sporamin

en-noun

sporamin (countable and uncountable, plural sporamins)

Much less is known too in terms of the interactions of nematode feeding and the KPIs. In transgenic studies, over-expression of the sporamin gene from sweet potato in sugar beet did reduce the growth and development of the sugar beet cyst nematode, H.

2015 September 23, “Transcription of Biotic Stress Associated Genes in White Clover ( Trifolium repens L .) Differs in Response to Cyst and Root-Knot Nematode Infection”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A storage protein found in the tubers of sweet potato


stagnophilous

This small (up to 100 mm in total length) stagnophilous species [27 ] was widely distributed in the marshy habitats of the Danube drainage basin from Vienna to the delta, and in the lower reaches of Dniestr drainage basin [28 ], prior to river regulation (Fig 1b ).

2015 September 23, “Population Genetic Patterns of Threatened European Mudminnow ( Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792) in a Fragmented Landscape: Implications for Conservation Management”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, of fish) That prefer to live in pools and similar stagnant water


biophysiochemical

Whilst it is possible that assay bias has occurred due to differences in soil biophysiochemical properties between the high and low prevalence site, previous seeding experiments into soil from the low-prevalence site have not provided evidence of assay inhibition.

2015 September 24, “Environmental Attributes Influencing the Distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Northern Australia”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, physiology, chemistry) biophysiological and chemical


cephalosporinase

Resistance to β-lactams is mainly due to enzymatic degradation by a chromosomal cephalosporinase, plasmid-mediated broad spectrum β-lactamases, and recently acquired carbapenemases [4, 6, 7, 9 –14 ].

2015 September 24, “In Vivo Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Two Cases of Enterobacter aerogenes Infections during Treatment with Imipenem”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that hydrolyses (the lactam ring of a ) cephalosporin


gluzincin

(biochemistry) Any of a particular class of metalloprotease containing glutamic acid and zinc


hyainailourid

Hyaenodontid pterygoids are generally less developed ventrally and posteriorly than hyainailourid pterygoids (Fig 5, Feature 12; Table 1 ).

2015 September 24, “A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any extinct mammal of the family Hyainailouridae


magnesiotropic

Moreover, the mRNA levels of magnesiotropic and calciotropic genes were examined in the large intestine and kidney by real-time PCR. Results Treatment with omeprazole significantly reduced serum Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ levels.

2015 September 24, “Dietary Inulin Fibers Prevent Proton-Pump Inhibitor (PPI)-Induced Hypocalcemia in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Describing any material (especially a hormone) that is involved in the regulation of magnesium in the blood and in bone


micropredation

Indeed, while micropredation has been proposed for this alga [56 ] and observed for other Ostreopsis species preying on naked ciliates [57 ], predation on bacterial cells would require feeding strategies [53 ] not yet assessed for Ostreopsidaceae species.

2015 September 24, “Modelling the Stoichiometric Regulation of C-Rich Toxins in Marine Dinoflagellates”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) predation among microorganisms


ossiphagy

She concluded that the development of zigzag HSB in the hyainailourines correlates with ossiphagy.


angiokinase

We believe that this study could provide a basis for developing angiokinase inhibitors having high affinity for the epidermal growth factor receptor, from the pyrimidine scaffold.

2015 September 25, “Structure-Activity Relationship of Indole-Tethered Pyrimidine Derivatives that Concurrently Inhibit Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Other Angiokinases”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that promotes angiogenesis


deglycosylase

To deglycosylate the WT hENT1 and ∆IL6, 100 μg of the proteins were incubated with 10 μl of the deglycosylase mix (NEB) at 37°C and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Each experiment was performed in triplicate on different batches of oocytes.

2015 September 26, “The Role of Flexible Loops in Folding, Trafficking and Activity of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the removal of glycosyl groups


fructosidase

Levansucrase expressed a specific fructosidase activity of 2.9 units per milligram (U mg -1 ), where 1 unit is defined as the amount of enzyme releasing 1 μmol of glucose per minute at a working temperature of 37°C and a sucrose concentration of 100 g L −1 at pH 6.0 (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer).

2015 September 26, “Valorization of Cheese and Tofu Whey through Enzymatic Synthesis of Lactosucrose”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any glycosidase that catalyses the hydrolysis of a fructoside


fructosyltransferase

The fructosyltransferase activity was 1.9 U mg −1, where 1 unit is the amount of enzyme required to perform the transfer of 1 μmol of fructose per minute at a working temperature of 37°C and a sucrose concentration of 100 g L −1 at pH 6.0 (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer).

(biochemistry) Any transferase that catalyses the transfer of a fructosyl group


melanoregulin

Two known binding partners of RDS fall into this category, calmodulin and melanoregulin, both of which are thought to regulate the fusogenic capability of RDS.

2015 September 26, “SNAREs Interact with Retinal Degeneration Slow and Rod Outer Segment Membrane Protein-1 during Conventional and Unconventional Outer Segment Targeting”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A protein (and associated gene) that regulates the activity of melanosomes


metalloaminopeptidase

Interestingly, some of them contain chemical scaffolds already associated with other metalloaminopeptidase inhibitors, providing a further validation of the computational results.

2015 September 26, “Identification and Validation of a Potent Dual Inhibitor of the P . falciparum M1 and M17 Aminopeptidases Using Virtual Screening”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any metalloenzymatic aminopeptidase


transfructosylation

Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, the capacity of raffinose and stachyose to act as fructosyl donors in transfructosylation reactions catalyzed by the levansucrase of B.

(biochemistry) The transfer of fructosyl groups within or between molecules


xanthanolide

The data allowed us to hypothesize that miR6435 might play a role in the regulation of xanthanolide biosynthesis in X.

2015 September 26, “Differential microRNA Analysis of Glandular Trichomes and Young Leaves in Xanthium strumarium L. Reveals Their Putative Roles in Regulating Terpenoid Biosynthesis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of several glycosides containing xanthan.


multichaperone

The complex containing Cdc37 and p23 is thought to be the primary stable form, and the HSP70- and HOP-associated complex is another proteasome-targeting form that induces ubiquitin-proteasome degradation [45, 46 ]. 17-AAG is an ansamycin antibiotic that binds to HSP90 and inhibits the formation of the stabilized HSP90-client protein complex, resulting in the accumulation of the proteasome-targeting HSP90-based multichaperone.

2015 September 29, “The Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90 Facilitates the Degradation of Poly-Alanine Expanded Poly (A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 via the Carboxyl Terminus of Heat Shock Protein 70-Interacting Protein”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A chaperone consisting of multiple proteins


anchitheriine

La Retama preserves an abundant fossil fauna that includes gastropods and vertebrates such as chelonians, crocodiles, lagomorphs, rodents, several carnivorans, anchitheriine equids, rhinoceroses, gomphoteriid elephants, caenotheriids, suids, cervids and palaeomerycids.

2015 December 3, “Systematics and Evolution of the Miocene Three-Horned Palaeomerycid Ruminants (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the Anchitheriinae, an extinct subfamily of equids.


kotalanol

Salacinol and kotalanol concentrations in the SRE powder were 4.17 ± 0.13 and 2.26 ± 0.12 μg/mg, respectively.

2015 December 3, “Improvement in Human Immune Function with Changes in Intestinal Microbiota by Salacia reticulata Extract Ingestion: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A polyphenol found in the root bark of Salacia plants.


myrmecophytism

In many cases myrmecophytism has evolved multiple times in a single genus (e.g., Macaranga) and in other cases it has evolved in just one clade (i.e., Vachellia).

2015 December 3, “Fidelity and Promiscuity in an Ant-Plant Mutualism: A Case Study of Triplaris and Pseudomyrmex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The situation where a plant lives in association with a colony of ants.


DNP

DNP (countable and uncountable, plural DNPs)

dendroaspis natriuretic peptide
dendroaspis natriuretic peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of dendroaspis natriuretic peptide.


fungalysin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of metallopeptidases found in mushrooms of the genus Coprinopsis.


glycoallergen

(biochemistry, immunology) Any glycoside allergen.


polysialyltransferase

Considering gene function, ST8SIA2 could be related to the putative pathological mechanism of both schizophrenia and BD. Animal studies have shown that the amount of polySia synthesized by polysialyltransferase encoded by ST8SIA2 is crucial during brain development [42, 43 ].

2015 September 30, “Association between ST8SIA2 and the Risk of Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorder across Diagnostic Boundaries”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any transferase that promotes polysialylation


rhodocytin

The maximum concentration of rhodocytin, a potent CLEC-2 agonist, resulted in release of approximately 60% 5-HT or PDGF, whereas CASMCs stimulated 20% release from WT platelets.

2015 September 30, “Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulate Platelets and Facilitate Thrombus Formation through Platelet CLEC-2: Implications in Atherothrombosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A protein found in venom of the viper Calloselasma rhodostoma


interintromission

In addition, we calculated the intromission ratio (number of intromissions/(number of intromissions+number of mounts) and the interintromission interval (time from first intromission to ejaculation (or last copulatory event if the male did not achieve ejaculation)/number of intromissions).

2015 December 4, “Silent or Vocalizing Rats Copulate in a Similar Manner”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Between intromissions in sexual intercourse.


ovastacin

ovastacin (countable and uncountable, plural ovastacins)

(biochemistry) An astacin found in oocytes, involved in the hardening of the zona pellucida


pancreatogenesis

Importantly, markers of early pancreatogenesis (HNF4a, PROX1, FOXA2, PDX1) decreased between days 17 to 26 in both WT and ARX ko cells.

2015 December 4, “The Role of ARX in Human Pancreatic Endocrine Specification”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The development of the pancreas.


paracopulatory

Several studies suggested that the emission of USVs by male rats induces paracopulatory behavior in females.

(biology) Designating female animal behaviour that stimulates a male to initiate sexual intercourse.


aristamere

(biology) One of the segments of an arista.


needleleaf

(botany) Used in the names of plants that have long narrow leaves.


rapsyn

Short for receptor-associated protein of the synapse.

(biochemistry) A protein believed to play a role in anchoring or stabilizing the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at synaptic sites.


polygenically

(genetics, mathematics) In a polygenic manner.


EPP

(biology) Initialism of endplate potential.


entozoan

(zoology) Of or relating to the Entozoa.


planozygote

Similar statistical tools were used to assess the positive and negative effects of salinity, inoculum size, and temperature on cyst and planozygote formation by A.

2015 December 5, “A Kinetic and Factorial Approach to Study the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Growth and Toxin Production by the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


peristimulus

For non-smoothing visualization of spiking dynamics, we applied the instantaneous interspike interval (ISI) method instead of the classical peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) to avoid both arbitrariness of bin placement and the problem of bin width optimization.

2015 December 5, “Compass Cells in the Brain of an Insect Are Sensitive to Novel Events in the Visual World”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Around the time of a stimulus, when neurons fire.


monophenolase

Then the inhibitory effects of the three compounds on monophenolase activity of tyrosinase were also determined.

2015 October 1, “Synthesis of Triazole Schiff’s Base Derivatives and Their Inhibitory Kinetics on Tyrosinase Activity”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of simple phenols


choriogenin

Among these six tissues, the intestine showed the highest space response with 10 genes categorized as oxidation–reduction processes (gene ontogeny term GO:0055114), and the expression levels of choriogenin precursor genes were suppressed in the ovary.

2015 October 2, “Histological and Transcriptomic Analysis of Adult Japanese Medaka Sampled Onboard the International Space Station”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins that are precursors to the formation of the chorion of an egg


depensation

To do so, the Allee effect intensity (i.e., the number of spawners that effectively participate in reproduction) is modelled as a function of the river basin watershed area wa j through the parameters η and θ (Table 1 ) with depensation intensity positively correlated to parameter η and negatively correlated to parameter θ.

2015 October 2, “The Combined Use of Correlative and Mechanistic Species Distribution Models Benefits Low Conservation Status Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) A decrease in the breeding population and thus of offspring


melibionic acid

(biochemistry) A disaccharide formed from glucose and gluconic acid


sulfokine

(biochemistry) A pentapeptide (tyrosine - isoleucine - tyrosine - threonine - glycine) with a sulfate group attached to each of the two tyrosine moieties


metabotype

Interestingly, we found that these time-resolved metabotypes were discriminated into five distinct clusters.

2015 December 8, “Metabolomic Responses of Guard Cells and Mesophyll Cells to Bicarbonate”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A metabolic type; the kind of metabolism that an individual has.


forisome

This statement is supported by in-vitro experiments data where extracted forisomes responded to application of aphid salivary compounds.

2015 December 8, “Application of Brown Planthopper Salivary Gland Extract to Rice Plants Induces Systemic Host mRNA Patterns Associated with Nutrient Remobilization”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins occurring in the sieve tubes of Fabaceae.


interbarb

During fieldwork we observed that both species of mites usually lie along the rachis of the feather, and do not occupy the sides of the barbs (except in highly parasitized hosts), suggesting that the body length should match the interbarb width.

2015 December 10, “Niche Partitioning of Feather Mites within a Seabird Host, Calonectris borealis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


meizothrombin

meizothrombin (usually uncountable, plural meizothrombins)

From Ancient Greek μείζων (meízōn, “greatet”) + thrombin.

affix

(biochemistry) A particular intermediate in thrombin metabolism.


scatterhoard

en-verb

scatterhoard (third-person singular simple present scatterhoards, present participle scatterhoarding, simple past and past participle scatterhoarded)

scatterhoards (present singular third-person)
scatterhoarding (participle present)
scatterhoarded (participle past)
scatterhoarded (past)

The situation is more complex for rodents, which eat some seeds but scatterhoard others in conditions that may aid germination and establishment.

2015, Stephen H. Jenkins, Tools for Critical Thinking in Biology, page 210:

(biology, ambitransitive) To hoard food in multiple caches in different locations.


larderhoard

larderhoard (third-person singular simple present larderhoards, present participle larderhoarding, simple past and past participle larderhoarded)

larderhoards (present singular third-person)
larderhoarding (participle present)
larderhoarded (participle past)
larderhoarded (past)

(biology, ambitransitive) To hoard food in a small number of relatively large caches, often defended.


paracoccin

(biochemistry) A lectin found in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.


balsaminaceous

(botany) Belonging to the Balsaminaceae.


bombacaceous

(botany) Belonging to the now disused family Bombacaceae (now the much-reduced subfamily Bombacoideae in Malvaceae).


caesalpiniaceous

(botany) Belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae, now usually subfamily Caesalpinioideae, of peacock flowers and close relatives.


capparidaceous

(botany) Belonging to the family Capparidaceae (preferred: Capparaceae) of capers and close relatives.


casease

(biochemistry) An exoenzyme that hydrolyzes casein.


cistaceous

(botany) Belonging to the family Cistaceae of rockroses.


cleome

(botany) Any flowering plant in the genus Cleome.


collinsia

(botany) Any member of the plant genus Collinsia.


crassulaceous

(botany) Belonging to the family Crassulaceae of succulents, principally herbaceous.


cornaceous

(botany) Belonging to the family Cornaceae of trees and shrubs including dogwoods and tupelos.


vitaceous

(botany) Of or relating to the family Vitaceae of vines including grape.


tetrastichous

(botany) Arranged in four vertical rows.


stenopetalous

en-adj

stenopetalous (comparative more stenopetalous, superlative most stenopetalous)

more stenopetalous (comparative)
most stenopetalous (superlative)


antiterminator

Our results demonstrated up-regulation of tagatose pathway genes, Leloir pathway genes, lactose-specific IIA & IIBC component encoding genes (lacF2and lacE2), and the lacT gene, encoding a transcriptional antiterminator.

2015 October 3, “The Small Molecule DAM Inhibitor, Pyrimidinedione, Disrupts Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilm Growth In Vitro”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that promotes antitermination


phosphocarrier

Similarly, expressions of the ptsH gene, encoding the phosphocarrier protein HPr, and the SPD_0082 gene, encoding a sensor histidine kinase, were down-regulated 1.6- and 1.4-fold, respectively.

(biochemistry) A class of cytoplasmic protein that is involved in the phosphorylation of sugars


strophomenid

(zoology) Any of the Strophomenida, a large extinct order of articulate brachiopods.


pentastomid

(zoology) Any member of the Pentastomida, an enigmatic group of parasitic invertebrates


transrepress

en-verb

transrepress (third-person singular simple present transrepresses, present participle transrepressing, simple past and past participle transrepressed)

transrepresses (present singular third-person)
transrepressing (participle present)
transrepressed (participle past)
transrepressed (past)

(transitive, biology) To repress by means of transrepression.


automethylation

The Metnase SET domain is not only responsible for dimethylation of H3K36 [3, 6 ] but also crucial for automethylation at K485 within the catalytic pocket [8 ].

2015 October 6, “The SET Domain Is Essential for Metnase Functions in Replication Restart and the 5’ End of SS-Overhang Cleavage”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) methylation of a protein catalysed by the protein itself


oligomannoside

(biochemistry) An oligomer containing mannoside moieties


mannoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of mannose.


trimannose

Exogenous glucocerebrosidase is administered intravenously into patients and glucocerebrosidase preparation currently involves either extraction directly from human placenta or recombinant expression in CHO cells (Cerezyme ® ), which requires in vitro post-purification exoglycosidase digestions to unravel the trimannose core (Man 3 GlcNAc 2 ) using a combination of sialidase, galactosidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase.

2015 October 6, “Biochemical Characterization of Human Anti-Hepatitis B Monoclonal Antibody Produced in the Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


camallanid

(zoology) Any nematode of the family Camallanidae.


caudipterid

It is also consistent with the exhibition of less resting forelimb flexion in Caudipteridae than in other feathered theropods, because caudipterid forelimbs are shorter than those of most other feathered dinosaurs, eliminating the possibility of contact between feathers and the ground, hence also eliminating the need for tight forelimb folding.

2015 December 17, “Resting Orientations of Dinosaur Scapulae and Forelimbs: A Numerical Analysis, with Implications for Reconstructions and Museum Mounts”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any of the †Caudipteridae, a family of oviraptorosaurian dinosaurs.


dodecaploid

(genetics) Having twelve complete sets of chromosomes in a single cell.


dodecaploid

dodecaploids (plural)
duodecaploid (alternative)

(biology) A cell that has twelve complete sets of chromosomes.

(biology) An organism whose cells have twelve complete sets of chromosomes.


mystacocarid

(zoology) Any member of the Mystacocarida, a subclass or order fo the maxillopods.


thermosbaenacean

In the case of leptostracans, brooding takes place ventrally between the mother’s thoracopods, which form a large basket holding the developing embryos, while brooding in thermosbaenaceans takes place dorsally under an enlarged part of the carapace, and that of isopods take place ventrally in a marsupium formed, probably, by modified thoracopodal epipods.

2015 December 19, “Naupliar and Metanaupliar Development of Thysanoessa raschii (Malacostraca, Euphausiacea) from Godthåbsfjord, Greenland, with a Reinstatement of the Ancestral Status of the Free-Living Nauplius in Malacostracan Evolution”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the Thermosbaenacea, a group of crustaceans found in thermal springs.


zugunruhe

Borrowed from German Zugunruhe, from Zug (“move, migration”) and Unruhe (“anxiety, restlessness”).

(ornithology, zoology) Anxious behaviour in migratory animals, especially in birds, experienced at the beginning of the normal migration period.


hepatokine

(biochemistry) Any of several cytokines found in the liver


bioscavenger

The exact physiological function of BChE remains elusive, although it acts as an endogenous bioscavenger for anticholinesterase agents.

2015 October 8, “New Insights into Butyrylcholinesterase Activity Assay: Serum Dilution Factor as a Crucial Parameter”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


dehybridization

(botany) The production of genetically stable offspring from an F1 hybrid


erigeron

(botany) Any member of the plant genus Erigeron.


glomerulogenesis

Expression of MAP1B during glomerulogenesis in newborn rat kidney.

2015 October 9, “Microtubule Associated Protein 1b (MAP1B) Is a Marker of the Microtubular Cytoskeleton in Podocytes but Is Not Essential for the Function of the Kidney Filtration Barrier in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


intercodon

Both have (i) slippery sequences (SS) of the form X XXY YYZ (U UUU UUA for HIV-1 and G GGA AAC for PEG10), (ii) different intercodons [26 ] (GGG and UCC respectively), (iii) distinct secondary structures (SStr) (extended stem-loop for HIV-1 and pseudoknot for PEG10), and (iv) the SStr start is within the intercodon in HIV-1, whereas it is two nucleotides downstream of the intercodon in PEG10. […] The different slippery sequences, intercodons, and downstream secondary structures facilitated a frameshift efficiency that was ~2.5-fold higher for PEG10 than for HIV-1 (Fig 1 ).

2015 October 9, “HIV-1 and Human PEG10 Frameshift Elements Are Functionally Distinct and Distinguished by Novel Small Molecule Modulators”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The sequence of nucleic acid between specific codons


cleithrum

From Ancient Greek κλεῖθρον (kleîthron).

The secondary arch consists of four pieces of bone, the posttemporal, supracleithrum, cleithrum and postcleithrum.[…]The cleithrum is the largest piece and the other elements are attached to it.

