glycotransferase

CG33303 is predicted to have the dolichyl-diphosphooligosachharide-protein glycotransferase activity based on its similarity with human Ribophorin I. As candidates from this class show differential effect on different tendon cell clusters i.e. dorsal-anterior and posterior tendon cell cluster it would be interesting to investigate their role in specifying these tendon cell clusters.

2015 October 22, “A Tendon Cell Specific RNAi Screen Reveals Novel Candidates Essential for Muscle Tendon Interaction”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a sugar moiety


periconceptual

It seems that the exposure of the rabbit mothers to the bioactive supplement TT during 45 days of the periconceptual period was sufficient to induce changes in the oocytes-secreted gene BMP15.

2016 March 1, “Tribulus terrestris Alters the Expression of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 in Rabbit Ovaries of Mothers and F 1 Female Offspring”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Around the time of conception.


hyperaccumulate

en-verb

hyperaccumulate (third-person singular simple present hyperaccumulates, present participle hyperaccumulating, simple past and past participle hyperaccumulated)

hyperaccumulates (present singular third-person)
hyperaccumulating (participle present)
hyperaccumulated (participle past)
hyperaccumulated (past)

an angiosperm that hyperaccumulates heavy metals

(transitive, biology) To accumulate in large amounts.


leupaxin

(biochemistry) A particular protein that is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells and is most homologous to the focal adhesion protein paxillin.


exorhodopsin

The different usage of Gt2 and Gt1 for parapinopsin and exorhodopsin in the teleost pineal organ is similar to that for cone opsins and rhodopsin in the retina, although the physiological implications are unclear.

2015 October 23, “Activation of Transducin by Bistable Pigment Parapinopsin in the Pineal Organ of Lower Vertebrates”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A form of rhodopsin expressed in the zebrafish pineal gland


fodinichnion

From Latin fodīna (“a mine”) + -ichnion.

Distinctive behaviour patterns add to the specific character as they do in recent species. They may also be referred to more general functions such as crawling, feeding or hiding. Distinction of five major groups (dwelling burrows = Domichnia; feeding burrows = Fodinichnia; feeding trails = Pascichnia; crawling trails = Repichnia; resting tracks = Cubichnia) has proved to be satisfactory and useful in environmental interpretations (Seilacher, 1953, 1958).

1964 September 7, Adolf Seilacher, Sedimentology, volume 3, number 3, page 253:

Following this interpretation, Conichnus conosinus isp. n. can be ethologically classified as a fodinichnion (combination of feeding and dwelling).

1995, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark:

(paleontology) A trace fossil formed by deposit feeders as they excavate the sediment in search of food.


hypercondensation

en-noun

hypercondensation (countable and uncountable, plural hypercondensations)

In addition, PNAP - 6h decreased CDK1 and cyclin B1 expression, most likely leading to G 2 /M arrest, and induced morphological changes, such as nuclear shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and nuclear hypercondensation, as observed by Hoechst 33342 staining.

2015 October 23, “Structure-Activity Relationship of Synthetic 2-Phenylnaphthalenes with Hydroxyl Groups that Inhibit Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis of MCF-7 Cancer Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The severe compaction of chromosomes


codepletion

We found that codepletion of ERG/FLI-1 resulted in inhibition of NR4A1 dependent H3K27ac at distal enhancers of all three induced genes (Fig 6D) and also strongly prevented NR4A1 dependent recruitment of p300 (Fig 6E).

2016 March 4, “Genome Wide Mapping of NR4A Binding Reveals Cooperativity with ETS Factors to Promote Epigenetic Activation of Distal Enhancers in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The depletion of one substance in conjunction with the depletion of another.


metamelanopsin

In squid and octopus rhodopsins, acid metarhodopsin (all-trans form) shows light-dependent conversion mainly to the original rhodopsins (11-cis form) at 0°C [16, 17 ], whereas metamelanopsin (all-trans form) is converted to extramelanopsin (7-cis form) in addition to the original melanopsin (11-cis form) [10 ].

2015 October 23, “Diversity of Active States in TMT Opsins”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A form of melanopsin containing the all-trans isomer of retinal


monoclonated

Assays to detect antibody response to adult filarial antigen were performed using biotinylated monoclonated antibodies (Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, CA) specific for IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.

2015 October 23, “Changes in Antibody Levels during and following an Episode of Acute Adenolymphangitis (ADL) among Lymphedema Patients in Léogâne, Haiti”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


parapinopsin

We previously reported that parapinopsin is an ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive opsin that underlies hyperpolarization of the pineal photoreceptor cells of lower vertebrates to achieve pineal wavelength discrimination.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of opsins in the parapineal gland of some fish


parietopsin

It has been reported that parietopsin, first identified in the parietal eye, is colocalized with and coupled to Go-type G protein in the photoreceptor cells of the lizard parietal eye [31 ].

(biochemistry) Any of a group of opsins in the parietal eye of some lizards


dysomy

In humans, loss of imprinting or uniparental dysomy of imprinted genes contributes to diseases such as Prader-Willi, Angelman, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes, all of which present cognitive dysfunctions.

2015 October 24, “Insulin Like Growth Factor 2 Expression in the Rat Brain Both in Basal Condition and following Learning Predominantly Derives from the Maternal Allele”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The inheritance of a pair of non-identical chromosomes


gametologue

Both types of sequence could potentially be exploited for the generation of sex markers because the male and female copies of gametologues are significantly different at the sequence level and markers designed from gametologue sequences have been successfully used to discriminate between sexes in different Ectocarpus species.

2015 October 24, “Development of PCR‐Based Markers to Determine the Sex of Kelps”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A gene that is homologous to one on a sex chromosome.


tetramannose

tetramannose (countable and uncountable, plural tetramannoses)

This range is similar to x β of 0.35 nm reported for GAG self-interactions [48 ] and linear tetramannose interacting with a monoclonal antibody [51 ] both being examples being interactions involving carbohydrates.

2015 October 24, “Energy Landscape of Alginate-Epimerase Interactions Assessed by Optical Tweezers and Atomic Force Microscopy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


triphosphohydrolase

A key player of this restriction is the sterile alpha motif-hydroxylase domain 1 protein (SAMHD1, [6 ,7 ,14 ], a dGTP-dependent deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that maintains dNTPs at concentrations that are limiting for efficient reverse transcription [5 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ]).

2015 October 24, “The Frequency of Cytidine Editing of Viral DNA Is Differentially Influenced by Vpx and Nucleosides during HIV-1 or SIV MAC Infection of Dendritic Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any hydrolase that catalyses the hydrolysis of triphosphates


Oriental darter

Oriental darter (plural Oriental darters)

Anhinga melanogaster
Anhinga melanogaster#Translingual

(zoology) A bird (Anhinga melanogaster) of Southeast Asia


whippomorph

(zoology) Any member of the suborder Whippomorpha, including hippopotamuses and cetaceans.


GAR

glycineamide ribonucleotide
glycineamide ribonucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of glycineamide ribonucleotide.

glutathione amide reductase
glutathione amide reductase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of glutathione amide reductase.


scissor-bill

Aquatic birds of various kinds are very numerous, such as geese, darters (Flotus melanogaster), scissor-bills (Rhynchops nigra), adjutants (Leptoptilos argala), pelicans, cormorants, cranes (Grus antigone, in Burmese gyoja), whimbrels, plovers, and ibises.

1876, "Burmah" in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. IV, p. 552

(zoology) Alternative form of scissorbill.


eurythermia

From eury- + Ancient Greek θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”).

(biology) The ability to live in a wide range of temperatures.


preruminant

The preruminant, monogastric newborn lamb has well-established upper and lower esophageal sphincters […]

2016 January 20, “Inhibitory Effect of Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation on Gastroesophageal Reflux”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


preruminant

(biology) An animal that does not yet chew the cud.


expressor

(genetics) Alternative form of expresser.


lek paradox

(biology) The apparent paradox that additive genetic variation is maintained despite persistent female choice for particular male traits.


ecosystem engineer

ecosystem engineer (plural ecosystem engineers)

(ecology) Any organism that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat.

biobouwer

organism that significantly impacts its habitat


phorozooid

(biology) A zooid of the sexual generation of some free-swimming tunicates which though it becomes free-swimming does not mature sexually.


endocellulase

(biochemistry) Any cellulase that hydrolyses glycoside links within (rather than at the ends of) cellulose chains.


podite

(zoology) A limb of a crustacean when ambulatory.


hand-winged

(zoology) Having wings that are like hands in the structure and arrangement of their bones; said of bats.


stercolin

(biochemistry, archaic) serolin; stercorin


acetylator

(biochemistry) A human being or other organism that can metabolize certain drugs by acetylating them (to a greater or lesser extent).


ghrelinergic

Together, these results described for the first time in fish the mapping of preproghrelin and ghrelin receptor ghs-r1a in brain and gastrointestinal tract of goldfish, and provide the first evidence for a daily regulation of both genes expression in such locations, suggesting a possible connection between the ghrelinergic and circadian systems in teleosts.

2015 October 28, “In Situ Localization and Rhythmic Expression of Ghrelin and ghs-r1 Ghrelin Receptor in the Brain and Gastrointestinal Tract of Goldfish ( Carassius auratus )”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Relating to the activity or function of the ghrelin hormone


prenucleosomal

Since the three histone-fold domain amino acids are located at the surface of the α-helix 2 domain that is responsible for the formation of H3-H4 dimers and accessible in prenucleosomal complexes, it has been suggested that the specificity associated with these amino acid positions derives from interactions with different assembly or post-translational-modification machineries.

2015 October 28, “Comparing the Assembly and Handedness Dynamics of (H3.3-H4) 2 Tetrasomes to Canonical Tetrasomes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Prior to the formation of nucleosomes; relating to prenucleosomes


sexual mimicry

(biology) A phenomenon in which one sex takes the characteristics of the other within a single species.


tetrasome

During chromatin assembly, the (H3-H4) 2 tetramer binds first, forming a tetrasome that likely constitutes an important intermediate during ongoing transcription.

(genetics) A complex of four homologous chromosomes formed during meiosis


propionigenesis

Nitrate reduction can compete with propionigenesis for reducing equivalents as it is thermodynamically more favorable, diverting glucose fermentation away from the propionigenesis into acetate in Dairy1 and butyrate in Dairy 2.

2015 October 29, “Does Dietary Mitigation of Enteric Methane Production Affect Rumen Function and Animal Productivity in Dairy Cows?”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The biogenesis of propionate (especially from carbohydrates).


tramal

In addition, tissues used in RNA-seq experiments contained additional tissues: tramal tissue and veil cells (S1 Fig ).

