pulse

en-verb

pulse (third-person singular simple present pulses, present participle pulsing, simple past and past participle pulsed)

pulses (present singular third-person)
pulsing (participle present)
pulsed (participle past)
pulsed (past)

From Late Middle English pulse, Middle English pulsen (“to pulse, throb”), from Latin pulsāre, the present active infinitive of pulsō (“to push; to beat, batter, hammer, strike; to knock on; to pulsate; (figuratively) to drive or urge on, impel; to move; to agitate, disquiet, disturb”), the frequentative of pellō (“to drive, impel, propel, push; to banish, eject, expel; to set in motion; to strike”); see further at etymology 1. Doublet of push.

inh

(transitive, chiefly biology, chemistry) To give to (something, especially a cell culture) an (increased) amount of a substance, such as a drug or an isotopic label, over a short time.


spear

Alteration of spire, from Middle English spyre, spier, spir, from Old English spīr (“stalk of a plant, shoot, blade”). More at spire.


bacteriophage

/bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/

Borrowed from French bactériophage, coined by microbiologist Félix d'Hérelle, from bacterio- (“bacteria”) + -phage (“eater”).

af

Another possibility is to enlist a bacteriophage, a kind of virus, to hunt down and kill harmful bacteria for us.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 54:

(microbiology, virology) A virus that specifically infects bacteria.


phage

From Ancient Greek -φάγος (-phágos, “eater”), from φαγ- (phag-), aorist stem of ἐσθίω (esthíō), ἔδω (édō, “to eat, to consume”).

"The plural word phages refers to different types of phage, whereas in common usage the word phage can be both singular and plural, referring in the plural sense to particles of the same type of phage." Maloy et al: Microbial Genetics, 2nd ed., 1984, →ISBN, p. 81

(microbiology, virology) A virus that is parasitic on bacteria.


callus

Borrowed from Latin callum (“hard skin”).

(botany) The new formation over the end of a cutting, before it puts out rootlets.

الكالس النباتات

botany: new formation over the end of a cutting

(botany) In orchids, a fleshy outgrowth from the labellum.

(botany) In grasses, a hardened extension from the base of a floret, which may or may not elongate and is often covered in hairs or bristles.

(entomology) A shining area on the frons of many species of Tabanomorpha (horse flies and relatives).


dyad

From Ancient Greek δυάς (duás), δυάδ- (duád-) from δύο (dúo, “two”), from Proto-Indo-European *duwó, *duwéh₃ (*dwóh₁). The mathematics sense was coined by American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1884 in the second half of his book Elements of Vector Analysis.

чифт

pair of things standing in particular relation

(biology) A chromosome structure, usually X- or V-shaped, consisting of two condensed sister chromatids joined by a centromere.

(biology) A secondary unit of organisation consisting of an aggregate of monads.


cuticle

From Middle French cuticule, from Latin cuticula (“cuticle, skin”).

(zoology, botany) A noncellular protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants.


ally

From Middle English allie, alie [and other forms], probably partly:
* from allien (verb): see etymology 1; and
* from Anglo-Norman allié, alié, alyé, allyé, Middle French allié, alié, allyé (“associate, supporter; friend; relative; person, state, etc., associated or united with another by alliance or treaty”), and Old French alliiet (“military or political ally”) (modern French allié), a noun use of the past participle of Anglo-Norman alier, allier, Middle French alier, allier, and Old French alier (verb): see etymology 1.

der

The order of Gruiformes includes cranes and their allies.

Procyonids (raccoons and their allies), a group of North American origin, are first recorded in South America in a level immediately below a unit dated at 6.0 million years.

1979, Larry G. Marshall et al., “Calibration of the Great American Interchange: A radioisotope chronology for Late Tertiary interchange of terrestrial faunas between the Americas.”, in Science, volume 204, number 4390, →DOI, pages 272–279:

Something regarded as connected with or related to another thing by similarity in features or nature.

(taxonomy) An organism which is related to another organism through common evolutionary origin; specifically, a species which is closely related to another species, usually within the same family.


alpine

From Latin Alpīnus, from Alpēs (“the Alps”). Cognates include French alpin.

There can be little doubt that the autumn-flowering gentians are the elite of late-flowering alpines, but alas they can only be enjoyed by those gardeners with an acid soil, unless they can be grown in containers.

1991, Jack Elliott, Alpines in the Open Garden, Christopher Helm, →ISBN, page 64:

(botany) Any of several plants, native to mountain habitats, often grown in rock gardens.


alternate

From Latin alternō (“take turns”), from alternus (“one after another, by turns”), from alter (“other”) + -rnus. See altern, alter.

Many trees have alternate leaf arrangement (e.g. birch, oak and mulberry).

(botany, of leaves) Distributed singly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular divergence


migration

en-noun

migration (countable and uncountable, plural migrations)

From Middle French migration and its source, Latin migrātiō, from the participle stem of migrō (“I migrate”).
Morphologically migrate + -ion

(biochemistry) The movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations.


shark

shark (countable and uncountable, plural sharks)

Shark meat
Thomas Beckington
shark
shark (moth)

From Middle English shark (used by Thomas Beckington in 1442 to refer to a kind of fish), of uncertain origin. Most likely from a semantic extension of the German-derived shark (“scoundrel”), see below. The fish was originally called a dogfish or haye in English and Middle English.
alternative theories
Some older dictionaries derived the word from Latin c(h)archarias, c(h)acharus (from Ancient Greek), but admit that "the requisite [Old French] forms intermediate between E. shark and L. carcharus are not found, and it is not certain that the name [shark] was orig. applied to the fish; it may have been first used of a greedy man".
Other older authorities speculated that the word might derive from Yucatec Maya xok (“fish”) (/ʃok/), as John Hawkins brought a specimen from the area where Mayan was spoken to England in the 1560s. However, the 1442 use rules out a New World origin for the word.

shock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)

The straunge fishe is in length xvij. foote and iij. foote broad, and in compas about the bodie vj. foote; and is round snowted, short headdid, hauing iij. rankes of teeth on either iawe, …. Also it hath v. gills of eache side of the head, shoing white. Ther is no proper name for it that I know, but that sertayne men of Captayne Haukinses doth call it a sharke.

1569, The true discripcion of this marueilous straunge Fishe, whiche was taken on Thursday was sennight, the xvi. day of June, this present month, in the yeare of our Lord God, M.D.lxix., a broadside printed in London, the second earliest known use of the term; reprinted in A Collection of Seventy-Nine Black-Letter Ballads and Broadsides: printed in the reigh of Queen Elizabeth, between the years 1559 and 1597 in 1867

He said he had spoken to a woman who was kayaking off Catalina Island, California, in 2008 when a shark slammed her kayak from underneath and sent her flying into the air. She then landed on the back of the shark, Collier said. "At that point the shark started to swim out to sea, so she jumped off its back," Collier said.

2011 October 13, AP, “Man 'surfs' great white shark”, in The Guardian:

(ichthyology, countable) Any scaleless, predatory fish of the superorder Selachimorpha, with a cartilaginous skeleton and 5 to 7 gill slits on each side of its head.


hardy

en-adj

hardy (comparative hardier, superlative hardiest)

hardier (comparative)
hardiest (superlative)

From Middle English hardy, hardi, from Old French hardi (“hardy, daring, stout, bold”).
Old French hardi is usually regarded as the past participle of hardir ("to harden, be bold, make bold"; compare Occitan ardir, Italian ardire), from Frankish *hardijan; but it may also have come directly from Frankish *hardi, a secondary form of Frankish *hard (compare Old High German harti, herti, secondary forms of Old High German hart (“hard”)); or even yet from Frankish *hardig (compare Middle Low German herdich (“persevering”), Old Danish hærdig, Norwegian herdig, Swedish härdig (“vigorous, courageous”)).
Cognate with hard. May have at some point also been surface analysed as hard + -y.

cog

A hardy plant is one that can withstand the extremes of climate, such as frost.

The oat is hardier than wheat, and ripens in higher latitudes.

1880, Arthur Herbert Church, Food: Some Account of Its Sources, Constituents and Uses, London: Chapman and Hall, page 72:

By watching where the snow melted first, I discovered warmer spots that I knew would be possible locations for late-winter bloomers or borderline hardy plants.

2012, David L. Culp, The Layered Garden: Design Lessons for Year-Round Beauty from Brandywine Cottage, Timber Press, page 503:

(botany) Able to survive adverse growing conditions.


analogous

en-adj

analogous (comparative more analogous, superlative most analogous)

more analogous (comparative)
most analogous (superlative)

From Latin analogus, from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νᾰ́λογος (ănắlogos); Its English equivalent is analogue + -ous. The application to similar features of organisms is nearly as old as the general sense. Recognizably modern uses of the second sense, distinguishing analogous from homologous, appear in the mid-19th century.

(biology) Functionally similar, but arising through convergent evolution rather than being homologous.


gene

From German Gen, from Ancient Greek γενεά (geneá, “generation, descent”), from the aorist infinitive of γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I come into being”). Coined by Danish botanist Wilhelm Ludwig Johannsen in 1909, in a German-language publication, from the last syllable of pangene.

coin

Coordinate term: phene

Near-synonym: cistron (often synonymous)

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013 June 21, Karen McVeigh, “US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 10:

(genetics) A theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms; a gene may take several values and in principle predetermines a precise trait of an organism's form (phenotype), such as hair color.


inherit

en-verb

inherit (third-person singular simple present inherits, present participle inheriting, simple past and past participle inherited)

inherits (present singular third-person)
inheriting (participle present)
inherited (participle past)
inherited (past)

From Middle English enheriten, from Old French enheriter, from Late Latin inhereditare (“make heir”). Displaced native Old English ierfan.

وَرَثَ

to receive property or a title by legal succession etc.

Let's hope the baby inherits his mother's looks and his father's intelligence.

(transitive, biology) To receive a characteristic from one's ancestors by genetic transmission.

ժառանգել

to receive a characteristic by genetic transmission


variable

en-adj

variable (comparative more variable, superlative most variable)

more variable (comparative)
most variable (superlative)

Borrowed into Middle English in the 14th century from Old French variable, from Latin variare (“to change”), from varius (“different, various”). Equates to English vary + -able.

(biology) Tending to deviate from a normal or recognized type.

изменчив

biology: tending to deviate from a normal or recognized type


orthodox

orthodox (comparative more orthodox, superlative most orthodox)

more orthodox (comparative)
most orthodox (superlative)

From Late Middle English orthodoxe, from Middle French orthodoxe and its etymon Late Latin orthodoxus, from Ancient Greek ὀρθόδοξος (orthódoxos), from ὀρθός (orthós, “straight”) + δόξα (dóxa, “opinion”).