1993, J. J. Videler, Fish Swimming, Springer, page 66:

The main components of which are, from dorsal to ventral, the post-temporal, supracleithrum, cleithrum and the postcleithra.[…]The cleithra of either side of the body are connected with the pharyngeal jaw apparatus and with the urohyal by the bilateral pharyngocleithralis musculature and the median sternohyoideus muscle.

2000, Melanie L. J. Stiassny, “Chapter 6: The Skeletal System”, in Gary Kent Ostrander, editor, The Laboratory Fish, Academic Press, page 116:

In Ichthyostega (Figs 5.2, 5.11), Acanthostega (Fig. 5.20), and also in Hynerpeton (Fig. 5.28C, D) and Ventastega, the cleithrum was relatively reduced, though it was still a substantial dorsally extensive blade.

2012, Jennifer A. Clack, Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods, 2nd edition, Indiana University Press, page 212:

(ichthyology) A large bone in fishes, which extends upward from the base of the pectoral fin and anchors to the cranium above the gills, forming the posterior edge of the gill chamber.


xerotolerant

en-adj

xerotolerant (comparative more xerotolerant, superlative most xerotolerant)

more xerotolerant (comparative)
most xerotolerant (superlative)

(biology) Capable of thriving in a dry environment.


xerotolerance

(biology) Ability to thrive in a dry environment.


brachysm

From Ancient Greek βραχύς (brakhús, “short”); compare brachy-.

Some forms of disordered growth have been recognized in the United States, such as tomosis or leafcut, and brachysm or shortening of the internodes of the fruiting branches.

1916, US Bureau of Plant Industry, Report of the Chief, page 23:

In teosinte there is no such indication of brachysm, all branches having elongated internodes. The first indication of the contamination of teosinte with maize is in the direction of brachysm, as instanced by a shortening of the pistillate rachis, resulting in displacing the alignment of the seeds and a shortening also of the lateral vegetative branches.

1924, Journal of Agricultural Research, volume 27, page 578:

The intermittent brachysm of line 59 was recessive to the non-brachytic, normal condition.

1957, Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, volume 70, page 102:

(botany) Unusually small size resulting from the shortening of internodes.


solanderiid

This conflicts with the data on modern solanderiids, which are exclusively marine.

2015 December 24, “Enigmatic Fossils from the Lower Carboniferous Shrimp Bed, Granton, Scotland”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any of the family Solanderiidae of cnidarians within the class Hydrozoa.


cerapodan

(zoology) Any dinosaur in the clade Cerapoda.


ascomatal

Hand sections of the ascomatal wall were studied in 3% KOH. All measurements were made in Melzer’s reagent.

2015 December 24, “Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Calosphaeriales and Togniniales Using Five Genes and Predicted RNA Secondary Structures of ITS, and Flabellascus tenuirostris gen. et sp. nov.”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


heptanucleotide

Van Belkum et al. report one example of a heptanucleotide 5’-GTGATTA-3’ in Helicobacter pylori.

2015 December 23, “Investigation of a Quadruplex-Forming Repeat Sequence Highly Enriched in Xanthomonas and Nostoc sp.”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A codon containing seven nucleotides.


trochelminth

(zoology, obsolete) Any member of the Trochelminthes.


species complex

en-noun

species complex (plural species complexes)

(biology) A group of closely related species that are very similar in appearance to the point that the boundaries between them are often unclear.


hexapody

hexapody (countable and uncountable, plural hexapodies)

From hexa- + -pody, from Ancient Greek ἑξα- (hexa-, “six”) and πούς, ποδός (poús, podós, “foot”).

(zoology, uncountable) The property of being a hexapod; six-leggedness.


hardware disease

From the fact that in cattle it is usually caused by hardware such as a piece of wire or a fastener (e.g., fence wire, nail, screw).

(animal husbandry, veterinary medicine) Traumatic gastrointestinal puncture and infection in ruminants (especially cattle) and birds that ingest a sharp object (in livestock usually a metal object such as wire or a fastener); in cattle it usually includes reticuloperitonitis and thus in practice is usually metonymically synonymous with traumatic reticuloperitonitis.


hadrosauriform

Clipping of translingual Hadrosauriformes

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Hadrosauriformes</i>

(zoology) Belonging to the Hadrosauriformes.


hadrosauriform

(zoology) Any ornithopod dinosaur in the Hadrosauriformes.


alkaloidiferous

en-adj

alkaloidiferous (comparative more alkaloidiferous, superlative most alkaloidiferous)

more alkaloidiferous (comparative)
most alkaloidiferous (superlative)

(botany) Containing, or yielding alkaloids


peptase

en-noun

peptase (countable and uncountable, plural peptases)

(biochemistry) A form of pepsin obtained from malt.


peptidolysis

(biochemistry) The cleavage or digestion of peptides.


abmigrate

en-verb

abmigrate (third-person singular simple present abmigrates, present participle abmigrating, simple past and past participle abmigrated)

abmigrates (present singular third-person)
abmigrating (participle present)
abmigrated (participle past)
abmigrated (past)

(intransitive, ornithology) To take part in abmigration.


halocyprid

This genus exemplifies some of the prevailing taxonomic uncertainties in halocyprids.

2016 January 6, “Identification, Discrimination, and Discovery of Species of Marine Planktonic Ostracods Using DNA Barcodes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any ostracod in the order Halocyprida.


cophyline

(zoology) Any member of the Cophylinae, a subfamily of microhylid frogs.


dicroglossid

(batrachology, zoology) Any member of the Dicroglossidae, a family of frogs.


cryophilous

en-adj

cryophilous (comparative more cryophilous, superlative most cryophilous)

more cryophilous (comparative)
most cryophilous (superlative)

This warming is also implied by the decreasing percentage of cryophilous pollen taxa like Ericaceae and climbing trend of the δ 18 O curve in other paleoclimate records of the East Asia ^([sic]) (Fig 6), when the summer insolation is increasing.

2016 January 6, “Vegetation and Climate Change during the Last Deglaciation in the Great Khingan Mountain, Northeastern China”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Thriving at a low temperature.


pristiophoriform

(zoology) Any sawshark of the order Pristiophoriformes


simarubaceous

(botany) Belonging to the family Simaroubaceae of tropical and subtropical trees.


Zinj

(informal, paleoanthropology, dated) The original specimen of Paranthropus boisei, then known as Zinjanthropus.


superregeneration

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superregeneration.wav

(biology) The regeneration of more tissue than what is removed or damaged, such as in the production of supernumerary digits and amputated limbs within the urodele amphibians.

It seems probable that this is a case of 'superregeneration'. As is well known, the tail of Plethodon is very easily detached. A study of the tissues of this tail gives evidence which, though not unquestionable, leads me to believe that it is relatively younger than the more anterior parts of the body. The experiments of Tornier ('97) and others in producing similar abnormalities by cutting off the tails of salamanders give added probability to this view.

1894, Tufts College, Tufts University, Tufts College Studies, Tufts College, Medford, The College, page 388:

At the time Bateson’s book was written, however, little or nothing was known regarding the origin of supernumera y appendages in either the arthropods or the vertebrates. Since then a large amount of experimental evidence has accumulated to show that they may be formed by superregeneration, especially by regeneration from complex or irregular wound surfaces.

1904, Ross Granville Harrison, William Keith Brooks, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, American Society of Zoologists, The Journal of Experimental Zoology, Wiley-Liss, page 94:

Functional disturbances of the brain might give us the explanation here, just as material disturbances may serve to explain superregeneration in spite of all vitalism.

1905, Charles Scribner’s Sons, The Approach to Philosophy, Harvard University Press, page 225:

Superregeneration. Includes eternal youth.

2012 January 29, “You choose a superability and I will find a fault in it”, in reddit.com:

(biology, rare) Extreme, superhuman regeneration.


zoothome

From (combining form of) Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion, “animal”) and Ancient Greek θωμός (thōmós, “heap”).

(zoology, archaic) A number of coral polyps on a branch of coral.


mesotherm

The large terrestrial and marine reptiles of the Mesozoic were likely mesotherms, which maintained high body temperatures by virtue of their large size and whose metabolism approached that of endotherms.

2016 January 16, “Gigantism and Its Implications for the History of Life”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) An animal that adjusts its body to a metabolically favourable temperature using a context-dependent balance of internal metabolically-produced heat and external-environmentally derived heat.


alismataceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the Alismataceae.


aquifoliaceous

(botany) Belonging to the Aquifoliaceae.


endobenthos

(ecology) benthic organisms that live buried or burrowing in the sediment, often in the oxygenated top layer


bryophyllum

/ˌbɹaɪəˈfɪləm/

(botany) Any of the genus Bryophyllum of plants in the family Crassulaceae.


kobresia

Alpine meadows, primarily composed of Sichuan kobresia (Kobresia setchwanensis) made up a smaller proportion of the tree-line mosaic.

2016 January 20, “Effects of Supplementary Feeding on the Breeding Ecology of the Buff-Throated Partridge in a Tibetan Sacred Site, China”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) Any member of the genus Kobresia of plants in the sedge family.


salviniaceous

(botany) Belonging to the family Salviniaceae.


sarcosaprophagous

(zoology) Feeding on dead or decaying flesh.


schefflera

(botany) Any of the genus Schefflera of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae.


semiconservatively

(genetics) In a semiconservative fashion.


sidalcea

(botany) Any of the genus Sidalcea of checkerblooms or checkermallows.


regucalcin

en-noun

regucalcin (countable and uncountable, plural regucalcins)

It is hypothesized that regucalcin might have a role in regulation of calcium mediated signaling or in inhibiting calcium-mediated defenses in plant cells in response to herbivory.

2016 January 21, “Insight into the Salivary Gland Transcriptome of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A calcium-binding protein that is preferentially expressed in the liver and kidney and may be associated with aging.


preen oil

preen oil (countable and uncountable, plural preen oils)

(ornithology) Oil produced by the uropygial gland in birds, used in preening.


scale leaf

An individual flower that is subtended by a scale leaf at its junction with the stem of a plant; a rudimentary leaf.

(botany) A small flat leaf resembling a scale, such as on many conifers.

(botany) A small modified leaf, especially a colorless membranous one, such as on a rhizome or forming part of a bulb.


lepidosaurian

Additionally, some 143 studies utilized vertebrates as study organisms, with 30% evaluating lepidosaurians (i.e., snakes, lizards, amphisbaenians, Tuatara), whereas another 30% assessed amphibians.

2016 January 28, “Deconstructing a Species-Complex: Geometric Morphometric and Molecular Analyses Define Species in the Western Rattlesnake ( Crotalus viridis )”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the Lepidosauria.


xenophagy

(entomology) A categorical change in diet, such as a herbivore becoming carnivorous.

