quadrumane

From French quadrumane, from Late Latin quadrumanus.

(zoology, now rare) An animal having four hands and feet with opposable digits, specifically a member of the now obsolete order of mammals Quadrumana, comprising all non-human primates; a primate.


quadrumane

en-adj

quadrumane (comparative more quadrumane, superlative most quadrumane)

more quadrumane (comparative)
most quadrumane (superlative)

(zoology, now rare) Pertaining to such an animal; quadrumanous; loosely, "ape-like".


perithecium

The Erysiphacae may possibly have given rise to the Laboulbeniales, the only other group in which a single daughter cell of the oogonium is responsible for the asci, and perhaps to the lower Pyrenomycetes also; these, like the Erysiphaceae, have regularly arranged asci, and in Chaetomium fimete the perithecium is without an ostiole.

2010, Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, Fungi: Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales, page 54:

(mycology) An ascocarp shaped like a skittle or ball, distinguished by a small pore, the ostiole, through which the spores are released one by one when ripe.


ostiole

(mycology) A small hole or opening through which certain fungi release their mature spores.

(botany) A similar hole or opening in plants, such as the opening of the involuted fig inflorescence through which fig wasps enter to pollinate and breed.


zoodendrium

zoodendria (plural)
zoödendrium (alternative)

(zoology) The branched, and often treelike, support of the colonies of certain Infusoria.


armilla

Borrowed from Latin armilla. Doublet of armill.

(zoology) A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.

(mycology) The frill of the stipe of agarics left attached on the expansion of the pileus, initially forming a covering of the hymenium.


afrotherian

afrotherian (comparative more afrotherian, superlative most afrotherian)

more afrotherian (comparative)
most afrotherian (superlative)

From Afrotheria, from Afro- + Ancient Greek θηρίον (thēríon, “beast”), + -n.

Although the monophyly of Afrotheria is well supported by recent molecular studies, the interrelationships within afrotherian mammals remain unclarified.

2003, Yumie Murata et al., “Afrotherian Phylogeny as Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genomes”, in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, volume 28, page 253:

Just as molecular evidence from living mammals would predict, the African fossil record documents the presence of several afrotherian groups by early or middle Eocene time.

2006, Chris Beard, The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey, University of California Press, page 251:

(zoology) Belonging or pertaining to the superorder Afrotheria, which includes the elephants, aardvarks, golden moles, tenrecs, etc.


afrotherian

As their name implies, afrotherians putatively represent a radiation of placentals rooted in the African continent and nearby island of Madagascar.

2001, Michael J. Novacek, “Mammalian Phylogeny: Genes and Supertrees”, in Current Biology, volume 11, page R573:

Alternatively, the afrotherians may have originated in Europe, and an elephant-shrew like creature crossed into Africa and gave rise to the great diversity of afrotherians—from elephants to golden moles—that inhabit the continent today.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 59:

(zoology) A placental that belongs to the superorder Afrotheria, such as an elephant, aardvark, golden mole, tenrec, etc.


afrothere

From Afrotheria, from Afro- + Ancient Greek θηρίον (thēríon, “beast”).

Golden moles and tenrecs seem to be related to each other, and most modern authorities place them within the afrotheres.

2004, Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale, Mariner Books, page 222:

In the absence of a comprehensive fossil record for stem members of crown Afrotheria, most high-level phylogenetic analyses have been based primarily on the morphology of extant afrotheres[…].

2007, Rodolphe Tabuce et al., “Early Tertiary Mammals from North Africa Reinforce the Molecular Afrotheria Clade”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, volume 274, page 1159:


oligogenic

(genetics, of a trait) Determined by a small number of genes


overdominance

(genetics) The case in which a heterozygote has a higher fitness or more extreme phenotype than either homozygote.


electron carrier

en-noun

electron carrier (plural electron carriers)

(biochemistry) Any of several classes of molecules that act as both an acceptor and donator of electrons and function in an energy-producing system such as photosynthesis.


agnathan

/ˈæɡ.nə.θən/

From Agnatha, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “without”) + γνάθος (gnáthos, “jaw”).

Haikouichthys is one of three species of jawless (or agnathan) fish to be found in the Early Cambrian period.

2005, Tim Haines, Paul Chambers, The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life, BBC Books, page 20:

(zoology) Belonging or pertaining to the superclass Agnatha, the jawless vertebrates.


agnathan

/ˈæɡ.nə.θən/

Thus should the cranial neural crest in cyclostomes prove to be non-skeletogenous this might be a reflection either of its own primitiveness or of the different evolutionary origins and morphological status of the visceral skeleton in agnathans and gnathostomes.

1956, D. R. Newth, “On the Neural Crest of the Lamprey Embryo”, in Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, volume 4, page 358:

The hagfish is an agnathan, a modern representative of the earliest evolved group of vertebrates, the ostracoderms or jawless fishes, which arose prior to the ancient placoderms (3).

1992, Peter J. Hanley et al., “Hagfish Humoral Defense Protein Exhibits Structural and Functional Homology with Mammalian Complement Components”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, volume 89, page 7910:

(zoology) A member of the superclass Agnatha of jawless vertebrates.


crabronid

(zoology) Any member of the Crabronidae, a large family of wasps.


agnath

Evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by a gradual increase in oxygen availability, from the irrespirable atmosphere of the Precambrian to a PO₂ at 7 mmHg with the first vertebrates (agnaths), to the present sea level PO₂ value of 160 mmHg with the first reptiles.

1979, Stephen C. Wood, Evolution of Respiratory Processes, Marcel Dekker,, →ISBN, page 218:

The gnathostomes almost entirely replaced the agnaths, presumably because they were more effective fishes.

1996, George Christopher Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Princeton University Press,, →ISBN, page 51:

Thus, although tunicates are presumably intermediate between flatworms and agnaths, the larval tunicate more closely resembles the flatworm and adult agnath.

2002, Harold J. Morowitz, The Emergence of Everything, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 113:


aspermous

en-adj

aspermous (comparative more aspermous, superlative most aspermous)

more aspermous (comparative)
most aspermous (superlative)


pleuston

From Ancient Greek πλεῦσις (pleûsis, “sailing”), from πλέω (pléō) + -on. The -t- is on analogy with the coordinate terms.

der

They^([Cnidarians]) are also the dominant organisms of the marine pleuston, providing food or substrate for a variety of other invertebrates living at the air-water interface[…].

1974, G. O. Mackie, “VIII: Location, Flotation and Dispersal”, in Leonard Muscatine, Howard M. Lenhoff, editors, Coelenterate Biology: Reviews and New Perspectives, Academic Press, page 313:

These animals form the pleuston. Zaitsev (1971) differentiates between the neuston and the pleuston, while admitting that the distinction may be somewhat blurred. Both populations are associated with the surface film. That part of a pleuston animal which projects above the water surface can withstand prolonged desiccation and exposure to direct sunlight.

1983, John E. G. Raymont, James Dennis Burton, Keith R. Dyer, Plankton and Productivity in the Oceans: Zooplankton, Pergamon Press, page 9:

(ecology) The organisms that live floating at the surface of water.

(botany) Plants that live floating at the surface of water.


mineratrophic

en-adj

mineratrophic (comparative more mineratrophic, superlative most mineratrophic)

more mineratrophic (comparative)
most mineratrophic (superlative)

(biology) Describing a habitat (typically a wetland) that receives water and nutrients from atmospheric and telluric sources


cell-adhesion molecule

en-noun

cell-adhesion molecule (plural cell-adhesion molecules)

2000, Lodish, et al., Molecular Cell Biology, W H Freeman and Company, "Section 22.1 Cell-Cell Adhesion and Communication"
In order for cells in tissues to function in an integrated manner, specialized junctions consisting of clustered cell-adhesion molecules are essential.

extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix

(biology) Any of a class of cell-surface proteins, typically glycoproteins, which enable and/or stabilize physical connections between cells or between a cell and an acellular material, such as an extracellular matrix


GTP

GTP (countable and uncountable, plural GTPs)

guanosine triphosphate
guanosine triphosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanosine triphosphate.


GTP-binding protein

GTP-binding protein (plural GTP-binding proteins)

(biochemistry) a protein which binds GTP and catalyzes its conversion to GDP


Goα

1999. Yu, Bo. "An engineered mutant of G protein α subunit that binds xanthine nucleotide and not guanine nucleotide", Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology.
The Giα family name implies that some of its members can inhibit adenylyl cyclase upon activation, and includes three Giα isoforms, Goα (a predominately neural α subunit, two different splicing variants), […]

(biochemistry, uncountable) a type of GTP-binding protein subunit belonging to the Giα family, expressed primarily in neural cell types


N-cadherin

(biochemistry) a protein found in vertebrates such as humans, mice and chickens


nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (plural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors)

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (plural)

These results lead us to propose that the nervous system expresses diverse forms of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by combining β2 subunits with different agonist-binding α subunits.

, Deneris, Evan S., et al., “Primary structure and expression of β2: A novel subunit of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors”, in Neuron, volume 1, →PMID, page 45:

acetylcholine receptor
acetylcholine receptor

(biochemistry) An acetylcholine receptor which is also an ion channel.


primary structure

primary structure (plural primary structures)

(biochemistry) The linear sequence of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds to form a single polypeptide chain.


protein kinase

These findings, together with previous evidence that heparin stimulates Tau phosphorylation by protein kinases, have been used to argue that sulfated glycosaminoglycans may be a critical factor in the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles.

2009, Ajit Varki with Hudson H. Freeze, “Glycans in Acquired Human Diseases”, in Varki, A., et al., editor, Essentials of Glycobiology, 2nd edition, CSH Press, →ISBN, retrieved 2009-12-05:

(biochemistry) a kinase whose substrate is a protein


myelin protein zero

(biochemistry) the major structural protein of the peripheral myelin sheath


duetter

(zoology) A creature that duets (communicates between the sexes using song).


-omics

From -ome (“whole of class”) + -ics, both via international scientific vocabulary and New Latin ultimately from Ancient Greek.

-nomics (alternative)
-onomics (alternative)

Life sciences usage
gene + -omics → genomics
protein + -omics → proteomics
metabolism + -omics → metabolomics
glyco- + -omics → glycomics

Lesser popular usage
food + -omics → foodomics
culture + -omics → culturomics
token + -omics → tokenomics

(chiefly biology) Forms nouns meaning “a study of the totality of something”.


(biochemistry, uncountable) a protein found in neurons, a component of the exocyst involved in regulating actin polymerization


exocyst

(biochemistry) a eukaryotic protein complex with functions related to vesicle trafficking, leading to a role in exocytosis


deduced amino acid sequence

deduced amino acid sequence (plural deduced amino acid sequences)

Thus, when Asn-X-Ser/Thr sequons are present in a deduced amino acid sequence encoded by a cDNA, they are not identified categorically as N-glycan sites, but are referred to as potential N-glycan sites.

2009, Pamela Stanley with Schachter, Harry and Taniguchi, Naoyuki, “N-Glycans”, in Essentials of Glycobiology, →ISBN, →OCLC, page Ch.8/Sec.3:

(biochemistry) a sequence of amino acids predicted from a sequence of nucleotides using information about codons used in a particular organism


chromosomal localization

chromosomal localization (plural chromosomal localizations)

Early genetic studies focused on the identification and chromosomal localization of genes that control readily observable characteristics, such as the eye color of Drosophila.

