parthenogenesis

en-noun

parthenogenesis (usually uncountable, plural parthenogeneses)

/ˌpɑːθɪnəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑːθənəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑɹθɪnoʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑɹθənoʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

From parthen- + -o- + -genesis, from Ancient Greek παρθένος (parthénos, “virgin”) and γένεσις (génesis, “origin, creation, generation”).

der

Scientists say the birth is the second confirmed instance of a shark being conceived by parthenogenesis, a process in which an unfertilised egg develops into a new individual.

2008 October 15, "Virgin Shark Gives Birth", AFP via Australian Broadcasting Corporation

(biology) Referring to various aspects of asexual reproduction:

(biology, countable, uncountable) (An instance of) reproduction by the development of a single gamete (an ovum or ovule) without fertilisation by a gamete of the opposite sex; compare monogenesis, metagenesis, and heterogamy.

безполово размножаване

reproduction from a single gamete without fertilisation

An all female race, the asari reproduce through a form of parthenogenesis. Each asari can attune her nervous system to that of another individual of any gender, and of any species, to reproduce. This capability has led to unseemly and inaccurate rumors about asari promiscuity.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Asari Codex entry:

As an “all-female” humanoid species not bound to the traditional forms of mating, in that they reproduce through a form of telepathic parthenogenesis, the design of the Asari collapses boundaries of sex and sexuality. The Asari are a species rendered as Other, even in comparison to the various beings populating the gameworld.

2015, Summer Glassie, “"Embraced eternity lately?": Mislabeling and subversion of sexuality labels through the Asari in the Mass Effect trilogy”, in Matthew Wysocki, Evan W. Lauteria, editors, Rated M for Mature: Sex and Sexuality in Video Games (Media Studes / Game Studies), Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 162:

(biology, uncountable, formerly) Asexual reproduction in toto; agamogenesis.


parthenogenetic

parthenogenetic forms

"And that the germ plasm is different from the parthenogenetic egg?" "Why, surely!" I cried, and gloried in my own audacity.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

(biology) Of, pertaining to, or produced by, parthenogenesis.


pathway

From Middle English pathwei, equivalent to path + way. Cognate with German Pfadweg, Afrikaans padweg.

On the other hand, it can be observed that, with small exceptions, the S. pneumonia strains are the only Streptococci equipped with homospermidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways, which have been found to be involved in pathogenicity mechanisms [50 ] and in the counteraction of oxidative stress [51 ].

2015 September 15, “Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A sequence of biochemical compounds, and the reactions linking them, that describe a process in metabolism or catabolism.

voie

biochemistry: sequence of biochemical compounds


pearl

en-verb

pearl (third-person singular simple present pearls, present participle pearling, simple past and past participle pearled)

pearls (present singular third-person)
pearling (participle present)
pearled (participle past)
pearled (past)

Horace
Jean Jannon
New Testament
Vergil
en:pearl
en:pearl (disambiguation)
en:pearl (typography)

From Middle English perle, from Old French perle of uncertain etymology. Probably via unattested Medieval Latin *pernula, from Latin perna (“haunch; a marine bivalve shaped like a leg of lamb”) but also derived from Medieval Latin perla, from Latin perula (“little bag”). Its typographic use follows the name given by Jean Jannon to the type used in his miniature editions of Vergil, Horace, & the New Testament in the 1620s, which were the smallest printed works to his time. Its surfing use derives from the supposed resemblance to pearl diving.

der

(intransitive, botany) Of aquatic plants: to produce visible bubbles on the stems and leaves during photosynthesis, usually in a simulated environment like an aquarium.


pelt

A variant of pelta, borrowed from Latin pelta, from Ancient Greek πέλτη (péltē, “small crescent-shaped leather shield of Thracian design”); further etymology uncertain, perhaps either from Thracian, or ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to cover; to wrap; hide; skin; cloth”).

(obsolete, rare) Alternative form of pelta

Alternative form of pelta
A flat apothecium with no rim.


plaque

en-noun

plaque (countable and uncountable, plural plaques)

Unadapted borrowing from French plaque (“plate, sheet (of metal); slab (of marble); bacteria on teeth”), from French plaquer, Middle French plaquer (“to plate”), from Middle Dutch placken (“to patch, beat metal into a thin plate”), from placke (“disk, patch, stain”), from Old Dutch *plagga (“patch”), from Proto-Germanic *plaggą (“patch”).
The word is cognate with Middle Low German placke, plagge (“small stain, scraps, rags, thin grass”), German Placken (“spot, patch”), Saterland Frisian plak, plakke (“a blow, slap”), Swedish plagg (“clothing, garment”). Compare plack.

plakki

abnormal accumulation of material in or on an organ of the body, often associated with disease

(countable, biology) A clearing in a bacterial lawn caused by a virus.


pollinate

From pollin- (compound form of "pollen") + -ate (verb-forming suffix).


pride

en-noun

pride (countable and uncountable, plural prides)

shame

antonym(s) of “a sense of one's own worth”

humility

antonym(s) of “proud or disdainful behavior”

From Middle English pryde, pride, from Old English prȳde, prȳte (“pride”) (compare Old Norse prýði (“bravery, pomp”)), derivative of Old English prūd (“proud”). More at proud. The verb derives from the noun, at least since the 12th century.

A pride of lions often consists of a dominant male, his harem and their offspring, but young adult males 'leave home' to roam about as bachelors pride until able to seize/establish a family pride of their own.

(zoology, collective) A company of lions or other large felines.


pride

From Middle English pryde, from Middle Low German lampride, from Medieval Latin lampreda.

(zoology) The small European lamprey species Petromyzon branchialis.

kleines Neunauge

small European lamprey (Petromyzon branchialis)


primitive

en-adj

primitive (comparative more primitive, superlative most primitive)

more primitive (comparative)
most primitive (superlative)
primative (alternative)

From Middle English primitif, from Old French primitif, from Latin prīmitīvus (“first or earliest of its kind”), from prīmus (“first”); see prime. Doublet of primitivo.

prymitywny

old-fashioned; characterized by simplicity

(biology) Occurring in or characteristic of an early stage of development or evolution.


priority

en-noun

priority (countable and uncountable, plural priorities)

/pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/

/pɹaɪˈɔɹɪti/

From Old French priorite, from Latin priōritās.
Surface analysis: prior + -ity.

Neither [Jones][…] nor I (in 1966) could conceive of reducing our "science" to the ultimate absurdity of reading Finnish newspapers almost a century and a half old in order to establish "priority."

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page viii:

(taxonomy, of a name) A superior claim to use by virtue of being validly published at an earlier date.


propagate

en-verb

propagate (third-person singular simple present propagates, present participle propagating, simple past and past participle propagated)

propagates (present singular third-person)
propagating (participle present)
propagated (participle past)
propagated (past)

/ˈpɹɒpəˌɡeɪt/

/ˈpɹɑpəˌɡeɪt/

/ˈpɹɔpəˌɡæɪt/

/ˈpɹɒpəˌɡæɪt/

From Latin prōpāgātus, perfect passive participle of prōpāgō.

размножавам

to cause to continue or multiply by generation

As pigeons propagate so rapidly, I suppose that a thousand or fifteen hundred birds would have to be annually killed by mere chance.

1868, Charles Darwin, chapter XXVIII, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: John Murray, […], →OCLC:

(biology, intransitive) To produce young; to be produced or multiplied by generation, or by new shoots or plants.

размножавам се

biology: to produce young; to be produced or multiplied by generation, or by new shoots or plants


protean

From Ancient Greek Πρωτεύς (Prōteús, literally “first”), the Greek warden of sea-beasts, renowned for his ability to change shape.

bor

(biochemistry) A protein that has been slightly modified by water, dilute acid, or enzymes, but not modified to the extent of a metaprotein.


recessive

en-adj

recessive (comparative more recessive, superlative most recessive)

more recessive (comparative)
most recessive (superlative)

From Latin recēdō + -ive, or directly from New Latin recessīvus.

1944 June 21, James A. G. Rehn, South African Bird-Locust Records and Notes (Orthoptera; Acrididae; Cyrtacanthacridinae; Group Cyrtacanthacres), Notulae Naturae, Number 137, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, page 3,
The Lydenburg male and the other two females have the infuscate pattern definitely more recessive and less evident, although traceable.

This plan takes advantage of the fact that barless is the most recessive of a series of alleles.

1988, American Pigeon Journal, volume 76, page 36:

The series of murine Agouti alleles is a consistent array as it progresses from the most recessive to the most dominant allele (Jackson, 1994).

2001, D. P. Sponenberg, M. F. Rothschild, 6: Genetics of Coat Colour and Hair Texture, page 65:

(genetics) Able to be masked by a dominant allele or trait.


recessive

Suppose, for example, that we started with a population consisting of pure dominants, heterozygotes, and recessives in the ratio 1 : 4 : 4.

1915, Reginald Crundall Punnett, Mimicty in Butterflies, page 95:

Finally, if we suppose provisionally that the mutant genes are dominant just as often as they are recessive, selection will be far more severe in eliminating the disadvantageous dominants than in eliminating the disadvantageous recessives.

1930, R. A. Fisher, J. H. Bennett, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, page 50:

Selection favoring recessives is common in maize breeding for several traits, such as sweetness, opacity, brachysm, lack of ligules.

1988, Arnel R. Hallauer, Marcelo J. Carena, J.B. Miranda Filho, 6: Selection: Theory, 2nd edition, page 234:

2008, Ascertainment Test, entry in George P. Rédei, Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics, and Informatics, page 147,
In three-child families 27/64 will have no affected offspring, 9/37 will have 2, and 1/37 are expected to have 3 recessives.


recruit

(biology, ecology) A new adult or breeding-age member of a certain population.


recruit

en-verb

recruit (third-person singular simple present recruits, present participle recruiting, simple past and past participle recruited)

recruits (present singular third-person)
recruiting (participle present)
recruited (participle past)
recruited (past)

(biology, intransitive) To become an adult or breeding-age member of a population.

(biochemistry) To prompt a protein, leucocyte. etc. to intervene in a given region of the body.


reiterate

/ɹiˈɪtəɹeɪt/

/ɹiˈɪɾəɹeɪt/

/ɹiːˈɪtəɹæɪt/

[ɹiːˈɪɾəɹæɪt]

Early 15th century, from Late Latin reiteratus, past participle of reiterare (“to repeat”) from re- (“again”) + iterare (“to repeat”) from iterum (“repeat”).

(botany) A tree with vertical branches alongside the main trunk and which continue to grow upwards.


release

en-noun

release (countable and uncountable, plural releases)

From Middle English relesen, relessen, from Old French relaisser (variant of relascher).