(microbiology) The process by which a cell directs autophagy against pathogens.


halophily

(biology) The ability to live and thrive in an environment of high salinity.


heterogonic

(biology) Describing a parasite whose life cycle is alternated with that of free-living generation


endodormancy

A comparative GO analysis revealed that oxidation-reduction process (biological process) and ATP binding (molecular function), were overrepresented during the ecodormancy period (EP) when compared to the endodormancy deepest period (DP), indicating that ATP synthesis was activated during the transition between these dormancy stages.

2015 October 10, “Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Less-Dormant Taiwanese Pear and the Dormant Japanese Pear during Winter Season”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) dormancy brought about by internal (rather than environmental) factors


uncongressed

Analysing the presence of uncongressed chromosomes in metaphase cells showed a dose dependent increase in cells with congression defects following splitomicin and glipizide treatment […]

2015 October 10, “A Semi-Supervised Approach for Refining Transcriptional Signatures of Drug Response and Repositioning Predictions”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


danthonia

(botany) Any of the genus Danthonia of Eurasian, North African, and American grasses.


metalloelastase

metalloelastase (countable and uncountable, plural metalloelastases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of soluble and insoluble elastin.


extracytosolic

Albumin receptors megalin and cubilin both possess long extracytosolic domain floating in the urinary space.

2015 October 15, “Akt Links Insulin Signaling to Albumin Endocytosis in Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


nonexpresser

Recently, the receptors for SA were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and named as nonexpresser of PR genes (NPR) 3 and 4 [5 ].

2015 October 15, “Plant Hormone Salicylic Acid Produced by a Malaria Parasite Controls Host Immunity and Cerebral Malaria Outcome”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Something that does not express genes


thalassochorous

Similarly, the Gulf Stream could potentially transport thalassochorous diaspores to the Azores, but few representatives from North America (e.g. Calystegia soldanella and Calystegia sepium ssp.

2015 October 15, “On the Limited Potential of Azorean Fleshy Fruits for Oceanic Dispersal”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) dispersed by means of thalassochory


tyrosination

tyrosination (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosinations)

They include posttranslational modifications such as tyrosination, acetylation and glutamylation, as well as MT growth, pausing and shortening.

2015 October 15, “A Cilia Independent Role of Ift88/Polaris during Cell Migration”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) modification by reaction with tyrosine


cleptohematophagy

In the present study, we used a device to physically separate infected and uninfected nymphs to prevent cleptohematophagy.

2015 October 16, “Revisiting Trypanosoma rangeli Transmission Involving Susceptible and Non-Susceptible Hosts”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) feeding on the contents of intestines


biospeleology

(biology) The biology of organisms that live in caves


innerweb

When closed, the tail appears dark brown, as the central pair of tail feathers have no or only avery little white at the base of the innerweb (12–18mm) which is in any case obscured by the uppertail-coverts.

(ornithology) (of a plumage) an inner web


outerweb

Tail brown (except for central and outermost feathers) tipped broadly with white, outermost feathers white with brown outerweb.

2010, Peter Clement, Ren Hathway, Thrushes:

(ornithology) (of a plumage) an outer web


heterolecithal

(biology) Having the yolk unevenly distributed within the cytoplasm


oligolecithal

(biology) Having a small amount of yolk in the cytoplasm


homolecithal

(biology) Having the yolk evenly distributed within the cytoplasm


lichenization

lichenization (usually uncountable, plural lichenizations)

lichenizations (plural)
lichenisation (alternative)

(lichenology) The process by which a fungus becomes a mycobiont of a lichen.


humanin

(biochemistry) A polypeptide that has neuroprotective and cytoprotective properties.


pectocellulose

pectocellulose (countable and uncountable, plural pectocelluloses)

(obsolete, biochemistry) A form of cellulose once thought to be a component of pectin.


horotely

(biology) Evolution of an organism at a normal rate.


tachytely

Thus tachytely is intimately associated with Simpson's original model of quantum evolution — and quantum evolution is usually, if not solely, implicated in the origin of taxa of relatively high categorical rank […]

1989, Niles Eldredge, Macroevolutionary dynamics: species, niches, and adaptive peaks, page 25:


polycladous

From poly- + Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos, “shoot, branch”) + -ous.


respirasome

(biology) A supramolecular structure formed by the assembly of enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.


saproxylophagous

(biology) That lives in, or feeds on, decaying wood


phytoclimatic

(ecology) Of or relating to the relationship between climate and the distribution of plants.


holophyletic

The bees have long appeared to constitute a holophyletic unit.

2000, Charles Duncan Michener, The Bees of the World - Volume 1, →ISBN, page 55:

Cladistics aims to identify holophyletic groups (clades) comprising all the descendants of a common ancestor.

2008, Brian McGowran, Kenneth George Denbigh, Biostratigraphy: Microfossils and Geological Time, →ISBN, page 119:

McCafferty and Edmunds (1979) divided all mayflies into Pannota and Schistonota, regarding Pannota to be holophyletic, and Schistonota to be paraphyletic.

2013, Nikita Kluge, The Phylogenetic System of Ephemeroptera, →ISBN, page 1:

(biology) Forming a clade; monophyletic.


iresine

(botany) Any of the genus Iresine of flowering plants in the amaranth family.


ambiregnal

(taxonomy, of a protist) Classified into the taxonomic schemes of two different kingdoms of life simultaneously, either as Protozoa and Algae or as Protozoa and Fungi.


circumcellular

Circumcellular buildup of a foreign substance is typically not healthy for the cell.


pollinivore

/pɑˈlɪnəvɔːɹ/

Vittatina-type pollen grain from the gut of another pollinivore, Sojanidelia floralis Rasn., from the same locality, x1 200.

1997 May, Valentin A. Krassilov, “Environments”, in S. Golovach, L. Penev, editors, Angiosperm Origins: Morphological and Ecological Aspects, Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers, →ISBN, image caption, page 116:

Insects visiting flowers of H. spinosa can be divided into two guilds: nectarivores (small flies and ants) and pollinivores (bees and hoverflies), which differ in pollination attributes.

1999, Ecology Abstracts, volume 25, Bethesda, Md.: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 107:

Adult pollen feeding is also highly probable for a number of Mesozoic polyphagan beetles (e.g., elaterids, buprestids, some cleroids) and some cupedoid archostematans. Thus by the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous the pollinivore guild was probably rich and diverse.

2006, V. V. Zherikhin, “General Features of Insect History. Ecological History of Terrestrial Insects.”, in Alexandr P[avlovich] Rasnitsyn, Donald L. J. Quicke, editors, History of Insects, New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 353, column 1:

Bats have a wide range of eating habits. There are species that feed on insects (insectivores), fruits (frugivores), vertebrates (carnivores), pollen and nectar (pollinivores/nectar-feeding), and blood (hematophages).

2014, Gerardo Ceballos, Joaquín Arroyo Cabrales, David Vasquez, “Order Chiroptera”, in Gerardo Ceballos, editor, Mammals of Mexico, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page 667:

During the same time that A[pis] m[ellifera] adansonii encounters on flowers were registered, we noted the type of floral products collected by this bee. This parameter was measured to determine if A. m. adansonii is strictly a pollinivore, nectarivore or pollinivore and nectarivore. This could give us an idea of its implication as a cross-pollinator of G[ossypium] hirsutum.

2015, Mazi Sanda, “Foraging and Pollination Behaviour of Apis mellifera adansonii Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apidae) on Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae) Flowers at Dang (Naoundere, Cameroon)”, in Michel Fok, Ousmane Ndoye, Siaka Koné, editors, AGRAR-2013: 1st Conference of African Research on Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition. Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, June 4–6, 2013. Agriculture and the Challenges of Food and Nutrition in Africa: The Contributions of Research in the Cotton Zone = AGRAR-2013 : 1re conférence de la recherche africaine sur l'agriculture, l'alimentation et la nutrition. Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, 4–6 juin 2013. L'agriculture face aux défis de l'alimentation et de la nutrition en Afrique : quels apports de la recherche dans les pays cotonniers, Gembloux, Belgium: Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, →ISBN, page 164:

(zoology) An animal that feeds on pollen; a palynivore.


pollinivory

(zoology) The consumption of pollen by animals.


pollinivorous

en-adj

pollinivorous (comparative more pollinivorous, superlative most pollinivorous)

more pollinivorous (comparative)
most pollinivorous (superlative)


homopurine

In DNA homopyrimidine 2 homopurine triplexes [64 ], the homopyrimidine strands are antiparallel.

2015 October 16, “Polyanionic Carboxyethyl Peptide Nucleic Acids ( ce -PNAs): Synthesis and DNA Binding”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Describing a pairing of a purine with the same one on a neighboring strand of nucleic acid


homopyrimidine

In a recent paper on homopyrimidine decamers containing aeg-monomers and thymine monomers with a sulfomethyl substituent at the γ-position, similar triplexes has also been described [43 ].

(genetics) Describing a pairing of a pyrimidine with the same one on a neighboring strand of nucleic acid


homothymine

Additionally, this work presents the first synthesis of a homothymine polyanionic PNA α-oligomer ( 3 ).

(genetics) A homopyrimidine pairing in which the base is thymine


sternbergia

(botany) Any of the genus Sternbergia of Eurasian and North African plants in the Amaryllis family.


big five

(ecology) The five major extinction events since the beginning of life on Earth.


exonal

Since the average gene has a mean of 8.8 exons each a mean of 145 base pairs (bp) long, the average gene has a mean exonal sequence length of ~1,300 bp [40 ].

2015 October 17, “Analytical and Clinical Validation of a Digital Sequencing Panel for Quantitative, Highly Accurate Evaluation of Cell-Free Circulating Tumor DNA”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


nutriregulation

The nutrition model of food deprivation used in this study was a large challenge, so further studies should be performed with a diet that could be applied by livestock farmers in order to identify the nutriregulation of miRNA under breeding conditions.

2015 October 17, “Food Deprivation Affects the miRNome in the Lactating Goat Mammary Gland”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


protoorganism

protoorganisms (plural)
proto-organism (alternative)

This tree represents a complex “phylogeny” of macromolecules all within one ancestral lineage, before the proto-organism.

2013, Geoffrey Eglinton, Mary Teresa Joseph Murphy, Organic Geochemistry: Methods and Results:

(biology) An organism whose nature is so difficult to determine that it might be referred to either the animal or the vegetable kingdom.


group selection

/ɡɹuːp sɪˈlɛkʃən/

Although so-called “group selection” has enjoyed some increased followership of late, the overwhelming consensus among evolutionary biologists is that it is unlikely to be an important cause of evolution among nonhuman animals, for a number of reasons […].

