oligosaccharide

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide of low molecular weight, being a polymer of between three and eight monosaccharide units.


herbivory

Herbivory is a paradoxical interspecific interaction. On the one hand, upward of a quarter of all species are herbivorous insects (Strong et al., 1984) and some additional fraction of the noninsect species is also herbivorous, so plant-herbivore interactions are common. On the other hand, the simple observation is that, to a first approximation, the earth is green (Hairston et al., 1960), despite the combined effect of those herbivores.

1998, Sam Scheiner, Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 183:

2009, J. Wiebe, E. Mouton, Nutria Harvest and Distribution 2008-2009 and a Survey of Nutria Herbivory Damage in Coastal Louisiana in 2009:

(ecology) The consumption of living plant tissue by animals.

herbivoria

the consumption of living plant tissue by animals


zoon

zoa (plural)
zoons (plural)
zoön (alternative)

zooid

antonym(s) of “an animal which is the sole product of a single egg”

First adopted by Herbert Spencer in Principles of Biology (see 1864 quotation): from New Latin zōon, from Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion, “animal”).

(biology) An animal which is the sole product of a single egg.

(biology) Any one of the perfectly developed individuals of a compound animal.


replicon

From replic(ate) + -on. From Latin replico.

During cell division there is a probability that either or both of the master replicons will misreplicate and one of the daughter cells will be missing a master copy.

1970, Michael Abercrombie, Jean Brachet, Thomas Joseph King, Advances in Morphogenesis - Volume 8, page 177:

(genetics) A DNA molecule or a region of DNA that replicates as an individual unit. A replicon may be, for instance, a chromosome, a plasmid or a phage.


reversion

en-noun

reversion (countable and uncountable, plural reversions)

/ɹɪˈvɜːʒ(ə)n̩/

/ɹɪˈvɜːʃ(ə)n̩/

Borrowed into late Middle English from Old French reversion (modern réversion), from Latin reversio, from revertō. By surface analysis, revert + -sion.

(genetics) The return of a genetic characteristic after a period of suppression.


ascendancy

ascendancy (countable and uncountable, plural ascendancies)

ascendancies (plural)
ascendency (alternative)

From ascend + -ancy or ascendant + -cy. The use in ecology is due to Robert Ulanowicz.

Ascendency was found to be a useful indicator for the health assessment of marine benthic ecosystems over space and time.

2009, Sven Erik Jørgensen, editor, Ecosystem Ecology, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 63:

(ecology) A quantitative attribute of an ecosystem, defined as a function of the ecosystem's trophic network, and intended to indicate its ability to prevail against disturbance by virtue of its combined organization and size.


divaricate

en-adj

divaricate (comparative more divaricate, superlative most divaricate)

more divaricate (comparative)
most divaricate (superlative)

Latin divaricat-, past participle stem of divaricare, from di- + varicare (“stretch (the legs) apart”), from varicus (“straddling”).

(botany) Having wide angles between the branches.


STR

en-noun

STR (countable and uncountable, plural STRs)

These observations lead us to predict that structural genomic variants are as important as SNPs, short tandem repeats (STRs) and other small changes in their contribution to genome variation.

2006, Lars Feuk et al., “Structural variation in the human genome”, Nature, 7:85

We estimated that the following percentage of elements were correctly assembled: 95.4% of alpha satellites; 91.5% of human satellites 2 and 3; 97.7% of segmental duplications (SDs); 94.3% of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs); 94.2% of short tandem repeats (STRs); and 98.8% of all human repeats²⁶.

2023 May 11, Wen-Wei LiaoMobin AsriJana Ebleret al., “A draft human pangenome reference”, in Nature, volume 617, →DOI, page 313:

short tandem repeat
short tandem repeat#English

(genetics) Initialism of short tandem repeat.


CNV

CNV (countable and uncountable, plural CNVs)

"During the past year alone, fast on the heels of two breakthrough studies, hundreds of submicroscopic copy-number variants (CNVs) and inversions have been described in the human genome."

2006, Lars Feuk et al., “Structural variation in the human genome”, in Nature, 7:85:

2006, Freeman et al., "Copy number variation: New insights into genome diversity" Genome Res 2006; 16: 949-61.
"DNA copy number variation has long been associated with specific chromosomal rearrangements and genomic disorders, but its ubiquity in mammalian genomes was not fully realized until recently. Although our understanding of the extent of this variation is still developing, it seems likely that, at least in humans, copy number variants (CNVs) account for a substantial amount of genetic variation."

copy-number variant
copy-number variant#English

copy number variation
copy number variation#English

(genetics) Initialism of copy-number variant, Initialism of copy number variation.


copy-number variant

copy-number variant (plural copy-number variants)

(genetics) A DNA sequence, 1000 nucleotides (or synonymously base pairs) in length or longer, that is present a variable number of times as copies in a genome relative to a reference genome.


chromo-

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From Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”).


zygodactylous

/ˌzeɪɡəʊˈdæktələs/

From zygo- + Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”).

der

(ornithology) Having two toes pointing forward, and two toes pointing backward.


DEB

en-noun

DEB (countable and uncountable, plural DEBs)

dynamic energy budget
w:dynamic energy budget

(biology) Initialism of dynamic energy budget.


adipocyte

(cytology) a type of cell, present in adipose tissue, where fat is stored as a source of energy


choanocyte

(cytology) any of the cells in sponges that contain a flagellum, and are used to control the movement of water


granulocyte

This is easily explained, because pathological cells that are only occasional wanderers into the free circulation, aside from the granulocyte group, probably all are "mononuclear" , "non-granular", and "large" , characteristics which, all authors agree, brand cells as belonging to the "large lymphocytes".

1908 September 27, Charles A. Elliott, “The atypical and large mononuclear cells of the blood”, in Quarterly Bulletin of the Northwestern University Medical School, volume 10, number 2, page 2:

(cytology, immunology) Any of various white blood cells that have granules in their cytoplasm.


hemocyte

hemocytes (plural)
haemacyte (alternative)
haemocyte (alternative)
hemacyte (alternative)

(cytology) Any blood cell, especially that of an invertebrate


histiocyte

histiocytes (plural)
histocyte (alternative)

From histio- (“tissue”) + -cyte (“cell”).

(biology) a macrophage, derived from bone marrow, found in connective tissue


macrocyte

(hematology, cytology) an unusually large red blood cell that is associated with pernicious anemia


melanocyte

As previously stated, it is pigmented, this pigmentation depending upon the so-called melanocytes.

1905, Willy Edward Alexander Wyman, Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary Surgery, page 06:

(medicine, biochemistry, cytology) A cell in the skin that produces the pigment melanin.


microsporocyte

(biology) A cell that produces (typically four) microspores during meiosis.


oligodendrocyte

With the Hortega silver carbonate stain, or one of its modifications, oligodendrocytes are observed. These cells are usually small and correspond to the small cortical oligodendrocyte of Robertson.

1933, LB Cox, “The cytology of the glioma group; with special reference to the inclusion of cells derived from the invaded tissue”, in The American Journal of Pathology:

(biology) Any of the cells of the oligodendroglia in the nervous system


spongiocyte

(cytology) Any of the cells of the neuroglia that have spongy vacuolated protoplasm


thrombocyte

/ˈθɹɒmbə(ʊ)sʌɪt/


enzymology

enzymology (usually uncountable, plural enzymologies)

(biochemistry) The branch of science that studies enzymes.


truncate

/ˈtɹʌŋˌkeɪt/

From Latin truncātus, perfect passive participle of truncō (“maim, reduce to a trunk”); see trunk as a verb.

(botany, anatomy) Having an abrupt termination.

κολοβός

botany, anatomy: having an abrupt termination


inositol

inositol (countable and uncountable, plural inositols)

From its former name inosite + -ol (“an alcohol”), from Ancient Greek ἰνός (inós, genitive singular of ἴς (ís, “sinew, tendon”)) + -ite.

af

genitive singular of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἴς</i> (ís, “sinew, tendon”)

(biochemistry) A simple carbocyclic sugar (hexahydroxycyclohexane; chemical formula: C₆H₁₂O₆) which occurs in animal and plant tissue. Once treated as part of the vitamin B complex, but is not a vitamin as it can be synthesized by the body.


graminivorous

en-adj

graminivorous (comparative more graminivorous, superlative most graminivorous)

more graminivorous (comparative)
most graminivorous (superlative)

/ɡɹæmɪˈnɪvəɹəs/

From Latin graminivorus, from gramen (“grass”) + -vorus.

We passed a large jaguar, glaring fiercely at a calf ten feet from him; […] Had we powder to waste, we would certainly have rid the graminivorous from many of their carnivorous neighbours, but we were now entering a tract of country celebrated for the depredations of the Texians and Buggles free bands, and every charge of powder thrown away was a chance the less, in case of a fight.

1843, [Frederick] Marryat, chapter XII, in Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Monsieur Violet, in California, Sonora, & Western Texas. […], volume II, London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans, […], →OCLC, page 257:

"Bitzer," said Thomas Gradgrind. "Your definition of a horse." / "Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth; namely, twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive. Sheds coat in the spring; in marshy countries, sheds hoofs, too. Hoofs hard, but requiring to be shod with iron. Age known by marks in mouth." Thus (and much more) Bitzer.

1854, Charles Dickens, chapter II, in Hard Times. For These Times, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], →OCLC:

If woman had a free hand in the world's marketing the race would become graminivorous.

1906, Ambrose Bierce, “Abdomen”, in The Cynic’s Word Book, London: Arthur F. Bird […], →OCLC, page 4:

(entomology) That eats grasses and seeds.


pedate

pedate (comparative more pedate, superlative most pedate)

more pedate (comparative)
most pedate (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having deeply divided lobes.


hastate

hastate (comparative more hastate, superlative most hastate)

more hastate (comparative)
most hastate (superlative)

From Middle English hastate, from Latin hastātus (“armed with a spear”), from hasta (“spear”) + -ātus.

(botany, of leaves) Shaped similarly to a halberd, with pointed lobes pointed outward from the base.

keihästyvinen

botany, of leaves: with lobes pointing outward from base


hypostasis

en-noun

hypostasis (countable and uncountable, plural hypostases or hypostaseis)

hypostases (plural)
hypostaseis (plural)

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From Ecclesiastical Latin hypostasis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόστασις (hupóstasis, “sediment, foundation; substance, existence, essence”), from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + στάσις (stásis, “standing”). Morphologically hypo- + -stasis.

bor

When penetrance is suppressed altogether, the term ‘epistasis’ (and ‘hypostasis’ of the suppressed gene) is used.