2000, Geoffrey M. Cooper, “Heredity, Genes, and DNA”, in The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2nd edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, page ch.3/sec.2:

(genetics) specified location on a chromosome in the context of a karyotype


ear tuft

(biology) In birds, a skin projection covered in feathers appearing on the sides of the head, near the ears.


culmen

Borrowed from Latin culmen (“apex, acme”).

bor+

The measurements were taken as follows: wing length, from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary; tarsus length, from the tibiotarsal joint to the distal undivided scute; upper mandible length, the chord length from the point where the culmen enters the feathers of the head to the tip; bill depth, in the vertical plane level at the anterior edge of the nares.

1997 June 20, “A Role for Ecotones in Generating Rainforest Biodiversity”, in Science, volume 276, number 5320, →DOI, pages 1855–1857:

A very simple form was found in the carving shown in Pl. 17, fig. 13, where a long projecting knob is seen at the base of the culmen.

1910, Alfred M. Tozzer, Glover M. Allen, Animal Figures in the Maya Codices:

(zoology) The dorsal ridge of a bird's bill.


egg tooth

egg teeth (plural)
eggtooth (alternative)
egg-tooth (alternative)

(zoology) A small, sharp, cranial protuberance used by offspring to break or tear through the egg's surface during hatching.


vasotocin

In mammals, vasopressin and oxytocin play important roles in social behaviors, and reptiles have structurally similar hormones called vasotocin and mesotocin. […] Dr. Campos’s research indicates that vasotocin may alter chemical communication between green anole lizards, and other researchers found that mesotocin may be related to courtship behaviors in brown anoles.

2022 October 24, Hannah Thomasy, “They May Have Love on Their Lizard Brains”, in The New York Times:

(biochemistry) An oligopeptide found in nonmammalian vertebrates with properties similar to oxytocin and vasopressin.


methyl jasmonate

(botany) A volatile organic compound derived from jasmonic acid, used in plant defense and other developmental pathways.


gene product

Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against the period gene product, which influences biological rhythms in D. melanogaster, by using small synthetic peptides from the per sequence as immunogens.

1988 April 1, “Antibodies to the period gene product of drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system”, in Neuron, volume 1, number 2, page 141:

Certain gene functions, however, are inherently dosage-sensitive (Fisher and Scambler, 1994). These include:
* gene products that are part of a quantitative signaling system whose function depends on partial or variable occupancy of a receptor, DNA-binding site, etc.;
* gene products that compete with each other to determine a developmental or metabolic switch;
* gene products that co-operate with each other in interactions with fixed stoichiometry (such as the α and β globins or many structural proteins).
In each case the gene product is titrated against something else in the cell.

1999, Strachan, Tom and Read, Andrew, “Molecular Pathology”, in Human Molecular Genetics 2, →ISBN:

In this case, we find that the majority of the predicted protein matches the FMR1 gene product but that we have introduced some novel peptide sequence at the amino-terminal end as well as some near the carboxy terminus.

2009, The National Library of Medicine, “Exercises: Using Map Viewer”, in The NCBI Handbook, →OCLC:

(genetics) RNA or protein product of a gene


PAF

(biochemistry) Initialism of platelet-activating factor.


AVN

atrioventricular node
atrioventricular node#English

(biology) Initialism of atrioventricular node.


MAF

(genetics) Initialism of minor allele frequency: the frequency of the less-common allele at a SNP.


paternity test

(law, genetics) A test performed to determine the biological father of a child.


synthetic lethality

en-noun

synthetic lethality (usually uncountable, plural synthetic lethalities)

(genetics) A type of genetic interaction in which two (or more) mutations which are not lethal when occurring singly in a cell are lethal when they occur together in the same cell.


plankter

Borrowed from German Plankter, from Koine Greek πλαγκτήρ (planktḗr, “wanderer; one who leads another astray, beguiler”), modelled after German Plankton (“plankton”). Πλαγκτήρ (Planktḗr) is derived from Ancient Greek πλᾰ́ζεσθαι (plắzesthai) (the mediopassive of πλᾰ́ζω (plắzō, “to turn away from (something); to roam, wander”)) + -τήρ (-tḗr, suffix forming masculine agent nouns from verbs).

der

(biology) A single organism of plankton.


plater

(biology) A device for depositing cells on a plate.


euphausiid

(zoology) Any member of the taxonomic order Euphausiacea of krill.


nectophore

(biology) The swimming bell of a siphonophore


macroenvironment

(biology) The large-scale and long-term environment and conditions that affect an organism.


pauci-

From Latin paucī, form of paucus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”) (English few).

paucisymptomatic, paucispiral

(chiefly biology) Having or involving few.


barbate

en-adj

barbate (comparative more barbate, superlative most barbate)

more barbate (comparative)
most barbate (superlative)

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
Borrowed from Latin barbātus, from barba (“beard”) + -ātus (“-ate”). By surface analysis, barb + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

surf

barbate leaves

(botany) bearded; having long thin hairs


ambitus

From Latin ambitus (“circuit, ostentation”). Doublet of ambit.

(botany, zoology) The exterior edge or border of a thing, such as a leaf or shell.


retrorse

en-adj

retrorse (comparative more retrorse, superlative most retrorse)

more retrorse (comparative)
most retrorse (superlative)

From Latin retrorsus, contracted form of retroversus, from retro (“back”) + versum (“turned”). Doublet of retroverse.

(biology) Curved, pointed or oriented backward or downward.


idioblast

(botany) An isolated specialised cell found in the midst of an otherwise homogeneous group of cells in plant tissue.


antennular

(zoology) of or relating to antennules or an antennule


paedogenesis

(British spelling, biology) Alternative spelling of pedogenesis (“premature reproduction”).


appendical

From Latin appendic- (stem of appendix) + English -al.

(rare, biology, specifically) Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of the vermiform appendix.


nerve growth factor

en-noun

nerve growth factor (countable and uncountable, plural nerve growth factors)

They (trypsin-like serine proteases) are also thought to be involved in the processing or activation of other biologically important proteins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) (3–5).

1983, Philip N. Howles, Douglas P. Dickinson, Laura L. DiCaprio, Mary Woodworth-Gutai, Kenneth W Gross, “Use of a cDNA recombinant for the γ-subunit of mouse nerve growth factor to localize members of this multigene family near the TAM-1 locus on chromosome 7.”, in Nucleic Acids Research, 12, no. 6 26 March 1984: 2791:

Nerve growth factor is the prototypical member of the neurotrophin family.

1999 Landreth, Gary E. Growth Factors. In: Siegel, George J.; et al. Basic Neurochemistry. Philadelphia: Lippincott–Raven Publishers; 1999 [cited 18 December 2009]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=bnchm&part=A1358#A1364

(biochemistry) a functional protein complex required for the survival, growth and specialization of certain types of neurons in vertebrates.


glucocorticoid receptor

glucocorticoid receptor (plural glucocorticoid receptors)

The cellular site of binding of dexamethasone by specific glucocorticoid receptors in cultured hepatoma cells was investigated with the use of certain mercurials.

1972, B. B. Levinson, J. D. Baxter, G. G. Rousseau, G. M. Tomkins, “Cellular site of glucocorticoid-receptor complex formation.”, in Science, 175, no. 18 14 January 1972: 189-190:

2009 Zimmer, Carl. "Can Evolution Run in Reverse? A Study Says It’s a One-Way Street," New York Times, 28 September 2009 [cited 18 December 2009], Science section, online edition, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/science/29evol.html.
They studied a protein called a glucocorticoid receptor that helps humans and most other vertebrates cope with stress by grabbing a hormone called cortisol and then switching on stress-defense genes.

(biochemistry) A protein found in multiple forms within cells, which binds glucocorticoids and subsequently influences gene transcription.


hair bundle

As revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the cavities are arranged in a characteristic honeycomb-like pattern and each hair bundle is enclosed in an alveolus.

1975, K. Tanaka, C. A Smith, “Structure of the avian tectorial membrane.”, in The Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 84, no 3, pt 1 (May-June 1975), 287:

1988 Howard, J. and Hudspeth, A. J. "Compliance of the hair bundle associated with gating of mechanoelectrical transduction channels in the Bullfrog's saccular hair cell." Neuron 1, no. 3, (1 May 1988) [cited 18 December 2009], 189, http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/0896-6273%2888%2990139-0 .
To test this model, we measured the stiffness of hair bundles during mechanical stimulation.

(cytology) a group of cellular processes resembling hair, characteristic of hair cells


babyness

(biology) Babylike physical traits, such as large eyes, theorized by Konrad Lorenz to evoke a caregiving response in adults.


geotropic

en-adj

geotropic (comparative more geotropic, superlative most geotropic)

more geotropic (comparative)
most geotropic (superlative)

/ˌd͡ʒioʊˈtɹɒpɪk/

/ˌd͡ʒʒioʊˈtɹoʊpɪk/

(biology) Of or pertaining to geotropism.


autodigestion

(biology) The digestion of tissue by enzymes produced by the organism itself.

autodigestione

the digestion of tissue by enzymes produced by the organism itself


hexosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of a hexose


phosphohydrolase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that hydrolyzes an organic phosphate group


sclerophyll

(biology) A form of vegetation that has hard leaves and short internodes.


diplotene

From French diplotène, corresponding to diplo- + -tene.
Coined by Hans von De Winiwarter in 1900 and in English by Edmund B. Wilson in 1912.

(biology) The fourth stage of prophase of meiosis, during which homologous chromosome pairs begin to separate and chiasmata become visible


sturt

From the name of Alfred Henry Sturtevant.

(biology) In an embryo, an angle equal to two gons. If a mosaic forms in the embryo, the line passes between two organs with a probability, in percent, equal to the number of sturts between them.


claviger

From Latin claviger, from clava (“club”) + gerere (“to carry”).

Standing body hairs are relatively less numerous and longer in claviger.

1968, Merle Wesley Wing, Taxonomic Revision of the Nearctic Genus Acanthomyops, page 81:

The workers of flavus group species are sometimes confused with claviger group workers, but can be distinguished by relatively dense pubescence all over the body, which creates a dull overall appearances.

2007, Brian L. Fisher, Stefan P. Cover, Ants of North America: A Guide to the Genera, page 104:

All of the species of the claviger group are believed to be temporary social parasits of other Lasius species, but the actual hosts are not all known.

2012, Aaron M. Ellison, Nicholas J. Gotelli, Elizabeth J. Farnsworth, A Field Guide to the Ants of New England, page 179:

(entomology) A group within genus Lasius (formerly considered a subgenera Acanthomyops) of bright yellow to orange species of ant that have 3 maxillary palps and give off a distinctive citronella odor when disturbed. The group name comes from their club-shaped palps.

Over much of its range claviger lays eggs without a blood meal, whereas forms requiring blood for egg laying have been observed on the Black Sea coast.

1949, Agriculture Handbook - Issue 152, page 117:

Claviger is Palearctic in distribution, extending from the British Isles to the Pamir Mountains of Turkestan and the Ob River of western Siberia.

