oology

/əʊˈɒləd͡ʒi/

LL-Q1860_(eng)-I learned some phrases-oology.wav

From oo- (prefix meaning ‘relating to eggs or ova’) + -logy (suffix indicating a branch of learning or study of a subject). The word is cognate with French oologie, Late Latin oologia.

confix

Yet it is not difficult to see that Oölogy promises to become an important auxiliary both in aiding to determine natural divisions, and to enable us to decide in regard to varieties the specific identity of which is in doubt. Let us take an instance. [...] Without looking at all to the external structure of these birds, Oölogy would seem to indicate that the Cat-Bird, though closely allied to the true Mocking-Bird, is at least one step, and that the Brown Thrush is even farther, removed.

1857, Thomas M[ayo] Brewer, “Introduction”, in North American Oölogy (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge; XI), part I (Raptores and Fissirostres), Washington, D.C.: Published by the Smithsonian Institution, published 1859, →OCLC, page vi:

Now here is just one of those cases, which bring the study of Oology, and very justly, into more discredit than any other thing. M. [Alfred] Moquin-Tandon's egg is very likely that of a Booted Eagle; but where is the proof of the fact? Absolutely, as we read it, there is none. [...] There are many collectors in this country, who yearly spend large sums in buying eggs from dealers—utterly un-identified, or with (since identification of eggs has lately become somewhat fashionable) a plausible history, but one that will not bear investigation.

1858 December, “IX. Review of Mr. [C. R.] Brees ‘Birds of Europe Not Observed in the British Isles.’”, in Philip Lutley Sclater, editor, The Ibis, a Magazine of General Ornithology, volume I, number I, London: N[icholas] Trübner and Co., […], published January 1859, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 96–97:

A short sketch, such as Mr. [Cholmondeley] Pennell's, of the economy of the Bird, would be a most valuable addition to our ordinary ornithologies and oologies. He said oologies, for even in the egg of the bird the special needs of the forthcoming bird seemed to be more especially provided for than in the eggs of other families much higher in the scale.

[1864 February, [George] Rolleston, “Meeting of British Association. [Physiology.]”, in David A. P. Watt, editor, The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist: A Bi-monthly Journal of Natural Science […], volume I (Second Series), Montreal, Que.: Dawson Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 76:

When we come to examine the oölogy of the great Columbo-gallinaceous group, one well represented in the avifauna of the United States, it is possible to make the comparisons quite extensive, owing to [Charles] Bendire's exhaustive labors, as seen in his fine quarto volume already spoken of at the beginning of this paper.

1893, R[obert] W[ilson] Shufeldt, “Comparative Oölogy of North American Birds”, in Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Showing the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the Institution for the Year Ending June 30, 1892: Report of the U.S. National Museum (The Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-second Congress; Mis. Doc. 114, part 2), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 473:

The philosophy behind this meeting was to bring together scientists who specialised in the incubation and physiology of avian embryos with those workers interested in reptilian eggs and embryos. Leading authorities within many fields of incubation, oology and embryology were invited to give a presentation reviewing current knowledge within their sphere of research.

1991, D. Charles Deeming, Mark W. J. Ferguson, editors, Egg Incubation: Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page ix:


/ˌtiː ˈθɹiː/

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of triiodothyronine.


jumper

(arachnology, informal) A jumping spider.


fossil

From French fossile, from Latin fossilis (“something which has been dug up”), from fodio (“I dig up”).

der

He draws eclectically on studies of baboons, descriptive anthropological accounts of hunter-gatherer societies and, in a few cases, the fossil record.

2012 March-April, John T. Jost, “Social Justice: Is It in Our Nature (and Our Future)?”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-02-13, page 162:

(paleontology) Any preserved evidence of ancient life, including shells, imprints, burrows, coprolites, and organically-produced chemicals.

фосил

paleontology: any preserved evidence of ancient life


lymph

en-noun

lymph (usually uncountable, plural lymphs)

Borrowing from French lymphe and/or Latin lympha (“clear water”), from Ancient Greek νῠ́μφη (nŭ́mphē, “bride; spring water”). Doublet of nymph.

der

(obsolete, literary) Pure water.
(archaic, botany) The sap of plants.


parental

en-adj

parental (comparative more parental, superlative most parental)

more parental (comparative)
most parental (superlative)

From Middle French parental, from Latin parentālis, from parens (“parent”).

This, following Bateson, we may call the parental generation or P generation. Subsequent generations are called filial generations (abbreviated F) and their numerical order is indicated by a subscript, [...]

1916, William E. Castle, Gregor Mendel, Genetics & Eugenics, page 101:

(genetics) Of the generation of organisms that produce a hybrid.


thorax

From Latin thorax, from Ancient Greek θώραξ (thṓrax, “a breastplate, cuirass, corslet”).

der

Holonym: body

Meronyms: prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax

Comeronyms: head, abdomen

(entomology and arachnology) The middle of three distinct divisions in an insect, crustacean or arachnid body to which the legs are attached.


undated

en-adj

undated (comparative more undated, superlative most undated)

more undated (comparative)
most undated (superlative)

From Latin undatus, past participle of undare (“to rise in waves, to wave, to undulate”).

(botany) Rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a leaf; waved.


polyzoan

polyzoan (comparative more polyzoan, superlative most polyzoan)

more polyzoan (comparative)
most polyzoan (superlative)


polyzoary

en-noun

polyzoary (plural polyzoaries or polyzoaria)

polyzoaries (plural)
polyzoaria (plural)
polyzoarium (alternative)

From New Latin polyzoārium (“polyzoary”).

(zoology) The polypary of such a colony.


polyzoarium

From Latin polyzoārium (“polyzoary”), from polyzoa + -arium.


polyzoic

(zoology) Of a tapeworm, having multiple proglottids.


polyzoic

(zoology) A spore that produces many sporozoites.


napiform

en-adj

napiform (comparative more napiform, superlative most napiform)

more napiform (comparative)
most napiform (superlative)

The primary root is transformed into an^([sic]) perennating storage root, which is tuberous or napiform and then often branched, […]

2007, K. Kubitzki, editor, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, volume IX, page 265:

(botany) Shaped like a turnip; spherical at the top, but with a tapering bottom.


bryozoan

/ˌbɹɑɪəˈzəʊən/

The blanket of bryozoans also blocks out some of the light needed by the blade for photosynthesis.

1991, Martha Holmes, Sea Trek, BBC Books, page 79:

Every microscopic individual in a bryozoan colony is a clone of the original animal that settled on the lake floor, and is a hermaphrodite, both male and female.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 163:

(zoology) A member of the phylum Bryozoa of aquatic, usually colonial invertebrates.


bryozoan

/ˌbɹɑɪəˈzəʊən/


cellule

Borrowed from Latin cellula (“a small apartment”), diminutive of cella.

Their structure in these two species does not resemble that of the cellules.

1984, T.L. Simpson, The Cell Biology of Sponges:


hoary

hoary (comparative hoarier, superlative hoariest)

hoarier (comparative)
hoariest (superlative)

Possibly from Middle English *hori (suggested by horilocket (“hoary-locked, having hoary locks or curls”)), equivalent to hoar + -y. Alternatively, Middle English horilocket may represent Middle English hor (“hoar, hoary”) + ilocket (“locked”) rather than hori (“hoary”) + locket (“locked”).

(botany) Covered with short, dense, greyish white hairs.


bioinformatics

/ˌbaɪəʊˌɪnfəˈmætɪks/

information technology
information technology

(biology, computer science) A field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge into a single discipline to analyse biological information using computers and statistical techniques.

生命情報科学

せいめいじょうほうかがく

情報生命科学

じょうほうせいめいかがく


ulcus

From Latin ulcus (“sore”). Doublet of ulcer.

(palynology) A rounded, pore-like aperture at either pole of a pollen grain.


CK

(biochemistry) Initialism of cytokeratin.

(biochemistry) Initialism of creatine kinase.


petite

Borrowed from French petite f, feminine of petit m (“small, little”).

The primary structure of the mitochondrial genomes of these petites had been previously determined […]

2005, Giorgio Bernardi, Structural and Evolutionary Genomics, page 39:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae#Translingual

(genetics) A mutant first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, forming small colonies when grown in the presence of fermentable carbon sources such as glucose.


erupt

en-verb

erupt (third-person singular simple present erupts, present participle erupting, simple past and past participle erupted)

erupts (present singular third-person)
erupting (participle present)
erupted (participle past)
erupted (past)

From Latin eruptus, past participle of ērumpō (“to break out (of), to burst out (from)”), from e (“out”) + rumpō (“to break”).

After particularly good seasons, flocks "erupt" from their breeding grounds and appear in reed beds where they have not been seen for years, if ever.

1988, Michael Cady, Rob Hume, editors, The Complete Book of British Birds, page 242:

(intransitive, biology) (Of birds, insects, etc.) To suddenly appear in a certain region in large numbers.


ordo

Borrowed from Latin ōrdō. Doublet of order.

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below classis and above familia.


direct flight

(ornithology) A flight where the bird's altitude does not change significantly with each wingbeat.


histone

Borrowed from German Histon, perhaps from Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi, “make stand”) or ἱστός (histós, “loom”).

der

(biochemistry) Any of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin.


histaminase

We suggest, however, that the substance, or system, which produces a change in structure responsible for the loss of physiological activity of histamine be designated histaminase.

1930 December 4, C. H. Best, E. W. McHenry, “The inactivation of histamine”, in The Journal of Physiology:

(biochemistry) A widely occurring flavoprotein enzyme that oxidizes histamine and various diamines.


histamine

en-noun

histamine (countable and uncountable, plural histamines)

histamines (plural)
histamin (alternative)

Mellanby and Twort have isolated from the fæces a bacillus which is able to produce from one of the amino acids normally formed in digestion of proteins a highly active body, histamine.

1913 June 1, Henderson VE, “Res Judicatae: On the Colon and Ileocolotomy”, in The Canadian Medical Association Journal, volume 3, number 6, page 521:

The intake of food triggers a release of histamine, which activates the acid-secreting cells.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 46:

In a strongly ripened cheese, the casein proteins are broken down to amino acids, and the amino acids can be broken down into amines, small molecules that can serve as chemical signals in the human body. Histamine and tyramine are found in large quantities in Cheddar, blue, Swiss, and Dutch-style cheeses, and can cause a rise in blood pressure, headaches, and rashes in people who are especially sensitive to them.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) An amine, C₅H₉N₃, formed by decarboxylation of histidine, that causes dilatation of capillaries, contraction of smooth muscle, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion; it is released during allergic reactions.


histidine

histidines (plural)
histidin (alternative)

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₆H₉N₃O₂ found in most animal proteins; essential for tissue growth and repair.