1997, Vogul & Motulsky, Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches, page 141:

(genetics) The effect of one gene preventing another from expressing.


hypostatic

en-adj

hypostatic (comparative more hypostatic, superlative most hypostatic)

more hypostatic (comparative)
most hypostatic (superlative)

From mediaeval Latin hypostaticus, from Ancient Greek ὑποστατικός (hupostatikós), from ὑποστατός (hupostatós). Equivalent to hypostasis + -tic.

uder

(genetics) Of a gene, affected by hypostasis.


heterochrony

(biology) the variation in ontogeny of individuals of a species that gives rise to evolution


coronavirus

en-noun

coronavirus (countable and uncountable, plural coronaviruses)

coronaviruses (plural)
corona virus (alternative)
corona-virus (alternative)

→ Samoan: koronavairusi

→ Tokelauan: kolonavailuhi

/kəˈɹəʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

/kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

From corona (“crown-like circle of light appearing around the sun”) + virus. Corona is derived from Latin corōna (“garland, wreath; crown”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “something curved; curved stern of a ship; end, point, tip”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, turn”). The name refers to the characteristic appearance of its virions by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a solar corona. Compare the former genus name Coronavirus.

der

A new group of viruses with the name of coronaviruses has been recognized by an informal group of virologists who have sent their conclusions to Nature. […] In the opinion of the eight virologists these viruses are members of a previously unrecognized group which they suggest should be called the coronaviruses, to recall the characteristic appearance by which these viruses are identified in the electron microscope.

[1968 November 16, “Virology: Coronaviruses”, in Nature, volume 220, number 5168, page 650:

This characteristic structural resemblance and other shared properties of these viruses have caused certain virologists to propose the name coronavirus for this previously unrecognized group.

[1969 November, Harold S. Kaye, Walter R. Dowdle, “Some Characteristics of Hemagglutination of Certain Strains of ‘IBV-Like’ Virus”, in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, volume 120, number 5, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, →PMID, page 576, column 1:

The virus, designated as rat coronavirus (RCV), exhibits properties representative of the coronavirus group: characteristic surface structure, particles somewhat variable in size averaging approximately 90 mμ, apparent RNA content, essential lipid, heat sensitivity, and a close serologic relationship with the mouse hepatitis virus complex.

1970 September, J. C. Parker, S. S. Cross, W. P. Rowe, “Rat Coronavirus (RCV): A Prevalent, Naturally Occurring Pneumotropic Virus of Rats”, in Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, volume 31, numbers 3–4, New York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, →ISSN, →OCLC, summary, page 293:

In 1971 a canine coronavirus was isolated from feces of military dogs that were suffering from severe vomiting and diarrhea. [...] Diagnosis usually is based on the history and physical examination and the identification of coronavirus by electron microscope examination of feces or by performing other laboratory tests on the feces.

1984, Johnny D. Hoskins, John D. Rhoades, “Distemper, Other Infectious Dog Diseases”, in Jack Hayes, editor, 1984 Yearbook of Agriculture: Animal Health: Livestock and Pets, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 388:

Some accompanying cytotoxicity has also been observed as well as slight activity against A59 corona virus without concurrent cytotoxicity [...].

1993, Kenneth L. Rinehart, Lois S. Shield, Martha Cohen-Parsons, “Antiviral Substances”, in David H. Attaway, Oskar R. Zaborsky, editors, Marine Biotechnology, volumes 1 (Pharmaceutical and Bioactive Natural Products), New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press, →ISBN, section 4.7 (Thyrsiferol and Related Triterpenes), page 319:

[T]he replication of the corona-virus and the herpes-simplex virus is blocked by cystatin C [...]

1997, Michiel F. J. Blankenvoorde et al., “Antibacterial Activity against Porphyromonas Gingivalis by Cystatins”, in V. K. Hopsu-Havu, M. Järvinen, H. Kirschke, editors, Proteolysis in Cell Functions, Amsterdam: IOS Press, →ISBN, page 532:

There are many viruses that have been implicated as the cause of 'colds'. Among the most common are coronaviruses, rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Coronaviruses are so called because they look like crowns when viewed in an electron microscope, [...]

1999, J. Heritage, E[mlyn] G[lyn] V[aughan] Evans, R. A. Killington, “Microbial Infections”, in Microbiology in Action, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, published 2000, →ISBN, section 7.6.8 (What Causes Sore Throats and Glandular Fever?), page 191:

[T]he common cold is attributed to rhinoviruses and corona viruses; [...]

2005, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, “Sampling for Pollutants of Biological Origin”, in Occupational Exposure Assessment for Air Contaminants, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 14.1 (Introduction), page 221:

SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome] is caused by a coronavirus. Viewed under a microscope, the virus looks like a crown, or corona. This is the same type of virus that causes the common cold and pneumonia. The coronavirus that causes SARS is called SARS-CoV.

2008, Carol Ballard, “SARS”, in AIDS and Other Epidemics (What If We Do Nothing?), Pleasantville, N.Y.: Gareth Stevens Publishing, →ISBN, page 22:

It took four months to identify the culprit of the new disease as a virus of the corona-virus family that had jumped to infect humans from wild small animals handled and consumed as food in the Guangdong province of China.

2010, Rodolfo Saracci, “What is Epidemiology?”, in Epidemiology: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

Coronaviruses are worrying because epidemics caused by other members of the viral family, SARS and MERS, have had high death rates: 10 percent for SARS, and about 35 percent for MERS.

2020 January 24, Denise Grady, “Chicago woman is second patient in U.S. with Wuhan coronavirus”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(virology) A member of the family Coronaviridae, comprising viruses which infect animals and human beings, and the genome of which consists of a single strand of RNA.

A woman in her 70s was confirmed as the first coronavirus death in the UK on Thursday as Downing Street warned that it was now highly likely that the virus would spread in “a significant way”.

2020 March 6, “First UK death from coronavirus confirmed as cases surge to 116”, in The Guardian:

(often the intended sense, since 2020) SARS-CoV-2, the specific coronavirus that causes the infectious disease COVID-19.


-ite

From French -ite, from Old French, from Latin -ītēs, from Ancient Greek -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs).

-iet

used to form names of minerals and rocks

-lainen

a native or resident of a specified place

dendrite, somite

(biology) Used to form nouns denoting segments or components of the body or an organ of the body.

-iitti

part of the body or part of an organ of the body


languet

From Old French languete (modern French languette), diminutive of langue (“tongue”), from Latin lingua.

(zoology) A tongue-like organ found on certain tunicates.


-ate

From the substantivation of past participles from first conjugation Latin verbs; see Etymology 1. It grew to popularity after its morphological revival in French during the 14th century, where past participle-inherited substantives began to be Latinized (see French avoué and its re-Latinized version, avocat. Compare also English advocate with further re-Latinization). The older -é (avoué, employé) gave English -ee (employee).

articulate — “An animal of the subkingdom Articulata”

(biology) forms nouns meaning "specimen of a corresponding taxon ending in -ata"


medulla

en-noun

medulla (plural medullas or medullae or medullæ)

medullas (plural)
medullae (plural)
medullæ (plural)

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Borrowed from Latin medulla (“pith, marrow”), perhaps from medius (“middle”).

(botany) The internal tissue of a plant.


ortholog

(genetics) Any of two or more homologous gene sequences found in different species related by linear descent.


primordial

From the Latin prīmōrdiālis (“of the beginning”). Compare primordium and -al.

a primordial leaf; a primordial cell

(biology) Characteristic of the earliest stage of the development of an organism, or relating to a primordium.


binominal

(taxonomy) pertaining to the noun binomen

The principle of binominal nomenclature is important in the ICZN.

(taxonomy) pertaining to the nomenclature system for the rank of species in biological taxonomy


binominal

See species name for usage and example.

(taxonomy) A scientific name, at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.


binomen

Latin bis (“double, twice”) + nōmen (“name”).

Each type species is cited in its original binomen (Recommendation 67B of the Code, ICZN 1999α), and if that name is a synonym then it is followed by the valid name of the species in parentheses.

2020 March 5, James E. O'Hara et al., Preliminary Checklist of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the World:

(taxonomy) A scientific name at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.


nates

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(zoology) The umbones of a bivalve shell.


gallstone

(biology, medicine) A small, hard object, in the shape of a pebble, that sometimes forms in the gallbladder or bile duct; composed of cholesterol, bile pigments and calcium salts.


tunic

→ Welsh: tiwnig

Borrowed from Middle French tunique, from Latin tunica, possibly from Semitic (compare Aramaic [script needed] (kittuna), Hebrew כותנת (kuttoneth, “coat”), English chiton); or from Etruscan. Existed in Old English as tunece; unknown if that term was lost and then reborrowed later. Doublet of tunica.

Select individual bulbs that are firm and have no noticeable blemishes on them. Don't worry about the papery covering or tunic. That may or may not be in place, […]

2015, Charlie Nardozzi, New England Month-by-Month Gardening: What to Do Each Month to Have a Beautiful Garden All Year, Cool Springs Press, →ISBN, page 132:

(anatomy, botany) Any covering, such as seed coat or the organ that covers a membrane.

buroklevél

any covering, such as seed coat or the organ that covers a membrane


oestrus

oestrus (countable and uncountable, plural oestruses or oestri)

oestruses (plural)
oestri (plural)
œstrus (alternative)
estrus (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin oestrus (“gadfly, sting, frenzy”), from Ancient Greek οἶστρος (oîstros), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eys-, used to form words denoting passion; see also Latin īra (“anger”), Lithuanian aistra (“violent passion”), Avestan 𐬀𐬈𐬯𐬨𐬀 (aesma, “anger”).

In those monoestrous species in which the male is capable all the year round, it is found that the oestri of individual females come at different seasons.

1910, Cleveland Medical Journal, page 517:

A vasectomized Philippine carabao bull was used as a teaser to determine the occurrence and recurrence of oestri.

1939, The Philippine Agriculturist, page 289:

An evaluation was carried out so that the mean number of oestri per one animal was calculated for 14 days in the three periods: […]

Intervals between oestri and between ovulations in dairy cows within 100 days post partum

1980, The Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural Research, page 73:

It’s the supremely human act, freely to fuck, not because you are on heat, or in oestrus, like an animal, but to give and receive pleasure.

The substantial genital swelling of [female chimpanzees] during oestrus may facilitate transmission of viruses by making the mucosa more fragile.

2011, Jacques Pepin, “The Source”, in The Origins of AIDS, 1st edition, →ISBN, page 29:

(countable and uncountable, biology) A female animal's readiness to mate; heat, rut.


pallium

Borrowed from Latin pallium (“a cloak”). Doublet of pall.


diakinesis

diakinesis (countable and uncountable, plural diakineses)

(cytology) the last stage of prophase, in which the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, spindle fibers form, and the chromosomes shorten in preparation for metaphase.


nucleolus

(cytology) A conspicuous, rounded body within the nucleus of a cell.


cytozoon

(cytology) A parasite, especially a protozoon, living within a cell


manchette

(biology) A sheath of microtubules which surrounds and extends tailwards from the nucleus of developing spermatids.


pheromone

From φέρω (phérō, “I bring, bear, carry”) and hormone.

