SMS

en-noun

SMS (countable and uncountable, plural SMSes)

SMSes (plural)
S.M.S. (alternative)
S. M. S. (alternative)

/ˌɛs ɛm ˈɛs/

stiff man syndrome
stiff man syndrome#English

(neurology) Initialism of stiff man syndrome.


project

en-verb

project (third-person singular simple present projects, present participle projecting, simple past and past participle projected)

projects (present singular third-person)
projecting (participle present)
projected (participle past)
projected (past)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkt/

From Latin prōiectus, perfect passive participle of prōiciō (“throw forth, extend; expel”).

(neuroanatomy) (of a neuron or group of neurons) to have axon(s) extending to and therefore able to influence a remote location


olive

→ Maori: ōriwa

From Middle English olyve, from Old French olive (“olive, olive tree”), from Latin olīva (“olive”), itself either from Etruscan *𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (*eleiva), Pre-Classical Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa) (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀷 (e-ra-wa), Ancient Greek ἐλαία (elaía)), or the same source as those two. In any case, ultimately from a Mediterranean Pre-Greek source, possibly Proto-Berber *wlw (“wild olive”). More questionably, maybe from Proto-Indo-European *loiwom (compare Old Church Slavonic лои (loi, “tallow”), Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”)). Doublet of oliva. Displaced native Old English eleberġe, literally "oil berry."

(neuroanatomy) An olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata.


MS

en-noun

MS (countable and uncountable, plural MSes)

multiple sclerosis
multiple sclerosis#English

(neurology, uncountable) Initialism of multiple sclerosis.


Down syndrome

tlb

(chiefly US, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand)

Named after John Langdon Haydon Down (1828–1896), an English physician who first described the condition as a distinct form of mental disability in the 1860s.

(neurology, medical genetics) A genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 (a chromosomal excess), whereby the patients typically have a delay in cognitive ability and physical growth, as well as a small head and tilted eyelids.

مُتَلَازِمَة دَاوْن

genetic disorder caused by a chromosomal excess

唐氏綜合症 /唐氏综合症

tong⁴ si⁶ zung³ hap⁶ zing³, tong⁴ si⁶ zung¹ hap⁶ zing³


neurotomy

/nʊəˈɹɑtəmi/

(neurology) The division of a nerve, for the relief of neuralgia, or for other purposes.


neurotome

(neurology, neuroscience) An instrument for cutting or dissecting nerves.


nucleus

Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.

coin

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion, cluster of many neuronal bodies where synapsing occurs.

nukleus

neuroanatomy: cluster of many neuronal bodies


pyramid

en-noun

pyramid (countable and uncountable, plural pyramids)

pyramids (plural)
piramis (alternative obsolete)
pyramis (alternative obsolete)

From French pyramide, from Old French piramide, from Latin pȳramis, pȳramidis, from Ancient Greek πῡραμίς (pūramís), possibly from πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”) + ἀμάω (amáō, “reap”) or from Egyptian pr-m-ws (“height of a pyramid”), from pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”). Schenkel and K. Lang proposed hypothetical Coptic *ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲙ (*piram) or *ⲫⲣⲁⲙ (*phram) derived from Egyptian mr via metathesis as a source of πῡραμίς (pūramís) while Schenkel also suggested it being the source of Arabic هرم although the latter is considered far-fetched by Takacs.

der

(neuroanatomy) A medullary pyramid, the medial-most bumps on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata


tau

Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony
Trần Thanh Vân

From Middle English tau, taue, from Latin tau, from Ancient Greek ταῦ (taû) and Hebrew תָּו (tav).
Sense 6 (“mathematical constant equal to 2π”) was used by Joseph M. Lindenberg in 1991, and popularized by the American educator and entrepreneur Michael Hartl in a 2010 paper which explains that τ resembles π; and that τ is the Greek equivalent of t, the first letter of turn, and 2π corresponds to one turn of a circle with a radius of one unit.
Sense 8.1 (“ellipsis of tau lepton or tau particle”) was coined by the American physicist Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) after the first letter of Ancient Greek τρίτον (tríton, “third”), since the tau lepton or tauon was the third charged lepton discovered.

sequence box

Ancient Greek alphabet

<big>Τ τ </big>
Ancient Greek: ταῦ

croix en tau

Saint Anthony’s cross — see also Saint Anthony's cross

Quite what that job is remains obscure, but one theory is that it is to stabilise another protein called tau, which is supposed in turn to keep in shape the tubular ‘skeleton’ of a neuron.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters, London: Harper Perennial, published 2004, →ISBN, page 263:

central nervous system
central nervous system

(neurology) Ellipsis of tau protein (“a protein abundant especially in the neurons of the human central nervous system that stabilizes microtubules, and when misfolded is associated with forms of dementia such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases”).

tau

ellipsis of tau protein — see also tau protein


insula

From Latin insula (“island”). Doublet of isle.

All mammals have insulas that read their body condition, Dr. Craig said.

2007 February 6, Sandra Blakeslee, “A Small Part of the Brain, and Its Profound Effects”, in New York Times:

The insula registers our physical gut feelings, including the sensation of a distended stomach and other inner states like nausea, warmth, a full bladder, and a pounding heart.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 608:

(neuroanatomy) A structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus.

aivosaari

a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus


ERP

en-noun

ERP (countable and uncountable, plural ERPs)

event-related potential
event-related potential#English

(countable, neurology) Initialism of event-related potential.


bovine spongiform encephalopathy

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (uncountable)

The outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) have limited some traditional uses of cattle for food, for example the eating of brains or spinal cords.

(pathology, neurology) A fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cattle, which is transmissible to humans through misshaped prion proteins, caused by eating infected tissues.

牛海綿状脳症

うしかいめんじょうのうしょう

gubčataja encefalopatija krupnovo rogatovo skota

губчатая энцефалопатия крупного рогатого скота


BSE

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.


Alzheimer's disease

Named after Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915), a German neurologist who described the disease in 1906.

(neurology, pathology) A disorder involving loss of mental functions resulting from brain tissue changes; senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Alzheimersiekte

mental disorder from brain tissue changes


AS

Asperger's syndrome
Asperger's syndrome#English

(neurology) Initialism of Asperger's syndrome.


Parkinson's disease

Named after English physician James Parkinson (1755-1824).

(neurology, pathology) A chronic neurological disorder affecting movement, characterized by tremor, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), cogwheel or lead-pipe rigidity, and postural instability.


pons

Borrowed from Latin pōns (“bridge”). Doublet of Pontus.

(neuroanatomy) A band of nerve fibres, from the Latin term pōns Varoliī, within the brain stem.


moment

moment (countable and uncountable, plural moments)

From Middle English moment, from Old French moment, from Latin mōmentum. Doublet of momentum and movement.

(neurology, informal) A petit mal episode; such a spell.


bulb

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós)bor.
Latin bulbusder.
English bulb
Inherited from Middle English bulb, bolbe, from Latin bulbus (“bulb, onion”), from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

der

not the brightest bulb in the chandelier

medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata#English

(dated, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.


reflex arc

(neuroanatomy, neurophysiology) The neural pathway that mediates a reflex.


hippocampus

en-noun

hippocampus (plural hippocampi or hippocampuses)

hippocampi (plural)
hippocampuses (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hippocampus.wav

From Late Latin hippocampus, from Ancient Greek ἱππόκαμπος (hippókampos, from ῐ̔́ππος (hĭ́ppos, “horse”) + κάμπος (kámpos, “sea-monster”)). The anatomy sense is so named from its resemblance to the seahorse.

der

The hippocampus is central to the laying down of memories.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 63:

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) A part of the brain located inside the temporal lobe, consisting mainly of grey matter. It is a component of the limbic system and plays a role in memory and emotion.


dyslexia

en-noun

dyslexia (countable and uncountable, plural dyslexias)

From dys- + lexis + -ia. Via learned borrowing from New Latin dyslexia, produced from Latin dys- + lexis, -ia, a calque of German Dyslexie, coined by German ophthalmologist Rudolf Berlin in 1887, from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-) expressing the idea of difficulty, and λέξις (léxis, “diction”, “word”), the root chosen due to apparent semantic conflation of Greek λέγω (légō, “to speak”) and Latin legō (“to read”). Cf. the root of lexicon, Medieval Latin lexicon, Byzantine Greek λεξικόν (lexikón, “dictionary”, literally “[book of] words”).

cog

(neurology, pathology) A learning disability characterized by reading and writing difficulties.


limbic

From French limbique, from Latin limbus (“edge, border”).

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the limbic system.


tic

Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by multiple tics. A tic is a sudden, rapid, repetitive, non-rhythmic movement (e.g. eye blinking) or vocalization (e.g. throat clearing).

2020, Andrea E. Cavanna, Pharmacological Treatment of Tics, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 9:

(neurology) A sudden, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.


gyration

en-noun

gyration (countable and uncountable, plural gyrations)

/ˌd͡ʒaɪˈɹeɪʃ(ə)n/

From gyre (“to spin around; to gyrate, to whirl; (rare) to make (something) spin or whirl around; to spin, to whirl”) + -ation (suffix indicating actions or processes). Gyre is from Late Middle English giren (“to turn (something) away; to cause (something) to revolve or rotate; to travel in a circle”), from Old French girer (“to turn”), and directly from its etymon Latin gȳrāre, the present active infinitive of gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle or revolve around”) (from gȳrus (“circle; circular motion; circuit, course”), from Ancient Greek γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; to curve”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

ĝirado

act of turning or whirling, especially around a fixed axis or centre — see also rotation

(neurology) The arrangement of convolutions of gyri in the cerebral cortex of the brain.


anomia

en-noun

anomia (countable and uncountable, plural anomias)

(neurology) The inability to remember names.

anòmia

neurology: the inability to remember names

(neurology) The difficulty in finding the right word.

anòmia

neurology: the difficulty in finding the right word


amygdala

amygdala (plural amygdalas or amygdalae)

Named because of its shape. Learned borrowing from Latin amygdala (“almond”), from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē, “almond”). Doublet of almond, amygdale, and mandorla.

dbt

There is experimental evidence showing that cortisol restrains the intensity and duration of the emergency reaction to stress, and catecholamines have been shown to enhance emotional memory in the amygdala (see subsection on "Noradrenaline"). Thus, individuals lacking cortisol would overstore traumatic memories .

2006, Marcus Lira Brandão, Frederico Guilherme Graeff, Neurobiology of Mental Disorders, page 36:

Cognitive scientists distinguish between normal risk-assessment decisions, which activate the reward-prediction regions of the brain, and decisions made amid extreme uncertainty, which generate activity in the amygdala.

