the reduced expression of P0 in the thymus and a concomitant increase of P0 specific T cells in the periphery. 107 Similarly, autoimmunity is shifted towards the peripheral nerve in another NOD model deficient for isoforms of ICAM-1. 108 Altered expression of ICAM-1 on thymic epithelial cells transforms selection of T cells from a diabetogenic into a neuritogenic repertoire. 108 Studies such as these highlight the critical role of regulatory mechanisms in maintaining immune homeostasis and the impact that changes to regulation can have on the development of disease.

2015 February 12, Emily K Mathey et al., “Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: from pathology to phenotype”, in Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, volume 86, →DOI:

single nucleotide polymorphism
single nucleotide polymorphism

(biochemistry) Any of several different forms of the same protein, arising from either single nucleotide polymorphisms, differential splicing of mRNA, or post-translational modifications (e.g. sulfation, glycosylation, etc.)


heterotrimeric

(biochemistry, of a protein) Containing three different subunits.


haloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that is activated by a cofactor.


apoenzyme

(biochemistry) An inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor.

apoentsyymi

an inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor


G protein

From guanine nucleotide-binding protein.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins, found in cell membranes, that pass signals between hormone receptors and effector enzymes


endoperoxide

(chemistry, biochemistry) Any heterocycle containing a peroxide -O-O- residue in the ring; found especially in certain intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis.


phosphoglycolipid

(biochemistry) Any phospholipid glycoside.


peptoprime

(biochemistry, very rare) A sequence of amino acids that has never been found in any protein in any species; some of these sequences may be incompatible with life.


proteorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins, found in marine bacteria, that are light-dependent proton pumps.


cutan

en-noun

cutan (countable and uncountable, plural cutans)

(biochemistry) A hydrocarbon polymer, of uncertain structure but thought to be similar to kerogen, found in some plants.


bacteriorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several related purple photosynthetic proteins, found in halobacteria, that act as proton pumps


proton pump

(biochemistry) Any protein in the membrane of a cell or mitochondrion whose function is to move protons across the membrane and thus establish an electrochemical potential.


plant hormone

(biochemistry) Any of many substances, produced by plants, that control or regulate their germination, growth, metabolism etc.


abscisic acid

(biochemistry) A terpenoid best known as a plant hormone that inhibits seed germination and was once thought to be important in abscission.


bioreactor

First, there will be little reaction in the settler so that the concentrations of soluble constituents in the recycle stream are the same as those in the bioreactor.

2011, C. P. Leslie Grady, Jr., Glen T. Daigger, Nancy G. Love, Biological Wastewater Treatment, Third Edition, page 189:

(biochemistry) A vat or pressure vessel, containing microorganisms or biochemically active substances, used for biotechnological processes such as fermentation, waste recycling, or making drugs.

bioreaktori

A fermentation vat containing microorganisms


alginate

From alginic acid + -ate (“salt, ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of alginic acid.


apoinducer

(biochemistry) A protein that binds to DNA to activate transcription, particularly in positive gene control mechanisms.


proteasome

(biochemistry) A complex protein, found in bacterial, archeal and eukaryotic cells, that breaks down other proteins via proteolysis.


interleukin

From inter- + leuko- + -in;
*inter-: from Latin inter- (“between, amid”), a form of prepositional inter (“between”).
*leuko: from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”)
*-in: from French -ine, from Latin -īna, feminine of -īnus "of" or "belonging to"

Indeed, it’s possible to create the full storm of cold symptoms with no cold virus at all, but only a potent cocktail of the so-called inflammatory mediators that the body makes itself[,] among them, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins and interleukins, powerful little chemical messengers that cause the blood vessels in the nose to dilate and leak, stimulate the secretion of mucus, activate sneeze and cough reflexes and set off pain in our nerve fibers.

2010 October 4, Jennifer Ackerman, “How Not to Fight Colds”, in The New York Times:

As another interleukin 12/23 antagonist, briakinumab, was withdrawn from further development in part due to concerns about cardiovascular safety, discussion has also emerged on cardiovascular safety of ustekinumab.

2015 December 4, “Patient Preferences for Biologicals in Psoriasis: Top Priority of Safety for Cardiovascular Patients”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytokine proteins important in the regulation of lymphocyte function.


flavorubredoxin

(biochemistry) A flavoprotein that reduces nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N₂O) under anaerobic conditions. It is an oxygen sensitive nitric oxide reductase that contributes to resistance to nitrosative killing by macrophages.


interprotomer

(biochemistry) Between the protomers of an oligomeric protein.


pilus

Borrowed from Latin pilus (“hair”). Doublet of pile.

(biochemistry) A bacterial protein that has several biochemical functions.


protomer

(biochemistry) Any of the subunits that constitute an oligomeric protein.


countertransport

Increased Na+/Li+ countertransport activity has been described in a study of parents of proteinuric type 1 diabetic patients, although not in another.

2002, Max EllenbergHarold Rifkinet al., Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus:

(biochemistry) The transport of two chemical species across a membrane in opposite directions


metabolome

In this study, we propose a means of studying metabolism, using the concept of the “metabolome”, or total complement of metabolites in a cell, to look at global shifts in cellular function under different growth conditions.

1998 October 14, Helen Tweeddale, “Effect of Slow Growth on Metabolism of Escherichia coli, as Revealed by Global Metabolite Pool (“Metabolome”) Analysis”, in Journal of Bacteriology, volume 180, number 19, page 5109:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolites found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease.


transcriptome

Within three weeks, he had a partial ‘transcriptome’ of the ctenophore – some 5,000 or 6,000 gene sequences that were actively turned on in the animal’s nerve cells.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of RNA molecules (transcripts) produced in a cell or a population of cells.


aromatization

aromatization (countable and uncountable, plural aromatizations)

(biochemistry) The enzymatic conversion of androgen hormones into estrogens by aromatase.


Bicoid

(biochemistry) A protein, in Drosophila and related flies, specified by the bicoid gene, the concentration gradient of which serves to specify which end of the egg will become the head of the fly.


Too Many Mouths

(genetics, biochemistry) A receptor-like protein in plants which, when absent, leads to an overproduction of stomata


subtilase

subtilase (countable and uncountable, plural subtilases)

(biochemistry) A serine protease similar to subtilisin


subtilisin

subtilisin (countable and uncountable, plural subtilisins)

(biochemistry) A protease produced by soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus.


chymosin

chymosin (countable and uncountable, plural chymosins)

(biochemistry) The proteolytic enzyme rennin


Fromase

From French fromage (“cheese”) + -ase, coined as a trademark.

(biochemistry) A protease produced by the soil fungus Rhizomucor miehei, used as a vegetarian alternative to chymosin in the manufacture of some cheeses.


rennin

rennin (countable and uncountable, plural rennins)

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, obtained from the gastric juice of the abomasum of calves, used to coagulate milk and make cheese.


bufadienolide

(biochemistry, toxicology) Any of a class of toxic steroids present in some plants and secreted by some toads through the skin as a defense; sometimes present as a glycoside.


riboswitch

2006 Volker A Erdmann et.al.
For example, a riboswitch responsible for sensing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) levels is present in the 5' leader of riboflavin mrna

(biochemistry) A segment within the leading end of a messenger RNA transcript that is able to gauge the cell's need for the protein encoded by the rest of the message, then to rearrange its shape to control whether that protein is manufactured


monomeric

(biochemistry) Describing a protein that has a single polypeptide chain.


ribbon representation

ribbon representation (plural ribbon representations)

(biochemistry) A graphical representation of the gross structure of a protein in which different levels of structure are represented as different size ribbons and tubes; associated molecules (such as the haem of haemoglobin) are shown in ball and stick form.


unliganded

The direct hydrogen ion titration of unliganded hemoglobin was performed under a stream of purified argon; that of the carbon monoxide derivative was carried out in a closed system under an atmosphere of pure CO.