2015 October 29, “Strand-Specific RNA-Seq Analyses of Fruiting Body Development in Coprinopsis cinerea”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


loganiaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the Loganiaceae.


biomineralizer

(biology) Any organism involved in biomineralization


bispore

(biology) Either of a pair of asexual spores produced by some red algae


glycosaminidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of chitin or similar amino-polysaccharides


iminopeptide

(biochemistry) A dehydrogenated peptide in which the -CO-NH-CHR-CO₂- groups are replaced by -CO-N=CR-CO₂-


injectisome

injectisomes (plural)
injectosome (alternative)

(biology) A needle-like projection of protein, in some bacteria, used as a sensory probe.


ketolase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that cleaves carbohydratea at the ketone (carbonyl) position


macrolichen

(biology) Any lichen that has a large thallus, often resulting in a bushy appearance.


metallophosphoesterase

(biochemistry) Any phosphoesterase that is a metalloenzyme


phosphoesterase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a phosphate enzyme.


monostand

(biology) A group of plants (typically grasses) of the same species growing together in the same place in the absence of other species


phragmospore

(botany) A plant spore that has multiple transverse septa


polylactosamine

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide having lactosamine components


presequence

(biochemistry) A sequence of amino acids in a preprotein; the sequence of amino acids at the N-terminal end of a protein


sialyloligosaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide related to sialic acid


uroplakin

(biochemistry) Any of a particular family of transmembrane proteins


semidominant

incomplete dominance
incomplete dominance

(genetics) Exhibiting incomplete dominance.


incomplete dominance

The snapdragon flower colour is either homozygous for red or white. When the red homozygous flower is paired with the white homozygous flower, the result yields a pink snapdragon flower; this is the result of incomplete dominance.

(genetics) The situation where the phenotype of the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous phenotypes.


thermoecology

(ecology) The branch of ecology that focuses on the effects of the temperature change.


premyofibril

(biology) A structure formed during sarcomerogenesis that develops into a nascent myofibril.


resatorvid

Moreover, a recent study revealed that intracerebroventricular injection of the pharmacological TLR4-NOX4 signal inhibitor resatorvid protects against neuronal death in transient focal ischemia.

2016 February 6, “Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Anti-TLR4-Antibody MTS510 in Experimental Stroke and Significance of Different Routes of Application”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular TLR4 signal inhibitor.


toll-like

(biochemistry) Of or relating to a class of proteins, involved in the immune system, that resemble the protein coded by a toll gene.


luteotropin

luteotropin (countable and uncountable, plural luteotropins)

(biochemistry) Prolactin; a peptide gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation in females.


lactotropin

lactotropin (countable and uncountable, plural lactotropins)


mammotropin

mammotropin (countable and uncountable, plural mammotropins)


cteno-

From Ancient Greek κτείς, κτενός (kteís, ktenós, “comb”).

der

κτείς, κτενός


pennibrachium

From Latin penna (“feather”) + brachium (“arm”). Coined by Sullivan et al. in 2010.

Some dromaeosaurid, troodontid, oviraptorosaur and therizinosaur specimens show the presence of what we term a ‘pennibrachium’, a forelimb bearing long feathers that form a planar, wing-like surface but are not necessarily used in aerial locomotion.

2010 July 7, Corwin Sullivan, “The asymmetry of the carpal joint and the evolution of wing folding in maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, volume 277, number 1690, page 2027:

(zoology, paleontology) A forelimb, found on various species of extinct and extant coelurosaur, that is not used in flight or gliding but still bears long, typically pennaceous feathers which form a winglike surface.


bioneogenesis

CHL inhibits the protein synthesis that impacts among other protein expression the bioneogenesis of enzymes such as esterases, whereas AMP targets the bacterial cell wall synthesis.

2015 October 30, “Non-Invasive Microbial Metabolic Activity Sensing at Single Cell Level by Perfusion of Calcein Acetoxymethyl Ester”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The neogenesis of biochemically active compouds


dehybridize

en-verb

dehybridize (third-person singular simple present dehybridizes, present participle dehybridizing, simple past and past participle dehybridized)

dehybridizes (present singular third-person)
dehybridizing (participle present)
dehybridized (participle past)
dehybridized (past)

(botany) To produce genetically stable offspring from an F1 hybrid


leishporin

Based on our findings that Leishmania have a pore-forming cytolysin that we call leishporin, we have been proposing that amastigotes egress from the macrophages is mediated by pore formation on the parasitophorous vacuole and the plasma membrane.

2015 October 30, “Distinct Macrophage Fates after in vitro Infection with Different Species of Leishmania : Induction of Apoptosis by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, but Not by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A porin isolated from species of Leishmania


polychitin

Chitinases expressed during plant-pathogen interactions are associated with plant defense against pathogens, which can catalyze polychitin molecules that are present in the cell walls of most fungi and homologues in plant-pathogen interactions [43 ].

2015 October 30, “Proteomic Analysis of the Relationship between Metabolism and Nonhost Resistance in Soybean Exposed to Bipolaris maydis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


bitopic

However, allosteric biased ligands may confer functional selectivity by exploiting the recently solved extracellular vestibule [50 ] to generate noncompetitive negative or positive allosteric modulators [51 ] or bitopic ligands [52 ].

2015 October 31, “Receptor, Ligand and Transducer Contributions to Dopamine D2 Receptor Functional Selectivity”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, of a protein) That links two separate domains


carabus

From Latin carabus. The entomological sense is borrowed from translingual Carabus, from the same Latin source.

(entomology) A ground beetle of the genus Carabus.


glycomolecule

(biochemistry) Any substance related to simple carbohydrates, but especially such a compound present in a biological macromolecule


heterolysosome

(biology) Any structure consisting of a lysosome fused with another intracellular vesicle


phytonematode

Recent genomic and transcriptional analyses have extended parasitism identification to phytonematode species including some migratory plant parasites [58 –60 ].

2015 October 31, “RNA-Seq Based Identification of Candidate Parasitism Genes of Cereal Cyst Nematode ( Heterodera avenae ) during Incompatible Infection to Aegilops variabilis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any nematode that lives on a plant


tibovirus

(pathology, virology) Any virus that is primarily transmitted by a tick.


robovirus

(pathology, virology) Any virus that is transmitted by an arthropod.


bdelloplast

Thus we speculate that Bd-NDPSase periplasmic location might be associated with metabolizing host material in the bdelloplast after the 30 minutes initial invasion of the prey cell.

2015 November 3, “Structural and Enzymatic Characterization of a Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugar Hydrolase from Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A modified cell formed in the host of a parasitic Bdellovibrio bacterium


biocalcify

biocalcify (third-person singular simple present biocalcifies, present participle biocalcifying, simple past and past participle biocalcified)

biocalcifies (present singular third-person)
biocalcifying (participle present)
biocalcified (participle past)
biocalcified (past)

In order to understand what genetic repertoire may have been present in the last common ancestor of the Metazoa (LCAM), and that may have contributed to the evolution of the ability to biocalcify, we have studied the skeletal proteome of the coralline demosponge Vaceletia sp. and compare this to other metazoan biomineralizing proteomes.

2015 November 5, “The Skeleton Forming Proteome of an Early Branching Metazoan: A Molecular Survey of the Biomineralization Components Employed by the Coralline Sponge Vaceletia Sp.”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) To calcify biologically or biochemically


biosilicification

en-noun

biosilicification (countable and uncountable, plural biosilicifications)

(biochemistry) biological or biochemical silicification


carinula

carinulae (plural)
carinule (alternative)

Head posterior to vertex smooth and shiny or with weak carinulae but never strongly rugoreticulate.

2012, Eli M. Sarnat, The Ants of Fiji, page 94:


cytoresistance

The dramatic increase in cholesterol content that follows the induction of experimental acute renal failure characterises the acquired cytoresistance response, i.e. the partial renal resistance to further ischemic or toxic damage [4 –5 ].

2015 November 6, “The Tm7sf2 Gene Deficiency Protects Mice against Endotoxin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


malformin

The pure compound was identified as malformin C via comparison of data with those previously reported [16 ].

2015 November 6, “Study of Malformin C, a Fungal Source Cyclic Pentapeptide, as an Anti-Cancer Drug”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of a group of bicyclic peptides, produced by Aspergillus niger or close relatives, that are mycotoxins.


mitocalcin

With a focus on genes implicated in mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport and membrane potential, uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2), mitocalcin (Efhd1), mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (Micu1), mitochondrial calcium uniporter (Mcu), mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 (Mcur1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1), and ATP synthase subunit β (Atp5b) were found to be up-upregulated.

2015 November 6, “Antagonistic Regulation of Parvalbumin Expression and Mitochondrial Calcium Handling Capacity in Renal Epithelial Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A mitochondrial calcium-binding protein


superrepressor

For this end, we crossed IKK MyHC animals with animals expressing a mutated form of IκBα -(IκBα (S32A, S36A, Y42F) ), which is impervious to phosphorylation-induced degradation and thus acts as a superrepressor of NF-κB signaling[11 ].

2015 November 6, “Cardiac-Specific Activation of IKK2 Leads to Defects in Heart Development and Embryonic Lethality”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A particularly effective repressor


glycoconjugated

Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) is one of the main glycoconjugated forms of quercetin present in planta, and its antioxidant properties and pharmacological benefits for the treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia have been recently reviewed [5 ].

2015 November 7, “Lactobacillus acidophilus —Rutin Interplay Investigated by Proteomics”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) conjugated with a carbohydrate


glycodeoxycholate

From glycodeoxycholic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

af

The untargeted metabolomics assessment measured other bile acids in serum, including glycocholate, glycodeoxycholate, and ursodeoxycholate, but none of these were significantly associated with AF risk after correction for multiple comparisons.

2015 November 7, “Metabolomics and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in African Americans: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

glycodeoxycholic acid
glycodeoxycholic acid#English

(biology, medicine) The conjugate base, or any salt or ester, of glycodeoxycholic acid.

glycodeoxycholic acid

coordinate as an acid versus a base, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


macrolactin

In the present study, we report that 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A (SMA) suppresses tumor growth by stabilizing the β-catenin destruction complex, which was achieved through inhibition of regulatory components associated with the complex.

2015 November 7, “The Anti-Tumor Activity of Succinyl Macrolactin A Is Mediated through the β-Catenin Destruction Complex via the Suppression of Tankyrase and PI3K/Akt”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An antibacterial peptide produced by the silkworm Bombyx mori; the gene responsible for its production


rhamnosidase

In particular, the rhamnosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus was able to efficiently degrade flavanone and flavonol glycosides such as hesperidin, naringin and rutin [11 ].

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a rhamnoside.


succinylase

The succinylase branch utilizes succinyl-CoA to generate succinylated intermediates; similarly the acetylase branch utilizes acetyl-CoA to produce acetylated intermediates.

