tetraspan

(biochemistry) Any of a family of membrane glycoproteins whose multimolecular complexes have four transmembrane domains


sulfotransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase enzyme that catalyses the transfer of sulfate groups


glutathione

en-noun

glutathione (countable and uncountable, plural glutathiones)

/ˌɡluːtəˈθaɪəʊn/

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A tripeptide formed from glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine, that is active in many biological redox reactions.


seminolipid

(biochemistry) Any of a family of sulfoglycolipids found in mammalian testes


thyronine

thyronine (countable and uncountable, plural thyronines)

(biochemistry) A phenolic amino acid that occurs naturally only in the iodinated form of thyroxine


ornithine

ornithine (countable and uncountable, plural ornithines)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An amino acid, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, that is not present in protein, but is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of urea.


pteroylglutamic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, dated) folic acid, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction.


homocysteine

homocysteine (countable and uncountable, plural homocysteines)

1989, L. A. Smolin, N. A. Benevenga, Chapter 8: Methionine, Homocyst(e)ine, Cysteine—Metabolic Interrelationships, Mendel Friedman, Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids, Volume 1, CRC Press, page 170,
One possible explanation for the low plasma cystine in homocystinuric patients who are given sufficient dietary cystine is the high plasma concentration of the cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulfide.

2000, Donald W. Jacobsen, 3. Biochemistry and Metabolism, Killian Robinson (editor), Homocysteine and Vascular Disease, Kluwer Academic, page 15,
Homocysteine, a metabolite of the methionine cycle, is a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

2017, Himadri Panda, Handbook on Small & Medium Scale Industries (Biotechnology Products), Asia Pacific Business Press, page 224,
The amino acids produced from L-methionine and substituted thiols were identified as the corresponding S-substituted homocysteines, e.g., 2-mercaptoethanol and cysteamine produced S-(β-hydroxyethyl) homocysteine and S-(β-aminoethyl) homocysteine, respectively.

(biochemistry) An amino acid which is monitored in the blood to estimate risk of cardiovascular disease.


lipofuscin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of pigmented lipid granules that accumulate in several body tissues.


dirigent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dirigent.wav

From Latin dīrigēns, present participle of dīrigō.

The monolignol substrates are held in position by proteins called dirigents (guide proteins).[…]Lignan dirigent proteins are found in the cytoplasm, but similar dirigents have been localized in the cell walls of some plants.

2011, Florence Gleason, Raymond Chollet, Plant Biochemistry, page 133:

One of its members is deputed in rotation to maintain continuous contact with the director or dirigents of the hospital by means of biweekly, if necessary daily, visits to the institution.

1905, George Frederick Shrady, Thomas Lathrop Stedman, Medical Record, volume 68, page 887:

(now chiefly biochemistry) Something that or someone who directs; a director or guide.


biocatalysis

biocatalysis (usually uncountable, plural biocatalyses)

(biochemistry) Catalysis using biological catalysts (especially enzymes, whether protein enzymes or RNA ones (ribozymes).


glycylglycine

glycylglycine (countable and uncountable, plural glycylglycines)

(biochemistry) The dipeptide formed from two molecules of glycine


beta-carotene

(biochemistry) A plant pigment that is an isomer of carotene, found in dark green and dark yellow vegetables and fruits and important in the diet as a precursor of vitamin A.


alloxan

alloxan (countable and uncountable, plural alloxans)

(biochemistry) An oxidation product of uric acid, 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-pyrimidinetetrone, capable of inducing diabetes by destroying pancreatic tissue


allose

From all + -ose.
Chemist Emil Fischer is credited with the following mnemonic for the order of the configurations of the 8 aldohexoses (See Coordinate terms below.) about the chiral centers when ordered as 3-bit binary strings: All altruists gladly make gum in gallon tanks.

(biochemistry) An epimer of glucose found in some African shrubs


androstane

androstane (countable and uncountable, plural androstanes)

(biochemistry) The steroid hydrocarbon from which all androgens (such as testosterone) are derived


precatalytic

(biochemistry) Relating to the changes (in structure etc.) that happen to enzymes before their catalytic function becomes possible.


anthranilic acid

(biochemistry) The aromatic amino acid 2-aminobenzoic acid that has biological activity, and is used in organic synthesis.

antraniilihappo

the aromatic amino acid 2-aminobenzoic acid


glycosinolate

(biochemistry) Any of a family of toxic nitrogen-containing sugar sulfates found in all brassicas and many related plants. In the presence of myrosinases, they produce the isothiocyanates responsible for the pungent bite in the flavor of these plants.


nucleoprotein

(biochemistry) Any complex of a nucleic acid and a protein


ribonucleoprotein

(biochemistry) Any nucleoprotein that contains RNA.


glucosinolate

Glucosinolates are a group of plant thioglucosides found principally among members of the Cruciferae.

1991, Alan J. Duncan, “Chapter 6: Glucosinolates”, in J. P. Felix D'Mello, C. M. Duffus, John H. Duffus, editors, Toxic Substances in Crop Plants, page 126:

Intakes of indoles or their parental glucosinolates, may have beneficial health effects as well as toxicological effects.

1999, Lars Ove Dragsted, Naturally Occurring Antitumourigens, page 41:

Sulphur availability has a larger effect on the content of glucosinolates, sulphur containing secondary metabolites, in both the vegetation and the seed of oilseed rape plant.

2003, K. C. Walker, E. J. Booth, “Sulphur Nutrition and Oilseed Quality”, in Y.P. Abrol, A. Ahmad, editors, Sulphur in Plants, page 323:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any glycosinolate in which the sugar component is glucose.


ascaridole

After the genus Ascaris (nematode worms), referring to this compound’s anthelmintic properties.

(biochemistry) A bicyclic monoterpene peroxide found in plants of the Chenopodium genus; it is explosive


GJ

(molecular biology, biochemistry) Initialism of gap junction.


elegantin

(biochemistry) A particular disintegrin.


epidermin

(biochemistry) A protein related to fibrin.


scaffold protein

scaffold protein (plural scaffold proteins)

(biochemistry) Proteins that bring together various other proteins in a signaling pathway and allow for their interaction. They recruit downstream effectors in a pathway and enhance specificity of the signal.


glycoscience

(biochemistry) Any of several scientific disciplines that study complex carbohydrates and especially their relationships with protein and lipids.


acetylglucosaminyltransferase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that adds acetylglucosamine to heptose residues of bacterial cell walls


glycosynthesis

(biochemistry) The synthesis (especially the biosynthesis) of sugars and polysaccharides


multimeric

en-adj

multimeric (comparative more multimeric, superlative most multimeric)

more multimeric (comparative)
most multimeric (superlative)

(biochemistry) Describing a protein that has multiple polypeptide chains


selectin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of transmembrane glycoproteins important in cell adhesion


acetylglucosamine

(biochemistry) An amide derivative of glucose that forms part of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls


phytohemagglutinin

(biochemistry) Any hemagglutinin (lectin) of plant origin, but especially that found in many beans that has a physiological action


DAN

(biochemistry) Acronym of deadenylating nuclease, a protein that binds the 5' cap of mRNA and begins degradation in the 3' to 5' direction.


5′ end

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid strand which terminates at the chemical group attached to the fifth carbon in the sugar ring.


3′ end

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid strand which terminates at the hydroxyl (-OH) chemical group attached to the third carbon in the sugar ring.


cholinesterase

The little tablets she has to take inhibit cholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 11:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of choline-based esters (acetylcholine or butyrylcholine).


aldohexose

(biochemistry) Any hexose containing an aldehyde group.


ketohexose

(biochemistry) Any hexose containing a ketone group.


5′ cap

(biochemistry) A specially altered nucleotide end to the 5′ end of precursor messenger RNA and some other primary RNA transcripts as found in eukaryotes and caliciviruses, vital to creating mature messenger RNA which is then able to undergo translation.


demethylated

demethylated (comparative more demethylated, superlative most demethylated)

more demethylated (comparative)
most demethylated (superlative)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) That has been subjected to demethylation.


demethylate

en-verb

demethylate (third-person singular simple present demethylates, present participle demethylating, simple past and past participle demethylated)

demethylates (present singular third-person)
demethylating (participle present)
demethylated (participle past)
demethylated (past)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) To remove one or more methyl groups from a molecule, especially from a biologically active molecule


demethylation

That imprinted genes escape demethylation is, we now know, all that stood between science and the cloning of mammals for many years.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 212:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The removal of one or more methyl groups from a molecule.


ataxin

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins, found in several organs of the body, that have an association with ataxia


streptokinase

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An enzyme produced by some streptococci which is involved in breaking down red blood cells by activating plasminogen to produce plasmin. It is used to treat blood clots and inflammation.


retinoid

Tests on the two retinoids, combined with computer modelling, showed that the compounds killed not only normal MRSA cells, but dormant, or “persister”, cells too.

2018 March 28, Ian Sample, The Guardian:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of compounds whose structure or effects on the body resemble retinol (vitamin A).


mannan

(biochemistry) A plant polysaccharide that is a highly branched polymer of mannose (or galactose or glucose).


Thr

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of thrombin.

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of threonine.


adenyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from or to adenyl groups in nucleic acids


nitrosylation

posttranslational modification
posttranslational modification

(biochemistry) The reaction of nitric oxide with a biological compound, especially with a sulfur containing part of a protein as a posttranslational modification.


lactamase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the opening of a lactam ring, especially one that deactivates a lactam-containing antibiotic


posttranslational modification

en-noun

posttranslational modification (plural posttranslational modifications)

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several types of modification made to a protein subsequent to the translation phase of its biosynthesis


adenyl

I was told that he was a great biochemist but he was lost in a futile search for an active acetyl compound when “everybody knew” it was an adenyl acetyl complex.

1988, Samuel P. Bessman, Chandra Mohan, “The Intracellular Mechanism of Insulin Action”, in Horst Kleinkauf, Hans von Döhren, Lothar Jaenicke, editors, The Roots of Modern Biochemistry: Fritz Lippmann's Squiggle and its Consequences, Walter de Gruyter, page 663:

It is activated by 2'-5' oligoadenylates with at least three adenyl residues and one 5' phosphoryl group.