отцепване

a device adapted to hold or release a device or mechanism as required

(biochemistry) The process by which a chemical substance is set free.


release

en-verb

release (third-person singular simple present releases, present participle releasing, simple past and past participle released)

releases (present singular third-person)
releasing (participle present)
released (participle past)
released (past)

(biochemistry) To set free a chemical substance.


revert

revert (third-person singular simple present reverts, present participle reverting, simple past and past participle reverted)

reverts (present singular third-person)
reverting (participle present)
reverted (participle past)
reverted (past)

From Old French revertir, from Vulgar Latin *revertiō, variant of Latin revertō.

връщам

to cause to return to the previous owner

(intransitive, biology) To return to an earlier or primitive type or state; to take on the traits or characters of an ancestral type.

taantua

biology: to return to an earlier or primitive type or state


robust

en-adj

robust (comparative more robust or (uncommon) robuster, superlative most robust or (uncommon) robustest)

more robust (comparative)
robuster (comparative uncommon)
most robust (superlative)
robustest (superlative uncommon)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-robust.wav

robust association of massive baryonic objects

(chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an individual or skeletal element: strongly built; muscular; not gracile.


rosette

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *wardahder.?
Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon)bor.?
Latin rosalbor.
Old French rose
Latin -ittus
Old French -ete
Old French rosete
Middle French rosettebor.
Middle French rosette
French rosetteinflu.
English rosette
Borrowed from Middle French rosette (in sense 15) and (modern) French rosette.

etymon

(botany) One or more whorls of leaves, clustered tightly at the base of a plant.

(botany) A plant growth form in which the plant grows outward in all directions for a short distance, producing a small round shape.

(zoology) Any structure having a flowerlike form; especially, the group of five broad ambulacra on the upper side of the spatangoid and clypeastroid sea urchins.

ruusuke

zoology: structure having a flowerlike form

(zoology) A flowerlike color marking, as on the leopard.


saturate

en-adj

saturate (comparative more saturate, superlative most saturate)

more saturate (comparative)
most saturate (superlative)

/ˈsæt͡ʃəˌɹeɪt/

Borrowed from Latin saturātus, perfect passive participle of saturāre (“to fill full”), from satur (“full”).

saturate green


secondary

secondary (not generally comparable, comparative more secondary, superlative most secondary)

more secondary (comparative)
most secondary (superlative)

From Middle English secundarie, from Latin secundārius (“of the second class or quality”), from secundus (whence the English second) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary), equivalent to second + -ary; compare the French secondaire, the Italian secondario, the Occitan secundari, the Portuguese secundario, and the Spanish secundario.

der

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
secondary

With the exception of a secondary loss in Dimecoenia, larvae of Ephydrini have prominent, ventral prolegs that bear crochets.

2016 May 27, Wayne M. Matthis, Luciane Marinoni, “Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States”, in Zootaxa, volume 4116, number 1, →DOI:

(taxonomy, not comparable) Representing a reversion to an ancestral state.


secondary

(ornithology) Any flight feather attached to the ulna (forearm) of a bird.


segregate

en-adj

segregate (comparative more segregate, superlative most segregate)

more segregate (comparative)
most segregate (superlative)

/ˈsɛɡɹəˌɡeɪt/

From Latin sēgregātus, perfect passive participle of sēgregō (“I separate”), from sē- (“apart”) + gregō (“I flock or group”), from grex (“flock”). Compare gregarious, aggregate.

(botany) Separated from others of the same kind.


segregation

en-noun

segregation (countable and uncountable, plural segregations)

/sɛɡɹəˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/

1555. From Latin segregatio.
Morphologically segregate + -ion

сегрегация

politics, public policy — see also apartheid

(biology) The setting apart in Mendelian inheritance of alleles, such that each parent passes only one allele to its offspring.

(genetics) The separation of a pair of chromatids or chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis


shabby

en-adj

shabby (comparative shabbier, superlative shabbiest)

shabbier (comparative)
shabbiest (superlative)

The adjective is derived from shab (“(obsolete except UK, dialectal) scaly skin disease; skin disease of sheep; crust forming over wound, scab”) + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives).
The verb is derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* Dutch schabbig (“poor, needy, shabby”)
* Middle High German schebic (modern German schäbig (“shabby”))
* Middle Low German schabbich (“miserable”) (modern Low German schabbig, schäbbig)
* Scots shabby (“in poor health, ill”)
* Swedish sjabbig (“shabby, mangy, scruffy”), skabbig (“scabby”)

hääppöinen

poor in quality; showing little effort or talent

(often in the negative) Poor in quality; also, showing little effort or talent.

(UK, dialectal, veterinary medicine) Chiefly of sheep: affected by shab or scab (“a skin disease”); scabby.


shell

From Middle English schelle, from Old English sċiell, from Proto-West Germanic *skallju, from Proto-Germanic *skaljō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cleave”).
Compare West Frisian skyl (“peel, rind”), Dutch schil (“peel, skin, rink”), Low German Schell (“shell, scale”), Irish scelec (“pebble”), Old Church Slavonic сколика (skolika, “shell”). More at shale.
Doublet of sheal.
* (computing): From being viewed as an outer layer of interface between the user and the operating-system internals.

cog

(entomology) The exoskeleton or wing covers of certain insects.

па́нцыр

entomology: exoskeleton of certain insects

The black walnut and the hickory nut, both of the same Genus as the pecan, have much thicker and harder shells than the pecan.

(botany) The hard external covering of various plant seed forms.

The covering, or outside part, of a nut.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

A pod containing the seeds of certain plants, such as the legume Phaseolus vulgaris.

(in the plural) Husks of cacao seeds, a decoction of which is sometimes used as a substitute or adulterant for cocoa and its products such as chocolate.


solitary

From Middle English [Term?], borrowed from Latin sōlitārius. Doublet of solitaire.

(botany) Not associated with others of the same kind.


spike

From Middle English spike, spyke, spik, from Old Norse spík (“spike, sprig”), from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“stick, splinter, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“to be pointed; sharp point, stick”). Cognate with Icelandic spík (“spike”), Swedish spik (“spike, nail”), Dutch spijker (“nail”), Old English spīcing (“spike”), and Latin spīca (“ear of corn”), which may have influenced some senses.

шпайкове

informal: running shoes with spikes in the soles

(botany) A kind of inflorescence in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis.


splice

Circa 1525, borrowed from Middle Dutch splissen (Modern Dutch splitsen); akin to Middle Dutch splitten (“to split”), German spleißen (“to split, splice”), Spliss (“split ends, hair breakage”), French épisser (also from Dutch). The Dutch word originally referred only to the fraying of the ropes' ends but was then also used for the entire process of fraying and retying; hence the peculiar semantic development from “split” to “join”. The same development occurred in German.

(genetics) The process of removing intron sequences from the pre-messenger RNA, and then joining together exons.


splice

en-verb

splice (third-person singular simple present splices, present participle splicing, simple past and past participle spliced)

splices (present singular third-person)
splicing (participle present)
spliced (participle past)
spliced (past)

(genetics) To remove intron sequences from the pre-messenger RNA, and then join together exons.


sprite

→ Japanese: スプライト (supuraito)

→ Russian: спрайт (sprajt)

From Middle English sprite, spryt, spreyte, from Old French esprit (“spirit”), from Latin spiritus. Doublet of spirit, spiritus, spirytus, spright, and esprit.
(computer graphics): First used by Danny Hillis at Texas Instruments in the late 1970s.
(meteorology): An acronym for Stratospheric Perturbations Resulting from Intense Thunderstorm Electrification.

doublet

(entomology) Any of various African damselflies of the genus Pseudagrion (of which, Australian species are named riverdamsels).


stadium

From Latin stadium (“a measure of length, a race course”) (commonly one-eighth of a Roman mile; translated in early English Bibles by furlong), from Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion, “a measure of length, a running track”), especially the track at Olympia, which was one stadium in length. The Greek word may literally mean "fixed standard of length" (from στάδιος (stádios, “firm, fixed”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-, whence also stand and Latin stare). Doublet of stade, stadion, and estadio.


stagger

From Middle English stageren, stakeren, from Old Norse stakra (“to push, stagger”). Cognate with dialectal Danish stagre.

parasitic staggers

apoplectic or sleepy staggers

(veterinary medicine) A disease of horses and other animals, attended by reeling, unsteady gait or sudden falling.


strain

From Middle English streen, strene, streon, istreon (“race, stock, generation”), from Old English strēon, ġestrēon (“gain, wealth”), from Proto-Germanic *streuną (“heap, treasure, profit, gain”), from Proto-Indo-European *strew- (“to spread, strew”) (cognate with Old Saxon gistriuni, Old High German gistriuni (“gain, property, wealth, business”), Latin strues (“heap”)). Confused in Middle English with the related noun strend, strynd, strund, from Old English strȳnd (“race; stock”), from strēonan, strȳnan (“to beget; acquire”). Related also to Dutch struinen (“to prowl, root about, rout”).

cog

They say this year's flu virus is a particularly virulent strain.

European scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus that causes AIDS and linked it to gorillas, creating a mystery about when and how the first patient found to have the strain became infected.

2009 August 4, Lawrence K. Altman, “New Strain of H.I.V. Is Discovered”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biology) A particular variety of a microbe, virus, or other organism, usually a taxonomically infraspecific one.

щам

particular variety of microbe, organism etc.


strict

en-adj

strict (comparative stricter or more strict, superlative strictest or most strict)

stricter (comparative)
more strict (comparative)
strictest (superlative)
most strict (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin strictus, past participle of stringere (“to draw tight, bind, contract”). Doublet of strait and stretto. See stringent, strain.

(botany) Upright, or straight and narrow; — said of the shape of the plants or their flower clusters.


recombination

(genetics) The formation of genetic combinations in offspring that are not present in the parents.


recondite

recondite (comparative more recondite, superlative most recondite)

more recondite (comparative)
most recondite (superlative)

Recondite, (aculeus) concealed within the abdomen, seldom exposed to view.

1825, Thomas Say, Say's Entomol., Glossary, 28:

(somewhat archaic) Hidden or removed from view.

(botany, entomology, obsolete, rare, of a structure) Difficult to see, especially because it is hidden by another structure.

Animals of this class are so recondite in their habits... so little known to naturalists beyond the more common species.

1835, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 125, 361:

(chiefly zoology, rare) Avoiding notice (particularly human notice); having a tendency to hide; shy.


tang

From Middle English tange, variant of tonge (“tongs, fang”), from Old Norse tangi (“pointed metal tool”), perhaps related to Old Norse tunga (“tongue”). But see also Middle Dutch tanger (“sharp, tart, pinching”).

ruoti

projecting part of an object by means of which it is secured to some other part

angel

part of small instrument inserted into handle

(zoology) Any of a group of saltwater fish from the family Acanthuridae, especially the genus Zebrasoma.


transcript

[ˈtʃɹʷænskɹʷɪp̚t]

From Latin transcriptum, from transcribere.