2016, David P. Barash, Out of Eden, Oxford, page 164:

Ever since, students of evolution have been taught that group selection is possible in principle; it just happens that it can be ignored in practice. Generations of students have learned about group selection with the help of a Gary Larson 'Far […]

2007, Louise Barrett, Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Oxford University Press, USA, →ISBN, page 51:

(biology, evolution) A form of natural selection whereby traits that may be disadvantageous to the individual can be propagated when they are advantageous to the survival of a group as a whole.


moschiferous

moschiferous (comparative more moschiferous, superlative most moschiferous)

more moschiferous (comparative)
most moschiferous (superlative)


green-beard effect

From a hypothetical example used in Richard Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene (1976), whereby a person with a green beard acts altruistically towards other people with green beards.

(biology) A hypothesis in evolutionary biology that explains selective altruism among individuals of a species, involving preferential treatment of individuals with certain characteristics.


phylodiversity

en-noun

phylodiversity (countable and uncountable, plural phylodiversities)

From this rarefied dataset, alpha diversity was estimated in two ways using QIIME v1.8: observed species and phylodiversity.

2015 October 21, “Flea-Associated Bacterial Communities across an Environmental Transect in a Plague-Endemic Region of Uganda”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) The diversity of phyla in a habitat etc


transstadial

Interestingly, some studies suggested that vertical and transstadial transmissions of Bartonella species in Ixodes ticks, deer ked, and transplacental in rodent populations.

2015 October 21, “The Distribution and Diversity of Bartonella Species in Rodents and Their Ectoparasites across Thailand”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


homogenic

(genetics) (of a gamete or a population) Having only one allele of a gene or genes.


nepionic

en-adj

nepionic (comparative more nepionic, superlative most nepionic)

more nepionic (comparative)
most nepionic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek νήπιος (nḗpios, “infant”) -n- + -ic.

A microspheric nucleoconch does not have an obvious deuteroconch, and is followed by a spiral nepionic stage, no matter what the adult chamber arrangement may be.

1954, Alan Hilder Smout, Lower Tertiary Foraminifera of the Qatar Peninsula, British Museum (Natural History), page 25:


autozooid

Pore density (PD) was measured by randomly placing a digital square with a side length of 200 μm over a photo of the frontal wall of an autozooid and counting the number of pores that lay completely within this square.

2015 October 22, “Diversity and Systematics of Schizomavella Species (Bryozoa: Bitectiporidae) from the Bathyal NE Atlantic”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


crestal

In the arrangement of the crestals Shinisaurus closely resembles Xenosaurus (in which genus, however, the crestals are blunt and resemble ornamental tack heads) […]

1955, Joel Asaph Allen, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, page 15:


cytidylyltransferase

The CDP-choline pathway can occur in all nucleated cells and is involved in producing PC from choline, ATP, CTP and diacylglycerol, catalyzed by the enzymes choline kinase, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase and diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase [44 ].

2015 October 22, “Influence of Development and Dietary Phospholipid Content and Composition on Intestinal Transcriptome of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar )”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers a cytidylyl group


endosedentary

Likewise, MYB genes have been identified in other plant species displaying resistance to endosedentary nematodes [67 ], which contributes to the assumption that some representatives of this TF family in A.

2015 October 22, “Root Transcriptome Analysis of Wild Peanut Reveals Candidate Genes for Nematode Resistance”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, of a parasite) That settles down within a host


glycotransferase

CG33303 is predicted to have the dolichyl-diphosphooligosachharide-protein glycotransferase activity based on its similarity with human Ribophorin I. As candidates from this class show differential effect on different tendon cell clusters i.e. dorsal-anterior and posterior tendon cell cluster it would be interesting to investigate their role in specifying these tendon cell clusters.

2015 October 22, “A Tendon Cell Specific RNAi Screen Reveals Novel Candidates Essential for Muscle Tendon Interaction”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a sugar moiety


periconceptual

It seems that the exposure of the rabbit mothers to the bioactive supplement TT during 45 days of the periconceptual period was sufficient to induce changes in the oocytes-secreted gene BMP15.

2016 March 1, “Tribulus terrestris Alters the Expression of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 in Rabbit Ovaries of Mothers and F 1 Female Offspring”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Around the time of conception.


hyperaccumulate

en-verb

hyperaccumulate (third-person singular simple present hyperaccumulates, present participle hyperaccumulating, simple past and past participle hyperaccumulated)

hyperaccumulates (present singular third-person)
hyperaccumulating (participle present)
hyperaccumulated (participle past)
hyperaccumulated (past)

an angiosperm that hyperaccumulates heavy metals

(transitive, biology) To accumulate in large amounts.


leupaxin

(biochemistry) A particular protein that is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells and is most homologous to the focal adhesion protein paxillin.


exorhodopsin

The different usage of Gt2 and Gt1 for parapinopsin and exorhodopsin in the teleost pineal organ is similar to that for cone opsins and rhodopsin in the retina, although the physiological implications are unclear.

2015 October 23, “Activation of Transducin by Bistable Pigment Parapinopsin in the Pineal Organ of Lower Vertebrates”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A form of rhodopsin expressed in the zebrafish pineal gland


fodinichnion

From Latin fodīna (“a mine”) + Ancient Greek ἴχνιον (íkhnion, “footprint”).

der

Distinctive behaviour patterns add to the specific character as they do in recent species. They may also be referred to more general functions such as crawling, feeding or hiding. Distinction of five major groups (dwelling burrows = Domichnia; feeding burrows = Fodinichnia; feeding trails = Pascichnia; crawling trails = Repichnia; resting tracks = Cubichnia) has proved to be satisfactory and useful in environmental interpretations (Seilacher, 1953, 1958).

1964 September 27, Adolf Seilacher, Sedimentology, volume 3, number 3, page 253:

Following this interpretation, Conichnus conosinus isp. n. can be ethologically classified as a fodinichnion (combination of feeding and dwelling).

1995, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark:

(paleontology) A trace fossil formed by deposit feeders as they excavate the sediment in search of food.


hypercondensation

en-noun

hypercondensation (countable and uncountable, plural hypercondensations)

In addition, PNAP - 6h decreased CDK1 and cyclin B1 expression, most likely leading to G 2 /M arrest, and induced morphological changes, such as nuclear shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and nuclear hypercondensation, as observed by Hoechst 33342 staining.

2015 October 23, “Structure-Activity Relationship of Synthetic 2-Phenylnaphthalenes with Hydroxyl Groups that Inhibit Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis of MCF-7 Cancer Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The severe compaction of chromosomes


codepletion

We found that codepletion of ERG/FLI-1 resulted in inhibition of NR4A1 dependent H3K27ac at distal enhancers of all three induced genes (Fig 6D) and also strongly prevented NR4A1 dependent recruitment of p300 (Fig 6E).

2016 March 4, “Genome Wide Mapping of NR4A Binding Reveals Cooperativity with ETS Factors to Promote Epigenetic Activation of Distal Enhancers in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The depletion of one substance in conjunction with the depletion of another.


metamelanopsin

In squid and octopus rhodopsins, acid metarhodopsin (all-trans form) shows light-dependent conversion mainly to the original rhodopsins (11-cis form) at 0°C [16, 17 ], whereas metamelanopsin (all-trans form) is converted to extramelanopsin (7-cis form) in addition to the original melanopsin (11-cis form) [10 ].

2015 October 23, “Diversity of Active States in TMT Opsins”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A form of melanopsin containing the all-trans isomer of retinal


monoclonated

Assays to detect antibody response to adult filarial antigen were performed using biotinylated monoclonated antibodies (Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, CA) specific for IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.

2015 October 23, “Changes in Antibody Levels during and following an Episode of Acute Adenolymphangitis (ADL) among Lymphedema Patients in Léogâne, Haiti”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


parapinopsin

We previously reported that parapinopsin is an ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive opsin that underlies hyperpolarization of the pineal photoreceptor cells of lower vertebrates to achieve pineal wavelength discrimination.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of opsins in the parapineal gland of some fish


parietopsin

It has been reported that parietopsin, first identified in the parietal eye, is colocalized with and coupled to Go-type G protein in the photoreceptor cells of the lizard parietal eye [31 ].

(biochemistry) Any of a group of opsins in the parietal eye of some lizards


dysomy

In humans, loss of imprinting or uniparental dysomy of imprinted genes contributes to diseases such as Prader-Willi, Angelman, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes, all of which present cognitive dysfunctions.

2015 October 24, “Insulin Like Growth Factor 2 Expression in the Rat Brain Both in Basal Condition and following Learning Predominantly Derives from the Maternal Allele”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The inheritance of a pair of non-identical chromosomes


gametologue

Both types of sequence could potentially be exploited for the generation of sex markers because the male and female copies of gametologues are significantly different at the sequence level and markers designed from gametologue sequences have been successfully used to discriminate between sexes in different Ectocarpus species.

2015 October 24, “Development of PCR‐Based Markers to Determine the Sex of Kelps”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A gene that is homologous to one on a sex chromosome.


tetramannose

tetramannose (countable and uncountable, plural tetramannoses)

This range is similar to x β of 0.35 nm reported for GAG self-interactions [48 ] and linear tetramannose interacting with a monoclonal antibody [51 ] both being examples being interactions involving carbohydrates.

2015 October 24, “Energy Landscape of Alginate-Epimerase Interactions Assessed by Optical Tweezers and Atomic Force Microscopy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


triphosphohydrolase

A key player of this restriction is the sterile alpha motif-hydroxylase domain 1 protein (SAMHD1, [6 ,7 ,14 ], a dGTP-dependent deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that maintains dNTPs at concentrations that are limiting for efficient reverse transcription [5 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ]).

2015 October 24, “The Frequency of Cytidine Editing of Viral DNA Is Differentially Influenced by Vpx and Nucleosides during HIV-1 or SIV MAC Infection of Dendritic Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any hydrolase that catalyses the hydrolysis of triphosphates


Oriental darter

Oriental darter (plural Oriental darters)

Anhinga melanogaster
Anhinga melanogaster#Translingual

(zoology) A bird (Anhinga melanogaster) of Southeast Asia


whippomorph

(zoology) Any member of the suborder Whippomorpha, including hippopotamuses and cetaceans.


GAR

glycineamide ribonucleotide
glycineamide ribonucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of glycineamide ribonucleotide.

glutathione amide reductase
glutathione amide reductase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of glutathione amide reductase.


scissor-bill

Aquatic birds of various kinds are very numerous, such as geese, darters (Flotus melanogaster), scissor-bills (Rhynchops nigra), adjutants (Leptoptilos argala), pelicans, cormorants, cranes (Grus antigone, in Burmese gyoja), whimbrels, plovers, and ibises.