2005, Peter Palese, editor, Modulation of Host Gene Expression and Innate Immunity by Viruses, Springer, page 45:

(biochemistry) The univalent radical derived from adenine.


glutaryl

(biochemistry) Derived from glutaric acid


glyoxylate cycle

glyoxylate cycle (plural glyoxylate cycles)

(biochemistry) A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organisms utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates


sarmentose

From Latin sarmentōsus, from Latin sarmentum.

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide, with the molecular formula C₇H₁₄O₄


pyin

(biochemistry, dated) An albuminoid constituent of pus, related to mucin, possibly a mixture of substances rather than a single body.


methylate

en-verb

methylate (third-person singular simple present methylates, present participle methylating, simple past and past participle methylated)

methylates (present singular third-person)
methylating (participle present)
methylated (participle past)
methylated (past)

From methyl + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(biochemistry) To add a methyl group to a nucleic acid as part of the process of gene expression


ephrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that are involved in cell signalling


chemorepellent

(biochemistry) Any substance that produces negative chemotaxis


pyruvic

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to pyruvic acid or its derivatives.


abequose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar 3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose


aldofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of an aldose


aldopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of an aldose


ketopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of a ketose


ketofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a ketose


aglyconic

(biochemistry) Describing part of a glycoside not related to the glycosidic link


allopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of allose.


apiofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of apiose


anhydrosugar

(biochemistry) An intramolecular ether formed by the loss of the elements of water from neighbouring hydroxyl groups of a sugar


arabinan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide that is mostly a polymer of arabinose

arabinana

a polysaccharide that is mostly a polymer of arabinose


altrose

altr, from altruists + -ose
Chemist Emil Fischer is credited with the following mnemonic for the order of the configurations of the 8 aldohexoses (See Coordinate terms below.) about the chiral centers when ordered as 3-bit binary strings: All altruists gladly make gum in gallon tanks.

(biochemistry) An aldohexose epimeric with mannose


amylopectin

(biochemistry) A highly branched, insoluble form of starch (the soluble form being amylose)


altropyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of altrose


arabinopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of arabinose


ascarylose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar 3,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose


bacillosamine

(biochemistry) The amino sugar 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose found in some bacilli


cellotriose

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide in which three glucose units are joined with 1, 4-β linkages


cladinose

(biochemistry) A deoxy sugar, (4R,5S,6S)-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2,5-diol, that is a component of some antibiotics


apiose

(biochemistry) A branched-chain sugar, 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-D-glycerotetrose, that occurs in parsley and many other plants

apiose

a branched-chain sugar that occurs in parsley and other plants


glucopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of glucose


colitose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar (2S,4S,5S)-2,4,5-trihydroxyhexanal, found in some bacteria


cellobiose

en-noun

cellobiose (countable and uncountable, plural cellobioses)

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, found mainly as a repeat unit in cellulose, in which two glucose units are joined with a 1, 4-β linkage

cel·lobiosa

disaccharide found as a repeat unit in cellulose


cyclomaltohexaose

cyclomaltohexaose (countable and uncountable, plural cyclomaltohexaoses)

(biochemistry) Any cyclic maltohexaose, but especially α-cyclodextrin


trisaccharide

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide consisting of three monosaccharide units joined together


apoptotic

en-adj

apoptotic (comparative more apoptotic, superlative most apoptotic)

more apoptotic (comparative)
most apoptotic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to apoptosis.


octose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing eight carbon atoms.


dialdose

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide containing two aldehyde groups.


diketose

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide containing to ketone groups


decose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing ten carbon atoms.


nonose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing nine carbon atoms.


dienitol

(biochemistry) Any unsaturated sugar alcohol containing two double bonds


dianhydride

(biochemistry) Any cyclic product of the condensation of two monosaccharide molecules with the elimination of two molecules of water


deoxyglucose

(biochemistry) A deoxy sugar derived from glucose


cyclohexaamylose

(biochemistry) A cycloamylose having six glucose residues; α-cyclodextrin


deoxycytidine

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleoside consisting of cytosine linked to deoxyribose


cytidine

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleoside consisting of cytosine linked to ribose, occurring in human RNA


fucopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of fucose.


fructopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of fructose.


erythrofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of erythrose


galactofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of galactose


fructofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of fructose


erythraric acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) mesotartaric acid


galactopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of galactose


ketotetrose

(biochemistry) Any ketose having four carbon atoms


carbathymidine

(biochemistry) A thymine derivative of a deoxyribose


arabinose

en-noun

arabinose (countable and uncountable, plural arabinoses)

(biochemistry) An aldopentose that occurs most often in polysaccharides such as hemicellulose and pectin.


thymidine

(biochemistry, genetics) The nucleoside consisting of a combination of deoxyribose and thymine


evalose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar 6-deoxy-3-C-methyl-D-mannose, which is a constituent of the antibiotic evaminomycin.


erythrose

From erythro- + -ose, as the compound turns red under basic conditions.

(biochemistry) the aldotetrose (2R,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanal


cyclodextrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of glucopyranose residues linked as in amylose; cycloamylose.

ciclodextrina

any of a class of cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of glucopyranose residues


erythrulose

(biochemistry) The ketotetrose (R)-1,3,4-trihydroxybutan-2-one used in some artificial tanning preparations

eritrulosa

the ketotetrose used in some artificial tanning preparations


arabinofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of arabinose


aldotetrose

(biochemistry) Any aldose having four carbon atoms


evernitrose

(biochemistry) The nitro sugar 2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-4-O-methyl-3-nitro-L-arabino-hexose that occurs as a component of the oligosaccharide antibiotic everninomicin


parvin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins involved in actin binding.


fructofuranan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide consisting of many fructofuranose residues


galacturonan

galacturonan (countable and uncountable, plural galacturonans)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide consisting of many galacturonic acid residues


glycosan

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide (consisting of many glycose residues)


glycuronan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide consisting of many glycuronic acid residues


galactan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide consisting of many galactose residues.


glucoseptanoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glucoseptanose


glucopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glucopyranose


fructofuranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of fructofuranose


gulofuranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of gulofuranose


gulofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of gulose.


fructopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of fructopyranose


glucofuranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glucofuranose


galactofuranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of galactofuranose


glucuronoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glucuronic acid


galactopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of galactopyranose


fucosamine

(biochemistry) The amino sugar 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-galactose derived from fucose


fucitol

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar alcohol (2R,3S,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentanol, derived from a seaweed.


galactitol

(biochemistry) The sugar alcohol (2R,3S,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol


gentiobiose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide consisting of two D-glucose units


deoxy sugar alcohol

deoxy sugar alcohol (plural deoxy sugar alcohols)

(biochemistry) A sugar alcohol in which one on more hydroxy groups have been replaced by hydrogen


iditol

(biochemistry) The sugar alcohol (2R,3S,4S,5R)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol


glycosylglycoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glycosylglycose


pullulan

(biochemistry) A glucan produced by some fungi and used in manufacturing edible films.


curdlan

(biochemistry) A glucan produced by non-pathogenic bacteria such as Agrobacterium biobar.


lentinan

Lentinula edodes
Lentinula edodes#Translingual

(biochemistry) A glucan found in the fruiting body of shiitake (Lentinula edodes).


glucuronoglycan

(biochemistry) Any glycan derived from glucuronic acid


laminarin

(biochemistry) A glucan produced by some brown algae


lichenin

(biochemistry) A glucan found in some lichens


glucuronide

(biochemistry) Any of various derivatives of glucuronic acid formed during the metabolism of phenols etc that serve to remove them from the bloodstream.


glucal

(biochemistry) The glycal derived from glucose


glycone

(biochemistry) The sugar residue of a glycoside.


hamamelose

(biochemistry) The monosaccharide 2-C-(hydroxymethyl)-D-ribose


fucose

(biochemistry) The aldohexose (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-methyloxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol present in several glycans and mucopolysaccharides


glucan

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose


heptitol

(biochemistry) Any alditol having seven carbon atoms


lyxofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of lyxose


octopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of an octose


hexofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a hexose


quinovopyranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of quinovose


hexopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of a hexopyranose


pyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of a pyranose


heptopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of a heptopyranose


mannopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of mannose.


heptopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of a heptose


pentofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a pentose


mannopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of mannopyranose


glyceraldehyde

(biochemistry) The aldotriose 2,3-dihydroxypropanal formed by oxidation of glycerol

gliceraldehid

the aldotriose formed by oxidation of glycerol


hexodialdose

(biochemistry) Any dialdose having six carbon atoms


furanoside

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a glycoside


gulose

(biochemistry) A sugar C₆H₁₂O₆ stereoisomeric with glucose and obtainable by synthesis from xylose.


isomaltose

isomaltose (countable and uncountable, plural isomaltoses)

(biochemistry) An isomer of maltose (linked α1-6 rather than α1-4); brachyose


aldotriose

(biochemistry) Any aldose having three carbon atoms; in reality, just glyceraldehyde


idofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of idose


idose

(biochemistry) A sugar C₆H₁₂O₆ epimeric with gulose and obtainable along with gulose by synthesis from xylose.


hexopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of a hexose


lyxitol

(biochemistry) A deoxy alditol derived from lyxose


laevulose

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of levulose (fructose)


sorbopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of sorbose


lyxopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of lyxose


ynofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of an ynose


isopanose

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide that is an isomer of panose.


threofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of threose


ribopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of ribose


ulopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of a ulose


ribofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of ribose


rhamnopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of rhamnose


panose

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide consisting of three glucose residues


mangiferin

(biochemistry) The glycoside 2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthen-9-one that has some use as an antioxidant. It is a glucoside of norathyriol.


maltotetraose

(biochemistry) A maltooligosaccharide consisting of four glucose units


levulose

Blend of laevus + l + -ose (Latin for "left" + connector "l" + sugar) (left sugar)

gloss

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(biochemistry) D-fructose, the left-rotating stereoisomer of fructose.


threose

From thre- + -ose, formed by changing the letters from the much earlier discovered isomer erythrose.