1957, Mosquito Reprints: Matheson Collection - Volume 1, page 335:

The usual breeding places of claviger are springs and wells.

1984, A. R. Zahar, Vector Bionomics in the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria, page 98:

(entomology) A species of mosquito, Anopheles claviger.


punctus

From Medieval Latin punctus (“punctuation mark”).

bor

In the sacerdotal prayers in col. a the punctuation is by punctus flexus, punctus elevatus and punctus.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Plates and Commentaries, page 197:

The most common item of punctuation was the punctus or point.

2011 July 22, Tadao Kudouchi, edited by Akio Oizumi and Jacek Fisiak, English Historical Linguistics and Philology in Japan, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 172:

Curiously, the punctus versus was largely replaced with a punctus by ca.1100.

2015 August 31, “Medieval Manuscripts”, in Albrecht Classen, editor, Handbook of Medieval Culture, volume 2, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 1015:

(palaeography) The basic dot (‧) used to end a sentence in medieval punctuation (ancestral to the full stop/period).


depurinization

(biochemistry) The mutation of nucleic acid by removal of purine bases (an ageing process in cells)


isogenous

/aɪˈsɑd͡ʒənəs/

(biology) Having the same (or similar) origin.


miniband

(biochemistry) A short loop of nucleic acid


apocynaceous

(botany, relational) Of the family Apocynaceae, which contains the periwinkle and oleander.


polycentrism

en-noun

polycentrism (usually uncountable, plural polycentrisms)

(genetics) (of a chromosomes, etc) the existence of multiple central parts


glandiform

en-adj

glandiform (comparative more glandiform, superlative most glandiform)

more glandiform (comparative)
most glandiform (superlative)

(anatomy, botany) Shaped like, resembling, or characteristic of glands.


calceolaria

/ˌkalsiːəʊˈlɛːrɪə/

/ˌkalsɪəˈlɛːrɪə/

From translingual Calceolaria, the genus of slipperworts, from Latin calceolus (“slipper, little shoe”) + -āria (“-ary: forming plant names”), from calceus (“calceus, footwear”) + -olus (“-ole: forming diminutives”).

bor

(botany) Any plant of the genus Calceolaria.


syncranterian

en-adj

syncranterian (comparative more syncranterian, superlative most syncranterian)

more syncranterian (comparative)
most syncranterian (superlative)
syncranteric (alternative)

From syn- + Ancient Greek κραντήρες (krantḗres, “wisdom teeth”) + -ian.

der

The three Tropidonotes here described possess the true syncranterian type of dentition.

1860, Edward Drinker Cope, “Notes and descriptions of new and little known species of American Reptiles”, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, volume 12, page 342:

The type species, C. constrictor, definitely has syncranterian dentition.

1987, Beat Schätti, “The Phylogenetic Significance of Morphological Characters in the Holarctic Racers of the Genus Coluber”, in Amphibia-Reptilia, volume 8, number 4:

(herpetology) Having teeth in one continuous row.


phenylpyruvate

en-noun

phenylpyruvate (countable and uncountable, plural phenylpyruvates)

(biochemistry) An intermediate in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, formed by the decarboxylation of prephenate with loss of hydroxyl.


diacranterian

en-adj

diacranterian (comparative more diacranterian, superlative most diacranterian)

more diacranterian (comparative)
most diacranterian (superlative)
diacranteric (alternative)

From dia- + Ancient Greek κραντήρες (krantḗres, “wisdom teeth”) + -ian.

(herpetology) Having the back teeth separated from the front teeth.


prepotential

(biology) The depolarization of a cell membrane between action potentials


galaxiid

(zoology) Any member of the family Galaxiidae of mostly small freshwater fish of the Southern Hemisphere.


genogroup

(taxonomy) A group of related viruses within a genus


paralogy

en-noun

paralogy (countable and uncountable, plural paralogies)


plagiosere

(biology) A series of plant communities that are interrupted or disturbed by an outside agent


holoclone

(biology) A colony-forming stem cell that has a higher growth potential than a meroclone because it does not contain differentiated cells


meroclone

(biology) A colony-forming stem cell that has a lower growth potential than a holoclone because it is a mixture of stem cells and differentiated cells


lipochitin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of oligosaccharides consisting of chitin having a fatty acid group attached to the nitrogen of the non-reducing terminus


paraclone

(biology) Any of a colony of stem cells that have differing capacities for growth.


phosphoregulation

(biology, biochemistry) regulation via phosphorylation


polyclone

(biology) A discrete area of tissue composed of several different clones of cells


subconfluent

(biology) Describing a tissue culture in which the spatial relationships of the cells are intermediate between sparse and confluent


translocus

(genetics) Describing organisms created via the transfer of a chain locus


nonsubstrate

(chiefly biochemistry) Not of or pertaining to a substrate.


nucleoskeleton

(cytology) The framework of the cell nucleus, supporting DNA replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, signaling, and mRNA synthesis, processing and transport.


nucleo-

Formed from nucleus, from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”), a diminutive of nux (“nut”).

(biochemistry, cytology) Forming words pertaining to the cell nucleus or to nucleic acid.


nectin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that have a function in cell-to-cell adhesion


litterfall

litterfall (usually uncountable, plural litterfalls)

Litterfall is provided for as long as the mature forest exists.

2008, Masami Miyaki, Koichi Kaji, “Shift to Litterfall as Year-Round Forage for Sika Deer after a Population Crash”, in Sika Deer, page 186:

(ecology, usually uncountable) Plant material that falls to the ground, such as leaves from trees.

The remaining forest types had similar mean litterfalls ranging from 3333 to 6484 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹

1986, K.A. Vogt et al., “Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of above- and belowground detritus of world forests”, in Advances in Ecological Research, volume 15, page 315:

(ecology, countable) The total mass of plant material falling to the ground per unit area, or the mass collected at a specific site.

Streufallmasse

mass of fallen plant material per unit area


DYC

At times, it seems as though all flowers are D. Y. C.'s, but these brash newcomers of all colors account for[…]

1981, Kent Dannen, Donna Dannen, Rocky Mountain Wildflowers, page 29:

Herbalist Michael Moore describes Arnica as a "DYC," or "damn yellow composite." For beginners studying flora, the yellow members of this family tend to cause confusion.

1989, Janice J. Schofield, Richard W. Tyler, Discovering Wild Plants: Alaska, Western Canada, the Northwest, page 131:

Hymenoxys richardsonii, like H. acaulis, covers a very wide range and could possibly come into the category of "just another D.Y.C." (Damned Yellow Composite).

2002, Graham Nicholls, Alpine Plants of North America, page 145:

The most common though sometimes difficult to tell apart yellow members of the sunflower family are arnicas, groundsels, goldenrods, and mountain-dandelions. There are so many confusing members of this family that some botanizers use the term DYC for "damn yellow composite."

2008, James Luther Davis, The Northwest Nature Guide, page 205:

(botany, humorous) Initialism of damn (or damned) yellow composite: any hard-to-identify yellow-flowered member of the sunflower family (Compositae).


anacrogynous

/ˌæn.əˈkɹɑ.d͡ʒɪn.əs/

From Ancient Greek ἀν- (an-, “not”) + ἄκρος (ákros, “tip”) + γυνή (gunḗ, “female”).

(botany) Producing archegonia from cells other than the apical cell of a reproductive branch.


acrogynous

/əˈkɹɑ.d͡ʒɪn.əs/

From Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros, “tip”) + γυνή (gunḗ, “female”).

(botany) Producing archegonia from the apical cell of a reproductive branch.


archegonium

On fertilization, the archegonia form obyriform calyptrae that are distinctly narrowed at base to form a stalk or peduncle; this does not occur in other Hepaticae.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany) A multicellular reproductive structure that contains a large, non-motile gamete (egg cell), and within which an embryo will develop.

munapesäke

multicellular reproductive structure in certain plants


restreak

en-verb

restreak (third-person singular simple present restreaks, present participle restreaking, simple past and past participle restreaked)

restreaks (present singular third-person)
restreaking (participle present)
restreaked (participle past)
restreaked (past)

Colonies of a single tetrad were restreaked onto rich medium and incubated […].

1998 May 1, Serge Gravel et al., “Yeast Ku as a Regulator of Chromosomal DNA End Structure”, in Science, volume 280, number 5364, →DOI, pages 741–744:

With GR and GR 526, all transformants yielded blue colonies and gave rise only to blue colonies on restreaking.

2000 January 28, Liming Li, Susan Lindquist, “Creating a Protein-Based Element of Inheritance”, in Science, volume 287, number 5453, →DOI, pages 661–664:

The cells were restreaked on minimal medium.

2000 July 14, B. B. Magee, P. T. Magee, “Induction of Mating in Candida albicans by Construction of MTLa and MTLalpha Strains”, in Science, volume 289, number 5477, →DOI, pages 310–313:

(microbiology) To repeat a streaking procedure


restreak

Cells […] did not senesce after five successive restreaks at 23°C (23 ).

These phenotypes diminished during successive restreaks; after ~75 generations, the colony and cell morphology appeared to be wild type[…].

2001 May 11, Peter Baumann, Thomas R. Cech, “Pot1, the Putative Telomere End-Binding Protein in Fission Yeast and Humans”, in Science, volume 292, number 5519, →DOI, pages 1171–1175:

(microbiology) A repeat streaking procedure


nonchloroplast

The fatty acid composition of nonchloroplast lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, was less affected by the absence of the chloroplast trienoic fatty acid synthetase gene (Table 1 ).

2000 January 21, Yuuki Murakami et al., “Trienoic Fatty Acids and Plant Tolerance of High Temperature”, in Science, volume 287, number 5452, →DOI, pages 476–479:

These taxa were selected because of availability of nonchloroplast nuclear protein sequences, permitting animal-based calibration.

2001 August 10, Daniel S. Heckman et al., “Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants”, in Science, volume 293, number 5532, →DOI, pages 1129–1133:

(biology) Not found in or part of a chloroplast


bionanosystem

(biology, ecology) A biological nanosystem


polyalanine

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A polypeptide (or section of a protein) containing only alanine residues


procyclic

(biology) That generates or sustains a life cycle


serrasalmine

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the Serrasalminae.


intra-allelic

en-adj

intra-allelic (comparative more intra-allelic, superlative most intra-allelic)

more intra-allelic (comparative)
most intra-allelic (superlative)

(genetics) Such that one allele affects the expression of another allele in the same gene locus.


metabalomics

(biology) Alternative form of metabolomics.


porosome

(biology) Any of many cup-shaped structures in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells where vesicles dock in the process of vesicle fusion and secretion.


ephyra

(zoology) An immature medusoid stage of a scyphozoan jellyfish once it breaks off from its segmenting polyp.

Ephyra

a larval stage of a scyphozoan jellyfish


aftosa

foot-and-mouth disease
foot-and-mouth disease

(veterinary medicine) foot-and-mouth disease


eumenid

(zoology) Any member of the vespid subfamily Eumeninae, the potter wasps.