(biology) A chemical secreted by an animal, especially an insect, that affects the development or behavior of other members of the same species, functioning often as a means of attracting a member of the opposite sex.


tailed

From Middle English tayled; equivalent to tail + -ed.

two-tailed pasha:African long-tailed shrikeband-tailed antshrikeband-tailed manakinbar-tailed godwitblack-tailed flycatcherblack-tailed godwitblack-tailed hawfinchblack-tailed jackrabbitblack-tailed trainbearerbright-eyed and bushy-tailedbright eyed and bushy tailedbrush-tailedbrush-tailed penguinbrush-tailed phascogalebrush-tailed possumbrushtail possumbuff-tailed bumblebeeElliot's short-tailed shrewfan-tailedfan-tailed warblerfat-tailed dunnartfat-tailed dwarf lemurfat-tailed dwarf lemursfat-tailed lemurfat-tailed sheepfiery-tailed awlbillfork-tailed bush katydidgray short-tailed opossumgreat-tailed gracklegreen-tailed towheegreen-tailed trainbearergrey-tailed tattlerhairy-tailed moleHarlan's red-tailed hawkhigh-tailedlarge-tailed antshrikeleaf-tailed geckolion-tailed macaquelobster-tailed potlong-tailedlong-tailed bluelong-tailed chinchillalong-tailed ducklong-tailed hawklong-tailed jaegerlong-tailed macaquelong-tailed meadowlarklong-tailed onelong-tailed pangolinlong-tailed planigalelong-tailed shrikelong-tailed titlong-tailed titmousemosaic-tailed ratnervous as a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairspaddle-tailed newtpen-tailed treeshrewpheasant-tailed jacanapig-tailedpig-tailed macaquepin-tailed sandgrousepin-tailed snipepony-tailedrat-tailed maggotred-tailed hawkred-tailed phascogalered-tailed shrikered-tailed squirrelred-tailed tropicbirdribbon-tailed astrapiaring-tailed lemurring-tailed macaucorufous-tailed hawkrufous-tailed rock thrushrufous-tailed scrub robinSeram long-tailed mosaic-tailed ratsharp-tailed sandpipersharp-tailed sparrowshort-tailed chinchillashort-tailed foxshort-tailed hawkshort-tailed parrotshort-tailed weaselsouthern pig-tailed macaquespiny-tailed lizardspotted-tailed quollstiff-tailed duckstub-tailed morphostump-tailed macaqueswallow-tailedswallow-tailed kitetailed frogtailed pepperthick-tailed bushbabytrumpet-tailed ratwedge-tailed eaglewhip-tailedwhite-tailed blue flycatcherwhite-tailed deerwhite-tailed eaglewhite-tailed hawkwhite-tailed lapwingwhite-tailed ploverwhite-tailed ptarmiganwhite-tailed sea eaglewhite-tailed shrikeyellow-tailed black cockatoozebra-tailed lizardzone-tailed hawk

(entomology) Of certain butterflies, having one or more filamentous projections on the tornal section of each hind wing.


PAR

pseudoautosomal region
w:pseudoautosomal region

(genetics) Abbreviation of pseudoautosomal region.


dimerous

From di- + -merous; compare also Ancient Greek διμερής (dimerḗs, “bipartite”).

der

Plants with dimerous flowers are fairly rare.

(botany) In two parts; having two parts in each whorl of a flower.


trimerous

From tri- + -merous; ultimately from tri-, from Ancient Greek τρία (tría, “three”); + Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”).

The monocots typically have trimerous flowers.

(botany) Organized in threes; having parts in numbers that are multiples of three.


tetramerous

As their name suggests, the crucifers have tetramerous flowers.

(botany) in four parts: such that each whorl (of flower parts) has four flower parts.


pentamerous

The Apocynaceae have pentamerous flowers.

(botany) In five parts; made up of five parts.


nestle

en-verb

nestle (third-person singular simple present nestles, present participle nestling, simple past and past participle nestled)

nestles (present singular third-person)
nestling (participle present)
nestled (participle past)
nestled (past)

From Middle English nestelen, nestlen, from Old English nistlan, nestlian, nistlian (“to make or build a nest”), from Proto-West Germanic *nistilōn (“to build or occupy a nest; nestle”), equivalent to nest + -le. Cognate with Middle Low German nëstelen (“to build a nest”), Dutch nestelen (“to nest, nestle”).

cog

The kingfisher […] nestles in hollow banks.

1692, Roger L’Estrange, “ (please specify the fable number.) (please specify the name of the fable.)”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC:

(archaic, ornithology, intransitive) To build or sit upon a nest.

This assimilates them more nearly to the natural conditions when the hen nestles her chicks on the earth, whilst the warmth is given chiefly over their backs.

1871, Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist, volume 31, page 123:

(archaic, ornithology, transitive) Of a bird: to look after its young.


nastic

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ναστός (nastós, “pressed together”), from νάσσω (nássō, “to press, cram full”), although the sense development is unclear.

der

Many flowers close themselves at night. This nastic movement is in response to the brightness of the sky.

(botany) Relating to the response of a plant to a stimulus that does not depend on the location of the stimulus.

nastinen

relating to the response of a plant to a stimulus


domestic cat

Felis silvestris catus
Felis silvestris catus#Translingual

(zoology) A domesticated cat, of the species Felis catus or subspecies Felis silvestris catus, especially one kept as a pet or for vermin control.


toxication

(biochemistry) the metabolism of a drug or other compound to produce a toxic metabolite


positive sense

(biology) referring to an RNA strand that can serve directly as messenger RNA and be transcribed into DNA.


negative sense

(biology) of an RNA strand that is complementary to the positive sense and not transcribed into DNA.


corolla

en-noun

corolla (plural corollas or corollae or corollæ)

corollas (plural)
corollae (plural)
corollæ (plural)

From Latin corōlla (“small garland, chaplet or wreath”), diminutive of corōna (“garland, chaplet, wreath”).

bor

Our wet fingers touched and we formed a circle like the corolla of a flower, floating into the silence of the desert dawn with the ancient sun on our bodies.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 125:

(botany) The outermost-but-one whorl of a flower, composed of petals, when it is not the same in appearance as the outermost whorl (the calyx); it usually comprises the petal, which may be fused.


tepal

From French tépale, from New Latin tēpalum, coined 1827 by transposition of French pétale (“petal”).

1982, H. Q. Varekamp (translator and editor), Z. Botschantzeva, Tulips: Taxonomy, Morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology, page 27,
In Tulipa the pubescent tips of the tepals are quite interesting in particular those of T. fosteriana. The top of the tepal is initiated and develops before the reflexed, lateral parts.

The species bears creamy white flowers with a yellow base and tepals often streaked with rose-pink.

2001, Barbara W. Ellis, Taylor's Guide to Bulbs, page 400:

In our material of T. bulbosa, the abaxial outer tepal was larger at its inception than the lateral ones (Fig 8.4C), whereas the primordia of the outer tepals are of nearly equal size in both T. barrelieri (Fig 8.5E) and T. palustris (not shown).

2013, Margarita V. Remizowa, Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Paula J. Rudall, “8: Patterns of bract reduction in racemose inflorescences of early-divergent monocots”, in Paul Wilkin, Simon J. Mayo, editors, Early Events in Monocot Evolution, page 194:

(botany) Any component of the perianth (outermost whorls of flower parts, not involved in reproduction), especially when the components are not distinguished into sepals and petals.


pecking order

(zoology) The natural hierarchy of social status and dominance occurring in a group of birds.


abscise

en-verb

abscise (third-person singular simple present abscises, present participle abscising, simple past and past participle abscised)

abscises (present singular third-person)
abscising (participle present)
abscised (participle past)
abscised (past)

From Latin abscīsus, perfect passive participle of abscīdō (“cut off”); formed from abs- + caedō (“cut”).

(intransitive, botany) To separate by means of abscission; to shed or drop off.


punctum vegetationis

(botany) the terminal cell of a leaf bud or stem from which new growth originates


slant

Late Middle English, from a variant of the earlier form dialectical slent, from Old Norse or another North Germanic source, cognate with Old Norse slent, Swedish slinta (“to slip”), Norwegian slenta (“to fall on the side”), from Proto-Germanic *slintaną. Probably influenced by aslant.

kalteva lokero

depression with sloping bottom to hold watercolors

(biology) A sloping surface in a culture medium.

kalteva pinta

biology: sloping surface in a culture medium


zoological name

en-noun

zoological name (plural zoological names)

(zoology) a formal scientific name of an animal, especially as conforming to the ICZN.


montane

en-adj

montane (comparative more montane, superlative most montane)

more montane (comparative)
most montane (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-montane.wav

The adjective is derived from Latin montānus (“of or pertaining to a mountain”) + English -ane (variant of -an (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives)). Montānus is derived from mōns (“mount, mountain”) (from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stand out, to tower”)) + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’).
The noun is probably derived from the adjective.

der

This plant evidently occupies, like V. sabulosa and V. Curtisii, an intermediate position between lutea and tricolor; and, as I have indicated already, it is a montane, not an agrestal plant. Jordan compares it to V. vivariensis, which is also a montane plant, between V. tricolor and V. lutea.

1863 January, J[ohn] G[ilbert] Baker, “On Some of the British Pansies, Agrestal and Montane”, in [Berthold Carl Seemann], editor, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume I, London: Robert Hardwicke, […], →OCLC, page 12:

[T]he upper part of these peaks is very bare and monotonous, and almost destitute of damp precipice; and I know of only seven Montane species that grow there above 650 yards.

1871 January 1, J[ohn] G[ilbert] Baker, “On the Dispersion of Montane Plants over Hills of the North of England”, in Berthold [Carl] Seemann, J. G. Baker, H[enry] Trimen, editors, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume IX, London: Taylor and Co., […], →OCLC, page 261:

With a like lower limit of level there are found on hills numerous Sub-alpine or Montane plants, which do not grow in the North. We must therefore divide the Northern zone also into three parts—1, Northern (restricted); 2, Northern-montane; and 3, Montane only.

1875 March 4, Thomas Comber, “Geographical Statistics of the Extra-British European Flora”, in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, volume III (Third Series), Liverpool, Lancashire: Adam Holden, […], →OCLC, page 15:

The montane region in its lower belts has, at the equator, a still tropical although not equatorial character, but near the two tropics it has from the first a temperate character. The difference between the equatorial rain-forest of the basal region on the one hand, and the tropical forest of the lower montane region on the other, is confined to the systematic composition. In temperate montane formations, on the contrary, the lower temperature is reflected in purely oecological characteristics in the plant-life and impresses upon the formations the stamp of those of higher latitudes.

1903, A[ndreas] F[ranz] W[ilhelm] Schimper, “Mountain Regions in the Tropics”, in William R. Fisher, transl., edited by Percy Groom and Isaac Bayley Balfour, Plant-geography upon a Physiological Basis … The Authorized English Translation, Oxford, Oxfordshire: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, section I (General Considerations), page 721:

The temperatures are extremely constant and low as compared with those in the lowlands, although very rarely so low as to make frost possible, and the rainfall is abundant at all seasons. The Blue Mountain Region is, therefore, a tropical montane region, in the terms of [Andreas Franz Wilhelm] Schimper, lying above the hot lowlands and not attaining to a sufficient altitude for alpine influences to come into full play.