1966, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics:

(biochemistry) Having no ligand; especially (of a protein) deprived of any small molecule that it is sometimes associated with


integrin

(biochemistry) Any of many heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that function as receptors in communication between cells.


microdialysis

(biochemistry) A technique in which a short length of dialysis membrane is introduced into a biological tissue in order to collect samples of fluid for analysis.


retinene

(biochemistry) Either of two carotenoid pigments found in the retina and produced from vitamin A; retinal


rhodopsin

rhodopsin (countable and uncountable, plural rhodopsins)

From Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), due to its pinkish color, and ὄψις (ópsis, “sight”).

(biochemistry) A light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina; it consists of an opsin protein bound to the carotenoid retinal

rodopsyna

a light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina


opsin

Shortened form of rhodopsin.
From Ancient Greek ὄψις (ópsis, “sight”) + -in.

suffix

Ramirez and Oakley therefore predicted that opsins are present in octopus skin, where they might act as light sensors.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of light-sensitive proteins in the retina.


retinal

en-noun

retinal (countable and uncountable, plural retinals)

/ˈɹɛt.əˌnæl/

/ˈɹɛt.əˌnɔl/

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A yellow to orange aldehyde derived from vitamin A that is formed from rhodopsin by the action of light and in combination with proteins forms the visual pigments of the retinal rods and cones.


hopene

hopene (countable and uncountable, plural hopenes)

From hop + -ene, as found in the hop plant.

(biochemistry) A pentacyclic triterpene hydrocarbon produced from squalene by a cyclase enzyme.


cyclase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the cyclization of a compound


dispensable

en-adj

dispensable (comparative more dispensable, superlative most dispensable)

more dispensable (comparative)
most dispensable (superlative)

The difference in absorption rate is not surprising since whey has a high percentage of indispensable amino acids, which are absorbed more rapidly than dispensable amino acids.

2008, Marie Dunford, J. Andrew Doyle, Nutrition for Sport and Exercise, Thomson Wadsworth, published 2008, →ISBN, page 161:

(biochemistry, nutrition, of an amino acid) Not essential to be taken in as part of an organism's diet, as it can be synthesized de novo.


flavin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of tricyclic heterocyclic compounds derived from riboflavin; found especially as the adenine dinucleotide (FAD)


multimer

(biochemistry) A protein consisting of multiple monomers.


prolactin

en-noun

prolactin (usually uncountable, plural prolactins)

From pro- (from Ancient Greek πρό (pró, “before”)) + lact- (variation of lacto-, from Latin lac (“milk”)) + -in (modification of -ine).

af

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">πρό</i> (pró, “before”)

variation of lacto-, from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">lac</i> (“milk”)

Men get a dose of the hormone prolactin after orgasm and this acts as a sedative.

(biochemistry) A peptide gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland; it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation in females.


biosensor

Since the early 1980s, considerable research effort has been devoted to the development of fiber optic (FO) biosensors because of their potential sensitivity, detection speed, and adaptability to a wide variety of assay conditions.

2005, Cecil Leeburn Wilson et al., chapter 5, in Comprehensive analytical chemistry, →ISBN, page 216:

(biochemistry) Any device that detects, records or transmits physiological data, especially data concerning the presence of chemical compounds (analytes)

Today's biosensor market is dominated by glucose biosensors, mass-produced enzyme-electrodes for the rapid self-diagnosis of blood glucose levels by diabetes sufferers.

2005, José-Luis Barredo, chapter 2, in Microbial enzymes and biotransformations, →ISBN, page 29:

(biochemistry) A device that uses biological material (e.g. microorganisms, oligonucleotides, enzymes, antibodies) to detect other biological molecules or chemicals.


metabolomics

In order to understand these effects, a comprehensive analysis in which all the metabolites of a biological system are identified and quantified is needed. Since such an approach reveals the metabolome of the biological system under study, this approach should be called metabolomics.

2002, Oliver Fiehn, “Metabolomics – the link between genotypes and phenotypes”, in Plant Molecular Biology, volume 48, page 155:

(biochemistry) The study of the range of metabolites present in a person's body at normal times, and when suffering from specific diseases; may be useful as a diagnostic tool.


asparagine

From French asparagine, from Latin asparagus + French -ine. By surface analysis, asparagus + -ine.

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid C₄H₈N₂O₃ found in plants such as asparagus.


beta-peptide

(biochemistry) Any artificial peptide made from beta-amino acids; used in some antibiotics in an attempt to counter resistance.


beta-amino acid

en-noun

beta-amino acid (plural beta-amino acids)

(biochemistry) Any amino acid that has the amino and carboxylic functional groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms; beta-alanine is the only one that occurs in nature, but not in peptides or proteins.


alpha-amino acid

alpha-amino acid (plural alpha-amino acids)

(biochemistry) Any amino acid that has the amino and carboxylic functional groups attached to the same carbon atom; especially those amino acids that occur naturally as peptides and proteins.

alfa-aminoácido

any amino acid that has the amino and carboxylic functional groups attached to the same carbon atom


signaling

The handkerchiefs were tied together, and ordering the men to stand between himself and the main body, he began a series of signalings, as if communicating with some one in the ravine, from whence they had just come.

1881, Mary E. Jackson, The Spy of Osawatomie, page 319:

It arises as a consequence of the multiple interactions that occur after a ligand triggers a receptor to initiate a signaling cascade and it ensures that false signals do not propagate to completion.

2008, Alexander Sigalov, Multichain Immune Recognition Receptor Signaling, page 82:

This may be due to the fact that gp130 expression is very low on this subpopulation or that signalings from gp130 alone cannot maintain survival or proliferation in these cells.

2012, Nader G. Abraham, Molecular Biology of Hematopoiesis 6, page 157:

(American spelling, usually biochemistry) The sending of a biochemical or other type of signal.


labeling

There are two potential problems with this approach: first, the specificity of labeling depends on the purity of the LPS (if contaminants are present, they may be labeled also); second, removal of the label from the LPS in vivo might occur separately from processing of the LPS molecule itself.

1992, David C. Morrison, John Louis Ryan, Bacterial Endotoxic Lipopolysaccharides: Molecular biochemistry and cellular biology, →ISBN, page 407:

(biochemistry) The introduction of a traceable chemical group (e.g., containing an isotope or a fluorescent dye) into a protein or other biomolecule of interest so it can be tracked or quantified during experimental analysis.


anaphylatoxin

(biochemistry) Any of several toxic substances that trigger anaphylaxis

anafilatoxina

any of several toxic substances that trigger anaphylaxis


homolactic fermentation

(biochemistry) Any form of fermentation that produces a single acid, but especially the anaerobic conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid with concomitant oxidation of NADH to NAD


death factor

Pivotal Role of the Cell Death Factor BNIP3 in Ceramide-Induced Autophagic Cell Death in Malignant Glioma Cells

2004, American Association of Cancer Research:

The Fas ligand (FasL) is a key death factor of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.

2006, Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences:

(biochemistry) Any of various substances that cause apoptosis in cells


Fyn

(biochemistry) A molecule, present in the signalling pathway of integrins, activating ras.


fischerindole

(biochemistry) Any of several antimicrobial alkaloids, obtained from a blue-green alga of the genus Fischerella, having a structure similar to hapalindole.


hapalindole

(biochemistry) Any of a group of antibacterial, antimycotic and antialgal alkaloids isolated from the blue-green alga Hapalosiphon fontinalis.


welwitindolinone

(biochemistry) An alkaloid extracted from certain blue-green algae that may be active against drug resistance; it has a structure similar to that of hapalindole with a cyclobutane ring


ambiguine

(biochemistry) Any of a range of fungicidal alkaloids, having a structure similar to hapalindole, isolated from blue-green algae of the family Stigonemataceae


luteinizing hormone

“Luteinizing” is derived from Latin luteus (“yellow”). The luteinizing hormone stimulates the development of the corpus luteum (literally “yellow body”), which is yellow in colour.

(biochemistry) A hormone, produced by anterior part of the pituitary gland, that stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in female mammals, and the production of androgens by male mammals.


cholecystokinin

(biochemistry) Any of several peptide hormones that stimulate the digestion of fat and protein; abbreviated to CCK.


follicle stimulating hormone

follicle stimulating hormone (plural follicle stimulating hormones)

(biochemistry) A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone, secreted in part of the pituitary gland, that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in female mammals, and induces spermatogenesis in male mammals.


erythropoietin

/ɪˌɹɪθɹəˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn/

From Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “red”) and ποιητής (poiētḗs, “creator, maker”) and -in.