2009 February 12, David Brooks, “The Worst-Case Scenario”, in The New York Times:

medial temporal lobe
medial temporal lobe

(neuroanatomy) Each one of the two regions of the brain, located as a pair in the medial temporal lobe, believed to play a key role in processing emotions, such as fear and pleasure, in both animals and humans.


agnosia

en-noun

agnosia (countable and uncountable, plural agnosias)

From Ancient Greek ἀγνωσία (agnōsía, “ignorance”).

der

(neurology) The inability to recognise objects by use of the senses.


prosopagnosia

en-noun

prosopagnosia (countable and uncountable, plural prosopagnosias)

prosopagnosias (plural)
prosopoagnosia (alternative)

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊʒə/

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊzɪə/

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊsɪə/

/ˌpɹɑsoʊpæɡˈnoʊʒə/

Borrowed from German Prosopagnosie (see there for more). By surface analysis, prosop- + agnosia.

A normal person can name someone from facial features alone, even if the features have changed substantially over the years. People with prosopagnosia are not able to make this association, but have few other neurological symptoms other than a loss of some part of the visual field.

1984, Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, page 102:

(neurology, pathology, psychology) A form of visual agnosia characterized by difficulty with face recognition despite intact low-level visual processing.


SN

SN (countable and uncountable, plural SNs)

substantia nigra
substantia nigra#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of substantia nigra.


alexia

alexia (countable and uncountable, plural alexias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-alexia.wav

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + λέξις (léxis, “speech”) + -ia.

af

(medicine, neurology) The inability, due to a cerebral disorder, to comprehend or understand writing.


ventral

From French ventral, from Latin ventrālis, from venter (“belly, abdomen”); by surface analysis, ventr- + -al.

(neuroanatomy) On the lower side of the brain.


grey matter

(neuroanatomy) A collection of cell bodies and (usually) dendritic connections, in contrast to white matter.


ventricle

From late Middle English, from Latin ventriculus (“the belly”), diminutive of venter (“the belly”). Doublet of ventriculus.

Meronyms: fourth ventricle, lateral ventricle, third ventricle

the ventricle of memory

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

(anatomy, zootomy) Any small cavity within a body; a hollow part or organ, especially:

(neuroanatomy) One of four fluid-filled cavities in the brain, that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.


ventral tegmentum

ventral tegmentum (canonical)
ventral tegmental area (canonical)

(neuroanatomy) A part of the midbrain, close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus, that contains dopamine and serotonin.

(neuroanatomy) The part of the mesencephalon that projects to the nucleus accumbens via the mesolimbic pathway and to the cortex via the mesocortical pathway


dysarthria

en-noun

dysarthria (countable and uncountable, plural dysarthrias)

From international scientific vocabulary, from German Dysarthrie, from New Latin, using the combining forms dys- + arthr- + -ia.

acetylcholine receptors
acetylcholine receptor

(neurology, neuropsychology) Difficulty in articulating words due to a disturbance in the form or function of the structures that modulate voice into speech; one of the first indicative symptoms of myasthenia gravis, brought about by an autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptors.

classical compound
dysarthria
international scientific vocabulary

dysphasia

language impairment due to cognitive problems rather than neuromuscular or other structural problems


ganglion

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γᾰγγλῐ́ον (gănglĭ́on, “encysted tumour on a tendon or aponeurosis”).

bor

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

[T]he wonderfully diversified instincts, mental powers, and affections of ants are generally known, yet their cerebral ganglia are not so large as the quarter of a small pin's head.

1871, Charles Darwin, “On the Manner of Development of Man from some Lower Form”, in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. […], volume I, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Part I (On the Descent of Man), page 145:

An encapsulated collection of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.

عُقْدَة عَصَبِيَّة

collection of nerve cell bodies outside the brain

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

Any of certain masses of gray matter in the central nervous system, as the basal ganglia.


entrain

en-verb

entrain (third-person singular simple present entrains, present participle entraining, simple past and past participle entrained)

entrains (present singular third-person)
entraining (participle present)
entrained (participle past)
entrained (past)

From Middle French entrainer (modern French entraîner /entrainer), from en- + trainer (“to pull, drag”).

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-entrain.wav

There are several neurofeedback-related approaches that make use of auditory and/or visual stimulation (AVS) to entrain or disentrain brain electrical activity.

2007, James R. Evans, Handbook of Neurofeedback: Dynamics and Clinical Applications, →ISBN:

Hence, interestingly, a speaker (VR) might disentrain in no-frequency but entrain in the frequency of a particular discourse function; we also have a speaker with the opposite pattern (DF).

2013, Simone Bassis, Anna Esposito, Francesco Carlo Morabito, Recent Advances of Neural Network Models and Applications, →ISBN:

(neurobiology) To become trained or conditioned in (a pattern of brain behavior).


centripetal

From New Latin centripetālis coined by Sir Isaac Newton, from Latin centrum (“center”) + petō (“to seek, aim”) + -al. Analysable as centri- + -petal.

(neuroanatomy, of a nerve impulse) Directed towards the central nervous system; afferent.

կենտրոնաձիգ

directed towards the central nervous system


TS

en-noun

TS (countable and uncountable, plural TSs or TSes)

One mother of a TS boy with encopresis reported It came on suddenly, lasted two weeks and went away just as suddenly, almost like a tic, […]

1992, David E. Comings, Tourette syndrome and human behavior, page 247:

We report (1) […]; (2) TS boys showed thinner cortex relative to TS girls […]

2012, Basal Ganglia Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment, →ISBN, page 237:

Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome#English

(neurology) Initialism of Tourette syndrome.


transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (countable and uncountable, plural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)

(pathology, neurology) Any fatal, incurable degenerative disease of the brain transmitted by prions.

overførbare svampeagtige hjernesygdomme

any fatal, degenerative disease transmitted by prions

трансмисси́вная гу́бчатая энцефалопа́тия


TSE

TSE (countable and uncountable, plural TSEs)

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.


hypothalamus

hypothalamus (plural hypothalami or hypothalamuses)

hypothalami (plural)
hypothalamuses (plural)

To avoid catastrophe, the brain has its trusty control centre, the hypothalamus, which tells the body to cool itself by sweating or to warm itself by shivering.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 217:

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) A region of the forebrain located below the thalamus, forming the basal portion of the diencephalon, and functioning to regulate body temperature, some metabolic processes and governing the autonomic nervous system.

hipotalamusi

a region of the brain, below the thalamus


Asperger's syndrome

/ˈæspɜːɡəz ˈsɪndɹəʊm/

/ˈæspɜːdʒəz ˈsɪndɹəʊm/

Named after Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger (1906–1980).

named-after

developmental disorder
developmental disorder

(dated, uncountable, neurology) An autism-related developmental disorder characterised by sustained impairment in social interaction and nonverbal communication and by repetitive behaviour as well as restricted interests and routines.


encephalopathy

en-noun

encephalopathy (countable and uncountable, plural encephalopathies)

/ɛnˌsɛfəˈlɒpəθi/

(pathology, neurology) Any of various conditions affecting the brain.


CNS

central nervous system
central nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of central nervous system.


TD

TD (countable and uncountable, plural TDs)

tardive dyskinesia
tardive dyskinesia#English

(neurology) Initialism of tardive dyskinesia.


STN

STN (countable and uncountable, plural STNs)

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of subthalamic nucleus.


sympathetic

en-adj

sympathetic (comparative more sympathetic, superlative most sympathetic)

more sympathetic (comparative)
most sympathetic (superlative)
sympathetick (alternative obsolete)
sympathetical (alternative)

Mid 17th century in the sense “relating to an affinity or paranormal influence”, from Latin sympathēticus. By surface analysis, sympathy + -etic (“pertaining to”); compare pathetic. Displaced native Old English efnþrōwiende.

съчувствен

of, related to, showing, or characterized by sympathy

симпатичен

of a person: attracting the liking of others

Sympathetic innervation involves epinephrine.

It was suggested that adrenaline might act at the junction of sympathetic nerves and the effector organs, and that adrenaline might be released at sympathetic nerve endings.

1967, Leslie L. Iversen, The Uptake and Storage of Noradrenaline in Sympathetic Nerves, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 23:

(neuroanatomy, neurology, relational) Relating to or denoting the part of the autonomic nervous system consisting of nerves arising from ganglia near the middle part of the spinal cord, supplying the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands, and balancing the action of the parasympathetic nerves.

交感的

relating to part of the autonomic nervous system


sympathetic

sympathetics (plural)
sympathetick (alternative obsolete)
sympathetical (alternative)


pineal gland

From pineal + gland, from its pine-cone shape.

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A small, pinecone-shaped endocrine gland found near the centre of the brain that produces melatonin.


cerebrum

Inherited from Middle English cerebrum, from Latin cerebrum (“a brain; a skull”); see there for more.

(neuroanatomy) The principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, which is located in the front area of the skull and divided into two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure. In humans it is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for the integration of complex sensory functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity, and the higher mental functions such as consciousness, thought, reason, emotion, and memory.


central nervous system

en-noun

central nervous system (plural central nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) In vertebrates, that part of the nervous system comprising the brain, brain stem and spinal cord.

কেন্দ্রীয় স্নায়ুতন্ত্র

that part of the nervous system comprising the brain, brainstem and spinal cord


IAD

IAD (countable and uncountable, plural IADs)

Internet addiction disorder
Internet addiction disorder#English

(neurology, pathology) Initialism of Internet addiction disorder.


autonomic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-autonomic.wav

(neurology) Acting or occurring involuntarily, without conscious control.

autonòmic

acting or occurring involuntarily, without conscious control

(neuroanatomy, neurology) Pertaining to the autonomic nervous system.

autonomiczny

pertaining to the autonomic nervous system


autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system (plural autonomic nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) In humans and other vertebrates, the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, intestines and glands. These activities include digestion, respiration, perspiration, metabolism, and the modulation of blood pressure.


peripheral nervous system

peripheral nervous system (plural peripheral nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) The part of the nervous system which is not the central nervous system.


neuralgia

neuralgia (countable and uncountable, plural neuralgias)

From New Latin neuralgia, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”) + ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”). By surface analysis, neur- + -algia.

(pathology, neurology) An acute, severe, intermittent pain that radiates along a nerve.


sciatica

sciatica (countable and uncountable, plural sciaticas)

Late Middle English, from Late Latin sciatica, feminine of sciaticus, from Ancient Greek ἰσχιαδικός (iskhiadikós), the adjective of ἰσχίον (iskhíon, “hip”).