(botany) Of pollen, seed, or spores: viable for a long time; viable when dried to low moisture content.


ancestral

ancestrals (plural)
ancestrall (alternative)
auncestral (alternative)

From Anglo-Norman ancestrel, from ancestre (“ancestor”).

The intermediate nature of the gene frequencies of the populations in the two groupings to those of the putative ancestrals, Table 4, indicates the Mestizo gentic constitution of the MMA populations and supports previous information for this area (Garza-Chapa 1983b)

1987, Human Biology - Volume 59, Issues 1-3 - 4, page 44:

All the ancestrals with unknown origin or pedigree were included within this group.

1993, Jorge Enrique Autrique, Molecular Markers Applied to Wheat Improvement, page 33:

Some of the tequila ancestrals and añejos have a subdominant odor to them — the smoky, vanilla-like syringaldehyde that is also in coastal raicillas and bacanoras .

2023, Gary Paul Nabhan, David Suro Piñera, Agave Spirits: The Past, Present, and Future of Mezcals:


genotype

/ˈdʒɛnəʊˌtaɪp/

/ˈd͡ʒɛnəˌtaɪp/

(genetics) The part (DNA sequence) of the genetic makeup of an organism which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that organism.

genotip

DNA sequence which determines a specific characteristic


genotype

/ˈdʒɛnəʊˌtaɪp/

/ˈd͡ʒɛnəˌtaɪp/

(taxonomy, obsolete) The type species of a genus; generitype.


phenotype

From pheno- + -type. (Date to be specified). From Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to shine, to show, to appear”) and Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “mark, type”).

derived

(genetics, evolutionary theory) The appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees.

(genetics, evolutionary theory) Any observable characteristic of an organism, such as its morphological, developmental, biochemical or physiological properties, or its behavior.


torch

The noun is derived from Middle English torch, torche (“large candle; lighted stick; (figurative) sunbeam”), from Old French torche, torque (“torch; bundle of (twisted) straw”) (modern French torche); further etymology uncertain, probably from Vulgar Latin *torca (“coiled object”) (referring to a torch made from twisted plant fibres dipped in a flammable substance such as pitch), from Latin torqua, a variant of torquis (“collar of twisted metal, torque; wreath”), from torqueō (“to twist, wind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to spin; to turn”).
Sense 2.3 (Verbascum thapsus) is either due to the plant’s spike of yellow flowers, or because its leaves and stalks were used to make torches (noun sense 1). Sense 3.2 (“precious cause, etc., which needs to be protected and transmitted to others”) is derived from Latin lampada trādere, from Ancient Greek λᾰμπᾰ́δᾰ πᾰρᾰδιδόναι (lămpắdă părădidónai, “to hand over the torch”), a reference to the torch race held at various festivals such as the Panathenaic Games in Ancient Greece, which involved a relay where a torch was passed from one runner to another.
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

λᾰμπᾰ́δᾰ πᾰρᾰδιδόναι

sueo'

stick of wood, etc., with one end soaked in a flammable substance and set on fire; similarly shaped implement with a replaceable supply of flammable material

A flower which is red or red-orange in colour like a flame.

soihtu

Of this kinde, there is founde an other, the Spikes, eares, or torches wherof, are very dubble, ſo as in euery Spyky eare, in ſteede of the little knappes or heades, it bringeth forth a number of other ſmal torches, wherof eche one is lyke to the ſpike or torch of great Plantayne.

1578, Rembert Dodoens, “Of Plantayne or Waybrede”, in Henry Lyte, transl., A Niewe Herball, or Historie of Plantes: […], London: […] [Henry [i.e., Hendrik van der] Loë for] Gerard Dewes, […], →OCLC, 1st part (Sundry Sortes of Herbes and Plantes), page 91:

A spike (“kind of inflorescence”) made up of spikelets.

[page 118] The white male Mulleyn (or rather Wolleyn) hath […] the whole top with his pleaſant yellow floures ſheweth like to a waxe Candell or taper cunningly wrought. […] [pages 119–120] Mulleyn is called […] in English alſo Tapſus barbatus, Mulleyne, or rather Wulleyn, Hig[h]taper, Torches, and Longworte: […]

1578, Rembert Dodoens, “Of Mulleyne⸝ or Hygtaper”, in Henry Lyte, transl., A Niewe Herball, or Historie of Plantes: […], London: […] [Henry [i.e., Hendrik van der] Loë for] Gerard Dewes, […], →OCLC, 1st part (Sundry Sortes of Herbes and Plantes), pages 118–120:

Verbascum thapsus
Verbascum thapsus#Translingual

(chiefly in the plural) The common mullein, great mullein, or torchwort (Verbascum thapsus).

Cereus Peruuianus ſpinoſus L'Obelij. The torch, or thornie Euphorbium. […] [T]his plant, vvhich is called of the Indians in their mother toong Vragua, vvhich is as much to ſay, a torch, taper, or vvaxe candle, vvhereupon it hath been called in Latine of thoſe that vnderſtoode the Indian toong, Cereus, or a torch […] riſeth vp to the height of a ſpeare of 20. foote long, […]

1597, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], “Of the Gummie Thistle Called Euphorbium”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant, for Bonham and Iohn Norton, →OCLC, book II, page 1015:

(obsolete) A cactus with a very elongated body; a ceroid cactus; a torch cactus or torch-thistle.


allele

Borrowed from German Allel, shortened from Allelomorph, from English allelomorph. Ultimately from the Ancient Greek prefix ἀλληλ- (allēl-) from ἄλλος (állos, “other”).

Genes are competing directly with their alleles for survival, since their alleles in the gene pool are rivals for their slot on the chromosomes of future generations. Any gene that behaves in such a way as to increase its own survival chances in the gene pool at the expense of its alleles will, by definition, tautologously, tend to survive.

1976, Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Kindle edition, OUP Oxford, published 2016, page 46:

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, and individual plants are highly heterozygous and do not breed true. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

(genetics) One of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position, or locus, on a chromosome.


sessile

From Latin sessilis (“sitting”), from sessus, perfect passive participle of verb sedeō (“to sit”), + adjective suffix -ilis. Compare session.

a sessile oyster

(zoology) Permanently attached to a substrate; not free to move about.

The pileus is sessile, or sometimes narrowed at the base into a short stem, the caps often numerous and crowded together in an overlapping or imbricate manner.

1903, George Francis Atkinson, chapter VII, in Studies of American Fungi. Mushrooms, Edible, Poisonous, etc., 2nd edition, New York: Henry Holt:

The sporophyte foot is also characteristic: it is very broad and more or less lenticular or disciform, as broad or broader than the calyptra stalk[…], and is sessile on the calyptra base[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany, oncology) Attached directly by the base; not having an intervening stalk; stalkless.


antagonistic

en-adj

antagonistic (comparative more antagonistic, superlative most antagonistic)

more antagonistic (comparative)
most antagonistic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Relating to an antagonist.


fraternal

fraternal (comparative more fraternal, superlative most fraternal)

more fraternal (comparative)
most fraternal (superlative)
fraternall (alternative)

PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
Borrowed from Middle French fraternel, from Medieval Latin frāternālis (“fraternal”), from Latin frāternus (“of or pertaining to a brother, fraternal”), from frāter (“brother”).

der

Seventy percent of twins are fraternal and result from fertilization of two separate ova by two different sperm.

2012, Leonard Crowley, An Introduction to Human Disease: Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations, page 471:

Because each egg and each sperm of a fraternal zygote contain slightly different genetic material, these two embryos do not have identical genetic makeups.

2012, James Luce, Chasing Davis: An Atheist's Guide to Morality Using Logic and Science:

The rate of natural fraternal embryo fusion is not well documented.

2015, Sheldon Krimsky, Stem Cell Dialogues: A Philosophical and Scientific Inquiry Into Medical Frontiers, page 120:

(genetics) Of twins or embryos, produced from two different eggs and sperm, and genetically distinct.

erimunainen

genetics: of twins or embryos, produced from two different eggs and sperm, and genetically distinct


adenine

en-noun

adenine (countable and uncountable, plural adenines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-adenine.wav

From German Adenin, from Ancient Greek ἀδήν (adḗn, “gland”). By surface analysis, aden- + -ine. It was named in 1885 by the German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, in reference to the pancreas (a specific gland) from which Kossel's sample had been extracted.

One of these labels is ethenoadenine, which is obtained by chemical modification of adenine.

2002, Nikolai L. Vekshin, Photonics of Biopolymers, page 115:

There are two genes in the adenine biosynthetic pathway of yeast (ADE1 and ADE2) that, apart from producing an absolute requirement for adenine when mutant, also produce a change in colony color.

2006, David Markie, “1: Markers, Selection, and Media in Yeast Artificial Chromosome Cloning”, in Alasdair MacKenzie, editor, YAC Protocols, 2nd edition, page 2:

The HCN pentamer, adenine (a constituent of DNA, RNA and many coenzymes), is one of the most abundant biochemical molecules.

2010, Debjani Roy, Rogué Schleyer, “6: Chemical Origin of Life: How do Five HCN Molecules Combine to form Adenine under Prebiotic and Interstellar Conditions”, in Chérif F. Matta, editor, Quantum Biochemistry, page 202:

(biochemistry, genetics) A base, C₅H₅N₅, found in certain glands and tissues, which pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


thymine

thymine (countable and uncountable, plural thymines)

From thymus + -ine.
Thymine was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calves' thymus glands, hence its name.

Then he found them, the substances that made up the four-letter alphabet in whose language all life is written — adenine and cytosine, guanine and thymine.

1997, Ian McEwan, Enduring Love, Vintage (1998), page 164:

In a recent paper on homopyrimidine decamers containing aeg-monomers and thymine monomers with a sulfomethyl substituent at the γ-position, similar triplexes has also been described [43 ].

2015 October 16, “Polyanionic Carboxyethyl Peptide Nucleic Acids ( ce -PNAs): Synthesis and DNA Binding”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(organic chemistry, genetics) A heterocyclic base, 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione; it pairs with adenine in DNA.

胸腺嘧啶

organic chemistry, genetics: heterocyclic base, 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione


cytosine

After German Cytosin, equivalent to Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos) + -ine. Cytosine was discovered and named by the German biochemists Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues.

(biochemistry) A heterocyclic base, 4-aminopyrimidin-2(1H)-one, which pairs with guanine in DNA and RNA (by means of three hydrogen bonds).


infanticide

infanticide (countable and uncountable, plural infanticides)

(zoology) The killing of a young, immature animal by a mature adult of the same species.


tone

From Middle English ton, tone, from Latin tonus (“sound, tone”) (possibly through Old French ton), from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos, “strain, tension, pitch”), from τείνω (teínō, “I stretch”). Doublet of tune, ton, tonos, and tonus.

der

(biology) The state of a living body or of any of its organs or parts in which the functions are healthy and performed with due vigor.