(biochemistry) The aldotetrose (2S,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanal


maltotriose

(biochemistry) A maltooligosaccharide consisting of three glucose units


xylopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of xylose.


lyxose

(biochemistry) An aldopentose found in some bacteria.


melibiose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose residues


oxirose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide having a configuration with a three-membered ring


octitol

(biochemistry) Any sugar alcohol having eight carbon atoms


oxetose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide having a configuration with a four-membered ring


paratose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar 3,6-dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose


nystose

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide consisting of three fructose and one glucose residues


octanose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide having the configuration of an eight-membered ring.


mannosamine

(biochemistry) An amino sugar derived from mannose


pentitol

(biochemistry) Any sugar alcohol having five carbon atoms


pentasaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide having five sugar residues


primeverose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, consisting of xylose and glucose residues, that occurs as plant glycosides


rhamnitol

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar alcohol 1-deoxy-mannitol


septanose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide having a configuration containing a seven-membered ring


rutinose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, consisting of rhamnose and glucose, derived from rutin.

rutinozo

disaccharide consisting of rhamnose and glucose


sorbose

(biochemistry) The ketohexose (3S,4R,5S)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-one used in the production of ascorbic acid

sorbosa

ketohexose used in the production of ascorbic acid


pseudouridine

en-noun

pseudouridine (countable and uncountable, plural pseudouridines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudouridine.wav

(biochemistry, genetics) An isomer of uridine, 5-ribosyluracil, associated with RNA


streptose

(biochemistry) The pentose 5-deoxy-3-C-formyl-l-lyxose that is a constituent of streptomycin


mutarotation

mutarotation (countable and uncountable, plural mutarotations)

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry) A dynamic change in the rotation of polarized light as it passes through a fresh solution of some sugars as an equilibrium mixture of anomers is formed

mutarotazione

a dynamic change in the rotation of polarized light


ribitol

Reduction of neobiosamine C followed by hydrolysis gives ribitol.

1964, Hamao Umezawa, Recent Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Antibiotics, page 71:

(biochemistry) The sugar alcohol (2R,3s,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol formed by the reduction of ribose

リビトール

a sugar alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose


pentonic acid

(biochemistry) Any aldonic acid having five carbon atoms


saccharose

saccharose (countable and uncountable, plural saccharoses)

(biochemistry) sugar, especially sucrose


sinigrin

From the species name Sinapis nigra + -in.

When these larvae are transferred to an artificial diet lacking sinigrin, they refuse to eat and, in fact prefer to die rather than accept food lacking what has become an essential attractant.

1993, J. B. Harborne, Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry, 4th edition, page 139:

He also found that pea leaf powder treated with sinigrin gave no significantly different feeding response when compared with the effect of introducing normal leaf powder into the diet.

2012, John Feltwell, Large White Butterfly: the biology, biochemistry and physiology of Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus), page 129:

In black mustard plants, individuals producing higher levels of the phytochemical sinigrin, a compound that reduces fungal densities in the soil, are good competitors against other species that rely on soil fungi for nutrient acquisition.

2013, “III.15: Adaptation to the Biotic Environment”, in David A. Baum, Douglas J. Futuyma, Hopi E. Hoekstra, Richard E. Lenski, Allen J. Moore, Cahterine L. Peichel, Dolph Schluter, Michael C. Whitlock, editors, The Princeton Guide to Evolution, page 302:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A glycosinolate glycoside found in many brassicas and related plants which is toxic in large quantities and responsible for the pungent bite of horseradish and hot mustard.


quercetin

quercetin (countable and uncountable, plural quercetins)

Quercetin has gained the attention of the supplement industry, and is now widely promoted as a natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant magic bullet.

2003, David Hoffmann, Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine, page 104:

The one daily supplement that often reduces allergic symptoms across the board is the phytonutrient quercetin, a chemical compound known as a bioflavonoid and found in plants.

2005, James Braly, Patrick Holford, Hidden Food Allergies, page 101:

In plasma, quercetin mostly exists as glucuronated, sulfated, and/or methylated quercetin conjugates.

2014, Masuko Kobori, “14: Dietary Quercetin and other Polyphenols: Attenuation of Obesity”, in Ronald Ross Watson, Victor R. Preedy, Sherma Zibadi, editors, Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease, volume 1, page 168:

One study, for example, found that eating a diet rich in quercetin, found in green tea, broccoli and red wine, might help protect against lung cancer, especially in heavy smokers.

2015 August 1, Marta Zaraska, “Bitter truth”, in New Scientist, number 3032, page 27:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A flavonol found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains.


transglycosylation

(biochemistry) The transfer of a sugar residue from one glycoside to another


raffinose

raffinose (countable and uncountable, plural raffinoses)

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide, composed of galactose, glucose and fructose, that is widely distributed in many plants.


xanthan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide, consisting of galactose and mannose residues, produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris


uronate

From uronic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of a uronic acid.


tetrasaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide having four sugar residues


tetraric acid

(biochemistry) Any aldaric acid having four carbon atoms


talose

(biochemistry) The aldohexose 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol that is the 2-epimer of galactose.


tagatose

tagatose (countable and uncountable, plural tagatoses)

(biochemistry) The ketohexose (3S,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-hexan-2-one; it is very sweet.


psicose

(biochemistry) The monosaccharide (3R,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-one that is an epimer of fructose


xylobiose

xylobiose (countable and uncountable, plural xylobioses)

(biochemistry) A disaccharide consisting of two xylose residues.


xylaric acid

(biochemistry) The aldaric acid derived from xylose


patavine

(biochemistry) A lignan glycoside obtained from plants of the genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae)


xylulose

xylulose (countable and uncountable, plural xyluloses)

(biochemistry) The ketopentose (3R,4S)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentan-2-one.


xylan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide, consisting of xylose residues, found in the cell walls of some algae and plants.

ksylaani

biochemistry: a polysaccharide consisting of xylose residues


cellotetraose

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide, consisting of four glucose residues, formed by hydrolysis of cellulose


biose

(biochemistry) Any carbohydrate having two carbon atoms; in reality - glycolaldehyde


rutin

(biochemistry) A flavonoid, found in many plants, that is a glycoside of quercetin and rutinose.


acetylneuraminic acid

acetylneuraminic acid (plural acetylneuraminic acids)


catenin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that have a role in cell adhesion


dihydroxyacetone

dihydroxyacetone (countable and uncountable, plural dihydroxyacetones)


ketotriose

(biochemistry) Any ketose having three carbon atoms; in reality, only dihydroxyacetone


galabiose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide based on two galactose residues


glucosylceramide

(biochemistry) Synonym of glucocerebroside


galatriaose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide based on three galactose residues


glucocerebroside

(biochemistry) Any cerebroside containing glucose as the monosaccharide


tetraose

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide containing four monosaccharide moieties


estriol

estriol (countable and uncountable, plural estriols)

/ˈɛˌstɹaɪˌɔl/

(American spelling, biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A relatively weak natural estrogenic hormone that is a glycol C₁₈H₂₄O₃ found in the body chiefly as a metabolite of estradiol, is the main estrogen secreted by the placenta during pregnancy, and is the estrogen typically found in the urine of pregnant women.


endothelin

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptides consisting of 21 amino acid residues that are produced in various cells and tissues, that play a role in regulating vasomotor activity, cell proliferation, and the production of hormones, and that have been implicated in the development of vascular disease.


gentamicin

gentamicin (countable and uncountable, plural gentamicins)

Alteration of gentamycin, as a blend of gentian violet + kanamycin, from the color of the actinomycete.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic mixture, derived from an actinomycete (Micromonospora echinospora), extensively used as the sulfate in treating severe systemic bacterial infections (as of the urinary tract); (3R,4R,5R)-2-{[(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-{[(2R,3R,6S)-3-amino-6-[(1R)-1-(methylamino)ethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)oxane-3,5-diol.


phytodegradation

(biochemistry) The process by which substances taken by a plant from its environment are broken down


phytoferritin

(biochemistry) An iron-protein complex found in plant chloroplasts; it is the plant version of ferritin


phytochelatin

(biochemistry) A metal-binding polypeptide that is formed in some plants exposed to high levels of heavy metals


phytoecdysone

(biochemistry) Any ecdysone of plant origin


amanitin

Amanita phalloides
Amanita phalloides#Translingual

Amanita virosa
Amanita virosa#Translingual

(biochemistry) A deadly amatoxin found in Amanita phalloides (the death cap), the four destroying angels (Amanita bisporigera, Amanita ocreata, Amanita verna, and Amanita virosa), and some other amanitas.


phytosiderophore

(biochemistry) Any of a class of chelate compounds, common in grasses, that sequester iron.


phytotropin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of substances that inhibits auxin transport and therefore of root growth, gravitropism and phototropism.


phytoremediation

(biochemistry) bioremediation by the use of plants


phytoncide

(biochemistry) Any volatile antimicrobial compound given off by a plant, especially one that prevents it from being eaten.


phytotoxin

(biochemistry) Any toxic substance produced by a plant.


phytotoxic

en-adj

phytotoxic (comparative more phytotoxic, superlative most phytotoxic)

more phytotoxic (comparative)
most phytotoxic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Characteristic of a phytotoxin.


bioinactivation

(biochemistry) The metabolic conversion of a xenobiotic substance to a less toxic derivative


bioelimination

en-noun

bioelimination (countable and uncountable, plural bioeliminations)

(biochemistry) The removal of a substance, especially from aqueous solution, by biochemical activity.


bioconjugate

(biochemistry) Any substance formed by bioconjugation


bioconjugation

(biochemistry) Any reaction that forms a stable covalent link between two biomolecules


carboxyhemoglobin

carboxyhemoglobin (usually uncountable, plural carboxyhemoglobins)

(biochemistry) The stable complex of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin; it prevents the normal complexing with oxygen and thus leads to anoxia


tumor necrosis factor

tumor necrosis factor (plural tumor necrosis factors)

(medicine, biochemistry) Any of several polypeptide hormones, produced by macrophages, that can destroy some cancer cells.


metalloporphyrin

(biochemistry) Any compound, such as heme, formed by a combination of a porphyrin and a metal, often iron, copper, silver, zinc, or magnesium


hemeprotein

(biochemistry) Any conjugated protein containing heme as the prosthetic group.


coagonist

(biochemistry) Any of a number of agents that work together as an agonist.


cometabolism

cometabolism (countable and uncountable, plural cometabolisms)

(biochemistry) A process in which a substance may be biodegraded only in the presence of a secondary source of carbon


detoxication

(biochemistry) Any metabolic process by which the toxicity of a material is reduced


endocon

(biochemistry) The part of a conjugated metabolite which is derived from a natural product of the metabolizing organism.


exocon

(biochemistry) The part of a conjugated metabolite which is derived from the parent compound.


glucuronidation

(biochemistry) The reaction of a biological substance with glucuronic acid


glucuronic

From glucose and Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”), because it is similar to glucose and was first found in urine.