Some transcripts were exclusively expressed in specific organs, such as female protarsus, whereas others were universally expressed, this varied expression profile may provide insights into the specific functions mediated by chemoreception proteins in insects.

2015 December 12, “Identification and Comparative Expression Profiles of Chemoreception Genes Revealed from Major Chemoreception Organs of the Rice Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A molecule of RNA produced by transcription.


trenchant

en-adj

trenchant (comparative more trenchant, superlative most trenchant)

more trenchant (comparative)
most trenchant (superlative)
trenchaunt (alternative)

Borrowed into Middle English from Old French trenchant, the present participle of trenchier (“to cut”).

The trenchant talonid is a character of some miacids and distinguishes these teeth from the hyaenodontids and oxyaenids.

1971, Thomas H. V. Rich, Deltatheridia, Carnivora, and Condylarthra (Mammalia) of the Early Eocene, Paris Basin, France:

(chiefly archaic) Fitted to trench or cut; gutting; sharp.

(zoology, of teeth) Adapted for tearing into flesh.


unicellular

(biology) Describing any microorganism that has a single cell.


veil

→ Japanese: ベール (bēru)

→ Korean: 베일 (beil)

From Middle English veil, veyl, from Anglo-Norman and Old Northern French veil (“sail, veil, shroud”) (Francien Old French voil, French voile), Latin vēlum (“cloth, covering”). Displaced Middle English scleire, scleyre, sleyre, slyre (“veil”) (compare German Schleier). Doublet of velum and voile.

der

(zoology) velum (A circular membrane round the cap of a medusa).

(mycology) A thin layer of tissue which is attached to or covers a mushroom.

The genus Amanita has both a volva and a veil; the spores are white, and the stem is easily separable from the cap.

1903, George Francis Atkinson, chapter VI, in Studies of American Fungi. Mushrooms, Edible, Poisonous, etc., 2nd edition, New York: Henry Holt:

(mycology) A membrane connecting the margin of the pileus of a mushroom with the stalk; a velum.


vestige

From French vestige, from Latin vestīgium (“footstep, footprint, track, the sole of the foot, a trace, mark”).

Any person seeing such a condition could not help being frightened at the conditions found, and it seems to me that that fact should lead us to think that the appendix is a vestige or becoming so.

1904, Transactions of the […] annual session, volume 40, Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, page 160:

Now this paired organ of Jacobsen began in reptiles and is well developed in many mammals. But in man it is a vestige, often disappearing altogether; and the two openings are closed.

1932, John Arthur Thomson, Riddles of science, Ayer Publishing, page 824:

This idea was confirmed by Scott, who performed a detailed comparative analysis of primate anatomy and demonstrated conclusively that the appendix is derived for some unidentified function and is not a vestige.

2007, R. Randal Bollingera, Andrew S. Barbasa, Errol L. Busha, Shu S. Lina, William Parkera, “Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix,”, in Journal of Theoretical Biology:

(biology) A vestigial organ; a non-functional organ or body part that was once functional in an evolutionary ancestor.

csökevény

(biology) a vestigial organ; a non-functional organ or body part that was once functional in an evolutionary ancestor


volunteer

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

Borrowed from Middle French voluntaire, from Latin voluntārius (“willing, voluntary”); or from voluntary + -eer.

(botany, agriculture) A plant that grows spontaneously, without being cultivated on purpose; see volunteer plant in Wikipedia.


volunteer

en-verb

volunteer (third-person singular simple present volunteers, present participle volunteering, simple past and past participle volunteered)

volunteers (present singular third-person)
volunteering (participle present)
volunteered (participle past)
volunteered (past)

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

(intransitive, botany) To grow without human sowing or intentional cultivation.


waif

The noun is derived from Late Middle English weif (“ownerless property subject to seizure and forfeiture; the right of such seizure and forfeiture; revenues obtained from such seizure and forfeiture”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman waif, weif [and other forms] (compare Anglo-Latin waivum [and other forms], Medieval Latin waivium), possibly from Old French waif, a variant of gaif, gayf (“property that is lost and unclaimed; of property: lost and unclaimed”) (Norman) [and other forms], probably from a North Germanic source such as Old Norse veif (“flag; waving thing”), from Proto-Germanic *waif-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to oscillate, swing”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

waif, waife, wafe, wayf, wayffe, (Early Middle English) waiph, waive

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waif.wav

(by extension, botany) A plant introduced in a place outside its native range but not persistently naturalized.


wavy

en-adj

wavy (comparative wavier, superlative waviest)

wavier (comparative)
waviest (superlative)
wavey (alternative)

(botany, of a margin) Moving up and down relative to the surface; undulate.


scurf

en-noun

scurf (countable and uncountable, plural scurfs)

From scurf (“skin disease causing scabs or scales; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease, etc.”), from Old English scurf, from Proto-Germanic *skurf- (“to gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever; to divide, separate”). Cognate with Dutch schurft, German Schorf, Danish skurv, Swedish skorv.

inh

(botany) Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot.


cis

From Latin cis (“on this side (of), on the near or same side”). Doublet of he, it, here, hither, and hence.

doublet

(biology) Having two mutations on two genes on the same chromosome of a homologous pair.

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(cytology) Of the side of the Golgi apparatus nearer to the endoplasmic reticulum.


articulate

From a substantivation of the above adjective through the associated taxon's name, Articulata (see -ate (noun-forming suffix)).

They considered articulates to be pre-adapted for an eleutherozoic existence because they possess muscular arms which are potentially of value in crawling and swimming, as in comatulids.

1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History):

(zoology) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata.


viral

viral DNA

(virology) Of or relating to a biological virus.

viral infection


chills

I get chills every time I hear that song.

That feathery touch on my neck gave me the chills.

Being under dressed for this weather has given me the chills.

When I tripped so close to the edge of the cliff, I felt chills across my whole body.

When we made eye contact, my heart fluttered and chills ran down my spine.

(biology) A biological response to being tickled; being cold; or experiencing fear, euphoria or sexual arousal in which the person forms goose bumps.


umbel

Borrowed from Latin umbella (“umbrella”). Compare umbrella, composed of the same etymological elements but formed independently.

(botany) A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster (= inflorescence) in which the individual flower stalks arise from the same point, the youngest flowers being at the centre.


geotaxis

en-noun

geotaxis (usually uncountable, plural geotaxes)

(biology) A living creature's ability to move by orienting itself by gravitational forces.


acrogen

(biology) any flowerless plant whose growth takes place at the tip of the main stem, especially the cryptogam ferns


acrogenous

an acrogenous plant

(botany) Increasing by growth from the extremity.


hyaline

hyaline (countable and uncountable, plural hyalines)

From Latin hyalinus, from Koine Greek ὑάλινος (huálinos), from ὕαλος (húalos, “glass”).

(zoology, anatomy) A clear translucent substance in tissues.

where a villus comes next to a gland the short cubical cells of the gland may be traced into the columnar cells of the villus , the hyaline border becoming more marked

1880, Arthur Gamgee, A Text-book of the physiological chemistry […] :

(biochemistry) The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible to alcoholic fermentation.


amyloid

en-adj

amyloid (comparative more amyloid, superlative most amyloid)

more amyloid (comparative)
most amyloid (superlative)

(mycology) Applied to a mushroom that turns blue-black upon application of Melzer's reagent


leucite

en-noun

leucite (countable and uncountable, plural leucites)

From Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -ite.


evanescent

en-adj

evanescent (comparative more evanescent, superlative most evanescent)

more evanescent (comparative)
most evanescent (superlative)

Borrowed from French évanescent (“evanescent”), from Latin ēvānēscēns (“disappearing, vanishing”), present participle of ēvānēscō (“to disappear, vanish; to die out, fade away; to lapse”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away, out’)) + vānēscō (“to vanish”) (from vānus (“empty, vacant, void”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon, leave”)) + -ēscō (suffix forming verbs with the sense ‘to become’)).

намаляващ

disappearing, vanishing — see also disappearing, vanishing

Upward it [the "apennine adonis", probably the Pyrenean pheasant's eye (Adonis pyrenaica)] is of a pale green, with ſome Tinge of yellowiſh; and it is all the Way duſted with little grey tranſparent Globules. Theſe are the Extremities of ſo many round evaneſcent ſecretory Ducts; as the Hairs of other Plants are the more permanent Extremities of theirs.

1757 February, [John Hill; Thomas Hale], “Curious Plants and Flowers Now in Their Perfection”, in Eden: or, A Compleat Body of Gardening. […], number XXII, London: Printed for T[homas] Osborne, […]; T. Trye, […]; S. Crowder and Co., […]; and H. Woodgate, […], →OCLC, section I (Flora, or the Pleasure-garden), page 253, column 2:

Per[ianth]. Berry from the receptacle elongated into a cup globular, ſucculent, gaging at the top, colour'd, at length waſting from dryneſs, evaneſcent.

1787, [Carl Linnaeus; Carl Linnaeus the younger], “1135. Taxus. * Tournes. 362. Yew.”, in The Families of Plants, with Their Natural Characters, According to the Number, Figure, Situation, and Proportion of All the Parts of Frutification. Translated from the Last Edition, […] of the Genera Plantarum, and of the Mantissæ Plantarum of the Elder Linneus, and from the Supplementum Plantarum of the Younger Linneus, […], volume I, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Printed by John Jackson; sold by J[oseph] Johnson, […]; T. Byrne, […]; and J. Balfour, […], →OCLC, class XXII (Two Houses (Dioecia)), section XIII (One Brotherhood (Monadelphia)), page 706:

Leaves solitary or numerous, sometimes evanescent or rarely wanting, radical or cauline, alternate or occasionally whorled, simple, varying from a sheathing bract to a definite blade which is membranaceous, papyraceous, coriaceous or fleshy, flat or plicate, usually parallel-veined.

1960, Richard Evans Schultes, “Orchidaceae A. L. de Jussieu”, in Native Orchids of Trinidad and Tobago (International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology: Botany Division; 3), Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, →OCLC, page 19:

(botany) Of plant parts: shed after a period.

Ephemeral, fleeting, momentary.
Of plant parts: shed after a period.


parasite

/ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/

/ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/

/ˈpɛɹəˌsaɪt/

From Middle French parasite, from Latin parasitus, from Ancient Greek παράσιτος (parásitos, “person who eats at the table of another”), from noun use of adjective meaning "feeding beside", from παρά (pará, “beside”) + σῖτος (sîtos, “food”).

parasiet

(biology) organism that exists by stealing resources from another organism

Lice, fleas, ticks, and mites are widely spread parasites.