Exogenous administration of erythropoietin can, theoretically, improve endurance exercise performance in the same way as conventional blood doping procedures.

1994, Herbert A. DeVries, Terry J. Housh, Physiology of Exercise for Physical Education, Athletics, and Exercise Science, WCB Brown & Benchmark, →ISBN, page 589:

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein hormone that functions as a cytokine for erythrocyte precursors in bone marrow.

continuous erythropoietin receptor activator


estradiol

estradiol (countable and uncountable, plural estradiols)

/ˌɛ.stɹəˈdaɪˌɔl/

Gender-affirming hormone therapy may involve testosterone for trans people assigned female at birth (AFAB) and estradiol and anti-androgens for trans people AMAB.

2021, Jane Y. Xu, Michelle A. O’Connell, Lauren Notini, Ada S. Cheung, Sav Zwickl, Ken C. Pang, “Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: A Potential Option For Non-Binary Gender-Affirming Hormonal Care?”, in Front Endocrinol, →DOI:

(American spelling, biochemistry, pharmacology) A natural estrogenic hormone that is a phenolic alcohol estra-1,3,5-triene-3,17-diol (C₁₈H₂₄O₂) secreted chiefly by the ovaries of all vertebrates, that is a major and the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens; the semisynthetic esterified compound is used medicinally to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer.


polyadenylation

polyadenylation (countable and uncountable, plural polyadenylations)

(biochemistry) The formation of a polyadenylate, especially that of a nucleic acid.


polydeoxynucleotide

(biochemistry) Any polymer of a deoxynucleotide.


polydeoxyribonucleotide

(biochemistry) Any polymer whose constituent monomer is a deoxyribonucleotide


deoxyribonucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide containing deoxyribose.


polygalacturonase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of polymeric galacturonic acids and similar carbohydrates.


deoxy sugar

(biochemistry) Any compound formally derived from a sugar by replacing a hydroxy group by a hydrogen atom


(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative form of deoxycorticosterone.


pregnenolone

pregnenolone (usually uncountable, plural pregnenolones)

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid prohormone involved in the steroidogenesis of progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.


desoxycorticosterone

(biochemistry, steroids) US form of deoxycorticosterone.


steroidogenic

(biochemistry) Of or relating to the process of steroidogenesis.

stéaróidigineach

of or relating to the process of steroidogenesis


prohormone

(biochemistry) A substance that is a precursor to a hormone, usually having minimal hormonal effect by itself


deoxynucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide that contains a deoxy sugar


boldenone

(biochemistry, steroids) An anabolic steroid, 1-dehydrotestosterone, developed for veterinary use


boldenone undecylenate

(biochemistry, steroids) The undecylenate ester of the anabolic steroid boldenone, developed for veterinary use, mostly for treatment of horses.


steroidogenesis

(biochemistry) The process of steroid (hormone) production in living organisms.


progestogen

(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative spelling of progestagen


polypeptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of a polypeptide


polynucleotidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of polynucleotides to form oligonucleotides and eventually simple nucleotides.


polyhistidine

(biochemistry) Several histidine residues linked together (usually at least six).


polyproline

polyproline (countable and uncountable, plural polyprolines)

(biochemistry) A sequence of several proline residues in a polypeptide or protein; tends to generate an anomalous left-handed helix conformation


polypyrimidine

(biochemistry) Any of many pyrimidine bases forming a sequence; especially a region of mRNA containing such a sequence which has a function in RNA splicing


phenethylamine

phenethylamine (countable and uncountable, plural phenethylamines)

(uncountable, organic chemistry, biochemistry) An aromatically substituted aliphatic amine, C₆H₅C₂H₄NH₂, which is a neurotransmitter in the brain; it has pharmacological properties similar to amphetamine.


chemiosmosis

chemiosmosis (countable and uncountable, plural chemiosmoses)

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) Any chemical reaction that occurs through an intervening semipermeable membrane, especially through a membrane in a biological cell


untranslated

(biochemistry) Not converted from a processed mRNA sequence into a protein.

nem lefordított

not converted from a processed mRNA sequence into a protein


semaphorin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that assist growing axons to find an appropriate target and to form synapses


sugar alcohol

(biochemistry) A hydrogenated form of carbohydrate, whose carbonyl group has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group; sugar alcohols are commonly used as sugar substitutes in food, often in combination with artificial sweeteners.


epiregulin

(biochemistry) A polypeptide that functions as a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is essential for the growth of several types of cancer


cyclooxygenase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze a cyclooxygenation reaction, but especially the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (prostanoids); their inhibition is the mode of action of the NSAIDs aspirin and ibuprofen.


chemostat

(biochemistry) An apparatus for the continuous culture of microorganisms in a steady state.


MR

MR (countable and uncountable, plural MRs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of mineralocorticoid receptor.


trace element

Compound of trace (“very small amount”) + element (“chemical element”).

com+

(biochemistry, nutrition) A chemical element in an organism’s diet that is required in very small amounts in order to maintain proper biochemical function.


cobalmin

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cobalamin


cyanocobalmin

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cyanocobalamin


glycobiology

(biochemistry) The study of the biological role of carbohydrates (especially oligosaccharides) and glycosides


sialylated

(biochemistry) Having been reacted with sialic acid or its derivatives; used especially with oligosaccharides.


amino carbohydrate

en-noun

amino carbohydrate (plural amino carbohydrates)

(biochemistry) Any of many naturally-occurring compounds formally derived from a carbohydrate by replacing one or more hydroxyl group with a simple or substituted amino group


glycoconjugate

(biochemistry) Any carbohydrate that is chemically linked (e.g. as a glycoside) to another compound.


glycodiversification

(biochemistry) The study of the function of the diversity of carbohydrates found in nature


heparan

heparan (countable and uncountable, plural heparans)

(biochemistry) A biologically active polysaccharide that exists only as the sulfate


mutasynthesis

(biochemistry) The synthesis of analogues of natural products by intercepting the biosynthesis with structural analogs of the natural product's precursors.


glycosyl

(biochemistry) Any functional group derived from a sugar (especially from a monosaccharide) by removal of the hemiacetal hydroxy group.


proteoglycan

(biochemistry) Any of many glycoproteins that have heteropolysaccharide side chains


heparan sulfate

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide found, associated with protein, in all animal tissue; it has a regulatory function in several biological activities


naked protein

(informal, biochemistry) Any protein that normally exists combined with another entity (metal, carbohydrate or lipid etc), free from its normal attachment.


mucoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of a group of widely-distributed natural compounds that exist as complexes of proteins with mucopolysaccharides


kainate

From kainic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of kainic acid.


sialic acid

sialic acid (countable and uncountable, plural sialic acids)

1987, The FASEB Journal, Volume 1, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, page 231,
We have previously shown that the study of O-acetyl esters on the sialic acids is fraught with difficulties.

Intralysosomal accumulation of free sialic acid both in vivo and in vitro in Salla disease is due to a defect of the transport mechanism of sialic acid in lysosomal membranes [Renlund et al, 1983b, 1986a, b; Mancini et al 1986].

1987, American Journal of Medical Genetics, Volume 28, page 383:

1997, International Journal of Oncology, Volume 10, Issue 4, Lychnia, page 761,
Figure 3. Relationship between the disease-free survival rate and sialic acid expression in 100 breast cancer patients following curative surgery.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a group of amino carbohydrates that are substituted forms of neuraminic acid and can be components of glycoproteins and mucoproteins.


kainic acid

Borrowed from Japanese 海人草 (kainin-sou).