(biology) Normal tension or responsiveness to stimuli.


niche

Unadapted borrowing from French niche, from Middle French niche, from Old French niche, from nicher (“to make a nest”) (modern French nicher), from Vulgar Latin *nīdicāre, from Latin nīdus (“nest”). Doublet of nidus and nide via Latin and nest via Proto-Indo-European; also related to nyas.

(ecology) A function within an ecological system to which an organism is especially suited.


ornamental

en-adj

ornamental (comparative more ornamental, superlative most ornamental)

more ornamental (comparative)
most ornamental (superlative)

Those pine trees on the lawn are the fastest-growing ornamentals we could find.

(of a plant, fish, etc.) Bred for aesthetic or decorative purposes.

декоративен

bred for aesthetic or decorative purposes


ornament

en-noun

ornament (countable and uncountable, plural ornaments)

/ˈɔɹnəˌmɛnt/

From Middle English ornament, from Old French ornement, from Latin ornamentum (“equipment, apparatus, furniture, trappings, adornment, embellishment”), from ornāre (“to equip, adorn”). The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(biology) A characteristic that has a decorative function (typically in order to attract a mate)


strap

en-noun

strap (countable and uncountable, plural straps)

straps (plural)
strop (alternative)
strope (alternative)

→ Japanese: ストラップ (sutorappu)

From a variant of earlier strope (“loop on a harness”), from Middle English strope, stropp, from Late Old English strop, stropp (“a band, thong, strap; oar-thong”) and Old French estrope (“strap, loop on a harness”), both from Latin stroppus, struppus (“strap”), from Ancient Greek στρόφος (stróphos, “rope”) (compare strophe), from στρέφω (stréphō, “to twist”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *strebʰ- (compare Proto-West Germanic *stroppōn (“to twist, writhe”)). Cognate with Scots strap, strop (“strap, band, thong”), Dutch strop (“noose, strop, loop”), Low German Strop (“strap”), German Struppe, Strüppe, Strippe (“string, cord”), Danish strop (“strap”), Swedish stropp (“strap, loop”).

lak

a long, narrow, pliable strip of leather, cloth, or the like

ивица

a narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass

(botany) The flat part of the corolla in ligulate florets, as those of the white circle in the daisy.

(botany) The leaf, exclusive of its sheath, in some grasses.


gland

Late 17th century borrowing from French glande, alteration of Old French glandre, from Latin glandulae (“throat glands, tonsils”), plural of glandula (“a little acorn”), from glāns (“an acorn”) + -ula (diminutive nominal suffix).

gjendër

organ that synthesizes and secretes substance

Meronyms: endocrine gland, exocrine gland

(zoology) A specialized cell, group of cells, or organ of endothelial origin in the human or animal body that synthesizes a chemical substance, such as hormones or breast milk, and releases it, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).

(anatomy) A structure resembling a gland, especially a lymph node.

(botany) A secretory structure on the surface of an organ.


anosmic

en-adj

anosmic (comparative more anosmic, superlative most anosmic)

more anosmic (comparative)
most anosmic (superlative)

The whales, porpoises and seals have however a reason that man does not possess for being anosmic. For they, in common with all the living world of earth and air, left the sea millions of years ago and, as they developed lungs with which to breathe, so did they modify their organs of smell to receive sensations from air, not water. Eons later, in comparatively recent geologic times, when these few mammals left the land and returned to the water, this differentiation for air-smelling had gone too far. Their senses of smell failed to react to water-borne stimuli. […] It is worth discussing these anosmic animals, and what caused them to lose the sense of smell.

1960, James Knox Millen, “chapter II”, in Your Nose Knows: A Study of the Sense of Smell, Los Angeles, Calif.: Cunningham Press, →OCLC, page 13:

Even in the totally anosmic whale without an olfactory nerve, bulb, or tract, it is noteworthy that the third-order neurons of the olfactory system still persist.

1978, R. Bruce Masterton, K. K. Glendenning, “Phylogeny of the Vertebrate Sensory Systems”, in R. Bruce Masterton, editor, Sensory Integration (Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology; 1), New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 5:

Because dolphins are regarded as anosmic, because the animals usually swallow fish and other food whole without mastication, and because, until recently, taste buds had not been found in the tongue of several dolphin species, some cetologists have doubted that the animals possess the sense of taste.

1990, Sam H. Ridgway, “The Central Nervous System of the Bottlenose Dolphin”, in Stephen Leatherwood, Randall R. Reeves, editors, The Bottlenose Dolphin, San Diego, Calif., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 85:

(zoology) Lacking olfactory organs; anosmatic.


scold

en-verb

scold (third-person singular simple present scolds, present participle scolding, simple past and past participle scolded)

scolds (present singular third-person)
scolding (participle present)
scolded (participle past)
scolded (past)

The noun is from Middle English scold(e), skald(e), first attested in the 12th or 13th century (as scold, scolde, skolde, skald). The verb is from Middle English scolden, first attested in the late 1300s. Most dictionaries derive the verb from the noun and say the noun is probably from Old Norse skald (“poet”) (cognate with Icelandic skáld (“poet, scop”)), as skalds sometimes wrote insulting poems, though another view is that the Norse and English words are cognate to each other and to Old High German skeltan, Old Dutch skeldan, all inherited from Proto-Germanic *skeldaną (“scold”).

(ornithology) Of birds, to make harsh vocalisations in aggression.


GABA

[Valium] was followed by many imitators, all sharing the same pharmacological mechanism, which is to enhance the actions of the key inhibitory brain chemical messenger GABA.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 58:

Its action as an inhibitor also distinguishes GABA from the “big three” amines—dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—which generally stimulate brain circuits.

2003, Samuel H. Barondes, chapter 4, in Better than Prozac, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 54:

gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-aminobutyric acid#English

(biochemistry) Acronym of gamma-aminobutyric acid.


UPS

en-noun

UPS (countable and uncountable, plural UPSes)

(biochemistry) Initialism of ubiquitin-proteasome system.


CAD

CAD (countable and uncountable, plural CADs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of caspase-activated DNase.


CCD

CCD (countable and uncountable, plural CCDs)

Charge-coupled device
Colony Collapse Disorder

colony collapse disorder
colony collapse disorder#English

(biology) Initialism of colony collapse disorder.


PAL

PAL (countable and uncountable, plural PALs)

phenylalanine ammonia lyase
phenylalanine ammonia lyase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of phenylalanine ammonia lyase.


pileus

Borrowed from Latin pīleus, a form of pilleus (“a felt cap”).

Meronym: hymenium

The stem is easily separable from the pileus at its junction, in this respect being similar to Amanita, Amanitopsis, Lepiota and others.

One must check the size and shape of the pileus as well as its color. Many weird and unexpected shapes are found in the mushroom kingdom.

1994, Barry H. Rumack, David G. Spoerke, Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 75:


binary

en-adj

binary (comparative more binary, superlative most binary)

more binary (comparative)
most binary (superlative)

From Late Latin bīnārius (“consisting of two”), from Latin bīnī (“two-by-two, pair”). By surface analysis, bin- + -ary.

двайко́вы

being in a state of one of two mutually exclusive conditions such as on or off

To further unpack trans and gender-diverse embodiment, requires one to unpack the depth of the discourse as it relates to both binary and non-binary people (Hofman, 2012). It necessitates deeper engagement as to the politics of passing, not passing, societal assimilation and non-assimilation.

2020, Liberty Matthyse, “Achieving gender equality by 2030: Transgender equality in relation to Sustainable Development Goal 5”, in Agenda, volume 34, number 1 (Gendered and Feminist Inequalities), →DOI, →ISSN, page 3:

(biology, sociology) Having or pertaining to a gender identity represented by the gender binary; either male or female.


exchange

en-noun

exchange (countable and uncountable, plural exchanges)

From Middle English eschaunge, borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from Old French eschange (whence modern French échange), from the verb eschanger, from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Spelling later changed on the basis of ex- in English. By surface analysis, ex- + change.

(biochemistry) The transfer of substances or elements like gas, amino-acids, ions etc. sometimes through a surface like a membrane.


describe

en-verb

describe (third-person singular simple present describes, present participle describing, simple past and past participle described)

describes (present singular third-person)
describing (participle present)
described (participle past)
described (past)

From Middle English descriven, from Old French descrivre, from Latin dēscrībō (“I copy off, transcribe, sketch off, describe in painting or writing”), from dē (“off”) + scrībō (“write”); see scribe and shrive. Displaced native Old English āmearcian.

der

The fungus was first described by a botanist.

(transitive, taxonomy) To introduce a new taxon to science by explaining its characteristics and particularly how it differs from other taxa.


description

en-noun

description (countable and uncountable, plural descriptions)

From Middle English descripcioun, from Old French description and its etymon, Latin dēscrīptiō, noun of action of dēscrībō (“I describe”).

The type description of the fungus was written by a botanist.

(taxonomy) A scientific documentation of a taxon for the purpose of introducing it to science.

kuvaus

taxonomy: scientific documentation of a taxon


uterus

→ Czech: uterus

→ Malay: uterus

→ Swahili: uterasi

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-European *-teros
Proto-Indo-European *úderos
Latin uterusbor.
English uterus
From Latin uterus (“womb, belly”), from Proto-Indo-European *úderos (“abdomen, stomach”), from *úd (“out, outward”) + *-eros (contrastive suffix).

af

(anatomy, countable) A reproductive organ of therian mammals in which the young are conceived and develop until birth.

(zoology) A similar part in some non-mammals.


pico-

Borrowed from Spanish pico (“beak, little bit, speck”)

bor

(biology) Used to designate sizes, especially, of cells, smaller than those prefixed by nano- or micro-; sized between 0.2 and 2.0 μm.


regulation

en-noun

regulation (countable and uncountable, plural regulations)

/ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

(genetics) Mechanism controlling DNA transcription.


bisexuality

bisexuality (countable and uncountable, plural bisexualities)

1926, Dorothy E. Newton, The Bisexuality of Individual Strains of Coprinus Rostrupianus:

Recall from earlier in this paper that H. longicornis consists of obligatory bisexual diploid races (20+XX 0; 20+X) […] and variance is obscured because of the simultaneous variables of method of reproduction (bisexuality vs. thelytoky) and […]

1983, Entomological Society of America, Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America:

(chiefly botany) The state of being bisexual (“having both male and female parts or roles”).


bisexual

en-adj

bisexual (comparative more bisexual, superlative most bisexual)

more bisexual (comparative)
most bisexual (superlative)
bi-sexual (alternative)

Charles Gilbert Chaddock
Havelock Ellis
Otto Weininger
Palisot de Beauvois
Psychopathia Sexualis
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
Robert John Thornton

From bi- + -sexual, via the French bisexuel (bi-, sexuel). Attested since 1792 as a synonym in botany for "hermaphroditic" ("having male and female parts"). First used of sexuality in Richard von Krafft-Ebing's 1886 Psychopathia Sexualis (in German) and Charles Gilbert Chaddock's 1892 English translation thereof, due to the theory that people were naturally attracted to the opposite sex and so the brain or mind of a person attracted to "both" sexes (or to the same sex) must be partly of another sex and thus "hermaphroditic".