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to glucuronic acid or its derivatives.


bile pigment

(biochemistry) Any of several bilins derived from porphyrin that are found in bile; principally bilirubin and biliverdin.


hemosiderin

hemosiderin (countable and uncountable, plural hemosiderins)

(biochemistry) An abnormal microscopic pigment, formed of granules of a complex of iron hydroxides, protein and polysaccharides, that forms in tissues of patients having an excess of iron


metabolizable

en-adj

metabolizable (comparative more metabolizable, superlative most metabolizable)

more metabolizable (comparative)
most metabolizable (superlative)


laminin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of glycoproteins found in the basement membranes of most animal tissue


methemoglobin

en-noun

methemoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural methemoglobins)

(biochemistry) An oxidized form of hemoglobin, containing ferric rather than ferrous iron, that cannot transport oxygen.


monooxygenation

(biochemistry) The incorporation of a single atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate, the other atom being reduced to water


monooxygenase

(biochemistry) Any oxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of a single atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate, the other atom being reduced to water; active in the metabolism of many foreign compounds


microcystin

microcystin (countable and uncountable, plural microcystins)

From Microcystis, from which the toxin was first isolated, + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of cyclic oligopeptide hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria


myoglobin

myoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural myoglobins)

(biochemistry) A small globular protein, containing a heme group, that carries oxygen to muscles.


kairomone

Blend of Ancient Greek καιρός (kairós, “advantage; profit”, noun) + English pheromone, coined in the 1970 article “Allomones and Kairomones: Transspecific Chemical Messengers” by the American geneticist William Lacy Brown, Jr. (1913–1991), the German-American ecologist and entomologist Thomas Eisner (1929–2011), and the American ecologist Robert Harding Whittaker (1920–1980) which was published in BioScience: see the quotation.

lbor

Among these substances, we propose to designate two major functional groupings by the terms allomone and kairomone, chosen as intentional parallels to the term pheromone.

[1970 January, William L[acy] Brown, Jr., Thomas Eisner, Robert H[arding] Whittaker, “Allomones and Kairomones: Transspecific Chemical Messengers”, in BioScience, volume 20, number 1, Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, →DOI, →ISSN, page 21:

Host‐finding by the parasitic wasp Orgilus lepidus, a braconid parasite, is mediated by two kairomones present in the frass of the host insect, the potato tuberworm.

1973 December, L. B. Hendry, P. D. Greany, R. J. Gill, “Kairomone Mediated Host‐finding Behavior in the Parasitic Wasp Orgilus lepidus”, in Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, volume 16, number 4, Amsterdam: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging [Netherlands Entomological Society], →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, abstract, page 471:

Mutillids apparently use odour signals (kairomones) while actively running in suitable locations for finding such hosts, and must spend much time searching, with little prospect of finding numerous hosts.

2000 August, D. J. Brothers, G[unther] Tschuch, F. Burger, “Associations of Mutillid Wasps (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) with Eusocial Insects”, in Insectes Sociaux, volume 47, Heidelberg: Birkhäuser Verlag for the International Union for the Study of Social Insects, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 201–211:

(biochemistry, ecology) Any substance produced by an individual of one species (often an insect) that benefits the recipient which is of a different species but is harmful to the producer.

kairomona

any substance produced by an individual of one species that benefits the recipient which is of a different species but is harmful to the producer


semiochemical

(biochemistry) Any substance, produced by an organism, that provokes a response in individuals of the same or different species


callose

en-noun

callose (countable and uncountable, plural calloses)

(biochemistry) A plant polysaccharide comprising glucose residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, produced chiefly in response to wounding and infection.


adenosyl

(biochemistry, especially in combination) The univalent radical derived from adenosine


coproporphyrin

(biochemistry) Any of several related porphyrin compounds found normally in feces as an oxidation product of coproporphyrinogens


hydratase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the addition or removal of the elements of water; a hydrase


protoporphyrin

(biochemistry) Any porphyrin that lacks a central metal ion


transpeptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino or peptide group from one molecule to another


dehydratase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the removal of the elements of water from a compound, often leaving a double bond.


peptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptides into amino acids; a protease.


electrogenesis

electrogenesis (usually uncountable, plural electrogeneses)

(biochemistry, physics) The production of electricity (or the transfer of electrons) (typically in the tissues of a living organism)


dephosphorylation

dephosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural dephosphorylations)

(biochemistry) The removal of phosphate groups from a compound, especially from a biological compound


creatinine

creatinine (countable and uncountable, plural creatinines)

(biochemistry) A heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-one, formed by the metabolism of creatine.


esterase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ester


cupin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins and enzymes that have a domain in the form of a small barrel


hydroxylase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of compounds by the introduction of hydroxyl groups.


bioanalyzer

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any of various devices used to analyze the nucleic acids, proteins, sugars etc. of a biological sample


teichoic acid

(biochemistry) Any of several polymers of glycerol or ribitol, linked via phosphodiester bonds, that are found in the cell walls of many bacteria


creatine

creatine (countable and uncountable, plural creatines)

From Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas, “meat”).

(biochemistry) An amino acid, 2-(carbamimidoyl-methyl- amino)acetic acid, which naturally occurs in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to muscle and nerve cells.


carboxylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes either a carboxylation or decarboxylation reaction.

羧化酶

any enzyme that catalyzes either a carboxylation or decarboxylation reaction


desaturase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of single to double bonds, especially in the production of essential fatty acids.


cutin

cutin (countable and uncountable, plural cutins)

The structure of the enzyme looked very similar to one evolved by many bacteria to break down cutin, a natural polymer used as a protective coating by plants.

2018 April 16, Damian Carrington, The Guardian:

(biochemistry) A waxy polymer of hydroxy acids that is the main constituent of plant cuticle.


elongase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of an aliphatic chain, but especially one that elongates a fatty acid


protoporphyrinogen

(biochemistry) Any of several precursors in the biosynthesis of protoporphyrin


uncoupler

(biochemistry) Any substance that inhibits ATP synthesis by breaking its connection with the electron transport system.


biomacromolecule

(biochemistry) Any macromolecule (such as protein, nucleic acid or polysaccharide) of biological origin


bioelectrocatalysis

(biochemistry) biochemical electrocatalysis (The biological catalysis of electrochemical processes)


bioregulator

(biochemistry) Any substance that regulates a biological process


acetogenic

en-adj

acetogenic (comparative more acetogenic, superlative most acetogenic)

more acetogenic (comparative)
most acetogenic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Capable of converting carbon dioxide or sugars into acetic acid or acetate; used especially of bacteria.

acetogénico

capable of converting carbon dioxide or sugars into acetic acid or acetate


lipidome

(biochemistry) The set of all lipids in a cell or organism


lipidomics

(biochemistry) The study of the lipidome of an organism or cell


selenoproteome

(biochemistry) A proteome of selenoproteins.


biospecific

(biochemistry) Whose properties or activities vary according to the specific biological molecule that it interacts with.


immunoglobin

(immunology, biochemistry) Any protein that functions as an antibody


metabonomics

Metabonomics broadly aims to measure the global, dynamic metabolic response of living systems to biological stimuli or genetic manipulation. The focus is on understanding systemic change through time in complex multicellular systems. Metabolomics seeks an analytical description of complex biological samples, and aims to characterize and quantify all the small molecules in such a sample.

2008 October 22, Jeremy K. Nicholson, John C. Lindon, “Metabonomics”, in Nature, →DOI:

All metabonomics studies result in complex multivariate data sets the require visualisation software and chemometric and bioinformatic methods for interpretation.

2011, The Handbook of Metabonomics and Metabolomics, page 11:

Metabonomics has great potential for intensive care medicine, where patients are complex and understanding the relationship of host factors, disease and treatment effects is key to improving care.

2016 March 16, David Antcliffe, Anthony C. Gordon, “Metabonomics and intensive care”, in Critical Care, →DOI:

(biochemistry, genetics) The study of the metabolic responses of organisms to stimuli such as disease or injury.


biophotoreactor

(biochemistry) A vessel, usually of glass, in which a biochemical product is manufactured by illumination of a colony of an organism such as algae.


hematoporphyrin

(biochemistry) The porphyrin portion of heme (minus the iron atom)


deadenylation

(biochemistry) The removal of an adenylate group from a protein


deadenylate

en-verb

deadenylate (third-person singular simple present deadenylates, present participle deadenylating, simple past and past participle deadenylated)

deadenylates (present singular third-person)
deadenylating (participle present)
deadenylated (participle past)
deadenylated (past)

(biochemistry, genetics) To remove an adenylate group from a protein; especially to activate an enzyme by this means


parasporal

en-adj

parasporal (comparative more parasporal, superlative most parasporal)

more parasporal (comparative)
most parasporal (superlative)

(biochemistry) Describing a crystalline protein that forms around a spore in some bacteria that acts as a toxin precursor when digested


deadenylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes a deadenylation reaction


antiporter

(biochemistry) A cell protein that acts within an antiport to transport different molecules or ions across the membrane in opposite directions

antiportteri

a cell protein that acts within an antiport


dinucleosome

(biochemistry, genetics) A short complex of nucleosomes that is formed as the first step in the production of chromatin


chromodomain

(genetics, biochemistry) A sequence of amino acids, common to the protein of many species, that is responsible for the manipulation of chromatin.


autophosphorylation

en-noun

autophosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural autophosphorylations)

(biochemistry) The phosphorylation of a kinase protein catalyzed by its own enzymatic activity


phosphopeptide

(biochemistry) Any peptide that incorporates a phosphate group as a result of phosphorylation

fosfopeptidi

peptide that incorporates a phospate group as a result of phosphorylation


polyhedrin

(biochemistry) A protein that forms the crystalline matrix of viral polyhedral bodies


ubiquitylate

en-verb

ubiquitylate (third-person singular simple present ubiquitylates, present participle ubiquitylating, simple past and past participle ubiquitylated)

ubiquitylates (present singular third-person)
ubiquitylating (participle present)
ubiquitylated (participle past)
ubiquitylated (past)


acyltransferase

/ˌeɪsʌɪlˈtɹɑːnzfəɹeɪz/

(biochemistry) Any of several transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups between lipids.

asyylitransferaasi

any of several enzymes that catalyse the transfer of acyl groups between lipids


biopotency

(biochemistry) A measure of the ability of a material (such as a hormone or vitamin) to have a specified biochemical function


calcitriol

From calci- (“vitamin D analog/derivative”) + triol.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A physiologically active metabolic derivative C₂₇H₄₄O₃ of cholecalciferol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) that is synthesized in the liver and kidney and stimulates the intestinal absorption of calcium.


glucagon

/ˈɡluːkəɡən/

/ˈɡluːkəɡɒn/

/ˈɡlukəˌɡɑn/

From gluco- + Ancient Greek ἄγων (ágōn), present participle of ἄγω (ágō, “push forward, put in motion; stir up; excite, urge”).
Alternatively, possibly gluco- + -a- + -gon.