MRSA

MRSA (usually uncountable, plural MRSAs)

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus#Translingual

(microbiology, medicine) Initialism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; a bacterium responsible for serious infections.

MRSA

initialism or acronym for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus


mandible

mandibles (plural)
mandibula (alternative)

From late Middle English, from Late Latin mandibula (“a jaw”), from mandō (“to chew, masticate”) + -bula (instrument noun suffix).

af

Coordinate term: maxilla

The jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone in mammals and fishes.

Either of the upper and lower segments of a bird's beak.

Any of various invertebrate mouthparts serving to hold or bite food materials.

One of the anterior pair of mouthparts of an arthropod, designed for holding and cutting food.


palmate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-palmate.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin palmātus (“hand-shaped, palm-leaf shaped”), from palma (“palm, palm-tree”). Equivalent to palm + -ate (adjective-forming suffix). Compare French palmé.

lbor

Although palmate leaves are typical of most Western maples, a number of species have leaves without lobes.

(chiefly botany) Having three or more lobes or veins arising from a common point.

длановиден

botany: having three or more lobes or veins arising from a common point

The horse chestnut, buckeye and hickory trees have palmate leaves. That is, the broad oval leaflets are all set around the tip of a common leaf stem, spreading in a circle, like the ribs of a palm leaf fan.

1909, Eleanor Stockhouse Atkinson, “In the Tree Tops”, in The How and Why Library:

(botany, of leaves) Having more than three leaflets arising from a common point, often in the form of a fan.

sormiliuskainen

botany: having more than three leaflets arising from a common point


frond

Borrowed from Latin frons, frond- (“leafy branch”).

(botany) The leaf of a fern, especially a compound leaf.


side chain

side chains (plural)
sidechain (alternative)
side-chain (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of the variable parts of amino acids that extend from the peptide backbone in proteins; they are referred to as R-groups, which branch off the backbone at the alpha carbon (Cα).


dehisce

en-verb

dehisce (third-person singular simple present dehisces, present participle dehiscing, simple past and past participle dehisced)

dehisces (present singular third-person)
dehiscing (participle present)
dehisced (participle past)
dehisced (past)

From Latin de- + hisco (“to split”), from hiare (“to be open”); related to hiatus.

Anthers dehisce when the flower opens.

(intransitive, botany) To burst or split open at definite places, discharging seeds, pollen or similar content.


penicillin

en-noun

penicillin (countable and uncountable, plural penicillins)

From translingual Penicillium + -in. Coined by Alexander Fleming after Penicillium notatum (now Penicillium chrysogenum), a fungus from which penicillin is obtained.

(mycology) A blue mold of the genus Penicillium that produces penicillin.


integrate

en-verb

integrate (third-person singular simple present integrates, present participle integrating, simple past and past participle integrated)

integrates (present singular third-person)
integrating (participle present)
integrated (participle past)
integrated (past)

/ˈɪn.təˌɡɹeɪt/

/ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡɹæɪt/

Borrowed from Latin integrātus, perfect participle of integrō (“I make whole, I renew, I repair, I begin again”), from integer (“whole, fresh”); see integer, integral.

(genetics) To combine compatible elements in order to incorporate them.


alginic acid

For the long-stalked kelps that sway in dusky forests just below the level of the spring tides, survival in the surf zone is largely a matter of chemistry. Their tissues contain large amounts of alginic acid and its salts, which create a tensile strength and elasticity able to withstand the pulling and pounding of the waves.

1955, Rachel Carson, chapter 2, in The Edge of the Sea, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 17:

(biochemistry) An insoluble colloidal acid (C₆H₈O₆)ₙ that in the form of its salts is a constituent of the cell walls of brown algae and is used as a food additive.


ascorbic acid

(biochemistry) A white crystalline organic compound, C₆H₈O₆, found in citrus fruits and many vegetables; it is an antioxidant and an efficient scavenger of free radicals.

àcid ascòrbic

the white crystalline organic compound, C6H8O6


aspartic acid

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, L-α-amino-succinic acid, aminobutanedioic acid, found in animal protein and in sugar beet etc (C₄H₇NO₄).


citric acid cycle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-citric acid cycle.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

檸檬酸循環 /柠檬酸循环

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


Krebs cycle

Named after German biochemist and physician Hans Adolf Krebs.

named-after

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms, involving the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units, and serving as the main source of cellular energy.

克雷伯氏循環 /克雷伯氏循环

series of enzymatic reactions — see also citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


furcula

(ornithology) The forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles in birds, the wishbone or merrythought.

（鳥的）鎖骨

forked bone in birds — see also wishbone

In essence, a furcula is a long, rigid stick, held underneath the body at high tension. When the springtail releases that pressure, the stick pushes down into the ground, or even the water's surface, like an upside-down medieval catapult, firing the springtail into the air in a semi-controlled manner.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 215:

(entomology) The (two-pronged) forked, somewhat tail-like organ held bent forward and secured by a catch beneath most species of Collembola (springtails), with which they jump by releasing the catch abruptly when alarmed.


cholic acid

en-noun

cholic acid (countable and uncountable, plural cholic acids)

Mid 19th century, from Greek kholikos, from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”).

(biochemistry) a steroidal bile acid, C₂₄H₄₀O₅, derived from cholesterol

(countable, biochemistry) Synonym of bile acid


steroidal

(biochemistry) Of, being, or derived from a steroid.


steroid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins; many drugs are synthetic steroids.


cartilaginous

en-adj

cartilaginous (comparative more cartilaginous, superlative most cartilaginous)

more cartilaginous (comparative)
most cartilaginous (superlative)
cartilagenous (alternative)
cartilagineous (alternative)
cartiliginous (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin cartilāginōsus (“full of cartilage, very gristly”), from cartilāgō (“cartilage, gristle”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”); compare French cartilagineux. Equivalent to cartilage + -ous, with modifications made to its morphology.

af

Cartilaginous fish such as the angler fish have a skeletal structure made up of cartilage.

[T]here are other Bodies beſides Shells found in the Earth, reſembling the Teeth and Bones of ſome Fiſhes, […] the Vertebres of Thornbacks and other Cartilagineous Fiſhes there found, and ſold for Stones among the Gloſſopetræ, […]

1692, John Ray, “Of Formed Stones, Sea-shells, and Other Marine-like Bodies Found at Great Distances from the Shores?”, in Miscellaneous Discourses Concerning the Dissolution and Changes of the World. […], London: […] Samuel Smith, […], →OCLC, page 109:

(anatomy) Comprising soft cartilage rather than bone.

(zoology, of a vertebrate animal) Having a skeleton of cartilage.

(mycology) Having a tough or fibrous texture, usually in reference to a mushroom stipe.

rustoinen

mycology: having tough or fibrous texture


macromolecule

Beadle discovered that genes carried instructions to build proteins—complex, multidimensional macromolecules that were the workhorses of the cell.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 345:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins).


synecology

en-noun

synecology (usually uncountable, plural synecologies)

(ecology) One of two broad subdivisions of ecology (the other being autecology), meaning the study of groups of organisms associated as a unit (essentially a biological community).

synekologia

one of two broad subdivisions of ecology (the other being autecology), meaning the study of groups of organisms associated as a unit (essentially a biological community)


determinate

From Middle English determinate, determynat, determinat, from Latin dēterminātus, perfect passive participle of dēterminō (“I limit, set bounds”), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more.

(biology) Of growth: ending once a genetically predetermined structure has formed.


unsaturated fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid (plural unsaturated fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as oleic acid, that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

a fatty acid that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

put-páu-hô chi-hông-sng, put-páu-hô chí-hông-sng


cholesterol

cholesterol (countable and uncountable, plural cholesterols)

cholesterols (plural)
cholest. (alternative)
cholesterin (alternative)
cholesterine (alternative)

(biochemistry) A sterol lipid synthesized by the liver and transported in the bloodstream to the membranes of all animal cells; it plays a central role in many biochemical processes and, as a lipoprotein that coats the walls of blood vessels, is associated with cardiovascular disease.

كُولِسْتِرُول

an essential component of mammalian cell membranes


sterol

From 1913; back-formation of cholesterol.

Sterols are found in all animal and plant tissue and play an important role in hormone chemistry.

Research into marine sterols falls neatly into three chronological periods.

1973, Paul J. Scheuer, Chemistry Of Marine Natural Products, Academic Press, page 58:

1989, Alain Rahier, Pierre Benveniste, 11: Mass Spectral Identification of Phytosterols, W. David Nes, Edward J. Parish (editors), Analysis of Sterols and Other Biologically Significant Steroids, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Academic Press), page 223,
Mass spectrometry (MS) and particularly the combination of mass spectrometry with gas spectrometry (GS/MS) has become an indispensable method for studying plant sterols and their biosynthesis.

The third major class of lipids is sterols. Sitosterol and stigmasterol are the major sterols found in plant membranes whereas cholesterol and ergosterol are found in small quantities. The primary sterol of yeast and other fungi is ergosterol Several sterol derivatives are found in nature.

1993, H. R. Petty, Molecular Biology of Membranes, Plenum Press, page 14:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any steroid that contains a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring.


gibberellic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound, one of the gibberellins, obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, that functions as a growth hormone in plants.


gibberellin

gibberellin (countable and uncountable, plural gibberellins)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of diterpene plant growth hormones first isolated from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi.


glutamic acid

monosodium glutamate
monosodium glutamate

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, α-amino-glutaric acid, occurring widely in animal and plant tissues; the salt, monosodium glutamate is used as a flavour-enhancing seasoning.

àcid glutàmic

the nonessential amino acid (α-amino-glutaric acid)


tryptophan

tryptophan (countable and uncountable, plural tryptophans)

From German Tryptophan, from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to appear”).

der

The quickest way to raise serotonin levels again is to send more tryptophan into the brain, because serotonin is made from tryptophan.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 169:

Tryptophan is an amino acid found in many foods, including dairy and turkey, which is one of the reasons commonly given for why so many of us feel so sleepy after our Thanksgiving feasts.