двухпо́лы

botany: having both male and female organs

(chiefly botany) Having both male and female parts, characteristics, or functions.

(botany) Of flowers: having both pollen and seeds.

(botany) Of sporophytes: having both male and female organs.

(botany) Of gametophytes: producing both eggs and sperm.

(botany) Of fungi: producing both the "female" ascogonium and the "male" antheridium.

Midrash and Zohar present Adam as hermaphroditic or bisexual.

To say that Loki is bisexual means that he readily alternates between the male and female sexes, becoming female at will or as needed.

2004, Lois Bragg, Oedipus Borealis: The Aberrant Body in Old Icelandic Myth and Saga, →ISBN:

Among the arguments put forth for Ishtar's hermaphroditic or bisexual character is the practice of transvestism in religious rites associated with her (e.g. Harris 2000: 170; Groneberg 1986: 39).

2013, Zainab Bahrani, Women of Babylon: Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia, →ISBN:

(rare) Hermaphroditic/intersex, being both male and female, or alternating between being male and being female.

The bisexual name, such as Marion and Carol (and Evelyn and Vivian in England), is frequently a source of annoyance and embarrassment to the letter writer, who, if he does not know his ambiguously named correspondent personally […]

1947, Louise Pound, Kemp Malone, Arthur Garfield Kennedy, William Cabell Greet, American Speech:

At the desk, he completed the registration card, signing his name Jean Cable and giving a New York address. He did not know for sure that he was being pursued, but if so, he knew his pursuers would check new registrations around the city. The bisexual name would give them one more obstacle […]

1976, Frank V. Fowlkes, The Peruvian Contracts: A Novel, Putnam Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 128:

And although Stevens introduces Nanzia Nunzio as a woman, the inflections of the bisexual name and the symbolism implicit in the messenger's characteristics suggest that the "contemplated spouse" is something more than a woman.

Consider the identity play of the French artist who gave herself the bisexual name of Claude Cahun (1894–1954).

2003, Efrat Tseëlon, Masquerade and Identities: Essays on Gender, Sexuality and Marginality, Routledge, →ISBN, page 59:

On August 16, in Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, Michael McConnell alone applied for a marriage license for himself and Baker, under his new adoptive name. The "bisexual name of Pat […]"

2005, Minnesota Law Review, volume 89, number 6, page 1762:

The Bionic Woman of the television serial of the seventies, though she wears ordinary dress most of the time, has the bisexual name of Jamie Summers.

2013, Marina Warner, Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism, Oxford University Press, USA, →ISBN, page 307:

It is probable, therefore, that hermaphroditism must be regarded as a variation from an earlier condition in which the sexes were separate, and that the hermaphrodites which occasionally appear in normally bisexual species are produced by variations occurring sporadically in the same direction.

1914, Leonard Doncaster, The Determination of Sex, page 120:

We also know that bisexual species reproduce during a longer period than hermaphrodite species.

1925, Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania. Zoological Laboratory, page 204:

The second line of inquiry has to do with the ultimate fate of unisexual species. Are they doomed to more rapid extinction than bisexual species? On the assumption that unisexual populations lack genetic variation, most theoretical studies […]

(chiefly biology) Having two distinct sexes, male and female (as contrasted with unisexual or hermaphroditic).

[…] where the parthenogenetic and bisexual generations do not differ in any character except their manner of reproduction[…]

1908, Science Progress in the Twentieth Century: A Quarterly Journal of Scientific Work & Thought, page 41:

But it does not agree with our idea of orthodox sexual reproduction, since many generations may pass without the appearance of males. The reproductive products at such times are purely feminine—that is, eggs which develop without having been fertilized by a male cell, the spermatozoan. We may distinguish this form of reproduction from sexual reproduction, in the restricted sense, or bisexual reproduction, as unisexual or parthenogenetic reproduction.

1913, Kammerer's Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution of 1912, in the Congressional Serial Set, page 425

[W]e began by noting the social advantages of bisexual reproduction, showing that bisexual beings are free and equal, and thus capable of entire community and fraternity. Thereafter, we treated the subject of bisexual reproduction more particularly: describing the ovatestis and its functions, showing how separate ovaries and testes were developed from the original ovatestes, and indicating the results of such differentiation, […]. Next, we considered asexual versus sexual reproduction: […]

1913, Francis H. Buzzacott, Mary Isabel Wymore, Bi-sexual Man: Or, Evolution of the Sexes, Life Science Inst, page 72:

(chiefly biology) Involving two sexes (particularly with regard to reproduction; contrast parthenogenetic or asexual).


bisexual

bisexuals (plural)
bi-sexual (alternative)

(botany, rare) A plant or fungus, or part thereof, which is bisexual.

The direct way to solve this dilemma is to study the inheritance of some specific features of genomic DNA of bisexual species by the genome of unisexual species . It seems possible to study this if the recent bisexuals resemble their ancestral […]

(chiefly biology) An organism (that is, a species) which has male and female sexes.


commodore

→ Italian: commodoro

→ Portuguese: comodoro

→ Spanish: comodoro

Borrowed from Dutch kommandeur, from Middle French commandeur. See command, compare commend (a doublet), and mandate.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the Asian genus Parasarpa.


septum

septa (plural)
septums (plural)
saeptum (alternative)
sæptum (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin sēptum (“enclosure, wall, fence”).

Deviated septum, a shift from the midline that commonly occurs in normal growth, is present in most adults.

2002, Springhouse, Illustrated Manual of Nursing Practice, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 1158:

Sally got a dagger hung from her septum
O'Malley cut his ears off, but wishes that he kept 'em

2008, Neil Cicierega (lyrics and music), “Modify”, in View-Monster, performed by Lemon Demon:

(biology) A wall separating two cavities; a partition.

(anatomy) Ellipsis of nasal septum: the cartilaginous center wall of the nose separating the two nostrils.

nasal septum

(anatomy) Either of the two walls that separate the atria or ventricles of the heart into left and right chambers.

(botany) A partition that separates the cells of a fruit.

septe

(botany) partition separating the cells of a fruit

(mycology) A partition that separates the cells of a (septated) fungus.

väliseinä

(mycology) partition separating the cells of a fungus

(zoology) One of the radial calcareous plates of a coral.

väliseinä

(zoology) radial calcareous plate of a coral

(zoology) One of the transverse partitions dividing the shell of a mollusk, or of a rhizopod, into several chambers.

väliseinä

(zoology) transverse partition dividing the shell chambers of a mollusc or rhizopod

(zoology) One of the transverse partitions dividing the body cavity of an annelid.

väliseinä

(zoology) transverse partition dividing the body cavity of an annelid


zooplankton

en-noun

zooplankton (countable and uncountable, plural zooplanktons or zooplankton)

zooplanktons (plural)
zooplankton (plural)
zoöplankton (alternative)

(zoology) Free-floating small protozoa, crustaceans (such as krill), etc. and the eggs and larvae from larger animals.

dyreplankton

free-floating small protozoa or crustaceans


gum

gum (countable and uncountable, plural gums)

From Middle English gomme, gumme, borrowed from Anglo-Norman gome, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin cummi, gummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy (“anointing oil”), qmyt (“acanthus resin, gum”). Cognate with Spanish goma (“rubber”). Doublet of gumma.

صَمْغ

sticky substance exuded by certain plants

խեժ

sticky substance resembling that exuded by certain plants

gum arabic

gum-oleo-resin

(botany, biochemistry, chiefly uncountable) A viscous water-soluble carbohydrate exudate of certain plants that hardens when it becomes dry, or such a substance as a component of a plant exudate.


bunyip

The bunyip here was considered to have a magical power over humans, causing them considerable misfortune. Places where there were many eels tended to be where bunyips lived, as this was their food. On one occasion, Aboriginal people claimed that a bunyip lured a woman to her death by distracting her with a large catch of eels. It was considered extremely bad luck to kill or injure a bunyip.

2007, Janet Parker, Julie Stanton, editors, Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies, page 387:

According to the stories, the Bunyip comes in many different shapes and sizes—some are covered in feathers, while others have scales like a crocodile. Most Aboriginal drawings show the Bunyip with a tail like a horse, and flippers and tusks like a walrus.

2008, Oliver Ho, Mysteries Unwrapped: Mutants & Monsters, page 26:

One particularly fierce bunyip described by Smith was well known as a man-eater throughout south Australia.

2009, David D. Gilmore, Monsters: Evil Beings, Mythical Beasts, and All Manner of Imaginary Terrors, page 150:

(Australia, cryptozoology, mythology) A mythical Australian monster, said to inhabit swamps and lagoons.


median

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-median.wav

Borrowed from Middle French median, from Latin mediānus (“of or pertaining to the middle”, adjective), from medius (“middle”) (see medium), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”). Doublet of mean and mizzen. Cognate with Old English midde, middel (“middle”). More at middle.

der

Cellariiform, the orifices nearly confined to the convex frontal and lateral surfaces; the basal surface with a strong median calcareous keel, almost concealed by a flat membranous epitheca, which covers the whole zoarium […]

1957, Sidney Frederic Harmer, The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, page 1106:

(anatomy, botany) In the middle of an organ, structure etc.; towards the median plane of an organ or limb.


over

From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo.
Akin to Dutch over, German ober, über, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir, Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar), Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Albanian upri (“group of peasants”), Sanskrit उपरि (upári).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.

(botany) Of a flower: wilting or withering.

Finished; ended; concluded.
Of a flower: wilting or withering.


versatile

en-adj

versatile (comparative more versatile, superlative most versatile)

more versatile (comparative)
most versatile (superlative)

[ˈvɜː.səˌtaɪɫ]

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versatile.wav

/ˈvɜː.səˌtɑɪl/

[ˈvɜː.səˌtɑɪɫ]

From Latin versātilis (“turning easily”), from versātus, past participle of versō (“I turn, change”), frequentative of vertō (“I turn”).

The versatile anther is an important step up in flowering plant evolution and it may be the most widespread of all simple anther types.

1996, William G. D'Arcy, edited by William G. D'Arcy and Richard C. Keating, The anther: form, function, and phylogeny:

(biology) Capable of moving freely in all directions.

wendbaar

biology: capable of moving freely in all directions


YBP

Baked clay ornaments and other objects dating from 28,000 YBP have been discovered in Eastern Europe, […]

2022, Cherl-Ho Lee, Korean Food and Foodways: The Root of Health Functional Food, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 23:

(archaeology, geology, paleontology) Initialism of years before present.


inversion

en-noun

inversion (countable and uncountable, plural inversions)

/ɪnˈvɜː.ʃən/

(genetics) A segment of DNA in the context of a chromosome that is reversed in orientation relative to a reference karyotype or genome.


conjugate

en-verb

conjugate (third-person singular simple present conjugates, present participle conjugating, simple past and past participle conjugated)

conjugates (present singular third-person)
conjugating (participle present)
conjugated (participle past)
conjugated (past)

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/

From the participle stem of Latin coniugō (“to yoke together”), from con- (“with”) + iugō (“to join”).

(biology, of bacteria and algae) To temporarily fuse, exchanging or transferring DNA.


conjugate

/ˈkɔn.d͡ʒə.ɡæɪt/


conjugation

en-noun

conjugation (countable and uncountable, plural conjugations)

/ˌkɒnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

/ˌkɑnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Latin coniugātiō (“combining, connecting; conjugation”), from coniugō (“join, unite together”). Equivalent to conjugate + -ion.

bor

(biology) The temporary fusion of organisms, especially as part of sexual reproduction


soup

en-noun

soup (countable and uncountable, plural soups)

→ Tamil: சூப் (cūp)

→ Thai: ซุป (súp)

Wikiquote
The noun is from Middle English soupe, sowpe, from Old French soupe, souppe, sope, from Late Latin suppa (“sopped bread”), from Proto-Germanic *supô (compare Middle Dutch sope (“broth”)). Doublet of sop and zuppa. See also sup and supper.
The verb is from the noun.

primordial soup

(figuratively) Any mixture or substance suggestive of soup consistency.

(biology) A liquid or gelatinous substrate, especially the mixture of organic compounds that is believed to have played a role in the origin of life on Earth.


inverse

Recorded since 1440, from Latin inversus, the past participle of invertere (“to invert”), itself from in- (“in, on”) + vertere (“to turn”).

(botany) Inverted; having a position or mode of attachment the reverse of that which is usual.


glider

From Middle English glider, glydare, equivalent to glide + -er.

(entomology) Any of various species of dragonfly that glide on out-held wings while flying, such as the common glider, Tramea loewii, of Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, and the Pacific.


RNA

RNA (countable and uncountable, plural RNAs)

Looked at from RNA’s point of view, DNA is just a passive archive of information, a dull hunk of a telephone directory; it is RNA that looks up the numbers, establishes the connections and determines how long each call will last.

2006 June 20, Nicholas Wade, “DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

ribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of ribonucleic acid.

РНК

рибонуклеинова киселина (ribonukleinova kiselina)

РНК

рибонуклеинска киселина f (ribonukleinska kiselina)

РНК

рибонуклеи́новая кислота́ (ribonukleínovaja kislotá)


LSD

LSD (countable and uncountable, plural LSDs)

lumpy skin disease
lumpy skin disease#English

(veterinary pathology) Initialism of lumpy skin disease.


germ

→ Tok Pisin: jem

From Middle French germe, from Latin germen (“bud, seed, embryo”). Doublet of germen.

(biology) The small mass of cells from which a new organism develops; a seed, bud, spore, or zygote.

The embryo of a seed, especially of a seed used as a cereal or grain. See Wikipedia article on cereal germ.

Coordinate term: vesicle

surgical removal of germs of wisdom teeth

en:biology, general
en:biology, body part

(biology) The small mass of cells from which a part of an organism develops, or a macroscopic but immature form of that part; a bud.


minim

(zoology) The smallest kind of worker in a leaf-cutter ant colony.


trigon

trigon (countable and uncountable, plural trigons)

From Ancient Greek τρίγωνον (trígōnon, “triangle”), neuter substantive of τρίγωνος (trígōnos, “three-sided”), from τρεῖς (treîs, “three”) + γωνία (gōnía, “bend, angle”). Equivalent to tri- + -gon. Doublet of trigone and trigonon.

der

(countable, zoology) The cutting region of the crown of an upper molar, usually the anterior part.


period

frequency

antonym(s) of “length of time of recurrence of a periodic phenomenon”

/ˈpɪə.ɹɪ.əd/

From Middle English periode, from Middle French periode, from Medieval Latin periodus, from Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos, “circuit, an interval of time, path around”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + ὁδός (hodós, “way”). Displaced native Middle English tide (“interval, period, season”), from Old English tīd (“time, period, season”), as well as Middle English elde (“age, period”), from Old English ieldu (“age, period of time”).

periodike

length of time during which something repeats

Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against the period gene product, which influences biological rhythms in D. melanogaster, by using small synthetic peptides from the per sequence as immunogens.

1988 April 1, “Antibodies to the period gene product of drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system”, in Neuron, volume 1, number 2, page 141:

(genetics) A Drosophila gene, the gene product of which is involved in regulation of the circadian rhythm.


coma

Borrowed from Latin coma (“hair of the head”), from Ancient Greek κόμη (kómē, “hair”).

(botany) A tuft or bunch, such as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree, a cluster of bracts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant, or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds.


single

From Middle English single, sengle, from Old French sengle, saingle, sangle, from Latin singulus, a diminutive derived from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”). Akin to Latin simplex (“simple”). See simple, and compare singular.

a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step

better to light a single candle than to curse the darkness

(botany) Having only one rank or row of petals.

enkel

botany: having only one rank or row of petal


loma

(zoology) A lobe, flap or fringe bordering the toe of a bird.


xylose

en-noun

xylose (countable and uncountable, plural xyloses)

(biochemistry) One of the pentoses, C₅H₁₀O₅, a white crystalline sugar, derived from wood.

древе́сный са́хар m (drevésnyj sáxar, literally “wood sugar”)

деревни́й цу́кор m (derevnýj cúkor, literally “wood sugar”)


runner

From Middle English rennere, rynner, urnare, equivalent to run + -er. Cognate with Old Norse rennari (“runner; messenger”). Displaced earlier Middle English runel (“runner”), from Old English rynel (“runner”; also “messenger, courier”).

махови́к

mechanical part intended to guide or aid something else to move

(botany) A long stolon sent out by a plant (such as strawberry), in order to root new plantlets, or a plant that propagates by using such runners.


expressivity

expressivity (usually uncountable, plural expressivities)

(genetics) The degree to which a gene affects or can affect an organism.


express

en-verb

express (third-person singular simple present expresses, present participle expressing, simple past and past participle expressed)

expresses (present singular third-person)
expressing (participle present)
expressed (participle past)
expressed (past)

From Old French espresser, expresser, from frequentative form of Latin exprimere.

(biochemistry) To translate messenger RNA into protein.

When a cell “expresses” a gene, it translates the DNA first into a signature messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and subsequently into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein.

2015, Ferris Jabr, How Humans Ended Up With Freakishly Huge Brains Wired:

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(biochemistry) To transcribe deoxyribonucleic acid into messenger RNA.


PSP

en-noun

PSP (countable and uncountable, plural PSPs)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Initialism of phenolsulfonphthalein.


epi-

From Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on top of”).

epichromosomal is outside of a chromosome, epiclone is an epigenetic clone, epigenome is the total epigenetic state of a cell

epiparasitism is behaviour of epibiotic parasites, episymbiont is an epibiotic symbiont, episymbiotic is of or relating to an epibiotic symbiotic relationship

(zoology) Epibiotic: an organism that lives on another organism.

epizootic is an epidemic among animals, epornitic is pertaining to a disease of high morbidity that is occasionally present in a bird population


radical

en-adj

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

more radical (comparative)
most radical (superlative)

derivative

antonym(s) of “linguistics, in reference to words”

Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

der

(botany, not comparable) Pertaining to a root (of a plant).


-gamy

(biology) Used to form nouns describing forms of fertilization, pollination or reproduction.


ex-

unhyphened with primary or secondary stress

From Middle English, from words borrowed from Middle French; from Latin ex (“out of, from”), from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ-, *eǵs- (“out”), *eǵʰs. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex, “out of, from”), Transalpine Gaulish ex- (“out”), Old Irish ess- (“out”), Old Church Slavonic изъ (izŭ, “out”), Russian из (iz, “from, out of”).

excaudate, exstipulate


counterpart

From Middle English conterpart, countre parte (“duplicate of a legal document”), equivalent to counter- + part. Compare Old French contrepartie, itself from contre (“facing, opposite”) (from Latin contra (“against”)) + partie (“copy of a person or thing”) (originally past participle of partīre (“to divide”)).

(paleontology) Either half of a flattened fossil when the rock has split along the plane of the fossil.


corn

Inherited from Middle English corne, from Old French corn (modern French cor), from Latin cornū. Doublet of corno and cornu.

(veterinary medicine) An inflammatory disease of a horse's hoof, at the caudal part of the sole.

(veterinary medicine) Skin hyperplasia with underlying fibroma between both digits of cattle.


colony

Tok Pisin: koloni

→ Tokelauan: kolone

From Middle English colane, colonye, from Latin colōnia (“colony”), from colōnus (“farmer; colonist”), from colō (“till, cultivate, worship”), from earlier *quelō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”). Doublet of Cologne, Colonia, and Köln.

ant colony; coral colony

a colony of specialized polyps and medusoids

(biology) A group of organisms of same or different species living together in close association.


complement

en-noun

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

A DNA molecule is formed from two strands, each of which is the complement of the other.

(genetics) A nucleotide sequence in which each base is replaced by the complementary base of the given sequence: adenine (A) by thymine (T) or uracil (U), cytosine (C) by guanine (G), and vice versa.

после́довательность комплемента́рных основа́ний


chromatic

From chromatin + -ic (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives from nouns).

suffix

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-chromatic.wav

Each nucleus has, then, (1) a protoplasmic body, and (2) a portion formed of nuclein, which is the chromatin of [Walther] Flemming. […] The chromatic reticulum of Flemming is only an appearance due to the regular crossing of its convolutions, rarely to their temporary union.

1887 December 14, John Gray M‘Kendrick [i.e., John Gray McKendrick], “IV.—On the Modern Cell Theory, and the Phenomena of Fecundation.”, in Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow, volume XIX, Glasgow: Published for the [Philosophical] Society [of Glasgow] by John Smith and Son, […], published 1888, →OCLC, page 84:

The chromatic threads next arrange themselves in the equatorial plane of the nucleus, and then divide into two groups of threads, each of which forms a daughter nucleus.