1876, "Burmah" in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. IV, p. 552

(zoology) Alternative form of scissorbill.


eurythermia

From eury- + Ancient Greek θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”).

(biology) The ability to live in a wide range of temperatures.


preruminant

The preruminant, monogastric newborn lamb has well-established upper and lower esophageal sphincters […]

2016 January 20, “Inhibitory Effect of Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation on Gastroesophageal Reflux”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


preruminant

(biology) An animal that does not yet chew the cud.


expressor

(genetics) Alternative form of expresser


lek paradox

(biology) The apparent paradox that additive genetic variation is maintained despite persistent female choice for particular male traits.


ecosystem engineer

ecosystem engineer (plural ecosystem engineers)

(ecology) Any organism that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat.

biobouwer

organism that significantly impacts its habitat


phorozooid

(biology) A zooid of the sexual generation of some free-swimming tunicates which though it becomes free-swimming does not mature sexually.


endocellulase

(biochemistry) Any cellulase that hydrolyses glycoside links within (rather than at the ends of) cellulose chains.


podite

(zoology) A limb of a crustacean when ambulatory.


hand-winged

(zoology) Having wings that are like hands in the structure and arrangement of their bones; said of bats.


stercolin

(biochemistry, archaic) serolin; stercorin


acetylator

(biochemistry) A human being or other organism that can metabolize certain drugs by acetylating them (to a greater or lesser extent).


ghrelinergic

Together, these results described for the first time in fish the mapping of preproghrelin and ghrelin receptor ghs-r1a in brain and gastrointestinal tract of goldfish, and provide the first evidence for a daily regulation of both genes expression in such locations, suggesting a possible connection between the ghrelinergic and circadian systems in teleosts.

2015 October 28, “In Situ Localization and Rhythmic Expression of Ghrelin and ghs-r1 Ghrelin Receptor in the Brain and Gastrointestinal Tract of Goldfish ( Carassius auratus )”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Relating to the activity or function of the ghrelin hormone


prenucleosomal

Since the three histone-fold domain amino acids are located at the surface of the α-helix 2 domain that is responsible for the formation of H3-H4 dimers and accessible in prenucleosomal complexes, it has been suggested that the specificity associated with these amino acid positions derives from interactions with different assembly or post-translational-modification machineries.

2015 October 28, “Comparing the Assembly and Handedness Dynamics of (H3.3-H4) 2 Tetrasomes to Canonical Tetrasomes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Prior to the formation of nucleosomes; relating to prenucleosomes


sexual mimicry

(biology) A phenomenon in which one sex takes the characteristics of the other within a single species.


tetrasome

During chromatin assembly, the (H3-H4) 2 tetramer binds first, forming a tetrasome that likely constitutes an important intermediate during ongoing transcription.

(genetics) A complex of four homologous chromosomes formed during meiosis


propionigenesis

Nitrate reduction can compete with propionigenesis for reducing equivalents as it is thermodynamically more favorable, diverting glucose fermentation away from the propionigenesis into acetate in Dairy1 and butyrate in Dairy 2.

2015 October 29, “Does Dietary Mitigation of Enteric Methane Production Affect Rumen Function and Animal Productivity in Dairy Cows?”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The biogenesis of propionate (especially from carbohydrates).


tramal

In addition, tissues used in RNA-seq experiments contained additional tissues: tramal tissue and veil cells (S1 Fig ).

2015 October 29, “Strand-Specific RNA-Seq Analyses of Fruiting Body Development in Coprinopsis cinerea”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


loganiaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the Loganiaceae.


biomineralizer

(biology) Any organism involved in biomineralization


bispore

(biology) Either of a pair of asexual spores produced by some red algae


glycosaminidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of chitin or similar amino-polysaccharides


iminopeptide

(biochemistry) A dehydrogenated peptide in which the -CO-NH-CHR-CO₂- groups are replaced by -CO-N=CR-CO₂-


injectisome

injectisomes (plural)
injectosome (alternative)

(biology) A needle-like projection of protein, in some bacteria, used as a sensory probe.


ketolase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that cleaves carbohydratea at the ketone (carbonyl) position


macrolichen

macrolichen (plural macrolichens or macrolichen)

macrolichens (plural)
macrolichen (plural)

(biology) Any lichen that has a large thallus, often resulting in a bushy appearance.


metallophosphoesterase

(biochemistry) Any phosphoesterase that is a metalloenzyme


phosphoesterase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a phosphate enzyme.


monostand

(biology) A group of plants (typically grasses) of the same species growing together in the same place in the absence of other species


phragmospore

(botany) A plant spore that has multiple transverse septa


polylactosamine

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide having lactosamine components


presequence

(biochemistry) A sequence of amino acids in a preprotein; the sequence of amino acids at the N-terminal end of a protein


sialyloligosaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide related to sialic acid


uroplakin

(biochemistry) Any of a particular family of transmembrane proteins


semidominant

incomplete dominance
incomplete dominance

(genetics) Exhibiting incomplete dominance.


incomplete dominance

The snapdragon flower colour is either homozygous for red or white. When the red homozygous flower is paired with the white homozygous flower, the result yields a pink snapdragon flower; this is the result of incomplete dominance.

(genetics) The situation where the phenotype of the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous phenotypes.


thermoecology

(ecology) The branch of ecology that focuses on the effects of the temperature change.


premyofibril

(biology) A structure formed during sarcomerogenesis that develops into a nascent myofibril.


resatorvid

Moreover, a recent study revealed that intracerebroventricular injection of the pharmacological TLR4-NOX4 signal inhibitor resatorvid protects against neuronal death in transient focal ischemia.

2016 February 6, “Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Anti-TLR4-Antibody MTS510 in Experimental Stroke and Significance of Different Routes of Application”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular TLR4 signal inhibitor.


toll-like

(biochemistry) Of or relating to a class of proteins, involved in the immune system, that resemble the protein coded by a toll gene.


luteotropin

luteotropin (countable and uncountable, plural luteotropins)

(biochemistry) Prolactin; a peptide gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation in females.


lactotropin

lactotropin (countable and uncountable, plural lactotropins)


mammotropin

mammotropin (countable and uncountable, plural mammotropins)


cteno-

From Ancient Greek κτείς, κτενός (kteís, ktenós, “comb”).

der

κτείς, κτενός


pennibrachium

From Latin penna (“feather”) + brachium (“arm”). Coined by Sullivan et al. in 2010.

Some dromaeosaurid, troodontid, oviraptorosaur and therizinosaur specimens show the presence of what we term a ‘pennibrachium’, a forelimb bearing long feathers that form a planar, wing-like surface but are not necessarily used in aerial locomotion.

2010 July 7, Corwin Sullivan, “The asymmetry of the carpal joint and the evolution of wing folding in maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, volume 277, number 1690, page 2027:

(zoology, paleontology) A forelimb, found on various species of extinct and extant coelurosaur, that is not used in flight or gliding but still bears long, typically pennaceous feathers which form a winglike surface.


bioneogenesis

CHL inhibits the protein synthesis that impacts among other protein expression the bioneogenesis of enzymes such as esterases, whereas AMP targets the bacterial cell wall synthesis.

2015 October 30, “Non-Invasive Microbial Metabolic Activity Sensing at Single Cell Level by Perfusion of Calcein Acetoxymethyl Ester”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The neogenesis of biochemically active compouds


dehybridize

en-verb

dehybridize (third-person singular simple present dehybridizes, present participle dehybridizing, simple past and past participle dehybridized)

dehybridizes (present singular third-person)
dehybridizing (participle present)
dehybridized (participle past)
dehybridized (past)

(botany) To produce genetically stable offspring from an F1 hybrid


leishporin

Based on our findings that Leishmania have a pore-forming cytolysin that we call leishporin, we have been proposing that amastigotes egress from the macrophages is mediated by pore formation on the parasitophorous vacuole and the plasma membrane.

2015 October 30, “Distinct Macrophage Fates after in vitro Infection with Different Species of Leishmania : Induction of Apoptosis by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, but Not by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A porin isolated from species of Leishmania


polychitin

Chitinases expressed during plant-pathogen interactions are associated with plant defense against pathogens, which can catalyze polychitin molecules that are present in the cell walls of most fungi and homologues in plant-pathogen interactions [43 ].

2015 October 30, “Proteomic Analysis of the Relationship between Metabolism and Nonhost Resistance in Soybean Exposed to Bipolaris maydis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


bitopic

However, allosteric biased ligands may confer functional selectivity by exploiting the recently solved extracellular vestibule [50 ] to generate noncompetitive negative or positive allosteric modulators [51 ] or bitopic ligands [52 ].

2015 October 31, “Receptor, Ligand and Transducer Contributions to Dopamine D2 Receptor Functional Selectivity”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, of a protein) That links two separate domains


carabus

From Latin carabus. The entomological sense is borrowed from translingual Carabus, from the same Latin source.

(entomology) A ground beetle of the genus Carabus.


glycomolecule

(biochemistry) Any substance related to simple carbohydrates, but especially such a compound present in a biological macromolecule


heterolysosome

(biology) Any structure consisting of a lysosome fused with another intracellular vesicle


phytonematode

Recent genomic and transcriptional analyses have extended parasitism identification to phytonematode species including some migratory plant parasites [58 –60 ].

2015 October 31, “RNA-Seq Based Identification of Candidate Parasitism Genes of Cereal Cyst Nematode ( Heterodera avenae ) during Incompatible Infection to Aegilops variabilis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any nematode that lives on a plant


tibovirus

(pathology, virology) Any virus that is primarily transmitted by a tick.


robovirus

(pathology, virology) Any virus that is transmitted by an arthropod.


bdelloplast

Thus we speculate that Bd-NDPSase periplasmic location might be associated with metabolizing host material in the bdelloplast after the 30 minutes initial invasion of the prey cell.

2015 November 3, “Structural and Enzymatic Characterization of a Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugar Hydrolase from Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A modified cell formed in the host of a parasitic Bdellovibrio bacterium


biocalcify

biocalcify (third-person singular simple present biocalcifies, present participle biocalcifying, simple past and past participle biocalcified)

biocalcifies (present singular third-person)
biocalcifying (participle present)
biocalcified (participle past)
biocalcified (past)

In order to understand what genetic repertoire may have been present in the last common ancestor of the Metazoa (LCAM), and that may have contributed to the evolution of the ability to biocalcify, we have studied the skeletal proteome of the coralline demosponge Vaceletia sp. and compare this to other metazoan biomineralizing proteomes.

2015 November 5, “The Skeleton Forming Proteome of an Early Branching Metazoan: A Molecular Survey of the Biomineralization Components Employed by the Coralline Sponge Vaceletia Sp.”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) To calcify biologically or biochemically


biosilicification

en-noun

biosilicification (countable and uncountable, plural biosilicifications)

(biochemistry) biological or biochemical silicification


carinula

carinulae (plural)
carinule (alternative)

Head posterior to vertex smooth and shiny or with weak carinulae but never strongly rugoreticulate.