(biochemistry) A heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid isolated from certain red algae; used as an anthelmintic in Japan.


glycosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups between biological molecules, especially during the biosynthesis of glycoproteins


natural product

natural product (plural natural products)

(biochemistry) Any compound produced naturally by a living organism; especially those compounds that are useful commercially


gamma-hydroxybutyric acid

gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (plural gamma-hydroxybutyric acids)

gamma-hydroxybutyric acids (plural)
as: GHB (abbreviation)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) A naturally-occurring biochemical of uncertain function; sometimes used as a recreational drug


amylose

amylose (countable and uncountable, plural amyloses)

(biochemistry) The soluble form of starch (the insoluble form being amylopectin) that is a linear polymer of glucose.


supercomplex

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercomplex.wav

(biochemistry) A stable association of two or more complexes of biological molecules that occur separately elsewhere.


pegylate

en-verb

pegylate (third-person singular simple present pegylates, present participle pegylating, simple past and past participle pegylated)

pegylates (present singular third-person)
pegylating (participle present)
pegylated (participle past)
pegylated (past)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of PEGylate


luciferase

Aptly enough, glowworms light up their underworld with a pair of chemicals that have a satanic etymology—luciferins and luciferases, after the Latin for “light bringer.”

2017 October 6, Ed Yong, “The Most Beautiful Death Trap”, in The Atlantic:

The novel coronavirus vaccine manufactured by Moderna does not contain luciferin, an organic compound involved in bioluminescence, or the enzyme luciferase, contrary to claims on social media.

2021 May 6, “Fact Check-Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine does not contain luciferin or luciferase”, in Reuters:

(biochemistry) Any one of a group of enzymes that produce bioluminescence by oxidizing luciferin.

luciferazo

biochemistry: any one of a group of enzymes that produce bioluminescence by oxidizing luciferin


deacetylase

(biochemistry) Any of several classes of enzyme that remove acetyl groups from proteins


bioluminescent

en-adj

bioluminescent (comparative more bioluminescent, superlative most bioluminescent)

more bioluminescent (comparative)
most bioluminescent (superlative)

(biology, biochemistry) Exhibiting bioluminescence.


streptavidin

en-noun

streptavidin (countable and uncountable, plural streptavidins)

(biochemistry) A tetrameric protein purified from Streptomyces avidinii that binds very tightly to the vitamin biotin


histone deacetylase

histone deacetylase (plural histone deacetylases)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from lysine amino acids in proteins, especially the histone proteins of the nucleus


ligase

The glue is an enzyme called ligase, which stitches together loose sentences of DNA whenever it comes across them.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 244:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the binding of two molecules; synthetase.


berberine

berberine (countable and uncountable, plural berberines)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of a class of alkaloid C₂₀H₁₉NO₅ originally obtained, as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the barberry, goldthread, and other plants. It is used in medicine especially for its antimicrobial properties.


SUMOylation

(biochemistry) The process whereby SUMO proteins attach themselves to other proteins within cells and modify their function.


SUMO

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of small ubiquitin-related modifier.


SUMO protein

(biochemistry) Any of a family of small proteins that attach themselves to other proteins within cells and modify their function


NDP

NDP (countable and uncountable, plural NDPs)

nucleoside diphosphate
w:nucleoside diphosphate

(biochemistry) Initialism of nucleoside diphosphate.

Norrie disease protein
w:Norrie disease protein

(biochemistry) Initialism of Norrie disease protein.


reflectin

reflectin (countable and uncountable, plural reflectins)

(biochemistry) A protein, found in certain squids, that self-organizes into a film of regularly spaced stripes, the separation of which functions as a tunable diffraction grating to produce a range of reflective colours in the animal's skin


transthyretin

transthyretin (countable and uncountable, plural transthyretins)

transthyretins (plural)
TTR (abbreviation)

From trans- (“denoting change or transfer”) + thyr(oxine) + ret(inol) + -in (“protein”).

af

(biochemistry) a protein found in human blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid that functions as a carrier of the thyroid hormone thyroxine and the retinol-binding protein


DNase

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of deoxyribonuclease.


deoxyribonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of DNA.


talin

Talin showed two isoforms in rohu, where as talin-1 and talin-2 in model vertebrates produces two talins through alternative mRNA splicing [75 ].

2015 July 6, “Construction, De-Novo Assembly and Analysis of Transcriptome for Identification of Reproduction-Related Genes and Pathways from Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytoskeletal proteins


primosome

From Latin primus (“first”) + -some (“nucleic unit”).

(biochemistry, genetics) A complex of proteins required for the initiation of bacterial DNA synthesis


cyclic nucleotide

en-noun

cyclic nucleotide (plural cyclic nucleotides)

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two hydroxyl groups on the same sugar


cytochalasin

From Ancient Greek κύτος ("a vessel") + χαλαρός ("to slacken, loosen').

(biochemistry) Any of several related fungal metabolites that have an effect on cytokinesis while not affecting karyokinesis


anandamide

anandamide (countable and uncountable, plural anandamides)

From Sanskrit आनन्द (ānanda, “bliss, happiness”) + -amide.

af

(biochemistry) A derivative of arachidonic acid that occurs naturally in the brain and in some foods (such as chocolate) and that binds to the same brain receptors as the cannabinoids (such as tetrahydrocannabinol) derived from cannabis.


protease inhibitor

en-noun

protease inhibitor (plural protease inhibitors)

(biochemistry) Any molecule that inhibits the function of proteases (enzymes that aid the cleavage of proteins), e.g. alpha-1 antitrypsin.


lignocellulose

lignocellulose (countable and uncountable, plural lignocelluloses)

(biochemistry) The combination of lignin and cellulose in the structural cells of woody plants.

лигноцеллюло́за

the combination of lignin and cellulose in the structural cells of woody plants


lignocellulosic

Lignocellulosic materials represent the most significant fraction of the terrestrial phytobiomass, the largest source of organic compounds in the biosphere.

2011, Marcos Silveira Buckeridge, Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol, page 54:

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or derived from lignocellulose; used especially to describe the products of biomass.


bioremediation

bioremediation (countable and uncountable, plural bioremediations)

(biochemistry) The use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove contaminants, especially from polluted water

bioremediació

use of biological organisms to remove contaminants


cypin

(biochemistry) A cytosolic protein that regulates neuron branching.


topoisomerase

/ˌtɒpəʊˌaɪˈsɒməˌɹeɪs/

/ˌtɑpoʊˌaɪˈsɑməˌɹeɪs/

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that affect the topology of DNA, especially ones that relax supercoiling.


DAG

DAG (countable and uncountable, plural DAGs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of diacylglycerol.


interferon

From interfere + -on, from its role interfering with viral replication.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of glycoproteins, produced by the immune system, that prevent viral replication in infected cells.

干擾素

any of a group of glycoproteins, that prevent viral replication in infected cells


calmodulin

calmodulin (countable and uncountable, plural calmodulins)

Two distinct anti-allergic drugs, amlexanox and cromolyn, bind to the same kinds of calcium binding proteins, except calmodulin, in bovine lung extract.

2006, Journal of the National Cancer Institute:

(biochemistry) A calcium-binding protein found in all nucleated cells


biophotolysis

biophotolysis (plural biophotolysises or biophotolyses)

biophotolysises (plural)
biophotolyses (plural)

(biochemistry) The photolysis of a biochemical compound; but especially the production of hydrogen by the action of light on algae or any other organism


dismutase

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dismutation reactions.

Dismutase

any of several enzymes that catalyze dismutation reactions


dismutation

dismutation (countable and uncountable, plural dismutations)

(biochemistry) A disproportionation reaction, especially in a biological context, in which oxidized and reduced forms of a chemical species are produced simultaneously


ceruloplasmin

ceruloplasmin (countable and uncountable, plural ceruloplasmins)

cerulo (derived from Latin caeruleus (“colored blue”)) + plasmin

(biochemistry) A blue metalloprotein that contains copper; it acts as a ferroxidase in association with transferrin.


dehydrogenase

This led to a search in the filtrate for a dehydrogenase which should activate lactate in preference to the other three substances.

1928, Marjory Stephenson, “On lactic dehydrogenase: A cell-free enzyme preparation obtained from bacteria”, in Biochemical Journal:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen (a proton) from biological compounds.


brassinosteroid

(biochemistry) Any of a family of steroidal plant hormones produced by members of the genus Brassica; the brassins


human chorionic gonadotropin

human chorionic gonadotropin (uncountable)

as hCG (abbreviation)
HCG (abbreviation)

(medicine, biochemistry) A peptide hormone, produced during pregnancy, that prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production.


cysteinyl

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or derived from the amino acid cysteine


cysteinyl leukotriene

cysteinyl leukotriene (plural cysteinyl leukotrienes)

(biochemistry) Any of several leukotriene that are combined with cysteine


oxylipin

(biochemistry) oxygenated natural products which are formed from fatty acids by pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation; many of them have physiological importance


jasmonic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) An oxylipin lipid, containing a cyclopentanone ring, related to the prostaglandins; its esters, the jasmonates, are responsible for the smell of jasmine and act as plant hormones


dopa

(biochemistry) The amino acid dihydroxyphenylalanine that is generated in the liver from tyrosine and then converted into dopamine in the brain.


biotransformation

biotransformation (countable and uncountable, plural biotransformations)

(biochemistry) The changes (both chemical and physical) that occur to a substance (especially a drug) by the actions of enzymes within an organism.


biosynthetic

(biochemistry) of or pertaining to biosynthesis


allosteric

en-adj

allosteric (comparative more allosteric, superlative most allosteric)

more allosteric (comparative)
most allosteric (superlative)

From allo- (“other”) + steric (“arrangement of atoms in space”).

prefix

(biochemistry, of an enzyme) That binds a compound on an inactive site and thus changes macromolecular conformation or dynamics in order to become either active or inactive

تَفَارُغِيّ

of an enzyme: that binds a compound on an inactive site


physiologic pH

(biochemistry) The pH that normally prevails in the human body. It is approximately 7.4.


fibronectin

en-noun

fibronectin (countable and uncountable, plural fibronectins)

(biochemistry) An adhesive blood glycoprotein that has several cellular functions


bioorganic

(biochemistry) Of or relating to the role of organic compounds in biological processes.


ferritin

From Latin ferrātus (“iron-bearing”) and -in; compare also ferri- and ferro-.

Coordinate term: transferrin (key protein of extracellular iron transport)

(biochemistry) Any of a family of iron-carrying globular protein complexes consisting of 24 protein subunits; the key protein of intracellular iron storage.

ferritina

any of a family of iron-carrying globular protein complexes consisting of 24 protein subunits


gastrin

gastrin (countable and uncountable, plural gastrins)

(biochemistry) A hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach


adrenocorticotrophin

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone


reuptake

reuptake (countable and uncountable, plural reuptakes)

(biochemistry) Specifically, the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neuron after the transmission of a neural impulse across a synapse.

recaptació neuronal

reabsorption of neurotransmitter by neuron


reuptake

en-verb

reuptake (third-person singular simple present reuptakes, present participle reuptaking, simple past reuptook, past participle reuptaken)

reuptakes (present singular third-person)
reuptaking (participle present)
reuptook (past)
reuptaken (participle past)

(chiefly biochemistry, transitive) To take up again; to reabsorb.


adrenocorticotropic hormone

en-noun

adrenocorticotropic hormone (plural adrenocorticotropic hormones)

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that stimulates the secretion of other hormones


secretin

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted by the duodenum, that serves to regulate its acidity


gastric acid

gastric acid (countable and uncountable, plural gastric acids)

(biochemistry) The acidic secretion of the stomach; mostly hydrochloric acid.


androstadienone

androstadienone (countable and uncountable, plural androstadienones)

(biochemistry) A derivative of testosterone reported to have pheromone activity in humans


androstenone

androstenone (countable and uncountable, plural androstenones)

(biochemistry) A steroid, specifically 5α-androst-16-en-4-one, found in human sweat; reported to be a pheromone.


biomineralization

biomineralization (countable and uncountable, plural biomineralizations)

This process of ‘biomineralization’ is used today to reclaim gold from the Youanmi deposits of Western Australia.

2002, Philip Ball, The Elements: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, published 2004, page 51:

(biochemistry) The formation of hard mineral deposits within a living organism; especially the process whereby bone and similar structural material is formed.


allelochemical

(biochemistry, ecology) Having allelopathic effects.


aromatase

aromatase (countable and uncountable, plural aromatases)

/əˈɹoʊ̯məteɪ̯s/

/əˈɹoʊ̯məteɪ̯z/

(biochemistry) An enzyme responsible for aromatization of androgen hormones into estrogens.


dehydroepiandrosterone

dehydroepiandrosterone (countable and uncountable, plural dehydroepiandrosterones)

(biochemistry) An androgen hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex; a synthetic version is used as a dietary supplement


catabolite

(biochemistry) Any substance produced during catabolism


galactoside

(biochemistry) Any of several glycosides containing galactose


galactosidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a galactoside


methylase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze methylation, especially of nucleic acids


septin

From septum + -in: in yeast cells, they compartmentalize parts of the cell and build scaffolding to provide structural support during cell division at the septum.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that have functions related to cytokinesis.


hopanoid

From Hopea (genus of plant from which the substance was originally derived), from J Hope (Scottish botanist).

(biochemistry) Any of a class of pentacyclic compounds, somewhat similar to steroids, that have various functions in prokaryotes


cryptochrome

(biochemistry) Any of several light-sensitive flavoproteins, involved in the circadian rhythms of plants and animals, and possibly also in the sensing of magnetic fields.


paramylon

From para- and Ancient Greek ἄμυλον (ámulon, “starch”).

(biochemistry) A carbohydrate similar to starch, synthesized along with starch by the chloroplasts found in Euglena.


dNTP

(biochemistry) Initialism of deoxynucleotide triphosphate, a basic building block of DNA.


parkin

parkin (usually uncountable, plural parkins)

(biochemistry) A particular protein, mutations in which are associated with Parkinson's disease.


metal homeostasis

First used as a set phrase in cytogenetic studies in the early 1980s.

(biochemistry) The ability of individual cells to maintain a healthy level of metals within the cell.


angiotensin converting enzyme

angiotensin converting enzyme (plural angiotensin converting enzymes)

2001: Angiotensin is generated in the blood from an inactive precursor called renin. The conversion requires an enzyme known as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 43)

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyzes the creation of angiotensin, and is a strong vasoconstrictor.

human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2


peptidomimetic

(biochemistry) A small protein-like chain designed to mimic a peptide, but with altered chemical properties.


gamma-aminobutyric acid

(biochemistry) An amino acid found in the nervous systems of vertebrates and acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Abbreviated as GABA.


cyclo-oxygenase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cyclooxygenase


exoribonuclease

(biochemistry) A ribonuclease that catalyzes the exonucleolytic cleavage of nucleotides from a ribonucleotide chain.


farnesylate

en-verb

farnesylate (third-person singular simple present farnesylates, present participle farnesylating, simple past and past participle farnesylated)

farnesylates (present singular third-person)
farnesylating (participle present)
farnesylated (participle past)
farnesylated (past)

From farnesyl + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(biochemistry) To attach a farnesyl group to a protein.


farnesyl

From farnesol + -yl. Thus ultimately from Farnese via Vachellia farnesiana (sweet acacia tree) and its namesake Odoardo Cardinal Farnese.

(biochemistry) The univalent radical derived from farnesol.


chemoattractant

(biochemistry) A substance inducing positive chemotaxis in motile cells.


colocalize

colocalize (third-person singular simple present colocalizes, present participle colocalizing, simple past and past participle colocalized)

colocalizes (present singular third-person)
colocalizing (participle present)
colocalized (participle past)
colocalized (past)

(biochemistry) To occur together in the same cell.


glutamatergic

en-adj

glutamatergic (comparative more glutamatergic, superlative most glutamatergic)

more glutamatergic (comparative)
most glutamatergic (superlative)

Unlike ketamine, esketamine, and nitrous oxide, scopolamine directly affects the cholinergic pathway but does not directly modulate the glutamatergic pathway.

2019, Madhukar H. Trivedi, editor, Depression, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 228:

(biochemistry, neurology) Of or pertaining to the neurotransmission of glutamate.


fluorophore

The ideal fluorophore is a small, hydrophilic molecule with a long emission wavelength, large Stokes shift, high extinction coefficient, and high quantum efficiency.

2006, Christian M. Apfel, Thilo Enderle, “Assays for High-Throughput Screening in Drug Discovery,”, in Combinatorial Chemistry: From Theory to Application, →ISBN, page 629:

(biochemistry) A molecule or functional group which is capable of fluorescence.


antifeedant

(biochemistry) Any substance that inhibits normal feeding behaviour.


ladder polyether

en-noun

ladder polyether (plural ladder polyethers)

(biochemistry) Any of several naturally occurring organic compounds having a series of oxygen-containing heterocyclic rings arranged in the form of a ladder; most are poisonous


stereoelectronic

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to the dependence of certain molecular properties upon the relative nuclear geometry in a given electron state.


qPCR

Similar experiments in humans have been hampered because so far very few anti-human V_β (hV_β) monoclonal antibodies are available, although some important data have been generated with a labor-intensive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR).

1991 October 1, Yongwon Choi, “A Method for Production of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Receptor β-Chain Variable Regions”, in PNAS, volume 88, number 19, page 8357:

Quantitative or Real-Time PCR Real-time PCR, also called qPCR, is known as the second generation of PCR because it could be used to amplify and simultaneously quantify several target DNA molecules.

2014, Luis M. Botana, Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Third Edition:

This cheap and simple chemistry is optimal for single plex qPCRs. For multiplex qPCRs, specific chemistries which make use of probes are required.

2014, Harald Seitz, Molecular Diagnostics, page 61:

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(biochemistry, genetics) A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).


cathepsin

Borrowed from German Kathepsin, from Ancient Greek καθέψω (kathépsō), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἕψω (hépsō, “boil”).

affix

Grassmann and Dyckerhoff (1930) showed that cysteine and cyanide inhibited the action of ereptic aminopolyase, while they accelerated the action of proteases such as cathepsin.

1931, A Pirie, BE Holmes, “The cause of inactivation of the Rous sarcoma filtrate during incubation”, in British journal of experimental pathology:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteases primarily active within lysosomes.


homomultimer

(biochemistry) A multimeric protein consisting of two or more identical components.


intraresidue

/ɪntɹəˈɹɛzɪdu/

(biochemistry, spectroscopy) Occurring in or arising from the residue of an amino acid, the portion which has been incorporated into a protein's final structure.


ectodomain

(biochemistry) The portion of a polypeptide on a cell membrane that extends beyond the membrane into the extracellular space.


thermolabile

en-adj

thermolabile (comparative more thermolabile, superlative most thermolabile)

more thermolabile (comparative)
most thermolabile (superlative)

(biochemistry) Subject to destruction/decomposition or change in response to heat.


posttranslational

(genetics, biochemistry) Of or pertaining to the period after a protein has been translated from mRNA.


amelogenin

en-noun

amelogenin (usually uncountable, plural amelogenins)

(biochemistry) A protein found in the enamel of teeth


trithorax

(biochemistry) A protein (or one of a larger group) whose function is to modify gene expression


polycomb

From poly- + comb, in reference to the sex comb.

(biochemistry) A protein (or one of a larger group) whose function is to modify gene expression via changes to chromatin


neurochemistry

neurochemistry (usually uncountable, plural neurochemistries)

(biochemistry) The branch of neuroscience concerned with the chemistry of the nervous system


orexin

From Ancient Greek ὄρεξις (órexis, “appetite”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) Either of two neuropeptide hormones found in vertebrates; the hypocretins.


neuropeptide

(biochemistry) Any of several peptides, such as endorphins, that function as neurotransmitters.

neuropèptid

peptide that function as a neurotransmitter


helicase

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for DNA unwinding.


inflammasome

(biochemistry) A multi-protein complex that is responsible for inflammatory rheumatic diseases via activation of caspases.


caspase

Short for cysteine-aspartic acid protease.

(biochemistry) Any of several intracellular proteolytic enzymes that mediate apoptosis and pyroptosis.


chicken soup

en-noun

chicken soup (countable and uncountable, plural chicken soups)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chicken soup.wav

The figurative sense comes from the fact that a folk remedy for colds is serving such soup.

(biochemistry, slang, historical) The aqueous solution of nutrients used in the Viking lander biological experiments to detect microbial Martian life.


metabonome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolically regulated elements in cells.


glycome

(biochemistry) All the polysaccharides, glycosides and similar carbohydrate-related compounds in an organism considered as a whole.


functional genomics

(biochemistry, genetics) A genomics branch that measures expression levels of RNAs and proteins to understand biological functions of a set of genes in cells.


textome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of biological literature that contain useful information when combined to generate new information through bioinformatics.


functome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of functional molecular units in biological cells.


bibliome

From bibliography and -ome, as in genome.

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of biological journal articles and associated information.


ligandome

(biochemistry) All the molecular ligands for proteins in cells and organisms considered as a whole


harpin

(biochemistry) A protein produced by certain plant pathogens


autoreceptor

(biochemistry, medicine) A receptor, situated in the terminal of a presynaptic nerve cell, that is sensitive to neurotransmitters released by the neuron in whose membrane the autoreceptor sits.


selenoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of many proteins that include a selenocysteine or selenomethionine residue.


selenocysteine

selenocysteine (countable and uncountable, plural selenocysteines)

(biochemistry) A naturally-occurring amino acid, present in several enzymes, whose structure is that of cysteine but with the sulfur atom replaced by one of selenium


microplate reader

microplate reader (plural microplate readers)

(chemistry, biochemistry) A piece of laboratory equipment used to detect the changes that might occur in a microtiter plate.


methyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes transmethylation


transmethylation

It was realized that direct proof of the transfer of the methyl group (transmethylation) was highly desirable.

1940 July 14, V Du Vigneaud, “The transfer of the methyl group from methionine to choline and creatine”, in The Journal of Biological Chemistry, page 787:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) The transfer of a methyl group between molecules, especially between biological compounds such as amino acids or the components of nucleic acids.


reprogramming

reprogramming (countable and uncountable, plural reprogrammings)

(biochemistry) The erasure and reestablishment of DNA methylation during mammalian development


venin

From French venin (“venom”), from Latin venēnum (“juice; venom”). Doublet of venene and venom.

(biochemistry) A toxic substance found in the venom of poisonous snakes.

(biochemistry) A supposedly identical toxic substance obtained by cleavage of an albumose.


serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (uncountable)

(biochemistry) An enzyme found in heart and liver tissues.


aspartate transaminase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino groups between biologically active compounds, especially between aspartic acid and glutamic acid


oxyluciferin

oxyluciferin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyluciferins)

(biochemistry) The luminescent product of the oxidation of luciferin by luciferase


photoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins that generate light when oxidized, normally without the aid of an enzyme catalyst


clathrin

clathrin (countable and uncountable, plural clathrins)

(biochemistry) A fibrous protein that forms a polyhedral coat on the surface of the coated pits and vesicles of cells during endocytosis.


octopamine

From oct(opus) + -opamine (“dopaminergic agent, dopamine derivative”), because it was isolated from an octopus's salivary gland.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An aromatic amine, 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)phenol, related to noradrenaline, having similar characteristics to dopamine.


luciferin

From Latin lūcifer (“light bringer”) + -in.

Aptly enough, glowworms light up their underworld with a pair of chemicals that have a satanic etymology—luciferins and luciferases, after the Latin for “light bringer.”