...and the mistletoe crept round many of the oaks—that pleasant parasite, whose associations belong rather to the hearth and lighted hall than to its native branches.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XIX, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 154:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 27, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(biology) An organism that lives on or in another organism of a different species, deriving benefit from living on or in that other organism, while not contributing towards that other organism sufficiently to cover the cost to that other organism.

He lacks, however, even the basic Dr. Kildare lingo about medical issues. For instance, he regularly misidentifies poppers as amyl nitrate, instead of amyl nitrite — two forms of heart medicine with different affects ^([sic]). Salmonella, a bacteria, is not usually classified as a parasite. And he mistakenly writes, "lenti means slow" in the lentiviruses. ("Lenti" means lens-shaped, biologists classify by structure, not by behavior.)

1987 December 27, Charley Shively, “AIDS In The Mind Of The Left And The Mainstream”, in Gay Community News, volume 15, number 24, page 9:

Select a disease class
Virus: Fastest evolution, Most affected by environment, Bonus to infectivity
Bacteria: Medium evolution, Normally affected by environment, Bonus to drug resistance
Parasite: Slowest evolution, Least affected by environment, Low visibility

2008 July 14, Dark Realm Studios, Pandemic II, Web:

Any germs or parasites on the surface of the meat that you could conceivably wash off are gonna die as soon as you cook it, so don't bother washing it.

2020 November 20, Adam Ragusea, 1:13 from the start, in Why People Wash Meat (or Don't):

(informal, specifically) An internal parasite that is an animal or protist.


hologamy

(biology) A form of sexual reproduction in which the gametes are approximately the same shape and size as the somatic cells


iguana

/ɪ.ɡjuˈɑːnə/

Borrowed from Spanish iguana, from Taíno *iwana.

(zoology) Any member of the genus Iguana.


pec

Greenshank, dunlins, common sand, snipe and blackwits accompanied the pec.

2016 August 1, Trevor Lee, “Another pec.”, in Lincsbirders (blog), archived from the original on 2025-01-01:

I went back into my photos, and yes, on 13 Nov, I photographed both Sharpie and the Pec.

2019 November 21, Stan Jarzynski, “Possible Pectoral Sandpiper”, in canberrabirds mailing list:

pectoral sandpiper
pectoral sandpiper#English

(birdwatching) Clipping of pectoral sandpiper.


camouflage

en-noun

camouflage (countable and uncountable, plural camouflages)

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

Unadapted borrowing from French camouflage, from camoufler (“to veil, disguise”), alteration (due to camouflet (“smoke blown in one's face”)) of Italian camuffare (“to muffle the head”), from ca- (from Italian capo (“head”)) + muffare (“to muffle”), from Medieval Latin muffula, muffla (“muff”). This Medieval Latin, from which there is also English muffle, is either derived from a Frankish *molfell (“soft garment made of hide”) from *mol (“softened, forworn”) (akin to Old High German molawēn (“to soften”), Middle High German molwic (“soft”)) + *fell (“hide, skin”), from Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, film, fleece”), or, an alternate etymology traces it to a Frankish *muffël (“a muff, wrap, envelope”) composed of *mauwa (“sleeve, wrap”) from Proto-Germanic *mawwō (“sleeve”) + *fell (“skin, hide”) from Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, film, fleece”).

der

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world—camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.

2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7:

(biology) Resemblance of an organism to its surroundings for avoiding detection.


GC

en-noun

GC (countable and uncountable, plural GCs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of glucocorticoid.

guanylate cyclase
guanylate cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanylate cyclase.

(genetics, molecular biology) Initialism of guanine-cytosine.


adelocodonic

From Ancient Greek ἄδηλος (ádēlos, “invisible”) + κώδων (kṓdōn, “bell”).

der

(zoology) Applied to hydroids' sexual zooids that have a saclike form and do not become free.


adenophyllous

(botany) Containing glands on the leaves.


legion

Attested (in Middle English, as legioun) around 1200, from Old French legion, from Latin legiō, legionem, from legō (“to gather, collect”); akin to legend, lecture. Doublet of León, which was borrowed from Spanish.
Generalized sense of “a large number” is due to an allusive phrase in Mark 5:9, "my name is Legion: for we are many" (KJV).

(dated, taxonomy) A group of orders inferior to a class; in scientific classification, a term occasionally used to express an assemblage of objects intermediate between an order and a class.


adelaster

Either from Ancient Greek ἄδηλος (ádēlos, “not manifest”) + ἀστήρ (astḗr, “star”) or from Ancient Greek ἄδηλος (ádēlos, “not manifest”) + Latin -aster.

(botany) A provisional name for a plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined, and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus.


progenitor

progenitors (plural)
progenitour (alternative)

/pɹəʊˈd͡ʒɛn.ɪ.tə/

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.tə/

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.tɚ/

From Middle English, from Middle French progeniteur (Modern French progéniteur), from Latin progenitor, from progenitus, perfect participle of progignere (“to beget”), itself from pro- (“forth”) + gignere (“to beget”).

(biology) An ancestral form of a species.


basionym

basionyms (plural)
basonym (alternative)

Arundinaria distans is the basionym of Colanthelia distans.

(botany, taxonomy) An earlier valid scientific name of a species that has since been renamed and from which the new name is partially derived.

basiònim

an earlier name of a species that has since been given a derived name


supercilium

Borrowed from Latin supercilium (“eyebrow; brow, ridge; pride, arrogance”).

bor

(anatomy, rare) The eyebrow (arch of hair above each eye).

(zoology) A superciliary marking or structure, especially in a bird.


acontia

acontias (plural)
acontium (alternative)

From the plural of New Latin acontium, from Ancient Greek ἀκόντιον (akóntion, “little dart”).

der

(zoology) Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnidae), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actiniae when irritated.


drupe

Scientific Latin, from Latin drūpa (“wrinkled olive”), from Ancient Greek δρύππᾱ (drúppā).

Black crowberry. Empetrum nigrum. Crowberry Family. Fruit. — The black drupe is berrylike, globular, and incloses six to nine seedlike nutlets with a seed in each. The calyx is at the base and the stigma is at the apex. The drupes are solitary in the leaf axils. They are juicy, acid, edible, and serve as food for the Arctic birds.

1905, Maude Gridley Peterson, How to Know Wild Fruits: A Guide to Plants When Not in Flower by Means of Fruit and Leaf, Macmillan, page 202:

(botany) a kind of fruit, with a fleshy exterior, formed from the exocarp and mesocarp, surrounding a hardened endocarp which protects the seed.


mentum

Learned borrowing from Latin mentum (“the chin”). Doublet of menton.

lbor

(malacology) A chin-like projection below the mouth of certain mollusks.

(entomology) The central part of the labium in insects.

(botany) A projection in front of the flower in some orchids.


fairy ring

The idea of a ring where fairies danced was a traditional explanation for the fungal phenomenon before it was understood.

This curious phenomenon has been differently accounted for. The following is Mr. Nicholson's description and explanation: "the appearance in the grass, says he, commonly called Fairy Rings, is well known. It consists either of a ring of grass of more luxuriant vegetation than the rest, or a kind of circular path in which the vegetation is more defective than elsewhere. It appears to be pretty well ascertained that the latter state precedes the former. […]

1821, Edward Polehampton, chapter VIII, in The Gallery of Nature and Art: Or, A Tour Through Creation and Science, volume 5, page 316:

The best known Fungus occupant of fairy rings is the Fairy Ring Agaric or Champignon, Marasmius oreades, termed in the older botanical textbooks Agaricus oreades.

1884, The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Home Farmer, Volume 7, 3rd Series, July—December, 1883, page 213:

So writing it down and reading it later, I realized somehow my subconscious was giving me a warning of things to come. In the dream I woke up at the height of the full moon in my garden. I didn't realize that in my drunken stupor I had fallen asleep amidst a fairy ring. A fairy ring is a bunch of mushrooms growing in a circle. I often see them growing on lawns. Legend has it that if one gets caught in this circle on a full moon, the fairies will take him or her captive and do as they please.

2012, Juliana Regina Delion, Heart Attack!: Shadows on the Eve of Tomorrow, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 18:

(mycology, botany) A ring of fungi marking the periphery of the perennial underground growth of the mycelium.

ве́дьмин круг m (védʹmin krug, literally “witch's ring”)


attenuation

en-noun

attenuation (countable and uncountable, plural attenuations)

From Middle English attenuacioun, a borrowing from Latin attenuātiō (“a diminishing”). Equivalent to attenuate + -ion.

(biology) A weakening in the virulence of a pathogen or other microorganism.

(botany) The tapering of a leaf etc to a fine point.


dopamine

dopamine (countable and uncountable, plural dopamines)

From DOPA (“dihydroxyphenylalanine”) + -amine.

af

Epinephrine and dopamine are two other catecholamine transmitters.

1988, Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 3rd edition, page 1025:

“The short-term, dopamine-driven feedback loops that we have created are destroying how society works: no civil discourse, no cooperation, misinformation, mistruth. And it’s not an American problem. This is not about Russian ads. This is a global problem.”

2017 December 12, Amy B Wang, “Former Facebook VP says social media is destroying society with ‘dopamine-driven feedback loops’”, in The Washington Post:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A monoamine C₈H₁₁NO₂ that is a decarboxylated form of dopa, present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including adrenalin.


homogenous

en-adj

homogenous (comparative more homogenous, superlative most homogenous)

more homogenous (comparative)
most homogenous (superlative)

/həˈmɑd͡ʒɪnəs/

Whatever may have been the origin of the former, we know that the latter are not homogenous, but are the mixed descendants of the several Fomorian, Nemedian, Firbolg, Tuatha de Danaan, and Milesian immigrations, with which has been combined in later times a strong admixture of Scandinavian blood.

1893 January, Alexander Macalister, “The Study of Man”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 42:

(biology) Having the same genetic structure; exhibiting homogeny.


homogeny

en-noun

homogeny (usually uncountable, plural homogenies)

(biology) Similarity in structure, though of different function, because of genetic relationships.


shift

shift (countable and uncountable, plural shifts)

From Middle English schiften, from Old English sċiftan (“to divide, separate into shares; appoint, ordain; arrange, organise”), from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną, *skiptijaną, from earlier *skipatjaną (“to organise, put in order”), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyb- (“to separate, divide, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, divide, separate, part”). Cognate with Scots schift, skift (“to shift”), West Frisian skifte, skiftsje (“to sort”), Dutch schiften (“to sort, screen, winnow, part”), German schichten (“to stack, layer”), Swedish skifta (“to shift, change, exchange, vary”), Norwegian skifte (“to shift”), Icelandic skipta (“to switch”). See ship.

cog

This kind of change, called shift - or more memorably, 'viral sex' - tends to trigger a pandemic, because a radically different virus demands a radically different immune response, and that takes time to mobilise.