2012, Eli M. Sarnat, The Ants of Fiji, page 94:


cytoresistance

The dramatic increase in cholesterol content that follows the induction of experimental acute renal failure characterises the acquired cytoresistance response, i.e. the partial renal resistance to further ischemic or toxic damage [4 –5 ].

2015 November 6, “The Tm7sf2 Gene Deficiency Protects Mice against Endotoxin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


malformin

The pure compound was identified as malformin C via comparison of data with those previously reported [16 ].

2015 November 6, “Study of Malformin C, a Fungal Source Cyclic Pentapeptide, as an Anti-Cancer Drug”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of a group of bicyclic peptides, produced by Aspergillus niger or close relatives, that are mycotoxins.


mitocalcin

With a focus on genes implicated in mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport and membrane potential, uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2), mitocalcin (Efhd1), mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (Micu1), mitochondrial calcium uniporter (Mcu), mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 (Mcur1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1), and ATP synthase subunit β (Atp5b) were found to be up-upregulated.

2015 November 6, “Antagonistic Regulation of Parvalbumin Expression and Mitochondrial Calcium Handling Capacity in Renal Epithelial Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A mitochondrial calcium-binding protein


superrepressor

For this end, we crossed IKK MyHC animals with animals expressing a mutated form of IκBα -(IκBα (S32A, S36A, Y42F) ), which is impervious to phosphorylation-induced degradation and thus acts as a superrepressor of NF-κB signaling[11 ].

2015 November 6, “Cardiac-Specific Activation of IKK2 Leads to Defects in Heart Development and Embryonic Lethality”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A particularly effective repressor


glycoconjugated

Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) is one of the main glycoconjugated forms of quercetin present in planta, and its antioxidant properties and pharmacological benefits for the treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia have been recently reviewed [5 ].

2015 November 7, “Lactobacillus acidophilus —Rutin Interplay Investigated by Proteomics”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) conjugated with a carbohydrate


glycodeoxycholate

From glycodeoxycholic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

af

The untargeted metabolomics assessment measured other bile acids in serum, including glycocholate, glycodeoxycholate, and ursodeoxycholate, but none of these were significantly associated with AF risk after correction for multiple comparisons.

2015 November 7, “Metabolomics and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in African Americans: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

glycodeoxycholic acid
glycodeoxycholic acid#English

(biology, medicine) The conjugate base, or any salt or ester, of glycodeoxycholic acid.

glycodeoxycholic acid

coordinate as an acid versus a base, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


macrolactin

In the present study, we report that 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A (SMA) suppresses tumor growth by stabilizing the β-catenin destruction complex, which was achieved through inhibition of regulatory components associated with the complex.

2015 November 7, “The Anti-Tumor Activity of Succinyl Macrolactin A Is Mediated through the β-Catenin Destruction Complex via the Suppression of Tankyrase and PI3K/Akt”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An antibacterial peptide produced by the silkworm Bombyx mori; the gene responsible for its production


rhamnosidase

In particular, the rhamnosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus was able to efficiently degrade flavanone and flavonol glycosides such as hesperidin, naringin and rutin [11 ].

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a rhamnoside.


succinylase

The succinylase branch utilizes succinyl-CoA to generate succinylated intermediates; similarly the acetylase branch utilizes acetyl-CoA to produce acetylated intermediates.

2015 November 7, “Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Meso -2, 6-Diaminopimelate Dehydrogenase from Porphyromonas gingivalis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the formation of succinate esters


automodification

en-noun

automodification (usually uncountable, plural automodifications)

(biochemistry) The modification of a protein by the protein itself.


nonanucleotide

(genetics) A codon containing nine nucleotides.


octanucleotide

(genetics) A codon containing eight nucleotides.


decanucleotide

(genetics) A codon containing ten nucleotides.


xylulokinase

xylulokinase (countable and uncountable, plural xylulokinases)

(biochemistry) A transferase enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + D-xylulose ⇌ ADP + D-xylulose 5-phosphate.


spring ephemeral

spring ephemeral (plural spring ephemerals)

Every year on Earth Day, I try to go for a hike in the woods near my house. I look for tadpoles and admire the spring ephemerals.

2020 April, Elizabeth Kolbert, “Why we won't avoid a climate catastrophehttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/04/why-we-wont-avoid-a-climate-catastrophe-feature/”, in National Geographic:

(botany) A plant that grows in the spring and goes dormant in summer.


exoface

Guided by existing SAR and molecular modeling (Fig 2A ), a Lys, Nε-acetylated Lys (Lys-Ac), and LysPEG20L scan at several select positions was undertaken on the non-binding exoface of PN-2171, a close analog of PN-2519 (sequence shown in S1 Table ).

2015 November 11, “Discovery and Characterization of a Potent Interleukin-6 Binding Peptide with Neutralizing Activity In Vivo”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The external surface of a coiled protein


glycosulfatase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the removal of sulfate from a glycoprotein


inulobiose

The inulobiose produced was measured by HPLC assay method.

2015 November 11, “Identification of a Novel Di-D-Fructofuranose 1,2’:2,3’ Dianhydride (DFA III) Hydrolysis Enzyme from Arthrobacter aurescens SK8.001”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The disaccharide D-fructosyl-2,1-alpha-D-fructose


microgastropod

(biology) Any very small gastropod, typically less than 5 mm in size


orthostichous

Accumulation of the dye followed orthostichous patterns wherein the dye tended to accumulate in half of each leaf not vertically aligned with the inoculation leaf (leaves 1, 2, and 4), and in the whole of each leaf vertically aligned with the inoculation leaf (leaves 3 and 5).

2015 November 11, “Horizontal Transmission of”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


pronephron

In addition, while in the pronephron only vacuolization was noted, the structure of the liver had an atypical appearance and there was a considerable number of erythrocytes scattered among the hepatic chords which themselves were noticeably altered.

1975, Acta Embryologiae Experimentalis, page 110:

The whole problem turned around a detailed understanding of the so-called Wolffian body, what modern textbooks in embryology designate as the pronephron and its associated Wolffian or pronephric ducts.

1982, T. Lenoir, The Strategy of Life, →ISBN, page 106:

Regression of the first clusters occurs before the total number of pronephron structures is established. The pronephrons induce the development of the mesonephrons. As the pronephrons regress, the mesonephrons appear.

1985, Martha Ann Auvenshine, Martha Gunther Enriquez, Maternity nursing: dimensions of change, page 135:

(biology) The first part of the urogenital system to be differentiated in a vertebrate embryo, which functions as a simple excretory organ in simpler forms, serves as a provisional kidney in some fish and amphibians, and only appears as a temporary embryonic structure in reptiles, birds, and mammals.


virokine

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins, similar to cytokines, that are produced by the action of some DNA viruses


denucleation

denucleation (countable and uncountable, plural denucleations)

(biology, medicine) Deprivation of the nucleus.


xenodontine

We characterized the skull morphology of 19 species of xenodontine snakes using geometric morphometric techniques, and used phylogenetic comparative methods to test the association between diet and skull morphology.

2016 February 18, “Are Diet Preferences Associated to Skulls Shape Diversification in Xenodontine Snakes?”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Belonging to a group of colubrid snakes with unusual teeth.


xenodontine

(zoology) Any snake of the subfamily Xenodontinae


ophidic

(zoology) Relating to the Ophidia: the snakes and related reptiles.


anthocarp

(botany) Any of various forms of fruits in which part of the perianth tissue remains attached to the fruit, as part of the mechanism of dispersal.

(botany) Lower part of a perianth containing the fruit, the upper part having dropped away, well seen in plants of the family Nyctaginaceae.

(botany) In the Nyctaginaceae, individual apetalous flowers have a tubular, petaloid calyx that resembles a sympetalous corolla. The lower portion of the calyx tightly enwraps the one-seeded achene and is persistent around the fruit as an anthocarp. The calyx base plus the enclosed seed-bearing achene is the unit of dispersal.

(botany) A collective, composite or aggregated fruit formed from an entire inflorescence, as in the sorosis of a pineapple or the syconus of a fig.

(botany) A fruit resulting from many flowers, such as the pineapple; a fruit of which the perianth or the torus forms part.

(botany) A composite false fruit, consisting of the actual fruit and the perianth.

(botany) A fruit formed by the union of the floral organs or part of them, with the fruit itself, as in Nyctagineae; also applied to fruits with accessories, sometimes termed pseudocarps, as the strawberry and pineapple.


oleogustus

Coined in 2015 by researchers at Purdue University, Indiana, USA, from oleo- (“oil”) and Latin gustus (“taste”).

2015, C. A. Running, B. A. Craig, R. D. Mattes, Oleogustus: The unique taste of fat, Oxford University Press:

(biochemistry, neologism) A proposed basic taste sensation triggered by fatty acids.


mesoparasite

(biology) A parasitic copepod that lives partly embedded in its host, usually with the anterior end forming an anchor process.


lobose

en-adj

lobose (comparative more lobose, superlative most lobose)

more lobose (comparative)
most lobose (superlative)

(zoology) Having broad, thick pseudopodia, as certain ameboid protozoans.


helioflagellate

(cytology) A freshwater protozoan of the class Zoomastigophorea.


pseudolabium

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudolabium.wav

(zoology) (of Spirurida nematodes) Any of the folds of tissue at the opening of the vulva.


pseudolip

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudolip.wav


oozooid

(zoology) A zooid that develops from an egg and reproduces by budding


troglobious

Analyzable as troglo- + -obe + -ious. Compare also amphibious.

(zoology) Entirely restricted to a cave environment, never emerging into the outside world.


amylomaltase

On the other hand, Kotoński and Sobiech [14 ] found a lower amylomaltase activity in the red and white muscles of carp during winter, when compared to that in summer.

2015 November 12, “The Activity of Neutral α-Glucosidase and Selected Biochemical Parameters in the Annual Cycle of Breeding Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transglycosylation of maltose or maltodextrins


bioconstructor

(biology) Any organism that builds a structure that survives the death of the organism


pearl body

(biology) A small, lustrous, pearl-like food body produced from the epidermis of leaves, petioles and shoots of certain plants, sought after by various arthropods and ants.


life list

life lists (plural)
lifelist (alternative)

I added twenty species for the year, fourteen of which I couldn't hope to see anywhere else but Mike forked out a lot of money to come a long way with not a single addition to his life list to show for it.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 112:

(birdwatching) A cumulative list of all the bird species a birder has ever sighted and identified.


life bird

(birdwatching) A bird species seen for the first time by a birder who is keeping a list of all the species he or she has ever seen.


eutelic

The limitations of eutelic organisms illustrate the merits of the normal plan of reproduction by cell division.