He picked up his own phone, shunned limos and preferred to walk if possible (sciatica later caused him to use a wheelchair) – as, for example, on the day after his election when he slipped away on foot to collect his suitcase and settle the bill at the modest pensione where he had been booked in before the conclave began.

2025 April 21, Peter Stanford, “Pope Francis obituary”, in The Guardian:

(pathology, neurology) Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, characterised by pain radiating down through the buttocks and the back of the thigh.


vagus

Borrowing from Latin vagus (“wandering, rambling, strolling”).


vagus nerve

vagus nerves (plural)
vagus (alternative)

Partial translation of New Latin nervus vagus (“wandering nerve”).

der

(neuroanatomy) Either of the tenth pair of cranial nerves which extend from the medulla oblongata down into the abdomen. Branches of these important nerves supply the tongue, larynx, lungs, gut, and heart.


cranial nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the twelve paired nerves that originate from the brainstem or base of the brain instead of the spinal cord.


cerebellum

en-noun

cerebellum (plural cerebellums or cerebella)

Learned borrowing from Latin cerebellum, diminutive of cerebrum.

Although the cerebellum occupies just 10 per cent of the cranial cavity, it has more than half the brain’s neurons.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan, page 61:

(neuroanatomy) Part of the hindbrain in vertebrates. In humans it lies between the brainstem and the back of the cerebrum and is formed of two lateral lobes and a median lobe. It plays an important role in sensory perception, motor output, balance and posture.


sensory

sensory neurons

(neuroanatomy) Conveying nerve impulses from the sense organs to the nerve centers.


thalamus

From Latin thalamus, from Ancient Greek θάλαμος (thálamos, “an inner chamber, a bedroom, a bed”).

der

(neuroanatomy) Either of two large, ovoid structures of grey matter within the forebrain that relay sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.


cerebral cortex

en-noun

cerebral cortex (plural cerebral cortices or cerebral cortexes)

cerebral cortices (plural)
cerebral cortexes (plural)

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 200:

(neuroanatomy) The grey, folded, outermost layer of the cerebrum that is responsible for higher brain processes such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory.


synaesthesia

synaesthesia (countable and uncountable, plural synaesthesiae or synaesthesias)

synaesthesiae (plural)
synaesthesias (plural)
synæsthesia (alternative)
synesthesia (alternative)

/ˌsɪn.ɪsˈθiː.ʒə/

From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with”) + αἴσθησις (aísthēsis, “sensation”), modelled after anaesthesia. It is analysable as syn- + -aesthesia.

M. [Théodore] Flournoy includes all the phenomena of "Colored Hearing" and of "Mental Forms" under the convenient and adequate name Synæsthesia—in place of which, to be sure, he himself usually employs the less defensible term Synopsie. […] The phenomena of synæsthesia are divided into three main groups: "photisms," among which are included, as by [Eugen] Bleuler and Lehmann, all the varieties of pseudo-chromesthesia; "Schemes," comprising not only "forms" (diagrammes) associated with series of words or numbers, but "symbols," or particular figures associated with single letters, numerals, colors and the like; and "personifications," in which the associated factor is no mere color or form, but has become richer and more concrete.

1893 July, Mary Whiton Calkins, “De Phénomènes de Synopsie. Par Th. Flournoy. Paris, Alean, 1893. [book review]”, in G[ranville] Stanley Hall, editor, The American Journal of Psychology, volume V, number 4, Worcester, Mass.: J. H. Orpha, publisher, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 550:

Probably in all of us, though in some men much more distinctly than in others, there exist certain synæsthesiæ or concomitances of sense-impression, which are at any rate not dependent on any recognisable link of association.

1903, Frederic W[illiam] H[enry] Myers, “Sensory Automatism”, in Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death … In Two Volumes, volume I, London, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green, and Co., […], →OCLC, paragraph 603, page 224:

[…] R. H. Gault's case of synesthesia in a deaf and blind girl, who could distinguish colors by the sense of smell, […]

1926 July, Paul Campbell Young, “An Experimental Study of Mental and Physical Functions in the Normal and Hypnotic States: Additional Results”, in Margaret F[loy] Washburn, Karl M. Dallenbach, [Isaac] Madison Bentley, Edward G. Boring, editors, The American Journal of Psychology, volume XXXVII, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, →ISSN, →OCLC, footnote 6, page 346:

Now just as normal perceptions in terms of sense organs different from those stimulated can be interpreted through common past experiences, so it is likely that synæsthesias may be partly explicable in terms of individual experiences.

1945, Julian Blackburn, “Introduction”, in Psychology and the Social Pattern (International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction; 251), London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., →OCLC; republished London: Routledge, 2013, →ISBN:

Into her darkness, a churning synaesthesia, where her pain was the taste of old iron, scent of melon, wings of a moth brushing her cheek.

1984, William Gibson, chapter 18, in Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 221:

For example, I myself have a type of synaesthesia: The sounds of musical instruments will sometimes make me see colors, about a yard in front of me, each color specific and consistent with the particular instrument playing.

2002, Sean A. Day, “What Synaesthesia Is (and Is Not)”, in Paul Mc Kevitt, Seán Ó Nualláin, Conn Mulvihill, editors, Language, Vision and Music: Selected Papers from the 8th International Workshop on the Cognitive Science of Natural Language Processing, Galway, Ireland 1999 (Advances in Consciousness Research; 35), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 171:

Colour is the most commonly induced synaesthetic percept and it can be invoked not only by auditory stimuli, but also by smells, tastes and touch sensations[…]. Other synaesthesiae include musical taste and smell, visual smell, perceptions of shaped or auditory pain, and polymodal synaesthesiae.

2003, Marina Rakova, “Across Sensory Modalities”, in The Extent of the Literal: Metaphor, Polysemy and Theories of Concepts, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN, section 4.2 (Seeing Sounds and Tasting Shapes), page 52:

For me Saturday was a bright red color, just as the other days of the week were chromatically coded. […] This wasn't the true synæsthesia which is such a fascinating mystical hint, a loose thread in the fabric of perception left a-dangle, an unravelling which suggests that we could dissolve all our unreal categories.

2008, Adam Mars-Jones, “Permission to Die”, in Pilcrow: Novel, London: Faber and Faber, →ISBN; 1st paperback edition, London, 2009, →ISBN, page 231:

Synaesthesia can occur particularly powerfully during mescalin and LSD intoxication, and is often given mystical significance.

2009, Graham Richards, Psychology: The Key Concepts (Key Concepts), London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 244:

[S]ynesthetes themselves can provide the indispensable cues to design a structured qualitative questionnaire: color synesthesias and their variations during sexual arousal, direct physical stimulation, and orgasm […] can help scientists differentiate the specific triggers and their characteristics.

2018 April, Helena Melero, “From Pain to Pleasure: A Neuroscientific Approach to Pain-color and Orgasm-color Synesthesias”, in M[ari]a José de Córdoba Serrano, Julia López de la Torre Lucha, Timothy B. Leiden, editors, Actas del ‘VI Congreso Internacional de Sinestesia, Ciencia y Arte + Actividades Paralelas 2018’: Alcalá la Real, Jaén (España), Granada, Spain: Fundació Internacional Artecittà, →ISBN, page 4, column 1:

(neurology, psychology) A neurological or psychological phenomenon whereby a particular sensory stimulus triggers a second kind of sensation.


Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Named after German neurologists Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885–1964) and Alfons Maria Jakob (1884–1931).

named-after

(pathology, neurology) A rare, progressive, fatal disease of the nervous system, characterized by dementia and loss of muscle control. It is a prion disease, apparently transmissible from animals to humans by eating infected tissue, as well as from tissue interchanges among humans (e.g. corneal transplants, blood transfusions).


CJD

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease#English

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.


PFC

en-noun

PFC (countable and uncountable, plural PFCs)

Another recent study found that in a delayed recognition working memory task, after affecting the functional connectivity between the PFC and the parahippocampal place area with a task designed to produce interference, older adults were unable to regain connectivity to preinterference levels, unlike younger adults who could.

2016, Pierre Jolicoeur, Christine Lefebvre, Julio Martinez-Trujillo, Mechanisms of Sensory Working Memory (page 128)

To quote George W. Bush, within the frontal cortex, it's the PFC that is “the decider.”

2017, Robert Sapolsky, chapter 2, in Behave, Penguin, →ISBN:

prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of prefrontal cortex.


electroencephalography

electroencephalography (countable and uncountable, plural electroencephalographies)

electroencephalographies (plural)
electro-encephalography (alternative)

Indeed, while many philosophers of language in the 20th century proposed that we think in sentence-like strings of language, use of brain imaging technology like electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocorticography (ECoG) has since revealed that thinking more probably happens in a complex combination of images and associations.

2019 October 24, Oscar Schwartz, “Mind-reading tech? How private companies could gain access to our brains”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(neurology) The measurement and recording of electrical activity in the brain for diagnostic purposes.

electroencefalograma

measurement of electrical activity in medicine


neuritis

neuritis (countable and uncountable, plural neuritides or neuritises)

Optic neuritis (or retrobulbar neuritis) is the inflammation of the optic nerve that may cause a complete or partial loss of vision.

(neurology, pathology) Inflammation of one or more nerves.


petit mal

Borrowed from French petit mal (literally “little illness”).

bor

Petit mal seizures are also known as absence seizures, which cause a loss of consciousness that is usually brief and barely noticeable. The neurons in a normal brain communicate by firing tiny electric signals.

2010, Carol Turkington, Joseph Harris, The Encyclopedia of the Brain and Brain Disorders, 3rd edition, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN, page 289:

(neurology) A form of epilepsy where the seizures are characterized as minor, the person becomes vacant or unaware, but not involving spasms and unconsciousness. These seizures are usually brief, lasting up to 30 seconds, and may include twitching. A formal medical term would be absence seizures.


midbrain

When the instinctive and subconscious world of the snake is confronted in initiation, the vital force of the snake rises and floods the second brain, the midbrain, the limbic ring.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 226:

(neuroanatomy) A part of the brain located rostral to the pons and caudal to the thalamus and the basal ganglia, composed of the tectum (dorsal portion) and the tegmentum (ventral portion).


peripheral

en-adj

peripheral (comparative more peripheral, superlative most peripheral)

more peripheral (comparative)
most peripheral (superlative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Ancient Greek περί (perí)
Ancient Greek περῐ- (perĭ-)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Hellenic *pʰérō
Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō)
Ancient Greek περιφέρω (periphérō)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *-ēs
Ancient Greek -ης (-ēs)
Ancient Greek περιφερής (peripherḗs)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.
Ancient Greek -ια (-ia)
Ancient Greek περιφέρεια (periphéreia)bor.
Latin peripheriabor.
Middle French peripheriebor.
English periphery
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Latin -ālisbor.
Old French -albor.
Latin -ālis
Old French -elbor.
Latin -ālisbor.
Middle English -al
English -al
English peripheral
From peripher(y) + -al.

etymon

We have isolated the gene encoding the Schwann cell glycoprotein P0, the major structural protein of the peripheral myelin sheath.