(biochemistry) Any of a class of polycyclic heterocycles that are responsible for the bioluminescence of fireflies, being converted to oxyluciferin by luciferase in the process.

luciferino

biochemistry: any of a class of polycyclic heterocycles


swainsonine

(chemistry, biochemistry) An indolizidine alkaloid, found in various Swainsona and other species (including locoweed), which disrupts the nervous system.


homotetramer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A tetramer, especially a biologically active one, derived from four identical monomers


homohexamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A hexamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from six identical monomers


homooctamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) An octamer derived from eight identical monomers


homopentamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A pentamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from five identical monomers


heterotetramer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A tetramer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but often similar) monomers


heterohexamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A hexamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers.


heteroheptamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A heptamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers


heterodimer

Coordinate term: homodimer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A dimer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different monomers.


heteropentamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A pentamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers


homoheptamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A heptamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from seven identical monomers.


homotrimer

Coordinate term: heterotrimer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A trimer, especially a biologically active one, derived from three identical monomers.


heterotrimer

Coordinate term: homotrimer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A trimer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers.


heterooctamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) An octamer which contains two or more different monomer species.


ergotoxine

/ɜːɡəˈtɒksiːn/

(biochemistry) A mixture of alkaloids (ergocristine, ergocornine and ergocryptine) identified in ergot, formerly believed to be a single compound.


ibotenic acid

(biochemistry) An isoxazole present in Amanita fungi, used as an insecticide.


ibotenic

From Japanese イボテングタケ (ibotengutake, “Amanita ibotengutake (syn. Amanita strobiliformis)”), from which it was first isolated.

der

(biochemistry) Relating to ibotenic acid and its derivatives


muscimol

From German Muscimol, formed from Latin muscarius (in Amanita muscaria) + imine + -ol.

The organopsychedelic muscimole, an isoxazole-alkaloid derived from Amanita muscaria, a.k.a. the fly agaric mushroom […].

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 66:

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic alkaloid present in the fly agaric and other related fungi; 3-hydroxy-5-aminomethylisoxazole.


denaturation

en-noun

denaturation (countable and uncountable, plural denaturations)

/diːˌnætʃəˈɹeɪʃən/

(biochemistry) The change of folding structure of a protein (and thus of physical properties) caused by heating, changes in pH, or exposure to certain chemicals.


connexin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins that assemble to form gap junctions in vertebrates.


autoinducer

(biochemistry) Any of several compounds, synthesized by bacteria, that have signalling functions in quorum sensing


cadherin

/kædˈhɪəɹɪn/

From calcium-dependent adhesion molecules + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins important in maintaining tissue structure.


oligopeptide

(biochemistry) A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids


amphiphilic

en-adj

amphiphilic (comparative more amphiphilic, superlative most amphiphilic)

more amphiphilic (comparative)
most amphiphilic (superlative)

(biochemistry, of a protein, especially an alpha helix) Having one surface consisting of hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface consisting of hydrophobic (or lipophilic) ones.

amfifiilinen

having one surface consisting of hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface consisting of hydrophobic (or lipophilic) ones


exchanger

A person or thing that exchanges one thing for another.


vectorial

electron transport chain
electron transport chain

(biochemistry) In the electron transport chain, being or relating to a type of enzyme-mediated reaction that moves protons in a specific direction (from the matrix into the inter-membrane space in this example).


homeodomain

(biochemistry, genetics) A folded protein domain that binds to DNA and has a function in transcription


segrosome

(biochemistry) A protein complex that functions during the segregation of plasmids or chromosomes during bacterial cell division


norrin

(biochemistry) A protein that in humans is encoded by the NDP gene, mutations in which are associated with Norrie disease.


quinovose

(biochemistry) A deoxy sugar, 6-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, that is widespread in plants, often as a sulfate


NADH

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) carrying two electrons and bonded with a hydrogen (H) ion; the reduced form of NAD.


NADPH

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) carrying electrons and bonded with a hydrogen (H) ion; the reduced form of NADP.


adenosine diphosphate

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide, the result of adenosine triphosphate losing a phosphate group in metabolism.


lactoprotein

(biochemistry) Any protein (such as casein) present in milk


sulphiredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant enzymes that work with peroxiredoxin


thioredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant proteins that are found in all mammalian cells.


peroxiredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant enzymes that mediate signal transduction in mammalian cells.


aminoacylation

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The addition of an aminoacyl group to a compound, especially as part of the process of synthesizing proteins via aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

aminoacylowanie

the addition of an aminoacyl group to a compound


aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

en-noun

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (plural aminoacyl tRNA synthetases)

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the linkage of a tRNA molecule to an appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis.

Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase

any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the linkage of a tRNA molecule to an appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis


phaeopigment

(biochemistry) A non-photosynthetic pigment which is the degradation product of algal chlorophyll pigments. It is commonly formed during and after marine phytoplankton blooms.


allotype

2007, I. D. Walker, G. Winter, D. J. Worthington, Chapter 2: Structural Investigations of Peptides and Proteins: I: Primary Structure and Chemical Modification, R. C. Sheppard, Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Volume 8, The Chemical Society, page 145,
Until recently, different C-region allotypes were explained by allelic genes which each encoded a different but closely related protein sequence.

(biochemistry) A genetically determined variant of the amino acid sequence of a protein.


glomalin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein found in soil, important in the storage of carbon


spastin

spastin (countable and uncountable, plural spastins)

(biochemistry) A protein, related to katanin, mutations of which lead to spastic paraplegia


katanin

(biochemistry) A heterodimeric protein which functions to sever microtubules


tetraphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with four units of phosphoric acid


hypophosphorylated

en-adj

hypophosphorylated (comparative more hypophosphorylated, superlative most hypophosphorylated)

more hypophosphorylated (comparative)
most hypophosphorylated (superlative)

(biochemistry) phosphorylated to a less than normal extent, or less than fully


triphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with three units of phosphoric acid


hexaphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with six units of phosphoric acid


pentaphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with five units of phosphoric acid


chalone

From Ancient Greek χαλῶν (khalôn), present participle of χαλάω (khaláō, “to slacken”).

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptide hormones that reversibly inhibit mitosis in the tissues that produce them.


hyperphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated to a more than normal extent, or fully saturated with phosphate groups


diphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with two units of phosphoric acid


monophosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with a single unit of phosphoric acid


deaminase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses deamination


protein complex

en-noun

protein complex (plural protein complexes)

(biochemistry) A group of two or more associated proteins that remains stable over time.


actomyosin

actomyosin (countable and uncountable, plural actomyosins)

(biochemistry) A protein complex composed of actin and myosin, found in muscle fibres.

aktomiosina

a protein complex found in muscle fibres


delipidation

(biochemistry) The removal of lipids or lipid groups, often from a protein.


hydrogenase

From hydrogen + -ase, after dehydrogenase.

It is clear from the experiments cited already that we are dealing with a bacterial enzyme comparable with the dehydrogenases, the substrate in this case being molecular hydrogen. […] In order to conform with the accepted terminology we suggest that this enzyme be called "hydrogenase."

1930, Marjory Stephenson, LH Stickland, “Hydrogenase: a bacterial enzyme activating molecular hydrogen”, in Biochemical Journal:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a substrate by the reversible oxidation of hydrogen.


smoothened

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Dan L. Lindsley
segment polarity gene

Ultimately the same as etymology 1. The gene encoding the protein was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster as a segment polarity gene and initially named smooth (smo) by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard et al. in 1984. This was later revised to smoothened by Dan L. Lindsley and Georgianna G. Zimm in 1992, because the former name already described another locus.

transmembrane protein
transmembrane protein

(biochemistry) A transmembrane protein belonging to the group of G protein-coupled receptors that is a key component of the hedgehog signaling pathway.


granulose

/ˈɡɹænjʊləʊz/

(biochemistry) The main constituent of the starch grain or granule, in distinction from the framework of cellulose. It is coloured blue by iodine, and is converted into dextrin and sugar by boiling acids and amylolytic ferments.


PTB

PTB was first purified as a polypeptide that binds to the polypyrimidine tract that typically precedes the 3′ splice sites of higher eukaryotic mRNA introns [1].

1997 November 1, Juan Valcárcel, Fátima Gebauer, “Post-transcriptional regulation: The dawn of PTB”, in Current Biology, volume 7, number 11, →DOI, →ISSN:

Specificity of PTB function is achieved by a combination of changes in the cellular localization of this protein (its ability to shuttle from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is tightly controlled) and its interaction with additional proteins.

2008 July 22, Kirsty Sawicka, Martin Bushell, Keith A. Spriggs, Anne E. Willis, “Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein: a multifunctional RNA-binding protein”, in Biochemical Society Transactions, volume 36, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 641-647:

These findings suggest that supplementing cholinergic neurons after PTB knockdown may be a promising therapeutic strategy to revert depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairment.