HGPRT

en-noun

HGPRT (countable and uncountable, plural HGPRTs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.


cespitose

en-adj

cespitose (comparative more cespitose, superlative most cespitose)

more cespitose (comparative)
most cespitose (superlative)
caespitose (alternative)
caespitous (alternative)

A cespitose or turfy plant has many stems from the same root, usually forming a close, thick carpet of matting.

1793, Thomas Martyn, The Language of Botany:


electropulsation

(biology, physics) The application of pulses of electricity to individual cells in order to make its membrane temporarily permeable


caseose

(biochemistry, dated) A soluble product (proteose) formed in the gastric and pancreatic digestion of casein and caseinogen


gemmiparous

gemmiparous (comparative more gemmiparous, superlative most gemmiparous)

more gemmiparous (comparative)
most gemmiparous (superlative)

(biology) That reproduces by means of buds (gemmae).


half-blooded

(genetics) Having only one parent in common.

(genetics) Having parents of differing ethnicities.


leprose

leprose (comparative more leprose, superlative most leprose)

more leprose (comparative)
most leprose (superlative)

From New Latin leprōsus in botany especially as used by Linnaeus in his 1753 Species Plantarum and Late Latin leprōsus in medicine, from lepra (“psoriasis, leprosy”) + -ōsus, from Koine Greek λέπρᾱ (léprā, “psoriasis & similar skin diseases”), from Ancient Greek λεπρός (leprós, “scaly”), from either λεπίς (lepís, “scale”) or λέπος (lépos, “husk, scale”) + -ρος (-ros, “forming adjective”).

der

A small section of the genus, including T. Usneoides of the United States, presents a filiform and diffusely dichotomous stem with alternate and filiform leprose leaves.

1818, Thomas Nuttall, Genera of North American Plants..., volume I, page 208:

(botany) Synonym of scaly or lepidote, particularly describing lichens with a granular or powdery thallus.


hydractinian

(biology) A marine hydroid of the genus Hydractinia or a closely-related genus


quasienergy

quasienergies (plural)
quasi-energy (alternative)

(biology) A measure of the heat energy produced per unit mass of an organism.


pannose

en-adj

pannose (comparative more pannose, superlative most pannose)

more pannose (comparative)
most pannose (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Similar in texture or appearance to felt or woollen cloth.


pappose

pappose (comparative more pappose, superlative most pappose)

more pappose (comparative)
most pappose (superlative)

(botany) Furnished with a pappus; downy.


papulose

papulose (comparative more papulose, superlative most papulose)

more papulose (comparative)
most papulose (superlative)

(anatomy, botany) Having papulae; papillose


disassortative

disassortative (comparative more disassortative, superlative most disassortative)

more disassortative (comparative)
most disassortative (superlative)


mitogenomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to a mitogenome


nerve net

(biology) Simplistic and uncentralized nervous system of cnidarians.


lymphadenoma

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting New Latin combining forms, from lymph- + adeno + -oma = lymph- + adenoma.

(biology, medicine, modern sense) A benign tumor (neoplasm) of lymphatic tissue.

(biology, medicine, archaic) Any hyperplastic or neoplastic mass of lymphatic tissue.

(biology, medicine, archaic) Any pseudoleukaemia, especially Hodgkin's disease.

(biology, medicine, archaic) Any malignant lymphatic tumor, including lymphosarcoma or lymphadenocarcinoma.


sirohydrochlorin

(biochemistry) A porphyrin derivative related to heme


utricle

utricles (plural)
utriculus (alternative)

Borrowed from French utricule or Latin ūtriculus (“a small skin or leathern bottle”), diminutive of ūter (“a bag or bottle made of an animal's hide”). Doublet of utriculus.

bor

(biology) A small cell, sac, or bladder-like protuberance in an animal or plant:

(anatomy) The larger of the two fluid-filled cavities forming part of the membranous labyrinth in the vertebrate inner ear (the other being the saccule) and into which the semicircular canals open. It contains hair cells and otoliths which send signals to the brain concerning the orientation of the head.

prostatic utricle
prostatic utricle#English

(anatomy) Clipping of prostatic utricle.

(botany) A dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit with thin membranous pericarp, similar to an achene and found in the beet and dock plants.


gubernaculum

gubernacula (plural)
gubernaculum testis (alternative)
gubernaculum dentis (alternative)

From Latin gubernāculum (“a helm, rudder”).

A part or structure that serves as a guide:

(zoology) The reproductive tract of an invertebrate, or part of it; especially the section containing the gonophores (in a hydrozoan); a sclerotized structure in the cloaca (in a nematode).

(biology) (rare) A trailing flagellum in certain protists used for steering.


pectinesterase

en-noun

pectinesterase (countable and uncountable, plural pectinesterases)

(biochemistry) A ubiquitous cell-wall-associated enzyme that presents several isoforms that facilitate plant cell wall modification and subsequent breakdown, found in all higher plants as well as in some bacteria and fungi


RUB

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins similar to ubiquitin


derepress

en-verb

derepress (third-person singular simple present derepresses, present participle derepressing, simple past and past participle derepressed)

derepresses (present singular third-person)
derepressing (participle present)
derepressed (participle past)
derepressed (past)

(genetics) To activate a gene by the removal of a repressor


mixmer

(genetics) An oligomer consisting of alternating short stretches of LNA and DNA.


oncomir

(genetics, medicine) A form of microRNA involved in a cancer.


phosphorothiolated

en-adj

phosphorothiolated (comparative more phosphorothiolated, superlative most phosphorothiolated)

more phosphorothiolated (comparative)
most phosphorothiolated (superlative)

(biochemistry) modified by the addition of a phosphorothiol or a phosphorothiolate


proteotypic

(biochemistry) Describing a peptide sequence that is found in only a single known protein and therefore serves to identify that protein.


tenascin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix of developing vertebrate embryos


thromboplastin

(biochemistry) A protease that converts prothrombin to thrombin during the clotting of blood.


testacea

From Latin testāceus (“covered with a shell”).

bor

ANAIMONA, Aquatilia Exanguia, Bloodless Fishes, are divided into Mollia Soft Fishes without Shells; Crustata, those that are covered with thin pliant Shells; and Testacea, those which have thick, hard brittle Shells.

1722, John Jones (tr.), Oppian's Halieuticks of the Nature of Fishes and Fishing of the Ancients, page 231:

The echinite family […] may be deemed characteristic of the chalk formation, affording of itself as many shells as the other testacea do.

1829, Andrew Ure, A New System of Geology, page 285:

[…]to fancy, for example, that the testacea of the ocean existed first, until some of them, by gradual evolution, were improved into those inhabiting the land.

1832, Charles Lyell, chapter I, in Principles of Geology […] , volume II, London: John Murray, page 11:

(biology, obsolete) Any of various shellfish, especially those of the obsolete orders Vermes or Acephala, or the suborder Thecosomata.


microform

en-noun

microform (countable and uncountable, plural microforms)

(biology) A microscopic form of life; an animal or vegetable organism of microscopic size.


asplenia

(biology, medicine) Absence of normal function of the spleen, from any cause:

(biology, medicine) Anatomical absence of the spleen (after splenectomy or congenitally).

(biology, medicine) Physiological absence of splenic function; either substantial or total splenic dysfunction; splenic nonfunction.


ERV

ERV (countable and uncountable, plural ERVs)

Sequences derived from ERVs [...] appear to be heavily involved in gene regulatory networks.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, page 147:

endogenous retrovirus
endogenous retrovirus#English

(countable, virology, biology, genetics) Initialism of endogenous retrovirus.


acylphosphatidylethanolamine

(biochemistry) Any N-acyl derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine, especially those that are hormones associated with fat metabolism


picoeucaryote

(biology) Any very small, usually unicellular, eucaryote


prymnesiophyte

From translingual Prymnesiophyceae + -phyte.

af

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Prymnesiophyceae</i>

(biology) Any of many unicellular photosynthetic algae of the class Prymnesiophyceae


amastigote

(biology) Any cell (or unicellular organism) that does not have any flagella or cilia

amastigota

cell that does not have any flagella or cilia


cytocentrifuge

(biology) A low-speed, low-acceleration centrifuge used to separate cellular material without damaging it


prophyll

Originally coined by French botanists, from Ancient Greek πρό (pró) and φύλλον (phúllon).

(botany) The frequently specialised or reduced leaf produced at the first node of a new shoot.


foliage leaf

(botany) An unspecialized leaf, composed of a flat lamina and often a petiole, which is the primary seat of photosynthesis and transpiration in plants that have them.


massive palindrome

en-noun

massive palindrome (plural massive palindromes)

(genetics) Any of several very long palindromic stretches of DNA, especially those on the human Y-chromosome.


bioindicator

(biology) Any species that acts as a biological indicator of the health of an environment.


dysgenetic

en-adj

dysgenetic (comparative more dysgenetic, superlative most dysgenetic)

more dysgenetic (comparative)
most dysgenetic (superlative)

(genetics) Of, pertaining to, or causing dysgenesis.


reisolate

en-verb

reisolate (third-person singular simple present reisolates, present participle reisolating, simple past and past participle reisolated)

reisolates (present singular third-person)
reisolating (participle present)
reisolated (participle past)
reisolated (past)

(transitive, biology, chemistry) To isolate again.


probeset

(genetics) A collection of two or more probes that are designed to measure a single molecular species.


cathelicidin

From cathelin (“the protein domain conserved in cathelicidins”) + -cide (“killer”) + -in, in 1995.

affix

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antimicrobial polypeptides found in lysosomes in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.


heterotopia

en-noun

heterotopia (countable and uncountable, plural heterotopias)

/ˌhɛt(ə)ɹəˈtəʊpiə/

/ˌhɛtəɹəˈtoʊpiə/

(ecology) The occurrence of an organism in a number of different habitats


protiston

(zoology, archaic) A protist (member of the former taxonomic kingdom Protista).


superfeminine

en-adj

superfeminine (comparative more superfeminine, superlative most superfeminine)

more superfeminine (comparative)
most superfeminine (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superfeminine.wav


eudicotyledons

(botany, uncommon, often plural only) Alternative form of eudicots.


paleodicots

(botany) A group of dicotyledons that evolved prior to the divergence between the monocots and the eudicots.


palaeodicots

(botany) Alternative form of paleodicots.


basal dicot

(botany) A dicotyledon that is not part of the monocots.


phylogenetic tree

en-noun

phylogenetic tree (plural phylogenetic trees)

However, phylogenetic trees describe the relatedness between living organisms (and their classification) rather than ancestry. They measure the genetic distance between organisms, and identify the nearest relatives.

2011, Jacques Pepin, “The Source”, in The Origins of AIDS, 1st edition, →ISBN, page 22:

(biology) A branching diagram illustrating the potential evolutionary relationships among biological organisms or other entities in which the tree-maker hypothesizes share a common ancestor.


establishment growth

(botany) A special form of seedling growth in arboraceous monocotyledons, during which the longitudinal axis of the stem expands to reach its final girth. After achieving the definitive basal diameter, the stem elongates, maintaining a nearly cylindrical form.


lateral meristem

lateral meristem (plural lateral meristems)

(botany) Meristem forming a cylinder within some plants' organs (primarily stems, branches and roots) and allowing them to increase in girth (lateral growth).


intercalary meristem

intercalary meristem (plural intercalary meristems)

(botany) A meristem found as a "slice" within an organ and allowing lengthening in a middle position.


deacetyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups, especially from a lysine residue of a histone


phosphoribosyl

(biochemistry, especially in combination) the univalent radical derived from phosphoribose (ribose phosphate)


phyllotactic arrangement

phyllotactic arrangement (countable and uncountable, plural phyllotactic arrangements)


galeate

From Latin galeatus, past participle of galeare (“helmet”).