1889 September, Harold W[illiam] T[aylor] Wager, “4. Observations on the Structure of the Nuclei in Peronospora, and on Their Behaviour during the Formation of the Oosphere.”, in Report of the Fifty-ninth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Held at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in September 1889, London: John Murray, […], published 1890, →OCLC, section D ([Transactions of the Biology Section]), page 619:

Prof. [Sydney Howard] Vines also attacks my view of the idioplasmatic nature of the nuclear substance (the chromatic grains); and maintains that it is as easy to speak of the continuity of the cell-body as of that of the nuclear substance, and that the one may transmit heritable qualities to progeny as well as the other.

1890 February 6, [August] Weismann, “Prof. Weismann’s Theory of Heredity”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, volume XLI, number 1058, London, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 320, column 2:

If we are amazed at the precision with which the chromatic elements of the nucleus are divided and distributed, we can be no less astonished at the wonderful directive influence exercised by the asters upon the nuclei; […]

1893, E[dwin] G[rant] Conklin, “Second Lecture. The Fertilization of the Ovum.”, in Biological Lectures Delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood’s Holl^([sic – meaning Hole]) in the Summer Session of 1893, Boston, Mass.: Ginn & Company, published 1894, →OCLC, page 29:

(biology) Relating to chromatin (“a complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins within the cell nucleus out of which chromosomes condense during cell division”).


cap

Inherited from Middle English cappe, from Old English cæppe, from Proto-West Germanic *kappā (“covering, hood, mantle”), from Late Latin cappa, itself from Latin caput. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *káput- and Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“head”). Doublet of cape, chape, and cope.

nalli

small amount of explosive used as detonator

(zoology) The whole top of the head of a bird from the base of the bill to the nape of the neck.


protein

en-noun

protein (countable and uncountable, plural proteins)

Gerardus Johannes Mulder
Jöns Jacob Berzelius

From proto- + -ein. Suggested by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in a letter to Gerardus Johannes Mulder, from French protéine and German Protein, both coined based on Ancient Greek πρωτεῖος (prōteîos, “primary”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”).

der

human seminal plasma protein hypersensitivity

Meronym: amino acid

Proteins carry out the bulk of cellular functions, including relaying signals, providing structural support, and accelerating biochemical reactions.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 534:

(biochemistry, countable) Any of numerous large, complex naturally-produced molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, in which the amino acid groups are held together by peptide bonds.


phrenology

en-noun

phrenology (countable and uncountable, plural phrenologies)

Phrenology involves feeling the bumps in the skull to determine an individual's psychological attributes.

MR. BURNS: Who could forget such a monstrous visage? She has the sloping brow and cranial bumpage of the career criminal.
 MR. SMITHERS: Uh, sir, phrenology was dismissed as quackery 160 years ago.

1995 November 19, Richard Appel, “Mother Simpson”, in The Simpsons, Harry Shearer (actor):

Phrenology was the practice of correlating bumps on a skull with mental powers and attributes of character.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 86:

(medicine, biology, historical) The pseudo-science which studies the relationships between a person's character and the morphology (structure) of the skull.

frenologie

the science or discredited pseudo-science of phrenology


cyclops

cyclops (plural cyclops or cyclopes or cyclopses)

cyclops (plural)
cyclopes (plural)
cyclopses (plural)

Borrowed from Latin cyclōps, from Ancient Greek Κύκλωψ (Kúklōps, “Cyclops”).

der

(zoology) Any copepod in the genus Cyclops.


media

Learned borrowing from Latin media, the feminine nominative of medius (“middle”, adjective), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). In the sense of a unit of dry measure, via Spanish media. Doublet of medium, medio, and mediate.

(entomology) One of the major veins of the insect wing, between the radius and the cubitus.

(zoology) An ant specialized as a forager in a leaf-cutter ant colony.


biocompatibility

en-noun

biocompatibility (usually uncountable, plural biocompatibilities)

(biology) The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific situation.


filial

en-adj

filial (comparative more filial, superlative most filial)

more filial (comparative)
most filial (superlative)

From Middle English filial, from Latin fīliālis, from filius (“son”) / filia (“daughter”).

This, following Bateson, we may call the parental generation or P generation. Subsequent generations are called filial generations (abbreviated F) and their numerical order is indicated by a subscript, as first filial (F₁), second filial (F₂), etc.

1916, William E. Castle, Gregor Mendel, Genetics & Eugenics, page 101:

(genetics) Of a generation or generations descending from a specific previous one.


acicular

the acicular foliage of coniferous trees

[…] though fond of foliage, their trees always had a tendency to congeal into little acicular thorn-hedges, and never tossed free.

1860, John Ruskin, chapter 3, in Modern Painters […], volume V, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, part VIII (Of Ideas of Relation:—I. Of Invention Formal.), page 189:

(botany) Of a leaf, slender and pointed, needle-like.


fin

Dutch language
German language
Latin language
Middle English language
Old English language
Old Irish language
Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Indo-European language
Swedish language
Tocharian A language
fin
fin (disambiguation)

From Middle English fin, from Old English finn, from Proto-Germanic *finnō, *finǭ (“dorsal fin”) (compare Dutch vin, German Finne, Swedish finne, fena), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pīn- (“backbone, dorsal fin”) (compare Old Irish ind (“end, point”), Latin pinna (“feather, wing, fin”), Tocharian A spin (“hook”).

der-lite

The fish's fins minimize water flow.

Then he commenced to talk, really talk. and inside of two flaps of a herring's fin he had me mesmerized, like Eben Holt's boy at the town hall show. He talked about the ills of humanity, and the glories of health and Nature and service and land knows what all.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter IV, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

(ichthyology, zootomy) One of the appendages of a fish, used to propel itself and to manoeuvre/maneuver.


activation

en-noun

activation (countable and uncountable, plural activations)

/ˌæktɪˈveɪʃən/

/ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/

(biochemistry) The process by which molecules are made able to react.

aktivaatio

process through which molecules are made able to react


dental

Borrowed from Middle French dental or Late Latin dentālis, from dēns (“a tooth”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

(veterinary medicine) Cleaning and polishing of an animal's teeth.


sterilize

en-verb

sterilize (third-person singular simple present sterilizes, present participle sterilizing, simple past and past participle sterilized)

sterilizes (present singular third-person)
sterilizing (participle present)
sterilized (participle past)
sterilized (past)
sterilise (alternative)

One machine in which Mr. Taylor takes special pride is a salmon canner, which engulfs a whole salmon, decapitates and decaudates it, skins it, blows out its viscera, cuts it into pieces, deposits them in the can, sterilizes them […]

1937, Technology Review, volume 40, page 100:

The bottled juice must be heated to a temperature and for a time sufficient to attain a sterilizing temperature at the coolest point, usually the center of the bottle.

1938, C.B. Hutchison, S.B. Freeborn, Toward Better Agriculture: Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, page 44:

(transitive, biology) To kill, deactivate (denature), or destroy (break apart) all living, viable microorganisms and spores on a surface, in a fluid, or contained in a compound, such as culture media or a medical product.

обеззаразявам

(biology) to destroy all spores or germs


fix

fix (third-person singular simple present fixes, present participle fixing, simple past and past participle fixt or fixed)

fixes (present singular third-person)
fixing (participle present)
fixt (participle past)
fixt (past)
fixed (participle past)
fixed (past)
fix (infinitive)
fixe (alternative)

→ Dutch: fixen, fiksen

From Middle English fixen, borrowed from Old French *fixer (attested only as ficher, fichier; > English fitch), from fix (“fastened; fixed”), from Latin fīxus (“immovable; steady; stable; fixed”), from fīgō (“to drive in; stick; fasten”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to jab; stick; set”). Related to dig.

der

Legumes are valued in crop rotation for their ability to fix nitrogen.

it is well to fix with sodium hyposulphite , and to wash as usual

1878, William de Wiveleslie Abney, A treatise on photography:

(transitive, chemistry, biology) To convert into a stable or available form.


palindrome

From Ancient Greek παλίνδρομος (palíndromos, “running back again”), from πάλιν (pálin, “back, again, back again”) + δρόμος (drómos, “running, race, racecourse”). By surface analysis, palin- + -drome (compare also velodrome and syndrome).

bor

(genetics) A stretch of DNA in which the sequence of nucleotides on one strand are in the reverse order to that of the complementary strand


clavis

From Latin clāvis (“a key”). Doublet of clave and clef.

There are many disadvantages in using a clavis intended for another country, which necessarily includes plants that are absent from our islands while it omits some that are present and neglects the peculiarities of our island flora.

1921, Alexander Irvine, “Short Notes: Rosa spinosissima×rubiginosa×f. cantiana, forma nova”, in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume 59, number 702, page 180:

(taxonomy) A key; an identification guide; a series of logically organized groups of discriminating information which aims to allow the user to correctly identify a taxon.

検索表

groups of information used for identifying a taxon


duplex

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplex (“double, two-fold”), from duo (“two”) + plico (“fold together”); compare the roots of διπλόος (diplóos, “double”); compare also πλέκω (plékō, “twist, braid”). By surface analysis, duo- + -plex.

(biochemistry) A double-stranded polynucleotide.


achroödextrin

From Ancient Greek privative ἀ- (a-, “not”) + χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + dextrin.

(biochemistry) Dextrin not colorable by iodine.


ala

Originated 1730–40, borrowed from Latin āla (“wing”). Doublet of aisle.

(botany) The flattened border of some stems, fruits, and seeds, or one of the two side petals of certain flowers in the pea family.


stella

Borrowed from Latin stēlla (“a star”). Doublet of estoile, étoile, and stelo; related to aster and star.

Plants of this collection are several decimeters taller; the pedicels are more remote in the inforescence; the stellae are larger and form a less dense cover on plant parts, and the siliques are slightly larger than in the usual form of the species.

1939 June, Reed C. Rollins, “Studies in the Genus Lesquerella”, in American Journal of Botany, volume 26, number 6, →DOI:

Stems and young branches terete, viscid, densely ferruginous-tomentose with sessile to short-stalked pauciradiate stellae bearing greatly prolonged 4-6-celled midpoints, these 0.1-0.2 cm long, gland-tipped, strongly armed with ferruginous laterally compressed prickles, these broad-based and sparsely glandular in the basal quarter.

1997 July, Maria de Fátima Agra, Michael Nee, “A new species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) from northeastern Brazil”, in Brittonia, volume 49, number 3, →DOI, page 350:

The morphological and statistic analyses are also given to the stellae structure of Olivooides and Punctatus, which indicates that this structure is a result of adaptive evolu- tion to a lifestyle of fast-attaching after hatching, probably with the function of mucilage secretion.