2023 April 27, Yiying Zhou, Ke Zhang, Fangmin Wang, Jiali Chen, Shanshan Chen, Manqing Wu, Miaojun Lai, Yisheng Zhang, Wenhua Zhou, “Polypyrimidine tract binding protein knockdown reverses depression-like behaviors and cognition impairment in mice with lesioned cholinergic neurons”, in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, volume 15, →DOI, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) Initialism of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein.


IDP

(biochemistry) Initialism of intrinsically disordered protein.


ceramidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that separates the two parts of ceramide.


vasopressin

vasopressin (countable and uncountable, plural vasopressins)

/ˌveɪzəʊˈpɹɛsɪn/

From vasopressor + -in, circa 1927; see details at vasopressor § Etymology.

(biochemistry) An antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

抗利尿激素

an antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland


ammonification

ammonification (countable and uncountable, plural ammonifications)

(biochemistry) The formation of ammonia or its compounds from nitrogenous compounds, especially as a result of bacterial decomposition.

amonifikacja

the formation of ammonia or its compounds


electrophorese

en-verb

electrophorese (third-person singular simple present electrophoreses, present participle electrophoresing, simple past and past participle electrophoresed)

electrophoreses (present singular third-person)
electrophoresing (participle present)
electrophoresed (participle past)
electrophoresed (past)

The approach taken is to electrophorese the RNA sample on an agarose gel under denaturing conditions.

1995, Kwang-Soo Kim et al., “Analysis of gene expression by blotting techniques”, in Gene Probes 2, →ISBN, page 156:

(biochemistry) To carry out electrophoresis on something.


tetrahydrogestrinone

/ˌtɛ.tɹəˌhʌɪ.dɹə(ʊ)ˈd͡ʒɛ.stɹɪn.əʊn/

/ˌtɛ.tɹəˌhaɪ.dɹəˈd͡ʒɛ.stɹɪˌnoʊn/

An outstanding junior prospect, setting the world junior 100m record in 1997, he appeared close to fulfilling that potential in 2002 when he won the 100m at the European championship, but in August 2003 he failed a drug test for the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone (THG).

(biochemistry) A banned anabolic steroid, C₂₁H₂₈O₂.


aleurone

en-noun

aleurone (countable and uncountable, plural aleurones)

/əˈl(j)ʊəɹəʊn/

1865/70; from Ancient Greek ἄλευρον (áleuron, “flour, meal”).

der

(biochemistry) The protein content of the embryo, endosperm, or perisperm of cereals, in the form of minute particles.

糊粉

protein content of the embryo, endosperm or perisperm of cereals


ornithine transcarbamylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine to form citrulline and phosphate.


ornithine carbamoyltransferase

ornithine transcarbamylase
ornithine transcarbamylase

(biochemistry) The enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase.


ribonucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide having ribose as its sugar


CRP

C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein#English

(biochemistry, immunology) Initialism of C-reactive protein.


adenylation

The assay for adenylation of aminoglycoside drugs by cell extract (actually aminoglycoside-dependent conversion of radioactive label from ATP into a form retained by phosphocellulose paper) was a modification of the method of Yamada et al.

1970 January, David H. Smith, “Resistance Factor-Mediated Spectinomycin Resistance”, in Infection and Immunity, volume 1, number 1, page 120:

(biochemistry) Any reaction or process that forms an adenylate but especially such a posttranslational modification to a protein.


dysregulation

For our purposes, it is sufficient to note that dysregulation of desquamatory protease activity in the SC is often involved in conditions of compromised skin barrier.

2015, Raja Sivamani, Jared R. Jagdeo, Peter Elsner, Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics:

(chiefly biochemistry) A failure to regulate properly.


cellulase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the cellulolysis (or hydrolysis) of cellulose.


apolipoprotein

(biochemistry) Any polypeptide or protein that can serve as an apoprotein by binding with a lipid to form a lipoprotein.


aminopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the peptide bond of the terminal amino acid at the amino end of a polypeptide or protein

aminopeptydaza

any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the peptide bond of the terminal amino acid


deformylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that removes the formyl group from some amino acids (especially from methionine).


deaminate

en-verb

deaminate (third-person singular simple present deaminates, present participle deaminating, simple past and past participle deaminated)

deaminates (present singular third-person)
deaminating (participle present)
deaminated (participle past)
deaminated (past)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, transitive) To remove an amino group from (a compound), especially by the use of a deaminase enzyme.


metalloproteinase

(biochemistry) Any of several proteinases that have a metal atom (often zinc) at their active centre


proteinase

Thrombin is another endogenous serine proteinase that can be released from fibrin clot following gingival tissue injury or inflammation.

2017, E. S. Rovai, M. Holzhausen, “The Role of Proteinase-Activated Receptors 1 and 2 in the Regulation of Periodontal Tissue Metabolism and Disease”, in Journal of immunology research, →DOI:


biomolecular

(biochemistry) Relating to biomolecules (especially macromolecules)


farnesoid

farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate

(biochemistry) Of or relating to farnesol or its derivatives, especially to the metabolically active farnesyl pyrophosphate


sphingomyelinase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyzes the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in sphingomyelin


phosphodiester

(biochemistry) any of many biologically active compounds in which two alcohols form ester bonds with phosphate

(biochemistry) any phospholipid, such as lecithin, that has two ester groups


gelatinase

(biochemistry) Any of several proteolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of gelatin.


aprotinin

(biochemistry) A polypeptide, obtained from bovine lung tissue, that acts as a protease inhibitor, and is used in surgery to reduce bleeding

aprotiniini

protease inhibitor used in surgery to reduce bleeding


antipain

(biochemistry) An oligopeptide, produced by Actinomycetes and other bacteria, that acts as a protease inhibitor


permutant

(biochemistry) Any of a group (permutation) of proteins derived from another by covalent linkage of its N- and C- termini (to form a circular protein) and subsequent cleavage of its backbone


contactin

(biochemistry) Any of several glycoproteins active in cell adhesion.


cerebroside

From cerebrose galactose, cerebro- + -ose + -ide.

(biochemistry) Any of several glycosphingolipids found in the membranes of muscle and nervous tissue


galactocerebroside

(biochemistry) Any cerebroside in which the sugar component is galactose


galactosphingolipid

(biochemistry) Any sphingolipid in which the sugar component is galactose


glycosylphosphatidylinositol

(biochemistry) A glycolipid, containing inositol as the sugar entity, that is involved in the posttranslational modification of protein


galactosyltransferase

The gene is the recipe for galactosyl transferase, an enzyme, i.e. a protein with the ability to catalyse a chemical reaction.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 138:

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose entities.


glycosylphosphatidyl

(biochemistry) Any of many radicals derived from glycolipids


calpain

(biochemistry) Any of a family of enzymes that regulate calcium in the body.


neurofascin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins involved in cell adhesion.


neuregulin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that have functions in the development of the nervous system.


ganglioside

(biochemistry) Any of several galactocerebrosides found in the surface membranes of nerve cells.

gangliosidi

any of several galactocerebrosides found in the surface membranes of nerve cells


neurexin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins found in nerve tissue


paranodin

(biochemistry) A transmembrane neuronal glycoprotein that has a role in cell adhesion


galactolipid

(biochemistry) Any glycolipid in which the sugar component is galactose


palmitoylation

(biochemistry) The reaction of a membrane protein with a fatty acid (especially palmitic acid) via the sulfur atom of a cysteine amino acid


mucin

en-noun

mucin (countable and uncountable, plural mucins)

(biochemistry) Any of several glycoproteins found in mucus


phosphodiesterase

(biochemistry) Any of a family of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of phosphodiester links in nucleic acids.


proteolipid

(biochemistry) Any lipoprotein that is soluble in lipids


sulfoglycolipid

(biochemistry) Any of several glycolipids that contain sulfate groups


spectrin

spectrin (countable and uncountable, plural spectrins)

(biochemistry) A contractile protein found on the surface of the membranes of blood cells