2017, Laura Spinney, Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World, →ISBN:

(genetics) A mutation in which the DNA or RNA from two different sources (such as viruses or bacteria) combine.


malacology

From French malacologie, contraction of malacozoologie, from the (obsolete) taxonomic name Malacozoa + French -ologie (“-ology”), Malacozoa being in turn from Ancient Greek μαλακός (malakós, “soft”) + ζῷον (zôion, “animal”).
Equivalent to malaco- + -logy.

But the circumstances which the Baron Cuvier† so justly adduces as tending to retard the progress of Malacology in general, seem especially to have contributed to obscure the history of Nautilus Pompilius.

1832, Richard Owen, Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus, page 2:

[…]their chronogeny will long remain one of the most difficult problems in Malacology.

1850, William King, A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England, published 2014, page 201:

The first steps in the age determination of mammals by the number of annual layers were made when, in ichthyology and malacology, it has already become to routine practice to use annual layers for ageing animals and for back-calculating the growth of individuals.

1995, Galina A. Klevezal, M.V. Mina, Recording Structures of Mammals, page 231:


APT

acyl protein thioesterase
acyl protein thioesterase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of acyl protein thioesterase.


terrestrial

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/təˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

From Middle English terrestrialle, from terrestre or Latin terrestris, from terra (“land, earth, ground”), with the suffix -al.


channel

→ Japanese: チャンネル (channeru)

→ Korean: 채널 (chaeneol)

→ Welsh: sianel

From Middle English chanel (also as canel, cannel, kanel), a borrowing from Old French chanel, canel, from Latin canālis (“groove; canal; channel”). Doublet of canal.

kanal

communication: single path provided by a transmission medium via physical separation

kanaal

broadcasting: specific radio frequency or band of frequencies used for transmitting television

(biochemistry) An ion channel: pore-forming proteins located in a cell membrane that allow specific ions to pass through.


ion channel

2008 Daniels, David. "Ion Channels Play Key Role in R&D". 1 June 2008. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 28 (11), pg 24.; archived 2 January 2010. ISSN 1935-472X. OCLC 77706455.
Ion channels, which facilitate this movement, are protein assemblies that penetrate the membrane and catalyze passage of specific ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), or calcium (Ca2+) into or out of the cell down the electrochemical gradient.

Pleurobrachia was missing many common proteins called ion channels that generate electric signals that travel rapidly down a nerve.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry) A protein complex or single protein that spans between both sides of a cell membrane and allows specific ions to pass through.

離子通道 /离子通道

membrane protein(s) allowing ions to pass


anonym

Coined or borrowed around 1812, from French anonyme, from Ancient Greek ἀνώνυμος (anṓnumos, “without name”).

en:mere name, without full taxonomic basis

(zoology) A mere name; a name resting upon no diagnosis or other recognized basis.


hemopoiesis

en-noun

hemopoiesis (usually uncountable, plural hemopoieses)

(hematology, cytology) Formation of new cellular components of the blood in myeloid or lymphatic tissue.


clavicle

clavicles (plural)
clavicula (alternative)

Borrowed from Middle French clavicule, from Latin clāvicula (“a small key”), diminutive of clāvis (“a key”).

The Voluta is a ſimple ſhell, having no hinge, formed of one piece, and of a figure approaching to conic, but short; the clavicle being uſually depreſſed, in all very ſhort: the mouth is long, perpendicular, and narrow: the animal inhabiting this ſhell is a limax.

1752, John Hill, “Voluta”, in An History of Animals. […], London: Printed for Thomas Osborne, […], →OCLC, page 137:

(obsolete, conchology) The upper part of a spiral shell.


inclusion

inclusion (countable and uncountable, plural inclusions)

inclusions (plural)
enclusion (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin inclusio, inclusionis, from the verb Latin inclūdō (“to shut in, enclose, insert”), from in- (“in”) + claudō (“to shut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, include + -sion. Doublet of enclosure.

der

(cytology) A nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregate of stainable substances.

(histology) An object completely inside a tissue, such as epidermal inclusion cyst, a cyst in the epidermis.


neutral

en-adj

neutral (comparative more neutral, superlative most neutral)

more neutral (comparative)
most neutral (superlative)

[ˈnuːt͡ʃɹəl]

From Middle French neutral (compare modern French neutre), from Latin neutrālis. By surface analysis, neuter + -al.


fascicule

From French fascicule, from Latin fasciculus.


identical

identical (comparative more identical, superlative most identical)

more identical (comparative)
most identical (superlative)

(not comparable, biology) Of twins, sharing the same genetic code.

еднояйчен

of twins, such that they share the same genetic code


variety

en-noun

variety (countable and uncountable, plural varieties)

varieties (plural)
variete (alternative)
varietie (alternative)
variëty (alternative)

From Middle French varieté (“variety”) (modern French variété (“variety; genre, type”)) or directly from its etymon Latin varietās (“difference; diversity, variety”) + English -ty (suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives). Varietās is derived from varius (“different, diverse, various; variegated”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon; to give out; to leave”)) + -tās (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns indicating a state of being). The English word displaced the native Old English mislīcnes.
Sense 1.3.2 (“total number of distinct states of a system; logarithm to the base 2 of the total number of distinct states of a system”) was coined by the English psychiatrist William Ross Ashby (1903–1972) in his work An Introduction to Cybernetics (1956).
Cognates
* Galician variedade (“variety”)
* Italian varietà (“difference; variety”)
* Portuguese variedade (“variety”)
* Spanish variedad (“breed; variety”)

der

Many more ſorts of varieties of theſe kindes [of Aconitum anthora] there are, but theſe onely, as the moſt ſpecious, are nourſed vp in Floriſts Gardens for pleaſure; the other are kept by ſuch as are Catholicke obſeruers of all natures ſtore.

1629, John Parkinson, “Aconitum. Wolfebane.”, in Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris. […], London: […] Hvmfrey Lownes and Robert Yovng […], →OCLC, page 215:

But of all theſe varieties of Roſes, the beſt and moſt eſtemed amongſt the Red, are thoſe called the Roſe of the VVorld, the Red Belgick, the Red Marble, the Roſe vvithout Thorns, and the Red Provence Roſe.

1708, J[ohn] Mortimer, “Rose-Tree”, in The Whole Art of Husbandry; or, The Way of Managing and Improving of Land. […], 2nd edition, London: […] J[ohn] H[umphreys] for H[enry] Mortlock […], and J[onathan] Robinson […], →OCLC, book XIII, page 476:

When we look to the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us, is, that they generally differ much more from each other, than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature.

1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, “Variation under Domestication”, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 7:

(biology, loosely) An animal or plant (or a group of such animals or plants) with characteristics causing it to differ from other animals or plants of the same species; a strain or cultivar.

Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum is a variety of Capsicum annuum commonly known as chiltepin or Indian pepper.

(botany, taxonomy) A rank in a taxonomic classification below species and (if present) subspecies, and above form; hence, an organism of that rank.


variation

en-noun

variation (usually uncountable, plural variations)

/ˌvɛəɹɪˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvæɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvɛɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

From Middle French variation, from Old French variacion, from Latin variātiō, from vary + -ation.

(genetics) The modification of a hereditary trait.


keratin

keratin (countable and uncountable, plural keratins)

Borrowed from German Keratin, from Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -in.

(biochemistry) The protein of which hair and nails are composed.


chronogram

From chrono- + -gram, from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”) + γράμμα (grámma, “writing”).

(genetics) A phylogenetic tree that has branch spans proportional to evolutionary time.


hesperidin

hesperidin (countable and uncountable, plural hesperidins)

(biochemistry) a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruit


carpenter

From Middle English carpenter, from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius (“a carpenter”), from Latin carpentārius (“a wagon-maker, carriage-maker”), from Latin carpentum (“a two-wheeled carriage, coach, or chariot, a cart”), from Gaulish carbantos, from Proto-Celtic *karbantos (“chariot, war chariot”), probably related to Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”). Doublet of carpintero. More at car.
Displaced native Old English trēowwyrhta (literally “tree worker”).

ncog

The large, stout African bees are carpenters (Xylocopa), making small tunnels in timber, housing few individuals.

1968, Elliot C. G. Pinhey, Introduction to insect study in Africa, page 146:


immaculate

en-adj

immaculate (comparative more immaculate, superlative most immaculate)

more immaculate (comparative)
most immaculate (superlative)

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Museo del Prado

From Late Middle English immaculat, immaculate (“blameless; flawless, spotless; specifically of the Virgin Mary: pure, undefiled”), borrowed from Latin immaculātus (“unstained”), from im- (negative prefix) + maculātus (“stained, spotted; defiled, polluted; (figurative) dishonoured”), the perfect passive participle of maculō (“to spot, stain; to defile, pollute; (figurative) to dishonour”), from macula (“a blemish, spot, stain; (figurative) blot on one’s character, fault”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *smh₂-tló-m (“wiping (?)”), from *smeh₁- (“to rub; to smear”). The word displaced Middle English unwemmed (“pure, untainted”). See also -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
Cognates
* Catalan immaculat
* Italian immacolato, immaculato (obsolete)
* Middle French immaculé (modern French immaculé)
* Portuguese imaculado
* Spanish inmaculado

ref

From the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain.

perfek

containing no mistakes — see also flawless

(botany, zoology, especially entomology) Lacking blotches, spots, or other markings.

täplätön

lacking blotches, spots, or other markings — see also unspotted


homeorhesis

From homeo- + Ancient Greek ῥεῦσις (rheûsis, “flow”), the dropped u probably resulting from analogy with ῥέω (rhéō) or its derivatives.

af

(ecology) A dynamical system which returns to a trajectory, as opposed to a system which returns to a particular state, which is termed homeostasis


mammary

From French mammaire, from Latin mamma (“breast”).

mammary arteries and veins

It has been reported that periparturient cows undergo a period of immunosuppression of various immunological parameters associated with a high susceptibility to uterine and mammary infections […]

2015 August 29, “Different Blood Cell-Derived Transcriptome Signatures in Cows Exposed to Vaccination Pre- or Postpartum”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Of or relating to mamma or breast (of a woman or a female animal).


xeno-

From Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “alien”).

porcine xenograft

(biology, medicine, transplantation) From a donor of another species.


pedicel

From Late Latin pedīcellus, diminutive of pedīculus (“foot-stalk or pedicle of a fruit or leaf”), diminutive of pēs (“foot”).