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, produced by the pancreas, that opposes the action of insulin by stimulating the production of sugar


gossypol

(biochemistry) Any of a class of toxic polyphenols found in the seeds of the cotton plant.


cyclin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins whose presence in a cell varies through its cycle, and that regulates this cycle by forming a complex with kinase


lipoxin

(biochemistry) Any of group of compounds, related to prostaglandins, that regulate inflammation


lipolysis

(biochemistry) The reverse of lipogenesis in which stored fat is broken down.


lipoxygenase

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids


cytokinin

The rate-limiting step for cytokinin biosynthesis involves a group of isopentenyltransferase (IPT) enzymes.

2015 April 23, Simon Moore et al., “Spatiotemporal modelling of hormonal crosstalk explains the level and patterning of hormones and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutant roots”, in The New Phytologist, volume 207, →DOI:

SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and 'cytokinins, during the proembryogenic early stages, and ethylene and gibberellic and abscisic acids later in the development of somatic embryos.

2015 August 18, Clelia De-la-Peña et al., “The role of chromatin modifications in somatic embryogenesis in plants”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of plant hormones involved in cell growth and division.


lipogenesis

en-noun

lipogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural lipogeneses)

(biochemistry) The biochemical production of fat, especially the conversion of carbohydrate into fat so that it may be stored as a long-term source of energy when food is scarce


argonaute

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of proteins responsible for the gene silencing phenomenon known as RNA interference

Argonauta

any of a group of proteins responsible for RNA interference


provitamin

From pro- (“forward, facing, favouring, toward”) + vitamin.

prefix

(biochemistry) Any biologically inactive compound that may be converted into a vitamin within an animal organism


prothrombin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, produced in the liver, that is converted into thrombin during bleeding and subsequent clotting.


xylosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of xylose.


pentosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of a pentose


holo

We compared the holo and apo forms of the protein.

(biochemistry, of a protein) Bound by ligands


ferrioxamine

(biochemistry) Any of a class of siderophore produced in several bacteria that mediates iron uptake


bioalkylation

(biochemistry) Any biochemical reaction in which an alkyl group is attached to a molecule or to a metal


conjugated protein

en-noun

conjugated protein (plural conjugated proteins)

(biochemistry) Any protein that consists of both a polypeptide (the apoprotein) and a prosthetic group such as a lipid (in lipoproteins), sugar (in glycoproteins) or porphyrins and metals (in hemoglobin etc)


apoprotein

(biochemistry) The polypeptide part of a conjugated protein; for example, an apolipoprotein plus a lipid particle yields a lipoprotein.


biomethylation

(biochemistry) Any bioalkylation reaction in which a methyl group is attached


arsenosugar

(biochemistry) Any of several carbohydrates that contain arsenic, found in certain marine algae.

arsenoaçúcar

any of several carbohydrates that contain arsenic


somatocrinin

(biochemistry) A hormone, produced in the hypothalamus, that promotes the secretion of growth hormones.


corticotropin

corticotropin (countable and uncountable, plural corticotropins)

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone#English

(biochemistry, endocrinology) Synonym of adrenocorticotropic hormone


silicatein

silicatein (countable and uncountable, plural silicateins)

(biochemistry) An enzyme used by sponges to capture silicate and build silica nanostructures


cryopyrin

(biochemistry) A nucleotide-binding and leucin-rich protein which activates the inflammasome in response to toxins.


polyubiquitination

(biochemistry) The addition of a series of ubiquitin molecules to another protein


pleckstrin

Abbreviation of platelet + leukocyte C kinase substrate + KSTR (amino acids) + string.

abbreviation of

(biochemistry) A protein found in platelets


cuticulin

en-noun

cuticulin (countable and uncountable, plural cuticulins)

(biochemistry) A structural protein, in the cortical layer of large ascarids, which does not exhibit the striations characteristic of collagen, and which is not attacked by collagenase


haloperoxidase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that oxidize organic halogen compounds; they are hemoproteins or similar


chromagen

(biochemistry) Any compound, such as heme, that forms a biological pigment when attached to a protein


vanadium bromoperoxidase

(biochemistry) A haloperoxidase, used by some algae to synthesize halogen compounds, that has a requirement for the element vanadium


vanadium-associated protein

vanadium-associated protein (plural vanadium-associated proteins)

(biochemistry) Any protein, such as hemovanadin, that contains vanadium in an associated molecule


transfer RNA

transfer RNA (countable and uncountable, plural transfer RNAs)

(biochemistry) A short-chain version of RNA that transfers individual amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.


autacoid

From aut- + Ancient Greek ἄκος (ákos, “remedy”) + -oid.

(biochemistry) A hormone or similar compound that has a short-term, local effect


biocatalyst

(biochemistry) A biochemical catalyst; normally an enzyme, either a protein enzyme or an RNA one (a ribozyme).


plasminogen

plasminogen (countable and uncountable, plural plasminogens)

(biochemistry) The inactive precursor to plasmin; profibrinolysin


GABAergic

(biochemistry) Any drug or substance that interacts with the GABA system.


plasmin

plasmin (countable and uncountable, plural plasmins)

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme that dissolves the fibrin in blood clots.


coacervate

/kəʊəˈsɜːvət/

(biochemistry, physical chemistry, organic chemistry) The microsphere droplet that results from coacervation.


cooperativity

(biochemistry) An interaction between the substrate binding sites of an allosteric enzyme in which binding at one site increases or decreases binding at another


entatic

en-adj

entatic (comparative more entatic, superlative most entatic)

more entatic (comparative)
most entatic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Describing the state of an atom or group, bound to a protein (especially to an enzyme), that has its geometric or electronic condition adapted for function


ferredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of iron and sulfur-containing proteins, found in green plants, that function in electron transport and in photosynthesis.


homodetic

(biochemistry) Describing a polypeptide consisting of all eupeptides


ossein

en-noun

ossein (countable and uncountable, plural osseins)

(biochemistry) The collagen component of bone


lipopolysaccharide

(biochemistry) Any of a large class of lipids conjugated with polysaccharides


lyase

(biochemistry) Any of many classes of enzyme that catalyze the breaking of a specific form of bond


microheterogeneity

microheterogeneity (countable and uncountable, plural microheterogeneities)

(biochemistry) The occurrence of different forms of a carbohydrate in a specific glycoprotein


multienzyme

(biochemistry) Any protein having two or more catalytic functions


psychosine

psychosine (countable and uncountable, plural psychosines)

(biochemistry) An intermediate (sphingosine galactoside) in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides.


porphyrinogen

(biochemistry) A reduced form of porphyrin that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of heme


radioenzymatic

(biochemistry) Describing any investigation into an enzyme by the use of a radioactive substrate.


rotenoid

(biochemistry) Any of a class of polycyclic compounds related to rotenone


rubredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of iron-sulfur proteins found in some bacteria


polyuridine

(biochemistry) A long section of nucleic acid containing only the uridine nucleoside


bioinorganic

(biochemistry, inorganic chemistry) Describing the influence of inorganic compounds (especially metals) on biological processes, or the metabolism and biosynthesis of inorganic materials (such as silica)


telomerization

(biochemistry) Any reaction that increases the length of a telomer (oligomer) stepwise


antithyroid

A RECENT report by Anderson et al. on the antithyroid activity of a series of alkyl derivatives of thiouracil shows that peak activity is reached at the n-propyl compound.

1946 May 18, E. M. Bavin, D. A. Goodchild, “Antithyroid Activity of Thiouracil Derivatives”, in Nature, 157, 659-660:

Postmortem histological examination of the thyroid gland and measurement of serum antithyroid antibodies were performed in 70 patients without overt thyroid disease.

1978, H. Yoshida et al., “Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: studies of seventy autopsied cases”, in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 46(6):859-862:

Antithyroid drugs, which have been in use for more than half a century, remain cornerstones in the management of hyperthyroidism, especially for patients with Graves' disease.

2005 March, D. S. Cooper, “Antithyroid Drugs”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(9):905-917:

2005, The American Thyroid Association, "Hyperthyroidism",
Drugs known as antithyroid agents—methimazole (Tapazole®) or propylthiouracil (PTU)—may be prescribed if your doctor chooses to treat the hyperthyroidism by blocking the thyroid gland’s ability to make new thyroid hormone.

(biochemistry) Reducing the production or effects of thyroid hormones.

antitiroideo

reducing the production or effects of thyroid hormones


homopolyuridine

(biochemistry) A homopolymer composed of uridine subunits


metarhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several forms of rhodopsin activated by light


homomer

(biochemistry) A complex formed from a single type of subunit.


homopolyriboadenine

(biochemistry) A homopolymer composed of riboadenine subunits


homoserine

homoserine (countable and uncountable, plural homoserines)

(biochemistry) The amino acid 2-amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of methionine, threonine and isoleucine


heteromer

(biochemistry) A complex formed from several types of subunit


deglycosylated

(biochemistry) Describing a glycoside (but especially a glycoprotein) from which the sugar entity has been removed


glycoarray

(biochemistry) A microarray of carbohydrates or glycosides.


biometal

(biochemistry) Any metal that has a biochemical function.