1988 March 1, “Isolation and analysis of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein zero”, in Neuron, →DOI, page 73:

peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system

(neuroanatomy) Related to or located in the peripheral nervous system.


apraxia

en-noun

apraxia (usually uncountable, plural apraxias)

From Ancient Greek ἀπραξία (apraxía, “inaction”), from ἀ- (a-, “without”) + πρᾶξις (prâxis, “activity”) + -ία (-ía, abstract noun suffix).

confix

(neurology) Total or partial loss of the ability to perform coordinated movements or manipulate objects in the absence of motor or sensory impairment; specifically, a disorder of motor planning.

hazééʼ nahonitłʼahgo doo hazhóʼó yájíłtiʼda


nucleus accumbens

(neuroanatomy) A dopaminergic nucleus found near the most anterior portion of the caudate nucleus.


globus pallidus

From Latin globus pallidus (“pale body”).

(neuroanatomy) The inner part of the lenticular nucleus of the brain.


GBS

Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome#English

(neurology, pathology) Initialism of Guillain-Barré syndrome.


lateral geniculate nucleus

(neuroanatomy) The nucleus of the thalamus which receives input from the optic tract.


tectum

From Latin tēctum (“roof”), from tegō (“I cover”), cognate with Ancient Greek τέγος (tégos, “roof; any covered room of a house”). Doublet of tect.

(neuroanatomy) The dorsal portion of the midbrain of vertebrates; in mammals, containing the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus


tegmentum

en-noun

tegmentum (plural tegmentums or tegmenta)

(neuroanatomy) The ventral portion of the midbrain, divided from the tectum by the cerebral aqueduct and the periaqueductal grey.

ventral tegmental area
ventral tegmental area

(neuroanatomy) Containing the following nuclei: red nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area.


cerebral aqueduct

cerebral aqueduct (plural cerebral aqueducts)

(neuroanatomy) The channel in the brain which connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. It is surrounded by the periaqueductal gray.


periaqueductal gray

periaqueductal gray (plural not attested)

Shortening of periaqueductal gray matter.

The periaqueductal gray contains circuits that control the sensorimotor components of rage.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 601:

(neuroanatomy) The region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain, playing an important role in analgesia.


antidromic

From anti- + Ancient Greek δρόμος (drómos, “a course, race course, road”) + -ic.

af

(neurology, of a nerve impulse) flowing in the opposite direction from normal

antadromach

of a nerve impulse: flowing in the opposite direction from normal


white matter

central nervous system
central nervous system

(neuroanatomy) A region of the central nervous system containing myelinated nerve fibres and no dendrites.


alpha wave

(neurology) An electrical signal produced by the brain while the subject is relaxed.


electroencephalogram

/əˌlɛktɹoʊ.ənˈsɛfələˌɡɹæm/

/əˌlɛktɹoʊ.ɛnˈsɛfloʊˌɡɹæm/

Davide Valeriani, senior research officer at University of Essex’s BCI-NE Lab, is using an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BCI to tap into the unconscious minds of people as they make decisions.

2018 January 1, Sarah Marsh, “Neurotechnology, Elon Musk and the goal of human enhancement”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(neurology) A recording of electrical brain activity (brain waves) made by an electroencephalograph.

腦電圖 /脑电图

a recording of electrical brain activity made by an electroencephalograph


electroencephalograph

/əˌlɛktɹoʊ.ənˈsɛfələˌɡɹæf/

/əˌlɛktɹoʊ.ɛnˈsɛfloʊˌɡɹæf/

(neurology) An instrument used for recording electrical brain activity.

ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφος

an instrument used for recording of electrical brain activity


beta wave

Doctor Chakwas: Physically, you're fine. But I detected some unusual brain activity, abnormal beta waves.
Doctor Chakwas: I also noticed an increase in your rapid eye movement, signs typically associated with intense dreaming.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Med Bay, SSV Normandy (Prologue: Find the Beacon):

(neurology) An electrical signal produced by the brain while the subject mentally active.


dyspraxia

en-noun

dyspraxia (countable and uncountable, plural dyspraxias)

From Ancient Greek δυσπραξίᾱ (duspraxíā, “ill success, ill luck”), after the pattern of apraxia.

bor

Many people with dyspraxia have difficulty with tying shoelaces.

It is not clearly known what causes dyspraxia. It appears to be a developmental delay specifically in areas affecting motor function, which may involve gross motor, fine motor or articulatory skills. Some dyspraxic children also have other learning difficulties, while some are of average or above-average intelligence.

2010, Maureen Boon, Understanding Dyspraxia: A Guide for Parents and Teachers, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, →ISBN, page 17:

(neurology) A genetic neurological disorder where a person has motor skills severely below average due to their brain's inability to consistently send messages accurately to the body during the planning and execution of motor movements.


MPTP

(neurotoxicology) 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: a byproduct of synthetic heroin, or MPPP, which causes parkinsonian symptoms in users; and a neurotoxin that degrades into MPP+ after crossing the blood-brain barrier, which causes a degradation of the dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra.


(neurotoxicology) A neurotoxin that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier but which, once in contact, can destroy the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.


locus coeruleus

Latin for "blue place", using a Medieval Latin spelling of Classical Latin caeruleus (“blue”). See also Wikipedia for more details.

locus caeruleus (alternative)
locus ceruleus (alternative)

Noradrenaline builds up carbon dioxide in yer blood, which activates your Locus Coeruleus, which essentially keeps you awake...

2023, Andrew MacDonald, “Twistwood Tales”, in Instagram:

(neurology) A small nucleus, located bilaterally in the pons, which contains norepinephrine and has projections to most of the brain.


astrocyte

(neurology) A neuroglial cell, in the shape of a star, in the brain.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

en-noun

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (uncountable)

(neurology, pathology) A chronic, progressive disease characterized by degeneration of the central nervous system and the loss of voluntary muscle control.

筋萎縮性側索硬化症

きんいしゅくせいそくさくこうかしょう


medulla

medulla (plural medullas or medullae or medullæ)

medullas (plural)
medullae (plural)
medullæ (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-medulla.wav

Borrowed from Latin medulla (“pith, marrow”), perhaps from medius (“middle”).

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.


hyperkinetic

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) Of, relating to, or affected with hyperkinesis or hyperactivity.

hyperkineettinen

of, relating to, or affected with hyperkinesis or hyperactivity


neuralgic

(neurology, pathology) Pertaining to or affected by neuralgia.


Huntington's disease

Named after American physician George Huntington.

named-after

(pathology, neurology) A hereditary disorder of the basal ganglia that leads to progressive loss of motor coordination.


temporal lobe

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) One of the four major divisions of the cerebrum of the brain, located behind the temples.


rhombencephalon

en-noun

rhombencephalon (plural rhombencephalons or rhombencephala)

rhombencephalons (plural)
rhombencephala (plural)


syrinx

/sɪˈɹɪnd͡ʒiːz/

Learned borrowing from Latin sȳrinx (“reed; reed pipe, panpipes”), from Ancient Greek σῦριγξ (sûrinx, “panpipes; pipe-shaped object”), from Pre-Greek. Doublet of syringe.
The plural form syringes is a learned borrowing from Latin sȳringes.

der

The division of fluid-filled cavities, or syrinxes, into those lined with ependyma (hydromyelia) and those not so lined (syringomyelia) is probably somewhat artificial.

1989, Margaret M[iriam] Esiri, D. R. Oppenheimer, “The Cut-up”, in Diagnostic Neuropathology: A Practical Manual, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Blackwell Scientific Publications, →ISBN, page 32, column 2:

The myelin around the syrinx shows changes similar to edematous white matter, probably due to tearing of the tissues and transudation of serous fluid into them.

1990, W[alter] J[osef] Huk, “Malformations of the CNS [Central Nervous System]”, in W. J. Huk, G[ünther] Gademann, G[erd] Friedmann [et al.], translated by Terry Telger, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Central Nervous System Diseases: Functional Anatomy—Imaging—Neurological Symptoms—Pathology, Berlin; Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg: Springer, →ISBN, part IV (Special Topics), page 164, column 1:

A syrinx (Latin, "tube") is a neuroglial cell-lined, fluid-filled cavity ("syringomyelia" in the spinal cord; "syringobulbia" in the brain stem) possibly due to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid, genetic malformations, or the proliferation and subsequent regression of embryonic cell nests. A syrinx within the central canal interrupts the decussating spinothalamic tract fibers resulting in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations around the level of the lesion.

2024, N. Nevin, M. M. Danzi, E. Ulanowski, M. R. Wiegand, “Orthopaedic Neurology”, in Jeffrey D. Placzek, David A. Boyce, editors, Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Secrets, 4th edition, St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Health Sciences, →ISBN, page 161:

(neurology, pathology) Any of several abnormal tube-shaped structures in the body, especially a rare, fluid-filled neuroglial cavity in the brain stem or within the spinal cord.

фистула

any of several abnormal tube-shaped structures in the body


Parkinson's

Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease#English

(informal, neurology, pathology) Ellipsis of Parkinson's disease.


cuneus

Borrowed from Latin cuneus. Doublet of coign and coin.