2020 December 10, Anahad O’Connor, “How Foods May Affect Our Sleep”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid with an indole side chain; present in many foods, especially chocolate, oats, banana and milk; it is essential for normal growth and development and is the precursor of serotonin and niacin; any specific form of this compound, or any derivative of it.


hypo

en-noun

hypo (countable and uncountable, plural hypos)

Clipping of various terms beginning with hypo-, from Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”).

(informal, zoology) A hypomelanistic snake.


tabulation

tabulation (countable and uncountable, plural tabulations)

(biology) The pattern of plates on a dinoflagellate


photosynthesis

photosynthesis (usually uncountable, plural photosyntheses)

[ˌfəʊ.tʰəʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

[ˌfŏʊ.ɾoʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

ışık yardımı ile besin biriktirme süreci

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any process by which plants and other photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.

principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

also, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, used by purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria, and acidobacteria.


aspis

As might be expected, characters of the aspides themselves are not of much value in pollen identification, but they are easily recognized and many three-pored, aspidate grains are broadly categorized as "betuloid" in studies of airborne pollen.

1974, Eugene Cecil Ogden, Manual for Sampling Airborne Pollen, →ISBN, page 128:

(palynology) A prominent ring of thickened exine around a pore on a pollen grain


ANA

anti-nuclear antibody
anti-nuclear antibody#English

(biology) Initialism of anti-nuclear antibody.


frass

frass (countable and uncountable, plural frasses)

(entomology) The droppings or excrement of insect larvae.


indoleacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) an auxin plant hormone, synthesized in leaves, that stimulates growth, especially in the presence of ethylene


transacetylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from one molecule to another. It is produced by the ‘a’ structural gene of the lac operon.


coenzyme A

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A coenzyme, formed from pantothenic acid and adenosine triphosphate, that is necessary for fatty acid synthesis and metabolism.


coenzyme

(biochemistry) Any small molecule that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.


pantothenic acid

(biochemistry) A water-soluble antioxidant vitamin, 3-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido]propanoic acid needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; it is found in cereals, legumes, meat and other foods


adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide that is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions, in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and as a neurotransmitter recognized by purinergic receptors.


transaminase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination.

轉氨酶 /转氨酶

biochemistry: any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination


transamination

transamination (countable and uncountable, plural transaminations)

(biochemistry) the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to another molecule


loop

From Middle English loupe (“noose, loop”), earlier lowp-knot (“loop-knot”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse hlaup (“a run”), used in the sense of a "running knot", from hlaupa (“to leap”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną (“to leap, run”). Compare Swedish löp-knut (“loop-knot”), Danish løb-knude (“a running knot”), Danish løb (“a course”). More at leap. The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(biochemistry) A flexible region in a protein's secondary structure.


abruptly-pinnate

(botany) pinnate with a pair of leaflets at the apex


even-pinnate

(botany) pinnate with an even number of leaflets at the apex


imparipinnate

Borrowed from Latin impar (“unequal”) + English pinnate.

(botany) pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex


odd-pinnate

(botany) pinnate with a single leaflets at the apex


pachyderm

From French pachyderme, equivalent to pachy- (“thick”) + -derm (“skin”).

(obsolete, zoology) A member of the obsolete taxonomic order Pachydermata, grouping of thick-skinned, hoofed animals such as the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, elephant and tapir.


summit

PIE word
 *upó
The noun is derived from Late Middle English somet, somete (“head, top”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman sumet and Middle French sommet (masculine), somete, sommette (“top of a thing; highest point of a mountain”) (feminine) (modern French sommet), from Old French somet, sommette, from som, sum (“highest point, summit”) + -et (suffix forming diminutive masculine nouns), -ete, -ette (suffix forming diminutive feminine nouns). Som, sum are derived from Latin summum (“top, summit”), a noun use of the neuter of summus (“greatest, highest; top, uppermost”, adjective) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upó (“below, under”) + *-m̥mós, *-tm̥mós (“suffix forming superlative adjectives”)). The modern English spelling was influenced by summity (“height or top of a thing; utmost degree, perfection”) (obsolete).
The verb is derived from the noun.

anther

The topmost point or surface of a thing; the apex, the peak.

(botany) Synonym of anther (“the pollen-bearing part of the stamen of a flower”); also (rare), synonym of stigma (“the sticky part of a flower that receives pollen during pollination”)


transcribe

en-verb

transcribe (third-person singular simple present transcribes, present participle transcribing, simple past and past participle transcribed)

transcribes (present singular third-person)
transcribing (participle present)
transcribed (participle past)
transcribed (past)

Learned borrowing from Latin trānscrībere (“to write again in another place, transcribe, copy”).

lbor

(biochemistry) To cause DNA to undergo transcription.

transkriboida

biology: to cause to undergo transcription


patent

en-adj

patent (comparative more patent, superlative most patent)

more patent (comparative)
most patent (superlative)

From Middle English patent, patente (“wide open; clear, unobstructed; unlimited; of a document: available for public inspection”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman and Middle French patent (modern French patent), and directly from their etymon Latin patēns (“open; accessible, passable; evident, manifest; exposed, vulnerable”), the present active participle of pateō (“to be open; to be accessible, attainable; to be exposed, vulnerable; of frontiers or land: to extent, increase”), from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out; to fly”).

der

[ˈpʰæ̝ʔn̩t̚]

[ˈpʰe̞ɪʔn̩t̚]

(medicine, veterinary medicine) Of an infection: in the phase when the organism causing it can be detected by clinical tests.

(botany) Of a branch, leaf, etc.: outspread; also, spreading at right angles to the axis.


transcriptase

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to RNA.


reverse transcriptase

en-noun

reverse transcriptase (plural reverse transcriptases)

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.


polymerase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the formation of polymers of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of RNA or DNA respectively as a template.

聚合酶

enzyme that catalyses the formation of polymers


transcription

transcription (countable and uncountable, plural transcriptions)

From Middle French transcription, or directly from Latin transcriptiōnem, from trānscrībō (“transcribe”).

The process in which the DNA molecule unwinds, separates its two polynucleotide strands, and synthesizes an RNA molecule from one of these DNA strands is called transcription. Genes transcribe chemical messages in the form of RNA molecules. Transcription begins at some site in the DNA duplex and ends at some other point.

2001, Richard Kowles, Solving Problems in Genetics, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 315:

(genetics) The synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA.


messenger RNA

In the past, RNA did not get this kind of respect. The central dogma of biology has been that DNA makes messenger RNA, messenger RNA makes proteins, and proteins do everything else that needs to be done in a living cell.

2006 June 20, Nicholas Wade, “DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) RNA that encodes and carries information from DNA during transcription to sites of protein synthesis to undergo translation in order to yield a protein.


claw

From Middle English clawe, from Old English clawu, from Proto-Germanic *klawō. Compare West Frisian klau, Dutch klauw, German Klaue, Danish klo, Norwegian klo, and Swedish klo.

a narrow base, as the petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short

1857, Asa Gray, First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology:

(botany) A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, such as the base of petals of the pink.


transduce

en-verb

transduce (third-person singular simple present transduces, present participle transducing, simple past and past participle transduced)

transduces (present singular third-person)
transducing (participle present)
transduced (participle past)
transduced (past)

1949, back-formation of transducer, from Latin trānsdūcō, from Latin trans (“across”, preposition) + dūcō (“lead, guide”).

After the transducing phage DNA is introduced into the recipient cell genome, the cell acquires, in addition to phage genes, genetic information that originated from the phage's previous host. Thus, in specialized transduction, the phage serves as a vector for transferring genes from one cell to another; only cellular genes that are close to the viral genome integration site are transducible by this mechanism.

1991, Maxine Singer, Paul Berg, Genes And Genomes, →ISBN:

(transitive, biology) To transfer or copy genetic material from one cell or virus into another.


bacterial

[bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ]

[The researchers] noticed many of their pieces of [plastic marine] debris sported surface pits around two microns across. Such pits are about the size of a bacterial cell. Closer examination showed that some of these pits did, indeed, contain bacteria, […].

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

(microbiology) Of, relating to, or caused by bacteria.


bacterio-

bacter- (alternative)
bacteri- (alternative)


bacteriology

en-noun

bacteriology (usually uncountable, plural bacteriologies)

/bækˌtɪəɹ.ɪˈɒləd͡ʒi/

(biology, microbiology) The scientific study of bacteria, especially in relation to disease and agriculture.


microbiology

/ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/

(biology) The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, especially their effects on man and other living organisms.

mikrobiologji

branch of biology dealing with microorganisms


transduction

transduction (countable and uncountable, plural transductions)

1650s, Latin transductionem, form of Latin trānsdūcō (“lead across”). By surface analysis, transduce + -tion.

(biology) The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another typically between bacterial cells, and typically via a bacteriophage or pilus.


transferase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a functional group, such as amine or phosphate from one molecule to another.

transferasa

enzyme which catalyses the transfer of a functional group


transferrin

transferrin (countable and uncountable, plural transferrins)

Coordinate term: ferritin (key protein of intracellular iron storage)

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, a beta globulin, in blood serum that combines with and transports iron.


transformant

(biology) a cell (bacteria, fungus, yeast or plant) into which foreign DNA has been introduced


transformity

transformity (countable and uncountable, plural transformities)

Transformity increases with the increase in temperature between cold and hot reservoirs.

2001, Emerging Technologies in Airconditioning and Refrigeration, page 46:

Boggess (1994), studying the circulation of phosphorus in a Florida watershed, showed how the transformity zone of money circulation and market prices overlapped only the higher transformities of the circulation of phosphorus.

2004, Christina Howells, French Women Philosophers: A Contemporary Reader:

When an ecological network is expressed as a series of energy flows and transformation steps where the transformation steps are represented as Lindeman efficiencies, the resulting transformities represent trophic convergence and a measure of the amount of solar energy required to produce each level in the hierarchy.

2016, Sven E. Jørgensen, Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, page 100:

(ecology, thermodynamics) The ratio of emergy to available energy.


emergy

(ecology) the total energy used in the life cycle of some product; the available energy of one kind that has to be used up directly and indirectly to make a product or service.


transhydrogenase

(biochemistry) A mitochondrial enzyme that transports protons across a cell membrane.


mitochondrial

Sperm pass on none of their mitochondria during conception, so all mitochondrial information is transferred from generation to generation through mothers alone.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 329:

(cytology) Of, or relating to mitochondria.


Batesian mimicry

(biology) The resemblance of one or more non-poisonous species to a poisonous species, for example, the scarlet king snake and the coral snake.

貝氏擬態 /贝氏拟态

resemblance of a non-poisonous species to a poisonous one


palp

* (verb): From French palper.
* (noun): From New Latin palpus (“a feeler”).
* Both ultimately from Latin palpō (“to stroke, touch softly, feel”).

der

Below her formidable eyes her fangs are flanked by limb-like mouthparts: her palps, coloured a startling white like a quivering moustache.

2015, Adrian Tchaikovsky, Children of Time, Pan Books (2016), page 20:


DA

en-noun

DA (countable and uncountable, plural DAs or DA's)


digitigrade

/ˈdɪdʒɪtɪˌɡɹeɪd/

/ˈdɪd͡ʒətəɡɹeɪd/

From French digitigrade, from Latin digitus (“finger, toe, digit”) + -grade (“gait”); compare New Latin digitigradus.

(zoology) Of an animal: walking on the toes, putting the weight of the body mainly on the ball of the foot, with the back of the foot, or heel, raised.

(zoology) Of feet or a manner of walking: of, resembling, or pertaining to that of a digitigrade animal.

(zoology, specifically) Belonging to the Digitigrada of the taxonomic order Carnivora.


digitigrade

/ˈdɪdʒɪtɪˌɡɹeɪd/

/ˈdɪd͡ʒətəɡɹeɪd/

(zoology, chiefly in the plural) A digitigrade animal; an animal that walks on its toes, such as a cat or a dog.


plantigrade

[ˈpleə̯ɾ̃əˌɡɹeɪ̯d]

From French plantigrade, from Latin planta (“sole of the foot”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₂-n̥t-eh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”)) + -grade, from Latin gradus (“pace, step”).

(zoology) Of an animal: walking with the entire sole of the foot on the ground.


plantigrade

[ˈpleə̯ɾ̃əˌɡɹeɪ̯d]

(zoology) A plantigrade animal; an animal that walks with the entire sole of the foot on the ground.


abstrict

en-verb

abstrict (third-person singular simple present abstricts, present participle abstricting, simple past and past participle abstricted)

abstricts (present singular third-person)
abstricting (participle present)
abstricted (participle past)
abstricted (past)

From Latin ab (“by”) + stringō (“to draw tight”)

(transitive, biology, mycology) To cut off, as in abstriction; abjoint


amplification

en-noun

amplification (countable and uncountable, plural amplifications)

From Latin amplificātiō, from amplificō (“I amplify”); see amplify.
Etymology tree
Latin amplus
Latin -ficō
Latin amplificō
Latin -tiō
Latin amplificātiōlbor.
English amplification

etymon

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(genetics) The using of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for isolating and exponentially amplifying a fragment or sequence of DNA.


microcosm

From French microcosme, from Latin microcosmus, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + κόσμος (kósmos, “universe, order”); micro- + -cosm.

The method is relatively labour intensive (24-30 microcosms are run) and more difficult to interpret when compared with other microcosm methods (Shannon et al. 1986; Cairns & Cherry 1993).

2009, Jerry C. Smrchek, Maurice G. Zeeman, Chapter 3: Assessing Risks to Ecological Systems from Chemicals, Peter P. Calow (editor), Handbook of Environmental Risk Assessment and Management, page 53

(ecology) A small natural ecosystem; an artificial ecosystem set up as an experimental model.


translational

translational regulation

Relating to translation, in its various senses:

(genetics) Relating to the process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins.

transzlációs

relating to the process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins


translocate

en-verb

translocate (third-person singular simple present translocates, present participle translocating, simple past and past participle translocated)

translocates (present singular third-person)
translocating (participle present)
translocated (participle past)
translocated (past)

(genetics, transitive, of a chromosomal segment) To cause to undergo translocation.

(biochemistry, transitive) To cause to undergo translocation, usually a transition through a membrane.


rib

From Middle English rib, ribbe, from Old English ribb (“rib”), from Proto-West Germanic *ribi, from Proto-Germanic *ribją (“rib, reef”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ- (“arch, ceiling, cover”).
Cognate with Dutch rib (“rib”), Norwegian ribbe (“sparerib”), Norwegian ribben (“rib”), Low German ribbe (“rib”), German Rippe (“rib”), Old Norse rif (“rib, reef”), Serbo-Croatian rèbro (“rib”).
(wife or woman): In reference to the creation of Eve from Adam's rib in the Bible.

der

(botany) The main, or any of the prominent veins of a leaf.


rib

From Middle English ribbe, from Old English ribbe (“hound's-tongue”).

(botany) Hound's-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale).

Tanacetum balsamita
Tanacetum balsamita#Translingual

(botany) Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita).

Nasturtium officinale
Nasturtium officinale#Translingual

(botany) Watercress (Nasturtium officinale).


threatened

en-adj

threatened (comparative more threatened, superlative most threatened)

more threatened (comparative)
most threatened (superlative)

It is particularly desirable to obtain photographs of rural stations, both with and without a train, in view of the threatened wholesale closure of unremunerative branches throughout the country.

1952 February, H. C. Casserley, “Permanent Wayfarings”, in Railway Magazine, page 78:

(especially ecology, of an organism) At risk of becoming endangered in the near future.


transpiration

en-noun

transpiration (countable and uncountable, plural transpirations)

Borrowed from Middle French transpiration, from Medieval Latin transpiratio, from transpiro, from Latin trans + spiro.

(botany) The loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants, especially through the stomata; accompanied by a corresponding uptake from the roots.

蒸騰 /蒸腾

botany: the loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants


transposase

transposase (countable and uncountable, plural transposases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for the transposition of transposons


transposon

2002, Ahmet Ipek, Introduction of an Ac/Ds Based Two-element Transposon Tagging System and Trans-activation of Ds in Carrot (Daucus Carota L.), University of Wisconsin–Madison, page 44,
Transposon tagging is a powerful technique to identify and clone genes. The successful application of transposon tagging requires previous identification and cloning of a transposon in the species under consideration.

An alternative approach to the use of retroviruses was to use a DNA transposon to integrate DNA into zebrafish chromosomes.

2003, Karl J. Clark, The Development of Sleeping Beauty Gene-trap Transposons for Insertional Mutagenesis of Vertebrates, University of Minnesota, page 7:

Our genome also contains stretches of genetic material called transposons that, at least in some cases, are thought to have been introduced long ago by viruses.

2018 March 26, Nicola Davis, “The human microbiome: why our microbes could be key to our health”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) A segment of DNA that can move to a different position within a genome, or to the genome of another species.

轉座子 /转座子

segment of DNA that can move to a different position within a genome, or to another genome


trivium

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from Latin trivium.

(zoology) The three anterior ambulacra of echinoderms, collectively.


reproduce

en-verb

reproduce (third-person singular simple present reproduces, present participle reproducing, simple past and past participle reproduced)

reproduces (present singular third-person)
reproducing (participle present)
reproduced (participle past)
reproduced (past)

/ˌɹiː.pɹəˈd͡ʒuːs/

The 12-page ruling notes that “Marriage is when a man and a woman are willing to live together, to build a husband and wife relationship to reproduce their offspring […] . Marriage is, therefore, reserved for only a man and a woman.” Other parts in the verdict also mention that members of the LGBTQIA+ community cannot reproduce, as it is against nature, and that people of those communities are no different to other animals with strange behaviours or physical features.

2021 December 3, Thai PBS, “Constitutional Court’s full verdict enrages LGBT community, rights defenders”, in Thai PBS World, Bangkok: Thai Public Broadcasting Service, retrieved 2021-12-04:

(transitive or intransitive, biology) To generate or propagate offspring or organisms sexually or asexually.


compartment

First attested 1564, from Middle French compartiment, from Italian compartimento, from Late Latin compartiri (“to divide with, to share with”), from com- + partiri (“to apportion, to divide, to share”).

der

(biochemistry) The part of a protein that serves a specific function.


gynogenesis

(biology) Female parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only maternal chromosomes due to the failure of the sperm to fuse with the egg nucleus.


labiate

en-adj

labiate (comparative more labiate, superlative most labiate)

more labiate (comparative)
most labiate (superlative)

(botany, of flowers such as the snapdragon) Having the corolla divided into two liplike parts.

huulimainen

having corolla divided into two liplike parts

(botany) of, or belonging to the mint family (Labiatae, now Lamiaceae).


labiate

(botany) A plant of the mint family (Labiatae)


lancer

(entomology) Any of various Asian hesperiid butterflies of the genus Plastingia.


coverage

en-noun

coverage (countable and uncountable, plural coverages)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Latin operiō
Latin cooperiō
Old French covrirbor.
Middle English coveren
English cover
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātus
Proto-Italic *-kos
Latin -cus
Latin -icus
Latin -āticus
Latin -āticum
Old French -agebor.
Middle English -age
English -age
English coverage
From cover + -age. First attested in 1912. Compare Middle English coverage (“a charge for having or stall or booth at a fair”).

cog

(genetics) The average number of reads representing a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence.

couverture

(genetics) average number of reads representing a given nucleotide


giddy

en-adj

giddy (comparative giddier, superlative giddiest)

giddier (comparative)
giddiest (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English gidi, gedy, gydy (“demonically controlled or possessed; crazy, insane; foolish, idiotic, ridiculous, unwise; unsure; (rare) dizzy, shaky; (rare) of an animal: crazed, out of control; a fool”) [and other forms], from Old English gidiġ, gydiġ (“possessed by a demon or spirit, insane, mad”), from Proto-West Germanic *gudīg (“ghostly, spirited”, literally “possessed by a god or spirit”), from *god (“god”) + *-ig, *-g (suffix forming adjectives with the senses of being, doing, or having). The English word is analysable as god + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’, forming adjectives).
The noun and the verb are derived from the adjective.

nb...

gedi, gidie, gidy, gudi, gudiʒe, guidi, guydi, gydi, gydie

лекомислен

unable to concentrate or think seriously; easily excited — see also impulsive

лекомислен

lightheartedly silly — see also frivolous

(British, dialectal, agriculture, veterinary medicine) Of an animal, chiefly a sheep: affected by gid (“a disease caused by parasitic infestation of the brain by tapeworm larvae”), which may result in the animal turning around aimlessly.

pyörimistautia poteva

of an animal, chiefly a sheep: affected by gid


giddy

(British, agriculture, veterinary medicine) Synonym of gid (“a disease caused by parasitic infestation of the brain by tapeworm larvae”)


nicotinic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; together with nicotinamide is a part of the vitamin B complex

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


folic acid

From Latin folium (“leaf”), from its occurrence in leafy vegetables.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid, one of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction

azido foliko

vitamin B9, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid

folate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


folate

From folic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A salt or ester of folic acid, especially one present in the vitamin B complex.


bower

From Middle English bour, from Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būrą (“room, abode”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Búur (“storage room, utility room; cage”), German Bauer (“birdcage”), Old Norse búr (“cage”) (Danish bur, Norwegian Bokmål bur, Swedish bur).

cog

(ornithology) A large structure made of grass, twigs, etc., and decorated with bright objects, used by male bower birds during courtship displays.

Laube

(ornithology) A large structure made of grass and bright objects


essential fatty acid

en-noun

essential fatty acid (plural essential fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) any fatty acid required for human metabolism that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet; originally designated as vitamin F


thanatosis

thanatosis (usually uncountable, plural thanatoses)

From New Latin; by surface analysis, thanato- + -osis.


trivalent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-trivalent.wav


testis

(biology) An analogous gland in invertebrates such as the hydra.


hodology

(biology) In brain physiology, the study of the interconnections of brain cells.


texture

texture (countable and uncountable, plural textures)

/ˈtɛkʃt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

Borrowed from Middle French texture, borrowed from Latin textūra (“a weaving, web, texture, structure”), from textus, past participle of texere (“to weave”). See text. Doublet of tessitura.


Gaia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Γαῖᾰ (Gaîă, “Gaea, the Earth personified as a goddess”), from γαῖᾰ (gaîă, “the Earth”), probably related to γῆ (gê, “earth, land; country”).
Sense 1 was coined by the British scientist, environmentalist, and futurist James Lovelock (born 1919) in his book Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (1979), at the suggestion of the British novelist, playwright, and poet William Golding (1911–1993): see the quotation.

bor

[page 1] As I write, two Viking spacecraft are circling our fellow planet Mars, awaiting landfall instructions from the Earth. Their mission is to search for life, or evidence of life, now or long ago. This book is also about a search for life, and the quest for Gaia is an attempt to find the largest living creature on Earth. […] [I]f Gaia does exist, then we may find ourselves and all other living things to be parts and partners of a vast being who in her entirety has the power to maintain our planet as a fit and comfortable habitat for life. […] [page 11] We have since defined Gaia as a complex entity involving the Earth's biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet.

1979, J[ames] E[phraim] Lovelock, “Introductory”, in Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 1 and 11:

If we are all—from the lowliest microorganism to the largest whale—a part of Gaia, then we are all potentially important to its well-being. Therefore, the ecologists who deplore the elimination of a species are not merely appealing to our sentiment. They are warning us, often without knowing it, about a blind and dangerous tinkering with the mechanism of the world. It is not enough just to regret the extinction of a whale, or even of the smallpox virus. When we delete one of these from Gaia's catalog, we may have destroyed part of ourselves. We are also a part of Gaia.

1980 July, James E. Lovelock, “Living Planet Earth”, in Omni, volume 2, number 10, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 124, column 3:

In fact Planet Earth can be seen as an active participant in the creation of its own story, a living being now given the name Gaia, a name from Greek mythology for the goddess of earth. […] The very ability to perceive of the earth as living, as Gaia, is an indication of the expansion of consciousness that humanity as a whole is experiencing.

1983, David Hoffmann, “The Holistic Approach”, in The Holistic Herbal: A Herbal Celebrating the Wholeness of Life, Findhorn, Moray, Scotland: Findhorn, →ISBN; Holistic Herbal: A Safe and Practical Guide to Making and Using Herbal Remedies, 3rd edition, London: Thorsons, HarperCollins Publishers, 2002, →ISBN, page 13:

Having recognised the Gaian phenomenon I would like to explain where I think Gaia comes from and ask for how long this Gaia phenomenon has persisted on the surface of the Earth. And then I would like to raise some of the objections to the Gaia hypothesis. To my knowledge the Gaia hypothesis has never been discussed in polite scientific society by sympathetic scientists; this is an all time first.

1988, Lynn Margulis, “Jim Lovelock’s Gaia”, in Peter Bunyard, Edward Goldsmith, editors, Gaia, the Thesis, the Mechanisms and the Implications: Proceedings of the First Annual Camelford Conference on the Implications of the Gaia Hypothesis, held on 21–24th October 1987 in Cornwall, Camelford, Cornwall: Wadebridge Ecological Centre, →ISBN, page 50:

Meanwhile, mankind is getting on with the business of turning the Earth barren; sooner or later, but more likely sooner, Gaia will shrug us off and the Earth will carry on as if we had never been.

2003 September 13, Nicholas Lezard, “The importance of being wrong”, in The Guardian, retrieved 2021-05-19:

At first, Lovelock didn’t view global warming as an urgent threat to the planet. “Gaia is a tough bitch,” he often said[…] But a few years ago[…] Lovelock became convinced that Gaia’s autopilot system[…]is seriously out of whack, derailed by pollution and deforestation.

2007 November 1, Jeff Goodell, “James Lovelock, the Prophet”, in Rolling Stone:

(ecology) The ecosystem of the Earth regarded as a self-regulating superorganism.

غَايَا

the ecosystem of the Earth regarded as a self-regulating organism


pubescent

en-adj

pubescent (comparative more pubescent, superlative most pubescent)

more pubescent (comparative)
most pubescent (superlative)

From Middle French pubescent, from Latin pubescens (“to become hairy, downy, or an adult”).

uder

(botany, zoology) Covered with down or fine hairs.


nanodomain

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nanodomain.wav

(biochemistry) In reference calcium signalling, is where the calcium-binding proteins (or "sensors") are located within a few nanometers of an open calcium channel.


picked

en-adj

picked (comparative more picked, superlative most picked)

more picked (comparative)
most picked (superlative)

the picked dogfish

(zoology, of fishes) Having a pike or spine on the back.


yahoo

From Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, where Yahoo is the name of a race of brutes.

1835, James Holman, Travels, quoted by Malcolm Smith, Bunyips and Bigfoots (Millennium Books, 1996, →ISBN), who notes that the Australian sense almost certainly derives from Gulliver's Travels, despite Holman's report
The natives are greatly terrrified by the sight of a person in a mask calling him "devil" or Yah-hoo, which signifies evil spirit.

1985, Michael Raynal, Yahoos in the Bahamas: Cryptozoology, volume 4:

(cryptozoology) A humanoid cryptid said to exist in parts of eastern Australia, and also reported in the Bahamas.


EA

en-noun

EA (countable and uncountable, plural EAs)

evolutionary algorithm
evolutionary algorithm#English

(computing, biology) Initialism of evolutionary algorithm.


duffer

Cognate with duff, which see (origin is uncertain).

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Discophora.


hebbosome

From Hebb + -o- + -some; named after Donald Hebb by Professor Seth Grant.

(biology) A multiprotein complex responsible for the detection of patterns of neuronal activity, and the conversion of the information represented by this activity into biological changes within the cell (neurone).


cycloid

(zoology, of fish scales) Thin and rounded, with smooth edges.


virid

PIE word
 *wisós
Either:
* from virus + -id (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives and nouns); or
* from translingual viridae (“grouping of viruses”) + English -id; viridae is derived from Latin virus (“poison; venom; (New Latin) virus (infectious organism)”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime”)) + translingual -idae (suffix forming names of families of animals).

cog

(virology, chiefly in the plural) Any of a group of related viruses.


reseda

From French réséda, from Latin resēda, said by Pliny the Elder (23–79 C.E.) to be from resēdāre (“to soothe”), from re- (“again”) + sēdāre (“to assuage, calm”)), an allusion to the healing properties of the plant.

Reſeda […] An herbe that hath a ſtalke like knots and joynts, a leafe like a nettle, and white in the middle.

[1640, John Rider, Francis Holy-Oke [i.e., Francis Holyoake], “Reseda”, in Riders Dictionarie, Corrected and Augmented with the Addition of Many Hundred Words Both out of the Law, and out of the Latine, French, and Other Languages, such as Were and Are with Us in Common Use, but Never Printed till Now, to the Perfecting of the Worke. …, London: Imprinted by Felix Kingston for Iohn Waterson, →OCLC:

This genus of plants, of which we have twelve species, was named Reseda by the ancients, from resedare to assuage, because some of the species were esteemed good for mitigating pains; and we learn from Pliny, that the Reseda was considered to possess even the power of charming away many disorders. He tells us […] that when it was used to resolve swellings, or to assuage inflammations, it was the custom to repeat the following words, thrice spitting on the ground at each repetition:— / "Reseda, cause these maladies to cease: knowest thou, knowest thou, who hath driven these pullets here? Let the roots have neither head nor foot."

1850 September, “Flora Historica” [pseudonym], “MIGNONETTE.—RESEDA ODORATA.”, in Joseph Harrison, editor, The Floricultural Cabinet, and Florists’ Magazine, volume XVIII, number 45 (New Series), London: Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria Lane, →OCLC, page 223:

A little work on bees which I read some time ago, states that bees collect pollen only on flowers of the same species, in order not to mix the pollen of different flowers together, and I have several times observed this statement as perfectly true during the time when resedas, roses, and geraniums adorned a bed close to a bee-hive. The same bee or humble-bee which had been on a reseda would only visit resedas, another only geraniums, &c.

1877, “Blanche”, “[Notes and Queries.] Fertilization of Flowers.”, in J[ohn] E[llor] Taylor, editor, Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip: An Illustrated Medium of Interchange and Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature, volume XIII, London: Hardwicke & Bogue, 192, Piccadilly, →OCLC, page 21:

Reseda luteola
Reseda luteola#Translingual

Reseda odorata
Reseda odorata#Translingual

(botany) Any of various plants of the genus Reseda having small, pale grayish green flowers, such as dyer's rocket (Reseda luteola) and mignonette (Reseda odorata).

About the middle of this month, if the ſeaſon proves favourable, you may plant out your hardy annuals, ſuch as Marvel of Peru, Sweet Sultan, China After or Starwort, Sweet Reſeda called Mignonette d'Egypt, French and African Marigolds, Female Balſamine, Capſicum, Brown Jolly, and ſeveral other ſorts, which, if artfully diſpoſed, will afford an agreeable pleaſure, after the beauty of ſpring is paſt; […]

1757, Philip Miller, “May”, in The Gardeners Kalendar; Directing what Works are Necessary to be Done Every Month in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleasure-Gardens, as also in the Conservatory and Nursery. With Accounts I. Of the Particular Seasons for the Propagation of All Sorts of Esculent Plants and Fruits, with the Seasons wherein Each Sort is Proper for the Table. II. Of All Sorts of Trees, Plants, and Flowers, with the Time of Their Flowering in Each Month, 11th edition, London: Printed by Charles Rivington, for John Rivington, at the Bible and Crown, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; and James Rivington and James Fletcher, at the Oxford-Theatre, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC, page 146:

Reseda or mignonette is grown in the Grasse region [of France]. The tendency for green notes in recent years has given fresh interest to the reseda note. Absolute oil of reseda has an odour recalling that of violet leaves, but with a rather fine 'powdery' background and a suggestion of rose and a little basil.

[2003], H. Panda, “Raw Materials: Products of Natural Origin”, in The Complete Technology Book on Herbal Perfumes & Cosmetics, New Delhi: Ajay Kr. Gupta, National Institute of Industrial Research, →ISBN, page 92:

(botany, horticulture, specifically) Mignonette (Reseda odorata).


biodiversity

en-noun

biodiversity (countable and uncountable, plural biodiversities)

(ecology) The diversity (number and variety of species) of plant and animal life within a region.


blot

→ Polish: blotka

From Middle English blot (“blot, spot, stain, blemish”). Perhaps from Old Norse *blettr (“blot, stain”) (only attested in documents from after Old Norse transitioned to Icelandic blettur), or from Old French bloche (“clod of earth”).

inh

(biochemistry) A method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier.


Stone Age

the Stone Age (canonical)
stone-age (alternative)

Holonym: prehistory

Meronyms: Old Stone Age, Paleolithic; Mesolithic; New Stone Age, Neolithic; Pre-Pottery Neolithic, Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, Pre-Pottery Neolithic B; Chalcolithic, Cyprolithic, Copper Age

(archaeology, paleontology) A broad prehistoric period during which humans widely used stone for toolmaking.


cercus

From New Latin cercus, from Ancient Greek κέρκος (kérkos, “tail”).

(entomology) A structure on the end of the abdomen of most insects, sometimes long, hairlike sensory organs and sometimes smaller and rigid.


cinereous

en-adj

cinereous (comparative more cinereous, superlative most cinereous)

more cinereous (comparative)
most cinereous (superlative)

Latin cinereus, from cinis, cineris (“ashes”).

cinereous:

With a bill two inches and a half long , very ſlender , and a little recurvated : head , and upper part of neck , cinereous , with dusky lines : over each eye a white line

Coluber cinereus, the cinereous viper; a native cf South America and India; of a cinereous grey colour; the abdomen white, angulated ; the scales of the tail ferruginous at the edges.

1810, Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 4:

Wings tailed, white, with a brown border; beneath varied with ferruginous and yellow, the lower ones with two cinereous streaks.

1819, Abraham Rees, The Cyclopædia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, Volume 26:

[…] breast and front of the neck cinereous brown; belly, vent, and under tail-coverts, pure white […]

2014, Leonard Jenyns, A Manual of British Vertebrate Animals:

(chiefly ornithology) Of an ash-gray colour.


gamete

From Ancient Greek γαμετή (gametḗ, “wife”), γαμέτης (gamétēs, “husband”), ultimately from γάμος (gámos, “marriage”).

(cytology) A reproductive cell (sperm in males or eggs in females), having only half of a complete set of chromosomes.


oral cavity

(zootomy, in haustellate insects, rare) The hollow on the lower surface of the head from which the proboscis protrudes.


specialize

en-verb

specialize (third-person singular simple present specializes, present participle specializing, simple past and past participle specialized)

tlb

(American spelling, Oxford British English)

specializes (present singular third-person)
specializing (participle present)
specialized (participle past)
specialized (past)
specialise (alternative)

In the lowest orders of being, we find these functions very much blended together, and several of them apparently performed by one simple apparatus ; but in proportion as we rise in the scale, we perceive that they are specialized, or separated from each other, and that a complicated set of organs is appropriated to each of them.

1835 October, “On the Structure and Functions of the Organs of Respiration”, in West of England Journal, volume I, number IV, page 218:

Those who insist that a woman’s place is at home by divine decree need only to study the life of primitive man to find out how very human are some of our domestic customs, for they will then see this distinction, that while nature has specialized woman for child-bearing, it is society which has specialized her for housework.

1911 September, Laura Clarke Rockwood, “Food Preparation and Its Relation to the Development of Efficient Personality in the Home”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume LXXIX, pages 281–2:

To make distinct or separate from what is common, particularly:

(biology, transitive) To make distinct or separate due to form or function.

приспособявам се

biology: to supply with an organ or organs having a special function or functions


rustic

rustics (plural)
rustick (alternative)
rusticke (alternative)
rustique (alternative)

From Latin rūsticus. Doublet of roister.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies having brown and orange wings, especially Cupha erymanthis.


lurid

en-adj

lurid (comparative more lurid, superlative most lurid)

more lurid (comparative)
most lurid (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin lūridus (“pale yellow, wan”).

a lurid plant with maroon leaves and pink flowers

(botany) Having a brown colour tinged with red.

(zoology) Having a colour tinged with purple, yellow, and grey.


anandrous

From Ancient Greek ἄνανδρος (ánandros). Equivalent to an- + -androus.

(botany) Lacking stamens; devoid of male parts in plants


CTR

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

Once more significant differences were observed for CTR w/o LIF. (E)- Protein levels for Hexokinase I and II, GAPDH and PKM1/2 were determined by western Blot and quantified by densiometric evaluation.

2015 July 6, “Dichloroacetate, the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex and the Modulation of mESC Pluripotency”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

calcitonin receptor
w:calcitonin receptor

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of calcitonin receptor.


terricolous

(biology) Living in, on, or near ground.


postfix

en-verb

postfix (third-person singular simple present postfixes, present participle postfixing, simple past and past participle postfixed)

postfixes (present singular third-person)
postfixing (participle present)
postfixed (participle past)
postfixed (past)

(biology) To subject a sample to postfixation


HD

en-noun

HD (countable and uncountable, plural HDs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of homeodomain.


inserted

(botany) Attached to or growing out of some part.


heartworm

heartworm (countable and uncountable, plural heartworms)

(veterinary medicine) A parasitic organism that afflicts dogs, of species Dirofilaria immitis of roundworms.

(veterinary medicine) (uncountable) The condition caused by this organism.


faun

fauns (plural)
faune (alternative)
faunus (alternative)
fawn (alternative)

From Middle English fawn, from Latin faunus.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Faunis.


nitrogenase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, especially in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.


hairpin

hairpins (plural)
hair pin (alternative)
hair-pin (alternative)

→ Japanese: ヘアピン

From hair + pin, 1788 (as hair pin). Adjective sense 1906 in hairpin turn etc.

(biology) A kind of ribozyme; hairpin ribozyme.


phenol red

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A pH indicator and red dye used to test kidney function.


saltation

saltation (countable and uncountable, plural saltations)

(biology) The act of jumping, or hopping, using all legs simultaneously (although the contribution to motion is typically made chiefly by the hind legs).

Indeed we have always thought that Mr. Darwin has unnecessarily hampered himself by adhering so strictly to his favourite “Natura non facit saltum.” We greatly suspect that nature does make considerable jumps in the way of variation now and then, and that these saltations give rise to some of the gaps which appear to exist in the series of known forms.

1871, Thomas Henry Huxley, Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews, page 312:

(biology) A sudden change from one generation to the next; a mutation.


zygomorphic

en-adj

zygomorphic (comparative more zygomorphic, superlative most zygomorphic)

more zygomorphic (comparative)
most zygomorphic (superlative)


eugenic

eugenic (comparative more eugenic, superlative most eugenic)

more eugenic (comparative)
most eugenic (superlative)

(genetics) Relating or adapting to production of strong or effective offspring.


polymorphism

en-noun

polymorphism (countable and uncountable, plural polymorphisms)

պոլիմորֆիզմ

computer science: feature of object-oriented programming

polimorfisme

crystallography: ability of a material to exist in more than one form

(biology) The coexistence, in the same locality, of two or more distinct forms independent of sex, not connected by intermediate gradations, but produced from common parents.

mnohotvarost

biology: coexistence of two or more distinct forms independent of sex

Since 1990 they have found an entirely new role: they promise understanding of how and why our genes are all so different. They hold the key to human polymorphism.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 137:

Some polymorphisms can be quite stable – so stable that they span the change from an ancestral to a descendant species.

2004, Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale, Phoenix, published 2005, page 63:

(genetics) The regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population; also, variability of amino acid sequences within a gene's protein.

polimorfisme

genetics: regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population


blight

blight (countable and uncountable, plural blights)

The etymology of the noun is uncertain; suggested derivations include the following:
* possibly related to Middle English blichening (“mildew or rust on grain, blight”), possibly related to Middle English bliken (“to gleam, shine; to turn pale”), from Old English blīcan (“to shine, sparkle”) (whence modern English blike (“(obsolete) to gleam, shine”); also compare Old Norse blikna (“to grow pallid”)), from Proto-West Germanic *blīkan (“to shine”), from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną (“to gleam, shine”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”); or
* since sense 2.2 is a diseased condition of the skin, possibly from Middle English *bleighte, *bleȝte, from Old English blǣcþa (“leprosy”) (related to blǣċe (“an itching skin-disease”) and blǣċo (“leprosy; paleness”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“pale; white”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”). If so, the word is a doublet of bleak.
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

Proceed, inhuman Parent in thy Scorn; / Root up my Trees, vvith Blites deſtroy my Corn; / My Vineyards Ruin, and my Sheepfolds burn.

1697, Virgil, “The Fourth Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 136, lines 467–469:

As ſudden blights corrupt the ripen'd grain, / And of its verdure ſpoil the mournful plain; / So hapleſs love on blooming features preys, / So hapleſs love deſtroys our peaceful days.

1720, John Gay, “[Miscellanies.] Panthea. An Elegy.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, volume II, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], and Bernard Lintot, […], →OCLC, page 388, lines 337–340:

Some there are vvho imagine the moſt deſtructive Blights vvhich attend Fruit-Trees, are produc'd by ſmall Shovvers of Rain, or vvhite Hoar-Froſts falling upon the Bloſſoms of Fruit-trees, vvhich being ſucceeded by cold North or Eaſterly VVinds, or froſty Mornings, are the Occaſion of the frequent Blights vvhich happen in the Spring Seaſon: […]

1733, Philip Miller, “BLIGHTS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:

A blight in 1855–56 set back the industry, many plantations being ruined and then given over to sugar cane. After the blight had disappeared, the plantations were re-established, and prosperity continued for years.

1922, William H[arrison] Ukers, “Cultivation of the Coffee Plant”, in All About Coffee, New York, N.Y.: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, →OCLC, page 241, column 1:

A diseased condition suffered by a plant; specifically, a complete and rapid chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as floral organs, leaves, branches, or twigs, especially one caused by a fungus; a mildew, a rust, a smut.

главня

type of diseased condition of a plant — see also mildew, rust, smut

The cause of such a condition, often unseen but believed to be airborne; specifically, a bacterium, a virus, or (especially) a fungus; also, an aphid which attacks fruit trees.


blight

en-verb

blight (third-person singular simple present blights, present participle blighting, simple past and past participle blighted)

blights (present singular third-person)
blighting (participle present)
blighted (participle past)
blighted (past)
blight (infinitive)

But if it happens, as ſometimes it does, that this Vapour bears up along vvith it any noxious mineral Steams, it then blasts Vegetables, eſpecially thoſe vvhich are more young and tender: blights Corn and Fruits: and is ſometimes injurious even to Men vvho chance to be then abroad in the Fields.

1695, John Woodward, “Part IV. Of the Origin and Formation of Metalls and Minerals.”, in An Essay toward a Natural History of the Earth: And Terrestrial Bodies, Especially Minerals: […], London: […] Ric[hard] Wilkin […], →OCLC, pages 212–213:

In your eye there is death, / There is frost on your breath / Which would blight the plants.

1830 June, Alfred Tennyson, “The Poet’s Mind”, in Poems. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 51:

Oh, Love! like the blast of the desert thou blightest / The fairest of flowers with thy venomous breath.

1840 August, “The Talisman”, in The Citizen; a Monthly Journal of Politics, Literature, and Art, volume II, number X, Dublin: Machen and Company, […]; London: Simpkin and Marshall, and Richard Groombridge, →OCLC, stanza IV, page 157:

Much is permitted to the power of spirits, so that, being unseen and unperceived, they appear rather in their effects than in their acts: as when some lurking evil in the air blighteth the fruit or grain in the blossom, killeth it in the blade, woundeth it in its full growth, and when the atmosphere tainted in some secret way poureth over the earth its pestilential vapours.

1842, Tertullian, “The Book of Apology against the Heathen”, in C[harles] Dodgson, transl., edited by E[dward] B[ouverie] P[usey], Tertullian (A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, […]; 10), volume I (Apologetic and Practical Treatises), Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: J. G. F. and J. Rivington, →OCLC, pages 54–55:

(phytopathology) To affect the fertility or growth of (a plant) with a blight (noun sense 1.1), especially one caused by a fungus; to blast, to mildew, to smut.

antaa ruostetauti

to affect the fertility or growth of (a plant) with a blight


maxilla

en-noun

maxilla (plural maxillae or (obsolete) maxillæ or maxillas)

maxillae (plural)
maxillæ (obsolete plural)
maxillas (plural)

From Middle English, from Latin māxilla (“the jawbone, jaw”), diminutive of māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”).

Coordinate term: mandible

An upper jaw especially of humans and other mammals in which the bony elements are closely fused.

(anatomy) Either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth.

(zootomy) One of the first or second pair of mouthparts posterior to the mandibles in many arthropods that are used for tasting and manipulating food.


sternum

Borrowed from New Latin sternum, related to Old English steorn (“forehead”), German Stirn (“forehead”).

(arachnology) The sclerotized ventral plate of spiders, between the coxae, marking the floor of the cephalothorax.


complementary

en-adj

complementary (comparative more complementary, superlative most complementary)

more complementary (comparative)
most complementary (superlative)

From complement + -ary. Piecewise doublet of complimentary.

(genetics) Of the specific pairings of the bases in DNA and RNA.


pyruvic acid

From New Latin acidum pyruvicum, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + ūva (“grape”) + -icum (neuter singular of -icus), from its being produced by the dry distillation of racemic acid, originally derived from grapes.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A yellowish organic keto acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.


pyruvate

From pyruvic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

On the other hand, it can be observed that, with small exceptions, the S. pneumonia strains are the only Streptococci equipped with homospermidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways, which have been found to be involved in pathogenicity mechanisms [50 ] and in the counteraction of oxidative stress [51 ].

2015 September 15, “Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of pyruvic acid.

焦性葡萄酸塩

しょうせいぶどうさんえん


retinoic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) A derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of acne; it is essential for bone and tissue development.


ribonucleic acid

en-noun

ribonucleic acid (countable and uncountable, plural ribonucleic acids)

ribonucleic acids (plural)
RNA (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) A derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine; its primary function is in the transcription of genetic material and subsequent synthesis of protein.

àcid ribonucleic

derivative of DNA, used in the transcription of genetic material


deoxyribose

deoxyribose (countable and uncountable, plural deoxyriboses)

deoxyriboses (plural)
desoxyribose (alternative)

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(biochemistry) A derivative of the pentose sugar ribose in which the 2' hydroxyl (-OH) is reduced to a hydrogen (H); it is a constituent of the nucleotides that constitute the biopolymer, deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.


apodal

(biology) Without feet or foot-like body parts; legless.


homozygote

/ˌhəʊməʊˈzaɪɡəʊt/

From homo- + zygote. Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

(genetics) A diploid individual that has equal alleles at one or more genetic loci.

homozigot

a diploid individual that has equal alleles at one or more genetic loci


monotreme

(zoology) A mammal of the order Monotremata that lays eggs and has a single orifice for urogenital and digestive functions (cloaca); an echidna or a platypus.

однопрохо́дное

млекопита́ющее

яйцекладу́щее

млекопита́ющее

клоа́чное

млекопита́ющее


monotreme

Nomotreme fern and moss spores are monotreme.

1952, G. Erdtman, Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy, published 1986, →ISBN, page 548:

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having a single trema, or aperture.


phalange

Borrowed from Middle French phalange. Doublet of phalanx, planch, plancha, planche, and plank.

doublet

(zoology) Any of the joints of an insect's tarsus.

(botany) A bundle of stamens joined by their filaments.


hyoid

Borrowing from French hyoïde, from New Latin hȳoīdēs, from Ancient Greek ῡ̔οειδής (hūoeidḗs, “shaped like the letter "υ"”), from ὖ (û, “the Greek letter upsilon”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-like, -oid”).

af

(anatomy, zootomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the hyoid bone.


ossicle

Late 16th century, from Latin ossiculum (“little bone, ossicle”) from os (“bone”).

uder

(zoology) Bone-like joint or plate, especially:

one of numerous small calcareous structures forming the skeleton of certain echinoderms, as the starfishes;

one of the hard articuli or joints of the stem or branches of a crinoid or encrinite;

one of the several small hard chitinous parts or processes of the gastric skeleton of crustaceans, as in the stomach of a lobster or crawfish.

The skeleton of echinoderms is made of ossicles, linked to each other via muscles and connective tissue.

The eyeballs were surrounded by a ring of bones, the sclerotic ossicle, which probably protected their eyes when diving abruptly for prey.

1836, William Buckland, Geology and Mineralogy, Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, volume 1, William Pickering, page 174:


malleus

From Latin malleus (“hammer, mallet”). Doublet of maul.

(ichthyology) The tripus (ossicle in cypriniform fishes).

[…] in the typical mastax of a Brachionus there are two hammer-like bodies (mallei), which work on a kind of split anvil (incus); […] each malleus consists of an upper part or head (uncus) and a lower or handle (manubrium);

1884, “Memoirs: An Attempt to re-classify the Rotifers”, in Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 1884 s2-24, C.T.: Hudson, pages 335-356:

(zoology) One of the paired calcareous structures within the mastax of rotifers.


stapes

From Medieval Latin stapēs (“stirrup”). Doublet of step.

The tympanic cavity is spanned by the three smallest bones in the body: the auditory ossicles[…] These bones, named for their shape, are the malleus (malʹe-us; "hammer"); the incus (ingʹkus; "anvil"); and the stapes (staʹpēz; "stirrup"). The "handle" of the malleus is secured to the eardrum, and the base of the stapes fits into the oval window.

2010, Elaine Nicpon Marieb, Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th edition, page 576:

(anatomy, zootomy) A small stirrup-shaped innermost ossicle of the middle ear of mammals, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.


astragalus

From Latin astragalus, from Ancient Greek ἀστράγαλος (astrágalos), q.v. Doublet of astragal.

(botany) Synonym of milkvetch: a plant of the genus Astragalus.


surfactant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-surfactant.wav

It is conceivable that impairment of surfactant proteins is due to rheological and immunodefensive disorders of testis and epididymis or prostate.

2015 November 25, “Expression and Localization of Lung Surfactant Proteins in Human Testis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A lipoprotein in the tissues of the lung that reduces surface tension and permits more efficient gas transport.

surfaktantti

lipoprotein that facilitates gas transport in the lungs

肺表面活性物質

はいひょうめんかっせいぶっしつ


Champ

Clipping of Champlain (“Lake Champlain”).

clipping

Champy (alternative)
Champie (alternative)
Champee (alternative)

(cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Champlain, located on the shared borders of the American states of Vermont and New York and the Canadian province of Quebec.


F

Abbreviation.
# (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of full, fully.
# (Stenoscript) suffixes -full, -fully.

ng

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fully</i>.

fertility factor
w:fertility factor (bacteria)

(bacteriology) Abbreviation of fertility factor.


K

Abbreviations.
# (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of counter, prefix counter-, sequence contr.

prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">counter-</i>, sequence contr.

carrying capacity
carrying capacity#English

(biology) Abbreviation of carrying capacity.


M

en-noun

M (countable and uncountable, plural Ms)


PK

PK (countable and uncountable, plural PKs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase.


Rho

(biochemistry) Any of a family of GTP-binding proteins


Slav

From Middle English sclave, borrowed from Medieval Latin Sclavus, from Byzantine Greek Σκλάβος (Sklábos); see that entry for more. Doublet of slave and ciao. Displaced native Old English Wined.