1914, Forrest Shreve, “The Physical Features of the Rain-forest Region”, in A Montane Rain-forest: A Contribution to the Physiological Plant Geography of Jamaica (Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication; no. 199), Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, →OCLC, page 8:

I[ndri] indri is a forest species, found in humid montane rain forest [...]. It has been observed as high as 1,300 m elevation [...].

1983, Jaclyn H. Wolfheim, “Indriidae: Avahi, Indris, and Sifakas”, in Primates of the World: Distribution, Abundance, and Conservation, Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, →ISBN, page 121:

The gorilla's ancestor had probably taken to the montane forests of a string of central African volcanoes, cutting itself off from the genes of other apes.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters, London: Fourth Estate, HarperCollins, →ISBN; paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN, page 27:

The key to sustainable tropical montane cloud forest land management lies in actively involving local rural populations in decision-taking processes relating to research, training, development and conservation strategies and initiatives.

2000, M. Kappelle, M. E. Juárez, “Case Study: Mountain Forests, Biodiversity and People in Costa Rica”, in M. F. Price, N. Butt, editors, Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: A State of Knowledge Report for 2000 (IUFRO Research Series; 5), Wallingford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: CABI Publishing, →ISBN, page 46:

At lower elevations, montane oak forests typically grade into cove forests, oak forests, or montane pine forests and woodlands. At higher elevations and in more protected sites, northern hardwood forests replace the montane oak forests. Montane oak forests may also grade directly into spruce-fir forests on south-facing slopes.

2014, Stephanie B. Jeffries, Thomas R. Wentworth, “Natural Community Overviews”, in Exploring Southern Appalachian Forests: An Ecological Guide to 30 Great Hikes in the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia (A Southern Gateways Guide), Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN, page 22:

(ecology) Of, inhabiting, or growing in mountain areas; specifically, the cool, moist upland slopes below the timberline.

montà

of, inhabiting, or growing in mountain areas


montane

The true Montanes comprise those species, of unmistakably Alpine, Scottish, or Highland type, which not merely with us but elsewhere throughout Britain are characteristic of high latitudes and altitudes—of mountain regions only.

1888, Frederic Arnold Lees, “Climatology”, in The Flora of West Yorkshire: With a Sketch of the Climatology and Lithology in Connection therewith (Botanical Series of the Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; II), London: Lovell Reeve & Co., […], →OCLC, page 53:

The wintergreens, and northern montanes such as Linnaea have their stronghold in these pinewoods and some of their rarity may be due to the reduction in the extent of the forest.

2005, Peter Taylor, “Restoring Ecological Processes: Regeneration of the Core Vegetation”, in Beyond Conservation: A Wildland Strategy, London, Sterling, Va.: Earthscan, →ISBN, page 84:

(ecology) An animal or a plant of a montane habitat.


crosstalk

en-noun

crosstalk (countable and uncountable, plural crosstalks)

crosstalks (plural)
cross-talk (alternative)
cross talk (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-crosstalk.wav

From cross- + talk.
Usage in reference to the Chinese comedic performance is probably a loose calque from Chinese 相聲／相声 (xiàngsheng).

(biology) The situation where one or more components of a signal transduction pathway affect another pathway.


indehiscent

The farmer wants indehiscent heads of a cereal which can be gathered without shedding their grain.

A rich and dark and indehiscent meat

2006 June, A. E. Stallings, “Olives”, in The New Criterion, volume 24, page 28:

(botany) Not dehiscing when mature; not dehiscent.


gametophyte

In liverworts like Marchantia, which lives in most soggy places worldwide, the gametophyte is the dominant phase – the thing you would think of as the plant.

2018 May 25, Susannah Lydon, The Guardian:

(botany) A plant (or the haploid phase in its life cycle) which produces gametes by mitosis in order to produce a zygote.


amorphic

en-adj

amorphic (comparative more amorphic, superlative most amorphic)

more amorphic (comparative)
most amorphic (superlative)

/ˌəˈmɔːɹfɪk/

(genetics, of a mutation) Causing a complete loss of gene function.


expressing

/ɛkˈspɹɛsɪŋ/

/ɪkˈspɹɛsɪŋ/

(biochemistry) That translates or transcribes nucleic acid.


cryptodepression

/ˌkɹɪptəʊdɪˈpɹɛʃən/

From crypto- (“hidden”) + depression (“area lower in topography than its surroundings”).

prefix

When the bottom of the lake lies below mean sea level, it is said to occupy a cryptodepression, the depth of which is the depth below sea level of the deepest point of the basin.

1957, G[eorge] Evelyn Hutchinson, A Treatise on Limnology, volumes I (Geography, Physics, and Chemistry), New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →OCLC, page 165:

The lake's elevation above sea level is 74.01 meters (242.8 feet) which makes its depth of cryptodepression to be 170 meters (558 feet).

1975 March, Robert V. Thomann, Dominick M. DeToro, Richard P. Winfield, Donald J. O’Connor, “Section IV: Lake Ontario – Background”, in Mathematical Modeling of Phytoplankton in Lake Ontario: 1. Model Development and Verification (Ecological Research Series; EPA-660/3-75-005), Corvallis, Or.: National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, →OCLC, page 8:

The greater volume of the lake [Lake Susupe] occupies a cryptodepression (that portion which lies below sea level). Based upon a surface elevation of +2.5 ft determined on 20 December 1978 by Juan C. Tenorio and Associates' surveyors, the depth of the cryptodepression is -1.4m (4.7 ft) below sea level.

1979 June, “Appendix A: Problem Identification”, in A Study to Determine the Feasibility of Providing Flood Control Improvements to the Susupe Chalan Kanoa Area, Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Draft Detailed Report and Environmental Statement, Fort Shafter [Honolulu], Hi.: U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, →OCLC, page A-10:

At present there are three major closed systems (Awash R. – Afar drainage, northern rift lakes, southern rift lakes), numerous crater lakes with seepage-in and -out, and two cryptodepressions with marine inputs.

1988, R. B. Wood, J. F. Talling, “Chemical and Algal Relationships in a Salinity Series of Ethiopian Inland Waters”, in Hydrobiologia: The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences, volume 158, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29; reprinted in J. M. Melack, editor, Saline Lakes: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes, Held at Nairobi, Kenya, August 1985 (Developments in Hydrobiology; 44), Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1988, →DOI, →ISBN, abstract, page 29:

The maximum depth of some lakes is below current sea level. Such lakes are called cryptodepressions. Well-known cases of tectonic lakes include Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea. Some glacial lakes in Norway, Scotland and England are also cryptodepressions.

[2012, José Galizia Tundisi, Takako Matsumura-Tundisi, “The Origin of Lakes”, in Limnology, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 3.3.10 (Average Slope (α)), page 49:

(geography, limnology) The portion of a lake which lies below sea level.


anamorphic

/ˌænəˈmɔːfɪk/

/ˌænəˈmɔɹfɪk/

(mycology) Of or relating to the anamorph, an asexual stage in the development of certain fungi.

anamòrfic

relating to the gradual lifecycles of certain organisms


hot spot

hot spots (plural)
hotspot (alternative)

titik panas

location which has a higher temperature or amount of radiation than surrounding areas

пизэке

biodiversity hotspot
biodiversity hotspot#English

(figuratively) A place notable for a high level of activity or danger.

(ecology) Short for biodiversity hotspot (“a place with a significant level of biodiversity, particularly if the flora and fauna are threatened with loss of their habitat”).

biodiversity hotspot

(genetics) The region of a gene in which there is a higher than normal rate of mutation.


stipulation

en-noun

stipulation (countable and uncountable, plural stipulations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-stipulation.wav

(botany) The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules.


thallic

en-adj

thallic (comparative more thallic, superlative most thallic)

more thallic (comparative)
most thallic (superlative)


Human Genome Project

(genetics) An organized international scientific endeavour to determine the complete structure of human genetic material (DNA), identify all the genes, and to understand their function.


coronal

coronal (comparative more coronal, superlative most coronal)

more coronal (comparative)
most coronal (superlative)

From Middle English coronal, from Anglo-Norman coronal, from Latin corōnālis (“related to a crown”), from corōna (“crown”).

(botany) Relating to the corona of a flower.


monobasic

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(zoology) Having only one subordinate taxon; monotypic.


fynbos

From Afrikaans fynbos (“fynbos”), from fyn (“fine”) (as in fine-textured, as opposed to trees) and bos (“bush or forest”) .

The southern and western Cape is the home of a unique type of vegetation known as fynbos. Covering around 90 000 square kilometers of often harsh terrain, fynbos is made up of approximately 6 000 different plant species.

1992, Reader's Digest, The Great South African Outdoors:

(botany) Vegetation unique to the Cape Floral Kingdom, largely scrub, exceptionally biodiverse, including particlarly large numbers of species of Proteaceae, Restionaceae, and Ericaceae.


treadle

From Middle English tredel, from Old English tredel; equivalent to tread + -le.


tree trunk

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tree trunk.wav

(botany) The main structural member of a tree.


frenulum

frenula (plural)
frenulums (plural)
fraenulum (alternative)
frænulum (alternative)

Borrowed from New Latin frēnulum, diminutive of frēnum (“a bridle, curb, bit”).

(entomology, zootomy) A bristle or row of bristles on the edge of the hindwings of some lepidoptera which unites the wings by interlocking with a catch on the posterior part of the forewings.


myrmecology

/ˌmɜː(ɹ)mɪˈkɒləd͡ʒi/

From Ancient Greek myrmeco- (“ant”) + -logy (“study (of)”).


odonatology

(entomology) The study of dragonflies and often damselflies.


monomorphic

/ˌmɑnoʊ̯ˈmɔɹfɪk/

From mono- (“one”) + -morphic (“of a form”).

Common immunohistochemical markers of this lymphoma include CD2, CD56, CD3, and T-cell receptors. 7 Typically, the histology of these lymphomas are characterized by monomorphic inflammatory cellular infiltrates, which may be diffuse or show angiocentricity and angiodestruction as well as tissue destruction. 7 Lymphoid markers from the nasal mucosal biopsy from this patient were negative for CD56 and EBER.

2015, Brook McConnell, M. Sherif Said, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, “Nasal septal perforation associated with pyoderma gangrenosum”, in Allergy & Rhinology, volume 6, →DOI:

(genetics, of a gene) Tnvariant across a species.


triculture

(biology) A coculture containing three different types of cells.


pollen parent

seed parent

antonym(s) of “plant that contributes pollen”

(botany) The plant that contributes male reproductive material, the pollen.


retract

en-verb

retract (third-person singular simple present retracts, present participle retracting, simple past and past participle retracted)

retracts (present singular third-person)
retracting (participle present)
retracted (participle past)
retracted (past)

From Late Middle English retracten, retract (“to absorb, draw in”), from Latin retractus (“withdrawn”), the perfect passive participle of Latin retrahō (“to draw or pull back, withdraw; to bring back; to compel to turn back; to recall; to get back, recover; to hold back, restrain, withhold; to remove, take away; to bring to light again; (Late Latin) to delay”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + trahō (“to drag, pull; to extract, withdraw”) (apparently ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to drag, pull (?)”), a variant of *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, pull; to run”)). Doublet of retreat.

der

A cat can retract its claws.