(neuroanatomy) A portion of the occipital lobe of the human brain, involved in visual processing.


antinociception

en-noun

antinociception (countable and uncountable, plural antinociceptions)

(neurology) Reduced sensitivity to pain.


commissure

/ˈkɑm.əˌʃʊɹ/

From Latin commissura (“a joining or connecting together”), from commissus (passive perfect participle of committo (“I join, I connect”)) + -ura.

af

passive perfect participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">committo</i> (“I join, I connect”)

(neuroanatomy) A band of nerve tissue connecting the hemispheres of the brain, the two sides of the spinal cord, etc.


medulla oblongata

/məˈdʌlə ˌɒblɒŋˈɡɑːtə/

[məˈdʌlə ˌɔb.lɔŋˈɡɑːtə]

/məˈdulə ˌɑblɑŋˈɡɑtə/

[məˈdʉɫə ˌɑb.ɫɑŋˈɡɑɾə]

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The lower portion of the brainstem.


cerebral palsy

en-noun

cerebral palsy (countable and uncountable, plural cerebral palsies)

(neurology, pathology) A group of non-progressive, non-contagious conditions, caused by brain damage before birth or during infancy, characterized by impairment of muscular coordination.


neurosurgery

neurosurgery (countable and uncountable, plural neurosurgeries)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-neurosurgery.wav

(neurology, surgery, uncountable) The surgical discipline focused on treating those central and peripheral nervous system diseases.

neurocirurgia

surgical discipline focused on treating the nervous systems

(neurology, surgery, countable) Any surgical procedure performed on the nervous system, especially the brain.


receptive

en-adj

receptive (comparative more receptive, superlative most receptive)

more receptive (comparative)
most receptive (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-receptive.wav

From Late Middle English receptive, receptyue (“capable of receiving something; acting as a receptacle”), borrowed from Medieval Latin receptivus (“capable of receiving something”), from Latin receptus (“retaken, having been retaken; received, having been received”) + -īvus (suffix added to the perfect passive participial stems of verbs, forming a deverbal adjective meaning ‘doing; related to doing’). Receptus is the perfect passive participle of recipiō (“to regain possession, take back; to recapture; to receive; to accept, undertake”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards; again’) + capiō (“to capture, catch, take; to take hold, take possession; to take on; to contain, hold; to occupy; to possess; to receive, take in; to comprehend, understand; to captivate, charm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-, *keh₂p- (“to hold; to seize”)).

der

(neurology, psychology) Of, affecting, or pertaining to the understanding of language rather than its expression.


myelin

en-noun

myelin (countable and uncountable, plural myelins)

From myelo- + -in.
From Ancient Greek μυελός (muelós, “marrow”).

As the result of prolonged action of water upon myelin, bird's-nests-cells are also said to be produced, and we are certain we have seen, as the result of such prolonged action of water, the appearances thus compared.

1868 January, Edmund Montgomery, “On the Formation of so-called Cells in Animal Bodies”, in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, page 203:

This gene controls the production of an insulating sleeve that wraps around neurons. Known as myelin, it is crucial for long-range communication in the brain.

2018 December 13, Carl Zimmer, “Narrower Skulls, Oblong Brains: How Neanderthal DNA Still Shapes Us”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(neuroanatomy) A white, fatty material, composed of lipids and lipoproteins, that surrounds the axons of nerves.


tetrodotoxin

tetrodotoxin (countable and uncountable, plural tetrodotoxins)

From German Tetrodotoxin, corresponding to Tetrodon (tetr- + -odon) + toxin.

Both creatures belong to a large pan-tropical order of fish, many of which have tetrodotoxin in their skin, liver, ovaries, and intestines.

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 118:

The blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata has tetrodotoxin, the deadly toxin it also releases in a bite, in their ink but the concentrations and effect in inking are not known.

2017 August 9, Mark Carnall, The Guardian:

(neurotoxicology) A neurotoxin, originally discovered in Tetraodontiformes, and found in pufferfish, blue-ringed octopus, etc.


Sydenham's chorea

Named after English physician Thomas Sydenham.

named-after

(neurology) A disease characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements affecting primarily the face, feet and hands.


motor neuron disease

(neurology, pathology) Any of several neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons.


parasympathetic nervous system

en-noun

parasympathetic nervous system (plural parasympathetic nervous systems)

parasympathetic nervous systems (plural)

(neuroanatomy) One of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system, based between the brain and the spinal cord, that slows the heart and relaxes muscles.

副交感神経系

ふくこうかんしんけいけい


fornix

Borrowing from Latin fornix (“an arch, vault”).

(anatomy) An archlike or vaulted structure or fold:

(neuroanatomy) A triangular area of white matter in the mammalian brain beneath the corpus callosum and between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.


cingulate gyrus

cingulate gyrus (plural cingulate gyri or cingulate gyruses)

cingulate gyri (plural)
cingulate gyruses (plural)

(neuroanatomy) A section of the cerebral cortex, belonging to the fornicate gyrus, which arches over the corpus callosum.


corpus callosum

corpus callosum (plural corpora callosa)

(neuroanatomy) In placental mammals, a broad band of nerve fibres that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.


uncus

parahippocampal gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus

(anatomy, by extension) Any body part which is long, thin, and curved.

(neuroanatomy) Specifically, the hooked end of the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe.


central sulcus

(neuroanatomy) A fissure in the cerebral cortex of primates; it separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe


asomatognosia

asomatognosia (countable and uncountable, plural asomatognosias)

(neurology) A deficiency in the awareness of parts on one's own body.

assomatognosia

a deficiency in the awareness of parts on one's own body


sympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system (plural sympathetic nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) The part of the autonomic nervous system that raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and dilates the pupils when under stress.


ventral tegmental area

ventral tegmental area (plural ventral tegmental areas)


striatum

Those nonaddicts who picked a winning card had increased blood flow to the striatum, but the gambling addicts who picked the right card had much less of it (their reward system was less active).

2006 June 25, Benoit Denizet-Lewis, “An Anti-Addiction Pill?”, in The New York Times Magazine:

(neuroanatomy) The caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus considered as a single structure.


neocortex

neocortex (plural neocortices or neocortexes)

neocortices (plural)
neocortexes (plural)

(neuroanatomy) The top layer of the cerebral hemispheres in the brain of mammals; part of the cerebral cortex.


limbic system

orbitofrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex

(neuroanatomy) Part of the human brain involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional association with memory; includes amygdala, cingulate gyrus, fornicate gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, mammillary body, nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus.


cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid (countable and uncountable, plural cerebrospinal fluids)

interthalamic adhesion
interthalamic adhesion

(neuroanatomy) A bodily fluid filling the third ventricle and surrounding the interthalamic adhesion.


Tourette syndrome

Named after French physician Georges Gilles de la Tourette.

1999, Breslin M.A., editor. Enforcing the Civil Rights of Air Travelers With Disabilities: Recommendations for the Department of Transportation and Congress. National Council on Disability, Washington, DC, p. 8,
Tourette syndrome is a condition characterized by involuntary vocalizations exacerbated by stress.

(neurology) A neurological disorder characterized by the presence of physical and vocal tics.


neurodegenerative

en-adj

neurodegenerative (comparative more neurodegenerative, superlative most neurodegenerative)

more neurodegenerative (comparative)
most neurodegenerative (superlative)

A very rare polymorphism in the prion protein gene recently has been identified that appears to protect against prion disease; this finding, in addition to providing greater understanding of the prionlike mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, might lead to potential treatments.

2015 December 21, Michael D. Geschwind, “Prion Diseases”, in Continuum (Minneap Minn), →DOI:

It doesn’t help that symptoms of Alzheimer’s develop gradually and slowly and a diagnosis might only be made years after the brain has started to undergo neurodegenerative changes.

2018 January 18, Jürgen Götz, “Why it’s so hard to treat dementia”, in CNN:

(neurology, pathology) Of, pertaining to, or resulting in the progressive loss of nerve cells and of neurologic function.

neurodegeneratiu

pertaining to the progressive loss of nerve cells


Broca's area

Broca discovered the brainʼs speech centre in the frontal lobe — the first time that anyone had connected an area of the brain to a specific action. The speech centre is still called Brocaʼs area.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 89:

(neuroanatomy) An area of the frontal lobe of the brain associated with the control of speech.


batrachotoxin

en-noun

batrachotoxin (countable and uncountable, plural batrachotoxins)

From Ancient Greek βάτραχος (bátrakhos, “frog”) + toxin.

compound

(neurotoxicology, uncountable) An extremely neurotoxic and cardiotoxic steroidal alkaloid found in poison dart frogs.


ad modum Donders

Vision was normal ad modum Donders.

(neurology) Of vision, by the Donders standards.


depressor

en-noun

depressor (plural depressors or (muscle) depressores)

depressors (plural)
depressores (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-depressor.wav

(neuroanatomy, physiology) A nerve or nerve fiber that decreases the activity or the tone of the organ or the part it innervates, such as lowering the blood pressure.


cannabinoid receptor

cannabinoid receptor (plural cannabinoid receptors)

(neurology) Any of several receptors, found in the central nervous system and elsewhere, that bind to cannabinoids


habenula

Borrowed from Latin habenula, diminutive of habena.

(neuroanatomy) A circumscript mass of cells in the caudal and dorsal aspect of the dorsal thalamus.


brain stem

brain stems (plural)
brainstem (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-brain stem.wav

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and the rest of the forebrain.

جِذْع الدِمَاغ

part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and cerebrum


myelin sheath

(neuroanatomy) An envelope of myelin that surrounds nerve fibres.


parasympathetic

From para- (“beside, adjacent to”) + sympathetic, because some of these nerves run alongside sympathetic nerves.

prefix

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

(neuroanatomy, neurology, relational) Of or relating to the part of the autonomic nervous system that inhibits or opposes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. It consists of nerves arising from the brain and the lower end of the spinal cord and supplying the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands.

parasimpàtic

relating to part of the autonomic nervous system


parasympathetic

parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system#English

(neurology) Ellipsis of parasympathetic nervous system.


arachnoid

Mid 18th century borrowing from New Latin arachnoīdēs, from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρᾰχνοειδής (ărăkhnoeidḗs, “like a cobweb”), from ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (ărắkhnē, “spider web”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-oid, -like”). By surface analysis, arachn- + -oid.

der

ᾰ̓ρᾰχνοειδής

af

/əˈɹæk.nɔɪd/

(neuroanatomy) Ellipsis of arachnoid mater.


subarachnoid space

en-noun

subarachnoid space (plural subarachnoid spaces)

(neuroanatomy) The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, through which the cerebrospinal fluid circulates and major blood vessels pass, and across which extend delicate trabeculae of connective tissue.


optic nerve

(neuroanatomy) Each of the second pair of cranial nerves that carry visual information from the retina to the brain.


diencephalon

diencephalon (plural diencephalons or diencephala)

diencephalons (plural)
diencephala (plural)

From New Latin diencephalon, from di-, prevocalic form of dia- + encephalon.