(British, birdwatching) The Slavonian grebe.


Y

(lepidopterology) A moth of the genus Plusia, having markings resembling the letter Y.


tarsus

kitax̂

the part of the foot between the main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus

(anatomy, zootomy) The part between the main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus in terrestrial vertebrates.

(anatomy) A group of small bones in this part of the foot. The seven bones of the human tarsus form the ankle and upper part of the foot.

глезен

any of the seven bones in this part of the foot

On the ledge, the guillemots shuffle awkwardly about on their tarsi, the long bone connecting the ‘ankle’ to the feet.

2020, Tim Ecott, The Land of Maybe, Short Books, published 2021, page 99:

(zootomy) The shank or tarsometatarsus of the leg of a bird or reptile.

(zootomy) The true foot or the fifth joint of the leg of an insect or other arthropod, typically consisting of several small segments and ending in a claw.


tarsal

From tarsus + -al, cognate to New Latin tarsālis.

(anatomy, zootomy) Of or relating to the tarsus.


tarsal

(anatomy, zootomy) Ellipsis of tarsal bone.


capitate

From Latin capitatus (“having a head”), from caput (“head”).

1884 A. de Bary Comparative Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs of the Phanerogams and Ferns. Oxford University Press
Capitate hairs occur on most leaf-forming plants, especially Dicotyledons and Ferns, as a rule in company with non-glandular hairs. It is true they are absent from many large groups... To this category belong in the first place the great majority of the universally distributed glandular hairs ... Meanwhile we need only remark here, that the glandular hairs are characterised by no special form, but rather by definite properties of the cell walls; therefore the terms capitate and glandular hair are not equivalent. In the case of many capitate hairs, it is as yet uncertain whether they possess the characteristic properties of glandular hairs...

Capitate antennae are thin through most of the structure, then abruptly widen, so it looks like the head of a pin sitting on the end of the antennae. This antennal shape is commonly found in butterflies.

2020 Jason H. Byrd, Jeffery K. Tomberlin (eds) Forensic Entomology ISBN: 978-0-815-35016-3

(botany, zoology) Topped with a dense, head-like cluster, such as the inflorescences of composites or the antennae of some insects.


glaucous

en-adj

glaucous (comparative more glaucous, superlative most glaucous)

more glaucous (comparative)
most glaucous (superlative)

From Latin glaucus, from Ancient Greek γλαυκός (glaukós, “blue-green, blue-grey”), 1670s. See Irish glas.

der

(botany) Covered with a bloom or a pale powdery covering, regardless of colour.

мъхест

covered with a bloom or a pale powdery covering, regardless of colour


MAC

en-noun

MAC (countable and uncountable, plural MACs)

Mycobacterium avium complex
w:Mycobacterium avium complex

(microbiology) Initialism of Mycobacterium avium complex.


shinbone

From Middle English schinboon, schineboon, from Old English sċinbān (“shin, shinbone”), from Proto-West Germanic *skinubain, from Proto-Germanic *skinōbainą, equivalent to shin + bone. Cognate with Dutch scheenbeen (“shinbone”), German Schienbein (“shinbone”), Danish skinneben (“shin, shinbone”), Swedish skenben (“shinbone”).


thoracic

thoracics (plural)
thoracick (alternative)

From Ancient Greek θωρακικός (thōrakikós, “suffering in the chest, of the thorax”), from θώραξ (thṓrax, “thorax”).

der

(zoology) One of a group of fishes having the ventral fins placed beneath the thorax or beneath the pectoral fins.


didactyl

(zoology) Having only two toes, fingers or claws.


nasal bone

nasal bones (plural)
nasal (alternative)

(anatomy, zootomy) Either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes which lie in front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity.


turbinate

en-adj

turbinate (comparative more turbinate, superlative most turbinate)

more turbinate (comparative)
most turbinate (superlative)

a turbinate shell

(zoology) Spiral and decreasing sharply in diameter from base to apex.

kierteinen

zoology: spiral and decreasing sharply in diameter


archaean

(biology) Any organism of the domain Archaea.


descend

en-verb

descend (third-person singular simple present descends, present participle descending, simple past and past participle descended)

descends (present singular third-person)
descending (participle present)
descended (participle past)
descended (past)
descend (infinitive)

PIE word
 *de
The verb is derived from Middle English descenden (“to move downwards, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to go from a better to a worse condition, decline, degenerate; to be a descendant, derive from (a source); etc.”), from Anglo-Norman descendere, descendre, and Old French descendere, descendre (“to move downwards, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to be a descendant, derive from (a source); etc.”) (modern French descendre), and from their etymon Latin dēscendere, the present active infinitive of dēscendō (“to come or go down, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to be a descendant; etc.”), from de- (prefix meaning ‘from; down from’) + scandō (“to ascend, climb; to clamber”) (from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to climb, scale; to dart; to jump”)).
The noun is derived from the verb.

laskea

to pass from a higher to a lower part of (something)

afgaan

to physically move or pass from a higher to a lower place or position

Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum.

Senses relating to moving from a higher to a lower position.

(intransitive) To physically move or pass from a higher to a lower place or position; to come or go down in any way, such as by climbing, falling, flowing, walking, etc.; to move downwards; to fall, to sink.

(biology, physiology) Of a body part: to move downwards, especially during development of the embryo; specifically, of the testes of a mammal: to move downwards from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum.

laskeutua

of a body part: to move downwards, especially during development of the embryo; specifically, of the testes of a mammal: to move downwards from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum


uncinate

From Latin uncīnātus, from uncīnus (“hook, barb”).


capsule

Borrowed from French capsule, from Latin capsula, diminutive of capsa (“box”).

(botany) A type of simple, dehiscent, dry fruit (seed-case) produced by many species of flowering plants, such as poppy, lily, orchid, willow and cotton.

The epidermal cells of the capsule wall of Jubulopsis, with nodose "trigones" at the angles, are very reminiscent of what one finds in Frullania spp.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 4-5:

(botany) A sporangium, especially in bryophytes.


membranous

en-adj

membranous (comparative more membranous, superlative most membranous)

more membranous (comparative)
most membranous (superlative)
membraneous (alternative)

From Middle French membraneux; equivalent to membrane + -ous.

(anatomy, zoology) Having the qualities of, or pertaining to, a membrane.


rotula

Learned borrowing from Latin rotula. Doublet of role and roll.

(zoology) One of the five radial pieces in the dentary apparatus of the sea urchin.


vertebral

-ɜː(ɹ)tɪbɹəl

(zootomy) Any of the large dorsal scales along the top of a snake's back.


ticker

(birdwatching, slang) A birdwatcher who aims to see (and tick off on a list) as many bird species as possible.


CB

en-noun

CB (countable and uncountable, plural CBs)


gleba

Borrowed from Latin glēba (“lump, mass”). Doublet of glebe.

bor+

(mycology) The fleshy, spore-bearing inner mass of certain fungi.


PBR

en-noun

PBR (countable and uncountable, plural PBRs)

potential biological removal
potential biological removal#English

(ecology) Initialism of potential biological removal.


EST

(genetics) Initialism of expressed sequence tag.


refractory

en-adj

refractory (comparative more refractory, superlative most refractory)

more refractory (comparative)
most refractory (superlative)

From Latin refractārius (“obstinate”), from refractus, past participle of refringere (“to break up”). Originally refractary, refractarie, but reanalysed after other adjectives in -ory.

The production of a generator potential leaves a refractory state in the receptor membrane […]

1959, Nobusada Ishiko, Werner R. Loewenstein, “Electrical output of a receptor membrane”, in Science, 130:1405-6:

The […] delivery of external stimuli […] delineates the pacemaker refractory period after the emission of a pacing stimulus and after the sensing of a spontaneous beat.

1970, S.S. Barold et al., “Chest wall stimulation in evaluation of patients with implanted ventricular-inhibited demand pacemakers”, in Br. Heart J., 32(6):783-789:

(biology) Incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus.

unbeeinflussbar

biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus


cassette

cassettes (plural)
casette (alternative)

(genetics) A modular DNA sequence encoding one or more genes for a single biochemical function.

kasetti

modular segment of DNA encoding genes for a single function


zootomy

en-noun

zootomy (usually uncountable, plural zootomies)

From New Latin zōotomia, corresponding to zoo- + -tomy.

(zoology) The dissection or anatomy of animals.


phytotomy

Phytotomy, or anatomy of plants

1821, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, K. Sprengel, anonymous translator, Elements of the Philosophy of Plants, translation of original in German:

Having often been asked for the names of the plants in which these crystals may be most conveniently examined and distinguished, probably a short list of them, with a few explanatory remarks, would be useful to the students of this interesting and too much neglected branch of microscopic phytotomy.

1877, George Gulliver, “List of Plants which afford Raphides, Sphæraphides, Long Crystal Prisms, and Short Prismatic Crystals”, in Henry Lawson, editor, The Monthly Microscopical Journal:

Anatomy may be divided into two great classes, Phytotomy, or vegetable anatomy, and Zoötomy, or animal anatomy.

1895, William Darling, The Essentials of Anatomy:

(botany, dated) The study of the internal structures of plants.


nervure

(zoology) A vein in the wing of an insect.

(botany, now rare) Any of the veins that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ.


cutaneous

From New Latin *cutaneus, from Latin cutis (“skin”).

(anatomy, zoology) Of, relating to, existing on, or affecting the exterior skin, especially the cutis.


hypodermis

hypodermis (plural hypodermes or hypodermises)

hypodermes (plural)
hypodermises (plural)
hypoderm (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hypodermis.wav

(botany) A layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis.


taligrade

/ˈtælɪɡɹeɪd/

From Latin talus (“ankle, heel”) + -grade.

(biology) Walking on the edge of its feet.


eczema

eczema (countable and uncountable, plural eczemata or eczemas)

Learned borrowing from Latin eczema, from Ancient Greek ἔκζεμᾰ (ékzemă, “cutaneous eruption”), from ἐκζέω (ekzéō, “to boil out, break out”) + -μᾰ (-mă, nominal suffix).

أَكْزِيمَا

atopic dermatitis
atopic dermatitis#English

(biology, medicine) A non-contagious acute or chronic inflammation of the skin, characterized by redness, itching, and the outbreak of oozing vesicular lesions which become encrusted and scaly.