2008 December, Fang Chen, XiPing Dong, “The internal structure of Early Cambrian fossil embryo Olivooides revealed in the light of synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy”, in Chinese Science Bulletin, volume 53, number 24, →DOI, page 3860:


stain

en-verb

stain (third-person singular simple present stains, present participle staining, simple past and past participle stained)

stains (present singular third-person)
staining (participle present)
stained (participle past)
stained (past)

From Middle English steinen, steynen (“to stain, colour, paint”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse steina (“to stain, colour, paint”), from steinn (“stone, mineral blue, colour, stain”), from Proto-Norse ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *stainaz (“stone”), from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”). Cognate with Old English stān (“stone”). More at stone.
Replaced native Middle English wem (“spot, blemish, stain”), from Old English wamm (“spot, stain”).
In some senses, influenced by unrelated Middle English disteynen (“to discolor, remove the colour from"; literally, "de-colour”), from Anglo-Norman desteindre (“to remove the colour from, bleach”), from Old French destaindre (“to remove the color from, bleach”), from des- (“dis-, de-, un-”) + teindre (“to dye”), from Latin tingo.

noncog

(transitive, cytology, histology) To treat (a microscopic specimen) with a dye, especially one that dyes specific features

värjätä

to treat a microscope specimen with a dye


vulgar

en-adj

vulgar (comparative more vulgar or vulgarer, superlative most vulgar or vulgarest)

more vulgar (comparative)
vulgarer (comparative)
most vulgar (superlative)
vulgarest (superlative)
vulgare (alternative)

From Middle English vulgare, from Latin vulgāris, from volgus, vulgus (“mob; common folk”), from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥k-. Compare Welsh gwala (“plenty, sufficiency”), Ancient Greek ἁλία (halía, “assembly”), εἰλέω (eiléō, “to compress”), Old Church Slavonic великъ (velikŭ, “great”).

cog

vulgar bush brown (Bicyclus vulgaris)

A vulture (V. aura), probably the Acabiry first described by Azara, is here called […] the hunter. It resembles in form the vulgar bird, but it flies high. The head is red, and the wings are black with silver lining, like the noble Bateleur of Africa.

1869, Richard Francis Burton, The Highlands of the Brazil, page 85:

(especially taxonomy) Common, usual; of the typical kind.


placenta

en-noun

placenta (plural placentae or placentas)

Elision for phrases such as New Latin placenta uterī (“womb cake”), placenta uterina (“uterine cake”), from Latin placenta (“flat cake”), because of the flat round shape of the afterbirth.

(botany) In flowering plants, the part of the ovary where ovules develop; in non-flowering plants where the spores develop.


repent

From Latin rēpēns, present participle of rēpō (“I creep”).

The pennated, repent and ferine entities of the boscage, are ousels, shellducks, […] and ursine quadrupeds.

1870, Samuel Klinefelter Hoshour, Letters to Squire Pedant in the East, page 54:

(chiefly botany) Creeping along the ground.


duet

en-verb

duet (third-person singular simple present duets, present participle duetting or dueting, simple past and past participle duetted or dueted)

duets (present singular third-person)
duetting (participle present)
dueting (participle present)
duetted (participle past)
duetted (past)
dueted (participle past)
dueted (past)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Italian duetto (“short musical composition for two voices”), diminutive of due (“two”).

der

1975, Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Belknap Press, p. 223,
Duetting species are typically monogamous.

In several dozen species of birds there has been found a phenomenon known as duetting, or antiphonal singing: the first part of a song is executed by one partner of a pair, then the other partner very promptly chimes in to sing the second part.

1986, Thomas A. Sebeok, chapter 7, in I Think I Am a Verb: More Contributions to the Doctrine of Signs, New York: Springer Science+Business, published 2013, page 87:

(intransitive, zoology, of pairs of animals) To communicate (warnings, mating calls, etc.) through song.


chamber

From Middle English chambre, borrowed from Old French chambre, from Latin camera, from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára, “vaulted chamber”). Doublet of camera.

(biology) An enlarged space in an underground tunnel of a burrowing animal.


enzyme

en-noun

enzyme (countable and uncountable, plural enzymes)

From German Enzym, coined 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).

affix

en:proteinaceous or ribonucleic biocatalyst

(biochemistry) A biomolecule that catalyses a biological chemical reaction: either a globular protein with this function or an RNA molecule with this function.

Coordinate term: ribozyme

(strictly) The protein type specifically.


genu

PIE word
 *ǵónu
Borrowed from Latin genu (“knee”).

A knee-like structure, in particular a bend in the corpus callosum of mammals.


Nessie

That flurry of activity had been set off by a magisterial book (Whyte, 1957), reinforced by Dinsdale’s filming of a Nessie (Dinsdale, 1961) and culminating in successful underwater photography (Rines et al., 1976) by the Academy of Applied Science (AAS). Nessies were assigned the taxonomic identity Nessiteras rhombopteryx (Anonymous, 1975).

2002, Henry H. B. Auer, “The Case for the Loch Ness 'Monster': The Scientific Evidence”, in Journal of Scientific Exploration, volume 16, number 2, pages 225–246:

And if it comes down to just one vote, we all know who will be called upon to break that tie. Go with your gut, Nessie. You do you, Nessie, you do you.

2014, Tim Carvell [et al.], “Scottish Independence”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 1, episode 17, John Oliver (actor), Warner Bros. Television, via HBO:

(informal, cryptozoology) The Loch Ness monster.


Loch Ness monster

the Loch Ness monster (canonical)
Loch Ness Monster (alternative)

(cryptozoology) A large creature believed by some to inhabit Loch Ness in Scotland. It is said to have a long neck and one or more humps that protrude from the water.


scour

en-verb

scour (third-person singular simple present scours, present participle scouring, simple past and past participle scoured)

scours (present singular third-person)
scouring (participle present)
scoured (participle past)
scoured (past)
scower (alternative)

From Middle English scǒuren (“to polish, scour; to clean; to beat, whip”), from Middle Dutch scuren, schuren (“to clean; to polish”) or Middle Low German schǖren, of uncertain origin but probably from Old French escurer, from Medieval Latin scūrō, escūrō, excūrō (“to clean off”), from ex- (“thoroughly”) + cūrō (“to arrange, see to, take care of”), from cūra (“care, concern”) (from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to heed”)) + -ō.
The word is cognate with Danish skure, Middle High German schüren, schiuren (modern German scheuern (“to scour, scrub; to chafe”)), Norwegian skura (“to scrub”), Swedish skura, Catalan escurar.

cog

to scour a horse

(transitive, veterinary medicine) To clear the digestive tract (of an animal) by administering medication that induces defecation or vomiting; to purge.

If a lamb is scouring, do not delay treatment.

It has been stated by trustworthy authorities that certain waters in the lias-formation possess scouring properties. […] Mr. Clarke likewise mentions two cases. "In one instance," he says, "a large piece of pasture-land was found to scour the cows kept upon it, to the great loss of the occupier, until he hit upon the expedient of cutting off the supply of spring-water from a neighbouring brook, and confining the supply to the rain-water held in the ditches,—the result of which has been that very little of the disorder has since appeared upon the land referred to.[…]"

1862, Augustus Voelcker, “X.—On the Scouring Lands of Central Somerset. … [Report of an Investigation Made at the Request of the Council of the Bath and West of England Society.]”, in Journal of the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, volume X, part I, London: James Ridgway, […], →OCLC, section 3 (Examination of the Water Theory), page 191:

(ambitransitive, veterinary medicine) To (cause livestock to) suffer from diarrhoea or dysentery.


agonist

→ Polish: agonista

Borrowed from Latin agōnista, from Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “combatant, champion”). By surface analysis, agon or agony + -ist.

surf

Acetylcholine is an agonist at the cholinergic receptor.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A molecule that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction.


pariah

From Tamil பறையர் (paṟaiyar), from பறையன் (paṟaiyaṉ, “drummer”), from பறை (paṟai, “drum”) or from Malayalam പറയർ (paṟayaṟ), from പറയൻ (paṟayaṉ, “drummer”), from പറ (paṟa, “drum”). Parai in Tamil or Para in Malayalam refers to a type of large drum designed to announce the king’s notices to the public. The people who made a living using the parai were called paraiyar; in the caste-based society they were in the lower strata, hence the derisive paraiah and pariah. Alternatively, derived from Sanskrit पर (para, “distant; outsider”).

(zoology) Ellipsis of pariah dog: an Indian breed, any stray dog in Indian contexts.


catadromous

en-adj

catadromous (comparative more catadromous, superlative most catadromous)

more catadromous (comparative)
most catadromous (superlative)

From cata- + -dromous, by analogy with anadromous. Compare catanadromous.

Bird migration routes favor marshes and river valleys, as do, more obviously, the movement of anadromous salmon and, the mirror image, catadromous eels, to mention only two of the numerous migrating fish species.

2017, James C Scott, chapter 1, in Against the Grain, New Haven & London: Yale, →ISBN, page 53:

(ichthyology, of a migratory fish) Living in fresh water as an adult, but breeding in the sea.

(botany) Of a fern in which the first veins in a frond segment are produced towards the base of the frond.


microorganism

microorganisms (plural)
micro-organism (alternative)
microörganism (alternative)

/ˌmaɪ.kɹəʊˈɔː.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/

/ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-microorganism.wav

The cud is then reswallowed and further digested by specialized microorganisms that live in the rumen.

Bacillus anthracis: from the first up to the sixth day, this microorganism was isolatable, or in other words still alive.

1957, Communicationes Veterinariae - Volumes 1-3, page 52:

The differences in biofilm penetration patterns of both tested photosensitisers and the light source could have played an important role for the survival of microorganisms after the application of aPDT. In a recent own study, we showed that the deepest layers of the oral biofilm were not affected by the aPDT [4 ].

2015 November 7, “Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Using Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) Alters In Situ Oral Biofilms”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(microbiology) An organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye; especially, a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium.

مِيكْرُوب

an organism too small to be seen by unaided eye


megachiropteran

(zoology) Of or relating to the fruit bats of suborder Megachiroptera.


megachiropteran

(zoology) A fruit bat of suborder Megachiroptera.


palisade

Borrowed from Middle French palissade, from Old French, from Old Occitan palissada, from palissa (“stake”), probably from pal (“stake”), or possibly from Gallo-Romance *pālīcea, from Latin pālus (“stake”) + -ade.