2014, Jean Brachet, Alfred E. Mirsky, Meiosis and Mitosis: Biochemistry, Physiology, Morphology:

(microbiology, cytology) Characterized by eutely.


syncytical

syncytical (comparative more syncytical, superlative most syncytical)

more syncytical (comparative)
most syncytical (superlative)


provacuole

(cytology) A vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm that develops into a vacuole.


endosporulate

en-verb

endosporulate (third-person singular simple present endosporulates, present participle endosporulating, simple past and past participle endosporulated)

endosporulates (present singular third-person)
endosporulating (participle present)
endosporulated (participle past)
endosporulated (past)

(biology, intransitive) (of a bacterium) To produce endospores.


endosporulation

en-noun

endosporulation (usually uncountable, plural endosporulations)

(biology) The process of a bacterium becoming an endospore.


circumscriptional

(taxonomy, of a taxon name) That is not ruled by ICZN and is defined by the particular set of members included.

(taxonomy) Of, or related to circumscription.


ultramicrobacterium

(biology) A bacterium that is considerably smaller than typical bacterial cells and is 0.2 to 0.3 micrometers (200-300 nm) in diameter.


chemotrophy

(biology) The synthesis of an organism's energy by the oxidation of electron-donating molecules in the environment.


phototrophism

(botany) Alternative spelling of phototropism


Petoskey stone

(paleontology) A smooth fossil of a rugosan coral found in Michigan.


rugosan

(paleontology) Synonym of rugose: describing an extinct coral of the order †Rugosa.


exosporulation

(biology) The process of a bacterium becoming an exospore.


prosequence

(biochemistry) A part of a protein that is present in this protein's inactive form but is removed during activation. It is usually required for protein folding or maintenance.


triodia

A few of the triodias are good forage grasses, but others are of little value.

(botany) Any grass of the genus Triodia.


extended phenotype

extended phenotype (plural extended phenotypes)

Coined by British biologist Richard Dawkins in 1982 in his book The Extended Phenotype.

coin

(biology) The phenotype extended to include effects that genes have on their environment. (ex.: beaver dams, spider webs, ant colonies, a caddis fly's protective cases, etc.)


epibiosis

en-noun

epibiosis (countable and uncountable, plural epibioses)

Within this size group, the epibiosis trophic strategy identified in the meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod (MT2) was present only at this site.

2015 November 12, “Benthic Trophic Interactions in an Antarctic Shallow Water Ecosystem Affected by Recent Glacier Retreat”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A relationship between two organisms, one of which lives or grows on the other, but is not parasitic on it


perilithon

In addition, it has been shown that perilithon abundance is negatively correlated with substrate clogging in the Durance particularly in the middle part of the river which is characterized by highly regulated flows (see Fig 5).

2015 November 12, “When Anthropogenic River Disturbance Decreases Hybridisation between Non-Native and Endemic Cyprinids and Drives an Ecomorphological Displacement towards Juvenile State in Both Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) A form of periphyton found on submerged rocks


segregation distorter

segregation distorter (plural segregation distorters)

(genetics) A gene that distorts in its own favour the theoretically equal probability of either of two parental alleles being present in the mature gamete.


protorosaur

From scientific Latin Protorosaurus (genus name).

The large-sized protorosaur Tanystropheus had extremely elongated neck vertebrae and a neck more than two times the length of its trunk.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 76:

On the other side, there are about 28 chevrons in the long tail of the protorosaur Tanystropheus at least half of which are similar to element i (see [33 ]: Plate 1, Figure 37).

2015 November 12, “A Reappraisal of the Purported Gastric Pellet with Pterosaurian Bones from the Upper Triassic of Italy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology) An extinct archosauromorph reptile of the order Protorosauria.


pseudotrichome

(botany) A structure similar to a trichome


cytofilius

(cytology) An irregular cellular process, similar to a microvillus


minivector

Temperature induced, in vivo expression of Tel protelomerases and their subsequent enzymatic activity, for excision and resolution of covalently closed terminal ends, result in the conversion of parental CCC pDNA into two smaller species: 1) a LCC backbone DNA carrying the unnecessary prokaryotic backbone, and 2) a LCC DNA minivector referred to as DNA ministrings.

2015 November 13, “Physical Characterization of Gemini Surfactant-Based Synthetic Vectors for the Delivery of Linear Covalently Closed (LCC) DNA Ministrings”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


heterochiasmy

(genetics) The differential recombination rates between the sexes of a species


karyopyknosis

karyopyknosis (usually uncountable, plural karyopyknoses)


metarubricyte

(biology) A red blood cell precursor, the last nucleated stage of red blood cell production.


lepospondylous

(zoology) Of or related to lepospondyls.


sublegion

The Legion of the United States was to consist of four sublegions of 1,280 men each, commanded by brigadier generals.

1967, Russell Frank Weigley, History of the United States Army, page 92:

Proposed as sublegion; ranked as infralegion by Chow & Rich, 1982:129; changed to rank of order by McKenna, in Stucky & McKenna, in Benton, ed., 1993:742.

1997, Malcolm C. McKenna, Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level:

(taxonomy, military) A subdivision of a legion.


superlegion

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superlegion.wav


apophallation

(biology) The biting off of the penis that occurs in some animals and molluscs during or after mating.


phallation

(biology, rare) Sexual intercourse by means of a penis.


osphradial

(zoology) Of or relating to the osphradium.


ecospace

(paleontology, biology) The graphical representation of the various ecological modes of life that an organism does or can occupy.

(ecology, neologism) The ecological space that an organism occupies as part of its habitat.


polyglutamylase

polyglutamylase (countable and uncountable, plural polyglutamylases)

Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) proteins show polyglutamylase activity for tubulin in mammalian cells.

2015 November 13, “Polyglutamylated Tubulin Binding Protein C1orf96/CSAP Is Involved in Microtubule Stabilization in Mitotic Spindles”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes polyglutamylation.


protelomerase

The parental pDNA (Fig 3) is composed of an^([sic]) eukaryotic expression cassette flanked by two multi-target sites, called "Super Sequence" (SS), acting as recognition sites for PY54 bacteriophage derived Tel protelomerase.

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that generates and protects "hairpin" telomeres


spermagonium

(lichenology) Alternative spelling of spermogonium


phellem

phellem (countable and uncountable, plural phellems)

(botany) cork (dead protective tissue between the bark and cambium in woody plants)


hypomutation

hypomutation (countable and uncountable, plural hypomutations)

We searched for the hypomutation phenomenon from the viewpoint of protein functioning.

2015 November 14, “Bringing Down Cancer Aircraft: Searching for Essential Hypomutated Proteins in Skin Melanoma”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


azurocidin

The human met-ase locus contains granzyme M, proteinase 3, N-elastase, azurocidin, NSP-4 and complement factor D (CFD).

2015 November 17, “Granule Associated Serine Proteases of Hematopoietic Cells – An Analysis of Their Appearance and Diversification during Vertebrate Evolution”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cationic antimicrobial proteins that bind heparin


endopolygalacturonase

(biochemistry) Any endocytic polygalacturonase


latrodectine

(zoology) Of or relating to the spider subfamily Latrodectinae.


hyoidal

(anatomy, zootomy, relational) Synonym of hyoid.


cedrelaceous

(botany) Relating to the plant family Cedrelaceae, now subfamily Cedreloideae in family Meliaceae.


clusia

From the genus name Clusia, named after Carolus Clusius.

(botany) Any member of the genus Clusia of flowering plants in the family Clusiaceae.


clusiaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the Clusiaceae.


cyclanthaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the family Cyclanthaceae.


muskelin

muskelin (countable and uncountable, plural muskelins)

Alterations to muskelin expression levels altered attachment to TSP-1 in association with subtle changes to the organization of focal contacts [53 ].

2015 November 17, “Genome-Wide Association Study of Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in a Community-Based Sample of Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An intracellular protein that acts as a mediator of cell spreading


pentagalloylglucose

Interestingly, the patient dosed BID with the highest tumor concentration was also taking grape seed oil, which contains pentagalloylglucose, an ABCB1 inhibitor [21 ].

2015 November 17, “Lapatinib Plasma and Tumor Concentrations and Effects on HER Receptor Phosphorylation in Tumor”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The ester of glucose with five molecules of gallic acid


somatolactin

(biochemistry) A protein related to somatotropin and prolactin


cleidoic

(biology, of an egg) Enclosed in a protective shell that limits the interchange of fluids


enphytotic

(botany, of a plant disease) That is present constantly from year to year without causing extensive damage.


enphytotic

(botany, of a plant disease) A disease that is consistently prevalent in a population of plants in a limited region, season, or climate.


chemoorganoheterotrophic

From chemo- + organo- + hetero- + -trophic.

These microorganisms, horizontally transmitted, are chemoorganoheterotrophic bacteria housed in bacteriocytes within the roots that degrade the organic compounds sequestered in the bone.

2015 November 19, “Bone-Eating Worms Spread: Insights into Shallow-Water Osedax (Annelida, Siboglinidae) from Antarctic, Subantarctic, and Mediterranean Waters”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) That employs organic compounds as an external source of energy.


endodomain

More than half of the residue pairs, 44 out of 76, are located in the endodomain of gp41 with 7 pairs coevolving between residues located in the highly immunogenic region, known as the Kennedy epitope.

2015 November 19, “Coevolution Analysis of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics, biology) An internal, or an end domain of a gene or other structure


endozoochorous

Consequently, anemochorous (seed dispersal by wind) and ectozoochorous (external transport of seeds by animals, in their fur for example) processes would be more likely to determine the patterns of species distribution than endozoochorous processes in the future ecosystems invaded by D.

2015 November 19, “The Wide Potential Trophic Niche of the Asiatic Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii : The Key of Its Invasion Success in Temperate Europe?”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Relating to dispersal of seeds via ingestion by animals


euryoecious

From Ancient Greek εὐρύς (eurús, “wide”) + Ancient Greek οἰκέω (oikéō, “to dwell”). By surface analysis, eury- + -oecious.

[…] be stenoecious for that factor, while those with a large amplitude are designated euryoecious. […] Euryoecious species, by contrast, do not reflect the character of their habitat in regard to the variable for which they have a broad range.

1971, Martin Alexander, Microbial Ecology, page 135:

Both clades appear to harbor widespread euryoecious species.

2015 November 19, “Global Habitat Suitability and Ecological Niche Separation in the Phylum Placozoa”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) Able to live in variable habitats or conditions.


TE

transposable element
transposable element#English

(genetics) Initialism of transposable element.