2015 November 7, “Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Meso -2, 6-Diaminopimelate Dehydrogenase from Porphyromonas gingivalis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the formation of succinate esters


automodification

en-noun

automodification (usually uncountable, plural automodifications)

(biochemistry) The modification of a protein by the protein itself.


nonanucleotide

(genetics) A codon containing nine nucleotides.


octanucleotide

(genetics) A codon containing eight nucleotides.


decanucleotide

(genetics) A codon containing ten nucleotides.


xylulokinase

xylulokinase (countable and uncountable, plural xylulokinases)

(biochemistry) A transferase enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + D-xylulose ⇌ ADP + D-xylulose 5-phosphate.


spring ephemeral

spring ephemeral (plural spring ephemerals)

Every year on Earth Day, I try to go for a hike in the woods near my house. I look for tadpoles and admire the spring ephemerals.

2020 April, Elizabeth Kolbert, “Why we won't avoid a climate catastrophehttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/04/why-we-wont-avoid-a-climate-catastrophe-feature/”, in National Geographic:

(botany) A plant that grows in the spring and goes dormant in summer.


exoface

Guided by existing SAR and molecular modeling (Fig 2A ), a Lys, Nε-acetylated Lys (Lys-Ac), and LysPEG20L scan at several select positions was undertaken on the non-binding exoface of PN-2171, a close analog of PN-2519 (sequence shown in S1 Table ).

2015 November 11, “Discovery and Characterization of a Potent Interleukin-6 Binding Peptide with Neutralizing Activity In Vivo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The external surface of a coiled protein


glycosulfatase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the removal of sulfate from a glycoprotein


inulobiose

The inulobiose produced was measured by HPLC assay method.

2015 November 11, “Identification of a Novel Di-D-Fructofuranose 1,2’:2,3’ Dianhydride (DFA III) Hydrolysis Enzyme from Arthrobacter aurescens SK8.001”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The disaccharide D-fructosyl-2,1-alpha-D-fructose


microgastropod

(biology) Any very small gastropod, typically less than 5 mm in size


orthostichous

Accumulation of the dye followed orthostichous patterns wherein the dye tended to accumulate in half of each leaf not vertically aligned with the inoculation leaf (leaves 1, 2, and 4), and in the whole of each leaf vertically aligned with the inoculation leaf (leaves 3 and 5).

2015 November 11, “Horizontal Transmission of”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) Arranged in straight lines or ranks.


pronephron

In addition, while in the pronephron only vacuolization was noted, the structure of the liver had an atypical appearance and there was a considerable number of erythrocytes scattered among the hepatic chords which themselves were noticeably altered.

1975, Acta Embryologiae Experimentalis, page 110:

The whole problem turned around a detailed understanding of the so-called Wolffian body, what modern textbooks in embryology designate as the pronephron and its associated Wolffian or pronephric ducts.

1982, T. Lenoir, The Strategy of Life, →ISBN, page 106:

Regression of the first clusters occurs before the total number of pronephron structures is established. The pronephrons induce the development of the mesonephrons. As the pronephrons regress, the mesonephrons appear.

1985, Martha Ann Auvenshine, Martha Gunther Enriquez, Maternity nursing: dimensions of change, page 135:

(biology) The first part of the urogenital system to be differentiated in a vertebrate embryo, which functions as a simple excretory organ in simpler forms, serves as a provisional kidney in some fish and amphibians, and only appears as a temporary embryonic structure in reptiles, birds, and mammals.


virokine

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins, similar to cytokines, that are produced by the action of some DNA viruses


denucleation

denucleation (countable and uncountable, plural denucleations)

(biology, medicine) Deprivation of the nucleus.


xenodontine

We characterized the skull morphology of 19 species of xenodontine snakes using geometric morphometric techniques, and used phylogenetic comparative methods to test the association between diet and skull morphology.

2016 February 18, “Are Diet Preferences Associated to Skulls Shape Diversification in Xenodontine Snakes?”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Belonging to a group of colubrid snakes with unusual teeth.


xenodontine

(zoology) Any snake of the subfamily Xenodontinae


ophidic

(zoology) Relating to the Ophidia: the snakes and related reptiles.


anthocarp

(botany) Any of various forms of fruits in which part of the perianth tissue remains attached to the fruit, as part of the mechanism of dispersal.

(botany) Lower part of a perianth containing the fruit, the upper part having dropped away, well seen in plants of the family Nyctaginaceae.

(botany) In the Nyctaginaceae, individual apetalous flowers have a tubular, petaloid calyx that resembles a sympetalous corolla. The lower portion of the calyx tightly enwraps the one-seeded achene and is persistent around the fruit as an anthocarp. The calyx base plus the enclosed seed-bearing achene is the unit of dispersal.

(botany) A collective, composite or aggregated fruit formed from an entire inflorescence, as in the sorosis of a pineapple or the syconus of a fig.

(botany) A fruit resulting from many flowers, such as the pineapple; a fruit of which the perianth or the torus forms part.

(botany) A composite false fruit, consisting of the actual fruit and the perianth.

(botany) A fruit formed by the union of the floral organs or part of them, with the fruit itself, as in Nyctagineae; also applied to fruits with accessories, sometimes termed pseudocarps, as the strawberry and pineapple.


oleogustus

Coined in 2015 by researchers at Purdue University, Indiana, USA, from oleo- (“oil”) and Latin gustus (“taste”).

2015, C. A. Running, B. A. Craig, R. D. Mattes, Oleogustus: The unique taste of fat, Oxford University Press:

(biochemistry, neologism) A proposed basic taste sensation triggered by fatty acids.


mesoparasite

(biology) A parasitic copepod that lives partly embedded in its host, usually with the anterior end forming an anchor process.


lobose

en-adj

lobose (comparative more lobose, superlative most lobose)

more lobose (comparative)
most lobose (superlative)

(zoology) Having broad, thick pseudopodia, as certain ameboid protozoans.


helioflagellate

(cytology) A freshwater protozoan of the class Zoomastigophorea.


pseudolabium

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudolabium.wav

(zoology) (of Spirurida nematodes) Any of the folds of tissue at the opening of the vulva.


pseudolip

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudolip.wav


oozooid

(zoology) A zooid that develops from an egg and reproduces by budding


troglobious

Analyzable as troglobite + -ious. Compare also amphibious.

(zoology) Entirely restricted to a cave environment, never emerging into the outside world.


amylomaltase

On the other hand, Kotoński and Sobiech [14 ] found a lower amylomaltase activity in the red and white muscles of carp during winter, when compared to that in summer.

2015 November 12, “The Activity of Neutral α-Glucosidase and Selected Biochemical Parameters in the Annual Cycle of Breeding Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transglycosylation of maltose or maltodextrins


bioconstructor

(biology) Any organism that builds a structure that survives the death of the organism


pearl body

(biology) A small, lustrous, pearl-like food body produced from the epidermis of leaves, petioles and shoots of certain plants, sought after by various arthropods and ants.


life list

life lists (plural)
lifelist (alternative)

I added twenty species for the year, fourteen of which I couldn't hope to see anywhere else but Mike forked out a lot of money to come a long way with not a single addition to his life list to show for it.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 112:

(birdwatching) A cumulative list of all the bird species a birder has ever sighted and identified.


life bird

(birdwatching) A bird species seen for the first time by a birder who is keeping a list of all the species he or she has ever seen.


eutelic

The limitations of eutelic organisms illustrate the merits of the normal plan of reproduction by cell division.

2014, Jean Brachet, Alfred E. Mirsky, Meiosis and Mitosis: Biochemistry, Physiology, Morphology:

(microbiology, cytology) Characterized by eutely.


syncytical

syncytical (comparative more syncytical, superlative most syncytical)

more syncytical (comparative)
most syncytical (superlative)


provacuole

(cytology) A vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm that develops into a vacuole.


endosporulate

en-verb

endosporulate (third-person singular simple present endosporulates, present participle endosporulating, simple past and past participle endosporulated)

endosporulates (present singular third-person)
endosporulating (participle present)
endosporulated (participle past)
endosporulated (past)

(biology, intransitive) (of a bacterium) To produce endospores.


endosporulation

en-noun

endosporulation (usually uncountable, plural endosporulations)

(biology) The process of a bacterium becoming an endospore.


circumscriptional

(taxonomy, of a taxon name) That is not ruled by ICZN and is defined by the particular set of members included.

(taxonomy) Of, or related to circumscription.


ultramicrobacterium

(biology) A bacterium that is considerably smaller than typical bacterial cells and is 0.2 to 0.3 micrometers (200-300 nm) in diameter.


chemotrophy

(biology) The synthesis of an organism's energy by the oxidation of electron-donating molecules in the environment.


phototrophism

(botany) Alternative spelling of phototropism.


cumacean

From translingual Cumacea + -an, from the genus Cuma. Further from Ancient Greek κῦμᾰ (kûmă, “wave; fetus, embryo”), Proto-Hellenic *kūmə and Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell”).

der

(taxonomy, zoology) Any small marine crustacean of the order Cumacea, closely related to tanaidaceans.


cumacean

en-adj

cumacean (comparative more cumacean, superlative most cumacean)

more cumacean (comparative)
most cumacean (superlative)

From the second sampling campaign, two cumacean species collected at Isla D and polychaetes (suborder Terebellida, family Ampharetidae) were added to the dataset.

2015 November 12, “Benthic Trophic Interactions in an Antarctic Shallow Water Ecosystem Affected by Recent Glacier Retreat”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(taxonomy, zoology) Relating to, characteristic of, or belonging to the Cumacea.


Petoskey stone

(paleontology) A smooth fossil of a rugosan coral found in Michigan.


rugosan

(paleontology) Synonym of rugose: describing an extinct coral of the order †Rugosa.


exosporulation

(biology) The process of a bacterium becoming an exospore.


prosequence

(biochemistry) A part of a protein that is present in this protein's inactive form but is removed during activation. It is usually required for protein folding or maintenance.


triodia

A few of the triodias are good forage grasses, but others are of little value.

(botany) Any grass of the genus Triodia.


extended phenotype

en-noun

extended phenotype (plural extended phenotypes)

Coined by British biologist Richard Dawkins in 1982 in his book The Extended Phenotype.

coin

(biology) The phenotype extended to include effects that genes have on their environment. (ex.: beaver dams, spider webs, ant colonies, a caddis fly's protective cases, etc.)


epibiosis

en-noun

epibiosis (countable and uncountable, plural epibioses)

Within this size group, the epibiosis trophic strategy identified in the meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod (MT2) was present only at this site.