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The region of the human brain, specifically the human forebrain, that includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus, the prethalamus or subthalamus, and the pretectum.


forebrain

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the brain, including the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.


neurotransmission

/ˌnʊɹoʊtɹænzˈmɪʃən/

/ˌnɝoʊtɹænzˈmɪʃən/

/ˌnjʊəɹəʊtɹænzˈmɪʃən/

/ˌnjɔːɹəʊtɹænzˈmɪʃən/

(neurology) The transfer of impulses between neurons.


colocalize

en-verb

colocalize (third-person singular simple present colocalizes, present participle colocalizing, simple past and past participle colocalized)

colocalizes (present singular third-person)
colocalizing (participle present)
colocalized (participle past)
colocalized (past)
co-localize (alternative)

(neurobiology) To occur together in the same neuron.


glutamatergic

en-adj

glutamatergic (comparative more glutamatergic, superlative most glutamatergic)

more glutamatergic (comparative)
most glutamatergic (superlative)

Unlike ketamine, esketamine, and nitrous oxide, scopolamine directly affects the cholinergic pathway but does not directly modulate the glutamatergic pathway.

2019, Madhukar H. Trivedi, editor, Depression, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 228:

(biochemistry, neurology) Of or pertaining to the neurotransmission of glutamate.


HSE

herpes simplex encephalitis
w:Herpesviral encephalitis

(virology, neurology) Initialism of herpes simplex encephalitis.


pioneer axon

(neurology) An axon that lays down the initial growing path for the other axons of the same neuron to follow.


desynchronization

desynchronizations (plural)
desynchronisation (alternative)

From desynchronize + -ation or de- + synchronization.

FIG 2.4. Analysis of event-related desynchronizations (ERDs) in the author's brain during a 4 s period following the induction of emotional states using the Clynes' technique.

1996, Jaak Pansepp, “Affective Neuroscience”, in Emotion:Interdisciplinary Perspectives, →ISBN, page 53:

(American spelling, Oxford British English, neurology) A loss of synchronization of brain waves.


encephalon

en-noun

encephalon (plural encephalons or encephala)

[ɪnˈsɛfəɫn̩]

[ɪnˈsɛfəɫɑn]

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos, “within the head”), from ἐν (en, “in”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”).

lbor

Meronyms: prosencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon; mesencephalon; rhombencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

(neuroanatomy, especially embryologic neuroanatomy) The area of central nervous system that includes all higher nervous centers, enclosed within the skull and continuous with the spinal cord; synonym of brain.


parkinsonian

Parkinson's syndrome
Parkinson's syndrome

(neurology, pathology) Relating to, or appearing to be caused by, Parkinson's syndrome.


parkinsonian

parkinsonians (plural)
Parkinsonian (alternative)

(neurology, pathology) One who has Parkinson's syndrome.


anomic

en-adj

anomic (comparative more anomic, superlative most anomic)

more anomic (comparative)
most anomic (superlative)

When these patients are asked to say aloud the name of an object in a drawing (like a broom), it is common for them to fall into an anomic state in which they cannot recover the name of the object, although they know perfectly well what object is represented in the drawing.

2019, Albert Costa, translated by John W. Schwieter, The Bilingual Brain, Penguin, published 2021, page 35:

(neurology) Characterized by or pertaining to anomia (the inability to remember names).


trigeminocerebellar

(neuroanatomy) Of, pertaining to or connecting the trigeminal nerve and the cerebral cortex


hindbrain

(neuroanatomy) The posterior part of the brain, comprising the cerebellum, pons and medulla, the rhombencephalon


neurite

(neuroanatomy) Any projection from the body of a neuron; either a dendrite or an axon

neuriet

any projection from the body of a neuron


hypermetamorphosis

en-noun

hypermetamorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural hypermetamorphoses)

The features of Kluver-Bucy syndrome include visual agnosia, hypermetamorphosis (distortion of objects), hypersexuality, language disorder and aphasia, hyperorality, placidity, flat affect, and memory dysfunction.

1995, J Millichap, “Kluver-Bucy Syndrome Following Heat Stroke”, in Pediatric Neurolog Briefs:

(neurology) A neurobehavioral disorder that involves patients grabbing objects in view and starting the appropriate behavior associated with it at an inappropriate time.


apperceptive agnosia

(neurology) A condition in which the eye forms a good image, but the mind cannot recognize distinct shapes etc.

agnosia aperceptiva

a condition in which the mind cannot recognize distinct shapes and objects


ANS

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of autonomic nervous system.


telencephalon

telencephalon (plural telencephalons or telencephala)

telencephalons (plural)
telencephala (plural)

From tele-, prevocalic form of teleo- + encephalon.

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the forebrain; the endbrain.


sciatic nerve

His right hand detoured to cover his left shoulder and I kicked him in his mid right thigh, finding, it appeared, his sciatic nerve.

2022, Percival Everett, Dr. No, Influx Press (2023), page 142:

(neuroanatomy) A large nerve that starts in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb.


locked-in syndrome

The locked-in syndrome is a medical condition in which, though both level and content of consciousness may be fairly normal, the patient is so severely paralyzed it may appear on superficial examination that he or she has diminished consciousness.

1988, Ronald E. Cranford, “The Persistent Vegetative State: The Medical Reality (Getting the Facts Straight)”, in The Hastings Center Report, volume 18, number 1, page 30:

(medicine, neurology) A rare, severe physical disorder in which a person cannot speak and is paralyzed—with the possible exception of some voluntary eye movement—while their mental faculties remain fully intact.


pseudocoma

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudocoma.wav

(medicine, neurology) The neurological disorder more commonly referred to as locked-in syndrome.


facial nerve

(neuroanatomy) The seventh (VII) of twelve paired cranial nerves that supply motor fibers especially to the muscles of the face and jaw and sensory and parasympathetic fibers to the tongue, palate, and fauces.


vegetative nervous system

vegetative nervous system (plural vegetative nervous systems)

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) The autonomic nervous system.


prosencephalon

prosencephalon (plural prosencephalons or prosencephala)

prosencephalons (plural)
prosencephala (plural)

From proso- + encephalon. proso- is from Ancient Greek πρόσω (prósō).

Holonym: encephalon


cerebral hemisphere

cerebral hemisphere (plural cerebral hemispheres)

(neuroanatomy) One of the two regions of the brain that are delineated by the body's median plane.


trigeminal

From Latin trigeminus (“threefold, triple, triform”) + -al, equivalent to tri- + geminal.

af

trigeminal nerve
trigeminal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Ellipsis of trigeminal nerve.


trigeminal nerve

en-noun

trigeminal nerve (plural trigeminal nerves)

Meronyms: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve

(neuroanatomy) Each of the fifth and largest pair of cranial nerves responsible for sensation and motor function in the face and mouth.


fifth cranial nerve

fifth cranial nerve (plural fifth cranial nerves)


foreign accent syndrome

foreign accent syndrome (countable and uncountable, plural foreign accent syndromes)

A Baltimore man suddenly began speaking with a Scandinavian accent after suffering a stroke. . . . The man had "foreign accent syndrome," a rare condition in which a brain malfunction produces speech alterations that sound like a foreign accent.

1991, Gerard L. Ervin, “MLJ News & Notes of the Profession”, in The Modern Language Journal, volume 75, number 2, page 225:

(medicine, psychology, neurology) An extremely rare disorder, which may be temporary or permanent, in which a person who has suffered a stroke or other brain trauma recovers but subsequently speaks with a seemingly foreign accent.


motor neuron

motor neurons (plural)
motor neurone (alternative)

(neuroanatomy) A neuron located in the central nervous system that projects its axon outside the CNS and directly or indirectly control muscles.


claustrum

Unadapted borrowing from Latin claustrum (“a bolt, bar”). Doublet of cloister.

ubor

For quotations using this term, see Citations:claustrum.

(neuroanatomy) A thin, irregular sheet of grey matter underneath the inner part of the neocortex on both sides of the brains of mammals; its exact function is not understood, but it is believed to facilitate coordination between senses


metencephalon

en-noun

metencephalon (plural metencephalons or metencephala)

metencephalons (plural)
metencephala (plural)

(neuroanatomy) The portion of the embryonic rhombencephalon from which the pons and cerebellum arise.


epithalamus

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon; it includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body.


Guillain-Barré syndrome

/ɡiːˈæn bəˈɹeɪ ˈsɪndɹoʊm/

From Georges Guillain and Jean Alexandre Barré, who described the condition in 1916.

(neurology, pathology) Rapid-onset muscle weakness, often severe and sometimes fatal, resulting from impaired peripheral nervous system function, associated with various viral and other infections.

مُتْلازِمَة غِيلان بَارِيه

rapid-onset muscle weakness resulting from impaired peripheral nervous system function

ギラン・バレー症候群

ギラン・バレーしょうこうぐん


thermosensation

(neurology) The sensory perception of thermal stimuli


chemosensation

chemosensation (countable and uncountable, plural chemosensations)

(neurology) The sensing of chemical stimuli


osmosensation

(nematology, neurology) The sensory perception of osmotic pressure


osmosensitivity

osmosensitivity (usually uncountable, plural osmosensitivities)

The mutant strain exhibited reduced osmosensitivity.

(nematology, neurology) An organism's degree of sensitivity to osmotic gradients


perisynaptic

the perisynaptic glial sheath


bradyphrenia

bradyphrenia (countable and uncountable, plural bradyphrenias)

(neurology) The slowness of thought common to many disorders of the brain. Disorders characterized by bradyphrenia include Parkinson's disease, punch drunk syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, forms of schizophrenia, and drug-induced states.


synaptically

In this slide you see a pair of synaptically connected neurons.

(medicine, neurology) At or by means of a synapse


cingulum

/ˈsɪŋɡjələm/

Borrowed from Latin cingulum (“girdle”), from cingō (“to gird”).

(neuroanatomy) A collection of white matter fibers projecting from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the brain, allowing for communication between components of the limbic system.


interburst

(neurology, physiology) Occurring between neural bursts, such as in an epileptic seizure


neurosphere

(embryology, neurology) A free-floating structure generated in vitro by neural stem cells


interneuronal

an interneuronal connection

interneuronal development

(neurology) Of or pertaining to interneurons


pontine

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the pons in the brain stem.


nodulus

Borrowed from Latin nōdulus. Doublet of nodule.

(neuroanatomy) The part of the vestibulocerebellum that is at the end of the vermis


anterior cingulate cortex

anterior cingulate cortex (plural anterior cingulate cortices)

(neuroanatomy) The frontal part of the cingulate cortex

προζωστρίς

the frontal part of the cingulate cortex


cingulate cortex

cingulate cortex (plural cingulate cortexes)

(neuroanatomy) The medial part of the cortex, between the corpus callosum to the cingulate sulcus


neuroimaging

/ˌnjʊəɹəʊˈɪmɪdʒɪŋ/

Adrian Raine [...] recently carried out a neuroimaging experiment that supports the idea that violence arises from an imbalance between impulses from the limbic system and self-control from the frontal lobes.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 722:

(neurology) The generation of images showing activity in the nervous system, usually and especially brain activity.


monosynaptic

(neuroanatomy) Having, or involving a single synapse


putamen

For calculation of D2 BP, bilateral caudate and putamen ROIs were defined anatomically.

2009 February 6, Fiona McNab et al., “Changes in Cortical Dopamine D1 Receptor Binding Associated with Cognitive Training”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 800–802:

[M]ultilingual speakers have a greater density of grey matter in the area involved in articulation and phonological processes, namely the left putamen.

2019, Albert Costa, translated by John W. Schwieter, The Bilingual Brain, Penguin, published 2021, page 92:

(neuroanatomy) A round structure located at the base of the forebrain, regulating movement and learning.


glossopharyngeal

glossopharyngeal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve#English

(neuroanatomy) Ellipsis of glossopharyngeal nerve.


mesolimbic

“The mesocortical, mesolimbic, and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways are what the call the reward pathways, all right? They’re the ones that activate when we’re expecting or receiving a reward.”

2020, Yaa Gyasi, Transcendent Kingdom, Viking (2021), page 154:

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the middle part of the limbic system.

mesolímbico

relating to the middle part of the limbic system


corpus striatum

corpus striatum (plural corpora striata)

(neuroanatomy) The striated mass of white and grey matter in front of the thalamus on each side of the brain


supranuclear palsy

supranuclear palsy (countable and uncountable, plural supranuclear palsies)

(pathology, neurology) A rare degenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of selected areas of the brain.


splenium

Borrowed from Latin splēnium (“plaster, patch”), from Ancient Greek σπληνῐ́ον (splēnĭ́on, “pad or compress of linen”).

der

(anatomy, neurology) The thick posterior part of the corpus callosum of the brain.


pretectum

(neuroanatomy) A region of neurons between the thalamus and the midbrain.


en-noun

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (uncountable)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.wav

Having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is associated with a shorter life expectancy and a greater risk of mental health issues, according to a new study of more than 30,000 people with the disorder in the United Kingdom.

2025 January 23, Kristen Rogers, “People with ADHD have shorter life expectancy and higher risk of mental health issues, study finds”, in CNN:

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) A developmental disorder in which a person has difficulty to concentrate and a persistent pattern of impulsiveness and inattention, with or without a component of hyperactivity.

diqqət çatışmazlığı və hiperaktivlik pozuntusu

trastorn per dèficit d'atenció amb hiperactivitat

aktiivisuuden ja tarkkaavaisuuden häiriö

trouble du déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité

διαταραχή ελλειμματικής προσοχής/υπερκινητικότητας

gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas

注意欠陥・多動性障害

ちゅういけっかん・たどうせいしょうがい, chūikekkan・tadōseishōgai

áłchíní chʼééh nidaah da łeh, bichʼįʼ yátiʼ ndi háadishį́į́ nitsékees doo

treble per deficit d'atencion amb iperactivitat

zespół nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi

zespół nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z brakiem koncentracji uwagi

sindróm deficíta vnimánija i giperaktívnosti

синдро́м дефици́та внима́ния и гиперакти́вности

trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad

dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu

rózlad deficýtu uváhy ta hiperaktývnosti

ро́злад дефіци́ту ува́ги та гіперакти́вності

anhwylder diffyg canolbwyntio a gorfywiogrwydd


alveus

Borrowed from Latin alveus (“hollow trough-shaped vessel, trough, bath tub, hull, hold, ship, boat, channel or bed (of a river or trench), beehive”). First attested in the late 17th century in an earlier sense.

bor

(neuroanatomy) A thin layer of medullary nerve fibers on the ventricular surface of the hippocampus.


Ohtahara syndrome

en-noun

Ohtahara syndrome (usually uncountable, plural Ohtahara syndromes)

Named for the Japanese neurologist Shunsuke Ohtahara (1930–2013), who identified it in 1976.

(neurology, pathology) A progressive condition with a combination of severe epilepsy and cerebral palsy. It is characterised by severe physical and mental retardation and partial seizures.


subpallium

The pallium (and especially the archipallium) are more sensitive to the absence of olfactory morphogenetic influences than the subpallium.

1976, P. Clairambault, “33: Development of the Prosencephalon”, in R. Llinás, W. Precht, editors, Frog Neurobiology, Springer, page 941:

2017, C. Watson, A. Mitchelle, L. Puelles, 2.02: A New Mammalian Brain Ontology Based on Developmental Gene Expression, Georg F. Striedter (volume editor), Jon H. Kaas (editor-in-chief), Evolution of Nervous Systems, Volume 1, 2nd Edition, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 60,
The pallium is initially separated from the subpallium on account of its differential molecular identity, which causes pallial neurons to the glutamatergic as a rule, whereas subpallial neurons are GABAergic in various peptidergic flavors, depending on the precise origins (Stühmer et al.,2002).

Channeling of TCAs^([thalamocortical axons]) into the subpallium also relies on early axonal projections between the prethalamus and the subpallium (Feng et al., 2016).

2020, Franck Bielle, Sonia Garel, “20: Neuronal migration of guidepost cells”, in Bin Chen, Kenneth Y. Kwan, editors, Cellular Migration and Formation of Axons and Dendrites, 2nd edition, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 445:

(anatomy, neuroanatomy, biology, neurobiology) A layer of the cerebrum below the pallium.


oculomotor nerve

oculomotor nerve (plural oculomotor nerves)

(neuroanatomy) The third of twelve paired cranial nerves, which controls most of the eye's movements and constriction of the pupil and maintains an open eyelid.

動眼神經 /动眼神经

the third of twelve paired cranial nerves


reflex response

reflex response (plural reflex responses)

(neurophysiology) The outcome carried out by the motor effector as a result of the reflex arc.


Lyme neuroborreliosis

(neurology) A disorder of the central nervous system caused by infection with a spirochete of the genus Borrelia.


parkinsonism

parkinsonism (countable and uncountable, plural parkinsonisms)

parkinsonisms (plural)
Parkinsonism (alternative)

In 1982, a number of young California drug addicts developed acute and severe parkinsonism after intravenous injection of a synthetic heroin contaminated by MPTP.

2004, Walter George Bradley, Neurology in Clinical Practice: The neurological disorders, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, page 2144:

However, it is important for the clinician to consider alternative diagnoses, particularly treatable, potentially reversible syndromes such as drug-induced parkinsonism, hydrocephalus and other structural abnormalities, Wilson's disease, and some forms of toxic, metabolic, and infectious parkinsonism.

2011, Carlo Colosimo, David E. Riley, Gregor K. Wenning, Handbook of Atypical Parkinsonism, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 112:

Can risperidone cause parkinsonism? What evidence suggests that J.R. has antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism?

2012, Brian K. Alldredge, Robin L. Corelli, Michael E. Ernst, Koda-Kimble and Young's Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 1939:

(neurology, pathology) A neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability; a condition with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, regardless of its cause.


UBC

unipolar brush cell
w:unipolar brush cell

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of unipolar brush cell.


antiparkinsonian

(neurology, pharmacology) Any drug used to treat Parkinson's disease

antiparkinsoniano

any drug used to treat Parkinson's disease


mastocytosis

mastocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural mastocytoses)

(neurology, pathology) A disorder caused by an overabundance of mastocytes in the body.


myeloneuropathy

myeloneuropathy (countable and uncountable, plural myeloneuropathies)

/ˈmaɪələʊnjʊˌɹɒpəθi/

Diagnosis […] Myeloneuropathy, chronic, traumatic, probably due to injury of L-4, clinically complete motor wise below L-3 and sensory wise below L-3.

1966, Bulletin of Prosthetics Research, Washington, D.C.: Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration, →OCLC, page 157:

A myeloneuropathy is caused by inactivation of vitamin B₁₂ by nitrous oxide. Patients with borderline vitamin B₁₂ deficiency who undergo anesthesia using nitrous oxide can also have a myeloneuropathy develop but more often megaloblastic anemia develops, whereas the chronic exposure of recreational users is more likely to cause myeloneuropathy without anemia.

2003, Friedrich von Rosen with John C. M. Brust, “Acute Intoxications”, in Thomas Brandt, Louis R. Caplan, Johannes Dichgans, H. Christoph Diener, Christopher Kennard, editors, Neurological Disorders: Course and Treatment, 2nd edition, Amsterdam: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 802:

Copper deficiency has been associated with a clinical syndrome, myeloneuropathy. Radiographic changes resembling B₁₂ deficiency in the cervical spinal cord have been described. We present a case of copper deficiency myeloneuropathy, with cervical MR imaging findings resembling B₁₂ deficiency, which partially reversed following copper supplementation.

2006 November, B. P. Goodman with B. W. Chong, A. C. Patel, G. P. Fletcher, and B. E. Smith, “Copper Deficiency Myeloneuropathy Resembling B₁₂ Deficiency: Partial Resolution of MR Imaging Findings with Copper Supplementation”, in American Journal of Neuroradiology, volume 27, abstract, page 2112:

The term tropical myeloneuropathies refers to several syndromes encountered in equatorial countries around the world. The syndromes are manifestations of lesions in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, separately or together. These disorders have been long-standing public health problems. Some have been traced to specific causes, including infection with HTLV-I, or the chronic ingestion of cassava beans or lathyrogenic agents. Other exogenous toxins may play a role. In the past and perhaps still today, similar syndromes have been ascribed to nutritional deprivation.

2010, Lewis P. Rowland with Paul H. Gordon, “Hereditary and Acquired Spastic Paraplegia”, in Lewis P. Rowland, Timothy A. Pedley, editors, Merritt's Neurology, 12th edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 382:

(neurology) A disease with the features of myelopathy (spinal cord disease) and neuropathy (peripheral nerve disease), which is sometimes caused by a deficiency of copper or vitamin B₁₂.


abducens nerve

abducens nerves (plural)
abducent nerve (alternative)
abducens (alternative)

From New Latin nervus abdūcēns (“nerve leading away”).

der

(neuroanatomy) Each of the sixth pair of cranial nerves that are the motor nerves supplying the lateral rectus in the eye.


Hebb's rule

Introduced by Donald Hebb in his 1949 book The Organization of Behavior.

(neurology) Neurons that fire together wire together.


basal ganglion

(neuroanatomy) Any of a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem.


prefrontal cortex

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the mammalian brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.