To pull (something) back or back inside.

(specifically, zoology) To draw (an extended body part) back into the body.

縮 /缩

to draw (an extended body part) back into the body


heteroclitic

en-adj

heteroclitic (comparative more heteroclitic, superlative most heteroclitic)

more heteroclitic (comparative)
most heteroclitic (superlative)

[…] a heteroclitic response was never observed after the immunization with the deamidated peptide […]

2011, Eric J. Toone, Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, page 300:

(microbiology) Pertaining to antibodies that react to a wide variety of antigens.


oligotrophic

oligotrophic (comparative more oligotrophic, superlative most oligotrophic)

more oligotrophic (comparative)
most oligotrophic (superlative)

(biology, of a body of water) being poor in nutrients and minerals


trimorphic

/ˌtɹaɪˈmɔɹfɪk/

(zoology) Having three different forms with a clear attribute amongst three animals of the same species.

(botany) Having three different forms of flowers, leaves, or any other attribute on the same plant.


trophoblast

(cytology) The membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy, providing nutrients to the embryo and later developing into part of the placenta.


storage organ

(botany) A part of a plant, such as a bulb, specifically modified for storage of energy (generally in the form of carbohydrates) or of water.

zásobní orgán

botany: part of plant modified for storage of energy


clathrate

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From Latin clāthrātus, from clāthrī (“lattice”) + -ātus.

(biology) Having a lattice-like structure.


armarium

Unadapted borrowing from Latin armārium. Doublet of ambry, armoire, and almirah.

The proventriculus of both the Blattaria and Isoptera conforms to the basic orthopteran plan and consists of an anterior armarium and the posterior stomodaeal valve; the armarium tapers posteriorly as it merges with the narrow valve.

1963, Memoir - Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, →OCLC:

The proventriculi of both Arenivaga bolliana and Hypercomps fieberi appear to lack the anterior dental belt of the armarium; otherwise, they are dissimilar.

1964, F. A. McKittrick, Evolutionary Studies of Cockroaches, page 78:

The sclerotized portion of the proventriculus (armarium) has six cuticular folds each armed with a tooth for crushing food and a pulvillus bearing hairs which forms a fine filter.

1975, Lucy D. Leake, Comparative Histology: An Introduction to the Microscopic Structure of Animals:

Anteriorly it bears an armarium and posteriosly^([sic]) a stomodaeal valve.

1991, H.S. Bhamrah, Introduction to Arthropoda, page 169:


tympanum

Borrowed from Latin tympanum (“a drum, timbrel, tambourine; the eardrum”). Doublet of timbre, timpani, timbal, and tymbal.

قَلْب القَوْصَرَة

triangular space between the sides of a pediment

(anatomy, zootomy) Any of various anatomic structures in various animals with analogy to a drum head:

(anatomy, zootomy) The eardrum (tympanic membrane, membrana tympanica).

(anatomy, zootomy) The main portion of the middle ear: the tympanic cavity (cavitas tympani).

(zootomy, entomology) A thin tense membrane covering the hearing organ on the leg or body of some insects, sometimes adapted (as in cicadas) for producing sound.

(zootomy) A membranous resonator in a sound-producing organ in frogs and toads.

(zootomy) (in certain birds) The labyrinth at the bottom of the windpipe.


timpanum

timpanums (plural)
timpana (plural)
tympanum (alternative)

(zoology) An external hearing organ in some insects.


nematode

Derived from Ancient Greek νηματώδης (nēmatṓdēs, “fibrous, in filaments”), from νῆμα (nêma, “thread, yarn”) + -ώδης (-ṓdēs, “-like”).

af

Nematodes are free-living, soil-dwelling microscopic worms.

2020, Brandon Taylor, Real Life, Daunt Books Originals, page 7:

(zoology) A worm of the large phylum Nematoda, such as a roundworm or threadworm.


synaptic

From New Latin synapticus, from Ancient Greek συναπτικός (sunaptikós, “capable of adjusting”).

der

By far the greater proportion of cytologists however are of the opinion that the synaptic contraction is a normal stage in the heterotypic prophases.

1913, Frederick McAllister, On the cytology and embryology of Smilacina racemosa:

(cytology) Of or relating to a synapsis—the association of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes during the initial part of meiosis.


tymbal

Variant of timbale, from French timbale.

(entomology) One of a pair of specialised sound-producing structures located below each side of the anterior abdominal region of various species of cicada.


xerosere

en-noun

xerosere (countable and uncountable, plural xeroseres)

(ecology) The succession of ecological communities which originated in an extremely dry habitat such as a desert or sand dunes.

szárazföldi szukcessziós sorozat

ecology: the succession of ecological communities which originated in an extremely dry habitat


mimosa

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-mimosa.wav

From New Latin mimosa, from Latin mimus (“mime, actor”), referring to Mimosa pudica and its habit of shrinking back when touched. The cocktail is named after the bright yellow, fragrant flowers of the mimosa Acacia dealbata.

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Mimosa usually found in tropical climates, their leaves are usually prickly and sensitive to touch or light, and have small white or pink flowers.


adaptive zone

(biology) an environment that allows the development of adaptive radiation


adaptive radiation

(biology) The diversification of species into separate forms that each adapt to occupy a specific environmental niche.


tyramine

tyramine (countable and uncountable, plural tyramines)

(biochemistry) A compound which occurs naturally in cheese and other foods and can cause dangerously high blood pressure in people taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.


tyrosinase

tyrosinase (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosinases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to catechol oxidase, that catalyzes the production of phenolic pigments such as melanin.


fascicle

From Latin fasciculus, a diminutive of fascis (“bundle”); see also fasces. Doublet of fasciculus.

(botany) A cluster of flowers or leaves, such as the bundles of the thin leaves (or needles) of pines.

(botany) A discrete bundle of vascular tissue.


fimbriate

Learned borrowing from Latin fimbriātus (“fibrous, fringed”) (more at etymology 1), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

lbor

the fimbriate petals of the pink; the fimbriate end of the Fallopian tube

(biology) Fringed, e.g. where the ends of a petal are split into two or more divisions.


ketogenesis

/ˌkiːtəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

(physiology, biochemistry) The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to produce ketone bodies.


ketogenic

en-adj

ketogenic (comparative more ketogenic, superlative most ketogenic)

more ketogenic (comparative)
most ketogenic (superlative)
keto (alternative)

/ˌkiːtəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/


recombinant

The new HIV test is the first test designed for widespread application that uses recombinant technology to test for highly specific HIV antibodies.

1988 December 11, Chris Bull, “Get Ready For The 5-Minute HIV Test”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 22, page 1:

(genetics) Formed by genetic recombination.


recombinant

(genetics) An organism, cell, or haplotype formed by genetic recombination.


nutation

en-noun

nutation (countable and uncountable, plural nutations)

1610s, from Latin nūtātiō (“nodding”), from nūtō (“I nod”). Compare mutation.

(botany) The circular motion of the tip of a growing shoot.


Dutch elm disease

Named after the country in which the disease was first identified. (It is not specific to Dutch elms.)

The village is a dignified place of thatch, half-timbering, box hedges and neat farms, set among elms (though not as many as formerly, since Dutch elm disease took its toll) on the level plain of the Pewsey Vale.

1980, AA Book of English Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 67:

The process began 50 years ago when Europe’s elms were ravaged by the beetle-borne fungal malady misnamed ʻDutch elm diseaseʼ (which, in fact, is Asian).

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 296:

(phytopathology) A disease of elm trees caused by ascomycete fungi in the genus Ophiostoma and spread by bark beetles.


clastogenic

From Ancient Greek κλάω (kláō, “to break”) + -genic.

(genetics) capable of causing damage to chromosomes


antigenic

[I]n which case, the males are normal, and the species generally antigenic.

1889, Samuel Hubbard Scudder, The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, volume 1, page 535:

(biology, obsolete) Sexually dimorphic, especially with reference to lepidopterans.


radial

en-adj

radial (comparative more radial, superlative most radial)

more radial (comparative)
most radial (superlative)

From Medieval Latin radiālis (“radial”), from Latin radius.

(entomology) Of, or relating to the radius (vein), and/or the wing areas next to it.

(botany) Developing uniformly on all sides.


sematic

(biology, of the colouring of some insects etc.) Acting as a sign of danger.


taproot

From tap + root. The oldest use (by Philemon Holland) is spaced as tap root. In the 18th and 19th centuries the standard spelling was tap-root.

The taproots of trees like the false acacia, growing between Park Royal and Alperton, thrust deeply into the ground, while the spreading roots of the silver birch stitch the soil.

1950 July, “Traveller's Joy”, in Railway Magazine, page ii (advertisement):

Above the lower headcut, phreatophytic mesquite and little leaf sumac hug the banks, drawing pendulate water from the silts remaining from former marsh deposits and sending long taproots into channel stores.

2007, Susan L. Woodward, “Modern Vegetation of the Murray Springs Area and the Upper San Pedro Valley”, in Caleb Vance Haynes, Bruce B. Huckell, editor, Murray Springs, page 58:

On the other hand, those who are compelled by a single strong desire are obsessed with a well-defined problem, which touches the taproot of their soul. They are on the attack, on the move.

2024 October 10, David Brooks, “How Harris Can Finish Strong”, in The New York Times:

(botany) A long, tapering root possessed by many plants (such as carrots and dandelions).


trifoliate

/tɹaɪˈfəʊlɪət/

tri- (“three”) + Latin foliātus (“leaved”) Doublet of tréflé.

(chiefly botany) Having or comprising three leaves, or (loosely) trifoliolate (with three leaflets) or having leaves with three parts, as the clover plant.


rhachitomous

(biology, of vertebrae) Having a large, dorsal, crescentic intercentrum, and a small, dorsal, paired pleurocentrum.


radiolitid

(zoology) Any extinct bivalve in the family Radiolitidae.


immunoglobulin

immunoglobulins (plural)
Ig (alternative)

The recent observation that a heat labile human immunoglobulin, IgE , could mediate the release of both histamine and SRS-Aᵐᵒⁿᵏᵉʸ from primate lung slices (Ishizaka et al., 1969), prompted a re-examination of the biologic activity of rat heat labile homocytotropic antibody.

1969, Robert P. Orange, K. Frank Austen, “Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis”, in Advances in Immunology - Volume 10, page 144:

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of the glycoproteins in blood serum that respond to invasion by foreign antigens and that protect the host by removing pathogens; an antibody.


cytotoxicity

en-noun

cytotoxicity (countable and uncountable, plural cytotoxicities)

(biology) The property of being toxic to a cell.


lilliputian

lilliputians (plural)
Lilliputian (alternative)

From the name of a fictional island called Lilliput in the novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift.

(genetics) A fruit fly gene that, when mutated, makes cells abnormally small. See AFF2.


harlequin

harlequin (countable and uncountable, plural harlequins)

From earlier Harlicken, from Middle French Harlequin (in Italian Arlecchino, the name of a popular servant character in commedia dell'arte plays), from Old French Harlequin, Halequin, Herlequin, Hellequin, Hierlekin, Hellekin (a demon, malevolent spirit), probably of Germanic origin, connected to the Old English figure of Herla Cyning (“King Herla”, a mythical figure identified with Woden) or possibly to Old Frisian helle kin, Old English helle cyn, Old Norse heljar kyn (“the kindred of Hell”). Related to Middle English Hurlewain (“a mischievous sprite or goblin”).

cog

(entomology) Any of various riodinid butterflies of the genera Taxila and Praetaxila.


antlia

Borrowed from Latin antlia (“pump”), from Ancient Greek ἀντλία (antlía).

(archaic, zoology) The spiral tubular proboscis of butterflies.


bombardier

Borrowed from Middle French bombardier, from Old French bombarder (“a stone throwing engine”), equivalent to bombard + -er.


raniform

(rare, chiefly zoology) Shaped like a frog; resembling a frog.


chironomid

Fossil chironomids have proven useful as indicators of climatic change.

Devils Lake is where I began my career as a limnologist in 1964, studying the lake’s neotenic salamanders and chironomids, or midge flies. […] The Devils Lake Basin is an endorheic, or closed, basin covering about 9,800 square kilometers in northeastern North Dakota.

2012 January 27, Douglas Larson, “Runaway Devils Lake”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-05-23, page 46:

(entomology) Any of the non-biting midges or Chironomidae, a family of true flies within the order Diptera.


melanin

en-noun

melanin (countable and uncountable, plural melanins)

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek stem of μέλας (mélas, “black”) + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of naturally occurring dark pigments, especially the pigment found in skin, hair, fur, and feathers.


facultative

en-adj

facultative (comparative more facultative, superlative most facultative)

more facultative (comparative)
most facultative (superlative)

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From French facultatif. By surface analysis, faculty + -ative.

facultative feeder

This hypothesis might be supported by the evidence that there are varieties of pathogenic fungi of which parasitism is in varying degrees, between obligate parasitic and facultative parasitic. The facultative parasite, which usually lives as a saprophyte but under some conditions can parasitize on a plant, seems to be a pathogen with the lowest parasitic adaptation.

1993, Hachiro Oku, Plant Pathogenesis and Disease Control, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 10:

(biology) Able to perform a particular life function, or to live generally, in more than one way.

fakultatiivinen

able to perform a particular life function


curcumin

en-noun

curcumin (countable and uncountable, plural curcumins)

From translingual Curcuma, from Arabic كُرْكُم (kurkum, “turmeric”) + -in.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A polyphenol (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione; a major constituent of the spice turmeric.


polyphenol

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains and other plant foods, like nuts and legumes, are rich in polyphenols — antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds that some research suggests can support healthy aging.

2024 September 2, Alice Callahan, “How to Eat for a Long and Healthy Life”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a large class of organic compounds, of plant origin, having more than one phenol group; they tend to be colourful and to have antioxidant properties.

多酚

any of a large class of organic compounds


velum

Borrowed from Latin vēlum (“a cloth, covering, awning, curtain, veil”). Doublet of veil.

bor

a thin membrane resembling a veil or curtain, such as:

(botany) a thin membrane partially covering the cluster of sporangia near the leaf base in quillworts and their extinct relatives

(mycology) a veil-like membrane of immature mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is torn by growth, to reveal the gills

(malacology) a locomotory and feeding organ provided with cilia found in the larval stage of bivalves

(zoology) a annular membrane, typically bordering a cavity, especially in certain molluscs, medusae, and other invertebrates


vegetal

/ˈvɛd͡ʒɨtl̩/

/ˈvɛd͡ʒɪ̈tl̩/

Borrowed from Late Latin vegetālis, from vegetō.

This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

(obsolete, chiefly botany) Any vegetable organism.


inhibitor

(biology) Any substance capable of stopping or slowing a specific biological process


culture medium

(microbiology) A liquid or gel, containing nutrients, that is used to cultivate microorganisms.


gonotheca

(biology) The protective covering of a gonangium.


organoid

(biology) A mass of cells, either artificially grown in vitro to simulate an organ or an abnormal mass that resembles an organ in structural appearance or qualities, such as a tumour.


xenogenesis

/zɛnəʊˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

(biology) The production of an offspring that is unlike either of its parents.


xanthine oxidase

en-noun

xanthine oxidase (plural xanthine oxidases)

(biochemistry) A crystallizable flavoprotein enzyme containing iron and molybdenum that promotes the oxidation especially of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid and of many aldehydes to carboxylic acids and that is obtained usually from milk or liver.


xanthism

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ξανθισμός (xanthismós), by surface analysis, xantho- + -ism.

lbor

(biology, zoology) A yellowish colouring of pigments in hair, skin, feathers, etc.


xenophora

en-noun

xenophora (plural xenophoras or xenophorae)

(biology) Any mollusk of the genus Xenophora.


gorgonin

(biochemistry) A complex protein frequently containing appreciable quantities of iodine and bromine that makes up the horny skeleton of typical gorgonians.

gorgonina

protein that makes up the skeleton of gorgonians


xylostroma

(biology) The felted stroma of various wood-destroying fungi.


xylotomy

(botany) The art of preparing sections of wood (as by means of a microtome) for microscopic examination.


wood parenchyma

(botany) the vertical and usually axially arranged parenchyma of the xylem that is believed to function chiefly in carbohydrate storage


xiphioid

en-adj

xiphioid (comparative more xiphioid, superlative most xiphioid)

more xiphioid (comparative)
most xiphioid (superlative)

From ξιφία (xiphía), from ξίφος (xíphos, “sword”) + -oid.

(zoology) Resembling or related to the genus Xiphias (swordfish).

(zoology) Resembling or related to the family Xiphiidae (a group of fish).


xiphioid

(zoology) Any member of the genus Xiphias or family Xiphiidae.


xylophage

(biology) Any living organism that feeds on wood.


autolysis

From auto- (“self”) + -lysis (“breakdown”).

(pathology, cytology) The destruction of an organism's cells by enzymes produced by the organism itself.

саморазлагане

the destruction of an organism's cells by enzymes


biolytic

(biochemistry) Broken down by a biochemical process


biolysis

(biology) The decomposition of tissue and the subsequent death of the organism


biotype

(genetics) A group of organisms having the same specific genotype


X-linked trait

(genetics) Any trait or characteristic whose appearance or absence in a person is determined by a gene on the sex chromosomes. Typically, these genes are found on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome.


xiphosuran

(zoology) Any member of the order Xiphosura, including horseshoe crabs.


xiphosuran

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the order Xiphosura.


pericarp

/ˈpɛɹɪˌkɑːp/

/ˈpɛɹɪˌkɑɹp/

From French péricarpe, from New Latin pericarpium, from Ancient Greek περικάρπιον (perikárpion, “pod, husk, shell”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”). By surface analysis, peri- + -carp.

der

When, as in the cherry, the different layers of the pericarp are well-defined and largely developed, they received distinctive names ; the outer skin is the epicarp (epi, upon, carpon, a fruit), the middle fleshy part is the mesocarp (mesos, middle) ; and the innermost hard shell is the endocarp (endos, within) ; in other words the pericarp is made up of epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. […] In all normal fruits these three layers of the pericarp are present […].

The pericarp of sorghums of the factorial titution BBSSrr, BBSsrr, BbsSrr, and BbSsrr may possess some t degree of coloration even though the pericarp color factor R is nt.

1928, Journal of Agricultural Research, page 582:

Many fruits show differentiation of the pericarp into layers – the plum, for example, has a thin outer pericarp forming the skin, a succulent middle pericarp forming the flesh and a stony inner pericarp surrounding the single seed.

1992 August 20, Jim C. Forbes, James C. Forbes, Drennan Watson, Plants in Agriculture, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 180:

One important difference is the pericarp of sorghum is more bran-like and contains starch granules in the cells. However, as with maize, the sorghum pericarp is often referred to as a “hull” and is generally removed during processing.

2009, Stanley P. Cauvain, Linda S. Young, The ICC Handbook of Cereals, Flour, Dough & Product Testing: Methods and Applications, DEStech Publications, Inc, →ISBN, page 207:

(botany) The outermost layer, or skin, of a ripe fruit or ovary.

околопло́дник

outermost layer of a ripe fruit or ovary


perrisodactyl

/pɛɹɪsəʊˈdæktɪl/

(zoology): Any member of the mammal order Perissodactyla, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros


xerophyte

/ˈzɪəɹəʊfaɪt/

(botany) Any plant suited for life in a habitat where water is scarce, such as in a desert or chaparral. Such plants may be succulent, have small or reduced leaves, or spines.

xerofyt

botany: a plant suited for life in a habitat where water is scarce


phyllotaxis

en-noun

phyllotaxis (usually uncountable, plural phyllotaxes)

phyllotaxes (plural)
phyllotaxy (alternative)

Yet his Lordship would find this rate of proportion […] likewise in all plants, in the disposition of their leaves, for which ordering he would make a name, that is, from the Greek, phyllotaxis.

(botany) The arrangement of leaves on a stem, or the mathematical principles governing such arrangement.


pericyclic

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pericycle

(botany) In a plant root, the cylinder of plant tissue between the endodermis and phloem.


endodermis

endodermis (plural endodermises or endodermides)

endodermises (plural)
endodermides (plural)

From endo- (“within”) + dermis (“skin”).

(botany) In a plant stem or root, a cylinder of cells that separates the outer cortex from the central core. The endodermis controls flow of water and minerals within the plant. In most plants, this tissue is restricted to the roots.


pollicate

(zoology) Of insects: having a curved projection or spine on the inner side of a leg joint.


ectoblast

(dated, biology) The outer layer of the blastoderm; the ectoderm or epiblast.

ectoblaste

the outer layer of the blastoderm; the ectoderm or epiblast


epiblast

1993, Oded Khaner, 5: Axis Determination in the Avian Embryo, Roger A. Pederson, Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Volume 28, Academic Press, page 171,
Hypoblasts from these stages were separated from the epiblasts and rotated 90 and 180°, relative to their posterior regions.

It has been demonstrated that the clonal descendants of individual epiblast cells could contribute to a variety of embryonic and extraembryonic tissues that are derived from all three germ layers (Lawson et al., 1991; Lawson and Pedersen, 1992).

1999, Bruce P. Davidson, Anne Camus, Patrick P. L. Tam, “33: Cell Fate and Lineage Specification in the Gastrulating Mouse Embryo”, in Sally A. Moody, editor, Cell Lineage and Fate Determination, Academic Press, page 497:

The cells of the primitive embryoblast differentiate into two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast.

2006, Cynthia S. Cook, Kathleen K. Sulik, Kenneth W. Wright, “1: Embryology”, in Kenneth W. Wright, Peter H. Spiegel, Lisa Thompson, editors, Handbook of Pediatric Eye and Systemic Disease, Springer, page 1:

Shortly after the blastocyst implants, the epiblast elongates and begins receiving regionalized patterning signals that direct different compartments of it to differentiate into the definitive endoderm, the mesoderm, or the definitive ectoderm.