(often, especially) One of the principal ones (calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, or copper), as opposed to trace ones (such as lithium).


deglycosylation

deglycosylation (countable and uncountable, plural deglycosylations)

(biochemistry) The removal of the sugar entity from a glycogen (but especially from a glycoprotein)


glycosylated

(biochemistry) Describing a glycoside (but especially a glycoprotein) that has the sugar entity intact


cohesin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins responsible for binding the sister chromatids during mitosis


metallomics

(biochemistry) The study of the complete metallome of an organism


metallome

(biochemistry) All the biologically active compounds of an organism that contain a metal atom


neurotrophin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins that stimulate the growth of nerve cells


basepair

en-verb

basepair (third-person singular simple present basepairs, present participle basepairing, simple past and past participle basepaired)

basepairs (present singular third-person)
basepairing (participle present)
basepaired (participle past)
basepaired (past)

(biochemistry) To bind separate DNA or RNA sequences by base pairs.


deamidation

en-noun

deamidation (countable and uncountable, plural deamidations)

(biochemistry) The conversion of glutamine, asparagine, glutamine residues in a polypeptide to glutamic acid or aspartic acid by treatment with strong acid, transamidase or deamidase.


cycler

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cycler.wav

We took samples from the tubes in the cycler at regular intervals

(biochemistry) Ellipsis of thermal cycler.; a machine for creating multiple copies of DNA sequences.


cholinergic

en-adj

cholinergic (comparative more cholinergic, superlative most cholinergic)

more cholinergic (comparative)
most cholinergic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, activated by, producing or having the same function as acetylcholine.

cholinergní

of, pertaining to, activated by, producing or having the same function as acetylcholine


cholinergic

(biochemistry) Any drug or substance producing or having the same function as acetylcholine.


vinblastine

en-noun

vinblastine (countable and uncountable, plural vinblastines)

Madagascar periwinkle
Madagascar periwinkle

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A cytotoxic compound C₄₆H₅₈N₄O₉ of the alkaloid class obtained from the Madagascar periwinkle and used especially in the form of its sulfate in the treatment of lymphomas.


vincristine

vincristine (countable and uncountable, plural vincristines)

From vin- (“vinca alkaloid”) + Latin crista (“tuft of leaves on plants”) + -ine.

af

Although originally intended as an antidiabetic, vincristine at small doses was found to kill leukemia cells.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), pages 139–140:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A cytotoxic compound C₄₆H₅₆N₄O₁₀ of the alkaloid class obtained from the Madagascar periwinkle and used especially in the form of its sulfate to treat acute leukemia and other cancers.


autoinhibition

en-noun

autoinhibition (usually uncountable, plural autoinhibitions)

(biochemistry) Any of several intramolecular interactions that regulate protein function.


ascaroside

Realized as ascar- + -ose + -ide rather than ascarylose + -ide.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of glycolipids, containing the sugar ascarylose, found in some nematode worms


cuproprotein

(biochemistry) Any metalloprotein that contains one or more copper atoms


cuproenzyme

(biochemistry) Any metalloenzyme that contains one or more copper atoms


dideoxysugar

From di- + deoxysugar or dideoxy- + sugar.

(biochemistry) Any deoxysugar having two deoxy- groups


deoxysugar

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of deoxy sugar


opiomelanocortin

opiomelanocortin (countable and uncountable, plural opiomelanocortins)

(biochemistry) A polypeptide, found in the pituitary gland, associated with endorphins and other hormones


ghrelin

ghrelin (usually uncountable, plural ghrelins)

From g(rowth) h(ormone)-rel(easing peptide) + -in (suffix forming names of chemical compounds), influenced by Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”): see the December 1999 quotation.

cog

We designate the GH-releasing peptide ‘ghrelin’ (ghre is the Proto-Indo-European root of the word ‘grow’).

1999 December 9, M[asayasu] Kojima et al., “Ghrelin is a Growth-hormone-releasing Acylated Peptide from Stomach”, in Nature, volume 402, number 6762, →DOI, →PMID, abstract, page 656:

Both human and rat ghrelins are 28 amino acid peptides, in which Ser3 is modified by a fatty acid, primarily n-octanoic acid.

2006, Masayasu Kojima, Kenji Kangawa, “Ghrelin, an Endogenous Ligand for the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor”, in Fred Nyberg, editor, The Somatotrophic Axis in Brain Function, Burlington, Mass.: Elsevier Academic Press, →ISBN, section III.A (Purification of Ghrelin), figure 2 caption, page 27, column 1:

[W]hen you increase ghrelin levels, you stimulate that growth hormone to kick in, and growth hormone builds you not only up but out as well. Your stomach secretes ghrelin in pulses every half hour, sending subtle chemical impulses to your brain—almost like subliminal biological messages (carrot cake, carrot cake, carrot cake).

2006, Michael F[redric] Roizen, Mehmet C[engiz] Oz, with Ted Spiker, Lisa Oz, and Craig Wynett, You, on a Diet: The Owner’s Manual for Waist Management, New York, N.Y.: Free Press, →ISBN, page 44:

Ghrelin is a 28‐amino acid acylated peptide predominantly secreted by the stomach but also by the brain. In mammals, ghrelin stimulates both GH [growth hormone] secretion and appetite, and it is the only GI [gastrointestinal] hormone with confirmed orexigenic properties[…].

2009, Hélène Volkoff, Saraj Unniappan, Scott P. Kelly, “The Endocrine Regulation of Food Intake”, in Nicholas J. Bernier, Glen Van Der Kraak, Anthony P. Farrell, Colin J. Brauner, editors, Fish Neuroendocrinology (Fish Physiology; 28), London, Amsterdam: Academic Press, →ISBN, section 2 (Endocrine Regulation), page 434:

Currently, ghrelin is considered as a “hunger hormone” that signals the brain the need to initiate food consumption. […] After food ingestion, plasma levels of ghrelin drastically decrease. Some but not all studies provided the evidence that in the cephalic phase of food ingestion the vagal efferent system promotes ghrelin secretion[…].

2011, Palmiero Monteleone, “New Frontiers of Endocrinology in Eating Disorders”, in Roger A. H. Adan, Walter H. Kaye, editors, Behavioral Neurobiology of Eating Disorders (Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences; 6), Heidelberg, Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, part III (Genetics, Gender and Heritability), page 194:

That is because sleep affects two appetite-controlling hormones, leptin and ghrelin.

2022 February 26, Ruth Alexander, “The surprising links between what you eat and how well you sleep”, in BBC News, BBC, retrieved 2022-02-27:

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted in the stomach when empty, that increases appetite and secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.


globin

Borrowed from German Globin, from Latin globus.

(biochemistry) Any globular protein that incorporates a globin fold.

Injuries and conditions that cause an acid pH environment cause the globin (protein) molecule to separate from the ferrihemate (iron-containing) component of the myoglobin molecule.

2005, Sharon G. Childs, “Rhabdomyolysis”, in Orthopaedic Nursing, volume 24, number 6, →PMID, page 445:

Globin switches in yolk sac–like primitive and fetal-like definitive red blood cells produced from human embryonic stem cells [title of article]

2008 February 8, Caihong Qiu, Emmanuel N. Olivier, Michelle Velho, Eric E. Bouhassira, “Globin switches in yolk sac–like primitive and fetal-like definitive red blood cells produced from human embryonic stem cells”, in Blood, volume 111, number 4, →DOI:

The results showed that the globin expression in the erythroid cells in individual clones changed in a time-dependent manner.

2008 October 2, Feng Ma et al., “Generation of functional erythrocytes from human embryonic stem cell-derived definitive hematopoiesis”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, volume 105, number 35, →DOI:

(biochemistry) One of several polypeptides that are the protein components of haemoglobin or myoglobin.


broad antigen

(biochemistry) In the testing of cell surface antigens, a serological specificity that is poor or broad relative to other specificities and can be defined as 2 or more split antigens.(Example: HLA-B51 and HLA-B52 are split antigens of the HLA-B5 broad antigen)


split antigen

(biochemistry) In the testing of cell surface antigens, an antigen that has a more refined or specific cell surface reaction relative to a broad antigen.(Example: HLA-B51 and HLA-B52 are split antigens of HLA-B5)


tryptophan synthase

(biochemistry) An enzyme found in plants and bacteria, but not in animals, which catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of tryptophan.


integrase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that integrates viral DNA into that of an infected cell


primase

(biochemistry) An RNA polymerase involved in the initiation of DNA synthesis.


porin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that cross cellular membranes and act as pores through which small molecules can diffuse


proprotein

(biochemistry) Any protein that is cleaved by a convertase to form a smaller protein or biologically-active polypeptide


convertase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that convert a compound into smaller, biologically-active compounds


furin

en-noun

furin (countable and uncountable, plural furins)

From FUR (acronym of FES Upstream Region) + -in.

(biochemistry) A protease found in certain animal cells


SRS

SRS (countable and uncountable, plural SRSes)

small RNA sequencing
small RNA sequencing#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of small RNA sequencing.


deubiquitination

(biochemistry) The cleavage of ubiquitin from protein


deubiquitinating

(biochemistry) That cleaves ubiquitin/protein bonds.


phosphorylatable

en-adj

phosphorylatable (comparative more phosphorylatable, superlative most phosphorylatable)

more phosphorylatable (comparative)
most phosphorylatable (superlative)

(biochemistry) Capable of being phosphorylated


enzyme inhibitor

en-noun

enzyme inhibitor (plural enzyme inhibitors)

(biochemistry) molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity


ORC

ORC (countable and uncountable, plural ORCs)

origin recognition complex
w:origin recognition complex

(biochemistry) Initialism of origin recognition complex.


anoctamin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of transmembrane proteins associated with the channelling of chloride ions


aquaporin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that form water-permeable pores in the membrane of biological cells.


chlorophyllic

en-adj

chlorophyllic (comparative more chlorophyllic, superlative most chlorophyllic)

more chlorophyllic (comparative)
most chlorophyllic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, resembling or derived from chlorophyll

chlorophyllien

of, pertaining to, resembling or derived from chlorophyll


polyubiquitin

(biochemistry) A chain of several ubiquitin molecules attached to a protein.


inosine

From ἰνός (inós), genitive singular of ἴς (ís, “sinew, muscle”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any nucleoside formed from hypoxanthine attached to a ribose


zinc finger

(biochemistry, genetics) A structure characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions, found in some proteins, that typically binds to specific sequences of DNA and regulates genes.


fibroin

(biochemistry) A tough elastic protein that is the main component of silk and of spider's webs


lipidated

(biochemistry) Describing a protein that has been covalently modified with lipid extensions.


oncoprotein

(genetics, oncology, biochemistry) A protein that is coded for by an oncogene.


cellulolytic

cellulolytic (comparative more cellulolytic, superlative most cellulolytic)

more cellulolytic (comparative)
most cellulolytic (superlative)

(biochemistry) That causes the hydrolysis of cellulose


tonofilament

(biochemistry) A structural filament of keratin present in the cytoplasm


hedgehog signalling pathway

en-noun

hedgehog signalling pathway (uncountable)

(biochemistry, genetics) A key regulator of animal development present in many organisms from flies to humans.


nuclein

From German Nuclein, corresponding to nucleus + -in.