前額葉皮質 /前额叶皮质

the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain


endbrain

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the forebrain; the telencephalon.


myelencephalon

(neuroanatomy) The portion of the brain composed of the medulla oblongata.


macroglial cell

en-noun

macroglial cell (plural macroglial cells)

Thus, the ability to potentiate synaptic activity was specific to macroglial cells.

1997 September 12, Frank W. Pfrieger, Barbara A. Barres, “Synaptic Efficacy Enhanced by Glial Cells in Vitro”, in Science, volume 277, number 5332, →DOI, pages 1684–1687:

(neurology) An astrocyte, oligodendrocyte or other glial cell that is not a microglial cell.


tuberoinfundibular

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the tuberal and infundibular regions of the brain.


trochlear nerve

trochlear nerve (plural trochlear nerves)

superior oblique muscle
superior oblique muscle

(neuroanatomy) Each of the fourth pair of cranial nerves that innervate the superior oblique muscle of the eye with motor fibers.


backpropagation

backpropagation (countable and uncountable, plural backpropagations)

Experiments show that these ion channels furnish the dendrites with a rich repertoire of electrical behaviors, from essentially passive responses, to subthreshold active responses, to active backpropagation of the action potential (AP) from the soma into the dendrites, to the initiation of APs in the dendritic tree.

2000 October 27, Idan Segev, Michael London, “Untangling Dendrites with Quantitative Models”, in Science, volume 290, number 5492, →DOI, pages 744–750:

(neurology) A phenomenon in which the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike both at the end of the axon, as normally, and also back through to the dendrites from which much of the original input current originated.


backpropagate

en-verb

backpropagate (third-person singular simple present backpropagates, present participle backpropagating, simple past and past participle backpropagated)

backpropagates (present singular third-person)
backpropagating (participle present)
backpropagated (participle past)
backpropagated (past)

These results demonstrate that the predicted reduction in synaptic driving force caused by appropriately timed backpropagating APs only slightly increases shunting of proximal synaptic inputs at their site of generation and at the soma.

2001 January 5, “Differential Shunting of EPSPs by Action Potentials”, in Science, volume 291, number 5501, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 138–141:

(neurology, of an action potential) To propagate back through to the dendrites from which the original input was received.


optic chiasm

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross.


lissencephaly

From Ancient Greek λισσός (lissós, “smooth”) + encephal- (“brain”) + -y, from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”).

lissencefàlia

disorder characterized by the lack of folds and grooves of the brain

(anatomy, neurology) The condition of having a smooth appearance on the surface of the brain.

developmental disability
developmental disability

(medicine) An abnormality of brain development marked by the presence of a smooth cerebral cortex with few or no convolutions; frequently associated with severe developmental disability.


RAS

reticular activating system
reticular activating system#English

(neurology) Initialism of reticular activating system.


minicolumn

(neuroanatomy) A vertical column of neurons through the cortical layers of the brain.


cellulifugal

(cytology, neurology) That carries nerve impulses away from a neuron.


cellulipetal

(cytology, neurology) That carries nerve impulses towards a neuron.


trochlear

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the trochlear nerve.


trochlear

trochlears (plural)
trochleary (alternative)

The two trochlears decussate in the anterior medullary velum.

1949, Herbert Eugene Walter, Leonard Perkins Sayles, Biology of the Vertebrates: A Comparative Study of Man and His Animal Allies, page 741:

At 90° of flexion, the patella enters the condylar fossa, where the contact areas are on both the lateral and medial trochlears of the femur.

2014, Joanne K. Singleton, Robert V. DiGregorio, Carol Green-Hernandez, Primary Care, Second Edition: An Interprofessional Perspective, →ISBN, page 593:

Using three-dimensional printing, they replaced the native trochlear in four cadaveric knees with dysplastic trochlears and then subjected them to squat simulation, open chain extension, and a patella stability test.

2017, W. Norman Scott, Insall & Scott Surgery of the Knee, 6th edition, →ISBN, page 917:

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A trochlear muscle or nerve.


somatic nervous system

en-noun

somatic nervous system (plural somatic nervous systems)

peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system

central nervous system
central nervous system

(anatomy, neurology) The part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, and from receptors of external stimuli, thereby mediating sight, hearing and touch.

σωματικό νευρικό σύστημα

part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals from central nervous system to skeletal muscles


rhombomere

(developmental biology, neurology) A temporarily divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region


gemmule

Borrowed from French gemmule, from Latin gemmula (“small bud; small gem”), from gemma (“bud of a plant; gem, jewel; thing made of precious stones”) (further etymology uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, give birth; to produce”), but see further at that entry) + -ula (feminine form of -ulus (diminutive suffix)).

der

Concussion from shell explosion often sufficient to produce miliary hemorrhages in brain substance. Mott has found such lesions in brains of shell shock. Lesser lesions on fine nerve fibrils and gemmules, or nerve cells may reasonably be postulated.

1927, William N[ewbold] Bispham, “Professional Schools in Military and Nonmilitary Institutions”, in Frank W. Weed, editor, The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, volume VII (Training), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, section I (In the United States), pages 508–509:

The mitral cells also extend several secondary dendrites (SD) laterally outward into the external plexiform layer (EPL), where they are in intimate association with the dendritic spines (or gemmules) belonging to the dendrites of the granule cell population, whose cell bodies (g) lie deeper in the granular layer (GRL) of the bulb.

1981, Wilfrid Rall, “Functional Aspects of Neuronal Geometry”, in Alan [Madoc] Roberts, Brian M. H. Bush, editors, Neurones without Impulses: Their Significance for Vertebrate and Invertebrate Nervous Systems (Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series; 6), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 225:

Two GAD-positive gemmules (D₁, D₂) from dendrites of periglomerular neurons form synapses with a mitral/tufted dendritic shaft (D₃). One gemmule (D₁) appears to form a reciprocal synapse, and the other gemmule (D₂) appears to be presynaptic only (original magnification × 54,000).

1998, Eugene Roberts, “Eugene Roberts”, in Larry R[yan] Squire, editor, The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography, volume 2, San Diego, Calif., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, figure 4 caption, page 381:

There is both ultrastructural and electrophysiological evidence indicating that the mitral/tufted dendrite-to-gemmule synapses are excitatory, whereas the adjacent gemmule-to-mitral/tufted dendrite synapses are inhibitory.

2008, Rudolf Nieuwenhuys, Jan Voogd, Christiaan van Huijzen, “Telencephalon: Introduction and Olfactory System”, in The Human Central Nervous System, 4th edition, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →ISBN, section II (Structure of Spinal Cord and Brain Parts), page 346, column 1:

(neurology) Synonym of dendritic spine (“a small membranous protrusion from the dendrite of a neuron that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse”).


amygdalar

(neuroanatomy) Of or pertaining to the amygdala


trigeminus

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from Latin trigeminus (“threefold, triple, triform”), clipping of nervus trigeminus (“triple nerve”).

clipping

(neuroanatomy) Alternative form of trigeminal nerve.


tuber cinereum

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The part of the hypothalamus to which the pituitary gland is attached


conversion disorder

en-noun

conversion disorder (countable and uncountable, plural conversion disorders)

(psychiatry, neurology) A condition where the patient displays neurological symptoms such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, but without any neurological explanation, usually traced back to a psychological trigger.


SNS

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of sympathetic nervous system.


neurolemma

neurolemma (plural neurolemmas or neurolemmata)

neurolemmas (plural)
neurolemmata (plural)

(neurology) the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron.

neurolemme

neurology: the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron


motor unit

(neurology) A neuron with its associated muscle fibres.


ephapse

ephapse (countable and uncountable, plural ephapses)

From Ancient Greek ἔφαψις (éphapsis, “touching, caressing”).

uder

(countable, neurology) A point of contact or significant electrical influence between neurons, other than at a synapse.

(uncountable, neurology) Cross-stimulation of adjacent nerve fibers.


sylvian fissure

en-noun

sylvian fissure (plural sylvian fissures)

sylvian fissures (plural)
Sylvian fissure (alternative)

(neuroanatomy) A fissure in the brain which divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below.


Alice in Wonderland syndrome

Alice in Wonderland syndrome (uncountable)

After Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865; often known as Alice in Wonderland), in which the protagonist changes size after consuming a potion and a cake.

Three cases of "Alice in Wonderland" syndrome (metamorphopsia) are presented and described as a presenting symptom of infectious mono nucleosis in a preadolescent male and in two late teenage females.

1977 February, Stuart M. Copperman, “" Alice in Wonderland" Syndrome as a Presenting Symptom of Infectious Mononucleosis in Children: A Description of Three Affected Young People”, in Clinical pediatrics, volume 16, number 2, page 143:

Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is characterized by visual hallucinations and bizarre perceptual distortions.

1998 August, Yung-Ting Kuo, Nan-Chang Chiu, Ein-Yiao Shen, Che-Sheng Ho, Ming-CheWu, “Cerebral perfusion in children with Alice in Wonderland syndrome”, in Pediatric neurology, volume 19, number 2, page 105:

After all, Alice in Wonderland syndrome was, until recently, believed to be so rare that most university courses in medicine, psychology and the neurosciences did not even bother to address it.

2019, Jan Dirk Blom, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome:

(medicine, neurology) A disorienting neurological condition involving micropsia, macropsia, or size distortion of other sensory modalities.

Alice in Wonderland syndrome
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Lewis Carroll

syndrome d’Alice au pays des merveilles

neurological condition affecting the perception of size

síndrome de Alice no país das maravilhas


CTE

CTE (countable and uncountable, plural CTEs)

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.


chronic traumatic encephalopathy

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (plural chronic traumatic encephalopathies)

chronic traumatic encephalopathies (plural)

(medicine, pathology, neurology) A progressive degenerative disease found in individuals who have been subjected to multiple concussions and other forms of head injury.


MAP

MAP (countable and uncountable, plural MAPs)

(neurology) Initialism of microtubule-associated protein.


vection

vection (countable and uncountable, plural vections)

From Latin vectio, from vehere, vectum (“to carry”).

(neurology) The illusion of self-motion.


neurotmesis

(neurology, pathology) A severe form of nerve injury in which both the axon and its encapsulating connective tissue lose their continuity.


ideasthesia

/ʌɪˈdɪəɛsˈθiːʒə/

From Ancient Greek ἰδέα (idéa, “notion, pattern”) + -aesthesia, modeled after synaesthesia, and introduced by Danko Nikolić in.

der

ideæsthesia (alternative)
ideaesthesia (alternative)

(neurology, psychology) A neurological or cognitive phenomenon in which activation of a particular concept triggers a sensory-like experience.