(biology) An even row of cells. e.g.: palisade mesophyll cells.


obliterate

en-verb

obliterate (third-person singular simple present obliterates, present participle obliterating, simple past and past participle obliterated)

obliterates (present singular third-person)
obliterating (participle present)
obliterated (participle past)
obliterated (past)
obliterate (infinitive)

PIE word
 *h₁epi
(start of 17th century) From earlier obliterat, learned borrowing from Latin obliterātus, oblitterātus (“having been blotted out, effaced, erased; having been forgotten”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix, of participial origin)). Obliterātus and oblitterātus are respectively the perfect passive participles of obliterō and oblitterō (“to blot out, efface, erase, obliterate; to cause to be forgotten”), probably either:
* from ob- (prefix meaning ‘against; towards’) + littera (“letter of the alphabet; (metonymically) handwriting”) (further etymology unknown); or
* from oblītus (“disregarded, neglected; forgotten”), influenced by littera. Oblītus is the perfect passive participle of oblinō (“to daub over, besmear”), from ob- + possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“not heavy, light; brief; swift”).
Cognates
* Catalan obliterar (“to erase; to cancel (a stamp); to close up or fill (a body cavity, vessel, etc.)”)
* Middle French oblitérer (modern French oblitérer (“to cause (memories) to fade; to block, obstruct; to cancel (a stamp, ticket, etc.) so it cannot be reused”))
* Portuguese obliterar (“to destroy completely; to erase”)
* Spanish obliterar (“to destroy completely; to erase”)

cog

/əˈblɪtəˌɹeɪt/

obliterar

to impair the function and/or structure of (a body cavity, vessel, etc.) by ablating or occluding it

In the developing embryo the foregut is surrounded by a group of vascular structures of bilateral distribution connected with the branchial arches. Portions of these arches are obliterated to form the normally described aorta and great vessels. The ultimate persistence of only one main vascular arch, the left, as the aorta, permits the trachea and oesophagus to lie freely to its right side.

1959 September, F. Ronald Edwards, “Vascular Compression of the Trachea and Oesophagus”, in N[orman] R[upert] Barrett, J[ohn] G[uyett] Scadding, editors, Thorax, volume XIV, number 3, London: British Medical Association, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMID, page 187, column 1:

The pleural sac was obliterated by firm fibrous adhesions over the right upper lobe.

1959 December, R. H. Elphinstone, R. G. Spector, “Sarcoma of the Pulmonary Artery”, in N[orman] R[upert] Barrett, J[ohn] G[uyett] Scadding, editors, Thorax, volume XIV, number 4, London: British Medical Association, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMID, page 335, column 1:

Compression of an aneurysm of the left carotid artery should obliterate only the pulses of the distribution of this artery, not those of the femoral arteries. If the mass is an aneurysm of the right common carotid artery, manual compression should obliterate the distribution of this vessel and, because of its location, may also obliterate the vessels of the right arm. However, femoral pulsations should be preserved.

1974 July, Ira W. DuBrow, Sheldon O. Burman, Decio O. Elias, Alois R. Hastreiter, Raymond J. Pietras, “Aortic Arch in the Neck”, in The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, volume 68, number 1, [St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby?], →DOI, →ISSN, →PMID, page 27, column 1:

(biology, pathology, surgery, chiefly passive voice) To impair the function and/or structure of (a body cavity, vessel, etc.) by ablating or occluding it (in the latter case, chiefly by filling it with tissue).

distal pulses obliterate until perfusion is restored

(biology, pathology) Of a body cavity, vessel, etc.: to close up or fill with tissue; of perfusion or a pulse: to cease owing to obstruction.

täyttyä

of a body cavity, vessel, etc.: to close up or fill with tissue; of perfusion or a pulse: to cease owing to obstruction


obliterate

en-adj

obliterate (comparative more obliterate, superlative most obliterate)

more obliterate (comparative)
most obliterate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin obliterātus (see more at Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix, of participial origin)).

lbor

/əˈblɪtəɹət/

/əˈblɪtəɹət/

(entomology, rare) Of markings on an insect: difficult to distinguish from the background; faint, indistinct.


retrograde

en-adj

retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)

more retrograde (comparative)
most retrograde (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.
The adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.

cog

/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/

/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/

retrògrad

reverting to an inferior or less developed state — see also declining, regressing

Reverting to an inferior or less developed state; declining, regressing.

(zoology) Of an animal: appearing to regress to a less developed form during its lifetime.


thyrsus

From Latin thyrsus, from Ancient Greek θύρσος (thúrsos). Doublet of thyrse, torse, and torso.

(botany) A species of inflorescence; a dense panicle, as in the lilac and horse-chestnut.


acarology

From acaro- + -logy, based on Ancient Greek ἄκαρι (ákari, “cheese mite, tick”) + -λογία (-logía).

der

1999, Rodger David Mitchell (editor), Acarology IX, Volume 2: Symposia, Ohio Biological Survey, page xvii,
The students and faculty of the acarology course were Don's life, and his example pushed us all to higher levels of achievement.

General texts on acarology include works by Woolley (1987), Evans (1992), and Krantz and Walter (2009).

2009, Lance A. Durden, Gary R. Mullen, “Introduction”, in Gary R. Mullen, Lance A. Durden, editors, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 1:

Acarology is the study of mites, or Acari or Acarina. It is a specialized field of study in the larger topics of invertebrate zoology and entomology. Because some mites are economically important pests of agriculture (crops, honey bees, stored food products, and livestock), are household pests, or are vectors of diseases of humans and livestock, acarology is often studied in entomology departments.

2011, Marjorie A. Hoy, Agricultural Acarology, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 3:


acentrous

en-adj

acentrous (comparative more acentrous, superlative most acentrous)

more acentrous (comparative)
most acentrous (superlative)

2001, "Axial Skeleton", David Cannatella, https://web.archive.org/web/20051222184337/http://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/courses/bio478L/LecturesPDF/bodyskeleton.pdf
"Some bony fishes (Teleostei, Amia, Lepisosteus, and Brachiopterygii) have well-ossified centra and neural and hemal arches. Others (Dipnoi, Latimeria, and Chondrostei) lack centra (acentrous), and the notochord is unconstricted, and the bony neural and hemal arches simply rest on it."


chaser

Inherited from Middle English chaser, chacer, chasour, borrowed from Old French chaceür, chaceor, from chacier (“to chase, hunt”); later senses from or influenced by chase (“pursue”) + -er. Doublet of chasseur.

преследва́ч

person or thing (ship, plane, car, etc.) who chases

(taxonomy) Any dragonfly of family Libellulidae.


confluence

confluences (plural)
confluency (alternative)

From late Middle English confluence, from Late Latin cōnfluentia (“a flowing together, conflux”), from cōnfluēns (present participle of cōnfluō (“to flow or run together”)) + -ia (nominal suffix).

af

present participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">cōnfluō</i> (“to flow or run together”)

(biology) The proportion of cells, in a culture medium, that adhere to each other.


gate

en-verb

gate (third-person singular simple present gates, present participle gating, simple past and past participle gated)

gates (present singular third-person)
gating (participle present)
gated (participle past)
gated (past)
yate (alternative)

From Middle English gate, gat, ȝate, ȝeat, from Old English ġeat (“gate”), from Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą (“hole, opening”).
See also Old Norse gat, Swedish and Dutch gat, Low German Gaat, Gööt.

(transitive, biochemistry) To open (a closed ion channel).


breve

From Middle English breve, variant of bref, from Old French brieve, breve (feminine form of brief, bref), from Latin brevis (“short”).

(zoology) A pitta, all of which have more or less short tails.


scion

From Middle English sion, sioun, syon, scion, cion, from Old French cion, ciun, cyon, sion, from Frankish *kīþō, *kīþ, from Proto-Germanic *kīþô, *kīþą, *kīþaz (“sprout”), from Proto-Indo-European *geye- (“to split open, sprout”), same source as Old English ċīþ (“a young shoot; sprout; germ; sprig”), Old Saxon kīth (“sprout; germ”), Old High German kīdi (“offshoot; sprout; germ”). See also French scion and Picard chion. Doublet of chit.

cog

[If] you finde a certaine miſlike or conſumption in the plant, you ſhall immediatly vvith a ſharp knife cut the plant off ſlope-vviſe upvvard, about three fingers from the ground, and ſo let it reſt till the next ſpring, at vvhich time you ſhall behold nevv cyons iſſue from the roote, […]

1613, G[ervase] M[arkham], “Of the Setting or Planting of the Cyons or Branches of Most Sorts of Fruit-trees”, in The English Husbandman, […], revised edition, London: […] [Augustine Matthews and John Norton] for Henry Taunton, […], published 1635, →OCLC, 2nd part (Containing the Art of Planting, Grafting, and Gardening, […]), page 132:

He used to think that the plums in this country weren’t good enough, and so he has reformed them, grafting scion to rootstock.

2020, Hilary Mantel, The Mirror and the Light, Fourth Estate, page 681:

(botany) A detached shoot or twig containing buds from a woody plant, used in grafting; a shoot or twig in a general sense.


selective

en-adj

selective (comparative more selective, superlative most selective)

more selective (comparative)
most selective (superlative)

selective pressure

(biology) Of or relating to natural selection.


fragment

From Late Middle English fragment, from Latin fragmentum (“a fragment, remnant”), from frangō (“I break”) + -mentum.

der

asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction

(biology) A split piece of an organism that has undergone the asexual reproduction process where the organism spilts into one or more pieces, then those pieces become new individuals.


fragment

en-verb

fragment (third-person singular simple present fragments, present participle fragmenting, simple past and past participle fragmented)

fragments (present singular third-person)
fragmenting (participle present)
fragmented (participle past)
fragmented (past)

(intransitive, biology) Of an organism: to undergo the asexual reproduction process where an organism spilts into one or more pieces, then those pieces become new individuals.


folium

en-noun

folium (countable and uncountable, plural foliums or folia)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-folium.wav

From Latin folium (“leaf”). Doublet of foil and folio, distantly also with phyllo and phyllon.

The folium of silvatica has a row of oblique black markings along the edge on each side, while in angulata it is evenly notched.

1885, James Henry Emerton, New England Spiders of the Family Therididae - Volume 6, page 298:

Abdomen subovate to subtriangular, longer than wide, dorsum with an inverted Christmas tree-like folium of brown and chalk-white bands, cardiac area brown, serving as Christmas tree base.

1995, A. T. Barrion, J. A. Litsinger, Riceland Spiders of South and Southeast Asia, page 631:

The abdomen usually has a flattened anterior edge and its pattern, if present, lacks the folium of Xysticus and is much less structured.

2017, Lawrence Bee, Geoff Oxford, Helen Smith, Britain's Spiders: A Field Guide, page 371:

(zoology) A symmetric pattern on the abdomen of some spiders.