While delving microscopically through the pus in surgical bandages, Miescher found a substance he didn't recognize and called it nuclein (because it resided in the nuclei of cells).

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 354:

(biochemistry) A phosphorus-rich protein found in the nucleus of a cell, later specifically nucleohistone or nucleoprotamine; also, any similar compound present in the cell nucleus.


glycosylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that splits a glycoside into a glycone and aglycone


chaotropism

From chaos + -tropism.
From Ancient Greek χάος (kháos, “vast chasm, void”).

uder

The chaotropism of chlorate is greater than that of sulfate.

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) The ability to disrupt hydrogen bonding, especially within or between biological molecules


chaotropic

en-adj

chaotropic (comparative more chaotropic, superlative most chaotropic)

more chaotropic (comparative)
most chaotropic (superlative)

The chaotropic salt inactivated the catalytic function of the peptide.

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) That disrupts hydrogen bonds, especially within or between biological molecules.


chaotropic

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) Such a substance


activase

(genetics, biochemistry) Any enzyme that activates a gene


zymography

en-noun

zymography (countable and uncountable, plural zymographies)

(biochemistry) A form of electrophoresis used in the study of enzyme activity.


bilin

From international scientific vocabulary, and clearly reflecting New Latin, from Latin bīlis (“bile”). By surface analysis, bili- + -in, although according to American Heritage Dictionary, bilin was back-formed from phycobilin (as opposed to phycobilin being derived from bilin as surface analysis suggests).

(biochemistry) Any of various biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins.

biline

pigment formed as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins


saccharify

en-verb

saccharify (third-person singular simple present saccharifies, present participle saccharifying, simple past and past participle saccharified)

saccharifies (present singular third-person)
saccharifying (participle present)
saccharified (participle past)
saccharified (past)

(biochemistry, transitive) To convert (soluble polysaccharides) into simple sugars


saccharification

en-noun

saccharification (countable and uncountable, plural saccharifications)

(biochemistry) The hydrolysis of soluble polysaccharides to form simple sugars.


gluconeogenesis

gluconeogenesis (usually uncountable, plural gluconeogeneses)

(biochemistry) The metabolic process in which glucose is formed, mostly in the liver, from non-carbohydrate precursors


stereocilin

(biochemistry) A protein associated with the stereocilia of the inner ear.


adipokine

(biochemistry) Any of several cytokines secreted by adipose tissue.

adipokin

any of several cytokines secreted by adipose tissue


pyocyanin

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa#Translingual

(biochemistry) A greenish-blue pigment, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that is an antibiotic and antifungal agent


aminoarabinose

(biochemistry) An amino sugar derived from arabinose


anoxygenic

(biochemistry) That does not involve the production of oxygen

anoxigènic

that does not involve the production of oxygen


arabinogalactan

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteoglycans found on the cell surface of flowering plants, sometimes used as a dietary supplement


chemoattraction

(biochemistry) The action of a chemoattractant


chemoperception

(biochemistry) A specific response by an organism to the presence of a specific chemical compound (or class of compounds)


maltodextrin

maltodextrin (countable and uncountable, plural maltodextrins)

(biochemistry) A type of dextrin commonly used as a food additive.


conjugase

pteroylglutamic acid
pteroylglutamic acid

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that promote the hydrolysis of folic acid conjugates and the production of glutamic acid and pteroylglutamic acid


chitosan

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide derived from chitin, sometimes used in the absorption of fat


glucuronidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a glucuronide; a glycuronidase


homogalacturonan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide (such as pectin) made up of linked galacturonic acid residues


hydroxyproline

hydroxyproline (countable and uncountable, plural hydroxyprolines)

(biochemistry) A hydroxy derivative of the amino acid proline found in the structural proteins of connective tissue


kinesin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that convert chemical into mechanical energy and power the movement of vesicles and organelles along microtubules


methylerythritol

(biochemistry) A methyl derivative of erythritol, especially 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol, whose phosphate is involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids


phenylacetylglutamine

(biochemistry) The product of phenylacetate and glutamine


phosphosulfate

(biochemistry) The univalent radical -OP(O₂H)-OSO₃H present in some nucleotides; it contains a high-energy sulfate bond


phosphoglucomutase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of isomers of glucose phosphates


phenylacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) The carboxylic acid C₆H₅-CH₂-COOH that is a plant auxin


sulfhemoglobin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of derivatives of hemoglobin, often in the presence of ferrihemoglobin, that are incapable of transporting oxygen.


xyloglucan

(biochemistry) The main hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants.


antitrypsin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of serum proteins that inhibit trypsin and similar proteolytic enzymes


serpin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that inhibit serine proteases (especially trypsin)


ketone body

(biochemistry) Any of several compounds that are intermediates in the metabolism of fatty acids; principally acetoacetate and acetone (together with hydroxybutyrate which is not a ketone)


prolamin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of plant storage proteins that have a high proline content, found in cereals.


muscleblind

From muscle + blind. The muscleblind gene in Drosophila flies is necessary to the development of muscles and eye photoreceptors.

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that are RNA-binding factors.


osteopontin

(biochemistry) A sialopontin found in bone tissue


proenzyme

(biochemistry) Any inactive precursor of an enzyme that is converted to an enzyme by proteolysis; a zymogen

proenzym

any inactive precursor of an enzyme that is converted to an enzyme by proteolysis


uteroferrin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, containing two atoms of iron, that is a major secretory product of a pig's uterus under the influence of progesterone.


neuroligin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins that bind to neurexins


green fluorescent protein

green fluorescent protein (plural green fluorescent proteins)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of protein produced by bioluminescent jellyfish of the genus Aequorea, that is used in biological research to trace the biosynthesis and movement of proteins in living organisms

緑色蛍光蛋白質

りょくしょくけいこうたんぱくしつ


cyclophilin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that bind to ciclosporin


ribosylation

(biochemistry) The attachment of a ribose or ribosyl group to a molecule, especially to a polypeptide or protein


dystrobrevin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that bind to dystrophin in the costamere of skeletal muscle cells


gasotransmitter

(biochemistry) Any simple, gaseous compound, synthesized by an organism, that has a biochemical function


nephrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins necessary for the proper functioning of the renal filtration barrier


dystrophin

dystrophin (countable and uncountable, plural dystrophins)

(biochemistry) A cytoplasmic structural protein that is deficient in some forms of muscular dystrophy


syntrophin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that are associated with dystrophin


utrophin

utrophin (countable and uncountable, plural utrophins)

(biochemistry) A cytoskeleton protein homologous with dystrophin


podocin

podocin (countable and uncountable, plural podocins)

(biochemistry) A protein which lines the podocytes and whose mutations can cause nephrotic syndrome


dileucine

(biochemistry) A dipeptide consisting of two leucine molecules joined via a peptide bond.


adaptin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that interact with membrane-bound receptors to assemble clathrin-coated vesicles

adaptina

protein that mediates the formation of vesicles by clathrin-coated pits


amphotericin B

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An antibiotic that is obtained from a soil streptomycete (Streptomyces nodosus) and is administered typically by intravenous injection chiefly to treat serious, potentially life-threatening, systemic fungal infections.


GM-CSF

(biochemistry) Initialism of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.


pentraxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins characterised by calcium-dependent ligand binding.


netrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins involved in axon guidance


transducin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins associated with the visual process


gustducin

(biochemistry) A protein associated with the sensation of taste


allozyme

Near-synonyms: isoenzyme, isozyme

[…] suggesting the two are different stages of the same species. The identity of the two species is further suggested by allozyme analysis […]

1997, “Hydrothermal Vent Fauna”, in Advances in Marine Biology: The Biogeography of the Oceans, page 111:

(genetics, biochemistry) Either form of an enzyme specified by an allelic gene.

allozima

either form of an enzyme specified by an allelic gene


osmosensor

(biochemistry) Any of several classes of organic compound that undergo transitions between "off" and "on" conformations in response to changes in extracellular water activity (direct osmosensing) or resulting changes in cell structure (indirect osmosensing).


ryanodine

ryanodine (countable and uncountable, plural ryanodines)

(biochemistry, physiology) A poisonous alkaloid which occurs in the stems of the tropical American shrub Ryania speciosa (family Flacourtiaceae) and has been used as an insecticide and in experimental studies of calcium release within cells.


triphosphatase

triphosphatase (countable and uncountable, plural triphosphatases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of triphosphate into a phosphate and a diphosphate through the addition of a water molecule


proteasomal

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to a proteasome


recombinase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that mediate recombination of DNA fragments among chromosomes


ovalbumin

From Late Latin ovi albumen (“egg white”), + -in.

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein which is the primary constituent of egg white.


melittin

melittin (countable and uncountable, plural melittins)

Borrowed from German Melittin, from Attic Greek μέλιττα (mélitta, “bee”) + German -in.

af

(biochemistry) A peptide, containing 26 amino acids, which is present in bee venom and has been used experimentally as an antibacterial agent, especially against penicillin-resistant bacteria.


polypurine

(biochemistry) A continuous sequence of purines in a nucleic acid.

polypuriini

continuous sequence of purines in a protein


phenoloxidase

In one widely accepted model, the oxidation of catechols (o-diphenols) to o-quinones by cuticular phenoloxidase takes place and then these quinones diffuse into the cuticle […]

1991, Gregory W. Narr, Nicholas Cohen, Phylogenesis of Immune Functions, →ISBN, page 48:

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyzes phenol oxidation, and which is often involved in melanization processes

fenoloxidase

an enzyme which catalyzes phenol oxidation


melanization

the melanization of larvae

(biochemistry) Conversion into melanin, or an increase in the concentration of melanin within (a tissue or organism)


unphosphorylated

an unphosphorylated protein


symporter

integral membrane protein
integral membrane protein

(biochemistry) An integral membrane protein involved in the movement of different molecules or ions in the same direction across a phospholipid membrane.


supershift

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supershift.wav

In addition, a band supershift was observed when anti-c-Jun antibody was added.

2003, T. Shiozawa et al., “Involvement of Cell Cycle Regulators in Steroid Hormone-Induced Growth of Endometrial Carcinoma”, in Kuramoto & Nishida, editors, Cell and Molecular Biology of Endometrial Carcinoma, →ISBN, page 89:

(biochemistry, proteomics) A reduction in the mobility of a protein-DNA complex relative to unbound DNA, due to the binding of an antibody to that complex


supershift

en-verb

supershift (third-person singular simple present supershifts, present participle supershifting, simple past and past participle supershifted)

supershifts (present singular third-person)
supershifting (participle present)
supershifted (participle past)
supershifted (past)

(biochemistry, proteomics) To induce a supershift


autokinase

Shortened from "autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase."

an autokinase domain

(biochemistry) A protein kinase or domain which promotes autophosphorylation


translocase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that assists in moving another molecule, usually across a membrane

(biochemistry) historical term for the protein now called elongation factor G


autophosphatase

an autophosphatase reaction

In addition, KaiC, which can act both as an autokinase and an autophosphatase, undergoes robust daily phosphorylation cycles that depend on its physical interactions with KaiA and KaiB.

2006, U. Schibler, “Circadian time keeping”, in Kalsbeek et al., editors, Hypothalamic Integration of Energy Metabolism, →ISBN, page 273:

(biochemistry, noun adjunct) A phosphatase that dephosphorylates itself


thrombospondin

en-noun

thrombospondin (countable and uncountable, plural thrombospondins)

From thrombin + respond + -in, coined in a 1972 paper by Baenziger et al., named due to its sensitivity to thrombin.https://web.archive.org/web/20060223143336/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/247/9/2723

extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix

(biochemistry) Any of a family of glycoproteins secreted into the extracellular matrix by various types of cell, which play a role in cellular adhesion in processes including thrombocyte aggregation, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis.


allantoin

allantoin (countable and uncountable, plural allantoins)

From allant- + -in; this substance concentrates in the allantois during development in most mammals.

(biochemistry) A diureide of glyoxylic acid, used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products; or a derivative of this compound


cotransporter

(biochemistry) An integral membrane protein that actively transports molecules by using the concentration gradient of one molecule or ion concentration to force the other molecule or ion against its gradient.


coimmunoprecipitate

en-verb

coimmunoprecipitate (third-person singular simple present coimmunoprecipitates, present participle coimmunoprecipitating, simple past and past participle coimmunoprecipitated)

coimmunoprecipitates (present singular third-person)
coimmunoprecipitating (participle present)
coimmunoprecipitated (participle past)
coimmunoprecipitated (past)

These two proteins coimmunoprecipitate under certain conditions.

These antibodies coimmunoprecipitate the receptor protein.

(biochemistry, transitive and intransitive) To immunoprecipitate together (with another compound)


decompaction

en-noun

decompaction (countable and uncountable, plural decompactions)

As a result of decompaction, the permeability of low-porosity rocks may increase by several orders of magnitude.

1995, Georgiy P. Zaraisky, Victor N. Balashov, “Thermal Decompaction of Rocks”, in Shmulovich et al., editors, Fluids in the Crust, →ISBN, page 254:

(chiefly in geology, biochemistry) The act or process of making something less compact; often specifically the reversal of previous compaction

décompactage

the act of making something less compact


rephosphorylation

splicing and rephosphorylation

(biochemistry) Phosphorylation of a compound, such as a protein, which has previously been dephosphorylated


deproteinize

en-verb

deproteinize (third-person singular simple present deproteinizes, present participle deproteinizing, simple past and past participle deproteinized)

deproteinizes (present singular third-person)
deproteinizing (participle present)
deproteinized (participle past)
deproteinized (past)

(biochemistry) To remove protein from a substance or mixture


hyperphosphorylation

(biochemistry) The state of being fully phosphorylated, so that all potential phosphorylation sites are occupied


intrasubunit

an intrasubunit bond


intersubunit

an intersubunit disulfide bridge

(biochemistry) Occurring between protein subunits


ferroxidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of iron ions


ferroportin

(biochemistry) A transmembrane protein that transports iron.


hemopexin

(biochemistry) A serum globulin that binds heme and porphyrins


haptoglobin

(biochemistry) A protein in blood plasma that binds free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes and thereby inhibits its oxidative activity.


immunoaffinity

an immunoaffinity column

The human endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) of t-PA was purified to homogeneity and partially sequenced directly from endothhelial ^([sic]) cells by Sanzo (39), using the immunoaffinity of a monoclonal antibody against human t-PA.

1994, Nikos K. Harakas, “Biospecific Affinity Chromatography”, in Roger G. Harrison, editor, Protein Purification Process Engineering, →ISBN, page 61:

(biochemistry, noun adjunct) The specific chemical affinity between an antibody, or antibody domain, and an antigen


neomycin

en-noun

neomycin (countable and uncountable, plural neomycins)

From neo- + -mycin (“antibiotic derived from Streptomyces”).

af

The bowel is prepared preoperatively with neomycin and sulfathalidine. A wide transverse lower abdominal incision is used.

1954 February 15, Oswald S. Lowsley, Thomas H. Johnson, Antonio E. Rueda, “Operation for Urinary Diversion”, in Modern Medicine, volume 22, number 4, Minneapolis, Minn.: Modern Medicine Publications, Inc., page 89:

Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces fradiae#Translingual

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic related to streptomycin that is produced by a streptomyces (Streptomyces fradiae) and used medically especially to treat local infections.


biotinylated

(biochemistry) Modified by reaction with a biotin group


nonphosphorylated

(biochemistry) Not having been phosphorylated


phosphotransfer

a phosphotransfer reaction

(biochemistry) A transfer of phosphate groups between two molecules


pyridoxal

(biochemistry) One of the three natural forms of vitamin B6


proteoliposome

The loading of proteins into a proteoliposome is accomplished by adding the chemicals to the buffer at the time the protein is added.

2005, Larry Barton, Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes, page 76:

(medicine, biochemistry) A liposome into which one or more proteins have been inserted, usually by artificial means


phycoerythrin

/ˌfaɪkəʊ.iˈɹɪθɹɪn/

(biochemistry) A red, light-harvesting protein found in cyanobacteria, red algae and cryptomonads.


permeant

en-adj

permeant (comparative more permeant, superlative most permeant)

more permeant (comparative)
most permeant (superlative)

a permeant ion species

(biochemistry) Able to pass through or into a given semipermeable membrane or polymer.


permeant

The overall movement of permeants through a polymer is called permeation, which is a multistep process.

2004, Kirk et al., editors, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, volume 4, →ISBN, page 376:

(biochemistry) A substance which is able to pass through or into a membrane or polymer.


tubulin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins used as the material for microtubules.

tubuliini

The protein tubulin is composed of dimers of 110000 to 120000 daltons.

1975, E. M. F. De Robertis et al., Cell Biology, →ISBN, page 690:

(biochemistry) Specifically, the dimer of α-tubulin and β-tubulin.


carboxykinase

a pyruvate carboxykinase

(biochemistry) A kinase that also catalyzes decarboxylation


coatomer

From coat + -o- + -mer. Coined in a 1991 paper in Nature by Waters, Serafini & Rothman. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v349/n6306/abs/349248a0.html

(biochemistry) A soluble seven-protein complex which is a precursor of coat protein I (COPI), which plays a key role in Golgi apparatus vesicle formation


cyanurate

melamine cyanurate

(biochemistry) A compound formed with cyanuric acid

sodium cyanurate

(biochemistry) The anion formed by the deprotonation of cyanuric acid


cosediment

en-verb

cosediment (third-person singular simple present cosediments, present participle cosedimenting, simple past and past participle cosedimented)

cosediments (present singular third-person)
cosedimenting (participle present)
cosedimented (participle past)
cosedimented (past)

This protein cosediments with polyribosomes.


condensin

(biochemistry) A large protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome assembly and segregation in eukaryotic cells.


bisphosphatase

an inositol bisphosphatase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that converts a bisphosphate to a monophosphate compound by dephosphorylation


forskolin

(biochemistry) A labdane diterpene produced by the plant Plectranthus barbatus or Coleus barbatus var. barbatus (syn. Coleus forskohlii), commonly used in the study and research of cell physiology.


dexamethasone

en-noun

dexamethasone (countable and uncountable, plural dexamethasones)

From dex- + -a- + -methasone (“prednisone or prednisolone derivative”).

af

Many dexamethasones act as anti-inflammatory agents.

Lee showed her how to feed the baby with the dexamethasone syrup.

2019, Namwali Serpell, The Old Drift, Hogarth, page 245:

Dexamethasone, a widely available and affordable generic steroid, was shown to cut the risk of death by a third for Covid patients on ventilators, and by nearly a fifth for those on oxygen therapy.

2021 March 23, Natalie Grover, Denis Campbell, “Dexamethasone hailed as lifesaver for up to a million Covid patients worldwide”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(pharmacology, biochemistry) A synthetic member of the glucocorticoid-class of steroid hormones, having the chemical formula C₂₂H₂₉FO₅, and used especially as an anti-inflammatory agent.


glycogenolysis

(biochemistry) The production of glucose-1-phosphate by splitting a glucose monomer from glycogen using inorganic phosphate


glycogenesis

en-noun

glycogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural glycogeneses)

Blend of glycogen + genesis, or glyco- + -genesis

(biochemistry) The biosynthesis of a sugar

(biochemistry) The synthesis of glycogen from glucose