(biology) A relationship between two organisms, one of which lives or grows on the other, but is not parasitic on it


perilithon

In addition, it has been shown that perilithon abundance is negatively correlated with substrate clogging in the Durance particularly in the middle part of the river which is characterized by highly regulated flows (see Fig 5).

2015 November 12, “When Anthropogenic River Disturbance Decreases Hybridisation between Non-Native and Endemic Cyprinids and Drives an Ecomorphological Displacement towards Juvenile State in Both Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) A form of periphyton found on submerged rocks


segregation distorter

segregation distorter (plural segregation distorters)

(genetics) A gene that distorts in its own favour the theoretically equal probability of either of two parental alleles being present in the mature gamete.


protorosaur

From scientific Latin Protorosaurus (genus name).

The large-sized protorosaur Tanystropheus had extremely elongated neck vertebrae and a neck more than two times the length of its trunk.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 76:

On the other side, there are about 28 chevrons in the long tail of the protorosaur Tanystropheus at least half of which are similar to element i (see [33 ]: Plate 1, Figure 37).

2015 November 12, “A Reappraisal of the Purported Gastric Pellet with Pterosaurian Bones from the Upper Triassic of Italy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology) An extinct archosauromorph reptile of the order Protorosauria.


pseudotrichome

(botany) A structure similar to a trichome


cytofilius

(cytology) An irregular cellular process, similar to a microvillus


minivector

Temperature induced, in vivo expression of Tel protelomerases and their subsequent enzymatic activity, for excision and resolution of covalently closed terminal ends, result in the conversion of parental CCC pDNA into two smaller species: 1) a LCC backbone DNA carrying the unnecessary prokaryotic backbone, and 2) a LCC DNA minivector referred to as DNA ministrings.

2015 November 13, “Physical Characterization of Gemini Surfactant-Based Synthetic Vectors for the Delivery of Linear Covalently Closed (LCC) DNA Ministrings”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


heterochiasmy

(genetics) The differential recombination rates between the sexes of a species


karyopyknosis

karyopyknosis (usually uncountable, plural karyopyknoses)


metarubricyte

(biology) A red blood cell precursor, the last nucleated stage of red blood cell production.


lepospondylous

(zoology) Of or related to lepospondyls.


sublegion

The Legion of the United States was to consist of four sublegions of 1,280 men each, commanded by brigadier generals.

1967, Russell Frank Weigley, History of the United States Army, page 92:

Proposed as sublegion; ranked as infralegion by Chow & Rich, 1982:129; changed to rank of order by McKenna, in Stucky & McKenna, in Benton, ed., 1993:742.

1997, Malcolm C. McKenna, Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level:

(taxonomy, military) A subdivision of a legion.


superlegion

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superlegion.wav


apophallation

(biology) The biting off of the penis that occurs in some animals and molluscs during or after mating.


phallation

(biology, rare) Sexual intercourse by means of a penis.


osphradial

(zoology) Of or relating to the osphradium.


ecospace

(paleontology, biology) The graphical representation of the various ecological modes of life that an organism does or can occupy.

(ecology, neologism) The ecological space that an organism occupies as part of its habitat.


polyglutamylase

polyglutamylase (countable and uncountable, plural polyglutamylases)

Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) proteins show polyglutamylase activity for tubulin in mammalian cells.

2015 November 13, “Polyglutamylated Tubulin Binding Protein C1orf96/CSAP Is Involved in Microtubule Stabilization in Mitotic Spindles”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes polyglutamylation.


protelomerase

The parental pDNA (Fig 3) is composed of an^([sic]) eukaryotic expression cassette flanked by two multi-target sites, called "Super Sequence" (SS), acting as recognition sites for PY54 bacteriophage derived Tel protelomerase.

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that generates and protects "hairpin" telomeres


spermagonium

(lichenology) Alternative spelling of spermogonium.


phellem

phellem (countable and uncountable, plural phellems)

(botany) cork (dead protective tissue between the bark and cambium in woody plants)


hypomutation

hypomutation (countable and uncountable, plural hypomutations)

We searched for the hypomutation phenomenon from the viewpoint of protein functioning.

2015 November 14, “Bringing Down Cancer Aircraft: Searching for Essential Hypomutated Proteins in Skin Melanoma”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


azurocidin

The human met-ase locus contains granzyme M, proteinase 3, N-elastase, azurocidin, NSP-4 and complement factor D (CFD).

2015 November 17, “Granule Associated Serine Proteases of Hematopoietic Cells – An Analysis of Their Appearance and Diversification during Vertebrate Evolution”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cationic antimicrobial proteins that bind heparin


endopolygalacturonase

(biochemistry) Any endocytic polygalacturonase


latrodectine

(zoology) Of or relating to the spider subfamily Latrodectinae.


hyoidal

(anatomy, zootomy, relational) Synonym of hyoid.


cedrelaceous

(botany) Relating to the plant family Cedrelaceae, now subfamily Cedreloideae in family Meliaceae.


clusia

From the genus name Clusia, named after Carolus Clusius.

(botany) Any member of the genus Clusia of flowering plants in the family Clusiaceae.


clusiaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the Clusiaceae.


cyclanthaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the family Cyclanthaceae.


muskelin

muskelin (countable and uncountable, plural muskelins)

Alterations to muskelin expression levels altered attachment to TSP-1 in association with subtle changes to the organization of focal contacts [53 ].

2015 November 17, “Genome-Wide Association Study of Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in a Community-Based Sample of Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An intracellular protein that acts as a mediator of cell spreading


pentagalloylglucose

Interestingly, the patient dosed BID with the highest tumor concentration was also taking grape seed oil, which contains pentagalloylglucose, an ABCB1 inhibitor [21 ].

2015 November 17, “Lapatinib Plasma and Tumor Concentrations and Effects on HER Receptor Phosphorylation in Tumor”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The ester of glucose with five molecules of gallic acid


somatolactin

(biochemistry) A protein related to somatotropin and prolactin


cleidoic

(biology, of an egg) Enclosed in a protective shell that limits the interchange of fluids


enphytotic

By surface analysis, en- + phyt(o)- + -otic.

surf

(botany, of a plant disease) That is present constantly from year to year without causing extensive damage.


enphytotic

(botany, of a plant disease) A disease that is consistently prevalent in a population of plants in a limited region, season, or climate.


chemoorganoheterotrophic

From chemo- + organo- + hetero- + -trophic.

These microorganisms, horizontally transmitted, are chemoorganoheterotrophic bacteria housed in bacteriocytes within the roots that degrade the organic compounds sequestered in the bone.

2015 November 19, “Bone-Eating Worms Spread: Insights into Shallow-Water Osedax (Annelida, Siboglinidae) from Antarctic, Subantarctic, and Mediterranean Waters”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) That employs organic compounds as an external source of energy.


endodomain

More than half of the residue pairs, 44 out of 76, are located in the endodomain of gp41 with 7 pairs coevolving between residues located in the highly immunogenic region, known as the Kennedy epitope.

2015 November 19, “Coevolution Analysis of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics, biology) An internal, or an end domain of a gene or other structure


endozoochorous

Consequently, anemochorous (seed dispersal by wind) and ectozoochorous (external transport of seeds by animals, in their fur for example) processes would be more likely to determine the patterns of species distribution than endozoochorous processes in the future ecosystems invaded by D.

2015 November 19, “The Wide Potential Trophic Niche of the Asiatic Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii : The Key of Its Invasion Success in Temperate Europe?”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Relating to dispersal of seeds via ingestion by animals


euryoecious

From Ancient Greek εὐρύς (eurús, “wide”) + Ancient Greek οἰκέω (oikéō, “to dwell”). By surface analysis, eury- + -oecious.

[…] be stenoecious for that factor, while those with a large amplitude are designated euryoecious. […] Euryoecious species, by contrast, do not reflect the character of their habitat in regard to the variable for which they have a broad range.

1971, Martin Alexander, Microbial Ecology, page 135:

Both clades appear to harbor widespread euryoecious species.

2015 November 19, “Global Habitat Suitability and Ecological Niche Separation in the Phylum Placozoa”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) Able to live in variable habitats or conditions.


TE

transposable element
transposable element#English

(genetics) Initialism of transposable element.


polydrupe

Fruit type included four categories (1: berry; 2: drupe; 3: polydrupe and pseudo-polydrupe; 4: other fruit with complex structures: pseudo-fruit, complex fruit, multilocular capsule, aril); fruit colour at maturity included six categories (1: black; 2: red; 3: pink; 4: orange/light brown; 5: white; 6: blue); fruit shape included two categories (1: spherical; 2: oval) and fruit skin texture, three categories (1: smooth and waxy, glossy, shiny; 2: smooth and pruinose; 3: rough, irregular).

(botany) Any fruit that is an aggregate of multiple drupes


trispecific

Even STRUCTURE identified a cluster within the trispecific hybrid zone.

2015 November 19, “Gene Flow of a Forest-Dependent Bird across a Fragmented Landscape”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Relating to, or composed of three species


endoperoxidase

COX called also as prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase is a membrane—bound hemoprotein and glycoprotein enzyme that catalyzes conversion of cell membrane phospholipids, involved in the synthesis of prostanoids comprising: prostaglandin (PG), prostacyclin (PGI) and the thromboxanes (TXA) and exists as 3 isoforms (COX-1, -2 and -3).

2015 November 26, “The Influence of Prolonged Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation-Induced Gastritis on the Neurochemistry of the Sympathetic Neurons Supplying Prepyloric Region of the Porcine Stomach”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any peroxidase that is associated with an endoperoxide


haplosufficiency

This group of intragenic revertant mutations was also tested for haplosufficiency by crossing homozygous gon-2(q388sup) hermaphrodites with gon-2(q388) males at restrictive temperature and scoring the offspring.

2015 November 26, “Novel Alleles of gon-2, a C . elegans Ortholog of Mammalian TRPM6 and TRPM7, Obtained by Genetic Reversion Screens”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The state of being haplosufficient.


phosphopantetheinylate

From phosphopantetheinyl + -ate (“salt or ester”).

af

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of phosphopantetheine.


phosphopantetheinylate

en-verb

phosphopantetheinylate (third-person singular simple present phosphopantetheinylates, present participle phosphopantetheinylating, simple past and past participle phosphopantetheinylated)

phosphopantetheinylates (present singular third-person)
phosphopantetheinylating (participle present)
phosphopantetheinylated (participle past)
phosphopantetheinylated (past)

From phosphopantetheinyl + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

af

It is a broad spectrum PPTase which is able to phosphopantetheinylate the ACP components of both cytosolic and mitochondrial FAS systems, as well as the aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, associated with lysine degradation.