Coordinate term: peduncle

Water flux through the pedicel could also be involved in tomato fruit CC.^([cuticle cracking])

2004, Martine Dorais, “5: Greenhouse Tomato Fruit Cuticle Cracking”, in Jules Janick, editor, Horticultural Reviews, Volume 30, Wiley, page 170:

(botany) A stalk of an individual flower (or fruit, e.g., once fertilised) or spore-producing body within a cluster.

(mycology) A stalk of a fungus fruiting body.

(zoology) A narrow stalk-like body part connecting specific segments in certain insects and some other arthropods.

A petiole; the connection between the thorax and abdomen of an insect of suborder Apocrita.

Spiders have the body clearly divided into two pieces which are joined by a narrow stalk, the pedicel.

1996, Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, page 10:

The connection between the cephalothorax and abdomen of a spider.

The second segment of the antenna of an insect, between the scape and the flagellum.

Table 5 lists 14 does with 1 or both antlers and 4 does and 1 doe fawn with incipient antler pedicels like those on male fawns.

1963, Journal of Mammalogy, American Society of Mammalogists, page 87:

(zoology) The segment of an antler that attaches to the head of a cervid.


torpedo

* Borrowed from Latin torpēdō (“a torpedo fish; numbness, torpidity, electric ray”), from torpeō (“I am stiff, numb, torpid; I am astounded; I am inactive”) + -ēdō (noun suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“stiff”). In the military sense coined by Robert Fulton in 1805. Cognate with Old English steorfan (“to die”), Ancient Greek στερεός (stereós, “solid”), Lithuanian tirpstu (“to become rigid”), Old Church Slavonic трупети (trupeti).
* (type of car): From 1908, after "the Torpedo", a car designed by Captain Theo Masui.

cog

Faire Queene, forbeare to angle for the fiſh, / Which being caught, ſtrikes him that takes it dead, / I meane that vile Torpedo, Gaueſton, / That now I hope flotes on the Iriſh Seas

1594, Christopher Marlow[e], The Troublesome Raigne and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England: […], London: […] [Eliot’s Court Press] for Henry Bell, […], published 1622, →OCLC, [Act I]:

The man has been changed into an artificial monster by the station in which he is born, and the consequent homage that benumbed his faculties like the torpedo's touch […].

1790, Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men:

"A childhood Misadventure with a Torpedo," Dixon, with a brief move of his head toward Mason, confides, "— thus his Sensitivity at all References to the,"— whispering,— "electrickal!"

1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon, New York: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 286:

(zoology) An electric ray of the genus Torpedo.


satellite

From Middle French satellite, from Latin satelles (“attendant”). Ultimately perhaps of Etruscan origin.

(genetics) A very large array of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA.


euthanasiate

That chemical methods of euthanasia (such as injectable euthanasiates such as barbituates) far outweighed all other methods used to perform euthanasia of laboratory animals.

1990, Gary Martinic, “euthanasia of laboratory animals”, in Animal Technology:

The Environmental Health Unit of Queensland Health has issued appropriately trained wildlife carers in two organisations with authority to hold and use a small selection of restricted (S4) veterinary drugs including: Pentabarbitone sodium (Valabarb, Lethabarb): a veterinary euthanasiate; Alfaxalone and Zoletil: anaesthetics; Diazepam (Pamlin): a sedative; Meloxicam: an antiinflammatory pain reliever.

2005, Jon Haner, Andrew Tribe, “Management of critically ill wildlife: the reality and practice of wildlife euthanasia”, in National Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference:

At all times the euthanasiates should be in a locked container/area when not in the possession of a veterinarian

2012, Australian Veternary Association, Indigenous Community Animal Health Program (ICAHP) Model and Guidelines:

(veterinary medicine) Any drug used to euthanize an animal.


euthanasiate

en-verb

euthanasiate (third-person singular simple present euthanasiates, present participle euthanasiating, simple past and past participle euthanasiated)

euthanasiates (present singular third-person)
euthanasiating (participle present)
euthanasiated (participle past)
euthanasiated (past)

The dog was euthanasiated 40 days after the MRI examination because its convulsions had worsened.

2000, Hiroshi Koie, Ester Norie Kurotobi, Takeo Sakai, “Double-chambered right ventricle in a dog”, in Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, volume 6:

The experiment was carried out 240 days long, on Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected once with aqueous asbestos suspension. In the end, animals were euthanasiated by prolonged narcosis.

2008, B. Sevastre, C. Cătoi, A.I. Marcus, “LESIONAL ASPECTS IN RAT EXPERIMENTAL ASBESTOSIS”, in Bulletin of University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania:

On a stork whit multiple fractures which was later euthanasiated, some anatomic and histology observation were made on the esophagus.

2009, V Rus, V Miclaus, GC Nadas, D Cadar, “STRUCTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE WHITE STORK (CICONIA CICONIA) ESOPHAGUS.”, in Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, volume 14, number 1:

(veterinary medicine) To kill in a humane manner.


piranha

piranhas (plural)
piranha (plural)
piraña (alternative)
pirana (alternative)
piraya (alternative)

First attested in 1869. The term entered English either via Portuguese piranha or Spanish piraña, from Old Tupi pirãîa.

(ichthyology) Any of the carnivorous or frugivorous freshwater fish living in South American rivers and belonging to the subfamily Serrasalminae.


areolar

en-adj

areolar (comparative more areolar, superlative most areolar)

more areolar (comparative)
most areolar (superlative)


metamorphosis

en-noun

metamorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural metamorphoses)

/ˌmɛtəˈmɔːfəsɪs/

/ˌmɛtəmɔːˈfəʊsɪs/

/ˌmɛtəˈmɔɹfəsɪs/

First attested in 1533, from Latin metamorphōsis, from Ancient Greek μεταμόρφωσις (metamórphōsis), from μετά (metá, “change”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “form”). Analyzable as meta- + -morph + -osis

der

μεταμόρφωσις

(biology) A change in the form and often habits of an animal after the embryonic stage during normal development (e.g. the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly or a tadpole into a frog).


permease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that transport membrane proteins.

permeaasi

enzyme that transports membrane proteins


regulon

(genetics) A group of genes that are regulated by the same regulatory molecule. The genes of a regulon share a common regulatory element binding site or promoter. The genes comprising a regulon may be located non-contiguously in the genome


palustral

en-adj

palustral (comparative more palustral, superlative most palustral)

more palustral (comparative)
most palustral (superlative)

From Latin palustris, from palūs (“swamp”), -al.

Telebasis salva is found in shallow waters containing palustral vegetation.

1956, Robert Leslie Usinger, Aquatic Insects of California, page 145:

(botany, of a plant) That requires a marshy habitat.


variant

variants (plural)
variaunt (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-variant.wav

Recorded since c.1380, from Old French variant, from Latin variāns, the present active participle of variō (“to change”).

Most train operators have reduced services with emergency timetables, as they struggle to cope with a rapid increase in staff absences due to the Omicron variant of COVID.

2022 January 12, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Emergency timetables as absences surge due to COVID”, in RAIL, number 948, page 6:

(genetics) A different sequence of a gene (locus).


RIP

RIPs (plural)
R.I.P. (alternative)
rip (alternative)

ribosome-inactivating protein
w:ribosome-inactivating protein

(biology) Initialism of ribosome-inactivating protein.


bicaudal

From bi- + caudal, from Latin cauda (“tail”).


sink

a bathroom sink sink (canonical)
sinks (plural)

From Middle English synken, from Old English sincan, from Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to fall, sink”).
Compare West Frisian sinke, Low German sinken, Dutch zinken, German sinken, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål synke, Swedish sjunka. In the causative sense, it replaced Old English senċan (“make sink”) from Proto-Germanic *sankwijaną.

der

(ecology) A habitat that cannot support a population on its own but receives the excess of individuals from some other source.


policeman

→ French: policeman

→ Maori: pirihimana

→ Welsh: plismon

(entomology) Any skipper of the genus Coeliades.


ramification

en-noun

ramification (countable and uncountable, plural ramifications)

/ɹæmɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌɹæməfəˈkeɪʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ramification.wav

From Middle French ramification, or its source, Medieval Latin rāmificātiō.

The character of trees may be studied to advantage […] in winter, when the forms of the ramification can be seen in the naked boughs […]

1829, Lincoln Phelps, Familiar Lectures on Botany, page 179:

From the left chamber or ventricle of the strong muscular mass, the heart, a large tube arises, called the aorta; and by a continued division or ramification, opens a way for the bright scarlet blood to the very minutest part of the living frame […]

1856, Neil Arnott, Isaac Hayes, Elements of Physics, pages 414–5:

[…]we may be sure that Becky and Briggs looked out those august names in the Peerage, and followed the noble races up through all the ramifications of the family tree.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter XLVIII, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

“You live in a different world to me, Mr. Overton—a sweeter and healthier one. My ramifications stretch out into many sections of society, but never, I am happy to say, into amateur sport, which is the best and soundest thing in England.[…]

1904 August, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter”, in The Return of Sherlock Holmes, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., published February 1905, →OCLC:

Quite unexpectedly an idea popped into Tarzan's head. In following out the many ramifications of the dictionary definition of God he had come upon the word create—“to cause to come into existence; to form out of nothing.”

1919, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “The God of Tarzan”, in Jungle Tales of Tarzan, pages 92–93:

(botany, anatomy, also figurative) A branching-out, the act or result of developing branches; specifically the divergence of the stem and limbs of a plant into smaller ones, or of similar developments in blood vessels, anatomical structures etc.


locus

Holonyms: subband < band < region < replicon

Meronyms: sublocus; gene, pseudogene

(genetics) A fixed position on a string of DNA or RNA, especially a chromosome, that may be occupied by one or more genes.


plague

plague (countable and uncountable, plural plagues)

From Middle English plage, borrowed from Old French plage, from Latin plāga (“blow, wound”), from plangō (“to strike”). Cognate with Middle Dutch plāghe (> Dutch plaag), plāghen (> Dutch plagen); Middle Low German plāge; Middle High German plāge, pflāge (> German Plage); plāgen (> German plagen); Swedish plåga; French plaie, Occitan plaga. Doublet of plaga. Displaced native Old English wōl.

(ornithology) A group of common grackles.


isolate

en-verb

isolate (third-person singular simple present isolates, present participle isolating, simple past and past participle isolated)

isolates (present singular third-person)
isolating (participle present)
isolated (participle past)
isolated (past)

Back-formation of isolated, from French isolé, from Italian isolato, from Latin insulatus (whence also insulate).

(transitive, microbiology) To separate a pure strain of bacteria etc. from a mixed culture.

isoleren

transitive, microbiology: to separate a pure strain of bacteria etc. from a mixed culture


androgen

It is known as Hatschek's pit and has been found to react positively to antibodies against substance P, met-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH), and the enzyme aromatase (P450ₐᵣₒ), which converts certain androgens into estrogens (see Chapter 3).