[…]it has been transformed, except in a few taxa where lobules are always explanate, into a galeate water-sac, which is formed wholly from the lobule, with the external surface from the adaxial leaf surface.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:


aminomethyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an aminomethyl group

aminometyylitransferaasi

any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an aminomethyl group


extracytoplasmic

en-adj

extracytoplasmic (comparative more extracytoplasmic, superlative most extracytoplasmic)

more extracytoplasmic (comparative)
most extracytoplasmic (superlative)

(biology) From outside of the cytoplasm of a cell


neutralophile

(biology) Any organism that thrives in a relatively neutral pH range


neutralophilic

neutralophilic (comparative more neutralophilic, superlative most neutralophilic)

more neutralophilic (comparative)
most neutralophilic (superlative)

(biology) Of or pertaining to a neutralophile


bacmid

(cytology) A shuttle vector that can be propagated in both E. coli and insect cells.


nematogenic

In zoology, formed as nematogen + -ic; in physical chemistry, formed as nemato- + -genic. Compare nematogenous.


prefoliation

en-noun

prefoliation (usually uncountable, plural prefoliations)

(botany) Vernation (arrangement within a bud) of leaves.


prefloration

prefloration (usually uncountable, plural preflorations)

preflorations (plural)
praefloration (alternative)
præfloration (alternative)

(botany) The arrangement (vernation) of floral parts in a bud.


metaplasm

From Latin metaplasmus from Ancient Greek μεταπλασμός (metaplasmós).

(biology) A small particle (often nutrient) within a cell.


suffrutescent

en-adj

suffrutescent (comparative more suffrutescent, superlative most suffrutescent)

more suffrutescent (comparative)
most suffrutescent (superlative)

(botany) Slightly woody or shrubby at the base.


crystalloid

(biochemistry, botany) One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells.


upper leaf zone

en-noun

upper leaf zone (plural upper leaf zones)

(botany) That part of a leaf and petiole that grows from an apical meristem.


lower leaf zone

lower leaf zone (plural lower leaf zones)

(botany) That part of a leaf and petiole that grows from a basal meristem.


precursor tip

Calque of German Vorläuferspitze, from Vorläufer (“forerunner, precursor”) + Spitze (“cusp,tip”).

(botany) The reduced upper leaf zone found on many monocotyledons that usually takes the form of a cylindrical extension at the apex of the leaf.

(botany) Any thickened or glandular leaf tip that is distinguishable from the rest of the lamina's surface.


pointlet

(botany) An extension of the rachis past the last leaf pair in a paripinnate leaf that usually represent an aborted leaf.


petiolule

(botany) The petiole of a pinna or pinnule.


pinnation

pinnation (countable and uncountable, plural pinnations)

(botany) The organisation of a pinnate leaf.


homotropy

homotropy (usually uncountable, plural homotropies)

(botany) A disposition of opposed, asymmetric leaves where a pair of leaves is rotationally symmetric


homotropous

(botany) Displaying, of, or pertaining to homotropy.


antitropous

(botany) Displaying, of, or pertaining to antitropy.

antítropo

displaying, of, or pertaining to antitropy


antitropy

(botany) A disposition of opposed, asymmetric leaves where a pair of leaves displays bilateral symmetry.


heterophylly

(botany) Marked changes in leaf morphology induced by environmental conditions; the ability to display such changes.

(botany) Significant variation in leaf shape on a same plant.


anisophylly

(botany) The growing by a plant of leaves in pairs with a significant difference in size between the two.

anisofilia

growth of pairs of different-sized leaves


pseudopetiole

(botany) The petiole of some monocotyledon leaves which is not part of the lower leaf zone.

(botany) A petiole-like constriction of the lamina or similar organ (such as a phyllode or phylloclade).

(botany) The morphologically distinct proximal section of a petiole to which stipules are attached.


tobacco mosaic

As is the case with tobacco mosaic, the disease has been successfully transmitted by inoculating healthy plants with juice pressed out of diseased plants.

1920, Journal of agricultural research, volume 19, page 131:

(phytopathology) A disease of tobacco plants, characterized by mottled leaves, caused by this virus.


shuttle vector

(cytology) A vector constructed, usually with selectable markers and tags, so that it can propagate in two different host species.


collinearity

collinearity (countable and uncountable, plural collinearities)

collinearities (plural)
colinearity (alternative)

(countable, genetics) The relationship between the linear sequence of codons in DNA and that of amino acids in the protein so coded


GDA

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of glycyldodecylamide, a derivative of the amino acid glycine.


plus-minus method

(genetics) A particular method of DNA sequencing, including first lengthening the DNA by means of DNA polymerase.


achaete

(genetics) A proneural gene, often associated with scute, that is required for the formation of many larval and adult sense organs


adenosylhomocysteine

(biochemistry) An adenosyl derivative of homocysteine that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cysteine


adenosylmethionine

(biochemistry) An adenosyl derivative of methionine that is a common co-substrate involved in transmethylation


alkyllysinase

(biochemistry) Any of a family of enzymes that catalyses the removal of alkyl (especially methyl) groups from lysine


cystathionine

(biochemistry) An intermediate, 2-amino-4-(2-amino-2-carboxy-ethyl) thio-butanoic acid, in the biosynthesis of cysteine.


deiminase

(biochemistry) Any hydrolase that hydrolyses imines


demethylimination

(biochemistry) The removal of methylimine residues from amino acids such as methylarginine


glycometabolism

(biochemistry) The metabolism of sugars and other carbohydrates


midblastula

(biology) A stage, in the development of an embryo, at which zygotic gene transcription is activated


pulvinoid

(botany) An area of tissue that swells on a permanent basis to reorient a plant part, most often a leaf or leaflet.


leaf sheath

(botany) A structure at the base of a leaf's petiole that partly surrounds or protect the stem or another organ that it subtends.


extrapetiolar stipule

extrapetiolar stipule (plural extrapetiolar stipules)

(botany) A stipule located 90° from the point of insertion of its corresponding petiole.


stipel

The phaseoloid clade is characterised by some members of all groups having stipels, and desmodioid root nodules which export ureides […]

2000, Patrick S. Herendeen, Anne Bruneau, P. S. Pollard, Advances in Legume Systematics (part 9, page 13)

(botany) A stipule associated with a leaflet rather than a complete leaf.


stipella

(botany, uncommon) Alternative form of stipel.


stipellar

(botany) Of, relating to, or constituting a stipel.


stipellate

From stipel + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


pseudostipule

(botany, usually in the plural) An often modified basal pair of leaflets of a compound leaf appearing very close to the stem.


bracteole

(botany) A small leaf of leaf-like structure directly subtending a flower or inflorescence whose stalk itself is subtended by a bract.

plewinka

a bract subtending an inflorescence whose stalk itself is subtended by a bract

(botany) A bract subtending an individual flower rather than an inflorescence.


hypsophyll

(botany, archaic) Any of the flower parts derived from leaves, including petals, sepals, tepals, and bracts.


involucel

(botany) An involucre that forms at the base of a flower cluster within a compound inflorescence.


phyllary

(botany) An individual bract within an involucre or involucel.


cataphyll

From cata- + -phyll; intended as translation of German Niederblatt, literally, “lower leaf”.

(botany) A leaf, sometimes abortive, sometimes persistent, that does not develop into a photosynthetic structure, but instead fulfills protective or storage functions. Examples include cotyledons, bud-scales, glochids, rhizome-scales, and bulb-scales.

cataphyllo

a leaf that fulfils protective or storage functions


bicarinate

(biology) Dividing into two points at the end.


postmitochondrial

(biology) Describing the stages of apoptosis following the disruption of the mitochonrdria


thermocycling

(genetics) The use of a thermocycler to amplify DNA segments


transregulator

(genetics) A transfected genetic regulator


unmethylation

(biochemistry) The removal of methyl groups from a previously methylated molecule


nidify

en-verb

nidify (third-person singular simple present nidifies, present participle nidifying, simple past and past participle nidified)

nidifies (present singular third-person)
nidifying (participle present)
nidified (participle past)
nidified (past)

From Latin nīdificō (“build a nest”), from nīdus (“nest”) + faciō (“make, do”).

It is only within the last few years that naturalists have clearly determined that some species of fish make nests for the reception of their spawn […] Five or six kinds are now ascertained to nidify; and of these, two belong to the genus Gasterosteus […]

1854, Albany Hancock, “Observations on the Nidification of Gasterosteus aculeatus and Gasterosteus spinachia”, in The Zoologist, 12: 4409:

[…] it may originally have explained why dung beetles do not appear when eagles nidify; […]

1997, Gert-Jan van Dijk, Ainoi, Logoi, Mythoi: Fables in Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greek Culture, page 206:

Among the birds that nidify there and live throughout the year [...] the sultan bird detaches[.]

2000, Bill Oddie, Gripping Yarns, page 123:


acetyllactosamine

(biochemistry) Any acetyl derivative of lactosamine, but especially N-acetyllactosamine, a component of many biologically active oligosaccharides.


lactosamine

en-noun

lactosamine (countable and uncountable, plural lactosamines)

(biochemistry) An amino derivative of lactose that is found in many biologically active carbohydrates


dihydrodipicolinate

dihydrodipicolinic acid
dihydrodipicolinic acid

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of dihydrodipicolinic acid


nociceptin

Of similar construction as nociceptor (which see) but with suffix -in for substances.

(biochemistry) An neurologically active oligopeptide related to the opioids.


ribosylhydrolase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of hydrolase enzymes that remove ribose moieties


succinyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase enzyme that transfers succinyl groups


monopartite

(genetics) Having a single strand of nucleic acid


sortase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of prokaryotic enzymes that form pili through cleavage and isopeptide bonding of precursors


acetylmuramic acid

(biochemistry) One of the constituents, along with acetylglucosamine, of peptidoglycan


acetylmuramyl

(biochemistry, in combination) The univalent radical derived from acetylmuramic acid


autointegration

(biology) intramolecular integration of a retrovirus


benzonase

benzonase (countable and uncountable, plural benzonases)

Hydrolysis of nucleic acids for single-cell protein concentrates has been carried out in one step using immobilized benzonase on corn cob.

1991 October, J. M. Moreno, “Hydrolysis of nucleic acids in single-cell protein concentrates using immobilized benzonase”, in Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology volume, volume 31:

The volume of benzonase solution (ready-made solution of the manufacturer) necessary to digest the DNA in the pellet III suspension was determined experimentally.

1999, Andrew J. Link, 2-d Proteome Analysis Protocols, page 83:

Immobilized nucleases like benzonases on corncobs were also used to reduce the nucleic acid content in protein concentrates.