2015 November 26, “Characterisation of the Candida albicans Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Ppt2 as a Potential Antifungal Drug Target”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) To react with phosphopantetheine.


iodinase

en-noun

iodinase (countable and uncountable, plural iodinases)

(biochemistry) Synonym of thyroperoxidase.


membrane protein

membrane protein (countable and uncountable, plural membrane proteins)

2000. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 3.4, Membrane Proteins. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21570/
Associated with each membrane is a set of membrane proteins that enables the membrane to carry out its distinctive activities.

Membrane proteins, such as receptors, ion channels, and transporters, comprise nearly 30% of all proteins in eukaryotic cells.

2015, Liszewski K, “Dissecting the Structure of Membrane Proteins”, in Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, volume 35, number 17, Mary Ann Liebert, page 1:

(biochemistry) A protein that is associated with a biological membrane; association typically refers to either the ability to copurify membrane lipids with said protein or the ability to visualize a physical association in situ.

membránfehérje

a protein that is associated with a biological membrane


anthericum

/ænˈθɛɹɪkəm/

(botany) Any member of the genus Anthericum of rhizomatous perennial plants in the family Asparagaceae.


anthophile

(zoology) An organism that visits flowers.


cytoadhesion

To investigate if the in silico results are consistent with physiological observations, we studied the cytoadhesion of human parasitized (Plasmodium falciparum) erythrocytes to primary human STB cultures, in flow conditions with different WSS values.

2016 January 28, “Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Maternal Circulation: Wall Shear Stress in the Human Placenta and Its Biological Implications”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


unciferous

[Fig.] 19. Unciferous ovipositor. Locusta

1826, William Kirby, William Spence, “Explanation of the Plates”, in An Introduction to Entomology, page 728:

(Unciferous branches used for infantile convulsions, high fever, headache, hypertension, blurred vision, dizziness. Leaf paste of Uncaria macrophylla mixed with the rhizome of Eleusine indica applied externally in bone fracture.)

2012, Umberto Quattrocchi, CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set), CRC Press, page 3839:

these two species are misplaced and display characteristics typical of the widespread gnaphosid genus Micaria Westring, 1851: procurved posterior eye row with the median eyes elongate and shiny; the presence of iridescent scales (unciferous squamose setae)

2013, CR Haddad, R Bosmans, “Synonymy of the North African spider genus Castanilla Caporiacco, 1936 with Micaria Westring, 1851 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)”, in Zootaxa:

(biology) Bearing a hook or hook-like structure.


leafbase

(botany) The base of a leaf, where it joins the stem.


euterrestrial

(biology) Capable of thriving on dry or mildly damp soil.


landhopper

(zoology) Any of the terrestrial talitrids.


tuberization

tuberization (countable and uncountable, plural tuberizations)

Several reports indicate high levels of cytokinins (CKs) in leaves of induced potato plants, but the connection with tuberization is not clear.

2002, Lalit M. Srivastava, Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment:


tuberize

en-verb

tuberize (third-person singular simple present tuberizes, present participle tuberizing, simple past and past participle tuberized)

tuberizes (present singular third-person)
tuberizing (participle present)
tuberized (participle past)
tuberized (past)

(botany, intransitive) To develop tubers.


discoglossidean

(zoology) Any of the family Discoglossidae of primitive frogs.


embolomere

(zoology) Any member of the Embolomeri, a suborder in the clade Reptiliomorpha, consisting of long aquatic fish-eating creatures.


hygropetric

From hygro- + -petric from Ancient Greek πέτρος (pétros, “stone”).

In Europe, Dicranomyia trinotata (Meig.) is a characteristic member of the hygropetric association, the insects living on rocks in streams, where they are covered with a thin sheet of water and are usually associated with such insect forms as Beraea, Tinodes, Stactobia (Trichoptera), Orphnephila testacea (Ruthe), Pericoma nubila (Meig.), Dixa maculata Meig., Oxycera pulchella Meig., and other Diptera.

1919, Charles Paul Alexander, The Crane-flies of New York:

(zoology) Requiring a habitat of a thin layer of water covering a rock surface.


inquilinous

Sponges influence macrofaunal community composition by providing habitat for inquilines (e.g., among the inquilinous amphipods, a diversity of sebids, stenothoids, thaumatelsonids, colomastigids and leucothoids were found with the sponges).

2015 December 1, “Macrofaunal Patterns in and around du Couedic and Bonney Submarine Canyons, South Australia”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) That lives in the dwelling place of another species


phosphoform

(biochemistry) The phosphorylated form of a protein


plasmotomy

Likely from Ancient Greek πλᾰ́σμᾰ n (plắsmă, “something formed, a creation or formation”) + -otomy (“an incision”).

affix

We did not find evidence to support alternative modes of reproduction such as plasmotomy and budding in Blastocystis as suggested by others since we did not observe multinucleation in irregularly-shaped viable cells.

2015 December 1, “Seeing the Whole Elephant: Imaging Flow Cytometry Reveals Extensive Morphological Diversity within Blastocystis Isolates”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A form of asexual reproduction, in protozoa, in which a multinucleate cell divides into similar daughter cells without mitosis.


symbiotype

Aphid type was defined as a combination of aphid colour and symbiotype.

2015 December 1, “Conditional Reduction of Predation Risk Associated with a Facultative Symbiont in an Insect”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


symbiotype

en-verb

symbiotype (third-person singular simple present symbiotypes, present participle symbiotyping, simple past and past participle symbiotyped)

symbiotypes (present singular third-person)
symbiotyping (participle present)
symbiotyped (participle past)
symbiotyped (past)

When the experiment considered only green aphids with different symbiotic status, their distinction was allowed by symbiotyping the surviving individuals (diagnostic PCR).

(biology, transitive) To determine the type of a symbiont.


symbiotyping

(biology) The characterization of symbiotypes.


villikinin

(biochemistry) A hypothetical peptide hormone, conjectured to be released from the duodenal mucosa after a meal and to stimulate villous motility.


citroid

(botany) Belonging to the tribe Citreae or related plants.


carnocin

(biochemistry) A particular bacteriocin produced by the bacterium Carnobacterium piscicola.


sactipeptide

(biochemistry) A kind of peptide containing intramolecular linkages between the sulfur of cysteine residues and the alpha carbon of another residue in the peptide.


extragynoecial

As with most Annonaceae, however, Disepalum flowers are apocarpous, and so it is hypothesized that pollen tubes are likely to be able to grow between contiguous carpels: this extragynoecial growth of pollen tubes has been reported in other apocarpous angiosperms [97 ,98 ,99 ].

2015 December 3, “Phylogenetic Reconstruction, Morphological Diversification and Generic Delimitation of Disepalum (Annonaceae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


gangliotetraose

Taking advantage of the known biochemistry of ganglioside biosynthesis and degradation, we explored the potential for enhancing GM1 levels in the brain by intracranial administration of VCS sialidase, which cleaves the glycosidic linkages between terminal sialic acids of complex gangliotetraose gangliosides GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b, and GQ1b to yield increased levels of GM1 and the potential for this enzyme to exert a neuroprotective effect in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinsonism.

2015 December 3, “Intraventricular Sialidase Administration Enhances GM1 Ganglioside Expression and Is Partially Neuroprotective in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The tetraose sugar component of a ganglioside.


homeotypic

To recapitulate the features of solid tumours in vitro requires cell based assays that simultaneously mimic the extracellular matrix and tumour microenvironment, homeotypic and heterotypic cell-cell contacts, and allow the formation of relevant cell-matrix interactions.

2015 December 3, “Segmentation of Image Data from Complex Organotypic 3D Models of Cancer Tissues with Markov Random Fields”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Relating to the second nuclear division in meiosis


intercarpellary

We also suggest that the formation of pollen octads may be selectively advantageous when pollinator visits are infrequent, although this would only be applicable if multiple ovules could be fertilized by each octad; since the flowers are apocarpous, this would require an extragynoecial compitum to enable intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes.


isoglobotriose

OPLS regression analysis positioned against the growth rate of one cub tentatively inferred a correlation with changes in the abundance of a trisaccharide, isoglobotriose, previously observed to be a major oligosaccharide in ursid milks.

2015 December 3, “Changes in the Milk Metabolome of the Giant Panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) with Time after Birth – Three Phases in Early Lactation and Progressive Individual Differences”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An isomer of globotriose found in the milk of some bears


micrometabolite

(biochemistry) Any metabolite that is present in very small amounts


neurotrypsin

The generation and genotyping of neurotrypsin KO mice has been previously described [22 ].

2015 December 3, “C-Terminal Fragment of Agrin (CAF): A Novel Marker for Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetics”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A serine peptidase stored in presynaptic nerve endings


paratopotype

(biology) A paratype found in the same locality as the holotype


cytostructure

Liver section of S50 shows better cytostructure with minor inflammation (PI) .

2015 December 4, “Wild Edible Fruit of Prunus nepalensis Ser. (Steud), a Potential Source of Antioxidants, Ameliorates Iron Overload-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Liver Fibrosis in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) The structure of cells in a tissue


heteropycnosis

(cytology) The differential coiling and staining of parts of a chromosome


metalloendoprotease

Following fertilization, ZP2 undergoes proteolytic cleavage by an oocyte-specific astacin-like metalloendoprotease, first reported as ovastacin (citation), released from the cortical granules, and sperm no longer bind to mouse embryos [22 ].

2015 December 4, “Melamine Impairs Female Fertility via Suppressing Protein Level of Juno in Mouse Eggs”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) any endoprotease that is a metalloenzyme


monosialylated

In plasma, apoC-III exists in non-sialylated (apoC-III 0a without glycosylation and apoC-III 0b with glycosylation), monosialylated (apoC-III 1 ) or disialylated (apoC-III 2 ) proteoforms.

2015 December 4, “The Association of Human Apolipoprotein C-III Sialylation Proteoforms with Plasma Triglycerides”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) sialylated with a single sialic acid residue


oxalotrophy

(biology) feeding (obtaining nourishment) on oxalates or oxalic acid


plesiadapiform

(zoology) Any extinct mammal of the order Plesiadapiformes


transrenal

Recently, biomarkers such as Interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) have been shown to be non-specific for TB [7 ] and transrenal DNA has been used for extrapulmonary-TB diagnosis [8 –9 ].

2015 December 4, “Estimation of D-Arabinose by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry as Surrogate for Mycobacterial Lipoarabinomannan in Human Urine”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, of nucleic acid) extracellular urinary


eudoxid

(biology) The cormidium of a calycophoran siphonophore


cormidium

From Ancient Greek κορμός (kormós, “trunk”) + -idium.

af

(zoology) The colonial body of a compound animal


compound animal

en-noun

compound animal (plural compound animals)

(biology) A group of individual animals that form a distinct, individual colony.


calycophoran

(zoology) Any siphonophore of the suborder Calycophorae


karyolemma

Photomicrographs revealed that the microvilli were shorter and sparser; the nuclear envelope invaginated and gaps in the karyolemma increased; and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) swelled significantly.