2013, David O. Norris, Vertebrate Endocrinology, page 151:

However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.

2015 August 17, Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al., “Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women”, in International Journal of Endocrinology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. A male sex hormone such as testosterone or anabolic steroids.


kinetic

From Ancient Greek κινητικός (kinētikós, “puts in motion”), from κινέω (kinéō, “I move, put in motion”).

der

(biology) Relating to the movement of an organism in response to an external stimulus.


amoeba

amoebae (plural)
amoebas (plural)
ameba (alternative)
amœba (alternative)

From Ancient Greek ἀμοιβή (amoibḗ, “change”), referring to constantly changing shape of these organisms.

(biology) A member of the genus Amoeba of unicellular protozoa that moves by means of temporary projections called pseudopodia.

amebë

member of a genus of unicellular protozoa


throw up

en-verb

throw up (third-person singular simple present throws up, present participle throwing up, simple past threw up, past participle thrown up)

throws up (present singular third-person)
throwing up (participle present)
threw up (past)
thrown up (participle past)

The vomit sense is a clipping of throw up one's accounts (18th century), from earlier idiom cast up one's accounts (15th century).

The baby threw up all over my shirt.

That cat is always throwing up hairballs.

I wonder what happens if you throw up in zero gravity.

1988 September 19, Bill Watterson, Calvin & Hobbes (comic):

(intransitive, transitive, now informal, bacteriology) To vomit.


social

en-adj

social (comparative more social, superlative most social)

more social (comparative)
most social (superlative)

From Middle French social, from Latin sociālis (“of or belonging to a companion or companionship or association, social”), from socius (“a companion, fellow, partner, associate, ally”), from sequor (“follow”). Cognate with English seg (“man, companion, fellow”). More at seg.

der

a social insect

(biology) Cooperating or growing in groups.


motor

From Middle English motour (“controller, prime mover; God”), from Latin mōtor (“mover; that which moves something”), from mōtō (“I set in motion”).

der

She has excellent motor skills.

(biology) Relating to the ability to move.


podium

Borrowed from Latin podium, from Ancient Greek πόδιον (pódion, “base”), a diminutive of πούς (poús, “foot”). Doublet of pew.


ounce

From Middle French once, from Old French lonce (“lynx”), by false division (the l was thought to be the article), from Italian lonza, ultimately from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”). Doublet of onza and lynx.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ounce.wav

The ounce, a leopard-like creature, is dreaded for its depredations by the Indians of Brazil.

1911, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 8, page 235:

(cryptozoology) Synonym of onza, a particularly aggressive cougar or jaguarundi in Mexican folklore.


evert

en-verb

evert (third-person singular simple present everts, present participle everting, simple past and past participle everted)

everts (present singular third-person)
everting (participle present)
everted (participle past)
everted (past)

From Late Latin ēvertere (“to turn (an item of clothing) inside out”), Latin ēvertere, present active infinitive of ēvertō (“to turn upside down; to overturn; to reverse”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘out, away’)) + vertō (“to reverse; to revolve, turn; to turn around”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to rotate, turn”)).

der

But if the conjunctiva be not diseased or very firmly united to the tumour, we had better operate without everting the eyelid, and this is possible without leaving an observable scar on the eyelid.

1809, Charles Bell, “Of Tumours of the Eyelid”, in A System of Operative Surgery, Founded on the Basis of Anatomy, volume II, London: Printed [by C. Stower] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […]; and Cadell and Davies, […], →OCLC, page 84:

The brachial artery may be exposed and tied in any part of its course, the border of the biceps and coraco-brachialis serving as a guide to its situation. When the arm is drawn away from the side, and slightly everted, the hand being supinated, the seat of the operation is fairly brought into view.

1837, Jones Quain, “Fasciæ”, in Elements of Anatomy, 4th revised and enlarged edition, London: Printed for Taylor and Walton, […], →OCLC, paragraph 656, page 539:

One of the chief causes of flat foot is the natural defect of improper alignment of the leg and the foot, with the result that both muscle action and gravity act to evert and depress the foot.

1923 February, Herman W. Marshall, quoting E. A. Cayo, “A Compilation of Current Notions on Feet”, in Journal of the National Association of Chiropodists and Pedic Items, volume 13, number 2, New York, N.Y.: National Association of Chiropodists, →OCLC, page 16:

The older writers, like ourselves, were of course fascinated by the spectacle of a tiny fungus everting its inner peridium with lightning-like rapidity and casting away its ball of spores.

1958, A[rthur] H[enry] Reginald Buller, “The Sphaerobolus Gun and Its Range”, in Researches on Fungi, volumes V (Hyphal Fusions and Protoplasmic Streaming in the Higher Fungi, […]), New York, N.Y.: Hafner Publishing, →OCLC, page 280:

In addition to functioning as a dorsiflexor of the foot, the extensor digitorum longus also everts the foot and extends the toes.

2016, Kevin T. Patton, Gary A. Thibodeau, “Appendicular Muscles”, in Anatomy & Physiology, 9th edition, St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier, →ISBN, unit 2 (Support and Movement), page 356, column 2:

(transitive, often biology, physiology) To turn inside out (like a pocket being emptied) or outwards.


suine

en-noun

suine (countable and uncountable, plural suines)

Primitive suines appeared in the Eocene.

1983, The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, volume 7, page 574:

(zoology) (strictly) An even-toed ungulate belonging to the taxonomic subfamily Suinae, which is comprised of modern pigs (genus Sus) and their close relatives, both living and extinct.

(zoology) (loosely) An even-toed ungulate belonging to the suborder Suina.


viola

(botany) Any of several flowering plants, of the genus Viola, including the violets and pansies.


polyeidism

(zoology) The quality or state of being polyeidic.


ancipital

(botany) Two-edged instead of round; said of certain flattened stems, such as those of bluegrass, and rarely also of leaves.


efflorescence

efflorescence (countable and uncountable, plural efflorescences)

/ˌɛfləˈɹɛsəns/

Borrowed from French efflorescence, from Latin efflōrēscō (from ex- (“out”) + flōrēscō (“to blossom”)) + -ence. By surface analysis, effloresce + -ence.


organic

en-adj

organic (comparative more organic, superlative most organic)

more organic (comparative)
most organic (superlative)
organick (alternative)

From Middle English organic, organik, from Old French organique, from Latin organicus.

(biology) Pertaining to or derived from living organisms.

عُضْوِيّ

pertaining to, or derived from living organisms


amino acid

See amine and acid. Likely a calque of German Aminosäure, which is attested earlier.

(biochemistry) Any organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group.

حمض أميني

any organic compound containing amino and carboxylic acid

(biochemistry) Any of the twenty naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino, and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom), and a variety of side chains, that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins.


essential amino acid

en-noun

essential amino acid (plural essential amino acids)

(biochemistry) One of the nine naturally occurring amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize, and so must be provided by dietary protein.

aminoàcid essencial

amino acid which is a dietry requirement


nonessential amino acid

nonessential amino acid (plural nonessential amino acids)

(biochemistry) Those of the naturally occurring amino acids that the human body can synthesize for itself, and so need not be provided by dietary protein.

非必需氨基酸

amino acid that the human body can synthesize


depression

depression (countable and uncountable, plural depressions)

From Middle English depression, depressioun, from Old French depression, from Latin dēpressiō.

(biology, physiology) A lowering, in particular a reduction in a particular biological variable or the function of an organ, in contrast to elevation.


MIT

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of monoiodotyrosine.


larynx

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-larynx.wav

Borrowed from New Latin larynx, from Ancient Greek λᾰ́ρῠγξ (lắrŭnx, “larynx; windpipe; gullet, throat”).

bor

Meronyms: epilarynx, hypolarynx, orolarynx

There is one thing, among abundance of others, in Anatomy, which has always much affected me with Admiration, [...] It is the Situation and Elaſticity of the Epiglottis, a ſoft Cartilaginous Cover to the Larynx, or Orifice of the Wind-pipe; that this Epiglottis ſhould, all a Man's life, be drawn up, for the Benefit of Reſpiration, and fall down and ſhut, whilſt every bit we eat, and every drop we drink, paſſes over it into the Gullet and Stomach; and that we ſhould ſo ſeldom have Occaſion to cough up a crum, or drop, that may accidentaly ſlip into the Larynx; [...]

1727, Walter Harris, “Section II. Of the Wonderful Works of God.”, in The Great and Wonderful Works of God Humbly Represented: And the Just and Equal Distributions of Providence Demonstrated. […], London: James Roberts […], →OCLC, pages 29–30:

The larynx is the instrument of the voice, of which the rima glottidis is the immediate organ. [...] The change of the voice from acute to grave at the time of puberty, when the larynx undergoes a remarkable development, as well as its acuteness in females, whose glottis is less by one third than that of man, shew that the size of the aperture has a great influence.

1809, William Nicholson, “PHYSIOLOGY”, in The British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; […], volume V (N … R), London: Printed by C[harles] Whittingham, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], →OCLC:

The differences in the voices of man and woman cannot but have been always obſerved; and their larynxes exhibit, on a merely ſuperficial inſpection, a great diſproportion in ſize.

1819, Abraham Rees, “LARYNX”, in The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature. [...] In Thirty-nine Volumes, volume XX, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, […] [et al.], →OCLC, column 1:

I hope to be understood as not implying that there is no peculiarity of the larynges and tracheæ, except in some genera; for I believe all have the admirable mechanism of the organ of voice differently constructed, with corresponding muscles, and distribution of nerves, producing those various modulations of sound so familiar to us, and destined for the excitement of love, as well as for other purposes.

1830 March 16, Joshua Brookes, “XXIX. On the Remarkable Formation of the Trachea In the Egyptian Tantalus”, in The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, volume XVI, London: Richard Taylor, […]; Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, […]; William Wood, […], published 1833, →OCLC, page 502:

The work on larynx transplantation has been discussed in the previous paragraphs. Corollary to this is the possible development of an artificial larynx which can be implanted just as an artificial heart might be implanted. Design of such larynxes might permit a quick solution to the problem of tissue rejection.

1968 April 25, John E. Bordley (witness), Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for 1969: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session: […], part 7 (Members of Congress, Interested Individuals and Organizations), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 259:

The ability of Red Deer stags to lower their larynx when roaring appears to be one of the exaggerators of formant dispersal, since the resting position of the male larynx is already lower than the typical mammalian position. [...] Size exaggeration provides an intriguing, non-linguistic explanation for the descent of the human larynx [...].

2003, John Maynard Smith, David Harper, “Indices of Quality”, in Animal Signals, Oxford, Oxforshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, published 2004, →ISBN, 4.2 Are Mammalian Sounds Reliable Indices of Size?, page 47:

Study of intubated larynges from infants of 22 to 40 weeks' gestation who survived a few hours to 300 days showed acute injury was almost invariable, and up to 100% of the subglottic epithelium was lost within a few hour of intubation, but progression of injury was relatively short-lived.