2000 October, P. Ravindra, Anupama, Value-added food:: Single cell protein, in Biotechnology Advances, volume 18, issue 6, pages 459-479

Treat the lung with benzonase to remove the remnant DNA:

2011, Charles Y. Lee, Korkut Uygun, Methods in Bioengineering: Organ Preservation and Reengineering, page 185:

Also, in many cases, enzymes like benzonases fail to completely remove nucleic acids from complexes due to inaccessibility of shorter nucleic acids buried in the refolded protein as demonstrated in this study.

2014 May 23, Muniasamy Neerathilingam, “Soni-removal of nucleic acids from inclusion bodies”, in Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, volume 448, number 1, page 45:

The new digestion protocol was designed based on the enzymatic combination of benzonase and P1 nucleases.

2015, Antonio Monari, Elise Dumont, Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu, Radiation-induced and oxidative DNA damages, page 42:

(genetics) An artificial endonuclease used to degrade DNA and RNA.


cis-acting

transcription factor
transcription factor#English

(genetics) Describing transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes on the same chromosome.


trans-acting

(genetics) Describing transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes on a different chromosome.


codisplay

en-verb

codisplay (third-person singular simple present codisplays, present participle codisplaying, simple past and past participle codisplayed)

codisplays (present singular third-person)
codisplaying (participle present)
codisplayed (participle past)
codisplayed (past)

(biochemistry) To make multiple active sites of an enzyme (or enzymes) available simultaneously


collagenolytic

en-adj

collagenolytic (comparative more collagenolytic, superlative most collagenolytic)

more collagenolytic (comparative)
most collagenolytic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Able to lyse collagen (and other lysine-containing proteins).


diarginate

(biochemistry) Any compound containing two arginate groups


enolase

(biochemistry) A metalloenzyme responsible for the catalysis of phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate during glycolysis


galactonic acid

(biochemistry) A carboxylic acid, (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid formed by oxidation of galactose


lactalbumin

en-noun

lactalbumin (countable and uncountable, plural lactalbumins)

(biochemistry) The albumin content of milk.


lactoglobulin

(biochemistry) The globulin content of milk


monocistronic

(genetics) Having or involving a single cistron


multicistronic

(genetics) Having or involving a multiple cistrons


myogenin

(biochemistry) A protein (and associated gene) responsible for the development of skeletal muscle


myoglobulin

(biochemistry) The globulin of muscle tissue


neutrophile

/ˈnuː.tɹoʊ̯ˌfaɪ̯ɫ/

(biology) Any organism that thrives in a relatively neutral pH.


pseudotype

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudotype.wav

(biology) A viral vector having envelope proteins from two types of virus


pseudotyping

(biology) The formation of pseudotypes by the exchange of viral envelope proteins


staphylokinase

(biochemistry) A kinase, from Staphylococcus bacteria, that activates plasminogen to form plasmin


stromelysin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of metalloproteinases that cleave extracellular matrix proteins.


syntenin

(biochemistry) A protein that binds the cytoplasmic C-terminal FYA motif of the syndecans


thyroglobulin

(biochemistry) A globulin, produced by the thyroid gland, that has a role in the production of the thyroid hormones


multicopy

(genetics) Pertaining to, or producing, multiple copies of the same gene.


eclosure

eclosures (plural)
eclosion (alternative)

(biology) The emergence of an insect from the pupa case, or of a larva from the egg


bacteriophytochrome

(biochemistry) Any form of phytochrome found in a bacterium


diaminopimelic acid

diaminopimelic acid (plural diaminopimelic acids)

(biochemistry) Any diamino derivative of pimelic acid, but especially (2R,6S)-2,6-diaminoheptanedioic acid which has biochemical activity


exopolyphosphatase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of exocellular phosphohydrolases that hydrolyse polyphosphate


molybdoenzyme

In the present investigation evidence is presented indicating that the CO₂ reductase from Cl. pasteurianum most probably is a molybdoenzyme: It is synthesized only in the presence of molybdenum and is inactivated by low concentrations of cyanide, as are other molybdoenzymes.

1973 December 15, “CO₂ reductase from Clostridium pasteurianum: Molybdenum dependence of synthesis and inactivation by cyanide”, in FEBS Letters, volume 38, number 1, page 45:

Many organisms possessed several molybdoenzyme families and several subfamilies within these families. In archaea, as in bacteria, DMSOR was also the most frequently used molybdoenzyme family (>95% of Mo-utilizing organisms).

2016, Valeria Culotta, Metals in Cells, page 26:

While eukaryotes produce only a limited number of enzymes belonging to the sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase families (for instance, four molybdoenzymes are present in humans), enzymes of all three families are present in prokaryotes with enzymes of the DMSO reductase family being predominant.

2016, Russ Hille, Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes, page 118:

(biochemistry) Any metalloenzyme in which the active metal is molybdenum.


nonactic acid

(biochemistry) A non-antibiotic precursor of macrotetrolide antibiotics


nucleotidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a nucleotide to a nucleoside and phosphate


equitability

equitability (usually uncountable, plural equitabilities)

ĕ'kwĭtəbĭʹlĭtĭ

/ˌɛkwɪtəˈbɪlɪtɪ/

(ecology) The extent of the representation by equal numbers of individuals of the different species of a given community.


azoreductase

(biochemistry) Any of a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of diamines to azo compounds


gonopod

(zoology) A pleopod that is specialized for fertilisation in the males of some decapods.

...a pair of primitively two-segmented arms, the gonopods (claspers, forcipate claspers, anterior gonapophyses, pregonites, harpagones, parameres) arising posterolaterally on sternite 9...

1981, Manual of Nearctic Diptera, volume 1, →ISBN, page 45:

(entomology) A clasping structure, possibly also evolved from legs, at the tip of the abdomen of some male insects.


pauciserial

(zoology, of tooth enamel) Having few layers.


multiserial

(zoology, botany) Arranged in multiple rows


uniserial

(zoology, botany) Having a single row or series; unbranched; uniseriate.


stenodactylin

(biochemistry) A highly toxic ribosome-inactivating protein found in the passionflower Adenia stenodactyla


myxothiazol

myxothiazol (usually uncountable, plural myxothiazols)

(biochemistry) An inhibitor of complex III.


noscapine

noscapine (countable and uncountable, plural noscapines)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, primarily used for its antitussive effects.


protopine

protopine (usually uncountable, plural protopines)

(biochemistry) A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in plants of the family Papaveraceae that acts as an opioid analgesic.


antinucleating

en-adj

antinucleating (comparative more antinucleating, superlative most antinucleating)

more antinucleating (comparative)
most antinucleating (superlative)


biomodelling

(computing, biology) The modelling of biological systems, especially of ecosystems


didemnaketal

(biochemistry) Any of a family of polyisoprenoid ketals which are inhibitors of an HIV protease


disintegrin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of polypeptides, isolated from venom, that interact with integrin proteins and inhibit the clumping of platelets


fasciculin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of toxins, from the venom of the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps, that cause severe fasciculations.


heterocomplex

(biochemistry) A complex of many similar biological compounds


megakaryopoiesis

en-noun

megakaryopoiesis (countable and uncountable, plural megakaryopoieses)

(biology) The production of megakaryocytes.


metallocarboxypeptidase

(biochemistry) Any metalloproteinase exopeptidase


peptidomics

From peptidome + -ics or peptide + -omics.

(biochemistry) The branch of molecular biology that studies the set of peptides of an organism.


deflex

en-verb

deflex (third-person singular simple present deflexes, present participle deflexing, simple past and past participle deflexed)

deflexes (present singular third-person)
deflexing (participle present)
deflexed (participle past)
deflexed (past)


dentex

Borrowed from translingual Dentex, from Latin dentex, from Latin dēns (“tooth”). Further from Proto-Italic *dents and Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts.

(ichthyology) Any member of the genus Dentex of perciform fish.


proteomimetic

(biochemistry) Any compound that mimics the structure and function of extended regions of protein surfaces.


stramineous

en-adj

stramineous (comparative more stramineous, superlative most stramineous)

more stramineous (comparative)
most stramineous (superlative)

From Latin strāmineus, from strāmen (“straw”).


hystricognath

The New World hystricognath rodents (= caviomorphs) today represent one of the most diverse and widespread suborders among the over 800 mammal species of South America (Woods, 1982).

1996, José Roberto Moreira, David W. Macdonald, “7: Capybara use and conservation in South America”, in V.J. Taylor, N. Dunstone, editors, Exploitation of Mammal Populations, page 89:

The situation is similar with respect to rodents, given that the earliest undisputed hystricognaths are from the Oligocene of Pakistan and Egypt (ca. 35Ma), with the possibility of a Middle Eocene origin for the group (Bryant and McKenna 1995; Marivaux et al. 2002).

2008, Felipe Bandoni de Oliveira, Eder Cassola Molina, Paul A. Garber, Gabriel Marroig, “Chapter 3: Paleogeography of the South Atlantic: a Route for Primates and Rodents into the New World?”, in Alejandro Estrada, Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques, Eckhard W. Heymann, Karen B. Strier, editors, South American Primates, page 63:

The hystricognaths include several lines that radiated in Africa and South America in the Oligocene and Miocene.[…]The largest hystricognath group is the Caviomorpha, the South American guinea pigs, capybaras, chinchillas and New World porcupines.

2009, Michael J. Benton, Vertebrate Palaeontology, page 359:

(zoology) Any member of the infraorder Hystricognathi of rodents, distinguished from other rodents by the bone structure of their skulls.


carbanucleoside

(biochemistry) Any carbocyclic analogue of a nucleoside


dipeptidyl

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to dipeptides


nitrilase

en-noun

nitrilase (countable and uncountable, plural nitrilases)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids and ammonia, without the formation of "free" amide intermediates.


intercalator

(biochemistry) Any of several classes of small molecule that insert themselves into the structure of DNA


sialidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of mammalian lysosomal neuraminidases.


ATG

en-adj

ATG (comparative more ATG, superlative most ATG)

more ATG (comparative)
most ATG (superlative)

The lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy plays a fundamental role in cellular, tissue and organismal homeostasis and is mediated by evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes.

2020, Levine B, Kroemer G, “Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective”, in Cell, 176:1-2, page 11:

(cytology) Short for "autophagy-related" as pertains to genes or proteins


FSM

en-noun

FSM (countable and uncountable, plural FSMs)

fluorescent speckle microscopy
fluorescent speckle microscopy#English

(uncountable, microbiology) Initialism of fluorescent speckle microscopy.


HRV

HRV (countable and uncountable, plural HRVs)

Holmes ribgrass virus
Holmes ribgrass virus#English

(virology, botany) Initialism of Holmes ribgrass virus, an RNA virus of plants.

human rhinovirus
human rhinovirus#English

(virology, medicine) Initialism of human rhinovirus.


buccula

Figure 1. Lateral view of head, showing buccula of N. californicus.