2011, K. M. Loh, Boon Seng Soh, Wai Leong Tam, Bing Lim, “2: Molecular Principles Underlying Pluripotency and Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells”, in Ariff Bongso, Eng Hin Lee, editors, Stem Cells: From Bench to Bedside, World Scientific, page 26:

(biology, embryology) The outer layer of a blastula that, after gastrulation, becomes the ectoderm.

eipeablast

biology: the outer layer of a blastula that, after gastrulation, becomes the ectoderm

primitive ectoderm

outer layer of a blastula that becomes the ectoderm


epinasty

epinasty (countable and uncountable, plural epinasties)

(botany) The downward curvature of leaves etc due to differential growth rates.

épinastie

botany: downward curvature due to growth

(botany) A nastic movement which bends a plant part (e.g. a petal) outward.


eugonic

The eugonic cultures generally appeared first on glycerinated media, whereas the dysgonic favoured media with wax.

1939, Tubercle: The Journal of the British Tuberculosis Association:

(biology, of bacterial growth) rapid and luxuriant


syncope

syncope (countable and uncountable, plural syncopes)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin syncopē, from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ), from συγκόπτω (sunkóptō, “cut up”) + -η (-ē, nominalization suffix), from σύν (sún, “beside, with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “strike, cut off”).

lbor

Sometimes, without any apparent cause, I sank, little by little, into a condition of semi-syncope, or half swoon; and, in this condition, without pain, without ability to stir, or, strictly speaking, to think, but with a dull lethargic consciousness of life and of the presence of those who surrounded my bed, I remained, until the crisis of the disease restored me, suddenly, to perfect sensation.

1844, Edgar Allan Poe, The Premature Burial:

Schneider, the father of rhinology, mentions a woman in whom the odor of orange-flowers produced syncope.

1896, George M. Gould, Walter Lytle Pyle, Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine:

[…]the rapidly-whitening face, the miserable fixed smile, meant a syncope within the next few bars.

(biology, medicine) A loss of consciousness when someone faints.


homological

From Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”), by surface analysis, homo- + logical.

(biology) Having a shared evolutionary origin.


pallet

(zoology) One of a pair of shelly plates that protect the siphon tubes of certain bivalves, such as the Teredo.


logistic curve

Calque of French courbe logistique, coined by Belgian mathematician Pierre François Verhulst in 1845. Verhulst did not explain his choice of the name logistique; see discussion at logistic.

coined

(mathematics, biology) An S-shaped curve that models the growth of many ecosystems.


nonstop

(genetics) Describing a point mutation within a stop codon that causes the continued translation of an mRNA strand.


parietal

en-adj

parietal (comparative more parietal, superlative most parietal)

more parietal (comparative)
most parietal (superlative)

From Latin parietālis, from pariēs (“wall”).

(botany) Attached to the main wall of the ovary, and not to the axis; said of a placenta.


ruga

Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

bor

Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]

1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:

the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

(anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.


splenetic

en-adj

splenetic (comparative more splenetic, superlative most splenetic)

more splenetic (comparative)
most splenetic (superlative)
splenetick (alternative)

The adjective form of spleen, borrowed from Late Latin spleneticus, from Latin splen. Anger was traditionally believed to originate from the fluids of the spleen.

I have already described the general protuberance of the abdomen among the children throughout the Messaria and the Carpas districts, all of whom are more or less affected by splenetic diseases.

1879, Sir Samuel White Baker, Cyprus, as I Saw it in 1879


intron

It is a medium-sized gene, then, interrupted by five longish introns.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 138:

(genetics) A portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded.

内含子

genetics: portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing


inulin

en-noun

inulin (usually uncountable, plural inulins)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide found in the roots and tubers of certain plants, especially the Compositae; it is mostly a polymer of fructose.


involute

en-adj

involute (comparative more involute, superlative most involute)

more involute (comparative)
most involute (superlative)
involuted (alternative)

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Furthermore, the free anterior margin of the lobule is arched toward the lobe and is often involute[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 7:

(botany) Having the edges rolled with the adaxial side outward.

(biology, of shells) Having a complex pattern of coils in which younger whorls only partly surround older ones.

(biology) Turned inward at the margin, like the exterior lip of the shells of species in genus Cypraea.


guttation

en-noun

guttation (countable and uncountable, plural guttations)

(botany) The exudation of drops of water from the leaves of some vascular plants as a result of root pressure.


lipopeptide

(biochemistry) An organic complex of lipids and peptides


carinate

en-adj

carinate (comparative more carinate, superlative most carinate)

more carinate (comparative)
most carinate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin carīnātus, from carīna (“keel”).

(ornithology) Of a bird, having a keeled breastbone allowing the attachment of flight muscles.


endangered species

en-noun

endangered species (plural endangered species)

The federal government has added five more birds to the endangered species list.

This project involves construction of a railway crossing for wild hazel dormice on the Furness line (Lancashire), in a bid to save the endangered species from extinction, and it will be the first of its kind on the railway.

2022 February 23, Daisy Chapman-Chamberlain, “Ground-breaking rail innovation goes international”, in RAIL, number 951, page 35:

(biology) A species which is in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range.


digenesis

digenesis (countable and uncountable, plural digeneses)

(biology) The alternation of sexual and asexual methods of reproduction.


thrombin

thrombin (countable and uncountable, plural thrombins)

(biochemistry) An enzyme in blood that facilitates blood clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin (by means of ionized calcium).


carina

Borrowed from Latin carīna (“keel”). Doublet of careen and carene.

(botany) Part of a papilionaceous flower consisting of two petals, commonly united, which encloses the organs of fructification.

(zoology) The keel of the breastbone of birds.


pyxis

From Latin pyxis (“small box”). Doublet of box, piseog, and pyx.

(botany) A capsule in which the lid separates from the top of the fruit to release the seeds.


X chromosome

X chromosomes (plural)
X-chromosome (alternative)

Named by Hermann Henking in 1890 from x (signifying the unknown) due to some baffling properties he had observed. The brief resemblance in the appearance of the X and Y chromosomes to the letters "X" and "Y" respectively during cell division is entirely coincidental.

(genetics) A mammalian sex chromosome. Cells of females have a pair of X chromosomes while cells of males have an X and a Y.


Y chromosome

Y chromosomes (plural)
Y-chromosome (alternative)

Named by Nettie Stevens in 1905 using the next letter in sequence following the naming by Hermann Henking in 1890 of the X chromosome. The brief resemblance in the appearance of the X and Y chromosomes to the letters "X" and "Y" respectively during cell division is entirely coincidental.

(genetics) A mammalian sex chromosome, occurring only in male cells. Cells of females have a pair of X chromosomes while cells of males have an X and a Y.


X-chromosome

(genetics) Alternative spelling of X chromosome


Y-chromosome

(genetics) Alternative spelling of Y chromosome


parenchyma

parenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural parenchymas or parenchymata)

parenchymas (plural)
parenchymata (plural)

/pəˈɹɛŋ.kɪm.ə/

From Ancient Greek παρέγχῠμα (parénkhŭma, “anything poured in beside”), from πᾰρᾰ- (pără-, “beside”) + ἔγχῠμα (énkhŭma, “instillation, content of a vessel”), given by the Greek anatomist Erasistratus to the peculiar substance of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen, as if formed separately by the veins that run into them.

af

(botany) The cellular tissue, typically soft and succulent, found chiefly in the softer parts of leaves, pulp of fruits, bark and pith of stems, etc.

[I]n a Sponge, the Parenchyma, it seems, is but a kind of mucous gelly, which is very easily and cleerly wash'd away.

1665, Robert Hooke, Micrographia, section XXII:

(zoology) Cellular tissue lying between the body wall and the organs of invertebrate animals lacking a coelom, such as flatworms.


homeostatic

Multicellular organisms require a homeostatic internal environment in order to live.

Sleep, rest, food and sex provide restorative homeostatic experiences that return consciousness to order after the needs of the body intrude and cause psychic entropy to occur.

1992, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow, Rider, published 2002, →ISBN, page 46:

(biology, physiology) Of or pertaining to homeostasis.


weedy

en-adj

weedy (comparative weedier, superlative weediest)

weedier (comparative)
weediest (superlative)

a weedy species

a weedy vine

[…] and so your soyle being drayned and kept dry, all those wéedy kindes of grasse will soone perish.

1614, Gervase Markham, The Second Booke of the English Husbandman, London: John Browne, Part 2, Chapter 7, pp. 84-85:

(botany) Characteristic of a plant that grows rapidly and spreads invasively, and which grows opportunistically in cracks of sidewalks and disturbed areas.


atavistic

atavistic (comparative more atavistic, superlative most atavistic)

more atavistic (comparative)
most atavistic (superlative)

From atavism + -istic, from French atavisme, from Latin atavus (“ancestor”), from at + avus (“grandfather”).

Although the heterozygote gives it an atavistic appearance, the gene is not atavistic.

1889, “Experiment Station Record”, in U.S, Office of Experiment Stations:

Thus the gene which produced atavistic digits in the vigorous heterozygous pentadactyl condition is a lethal monster in the homozygous condition.

1946, Reginald Ruggles Gates, Human genetics:

Reactivation of a dormant atavistic gene could account for the abnormal costocoracoid ligament in humans.

2006, Roger E Stevenson, Judith G Hall, Human malformations and related anomalies:

(biology) Of the recurrence of a trait reappearing after an absence of one or more generations due to a chance recombination of genes.

атавистичен

biology: of the recurrence of a trait after an absence of generations


radiocarbon dating

en-noun

radiocarbon dating (usually uncountable, plural radiocarbon datings)

(physics, archaeology, paleontology) A method of estimating the age of an artifact or biological vestige based on the relative amounts of the different isotopes of carbon present in a sample.


crude sap

crude sap (usually uncountable, plural crude saps)

(botany) The sap of a plant that rises from the roots to the leaves.

sève brute

sap that rises from the roots to the leaves


elaborated sap

elaborated sap (countable and uncountable, plural elaborated saps)

(botany) The sap of a plant produced in its leaves from the crude sap to feed the plant.


probiotic

(bacteriology) A food or dietary supplement, such as a yogurt, containing live bacteria for therapeutic reasons.


probiotic

en-adj

probiotic (comparative more probiotic, superlative most probiotic)

more probiotic (comparative)
most probiotic (superlative)

(ecology) Of, or relating to probiosis; ecologic facilitation.


endophenotype

(genetics) any hereditary characteristic that is normally associated with some condition but is not a direct symptom of that condition


geophyte

(botany) A perennial plant, for example the potato or daffodil, which in spring propagates from an underground organ such as a bulb, tuber, corm or rhizome.


ahemeral day

(biology) A light-dark cycle that has more or less than 24 hours created artificially for testing the rhythms of organisms.


-nasty

From Ancient Greek ναστός (nastós, “pressed”), from the verb νάσσω (nássō).


halfbeak

(zoology) Any slender, marine fish of the family Hemiramphidae, having the upper jaw much shorter than the lower, the balahoos or ballyhoos.

migbec

any slender, marine fish of the family Hemiramphidae


ichnofossil

/ˈɪknəʊˌfɒsəl/

For example, an ichnofossil might be the preserved track an animal, or its burrow.

Suites of taphonomic factors that influence body fossils and ichnofossils are clearly not identical. Nonetheless, without too much twisting, ichnofossil-lagerstätten can be placed into the same genetic categories.

2007, Charles E. Savrda, “6: Taphonomy of Trace Fossils”, in William Miller, III, editor, Trace Fossils, Elsevier, page 106:

The only abundant ichnofossils are large and inclined structures in La Cancha Bed (Profile K), interpreted as mammal burrows.

2010, Eduardo S. Bellosi et al., “21: Ichnofacies Examination of the Sarmiento Formation”, in R. H. Madden, A. A. Carlini, M. G. Vucetich, R. F. Kay, editors, The Paleontology of Gran Barranca, Cambridge University Press, page 313:

Changes in the preservational environment in the thousands or millions of years between the creation of each set of prints results in these different forms of ichnofossil.

2017 March 22, Elsa Panciroli, “Walking in the footsteps of giants and gerbils: what fossil prints can tell us”, in The Guardian:

(paleontology) A trace fossil; a fossil record that preserves some activity of an organism, but no part of the organism itself.


trace fossil

(paleontology) A type of fossil reflecting the reworking of sediments and hard substrates by organisms, rather than the physical remains of the organism itself. This includes structures such as burrows, trails, impressions, coprolites and borings.

icnofóssil

a geological record of an organism's activity, rather than the physical remains of the organism itself


ichnology

en-noun

ichnology (countable and uncountable, plural ichnologies)

/ɪkˈnɒləd͡ʒɪ/

(paleontology) A branch of paleontology concerned with the study of trace fossils such as footprints and burrows. Its subdisciplines include paleoichnology and neoichnology.


paleoichnology

The evolutionary aspect of ecology which has started to develop due to studies of trace fossils will stay long the privilege of paleoichnology.

1984, Palaeontology: Proceedings of the 27th International Geological Congress: Invited Papers, Volume 2, International Geological Congress:

Paleoichnology is their historic equivalent—the study of ichnological evidence of animals of the past.

2003, Jose Louis Sanz, Starring T. Rex! Dinosaur Mythology and Popular Culture, Indiana University Press, page 8:

As far as I can discern for now, only a few of the lessons learned were readily applicable to mainstream neoichnology and paleoichnology, but no matter.

2004, Ichnology Newsletter, number 26, page 42:

This field is called paleoichnology, which means the study (ology) of ancient (paleo) footprints (ichnos). Despite its name, there's more to paleoichnology than footprints.

2006, Richard L. Orndorff, Robert W. Wieder, David G. Futey, “Geology Underfoot in Southern Utah”, in Mountain, Press Publishing, page 12:

The subjects of paleoichnology are trace fossils (also called ichnofossils), which are fossilized structures produced in substrates ranging from unlithified sediment to sedimentary rock or organic matter (including shell, bone, wood and peat) by the activity of organisms.

2017, Dirk Knaust, Atlas of Trace Fossils in Well Core, Springer, page 5:

(paleontology) A branch of ichnology concerned with the study of trace fossils preserved in ancient rocks.


subtribe

From sub- + tribe. In taxonomy, after New Latin subtribus.

The tempo of evolution in South American hamsters was very rapid – in the course of the Pliocene and Anthropocene 40 genera were formed here, at which time a series of them attained the level of tribe and subtribe (Oxymycteri, Phyllotiini, Ichthyomyini).

1960, Doklady. Biological Sciences Sections, volumes 132–135, Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 640, column 2:

Brieger and his associates first divide the subtribe Epidendrinae […] into what could be called series, distinguishing four such series in the subtribe.

1993, Carl L. Withner, The Cattleyas and Their Relatives: A Book in Six Parts:

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category ranking below tribe.


vomiting

vomiting (countable and uncountable, plural vomitings)

Epilepsies, or fallings and reelings, and beastly vomitings. The least of these, even when the tongue begins to be untied, is a degree of drunkenness.

1651, Jer[emy] Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living. […], 2nd edition, London: […] Francis Ashe […], →OCLC:

It is certainly probable that these black vomitings and stools may be absent, and in that case it would be extremely difficult to diagnose between simple ulcer of the stomach and non-ulcerative gastritis.

1856, William Harcourt Ranking, Charles Bland Radcliffe, William Dommett Stone, The Half-yearly Abstract of the Medical Sciences:

(bacteriology) The act of one who vomits, or the matter that is vomited.


couplet

From French couplet, from couple + -et. Doublet of cabaletta.

The dichotomous keys are constructed so that each couplet presents a set of alternative choices.

2001, Stephen T. Ross, The Inland Fishes of Mississippi, page 33:

As long as the correct statement of each couplet is chosen, and the unknown organism is included in the key, a confident identification is usually achieved.

2004, Shin'ichiro Ishikawa, An Exploration of a New Poetic Expression Beyond Dichotomy:

(taxonomy) A pair of two mutually exclusive choices in a dichotomous key.


meiofauna

meiofauna (plural meiofaunas or meiofaunae)

From meio- + fauna. Meio- is from Ancient Greek μεῖον (meîon, “less”).

(ecology) A group of marine or freshwater, typically benthic organisms that are intermediate in terms of size between macrofauna and microfauna, and which can pass through a 1 mm sieve, but are retained by a 45 μm sieve.


endosymbiotic theory

(ecology) The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are organelles of eukaryotic cells, originated as independent organisms.

teoria endosimbiòtica

the theory that concerns the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts

細胞内共生説

さいぼうないきょうせいせつ


endosymbiont

(ecology) An organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.


endosymbiosis

endosymbiosis (countable and uncountable, plural endosymbioses)

Interspecific associations are currently believed to take part in evolution by improving a partner's fitness through integrated endosymbioses or by causing reproductive isolation and subsequent host speciation, such as in the Wolbachia endosymbioses (Nardon and Grenier, 1991; Margulis, 1993a; Bordenstein et al., 2001).

2003, Abdelaziz Heddi, “5: Endosymbiosis in the Weevil of the Genus Sitophilus: Genetic, Physiological, and Molecular Interactions among Associated Genomes”, in Kostas Bourtzis, Thomas A. Miller, editors, Insect Symbiosis, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 67:

2014, Robert E. Blankenship, Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, Wiley Blackwell, 2nd Edition, page 226,
Evidence is now overwhelming that several groups of eukaryotic algae originated from a secondary endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic alga was incorporated into a second host (Palmer and Delwiche, 1996; Delwiche and Palmer, 1997; Delwiche, 1999; Keeling, 2010, 2013; Curtis et al., 2012).

The second chapter (by David Smith) describes the primary endosymbiosis as an introduction for secondary endosymbioses. He illustrates the origin of primary endosymbiosis, plastid genome evolution, and loss of photosynthesis in some lineages of Archaeplastida.

2017, “Secondary Endosymbioses”, in Yoshihisa Hirakawa, editor, Advances in Botanical Research, volume 84, Elsevier (Academic Press), page xi:

(ecology) The condition of living within the body or cells of another organism; an instance of an organism so living.


blocker

→ Polish: bloker, blokers

From Middle English blocker, blokker, bloker, blokkere, equivalent to block + -er.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blocker.wav

Blockers can optimize the development of preferred physical characteristics. In trans girls, blockers initiated prior to the development of male secondary sex characteristics will effectively prevent voice deepening, skeletal enlargement, and penile enlargement.

2014, Laura Erickson-Schroth, Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 443:

Agent noun of block (“obstruct or prevent”); something that blocks something else.

(biology, medicine) Any of various medications that block (inhibit) the activity of a chemical messenger or its receptors, such as cardiac conduction modifiers (e.g., alpha-blockers), gastric acid inhibitors (H₂ histamine blockers), puberty blockers, and others.


monoclonal

One of the first examples of the immunogenicity of recombinantly derived antibodies was with murine anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3) used in the induction of immunosupression after organ transplantation.

2002, Gilbert S. Banker, Christopher T. Rhodes, Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th edition, Informa Health Care, →ISBN, page 699:

(biochemistry) genetically engineered from a single clone; used especially of a protein or antibody


monoclonal

(immunochemistry) something produced from a single clone, especially a monoclonal antibody


culm

Borrowed from Latin culmus. Doublet of calame, calamus, and haulm; further related to caramel, chalumeau and shawm.

[…] because, upon hearing him out, she sank down on the lawn in an impossible posture, examining a grass culm and frowning, he had taken his words back at once; […]

1962, Vladimir Nabokov, Pale Fire, page 150:

(botany) The stem of a plant, especially of grass or sedge.


xenia

From New Latin xenia, from Ancient Greek ξενίᾱ (xeníā, “hospitality”).

der

(botany) The effect that genes from pollen have on the endosperm.


isochromosome

(cytology) An abnormal chromosome in which one arm has been lost and replaced with an exact copy of the other arm.


chlorophyllin

(biochemistry) Any water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll in which the central magnesium atom is replaced (often with copper), and a number of side-chains are converted into sodium salts.

clorofil·lina

biochemistry: water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll


olfactory

From Latin olfactus (“an act of smelling; the sense of smell”) + -ory, from olfaciō (“to sniff, smell, scent”) + -tus (action noun suffix).

af

(anatomy, zootomy) Ellipsis of olfactory organ.


salting out

(biochemistry) A technique for the separation of proteins by differential precipitation in a solution of sodium chloride or ammonium sulphate.


stenohaline

en-adj

stenohaline (comparative more stenohaline, superlative most stenohaline)

more stenohaline (comparative)
most stenohaline (superlative)

(biology) Tolerant of only a narrow range of saltwater concentrations. Used of aquatic organisms


equilateral

ewesydig

referring to a polygon all of whose sides are of equal length

(zoology) Having the two sides equal, as a surface divisible by a longitudinal median line into two halves of the same form.

(zoology) Having all the convolutions of the shell in one plane, chiefly of foraminifers.


mala

Learned borrowing from Latin māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”).

lbor

(zootomy)
A single lobe of an insect's maxilla.

The grinding surface of an insect's mandible.

The third segment of a mandible of some myriapods.


-agogue

From Ancient Greek ἀγωγός (agōgós, “leading”), from ἄγω (ágō, “I lead”).

der

Something that leads to something else, as:

(biology, medicine) Something that stimulates a flow such as secretion or circulation.


-androus

(botany) having a specified number of stamens


saponin

“Saponins aren't absorbed by the intestines. You've got to get the stuff into the blood.”

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 111:

Soapnuts are the dried fruit of a tree called Sapindus mukorossi (Chinese Soapberry) and contain saponin, a natural surfactant that foams just like soap.

2015, Beth Terry, Plastic-Free: How I Kicked the Plastic Habit and How You Can Too, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of various steroid glycosides found in plant tissues that dissolve in water to give a soapy froth.