2015 December 5, “Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Heat- and Shake-Induced Injury in the Rat Small Intestine”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


hepatolysin

(biology) A cytolysin that acts on liver cells.


neuricity

(biochemistry, archaic) Nervous energy or force, regarded as a property inherent in the nerves of the body.


neomorphism

(biology, geology, art) A new development of form or structure.


gametogony

gametogony (usually uncountable, plural gametogonies)

(biology) The stage in the life cycle of sporozoans in which gametes are formed


sex-limited

(biology, genetics) Occurring, or active, in only one sex.


anerythrism

(zoology) Absence of red pigment; applied to certain snakes.


food tree

Only the main food tree crops - coconut, sago, breadfruit, pandanus, and banana - are discussed here; ...

2000 Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas, eds., "V.E.3/The Pacific Islands, Tree Crops," The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press. p. 1355

We examine the potential role of perennial woody food-producing species ("food trees") in cities in the context of urban sustainable development...

2013 July, Kyle H. Clark, Kimberly A. Nicholas, “Introducing urban food forestry: a multifunctional approach to increase food security and provide ecosystem services”, in Landscape Ecology:

2015 Bhaskar Vira, Christoph Wildburger, and Stephanie Mansourian, Forests and Food: Addressing Hunger and Nutrition Across Sustainable Landscapes, Open Book Publishers. pp. 54, 260.
Research should support food tree domestication options appropriate for meeting smallholders' needs

(botany) A tree cultivated or managed for edible products (such as leaves, seeds) that are used for human consumption (term either including or used in opposition to "fruit tree")

Because several trails from various directions lead into that food tree, you may not be certain where to place your treestand.

1992, John E. Phillips, The Science of Deer Hunting, Larsen's Outdoor Publishing, page 104:

(botany) A tree whose products are consumed by animals or wildlife.


reagin

reagin (countable and uncountable, plural reagins)


homeological

In order to extend our knowledge of the homeological relationships between Akodontini and Oryzomyini species, we analyzed the species Akodon montensis (2n = 24) and Thaptomys nigrita (2n = 52) both from the tribe Akodontini, with chromosome probes of Hylaeamys megacephalus (2n = 54) of the tribe Oryzomyini.

2015 December 8, “Clues on Syntenic Relationship among Some Species of Oryzomyini and Akodontini Tribes (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


immunocheckpoint

Non-antigen-specific immunotherapies such as immunocheckpoint blockades have been shown to be effective in the treatment of advanced melanoma.

2015 December 8, “Investigation of FOXM1 as a Potential New Target for Melanoma”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(immunology, biochemistry) A checkpoint protein on T cells


checkpoint protein

checkpoint protein (plural checkpoint proteins)

(biochemistry) A protein that halts a cellular process until certain other processes are complete


refoldase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes refolding of a protein


spermiation

spermiation (countable and uncountable, plural spermiations)

Fish were sampled on the 5 th, 6 th and 8 th of May. Horizontal diamonds indicate the spermiation period for the AP and NP groups.

2015 December 8, “Photoperiodic Modulation of Circadian Clock and Reproductive Axis Gene Expression in the Pre-Pubertal European Sea Bass Brain”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The release of mature spermatids from Sertoli cells


monotelic

(biology) That can breed only once in its life cycle

Because pole-proximal misaligned chromosomes are expected to possess syntelic or monotelic attachments, the inter-kinetochore tension of these sister chromatids would be weakened during formation of the mitotic spindle.

2015 December 10, “A Novel Time-Dependent CENP-E Inhibitor with Potent Antitumor Activity”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Connected to the spindle through only one kinetochore


paragynous

Main differences were the prevalence of paragynous instead of amphigynous antheridia, the formation of chlamydospores and a maximum temperature for growth of 35°C. For the remaining two taxa, preliminary morphological examination and ITS sequence analysis showed they could not be assigned to any formally described species or informally designated taxon of Phytophthora, hence detailed phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses were carried out.

2015 December 10, “Diversity of Phytophthora Species from Declining Mediterranean Maquis Vegetation, including Two New Species, Phytophthora crassamura and P. ornamentata sp. nov.”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) Incompletely surrounding the oogonial stalk


antholeucin

From antho- + Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -in.

af

The dissolved colouring-matters are, in white flowers, antholeucin, in blue anthocyanin.

1886, S. H. Vines, “Lecture XII”, in Lectures on the Physiology of Plants, page 242:

This in the case of yellow flowers is anthoxanthin; of white flowers, antholeucin; of blue flowers, anthocyanin, etc.

1889 December 7, J. H. Pillsbury, “Biological Notes”, in The American Monthly Microscopical Journal, volume 10, number 12, page 276:

There is such a thing as white flower-pigment (antholeucin), but in most cases the petals or sepals are white, just as foam is white, because of innumerable gas-bubbles in the cells.

1920, John Arthur Thomson, Biology of the Seasons, page 92:

(botany, obsolete) A substance isolated from flowers and thought to act as a white pigment.


pandanalean

(botany) Belonging to the plant order Pandanales.


myctophiform

(zoology) Belonging to the Myctophiformes order of ray-finned fishes.


mygalid

(zoology) Any tarantula in the family Mygalidae, a synonym of the Theraphosidae.


ossicusp

From ossi- + cusp, coined by British zoologist Ray Lankester.

coinage

(zoology) The bony horn of an okapi or a giraffe.


-phily

From Ancient Greek φιλία (philía, “(fraternal) love”).


laurophyll

(botany) Having broad, glossy leaves characteristic of the laurel.


gonostylus

Previous taxonomic revisions (including global revisions and broader regional faunal revisions with global referencing) of Alpinobombus by some of the most experienced bumblebee specialists have relied on both morphology (especially the more variable characters of the male penis valve, volsella and gonostylus, and of the female oculo-malar area and hind tibia) and on the colour patterns of the hair and have all differed in their conclusions on the number of species present (Table 1).

2015 December 11, “Genes Suggest Ancestral Colour Polymorphisms Are Shared across Morphologically Cryptic Species in Arctic Bumblebees”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(entomology) The stylus of the gonocoxopodite.


gonocoxopodite

From gono- (“reproduction”) + coxo- (“coxa”) + podite.

af

(entomology) A mosquito appendage consisting of a coxite, style and volsella


gonocoxite

(entomology) The coxite of the gonocoxopodite


hemocoagulase

The present study found that patients with postoperative fibrinogen deficiency experienced more operative blood loss and a higher rate of postoperative intracranial hematoma, and they were given more blood transfusions, more plasma transfusions, and were administered larger doses of hemocoagulase compared with patients without postoperative fibrinogen deficiency.

2015 December 12, “Risk Factors for Postoperative Fibrinogen Deficiency after Surgical Removal of Intracranial Tumors”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An enzyme, typically isolated from snake venom, that catalyzes the coagulation of the blood and therefore stops bleeding


Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor

en-noun

Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (plural Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors)

Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors (plural)

(biochemistry) Any of a family of eukaryotic proteinase inhibitors found mainly in the seeds of legumes and in cereal grains.


marchantiaceous

(botany) Belonging to the Marchantiaceae family of liverworts.


subelongated

(biology) Somewhat elongated; having the length extended to a limited degree.


amphitelic

Additionally, cells must also ensure that each of the sister chromatids of the same chromosome attach to a different spindle pole, a state known as amphitelic attachment or chromosome biorientation.

2015 December 15, “Dispensability of the SAC Depends on the Time Window Required by Aurora B to Ensure Chromosome Biorientation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, of centromeres) Attached to opposite poles of a spindle


cateslytin

In this context, we suppose that cateslytin with its net positive charge of +5 might also interact with hemagglutinin B. In our case, blocking the P.

2015 December 15, “Antibacterial Peptide-Based Gel for Prevention of Medical Implanted-Device Infection”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A peptide, derived from a chromogranin, that shows an antimicrobial action


cisgene

(genetics) Any gene that is transmitted using cisgenesis


meroic

Characteristic traits, all apomorphies, are perichaetine setae, tubulo-racemose prostates, avesiculate meroic nephridia and opisthogastry (the development of intestinal gizzards, which in this genus are multiple in the region of segments 20–26).

1998, R Blakemore, “Retrovescus, a new genus of opisthogastric earthworm from Tasmania”, in Invertebrate Systematics:

Due to the somewhat macerated specimens Michaelsen (1933) was not able to recognize the structure of the excretory system in the type species, however, he found it meroic at W. beauforti.

2010, Cs. Csuzdi, “Review of the Paleotropical Neogastrini Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae: Benhamiinae) With Description of Two New Genera”, in Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 56, number 2:

The genus Ramiellona was erected by Michaelsen (1935) to include Ramiellona stadelmanni Michaelsen, a meroic species from Honduras with acanthodrilin male terminalia, tubular prostates, one gizzard and with internal calciferous lamellae.

2014, C Fragoso, P Rojas, “New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala”, in Zootaxa, volume 3753:

(biology) Pertaining to nephridia that are formed by longitudinal or traverse fragmentation of a single original pair of embryonic rudiments in each segment.


epiphyton

(biology) periphyton growing on other plants


glycoepitope

(biochemistry, immunology) A carbohydrate epitope


mitotracker

mitotrackers (plural)
MitoTracker (alternative)

TMRE was used in our study for mitochondrial staining instead of commonly used mitotracker dyes since we were interested in visualizing only the active mitochondria in the cells.

2015 December 15, “Collagen Promotes Higher Adhesion, Survival and Proliferation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) Any of a family of commercial fluorescent dyes used to stain mitochondria in living cells


stilter

(zoology, archaic) Any long-legged wading bird.


torpediniform

The coracohyomandibularis, of the hypobranchial muscle plate, has a single origin on the fascia that is continuous with the pericardial membrane in the outgroups and in most batoids, with the exception of narkid torpediniform rays and myliobatiforms.

1996, Melanie L.J. Stiassny, Interrelationships of Fishes, page 75:

(zoology) Of or relating to the Torpediniformes.


myxiniform

(zoology) Any member of the Myxiniformes.


alloproliferation

As shown in Fig 7C and 7D, TA1 resulted in the dose dependent inhibition of alloproliferation of both human CD4 + and CD8 + PBMC in a MLR. Indeed, relative to etanercept, TA1 demonstrated a significantly improved anti-proliferative effect on cytotoxic CD8 + T cells.

2015 December 17, “Inhibition of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice by miRNA Therapy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


allotetraploidization

Alternative scenarios for allotetraploidization involving more than one allopolyploidization event in Xenopus are discussed in Supplementary Information of Bewick et al.

2015 December 17, “Genetics, Morphology, Advertisement Calls, and Historical Records Distinguish Six New Polyploid Species of African Clawed Frog ( Xenopus, Pipidae) from West and Central Africa”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) allogeneic tetraploidization; modification to become allotetraploid


decaploid

Furthermore, DArT has been applied successfully to species with large genomes such as barley [2 ] and with complex or/and polyploid genomes such as the decaploid sugarcane [3 ], hexaploid wheat and oat [4 ,5 ] or the paleoploid apple [6 ].

2015 December 17, “Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) Marker Platforms for Diversity Analysis and Linkage Mapping in a Complex Crop, the Octoploid Cultivated Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa )”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) having ten complete sets of chromosomes in a single cell


dodecaploidization

dodecaploidization (usually uncountable, plural dodecaploidizations)

Using this approach, a recent study that included genetic data from four of the new species described here proposed that tetraploidization occurred at least once in subgenus Silurana and once in subgenus Xenopus, octoploidization occurred at least three times in subgenus Xenopus, and that dodecaploidization occurred at least three times in subgenus Xenopus.

(genetics) The process of becoming dodecaploid.


entopterygoid

At the symphysis, the entopterygoid articulates with its counterpart through a striated articular surface which is oval in outline.

2015 December 17, “A Fish Assemblage from the Middle Eocene from Libya (Dur At-Talah) and the Earliest Record of Modern African Fish Genera”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) A certain ventral bone of reptiles or fish


octoploidization

Using this approach, a recent study that included genetic data from four of the new species described here proposed that tetraploidization occurred at least once in subgenus Silurana and once in subgenus Xenopus, octoploidization occurred at least three times in subgenus Xenopus, and that dodecaploidization occurred at least three times in subgenus Xenopus [21 ].

(genetics) Modification to become octoploid


paleoploid

(genetics) Having the ploidy that the organism had in the distant past


procathepsin

The activity was estimated by reducing the incubation time to 2 min to avoid procathepsin L activation [17 ,19 ].

2015 December 17, “An Active 32-kDa Cathepsin L Is Secreted Directly from HT 1080 Fibrosarcoma Cells and Not via Lysosomal Exocytosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that are involved in the production of cathepsins


intradiol

Local oxygen levels may be further reduced by the up regulation of a putative secreted intradiol dioxygenase (PAU_03890), as this class of enzyme utilise molecular oxygen.

2015 December 18, “From Insect to Man: Photorhabdus Sheds Light on the Emergence of Human Pathogenicity”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Between the carbon atoms that carry the two hydroxyl groups of a diol


subhaplotype

In addition, eight subhaplotypes were combined within three SNPs in TOMM40, and the only subhaplotype G-T-C (rs157581-rs11556505-rs1160985) was significantly susceptible to LOAD risk.

2015 December 18, “Polygenic Analysis of Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease from Mainland China”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


calyptopis

Euphausiaceans go through a number of phases during their development: a nauplius (= ortho-nauplius) phase, a metanauplius ‘phase’, a calyptopis phase, and a furcilia phase, each of which may contain more than one larval stage, but with a relatively constant morphology within each phase.

2015 December 19, “Naupliar and Metanaupliar Development of Thysanoessa raschii (Malacostraca, Euphausiacea) from Godthåbsfjord, Greenland, with a Reinstatement of the Ancestral Status of the Free-Living Nauplius in Malacostracan Evolution”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The phase of larval development characterized by compound eyes beneath the carapace.


gammaridean

(zoology) Any amphipod of the suborder Gammaridea.


rhamnopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any pyranoside derived from rhamnose.


homodontism

Now that all mammals are led back to a distant diphyodont stem, it is also true that the further we go back both in palingenesis and embryogenesis, the more widespread heterodontism is—all modern homodontism proving to be secondary.

1894, “Address by Henry Fairfield Osborn”, in Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, volume 42, page 197:

(zoology) Having a dentition of identical teeth.


heterodontism

(zoology) Having a dentition of differing teeth.


dickkopf

Borrowed from German Dickkopf (“stubborn person”, literally “thick head”), from the fact that Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), one of the dickkopf proteins, was found to be required for head formation in embryos. The word was coined by Andrei Glinka, Wei Wu, Hajo Delius, A. Paula Monaghan, Claudia Blumenstock, and Christof Niehrs in a 1998 article published in Nature: see the quotation.

bor

Here we describe dickkopf-1 (dkk-1), which encodes Dkk-1, a secreted inducer of Spemann's organizer in Xenopus and a member of a new protein family.

[1998 January 22, Andrei Glinka et al., “Dickkopf-1 is a Member of a New Family of Secreted Proteins and Functions in Head Induction”, in Nature, volume 391, number 6665, London: Nature Research, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, abstract, page 357:

Some of the factors tested included: angiopoietin like protein 7 (ANGLPT7), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF β 2), platelet derived growth factor b (PDGFB), and dickkopf related protein 2 (DKK2).

2015 December 22, Kathryn L. McCabe et al., “Efficient Generation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Corneal Endothelial Cells by Directed Differentiation”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 12, San Francisco, Calif.: PLOS, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, article number e0145266:

Oncogenic mutations in the human genome disable of the 'β-catenin-destroyer complex' and delete the dickkopfs.

2016, Joseph G. Sinkovics, “Eukaryotic Single Cells and the First Cell Communities Then and Now”, in RNA/DNA and Cancer, Cham, Switzerland: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, page 81:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of glycoproteins that are involved in the development of the embryo.

British Journal of Pharmacology
British Pharmacological Society
DKK1
Wiley-Blackwell

Dickkopf-proteiini

any of a family of glycoproteins that is involved in the development of the embryo


flexistylous

It is a self-compatible, hermaphroditic, clonal, flexistylous perennial herb, usually 1–3 m tall.

2015 December 22, “Impact of Striped-Squirrel Nectar-Robbing Behaviour on Gender Fitness in Alpinia roxburghii Sweet (Zingiberaceae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) Related to, or exhibiting flexistyly


flexistyly

A number of genera including Alpinia and Amomum (Zingiberaceae), exhibit interesting flexistyly polymorphisms which enhance fruit production by avoiding geitonogamy and promoting xenogamy.

(botany) A form of polymorphism in which the style and stigma of hermaphroditic flowers move over time.


multimethylation

For instance, PTMs such as lipoylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation and SUMOylation can have a high impact on host immune modulation during Ehrlichia muris [57 ], Ehrlichia chaffeensis [58 ] and Anaplasma phagocytophilum [59 ] infections and, multimethylation can lead to different levels of virulence in R.

2015 December 22, “Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Ehrlichia ruminantium Pathogenic Strain and Its High-Passaged Attenuated Strain Reveals Virulence and Attenuation-Associated Proteins”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) methylation at multiple sites


deacylase

They exhibit a diverse range of functional categories that include porin, transporter, adhesin, lipase, protease, deacylase, pore-forming toxin, and assembly factors [2 ,3 ].

2015 December 23, “PredβTM: A Novel β-Transmembrane Region Prediction Algorithm”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any hydrolase that removes an acyl group by hydrolysis


protosite

To expand the distribution of plant resources containing RAs and explore the functional role of N-methylated amino acids in natural RAs in the maintenance of the conformation and bioactivity, we structurally and pharmacologically investigated interesting RAs using the TLC cyclopeptide protosite detection method with ninhydrin [23 ] from R.

2015 December 23, “Rubipodanin A, the First Natural N -Desmonomethyl Rubiaceae-Type Cyclopeptide from Rubia podantha, Indicating an Important Role of the N 9 -Methyl Group in the Conformation and Bioactivity”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any part of a biomolecule that has the potential to be a site for the attachment of another one


rubipodanin

Fortunately, a new cyclic hexapeptide, rubipodanin A ( 1 ), which is the first identified natural N-desmonomethyl RA, together with six known RAs ( 2–7 ) were obtained.

(biochemistry) Any of a family of cyclic peptides found in the madder Rubia podantha


ascogenous

The calosphaeriaceous ascoma centrum is unique in the Sordariomycetes; it comprises persistent, sparsely branched, short or elongated ascogenous hyphae with minute cells formed from croziers in sympodial succession, asci in predominantly spicate arrangement and persistent paraphyses.

2015 December 24, “Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Calosphaeriales and Togniniales Using Five Genes and Predicted RNA Secondary Structures of ITS, and Flabellascus tenuirostris gen. et sp. nov.”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(mycology) That grows from the ascogonium of a fungus

ascógeno

that grows from the ascogonium of a fungus


transcuprein

Albumin (about 69 kDa) has a very high affinity Cu(II) site at its N-terminus (Kd about 10−12 M) in most mammals; and transcuprein, which in humans is alpha-2-macroglobulin, has an even higher Cu affinity.

2016 March 3, “Mechanism of Copper Uptake from Blood Plasma Ceruloplasmin by Mammalian Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A small protein with a specific role in plasma copper transport.


cavendishioid

en-adj

cavendishioid (comparative more cavendishioid, superlative most cavendishioid)

more cavendishioid (comparative)
most cavendishioid (superlative)

Lineage radiations of the core group of ericoid and cavendishioid mycorrhizal Sebacinales started probably in the Eocene, coinciding with diversification events of their hosts.

2016 March 4, “Divergence Times and Phylogenetic Patterns of Sebacinales, a Highly Diverse and Widespread Fungal Lineage”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) Resembling the woody perennial plants of the genus Cavendishia.


cavendishia

(botany) Any of the genus Cavendishia of woody perennial plants.


jungermannioid

jungermannioid (comparative more jungermannioid, superlative most jungermannioid)

more jungermannioid (comparative)
most jungermannioid (superlative)

The diversification of Sebacinales with jungermannioid interactions started during the Oligocene, and occurred much later than the diversification of their hosts.

(botany) Characteristic of the genus Jungermannia of liverworts.


thermoswitch

This appears to be the first purely computational design of functional RNA thermoswitches, and certainly the first purely computational design of functional thermo-IRES elements.

2016, Juan Antonio Garcia-Martin, Ivan Dotu, Javier Fernandez-Chamorro, Gloria Lozano, Jorge Ramajo, Encarnacion Martinez-Salas, Peter Clote, “RNAiFold2T: Constraint Programming design of thermo-IRES switches”, in arXiv:

(biochemistry) A form of riboswitch incorporating a thermosensor and thus responsive to temperature changes.


heteromorphosis

en-noun

heteromorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural heteromorphoses)

(biology) The development of one tissue from a tissue of another type.


ferritinophagy

Alternatively, the turn over of ferritin by the process of ferritinophagy could be modified in the absence of CFTR [45, 46 ].

2015 December 29, “Iron Homeostasis and Inflammatory Status in Mice Deficient for the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The metabolism of ferritin


homoglucan

Dextran, a homoglucan produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides, has been cited as the primary polysaccharide associated with sugarcane deterioration.

2015 December 29, “Diverse Exopolysaccharide Producing Bacteria Isolated from Milled Sugarcane: Implications for Cane Spoilage and Sucrose Yield”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A homopolysaccharide composed of glucose moieties


inulosucrase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that catalyzes the transfer of a fructose moiety from sucrose to inulin


phosphodonor

Their K 1/2 values scaled inversely with the aggregate lengths of their connecting segment between Tsr1 and Tsr2: the longest linker (546~551/L-6) produced the most sensitive response (K 1/2 = 55 μM); the shortest (517~551/L-4) failed to respond to serine, but evinced high kinase activity upon potassium cyanide challenge, which depletes cellular ATP, the phosphodonor for the CheA autophosphorylation reaction (see Methods ).

2015 December 29, “Chemotactic Signaling by Single-Chain Chemoreceptors”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any substance that donates a phosphoryl group


undecaheme

Such preferential orientation may be deduced, for example, from recent X-ray diffraction data of undecaheme cytochrome crystalized in the presence of soluble Fe(III) chelates [23 ,26 ].

2015 December 29, “In Situ Analysis of a Silver Nanoparticle-Precipitating Shewanella Biofilm by Surface Enhanced Confocal Raman Microscopy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, in combination) Eleven heme groups in a molecule


despeciated

(biochemistry) Of a serum: modified so that it is no longer species-specific, to avoid triggering allergic reactions.


cytotaxis

(biology) The directive influence that determines the arrangement of cells; the selective, ordering, and arranging function of a living cell.


cylindrocellular

(biology) Relating to cylindrical cells.


logania

/ləʊˈɡeɪnɪə/

Borrowed from New Latin Logania (“the genus name”), after the botanist James Logan.

bor+

(botany) Any of the genus Logania of plants native to Australia and New Zealand.


myoneurin

In that essence, the effect of such SNPs can be mediated through one of the other genes in 3q26 locus that were found to actually play a role in controlling expression either by activating or repressing the transcription of various genes such as encoding myoneurin (MYNN) including telomerase.

2016 January 1, “Associations of TERC Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Human Leukocyte Telomere Length and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of zinc finger proteins whose members have been implicated in regulatory functions of gene expression


competitive exclusion

en-noun

competitive exclusion (countable and uncountable, plural competitive exclusions)

Coined by Russian biologist George Gause.

2016, Kaj-Kolja Kleineberg & Marián Boguñá, Competition between global and local online social networks, Nature
In ecology theory, the principle of competitive exclusion states that multiple species in competition for the same resource cannot coexist, as even the slightest advantage of one species over the other is successively amplified; a mechanism referred to as “rich get richer” or preferential attachment. This eventually leads to the extinction of the inferior species.

(biology) The principle that states that two species who are very similar, and compete for the same resources, cannot coexist indefinitely, as the one with the slight advantage will outperform the other and eventually drive it into extinction.


endophagic

ITNs would be most effective against endophagic vectors that feed primarily late at night while IRS would be most effective against primarily endophilic vectors that spend a significant portion of their adult lives resting inside houses.

2016 January 6, “The Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying on the Prevalence of Malaria Parasite Infection, Clinical Malaria and Anemia in an Area of Perennial Transmission and Moderate Coverage of Insecticide Treated Nets in Western Kenya”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, particularly of mosquitos) That feeds indoors


hygrocolous

The hygrocolous communities around the lake are dominated by Deyeuxia angustifolia, Deyeuxia langsdorffii, Carex appendiculata and Carex rhynchophysa.

2016 January 6, “Vegetation and Climate Change during the Last Deglaciation in the Great Khingan Mountain, Northeastern China”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


pierine

The bearing of the geographical distribution of existing Pierine forms upon the preceding phylogenetic conclusions was then considered, and it was shown that the facts of distribution, taken in connection with what was known of the means of transit possible for insects, and especially of the migratory habits of certain Pierines, were in general accordance with the same conclusions.

1893, The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London:

No pigment of similar constitution to the Pierine white, yellow, and red, was found by Mr. Hopkins in any other butterfly—not even in the allied Papilioninae.

1898, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, volume 26, Linnean Society of London, page 597:

Perhaps some of the most interesting data on such properties of adaptive response, and constraints upon it, come from the recent studies of Shapiro on Andean pierine butterflies.

2012, Allen M. Young, Population Biology of Tropical Insects, page 458:

(zoology) Relating to, or resembling, the butterflies of the family Pieridae.


motogenic

en-adj

motogenic (comparative more motogenic, superlative most motogenic)

more motogenic (comparative)
most motogenic (superlative)


motogenesis

(biology) The promotion of cellular motility.


ethospecies

For these and other reasons we suggest that S. rovneri is an ethospecies, morphologically similar to but reproductively isolated from its sibling species by courtship behavior, particularly acoustic communication.

2014, Peter N. Witt, Spider Communication: Mechanisms and Ecological Significance:

(biology) A species that is reproductively isolated from other morphologically similar species due to its breeding behaviour.


summer branch drop

(pathology, botany, sylvaniculture, arboriculture) A syndrome in which a tree suddenly drops a large limb from its body, usually interpreted as being caused by stress due to heat waves, droughts or persistent hot weather.


royalisin

(biochemistry) A defensin-like peptide found in royal jelly.


cytochemically

(biochemistry) With reference to, or by means of cytochemistry


ectodermally

(biology) With reference to, or by way of the ectoderm


gerontophagy

Unlike species of solitary spiders, in which gerontophagy (the consumption of elderly individuals) is confined to the mother and her offspring, social Stegodyphus have a more varied menu […]

2001, Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire, Robert A. Wallace, Perspectives on animal behavior, page 341:


gerontomorphosis

(zoology) Evolutionary change involving extreme specialisation and a reduction in the capability for further change.


physiocrine

Prior work showed that the asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (BmAsnRS) of Brugia malayi, an etiological agent of lymphatic filariasis, acts as a physiocrine that binds specifically to interleukin-8 (IL-8) chemokine receptors.

2016 January 12, “Brugia malayi Asparaginyl - tRNA Synthetase Stimulates Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Vasodilation and Angiogenesis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of physiologically-active cytokines


pelycosaurian

(zoology) Belonging to the Pelycosauria.


longirostrine

The association of longirostrine and tuskless mandibles is very rare in proboscideans, and only Choerolophodon (family Choerolophodontidae, sensu [23 ]), a recently described new genus of Mammutidae [44 ], as well as the non-amebelodontine trilophodont gomphotheres Gnathabelodon and Eubelodon show these two conditions simultaneously.

2016 January 13, “The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Having a long jaw or rostrum, especially of a crocodilian


biobrick

biobricks (plural)
BioBrick (alternative)

During amplification, the internal EcoRI restriction site in merA was mutated in order to create a mer cassette compatible with the biobrick cloning system and the vector pBBRBB (see Materials and Methods ) [27 ].

2016 January 14, “Toward Bioremediation of Methylmercury Using Silica Encapsulated Escherichia coli Harboring the mer Operon”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A length of DNA sequence used, with others, to build synthetic biological circuits


hypotetraploid

Furthermore, a hypotetraploid side-line contained duplicate copies of the stemline abnormalities, and small second sideline of two cells contained an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2, as well as the stemline aberrations.

2016 January 14, “L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Redirected Human T Cells Exhibit Specific and Efficient Antitumor Activity against Human Ovarian Cancer in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) having fewer than four times the haploid number of chromosomes in a cell nucleus


pneumolysoid

To our best knowledge, a validation of pneumolysoid B as a replacement for the PLY antigen in the EIA to detect anti-PLY IgG has never been published.

2016 January 14, “Efficacy of PPV23 in Preventing Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Adults at Increased Risk – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of recombinant mutant proteins related to pneumolysin.


prorsiradiate

Ultimately from Latin prōrsus + radiate.

They are rursiradiate on the middle of the flank and become prorsiradiate towards the venter.

2016 January 14, “Paleobiology of the Latest Tithonian (Late Jurassic) Ammonite Salinites grossicostatum Inferred from Internal and External Shell Parameters”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(malacology, of the ribs of a cephalopod shell) Inclined forward.


rursiradiate

(malacology, of the ribs of a cephalopod shell) Inclined backward.


trimannoside

ConA is a plant lectin, which binds avidly to the trimannoside core of N-glycans, bisected hybrid-type N-glycans and to a lesser extent to complex-type biantennary N-glycans, whereas highly branched N-glycans will not bind or bind not as tightly [15 ].

2016 January 14, “Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of RPE Cells In Vitro Confers Increased β1,6- N -Glycosylation and Increased Susceptibility to Galectin-3 Binding”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any glycoside having three mannose groups


EGFR

epidermal growth factor receptor
w:epidermal growth factor receptor

(biochemistry) Initialism of epidermal growth factor receptor.


regenotyping

The regenotyping and SNaPshot results were in complete accordance with original results.

2016 January 15, “Association of Ulcerative Colitis with FUT2 and FUT3 Polymorphisms in Patients from Southeast China”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A second or subsequent genotyping.


preautophagic

As preautophagic mitochondria reduce their membrane potential and OPA1 levels, these results suggest that fission events induce recycling processes.

2016 January 16, “Quality Saving Mechanisms of Mitochondria during Aging in a Fully Time-Dependent Computational Biophysical Model”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


lipin

(biochemistry) Any fat, fatty acid, lipoid, soap, or similar substance.


phytoceramidase

PHS can be converted to PHC followed by a mechanism similar to that between DHS and DHC, but the reverse reaction is catalyzed by the specific enzyme phytoceramidase.

2016 January 20, “Analysis of the Involvement of Different Ceramide Variants in the Response to Hydroxyurea Stress in Baker's Yeast”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A ceramidase that acts upon phytoceramides


transstadially

Several of the plant-infecting tospoviruses have very broad host-plant ranges, including SVNV. Zhou and Tzanetakis [4 ] identified several weed hosts capable of being alternative hosts for SVNV. Tospoviruses are transmitted exclusively by thrips, in a persistent propagative fashion (i.e., they replicate inside their thrips vector and are transstadially passed from molt-to-molt) [10 ].

2016 January 20, “Seed Transmission of Soybean vein necrosis virus : The First Tospovirus Implicated in Seed Transmission”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


rhamnogalacturonase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a rhamnogalacturonan.


xylogalacturonase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a xylogalacturonan.