1957 October 7, Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 1957-10: Vol 30 Iss 4:

Buccula rounded, without spiny projection at middle

1993, H Brailovsky, New genera and new species of Colpurini (Heteroptera: Coreidae) from the Fiji Islands and New Guinea:

(entomology) in hemipterans, the ventroanterior part of the bug's head.


astrovirus

(virology) Any member of the family Astroviridae of icosahedral viruses with a characteristic starlike surface structure.


bioorthogonal

en-adj

bioorthogonal (comparative more bioorthogonal, superlative most bioorthogonal)

more bioorthogonal (comparative)
most bioorthogonal (superlative)

From bio- + orthogonal (“able to be treated separately”).

prefix

(biochemistry) Describing biochemical research techniques for selectively labelling biomolecules that are independent of the detailed structure of the host molecule.


bulgecinine

(biochemistry) A nonproteinogenic amino acid 2s,4s,5r-4-hydroxy-5- (hydroxymethyl)proline that is a component of bulgecins.


kbp

(genetics) Abbreviation of kilobase pair.


kilobase pair

(genetics) One thousand base pairs in succession (used as a measure of the size of a nucleic acid or a gene).


Southern blot

From Edwin Mallor Southern, British biochemist + blot.

(biochemistry) A sheet to which DNA has been transferred from electrophoresis gel, used for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples.


Southern blot

en-verb

Southern blot (third-person singular simple present Southern blots, present participle Southern blotting, simple past and past participle Southern blotted)

Southern blots (present singular third-person)
Southern blotting (participle present)
Southern blotted (participle past)
Southern blotted (past)

(transitive, biochemistry) To use a Southern blot on (some DNA).


deoxystreptamine

(biochemistry) A diamino deoxy sugar that is the basis of a range of antibiotics


fucosyltransferase

(biochemistry) A transferase that catalyzes the transfer of fucose sugars


alkaline phosphatase

en-noun

alkaline phosphatase (plural alkaline phosphatases)

(biochemistry) Any of a group of phosphatases that are most active in an alkaline environment


octaloop

(genetics) An eight-base hairpin loop motif


fucosidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a fucoside


fuculose

(biochemistry) A deoxysugar related to tagatose


galactonojirimycin

galactonojirimycin (usually uncountable, plural galactonojirimycins)

(biochemistry) An iminosugar related to galactose


iminosugar

(biochemistry) Any analog of a sugar having a nitrogen atom at the position of the endocyclic oxygen atom


glycoprocessing

(biochemistry) Describing any enzyme that acts upon a sugar or sugar derivative


hexosaminidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal hexosamine residues in hexosaminides


claviform

en-adj

claviform (comparative more claviform, superlative most claviform)

more claviform (comparative)
most claviform (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Latin clāvifōrmis (“club-shaped, claviform”), from Latin clāva (“a club”) (from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat; to break”)) + -fōrmis (suffix meaning ‘having the form of’) (equivalent to -form, -iform). The English word is cognate with French claviforme.
The noun is probably derived from the adjective.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-claviform.wav

Claviform is the reverse of stalactitic; it is composed of club-shaped parallel rods which adhere by their thin extremities. Examples, brown and black hæmatite.

1805, Robert Jameson, “Particular Generic External Characters”, in A Treatise on the External Characters of Minerals, Edinburgh: […] University Press for Bell & Bradfute, Guthrie & Tait, and W[illiam] Blackwood; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme, →OCLC, page 29:

Two other claviform tentacula arise from the anterior superior part of the mantle [of sea slugs of the genus Doris].

1831, [Georges] Cuvier, P[ierre] A[ndré] Latreille, “Second Great Division of the Animal Kingdom. Animalia Mollusca.”, in H[enry] M’Murtrie, transl., The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with Its Organization, […], 2nd edition, volume II, New York, N.Y.: G. & C. & H. Carvill, →OCLC, page 339:

The embryo is roundish, compressed, with a very large, claviform radicle, and two large, foliaceous cotyledons, full of nerves, plaited, depressed, and applied to the radicle; the colour of the embryo is white, except the nerves of the cotyledons, which are rose-coloured.

1832, William Jackson Hooker, quoting Pierre Antoine Poiteau, “Couroupita Guianensis. Guiana Couroupita, or Cannon-Ball Tree.”, in Samuel Curtis, editor, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine; or Flower Garden Displayed: […], volume VI (New Series; volume LIX overall), London: […] Edward Couchman, […]; for the proprietor, Samuel Curtis, […], →ISSN, →OCLC:

One zoarial fragment, from sample 2, may belong to Figularia. [...] The elongate-claviform zooecia have long, smooth proximal gymnocysts, extending as much as one-third the zooecial length and continuing as narrow strips along the lateral margins nearly to the distal end.

1972, Alan H. Cheetham, “Systematic Paleontology”, in Cheilostome Bryozoa of the Late Eocene Age from Eua, Tonga (Late Eocene Fossils from Eua, Tonga; Geological Survey Professional Paper; 640-E), Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page E10:

They vary in shape from filiform (thread-shaped) or claviform (club-shaped) to capitate (with a terminal knob) or moniliform (with a series of knobs).

1986, Wolfgang Sterrer, Christiane Schoepfer-Sterrer, editors, Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda: A Systematic Guide to the Identification of Marine Organisms, New York, N.Y., Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley, →ISBN, page 141, column 1:

The claviform (club-shaped) shapes are especially prevalent in the Pyrenees particularly in the Ariege [...], but they are also found in the Dordogne (Lascaux, Gabillou), in Quercy (Saint-Eulalie), and on the Cantabrian coast [...].

1998, Jean Clottes, J[ames] David Lewis-Williams, translated by Sophie Hawkes, The Shamans of Prehistory: Trance and Magic in the Painted Caves, New York, N.Y.: Harry N. Abrams, →ISBN, page 47:

Solanum contumazaense [...] Style 10–11 mm long, exerted 4 mm, sparsely papillose below center; stigma claviform, light green.

2004 December, C[arlos] M[anuel] Ochoa, “Series Conicibaccata”, in Donald Ugent, transl., The Potatoes of South America: Peru: (Part I: The Wild Species), Lima, Peru: International Potato Center (CIP), →ISBN, page 114:

(chiefly biology) Larger at the tip than at the base; club-shaped.

claviforme

larger at the tip than at the base; club-shaped


claviform

The claviform comprises a vertical line with a bulge at one side; but unlike the buttocks on the stylized females, the bulge is usually on the middle or the upper half of the 'sign'! It has been suggested that the 'upper bulge' on a claviform instead represents breasts, but this is based on supposedly stylized statuettes from Dolni Vestonice and elsewhere, comprising a rod with two little lumps near the top, and thus on analogies with sites even further away in space and time from the claviforms.

1997, Paul G. Bahn, Jean Vertut, “What was Depicted?”, in Journey through the Ice Age, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 164, column 2:

In the early days of research, the images were often read very literally, and this was certainly taken to extremes – the classic example, of course, is the ‘signs’ in Ice Age cave art which the first researchers assumed to represent actual objects, and gave them names accordingly – for example, ‘claviforms’ were thought to be clubs, ‘tectiforms’ were thought to be roofs or huts, and so forth [...].

2006, Paul G. Bahn, “Myths and Meanings”, in Prehistoric Rock Art: Polemics and Progress […], Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, published 2010, →ISBN, page 32:

There is also a faded red painting of a claviform (a thick curved line with a raised bump or point in the middle) that looks awfully similar to those found at a few other sites in northern Spain. A claviform from Altamira was dated using the uranium-series technique and is at least 35,000 years old.

2016, Genevieve von Petzinger, “Signs across the Ages: The Many Styles of the Oldest Art”, in The First Signs: Unlocking the Mysteries of the World’s Oldest Symbols, New York, N.Y.: Atria Paperback, published March 2017, →ISBN, page 140:

In Niaux, claviforms played a special role in that respect because we also find them very far inside the cave near the end of the galleries. [...] The same structure is visible at the Salon Noir itself. There, a claviform and a parallel bar were made on the first panel to the right, at the entrance.

2018, Jean Clottes, “European Palaeolithic Rock Art and Spatial Structures”, in Bruno David, Ian J. McNiven, editors, The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (Conceptual Approaches to Rock Art: Investigating Meaning), page 406:

(palaeography) An image or symbol which is club-shaped, that is, larger at the tip than at the base.


claviform

From Latin clāvifōrmis (“nail-shaped, claviform”) (attested since 1677), from Latin clāvus (“a nail (metal spike)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kleh₂w- (“a crook, hook; a peg”), + -fōrmis (suffix meaning ‘having the form of’), equivalent to -form, -iform.

CLAVOPORA Busk, 1874. Colony small, erect, coriaceous, claviform (nail-shaped), with two well differentiated parts: [...]

1988, M. Zabala, P. Maluquer, Illustrated Keys for the Classification of Mediterranean Bryozoa (Treballs del Museu de Zoologia; no. 4), Barcelona: Museu de Zoologia, Ajuntament de Barcelona, →ISBN, page 62:

(chiefly biology) Shaped like a nail (“a metallic spike-shaped fastener”).


mistrafficked

en-adj

mistrafficked (comparative more mistrafficked, superlative most mistrafficked)

more mistrafficked (comparative)
most mistrafficked (superlative)

(biochemistry) Describing a protein that has been incorrectly trafficked (transported) after being produced in a cell


rhamnulose

From translingual Rhamnus (“genus of buckthorns”) + -ulose (“a ketose”).

uder

(biochemistry) a particular deoxyketohexose related to sorbose


deoxyketohexose

(biochemistry) Any deoxysugar derived from a ketohexose


polyoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of nucleoside antibiotics, produced by Streptomyces bacteria, composed of heterocyclic moieties derived from amino sugars; the simplest being 1-β-(5'-amino5'-deoxy-D-allofuranuronosyl)-5-hydroxy-methyluracil


xanthorin

(biochemistry) An anthraquinone compound found in Xanthoria elegans, the elegant sunburst lichen.


lichenized

(mycology, of a fungus) Adapted to live as a symbiont in a lichen.


diazonamide

(biochemistry) Any of a family of cytotoxic peptides found in marine ascidians of the genus Diazona.


bergapten

(biochemistry) 5-methoxypsoralen, a psoralen found in the essential oil of bergamot (where it is the cause of phototoxicity) and other citruses.


lipoamino acid

(biochemistry) Any of several classes of lipid, containing amino acid residues, with or without glycerol and/or fatty acid residues, but lacking a phosphate group, that are present in bacteria and similar organisms


chlorolipid

(biochemistry) Any of various long-chain aliphatic chlorides found in various simple organisms.


bioconvection

(biology, physics) The motion of large numbers of small organisms in a fluid, especially free-swimming zooplankton in water


calcin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of polypeptides that have an affinity for calcium


MFC

en-noun

MFC (countable and uncountable, plural MFCs)

microbial fuel cell
microbial fuel cell#English

(biology) Initialism of microbial fuel cell.


dynorphin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin


kryptopyrrole

kryptopyrrole (usually uncountable, plural kryptopyrroles)

(biochemistry) The derivative of pyrrole 2,4-dimethyl, 3-ethylpyrrole whose presence in the urine is diagnostic of various disorders


macrofibre

(biology) Any of a series of highly-ordered multicellular structures, on the surface of some bacteria, that undergo twisting and writhing motions


oxytactic

en-adj

oxytactic (comparative more oxytactic, superlative most oxytactic)

more oxytactic (comparative)
most oxytactic (superlative)


oxytaxis

(biology) movement or orientation towards a supply of oxygen


density dependence

en-noun

density dependence (plural density dependences)

(ecology) Regulation of population growth by mechanisms controlled by the size of the population; especially the curtailment of growth by crowding, predators and competition


aggressin

(biology) Any substance, produced in the body by a pathogenic bacterium, that enhances the virulence of the bacteria.

agressina

substance that enhances the virulence of the bacteria


eurythermal

en-adj

eurythermal (comparative more eurythermal, superlative most eurythermal)

more eurythermal (comparative)
most eurythermal (superlative)

(biology, of an organism) Able to tolerate a wide range of temperature.


panspermial

panspermial (comparative more panspermial, superlative most panspermial)

more panspermial (comparative)
most panspermial (superlative)

(biology) Of or pertaining to panspermia.


bromosugar

(biochemistry) Any compound in which one or more hydroxyl groups of a sugar have been replaced by atoms of bromine


chlorosugar

(biochemistry) Any compound in which one or more hydroxyl groups of a sugar have been replaced by atoms of chlorine


fluorosugar

(biochemistry) Any compound in which one or more hydroxyl groups of a sugar have been replaced by atoms of fluorine


iodosugar

(biochemistry) Any compound in which one or more hydroxyl groups of a sugar have been replaced by atoms of iodine


halosugar

(biochemistry) Any compound in which one or more hydroxyl groups of a sugar have been replaced by atoms of halide


pictura

Learned borrowing from Latin pictūra (“a painting”). Doublet of picture.


exuvium

Perhaps from Latin exuvium, or perhaps an independent back-formation from exuvia, under the impression that exuvia is the plural of a Latin second-declension neuter noun exuvium, whereas exuvia is in reality the regularised first-declension singular of Latin exuviae.

1654 Simeon Ashe
Loe here th' exuvium of that heavenly soul,
Who living did by's words and works controule
The power of Sin and Satan ; and whose breath
Redeem'd poor souls from darkness, and from death,
And by bis pious Doctrine did convince
The sly Temptations of that ayery Prince.

1671 Basil Valentinus, monke of the order of St Bennet: The last will and testament
Things inclining to ashes, and soot, and excrements of metals, and the exuviums or mulls of bodies Melters suppose may be taken and gotten off safely in a roasting or calcining fire, they make a great fire of wood under them, roast or calcine the metal...
...
Of ‘’Ignis candens’’, or of the glowing fire
This fire is purposely ordered upon metalline bodies, it consumeth them, being their matter is naturally inclined thereunto: This fire is of great concernment, making their bodies very malleable, their exuvium’s stay on the Float, and is the best quality they have, that they put off in that glowing the thing which will be gone, and the good thereof remains.

1679 Sir Thomas Browne in a letter to his son Edward
I have sent you by Mrs. Alice Peirce, a skinne of the palme of a woemans hand, cast of at the end of a fever, or in the declination thereof; I called it exuvium palmæ muliebris, the Latin word being exuvia in the plurall, butt I named it exuvium, or exuvia in the singular number.

This gentleman, we learn, kept a crayfish alive in a vase for two years, and found that during each year its exuvium was shed but once.

1860 John Harper "Glimpses of Ocean Life

1939 Paul Random Henson et al.: US Dept. of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin 715 Alfalfa Experiments at Stoneville, Miss.
Meconium and exuvium contained within host skin, which remains nearly intact within host puparium except when destroyed by unusual circumstances

2012 David Rosen, P. DeBach: Species of Aphytis of the World
The cephalic exuvium, including the antennal cases, and the thoracic exuvium, including the leg and wing cases, are rather strongly sclerotized and are usually recognizable after emergence ...


epicuticle

(biology) The outermost portion of the cuticle of an arthropod or plant.


procuticle

(biology) The major portion of the exoskeleton of an insect or arthropod


apolysis

From Ancient Greek ἀπόλυσις (apólusis, “discharge; literally, absolution”).

bor

(biology) The separation of the cuticula from the epidermis in arthropods and related groups.

apolyse

the separation of the cuticula from the epidermis in arthropods and related groups


pedicellaria

/ˌpɛdɪsəˈlɛəɹi.ə/

/ˌpɛdəsəˈlɛɹi.ə/

From New Latin pedīcellus (“small foot”) + -aria.

(biology) A small, stalk-shaped structure of the sea urchin and other echinoderms, which has three pincer-like structures at the end that perform cleaning functions and serve as defense against predators.

pedicelária

a small, stalk-shaped structure on some echinoderms


fucopeptide

(biochemistry) Any of many glycoproteins containing fucose


galactopyranosylamine

(biochemistry) Any amino sugar derived from a galactopyranose


glycopeptidomimetic

(biochemistry) Any mimetic of a glycopeptide


hexasaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide containing six sugar residues


norvaline

en-noun

norvaline (countable and uncountable, plural norvalines)

(biochemistry) An amino acid 2-amino-butanoic acid that is not found in protein


progestational

(biology, medicine) Describing the phase of the menstrual cycle before gestation and after ovulation, during which progesterone is secreted.

(biology, medicine) Of or pertaining to progesterone.

(biology, medicine) Similar in action to progesterone; progesterone-like.

(biology, medicine) Encouraging or conducive to gestation (said of hormone levels, for example).

(biology, medicine) Relating to the time before gestation; pregestational.


supercatalyst

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercatalyst.wav

(chemistry, biochemistry) Any catalyst (especially an enzyme) that catalyzes a large range of reactions


isogeneic

(genetics, medicine) Having the same genetic makeup and origin.


voltinism

voltinism (countable and uncountable, plural voltinisms)

From Italian volta (“a turn, winding”) + -ism.

(biology) The number of broods or generations of an organism in one year.

voltinisme

the number of broods or generations of an organism in one year


invasible

en-adj

invasible (comparative more invasible, superlative most invasible)

more invasible (comparative)
most invasible (superlative)

(biology) Capable of being invaded by invasive species


uncinus

(paleontology) The curved tip of the hooks associated with belemnite tentacles.


abjoint

en-verb

abjoint (third-person singular simple present abjoints, present participle abjointing, simple past and past participle abjointed)

abjoints (present singular third-person)
abjointing (participle present)
abjointed (participle past)
abjointed (past)

/ˈæbˌd͡ʒɔɪnt/

/æbˈd͡ʒɔɪnt/

(transitive, botany, mycology) To form by cutting off as a protrusion from a parent cell.

(intransitive, botany, mycology) To separate from the hypha of a fungus by the formation of a septum.


scelidate

en-adj

scelidate (comparative more scelidate, superlative most scelidate)

more scelidate (comparative)
most scelidate (superlative)


adversifoliate

(botany) Having leaves placed opposite each other on a stem.


araneid

From the genus name translingual Araneus + -id.

(zoology) A spider; now specifically a member of the family Araneidae; an orb weaver.


araneology

From French aranéologie, from Latin arānea + French -o- + -logie.

(zoology) The study of the spider, a branch of arachnology.


arboricolous

arboricolous (comparative more arboricolous, superlative most arboricolous)

more arboricolous (comparative)
most arboricolous (superlative)

(ecology) That grows on, or lives in, trees.


barnase

en-noun

barnase (countable and uncountable, plural barnases)

(biochemistry) A small protein, produced by the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and others, that has ribonuclease activity


argyrophilic

en-adj

argyrophilic (comparative more argyrophilic, superlative most argyrophilic)

more argyrophilic (comparative)
most argyrophilic (superlative)

Tumor cells of both the endocrine cell carcinoma and the adenocarcinoma were argyrophilic.

1989, M. Yamamoto, S. Nakajo, “Endocrine cell carcinoma (carcinoid) of the gallbladder”, in The American journal of surgical pathology, →DOI, →PMID:

(cytology) Having an affinity for silver (and thus able to be stained by a subsequent reducing agent).


arundinaceous

arundinaceous (comparative more arundinaceous, superlative most arundinaceous)

more arundinaceous (comparative)
most arundinaceous (superlative)

From Latin arundinaceus, from arundo (“reed”).

(botany) Of, pertaining to, or resembling a reed or cane

arundináceo

of, pertaining to, or resembling a reed or cane


auxospore

Auxosporulation [is] the formation of an auxospore...usually a zygote, produced by diatoms, which expands to near the maximum size of a given species.

2001, Eugene Stoermer, John Smol, The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences:

(biology) A reproductive spore in diatoms that is formed by the union of two cells


avicolous

avicolous (comparative more avicolous, superlative most avicolous)

more avicolous (comparative)
most avicolous (superlative)


barbellate

barbellate (comparative more barbellate, superlative most barbellate)

more barbellate (comparative)
most barbellate (superlative)

(botany) Having a covering of fine barbs, quills, spines or thorns.


bicolligate

(ornithology) Having the anterior toes united by a basal web


bifarious

From Latin bifārius (“twofold, double”), back-formed from the adverb bifāriam.

(botany) In two rows (on opposite sides of a branch etc.)


biferous

(botany) Bearing flowers or fruit twice each year


biflorous

Latin bis twice + flos, floris (“flower”) + English -ous.


bigeneric

It's a bigeneric hybrid, they don't come in nature like that.

1934, Rex Stout, Fer-de-Lance, Bantam, published 1992, →ISBN, page 93:

(botany) Describing an (infertile) cross between plants belonging to different genera.

(taxonomy) Describing a taxonomic group containing only two genera.


biloculine

biloculine (comparative more biloculine, superlative most biloculine)

more biloculine (comparative)
most biloculine (superlative)

(biology) Characteristic of species of foraminifers in the genus Biloculina, now principally in Pyrgo.


bimanous

From Latin bi (“two”) + manus (“hand”) + -ous.

(biology) Having two hands (rather than any other distal part of a forelimb).


bipalmate

(botany) Describing leaves that have a palmate structure on petioles that are themselves palmate.


birotation

en-noun

birotation (countable and uncountable, plural birotations)

(obsolete, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry) Mutarotation.


digastric

Borrowing from New Latin digastricus, from di- (“twice, doubly”) + gastricus (“gastric”); equivalent to di- + gastric. Doublet of digastricus.


vitta

The curved black line behind the scutel is usually expanded, in connection with the metathoracic black vitta, into a broad black triangle, the apex of which does not quite attain the abdominal peduncle.

1870, American Entomologist and Botanist, volume 2, page 301:

(botany) An oil tube in the fruit of some plants.


bracteose

en-adj

bracteose (comparative more bracteose, superlative most bracteose)

more bracteose (comparative)
most bracteose (superlative)


breviped

breviped (comparative more breviped, superlative most breviped)

more breviped (comparative)
most breviped (superlative)


brevirostral

brevirostral (comparative more brevirostral, superlative most brevirostral)

more brevirostral (comparative)
most brevirostral (superlative)

Latin brevis (“short”) + English rostral.


univoltine

How does an oligolege respond if its pollen hosts fail to bloom? Most oligoleges have one generation per year (univoltine), so adult emergence can and must synchronize with host bloom (e.g., Cane and Payne 1993).

2006, Nickolas M. Waser, Jeff Ollerton, Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization:

(biology) Having one brood or generation in a year


univoltine

egynemzedékes

having one brood or generation in a year