2015, George H. Zalzal, Robin Thomas Cotton, “Glottic and Subglottic Stenosis”, in Marci M. Lesperance, Paul W. Flint, Cummings Pediatric Otolaryngology, Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders, Elsevier, →ISBN, 6: Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, and Esophagus, page 350, column 2:

(anatomy, zootomy) A hollow muscular organ of the neck of mammals situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the oesophagus. It is involved in breath control and protection of the trachea, and, as it houses the vocal cords, sound production.

laring

organ involved in breath control, protection of the trachea, and sound production

បំពង់កក្នុង

bɑmpʊəŋ kɑɑ knoŋ


apposition

en-noun

apposition (countable and uncountable, plural appositions)

/ˌæpəˈzɪʃn̩/

From Middle English apposicioun, from Middle French apposition, from Latin appositiō, past participle of appōnere (“to put near”).

(biology) The growth of successive layers of a cell wall.

aposició

biology: growth of successive layers of cell wall


posterior

en-adj

posterior (comparative more posterior, superlative most posterior)

more posterior (comparative)
most posterior (superlative)
posteriour (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin posterior (“that comes or follows after; later, latter”).

bor

(anatomy) Nearer the rear or hind end; nearer the caudal end of the body in quadrupeds or the dorsal end in bipeds.

(botany) Next to, or facing the main stem or axis.


screen

From Middle English scren, screne (“windscreen, firescreen”), from Anglo-Norman escren (“firescreen, the tester of a bed”), Old French escren, escrein, escran (modern French écran (“screen”)), from Middle Dutch scherm, from Old Dutch *skirm, from Proto-West Germanic *skirmi, from Proto-Germanic *skirmiz (“fur, shelter, covering, screen”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).
Cognate with Dutch scherm (“screen”), German Schirm (“screen”). Doublet of scherm.
An alternative etymology derives Old French escren, escran from Old Dutch *scranc (“barrier”) (compare Middle Dutch schranc, schranke (“palisade, trellis, grid”), German Schrank (“cupboard, cabinet”), German Schranke (“fence”)), from Proto-West Germanic *skrank, from Proto-Germanic *skrankaz.

der

(by analogy) Searching through a sample for a target; an act of screening, or the method for it.

(genetics) A technique used to identify genes so as to study gene functions.

seulonta

genetics: technique used to identify genes


selfish

en-adj

selfish (comparative more selfish or (proscribed) selfisher, superlative most selfish or (proscribed) selfishest)

more selfish (comparative)
selfisher (comparative proscribed)
most selfish (superlative)
selfishest (proscribed superlative)
selvish (alternative)

From self + -ish. Compare Danish selvisk (“selfish”), Swedish självisk (“selfish”).

Discoveries of selfish genetic elements often follow from the emergence of a selfish phenotype either in a cross between members of closely related species, or in crosses involving individuals from different isolated populations within a species.

2005, N.S. Sharma, Molecular Structure Of Genes And Chromosomes, Mittal Publications, →ISBN, page 215:

Through this hypothesized mechanism, a selfish virus would reduce the probability that other co-infecting genotypes contribute the expected share of their genes to the progeny.

2005 August 4, Robert Desharnais, Population Dynamics and Laboratory Ecology, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 321:

The "selfish meme" concept does not, of course, ascribe any consciousness or motivation to the meme; it simply means we can understand better by looking at evolution from the meme's point of view.

2011 February 15, Richard Brodie, Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme, Hay House, Inc, →ISBN, page 68:

(biology) Related to or equivalent to a selfish gene; best understood as existing to preserve and replicate itself in competition with other entities at the same level of existence, rather than at the level of the individual or population containing it.


dichotomic

dichotomic (comparative more dichotomic, superlative most dichotomic)

more dichotomic (comparative)
most dichotomic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dichotomic.wav

(botany) That system of classification which pertains to two opposite criteria.


archive

First appears c. 1603 in a translation by Philemon Holland. From French archive(s), from Latin archīvum, from Ancient Greek ἀρχεῖον (arkheîon, “town hall”).

der

ཡིག་རྙིང་ཕྱོགས་བསྡུས (yig rnying phyogs bsdus, literally “old document collection”)

soil archive

peat archive

(ecology) Natural deposits of material, regarded as a record of environmental changes over time.


metagenome

(genetics) All the genetic material present in an environmental sample, consisting of the genomes of many individual organisms.


albedo

en-noun

albedo (countable and uncountable, plural albedos or albedoes)

Borrowed from Latin albēdō (“whiteness”).

bor+

(botany) The whitish inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits that is a source of pectin, commonly referred to as the pith.


interface

→ Armenian: միջերես (miǰeres) (calque)

→ Japanese: インターフェース (intāfēsu)

→ Korean: 인터페이스 (inteopeiseu)

desctree

→ Russian: интерфе́йс (interféjs)
→ Kazakh: интерфейс (interfeis)

→ Turkish: ayarüz (calque)

From inter- (“between”) + face (“shape, figure, form”).

تَعْشِيق

point of interconnection between entities

interfaze

computing, object-oriented: connection between parts of software

(biochemistry) The internal surface of a coiled protein (compare exoface).


wicket

From Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wiket, from Old Norse (specifically, Old East Norse) víkjas, diminutive of vik. Compare modern French guichet, ultimately from the same Old Norse source.

(veterinary) A device to measure the height of animals, usually dogs.


specific

en-adj

specific (comparative more specific, superlative most specific)

more specific (comparative)
most specific (superlative)
specifick (alternative)

From Old French specifique, from Late Latin specificus (“specific, particular”), from Latin speciēs (“kind”) + faciō (“make”).

der

Holonyms: generic, familial

Meronyms: infrasubspecific, infraspecific, subspecific

Science and literature, then, are the two achievements of Homo sapiens that most convincingly justify the specific name.

2008, Richard Dawkins, The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing, Oxford, published 2009, page 3:

(bioscience, taxonomy) pertaining to a species, as a taxon or taxa at the rank of species.

específic

pertaining to a taxon at the rank of species


terminator

[ˈtɜː.mɪ.næɪ.ɾə]

* Partly from post-classical Latin terminator (5th century), from Latin terminō; partly from terminate + -or.
* (android that kills humans): After the 1984 film The Terminator.

(biochemistry) A DNA sequence that causes RNA transcription to cease and an mRNA transcript to break off.


frontal

Borrowed from New Latin frontālis, from frons (“the forehead, brow, front”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), equivalent to front + -al; cognate of French frontal. Doublet of frontalis.

af

(zootomy) Any of the scales of a reptile that lie in the general region of the forehead, more specifically between the eyes and to the anterior of this area.


modification

en-noun

modification (countable and uncountable, plural modifications)

/ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Middle French modification, from Latin modificātiō (“a measuring”), from modificāre (“to limit, control, modify”); see modify.

Due to his sunbathing, Jim's body experienced modifications: he got a tan.

(biology) A change to an organism as a result of its environment that is not transmissable to offspring.


obligate

en-adj

obligate (comparative more obligate, superlative most obligate)

more obligate (comparative)
most obligate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin obligātus, past participle of obligō. Doublet of oblige, taken through French.

[A]nalysis of the chemical composition of their bones reveals that they were obligate carnivores.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 171:

(biology) Requiring a (specified) way of life, habitat, etc..


alopecoid

From Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx, “fox”) + -oid.

In the smaller Alopecoids, such as C. zerda, the temporal ridges remain permanently separate, and inclose a wide lyrate sagittal area, the ridges themselves not being very strongly marked; […]

1880, The Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, page 250:

(zoology) An animal that resembles a fox.


dorsal

dorsal (comparative more dorsal, superlative most dorsal)

more dorsal (comparative)
most dorsal (superlative)
dossal (alternative)

From Late Middle English dorsal/dorsale, borrowing from Medieval Latin dorsālis (“of or relating to the back”), from dorsum (“the back”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to dorsum + -al.

ظَهْرِيّ

relating to the side in which the backbone is located

(anatomy, zootomy) With respect to, or concerning the side in which the backbone is located, or the analogous side of an invertebrate.

(anatomy) Relating to the top surface of the foot or hand.

背側 /背侧

relating to the top surface of foot or hand

(linguistics, of a sound) Produced using the dorsum of the tongue.

(botany) Relating to the surface naturally inferior, as of a leaf.

(botany) Relating to the surface naturally superior, as of a creeping hepatic moss.


dorsal

(zootomy, in snakes) Any of the longitudinal series of plates that encircle the body, excluding the ventral scales.


blackleg

en-noun

blackleg (countable and uncountable, plural blacklegs)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blackleg.wav

(uncountable, agriculture, veterinary medicine) A fatal cattle disease caused by the soil-borne bacterium Clostridium chauvoei; symptomatic anthrax.


dip

dip (countable and uncountable, plural dips)

From Middle English dippen, from Old English dyppan, from Proto-West Germanic *duppjan, from Proto-Germanic *dupjaną; see *daupijaną (“to dip”). Related to deep.

I'd missed them by a couple of hours. This dip did not bode well for the Hudwit.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 124:

(birdwatching, colloquial) The act of missing out on seeing a sought after bird.


dip

en-verb

dip (third-person singular simple present dips, present participle dipping, simple past and past participle dipped)

dips (present singular third-person)
dipping (participle present)
dipped (participle past)
dipped (past)

dip me in chocolate and throw me to the lesbians

dip me in honey and throw me to the lesbians

I assured him that I'd been birding long enough to know that there were no guarantees with birds and I wouldn't have held it against him if I'd dipped.

(birdwatching, colloquial) To miss out on seeing a sought after bird.


multicellular

(biology, of an organism) That has many cells, often differentiated in function.


dysfunction

dysfunction (third-person singular simple present dysfunctions, present participle dysfunctioning, simple past and past participle dysfunctioned)

dysfunctions (present singular third-person)
dysfunctioning (participle present)
dysfunctioned (participle past)
dysfunctioned (past)
disfunction (alternative)

(nonstandard, intransitive, chiefly biology) To fail to function correctly; to malfunction.


protist

From translingual Protista, from Ancient Greek πρώτιστος (prṓtistos).

(microbiology) Any of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms—including protozoans, slime molds and some algae—historically grouped into the kingdom Protista (or Protoctista), now distributed over several clades.

Any single-celled eukaryote, prokaryote or sponge .

Any single-celled eukaryote or prokaryote .

Besides the hundreds or thousands of metres of fungal mycelium in a teaspoon of healthy soil, there are more bacteria, protists, insects and arthropods than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 162: