copper

en-noun

copper (countable and uncountable, plural coppers)

Inherited from Middle English coper, from Old English coper, copor (“copper”), from Late Latin cuprum (“copper”), contraction of Latin aes Cyprium (literally “Cyprian brass”), from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros, “Cyprus”). Cognate with Dutch koper (“copper”), German Kupfer (“copper”), Icelandic kopar (“copper”).

der

(entomology) Any of various lycaenid butterflies with copper-coloured upperwings, especially those of the genera Lycaena and Paralucia.


salmon

en-noun

salmon (countable and uncountable, plural salmon or salmons)

→ Burmese: ဆယ်လမွန် (hcaila.mwan)

→ Hebrew: סַלְמוֹן (sálmon)

→ Hindi: सामन (sāman)

→ Japanese: サーモン (sāmon)

From Middle English samoun, samon, saumon, from Anglo-Norman saumon, from Old French saumon, from Latin salmō, salmōn-. Displaced native Middle English lax, from Old English leax (“salmon”). The unpronounced l was later inserted to make the word appear closer to its Latin root (compare words like debt, indict, receipt for the same spelling Latinizations).
The verb sense “ride a bicycle the wrong way down a one-way street” alludes to salmon swimming upstream against the flow of a river to spawn.

m-g

grilled salmon

salmon paté

salmon steak

(zoology) One of several species of fish, typically of the Salmoninae subfamily, brownish above with silvery sides and delicate pinkish-orange flesh; they ascend rivers to spawn.


russet

en-adj

russet (comparative more russet, superlative most russet)

more russet (comparative)
most russet (superlative)

From Middle English russet, from Anglo-Norman russet, rossat, roset, and Middle French rosset, rousset (“reddish, reddish-brown; a rough wool cloth”), from Middle French rous, rus (“to rouse”) + -et (diminutive suffix); compare Late Latin rossetum, russetum, russeta (“rough wool cloth”), Latin russus (“red”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)), Occitan rosseta (“rough wool cloth”).

Many apple varieties are mottled or russet, with a rough, dull skin hiding crisp, flavorful flesh.

2015, Jennifer A. Jordan, “Remembering Applies”, in Edible Memory: The Lure of Heirloom Tomatoes & Other Forgotten Foods, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 98:

(botany) Having a rough skin that is reddish-brown or greyish; russeted.


helicopter

→ Amharic: ሄሊኮፕተር (helikoptär)

→ Bislama: helikopta

→ Cebuano: helikopter

→ Malay: helikopter

→ Tagalog: helikopter

desctree

→ Tok Pisin: helikopta
Ankave: erɨ´kura´

/ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptɜɹ/

Borrowed from French hélicoptère, from Ancient Greek ἕλιξ (hélix, “spiral”) + πτερόν (pterón, “wing”). Doublet of helicopteron. By surface analysis, helico- + -pter. The dragonfly sense is from a dragonfly's ability to hover and fly in any direction, like the flying machine.

af

(botany) The winged fruit of certain trees, such as ash, elm, and maple.

(zoology, slang) A dragonfly; so named due to its resemblance to a helicopter (sense 1).


hibernate

en-verb

hibernate (third-person singular simple present hibernates, present participle hibernating, simple past and past participle hibernated)

hibernates (present singular third-person)
hibernating (participle present)
hibernated (participle past)
hibernated (past)
hivernate (alternative)
hybernate (alternative)

[ˈhɑɪbəˌnɛɪt]

From Latin hībernātus, from hībernāre, from hībernus (“winter”).

Hedgehogs and bears are two of the many mammals that hibernate in winter.

Organisms have developed all sorts of ways of dealing with these variations. They hibernate or estivate or migrate.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, chapter 8, in The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Henry Holt and Company:

(intransitive, biology) To spend the winter in a dormant or inactive state of minimal activity, low body temperature, slow breathing and heart rate, and low metabolic rate; to go through a winter sleep.

أَسْبَتَ

spend winter time in a dormant or inactive state


amber

en-noun

amber (countable and uncountable, plural ambers)

red

antonym(s) of “intermediate light in a set of three traffic lights”

From Middle English ambre, aumbre, from Old French aumbre, ambre, from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar, “ambergris”), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭭𐭡𐭫 (ʾnbl /ambar/, “ambergris”). Compare English lamber, ambergris. Displaced Middle English smulting (from Old English smelting (“amber”)), Old English eolhsand (“amber”), Old English glær (“amber”), and Old English sāp (“amber, resin, pomade”).
* The nucleotide sequence "UAG" is named "amber" for the first person to isolate the amber mutation, California Institute of Technology graduate student Harris Bernstein, whose last name ("Bernstein") is the German word for the resin "amber".

ambergris

obsolete: the waxy product of the sperm whale

an amber codon, an amber mutation, an amber suppressor

For example, to cross a temperature-sensitive mutation with an amber mutation, amber suppressor cells are infected at the low (permissive) temperature.

2007, Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, edition 3, page 333:

Double ambers revert at 10⁻⁸−10⁻⁹, and therefore, reversion is negligible. Double-amber mutants are made by crossing single-amber mutants with each other.

2007, Jonathan C. Kuhn, “Detection of Salmonella by Bacteriophage Felix 01”, in Salmonella: Methods and Protocols, pages 27–28:

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) The stop codon (nucleotide triplet) "UAG", or a mutant which has this stop codon at a premature place in its DNA sequence.


emerald

en-noun

emerald (countable and uncountable, plural emeralds)

→ Welsh: emrald, emrallt

From Middle English emeraude, borrowed from Old French esmeraude, from Vulgar Latin *smaralda, *smaraldus, *smaraudus, variant of Latin smaragdus, from Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos), μάραγδος (máragdos), from a Semitic language. Compare Hebrew בָּרֶקֶת (bāréqeṯ, “emerald, flashing gem”), Akkadian 𒁀𒊏𒄣 (baraqu, literally “scintillation”), Arabic بَرْق (barq, literally “flashing”), Egyptian bwyrqꜣ (literally “to sparkle”):D58-Z7-Z4:D21-N29-Z1-G1-D6 and loanwords with Semitic etymon such as Sanskrit मरकत (marakata) and Persian زمرد (zomorrod) (whence Turkish zümrüt and Russian изумру́д (izumrúd)).

cog

(entomology) Any of various species of dragonfly of the family Corduliidae.


ray

Via Middle English, borrowed from Old French rai, from Latin radius (“staff, stake, spoke”). Doublet of radius.

(zoology) A rib-like reinforcement of bone or cartilage in a fish's fin.

(zoology) One of the spheromeres of a radiate, especially one of the arms of a starfish or an ophiuran.

(botany) A radiating part of a flower or plant; the marginal florets of a compound flower, such as an aster or a sunflower; one of the pedicels of an umbel or other circular flower cluster; radius.


egg

en-noun

egg (countable and uncountable, plural eggs)

→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg

Jamaican Creole: eg

Sranan Tongo: eksi

The noun is derived from Middle English eg, egg, egge (“egg of a domestic or wild fowl; egg of a snake”) [and other forms] (originally Northern England and Northeast Midlands), from Old Norse egg (“egg”), from Proto-Germanic *ajją (“egg”) (by Holtzmann’s law), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”), probably from *h₂éwis (“bird”), from *h₂ew- (“to clothe oneself, dress; to be dressed”) (in the sense of an animal clothed in feathers). Doublet of huevo, oeuf, and ovum.
The native English ey [and other forms] (plural eyren) (obsolete), from Old English ǣġ, is also derived from Proto-Germanic *ajją. It survived into at least c. 16th century before being fully displaced by egg.
The verb is derived from the noun.

ou

thing which looks like or is shaped like an egg

egg

person regarded as having not yet realized they are transgender, or who has not yet come out as transgender or is in the early stages of transitioning; one’s lack of awareness that one is transgender

kill the goose that lays the golden eggs

there's more than one way to cook an egg

there's more than one way to crack an egg

We made a big omelette with three eggs. (countable)

I should determine the minimal amount of egg required to make good mayonnaise. (uncountable)

The farmer offered me some fresh eggs, but I told him I was allergic to egg. (countable, uncountable)

There after the images and reliques were orderly disposed, the great Priest compassed about with divers pictures according to the fashion of the Ægyptians, did dedicate and consecrate with certaine prayers a fair ship made very cunningly, and purified the same with a torch, an egge, and sulphur; […]

1566, Apuleius, “The Eleventh Booke”, in William Adlington, transl., The Golden Ass of Apuleius Translated out of Latin […], London: David Nutt […], published 1893, →OCLC, page 239:

[T]hey are vp already, and cal for Egges and butter, they vvil avvay preſently.

c. 1597 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The History of Henrie the Fourth; […], quarto edition, London: […] P[eter] S[hort] for Andrew Wise, […], published 1598, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

I was 5 moneth in France before I saw a boyled or roasted egge.

1665–1667, John Lauder; Lord Fountainhall, “Journal in France 1665–1667”, in Donald Crawford, editor, Journals of Sir John Lauder, Lord Fountainhall, with His Observations on Public Affairs and Other Memoranda 1665–1676 […] (Publications of the Scottish History Society; XXXVI), Edinburgh: […] University Press by T[homas] and A[rchibald] Constable for the Scottish History Society, published May 1900, →OCLC, page 52:

Eggs are perhaps the higheſt, moſt nouriſhing and exalted of all animal Food, and moſt indigeſtible, becauſe no body can take and digeſt the ſame Quantity of them as of other Food.

1732, John Arbuthnot, “Practical Rules of Diet in the Various Constitutions and Diseases of Human Bodies. Chapter I. Of the Different Qualities and Effects of Alimentary Substances. 4. Anti-acid, or Contrary to Acidity or Sourness.”, in An Essay Concerning the Nature of Aliments, and the Choice of Them, According to the Different Constitutions of Human Bodies. […], 2nd edition, London: […] J[acob] Tonson […], →OCLC, page 255:

A round, black, shining face is hers, so glossy as to suggest the idea that she might have washed over with white of eggs, like one of her own tea rusks.

1851 June – 1852 April, Harriet Beecher Stowe, “An Evening in Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, in Uncle Tom’s Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly, volume I, Boston, Mass.: John P[unchard] Jewett & Company; Cleveland, Oh.: Jewett, Proctor & Worthington, published 20 March 1852, →OCLC, page 39:

An approximately spherical or ellipsoidal body produced by birds, insects, reptiles, and other animals, housing the embryo within a membrane or shell during its development.

(specifically, countable) The edible egg (sense 1.1) of a domestic fowl such as a duck, goose, or, especially, a chicken; (uncountable) the contents of such an egg or eggs used as food.

кӏвтӏагъь

edible egg of a domestic fowl; the contents of such an egg or eggs used as food

(by extension, countable) A food item shaped to resemble an egg (sense 1.1.1), such as a chocolate egg.

The Eſtrich (whoſe fethers are fayrer thẽ yᵉ wynges of the ſparow hauke) whẽ he hath layd his egges vpon the grounde, he bredeth them in the duſt, and forgetteth them: ſo that they might be troden with feete, or broken with ſomme wilde beaſt.

1535 October 14 (Gregorian calendar), Myles Coverdale, transl., Biblia: The Byble, […] (Coverdale Bible), [Cologne or Marburg]: [Eucharius Cervicornus and Johannes Soter?], →OCLC, Job xxxix:[13–15], folio xi, recto, column 2:

[T]hinke him as a Serpents egge, / VVhich hatch'd, vvould as his kinde grovv mischieuous; / And kill him in the ſhell.

1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i], page 114, column 1:

An egg properly is that, out of a part vvhereof a living creature is produced, and the reſidue is meat for it, improperly that is an egg out of the vvhole vvhereof, a living creature is bred, as the eggs of Spiders, Ants, Flies.

1657, Samuel Purchas, “Of the Generation of Bees”, in A Theatre of Politicall Flying-Insects. […], London: […] R. I. for Thomas Parkhurst, […], →OCLC, pages 47–48:

[T]here is one claſs of quadrupeds that ſeems entirely left to chance, […] Theſe are the quadrupeds that are brought forth from the egg, ſuch as the lizard, the tortoiſe, and the crocodile. […] [T]he numerous brood of eggs are, vvithout farther ſolicitude, buried in the vvarm ſands of the ſhore, and the heat of the ſun alone is left to bring them to perfection.

1791, Oliver Goldsmith, “Of Quadrupeds in General, Compared to Man”, in An History of the Earth, and Animated Nature. […], new edition, volume II, London: […] F[rancis] Wingrave, successor to Mr. [John] Nourse, […], →OCLC, pages 311–312:

The egg is, as we have said, a kind of exposed uterus, and place in which the embryo is fashioned: for it performs the office of the uterus and enfolds the chick until the due time of its exclusion arrive, when the creature is born perfect.

1847, William Harvey, “Anatomical Exercises on the Generation of Animals; to which are Added, Essays on Parturition; on the Membranes, and Fluids of the Uterus; and on Conception. [On Animal Generation. Exercise the Twenty-third: Of the Exclusion of the Chick, or the Birth from the Egg.]”, in Robert Willis, transl., The Works of William Harvey, M.D., London: […] Sydenham Society, →OCLC, page 264:

In the Fall into the division of labor, [Claude] Lévi-Strauss sees the great hunters trading women to create the exogamous bonds of one hunting band with another. The egg is, but the sperm does. The tiny sperm may be furious in its activity, but its highway to the egg is paved by the alkaline trail set down by the Great Mother.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, “Hominization”, in The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture (A Lindisfarne Series Book), New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN, part 2 (The Transformations of Prehistory), page 80:

Although they serve the same function across the plant, animal and fungal kingdoms, sperm and eggs vary wildly in their structure and biochemistry, even among closely related species. […] Many genes that determine sperm and egg structure and biochemistry are rapidly evolving, constantly changing the chemical environment necessary for the sperm to bind to the egg.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, New Haven, Conn.: Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-04-22, abstract, page 210:

(also cytology) Synonym of ovum (“the female gamete of an animal”); an egg cell.


carnation

en-noun

carnation (countable and uncountable, plural carnations)

From Middle French carnation (“person's color or complexion”).

Dianthus caryophyllus

plant, flower; ancestor of the carnation

Dianthus caryophyllus
Dianthus caryophyllus#Translingual

(botany) A type of Eurasian plant widely cultivated for its flowers.

other members of genus Dianthus and hybrids


pistil

Borrowed from French pistil. Doublet of pestle and pistillum.

Some plant species have more than one pistil per flower.

(botany) A discrete organ in the center of a flower capable of receiving pollen and producing a fruit, it is divided into an ovary, style and stigma.

مِدَقَّة

a discrete unit in the center of a flower which receives the pollen and produces a fruit


leaflet

leaflets (plural)
leavelet (alternative)

(botany) One of the components of a compound leaf.

The new leaflets at the end of the branch were a lighter shade of green than the mature leaves.


duct

Borrowed from Latin ductus (“leading, conducting”, noun), from dūcō (“to lead, conduct, draw”) + -tus (action noun suffix). Doublet of ductus and douit. Also via Medieval Latin ductus (“a conveyance of water; a channel”), which itself has the first mentioned etymology.

شَأن

pipe, tube or canal which carries air or liquid from one place to another

A pipe, tube or canal which carries gas or liquid from one place to another

(botany) A tube or elongated cavity (such as a xylem vessel) for conveying water, sap, or air


AC

ACs (plural)
a.c. (alternative)
A/C (alternative)
a/c (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
a.c. (alternative)
ac (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
A. C. (alternative)
a.c. (alternative)

adenylyl cyclase
adenylyl cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenylyl cyclase.


MT

en-noun

MT (countable and uncountable, plural MTs)


PI

PI (countable and uncountable, plural PIs)

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of phosphatidylinositol (a phospholipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes, also abbreviated in PtdIns)


PR

PR (countable and uncountable, plural PRs)

progesterone receptor
progesterone receptor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of progesterone receptor.


SC

SC (countable and uncountable, plural SCs)

This putative SC phenotype may facilitate the identification and isolation of limbal epithelial SCs.

2004 May 27, Zhuo Chen, Cintia S. de Paiva, Lihui Luo, Francis L. Kretzer, Stephen C. Pflugfelder, “Characterization of Putative Stem Cell Phenotype in Human Limbal Epithelia”, in Stem Cells, volume 22, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 355–366:


SP

SP (countable and uncountable, plural SPs)

SPs (plural)
S.P. (alternative)
S. P. (alternative)


CS

(biology) Initialism of circumsporozoite.


GR

GR (countable and uncountable, plural GRs)

2001 Nussey, S. S. and Whitehead, S. A. The adrenal gland. In: Bosher, Andrea. Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. Oxford, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001 [cited 18 December 2009]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A442#A468 .
The expression of GR is ubiquitous and it occurs in two forms, GR-α and GR-β.

glucocorticoid receptor
glucocorticoid receptor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of glucocorticoid receptor.


TA

(microbiology) Initialism of toxin-antitoxin.


song

song (countable and uncountable, plural songs)

→ Polish: song

From Middle English song, sang, from Old English sang, from Proto-West Germanic *sangu, from Proto-Germanic *sangwaz (“singing, song”), from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷʰ- (“to sing”). Cognate with Scots sang, song (“singing, song”), Saterland Frisian Song (“song”), West Frisian sang (“song”), Dutch zang (“song”), Low German sang (“song”), German Sang (“singing, song”), Swedish sång (“song”), Norwegian Bokmål sang (“song”), Norwegian Nynorsk song (“song”), Icelandic söngur (“song”), Ancient Greek ὀμφή (omphḗ, “voice, oracle”). More at sing.

cog

(ornithology) The distinctive sound that a male bird utters to attract a mate or to protect his territory; contrasts with call; also, similar vocalisations made by female birds.


sing

en-verb

sing (third-person singular simple present sings, present participle singing, simple past sang, past participle sung or (archaic) sungen)

sings (present singular third-person)
singing (participle present)
sang (past)
sung (participle past)
sungen (archaic participle past)
sing (infinitive)

From Middle English singen, from Old English singan, from Proto-West Germanic *singwan, from Proto-Germanic *singwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷʰ-. Cognate with German singen (“to sing”) and Danish synge (“to sing”).

listen/core

Recorded singing from a person.

(ornithology) To produce a 'song', for the purposes of defending a breeding territory or to attract a mate.


AR

en-noun

AR (countable and uncountable, plural ARs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of androgen receptor.


IN

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of integrase.


bran

From a Celtic source; compare Welsh brân and Cornish bran.

(ornithology) The European carrion crow.


SD

We estimated that the following percentage of elements were correctly assembled: 95.4% of alpha satellites; 91.5% of human satellites 2 and 3; 97.7% of segmental duplications (SDs); 94.3% of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs); 94.2% of short tandem repeats (STRs); and 98.8% of all human repeats²⁶.

2023 May 11, Wen-Wei LiaoMobin AsriJana Ebleret al., “A draft human pangenome reference”, in Nature, volume 617, →DOI, page 313:

segmental duplication
w:segmental duplication

(genetics) Initialism of segmental duplication.


hamose

(botany) Having the end hooked or curved.


read

From Middle English reden, from Old English rǣdan (“to counsel, advise, consult; interpret, read”), from Proto-West Germanic *rādan, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaną (“advise, counsel”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to arrange”).
Cognate with Scots rede, red (“to advise, counsel, decipher, read”), Saterland Frisian räide (“to advise, counsel”), West Frisian riede (“to advise, counsel”), Dutch raden (“to advise; guess”), German raten (“to advise; guess”), Danish råde (“to advise”), Swedish råda (“to advise, counsel”), Persian رده (rade, “to order, to arrange, class”). In West Germanic the verb had a sense “interpret”, which developed further into “interpret letters” in English and “interpret by intuition, guess” on the continent. Compare rede.

cog

(biochemistry) The identification of a specific sequence of genes in a genome or bases in a nucleic acid string


polycystine

en-adj

polycystine (comparative more polycystine, superlative most polycystine)

more polycystine (comparative)
most polycystine (superlative)

(zoology) Pertaining to the Polycystina.


polycystine

(biochemistry) a homopolymer of the amino acid cystine


vernacular

vernacular (comparative more vernacular, superlative most vernacular)

more vernacular (comparative)
most vernacular (superlative)

From Latin vernāculus (“domestic, indigenous, of or pertaining to home-born slaves”), from verna (“a native, a home-born slave (one born in his master's house)”).

uder

An English vernacular name for Rosa multiflora is multiflora rose.

(taxonomy) Not attempting to use the rules of a taxonomic code, especially, not using scientific Latin.


chromosome

/ˈkɹəʊ.məˌsəʊm/

/ˈkɹəʊ.məˌzəʊm/

19th century: from German Chromosom, ultimately from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour”) + σῶμα (sôma, “body”) (because they are stained under the microscope). Equivalent to chromo- + -some.

Chromosomes store genetic information.

A length of DNA is divided into segments called chromosomes and shorter individual units called genes.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 7:

(cytology, genetics) A linear arrangement of condensed DNA and associated proteins (such as chaperone proteins) which contains the genetic material (genome) of an organism.


tooth

Wales (usually), Midlands (especially Birmingham)

From Middle English tothe, toth, tooth, from Old English tōþ (“tooth”), from Proto-West Germanic *tanþ, from Proto-Germanic *tanþs (“tooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth”). Related to tusk. Doublet of dent, dens, tind, and tine.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots tuth, tuith (“tooth”), North Frisian toth, tos (“tooth”), Dutch tand (“tooth”), German Zahn (“tooth”), Danish tand (“tooth”), Swedish tand (“tooth”), Norwegian tann (“tooth”), Icelandic tönn (“tooth”), Welsh dant (“tooth”), Latin dēns (“tooth”), Lithuanian dantìs (“tooth”), Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús)/ὀδών (odṓn, “tooth”), Armenian ատամ (atam), Persian دندان (dandân), Sanskrit दत् (dát), दन्त (danta, “tooth”).

Species XXXVI. Obliquaria bullata— (Unio bullata) […] Found at the falls of Ohio; rare; breadth almost two inches; cardinal and lamellar teeth like preceding species; apices rounded, decorticated, but not truncated

1832, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, A monograph of the fluviatile bivalve shells of the river Ohio, page 43:

(zoology) A projection or point in other parts of the body resembling the tooth of a vertebrate animal.

(botany) A pointed projection from the margin of a leaf.

hammas

botany: pointed projection from the margin of a leaf


hair

en-noun

hair (countable and uncountable, plural hairs)

From Middle English her, heer, hær, from Old English hǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *hār, from Proto-Germanic *hērą (“hair”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Hier (“hair”), West Frisian hier (“hair”), Dutch haar (“hair”), German Low German Haar (“hair”), German Haar (“hair”), Swedish, Danish and Norwegian hår (“hair”), Icelandic hár (“hair”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English cheveler, chevelere (“hair”), borrowed from Old French chevelëure (“hair, head-hair, coiffure, wig”).
The modern spelling with ai is not a regular representation of the vowel developed from Middle English. Rather, it is from Middle English here (haircloth) influenced by Old French haire.

noncog

one hair of a woman can draw more than a hundred pair of oxen

(zoology, countable) A slender outgrowth from the chitinous cuticle of insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Such hairs are totally unlike those of vertebrates in structure, composition, and mode of growth.

karva

zoology: slender outgrowth from the chitinous cuticle of invertebrates

Internal hairs occur in the flower stalk of the yellow frog lily (Nuphar).

(botany, countable) A cellular outgrowth of the epidermis, consisting of one or of several cells, whether pointed, hooked, knobbed, or stellated.

karva

botany: cellular outgrowth of the epidermis


foot

en-noun

foot (plural feet or (UK colloquial, unit of measure) foot)

feet (plural)
foot (plural)
foote (alternative)
feets (alternative)
foots (alternative)

→ Assamese: ফুট (phut)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feet</i>

→ Japanese: フット (futto), フート (fūto); フィート (fīto) (from feet)

→ Russian: фут (fut)

Sranan Tongo: futu

Aukan: futu

Saramaccan: fútu

→ Swahili: futi

→ Thai: ฟุต (fút)

Tok Pisin: fut, put

→ Urdu: فٹ (fuṭ)

→ Phalura: fuṭ

From Middle English fot, fote, foot, from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Doublet of pes, pie (“Spanish unit of length”), and pous.

doublet

not touch something with a ten-foot pole

you cannot put the same shoe on every foot

(b) sporophyte with foot reduced, the entire sporophyte enveloped by the calyptra, which is ± stipitate at the base.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) In a bryophyte, that portion of a sporophyte which remains embedded within and attached to the parent gametophyte plant.

(malacology) The muscular part of a bivalve mollusc or a gastropod by which it moves or holds its position on a surface.


neck

From Middle English nekke, nakke, from Old English hnecca, *hnæcca (“neck, nape”), from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô (“nape, neck”), from Proto-Indo-European *knog-, *kneg- (“back of the head, nape, neck”). Cognate with Scots nek (“neck”), North Frisian neek, neeke, Nak (“neck”), Saterland Frisian Näkke (“neck”), West Frisian nekke (“neck”), Dutch nek (“neck”), German Low German Nack (“neck”), German Nacken (“nape of the neck”), Danish nakke (“neck”), Swedish nacke (“nape of the neck”), Icelandic hnakki (“neck”), Tocharian A kñuk (“neck, nape”). Possibly a mutated variant of *kneug/k (compare Old English hnocc (“hook, penis”), Welsh cnwch (“joint, knob”), Latvian knaūķis (“dwarf”). Doublet of nek. More at nook. Displaced halse (“neck, throat”) and swire (“neck”).

Archegonia are surrounded early in their development by the juvenile perianth, through the slender beak of which the elongated neck of the fertilized archegonium protrudes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany) The slender tubelike extension atop an archegonium, through which the sperm swim to reach the egg.

kaula

botany: slender tubelike extension atop an archegonium


slug

Nicoline van der Sijs
Slug (disambiguation)

Originally referred to a slow, lazy person, from Middle English slugge (“lazy person", also "slowth, slothfulness”), probably of either Old English or Old Norse origin; compare Norn slug (“lazy, slothful, sluggish”), dialectal Norwegian slugg (“a large, heavy body”), sluggje (“heavy, slow person”), Danish slog (“rascal, rogue”); perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sliǵ-ōn, from *sley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”) or otherwise from the root of Old Norse slókr (“lazy person, oaf”), whence Icelandic slókur (“laziness”). Compare also Dutch slak (“snail, slug”). Doublet of slotch.

inh

(herpetology) An infertile egg of a reptile.


perfect

en-adj

perfect (comparative perfecter or more perfect, superlative perfectest or most perfect)

perfecter (comparative)
more perfect (comparative)
perfectest (superlative)
most perfect (superlative)
perfite (alternative)
perfight (alternative)
pf. (alternative)
poifect (alternative)

flawed

antonym(s) of “fitting its definition precisely”

faulty

antonym(s) of “without fault or mistake”

From Middle English perfit, from Old French parfit (modern: parfait), from Latin perfectus, perfect passive participle of perficere (“to finish”), from per- (“through, thorough”) + facere (“to do, to make”). The spelling was modified in the 15th century to conform to its Latin etymon. Doublet of parfait, perfecto, and perfectus.
Displaced native Old English fulfremed.

doublet

let the perfect be the enemy of the good

(biology) Sexually mature and fully differentiated.

kypsä

biology: sexually mature and fully differentiated

(botany, of flowers) Having both male parts (stamens) and female parts (carpels).

kaksineuvoinen

botany: having both male and female parts


translate

en-verb

translate (third-person singular simple present translates, present participle translating, simple past and past participle translated)

translates (present singular third-person)
translating (participle present)
translated (participle past)
translated (past)
translate (infinitive)

[ˈtʃɹʷɛ̃nzɫæe̯ʔ(t)]

From Middle English translaten (“to transport, translate, transform”), from Anglo-Norman translater, from Latin trānslātus, perfect passive participle of trānsferō (“to transport, carry across, translate”).
In this sense, displaced Old English wendan (“to translate,” also the word for “to turn” and “to change”).

traduir

to change (something) from one form or medium to another

транслирам

to move (something) from one place or position to another

All mRNAs are translated on the basis of consecutive groups of three bases, codons, being interpreted by the translational machinery […]. Many diverse proteins and RNAs are involved in the translation of mRNA. First is the mRNA itself, which is the template "read" and translated into a protein product.

2015, Erich Grotewold, Joseph Chappell, Elizabeth A[nne] Kellogg, “Translation of RNA”, in Plant Genes, Genomes and Genetics, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, section 15.1 (Translation: A Key Aspect of Gene Expression), page 207, column 2:

Senses relating to the change of information, etc., from one form to another.

(transitive, genetics) To generate a chain of amino acids based on the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule.

transzlál

to generate a chain of amino acids based on the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule


hammerhead

(zoology) Any of various sharks of the genera Sphyrna or Zygaena having the eyes set on projections from the sides of the head, which gives it a hammer shape.

(zoology) A fresh-water fish; the hogsucker, Hypentelium nigricans, in the sucker family Catostomidae.

(zoology) An African fruit bat, the hammer-headed fruit bat, Hypsignathus monstrosus, so called from its large blunt nozzle.

Scopus umbretta
Scopus umbretta#Translingual

(biology) A kind of ribozyme; hammerhead ribozyme.


activate

en-verb

activate (third-person singular simple present activates, present participle activating, simple past and past participle activated)

activates (present singular third-person)
activating (participle present)
activated (participle past)
activated (past)

(transitive, biology) To render a molecule reactive, active, or effective in performing its function.


down

en-adj

down (comparative more down, superlative most down)

tlb

(chiefly predicative, but see usage notes)

more down (comparative)
most down (superlative)

From Middle English doun, from Old English dūne, aphetic form of adūne, from ofdūne (“off the hill”). For the development from directional phrases to prepositions, compare Middle Low German dāle (“(in/to the) valley”), i.e. "down(wards)".

noncog

a down cow

(veterinary medicine, of a cow) Stranded in a recumbent position; unable to stand.


down

en-noun

down (countable and uncountable, plural downs)

From Middle English doun, from Old Norse dúnn, from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“down”), which is related to *dauniz (“(pleasant) smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂-nis, from the root *dʰewh₂-.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Duune (“fluff, down”), German Daune (“down”) and Danish dun (“down”).

Down or Cotton-Thiſtle. This hath many large Leaves lying on the Ground, ſomewhat cut in, and as it were crumpled on the Edges, of a green Colour on the upper ſide, but covered with long hairy Wool or Cottony Down, ſet with moſt ſharp and cruel pricks

1718, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, London: W. Churchill, →OCLC, page 120:

No candle should light it, neither should any flower adorn it, save for several dried stalks of old and withered thistles, their heads pale with silken down, held in a common glass jar.

1998, Valerie Worth, The Crone's Book of Charms and Spells, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, →ISBN, page 152:

(botany) The pubescence of plants; the hairy crown or envelope of the seeds of certain plants, such as the thistle.


adherent

en-adj

adherent (comparative more adherent, superlative most adherent)

more adherent (comparative)
most adherent (superlative)
adhærent (alternative)

From Middle English adherent, from Old French adherent, from Latin adhaerēns, present participle of adhaereō (“to stick to, cling”).

(botany) Attaching or pressing against a different organ.


festoon

(acarology) Any of a series of wrinkles on the backs of some ticks.


race

en-noun

race (countable and uncountable, plural races)

1560s, via Middle French race from Italian razza (early 14th century), of uncertain origin. Partially displaced native Middle English kinde (“kind, type, sort, race, nature”), whence English kind.
theories
* Diez and some other scholars suggest derivation from Proto-Germanic *raitō (whence Old High German reiza (“line”) and Old Norse ríta (“to score, log, outline”)), perhaps via Lombardic *raiza (“line”), which Körting notes is a literal rendering of Latin linea sanguinis (“bloodline of descent”). Anatoly Liberman says "the semantic fit is good" but the chronology falters; he says the Germanic word went out of use before the Italian word arose, and he says the intermediary is not attested.
* Some scholars suggest derivation from Old Spanish raza, rasa, from earlier ras, res (“head of cattle”), from Arabic رَأْس (raʔs, “head”), but Italian razza predates the Spanish word according to Diez and Meyer-Lübke.
* Meyer-Lübke suggested Latin generatio as the root; Körting says "the disappearance of two initial syllables hardly seems credible", but Meyer-Lübke notes the Venetian form narazza and the Old Bellunesian form naraccia, positing that after the first syllable ge- was lost, the remaining (una) narazza came to be reanalysed as una razza.
* Gianfranco Contini suggests the Italian word comes from Old French haraz (“troop of horses”), whence Modern French haras (“breeding farm for horses; stud farm”), from Old Norse hárr (“grey-haired; hoary”). Liberman considers this derivation the most likely.
* Other suggested Latin etyma:
** radius (perhaps via Vulgar Latin *radia) (per Baist).
** radix (“root”) (per Ulrich); Liberman says "the semantic match is excellent", and race (“rhizome of ginger”) (which definitely derives from radix) shows that the phonology is plausible.
** *raptiare (“breed falcons”) (per Körting).
** The nominative of ratio (perhaps via an unattested intermediate form *razzo), as opposed to ragione which derives from the accusative rationem.
* Other implausible suggestions include Slavic raz and Basque arraca, supposedly meaning "stud animal" (Basque arrazza, "race", derives from Spanish).

raça

a group of sentient beings distinguished by common characteristics

عِرْق

a large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of physical characteristics

raça

a group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics

Two races are certainly valid. The Atlantic race (P. v. vitulina) is distinguishable from the Pacific race (P. v. richardi Gray, 1864) by skull characters.

1968 December, Dale W. Rice, Victor B. Scheffer, A List of the Marine Mammals of the World, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries number 579, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Phoca vitulina, page 6:

A population that differs signicatly from other populations belonging to the same species is referred to as a geographic race or subspecies. Subspecies are separated from other subspecies by distance and geographic barriers that prevent the exchange of individuals, as opposed to the genetically based "intrinsic isolating mechanisms" that hold species apart.

2000, Edward O[sborne] Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, 25th anniversary edition, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, page 9:

A group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics; often an informal infraspecific rank in taxonomy, below species:

(biology) A population geographically separated from others of its species that develops significantly different characteristics; a mating group.

raça

a population geographically separated from others of its species that develops significantly different characteristics

Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the direct action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock.

1859, Charles Darwin, “Variation under Domestication”, in On the Origin of Species:

Tree races develop not only in different latitudes, but also at different altitudes and within mountainous regions. Since climate changes markedly with altitude as well as latitude, both kinds of development are included in the term climatic races. In addition, soil or site races may develop in areas similar climatically but characterized by different soil or site conditions.

1948 June, “Development of Races”, in Woody-Plant Seed Manual, Miscellaneous Publication no. 654, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, page 15:

Our genetic evaluation suggests that the morphologically distinct race (Dolores River) is more closely related to the type materials than the ecologically distinct, high-elevation race.

1995 September 11–14, Loreen Allphin, Michael D[ennis] Windham, Kimball T[aylor] Harper, “A Genetic Evaluation of Three Potential Races of the Rare Kachina Daisy”, in Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants: Proceedings of the Second Conference, Flagstaff, Arizona, page 75:

(botany) A strain of plant with characteristics causing it to differ from other plants of the same species.

Now Mary MacDonald of the Plant Breeding Institute at Maris Lane, Cambridge, has made an interesting study which has duplicated the conditions under which new races arise. And she has produced at least one new fungal race.

1977 March 24, “Why is cereal fungus so resistant?”, in New Scientist, volume 73, number 1044, page 697:

The type of microorganisms is a very important factor influencing the quality of cider. Yeast of various producers and races result in different taste and flavor.

2018 December, Anna Kolobaeva, Olga Kotik, “Technological Approaches to Cider Quality”, in Advances in Engineering Research, volume 151, Atlantis Press, →DOI:

(mycology, bacteriology) A strain of microorganism, fungi, etc.


tribe

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English tribe, tribu, from Old French tribu, from Latin tribus. Doublet of tribus.

(zoology) A group of apes who live and work together.

The tempo of evolution in South American hamsters was very rapid – in the course of the Pliocene and Anthropocene 40 genera were formed here, at which time a series of them attained the level of tribe and subtribe (Oxymycteri, Phyllotiini, Ichthyomyini).

1960, Doklady. Biological Sciences Sections, volumes 132–135, Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 640, column 2:

(taxonomy) A hierarchical rank between family and genus.

nemzetség

taxonomy: hierarchical rank between family and genus


human

From Late Middle English humayne, humain, from Middle French humain, from Old French humain, umain, from Latin hūmānus m (“of or belonging to a man, human, humane”, adjective), from homo, with unclear ū. Spelling human has been predominant since the early 18th century. Not etymologically related to man.

der

чолові́к m (čolovík) (now usually means "man", "male human")

Greetings. I am Blor-Utar from Zimtok-5. I have come to subjugate the human race. Do not resist. Why humans? Because, in addition to their value as slave labor, they are also delicious and nutritious!

1994 March 29, Bill Watterson, Calvin & Hobbes:

(strictly, biology) The tallest, most abundant and most intelligent of the primates; Homo sapiens.

(fantasy, science fiction, mythology) A human as contrasted from superficially similar but typically more powerful humanoid creatures; a member of the human race.

Greetings, human! You have stumbled into the dimension of the Snow People.[…]Flesh plows clear the streets to make them safe to drive.[…]Does this shock you, human? Do the ways of our world open your eyes to the truths of your own?

2011 December 29, Alex Culang, Raynato Castro, Buttersafe (webcomic):

(fantasy, science fiction) A term of address for any human, often implying the listener's species is their only noteworthy trait.

Humans share common ancestors with other apes.

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola.

2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:

If I ever have to choose between a future where killer robots hunt humans or a future where bacon supplies have run out ... Let's just say you better start running.

2013 April 18, Rock Paper Cynic (webcomic):


family

en-noun

family (countable and uncountable, plural families)

Jamaican Creole: faambli, fambili

Tok Pisin: famili

Sranan Tongo: famiri

→ Chuukese: famini

→ Malay: famili

→ Maori: whāmere

From Late Middle English famylye, from Latin familia (“a household”). Displaced native Old English hīred. Doublet of familia.

عَائِلَة

group of people related by blood, marriage, law, or custom

the family that lays together stays together

the family that prays together stays together

the family that sleeps together keeps together

Magnolias belong to the family Magnoliaceae.

The closest affinities of the Jubulaceae are with the Lejeuneaceae. The two families share in common: a elaters usually 1-spiral, trumpet-shaped and fixed to the capsule valves, distally[…].

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(countable, biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below order and above genus; a taxon at that rank.

familie

rank in a taxonomic classification, above both genus and species


cork

cork (countable and uncountable, plural corks)

From Middle English cork (“oak bark, cork”), from Middle Dutch curc (“cork (material or object)”), either from Spanish corcho (“cork (material or object)”) (also corcha or corche) or from Old Spanish alcorque (“cork sole”). Doublet of cortex.

liège

(botany) tissue that grows from the cork cambium

kurken (adjective, corresponding to attributive use in English)

(botany, uncountable) The dead protective tissue between the bark and cambium in woody plants, with suberin deposits making it impervious to gasses and water.

I confess my confidence was shaken by these actions, though I knew well enough that his leg was no more cork than my own

1908, Edwin George Pinkham, Fate's a fiddler, page 108:

Because cork is porous, it expands and contracts with changes in humidity.

1980, Robert M. Jones, editor, Walls and Ceilings, Time-Life Books, →ISBN, page 48:

The phellem of the cork oak, used for making bottle stoppers, flotation devices, and insulation material.


acanthopteri

Via translingual Acanthopteri, from Ancient Greek ἄκανθα (ákantha, “thorn”) + πτερόν (pterón, “feather”).

(zoology) A group of teleostean fishes having spiny fins. See Acanthopterygii.


fly

From Middle English flye, flie, from Old English flȳġe, flēoge (“a fly”), from Proto-Germanic *fleugǭ (“a fly”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly”). Cognate with Scots flee, Saterland Frisian Fljooge, Dutch vlieg, German Low German Fleeg, German Fliege, Danish flue, Norwegian Bokmål flue, Norwegian Nynorsk fluge, Swedish fluga, Icelandic fluga.

you attract more flies with honey than vinegar

you can catch more flies with honey than vinegar

you can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar

you catch more flies with honey than vinegar

you catch more flies with honey than with vinegar

Devils Lake is where I began my career as a limnologist in 1964, studying the lake’s neotenic salamanders and chironomids, or midge flies. […] The Devils Lake Basin is an endorheic, or closed, basin covering about 9,800 square kilometers in northeastern North Dakota.

2012 January 27, Douglas Larson, “Runaway Devils Lake”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, page 46:

en:true fly, any insect of order Diptera

(zoology) Any insect of the order Diptera; characterized by having two wings (except for some wingless species), also called true flies.


fly

en-verb

fly (third-person singular simple present flies, present participle flying, simple past flew, past participle flown)

flies (present singular third-person)
flying (participle present)
flew (past)
flown (participle past)
fly (infinitive)

From Middle English flien, from Old English flēogan, from Proto-Germanic *fleuganą (compare Saterland Frisian fljooge, Dutch vliegen, Low German flegen, German fliegen, Danish flyve, Norwegian Nynorsk flyga), from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (*plew-k-, “to fly”) (compare Lithuanian plaũkti ‘to swim’), enlargement of *plew- (“flow”). More at flee and flow.

der

could eat the arse out of a low flying duck

could eat the crotch out of a low flying duck

could eat the crutch from a low flying duck

don't drive faster than your guardian angel can fly

take a flying fuck at a rolling doughnut

This species flies from late summer until frost.

(intransitive, entomology, of a type of moth or butterfly) To be in the winged adult stage.


have

en-verb

have (third-person singular simple present has, present participle having, simple past and past participle had)

has (present singular third-person)
having (participle present)
had (participle past)
had (past)
have (infinitive)
haue (alternative)
hae (alternative)

From Middle English haven, from Old English habban (“to have”), from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have”), durative of *habjaną (“to lift, take up”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, present tense of *keh₂p- (“to take, seize, catch”). Related to heave.
Since there is no common Indo-European root for a transitive possessive verb have (notice that Latin habeō is not etymologically related to English have), Proto-Indo-European probably lacked the have structure. Instead, the third person forms of be were used, with the possessor in dative case, compare Latin mihi est / sunt, literally to me is / are.
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian hääbe (“to have”), West Frisian hawwe (“to have”), Dutch hebben (“to have”), Afrikaans hê (“to have”), Low German hebben, hewwen (“to have”), German haben (“to have”), Danish have (“to have”), Swedish hava (“to have”), Norwegian Nynorsk ha (“to have”), Icelandic hafa (“to have”), Albanian kap (“I grab, catch, grip”), Latin capiō (“take”, verb), Russian хапать (xapatʹ, “to seize”).

saada

in some cases; normally a direct sentence would be used

we have always been at war with Eastasia

For some reason, "I had a Freckled Duck today" never seems to work as a pick-up line.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 57:

(transitive, birdwatching) To make an observation of (a bird species).


polygamy

en-noun

polygamy (countable and uncountable, plural polygamies)

Recorded since 1591, from Late Latin polygamia, from Ancient Greek πολυγαμία (polugamía), itself from πολύγαμος (polúgamos, “married to many”), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γάμος (gámos, “marriage”). Relates to modern prefix and suffix poly- + -gamy.

تَعَدُّدُ الأَزْوَاج

the having of a plurality of socially bonded sexual partners at the same time

usually understood as “polygyny”, but may include “polyandry”, unlike تَعَدُّدُ الزَّوْجَات (taʕaddudu z-zawjāt)

An insect queen actually practices polygamy only one day, while for an alpha-male defending his harem is the very essence of both his status and polygamy.

(zoology) The state or habit of having more than one sexual mate.

polygamie

zoology: the state or habit of having more than one mate

(botany) The condition or state of a plant which bears both perfect and unisexual flowers.

poligàmia

botany: the condition or state of a plant which bears both perfect and unisexual flowers


lean

lean (countable and uncountable, plural leans)

From Middle English lene (“lean”), from Old English hlǣne (“lean”), (cognate with Low German leen), perhaps from hlǣnan (“to cause to lean (due to hunger or lack of food)”), from Proto-Germanic *hlainijaną (“to cause to lean”). If so, then related to Old English hlinian, hleonian (“to lean”).

der

The intermediates and leans are the predominant morphotypes found at the SE-NHR seamounts […]

1986, Southwest Fisheries Center (U.S.), Collected Reprints (issue 1)

Obese Zuckers, compared to leans, consumed more food under free-feeding conditions.

2012, Obesity: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional, page 56:

(countable, biology) An organism that is lean in stature.


archaic

archaics (plural)
archaeic (alternative)
archæic (alternative)
archaïc (alternative)
archaick (alternative)

From archaism (“ancient or obsolete phrase or expression”) or from French archaïque, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀρχαϊκός (arkhaïkós, “old-fashioned”), from ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos, “from the beginning, antiquated, ancient, old”), from ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “beginning, origin”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I am first”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).

der

[...] prefer the third explanation for the advanced-looking features of Neandertals (Chapter 7) and the Ngandong hominins (Chapter 6), but they have had little to say about the post-Erectine archaics from China.

(paleoanthropology) (A member of) an archaic variety of Homo sapiens.


contraction

en-noun

contraction (countable and uncountable, plural contractions)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Late Middle English contraccioun, contraxion (“spasm, contraction; constriction, shrinking; act of pressing together”), from Old French contraction (modern French contraction), from Latin contractiō(n) (“a drawing together, contraction; abridgement, shortening; dejection, despondency”), from contrahō (“to draw things together, assemble, collect, gather; to enter into a contract”) + -tiō(n) (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or their results). Contrahō is derived from con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of objects) + trahō (“to drag, pull”) (probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, pull; to run”)). By surface analysis, contract + -ion (suffix denoting actions or processes, or their results).

verkleining

the contraction of malaria

Railway workers were therefore a perfect subject for research, given the varied roles they undertook. If infection was greatest among the non-public-facing staff, it would suggest – given most worked outside – that contraction was caused by something found in the "atmosphere at large". If affliction was higher among the indoor and public-facing staff, it would suggest that human contact was the cause. And it was the latter point that was proven.

2020 April 8, David Turner, “How Railway Staff were Conduits and Victims of a Pandemic”, in Rail, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32:

Senses relating to becoming involved with or entering into, especially entering into a contract.

(biology, medicine) The process of contracting or becoming infected with a disease.

tarttuminen

Senses relating to pulling together or shortening.

A (sometimes reversible) contracting or reduction in length, scope, size, or volume; a narrowing, a shortening, a shrinking.

(biology, medicine) A stage of wound healing during which the wound edges are gradually pulled together.

en:reduction in size
en:phase of wound healing

ချုံ့ခြင်း

Though occasionally a “flatliner” can be revived with a defib, it is most commonly used to change the uncoordinated contractions of the heart (fibrillation) into a normal sinus rhythm—that is, to defibrillate the heart.

2011, Laurence Street, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, page 125:

(biology, medicine) A shortening of a muscle during its use; specifically, a strong and often painful shortening of the uterine muscles prior to or during childbirth.

en:reduction in size
en:shortening of any muscle


rod

From Middle English rodde, from Old English *rodd or *rodde (attested in dative plural roddum (“rod, pole”)), of uncertain origin, but probably from Proto-Germanic *rudd- (“stick, club”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewdʰ- (“to clear land”). Compare Old Norse rudda (“club”). For the root, compare English rid. Presumably unrelated to Proto-Germanic *rōdō (“rod, pole”).

der

He applied a gram positive stain, looking for rods indicative of Listeria.

(biology) Any of a number of long, slender microorganisms.


oar

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English ore (“oar”), from Old English ār, from Proto-West Germanic *airu, from Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old Norse ár.

(zoology) An oar-like swimming organ of various invertebrates.


morphology

en-noun

morphology (countable and uncountable, plural morphologies)

morfologie

a scientific study of form and structure

марфало́гія

geological study of the form and structure

morfologji

linguistic study of the form and structure

(uncountable) A scientific study of form and structure, usually without regard to function. Especially:

(biology) The study of the form and structure of animals and plants.

ᬭᬸᬧᬯᬶᬤ᭄ᬬ

biological study of the form and structure


internal

en-adj

internal (comparative more internal, superlative most internal)

more internal (comparative)
most internal (superlative)
internall (alternative)

From Middle English internall, internalle, borrowing from New Latin internālis (“of or pertaining to the inner part”), from internus (“inward, internal”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). By surface analysis, intern + -al.

af

an internal stimulus

(biology) Present or arising within an organism or one of its parts.


inflected

en-adj

inflected (comparative more inflected, superlative most inflected)

more inflected (comparative)
most inflected (superlative)

(botany) bent or curved inward or downward


polyeidic

From poly- + Ancient Greek εἶδος (eîdos, “form”) + -ic.

(zoology) Passing through several distinct larval forms; having several distinct kinds of young.


bug

First attested in this form around 1620 (referring to a bedbug), from earlier bugge (“beetle”), a conflation of two words:
# Middle English bugge (“scarecrow, hobgoblin”), perhaps from obsolete Welsh bwg ("ghost, hobgoblin"; compare Welsh bwgwl ("threat", older "fear")) or from Proto-Germanic *bugja- (“swollen up, thick”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bu- (“to swell”) (compare Norwegian bugge (“big man”), dialectal Low German Bögge (“goblin”, “snot”)). Or, from a word related to buck and originally referring to a goat-shaped spectre.
# Middle English budde (“beetle”), from Old English budda (see sċearnbudda (“dung beetle”)), from Proto-Germanic *buddô, *buzdô, from the same ultimate source as above (compare Low German Budde (“louse, grub”), Norwegian budda (“newborn domestic animal”)). More at bud.
The term is used to refer to technical errors and problems at least as early as the 19th century, predating the commonly known story of a moth being caught in a computer.

cog

given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow

(entomology) An insect of the order Hemiptera (the “true bugs”).

We asked Harris if he had any recommendations about seeing the famous trilobite digs. He said we should just drive out to his claim in the Wheeler Quadrangle, and it was just fine with him if we dug a few bugs.

2007, Kirk Johnson, Cruisin' the Fossil Freeway, page 174:


pinnate

en-adj

pinnate (comparative more pinnate, superlative most pinnate)

more pinnate (comparative)
most pinnate (superlative)

From Latin pinnātus (“feathered”), from pinna (“feather”).

Mimosa is a tree with pinnate leaves.

The trunk is unbranched, often much shortened, and bears a crown of feathery or pinnate fronds.

(botany) Having two rows of branches, lobes, leaflets, or veins arranged on each side of a common axis

pariliuskainen

having two rows of members arranged on each side of a common axis

the pinnate grouse, or prairie chicken

(zoology) Having a winglike tuft of long feathers on each side of the neck.

криловиден

having a winglike tuft of long feathers on each side of the neck


boot

Solombala English: бучь (bučʹ)

→ Maltese: buz

→ Russian: бутса (butsa)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу́це

Latin script: búce

→ Swahili: buti

From Middle English boote, bote (“shoe”), from Old French bote (“a high, thick shoe”). Of obscure origin, but probably related to Old French bot (“club-foot”), bot (“fat, short, blunt”), from Old Frankish *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz, *butaz (“cut off, short, numb, blunt”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewt-, *bʰewd- (“to strike, push, shock”); if so, a doublet of butt. Compare Old Norse butt (“stump”), Low German butt (“blunt, plump”), Old English bytt (“small piece of land”), buttuc (“end”). More at buttock and debut.

cog

a lie can run around the world before the truth can get its boots on

couldn't pour water out of a boot with the instructions on the heel

(botany) The inflated flag leaf sheath of a wheat plant.

paisunut lippulehden tuppi

botany: inflated flag leaf sheath of a wheat plant


distend

en-verb

distend (third-person singular simple present distends, present participle distending, simple past and past participle distended)

distends (present singular third-person)
distending (participle present)
distended (participle past)
distended (past)


brush

en-noun

brush (countable and uncountable, plural brushes)

From Middle English brusshe, from Old French broisse (Modern French brosse), from Vulgar Latin *brustia, from Frankish *bursti, from Proto-Germanic *burstiz (“bristle”), or also Vulgar Latin *bruscia, from Proto-Germanic *bruskaz (“tuft, thicket, underbrush”), which could be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrusgo-.

der

(zoology) A tuft of hair on the mandibles.


common

en-adj

common (comparative more common or commoner, superlative most common or commonest)

or commoner (common comparative)
most common (superlative)
commonest (superlative)

rare

antonym(s) of “occurring in large numbers or in a large quantity”

From Middle English comun, from Anglo-Norman comun, from Old French comun (rare in the Gallo-Romance languages, but reinforced as a Carolingian calque of Proto-West Germanic *gamainī (“common”) in Old French), from Latin commūnis (“common, public, general”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moy-ni-s (“held in common”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to exchange, change”). Displaced native Middle English imene, ȝemǣne (“common, general, universal”) (from Old English ġemǣne (“common, universal”)), Middle English mene, mǣne (“mean, common”) (also from Old English ġemǣne (“common, universal”)), Middle English samen, somen (“in common, together”) (from Old English samen (“together”)). Doublet of gmina and mean.

cog

gender of coalescence of masculine of feminine

the common daisy (Bellis perennis)

(taxonomy) As part of the vernacular name of a species, usually denoting that it is abundant or widely known.

common name vs. scientific name.

(taxonomy) Vernacular, referring to the name of a kind of plant or animal.


simple

en-adj

simple (comparative simpler or more simple, superlative simplest or most simple)

simpler (comparative)
more simple (comparative)
simplest (superlative)
most simple (superlative)

Inherited from Middle English symple, simple, from Old French and French simple, from Latin simplex (“simple”, literally “onefold”) (as opposed to duplex (“double”, literally “twofold”)), from semel (“the same”) + plicō (“I fold”). See same and fold. Compare single, singular, simultaneous, etc.
Partially displaced native English onefold.

der

(heading, technical) Structurally uncomplicated.

(botany) Not compound, but possibly lobed.

Structurally uncomplicated.
Not compound, but possibly lobed.

a simple ascidian

(zoology) Consisting of a single individual or zooid; not compound.


self

selves (plural)
selfs (plural)
selfe (alternative)
silf (alternative)
silfe (alternative)

→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)

Sranan Tongo: srefi

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated

From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.

(botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs).

(botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated.


self

en-verb

self (third-person singular simple present selfs, present participle selfing, simple past and past participle selfed)

selfs (present singular third-person)
selfing (participle present)
selfed (participle past)
selfed (past)
selfe (alternative)
silf (alternative)
silfe (alternative)

(botany) To fertilize by the same individual; to self-fertilize or self-pollinate.

(botany) To fertilize by the same strain; to inbreed.


button

→ German: Button

→ Hindi: बटन (baṭan)

→ Gujarati: બટન (baṭan)

→ Korean: 버튼 (beoteun)

→ Maori: pātene

→ Marathi: बटण (baṭaṇ)

→ Urdu: بَٹَن (baṭan)

From Middle English boton, botoun, from Old French boton (Modern French bouton), from Old French bouter, boter (“to push; thrust”), ultimately from a Germanic language. Doublet of Biden and beat. More at butt.

O queen Emilia, / Fresher than May, sweeter / Than her gold buttons on the boughs,

c. 1613–1614, William Shakespeare, John Fletcher, The Two Noble Kinsmen, act 3, scene 1, lines 4–6:

(zoology) Pedicle; the attachment point for antlers in cervids.


complex

en-noun

complex (plural complexes or (nonstandard) complices)

complexes (plural)
complices (nonstandard plural)

From French complexe, from Latin complexus, past participle of complector (“I entwine, encircle, compass, infold”), from com- (“together”) and plectere (“to weave, braid”). May be analyzed as com- + -plex. See complect. Doublet of complexus.

համալիր

assemblage of related things, collection

coordination complex

coordinated complex, metal complex, Werner complex

Since then, a good deal of research has documented and concluded that the nominal species A. fraterculus actually comprises an unresolved complex of cryptic species.

2015 November 26, Mosè Manni et al., “Relevant genetic differentiation among Brazilian populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)”, in ZooKeys, volume 540, →DOI:

An assemblage of related things; a collection.

(taxonomy) A group of closely related species, often distinguished only with difficulty by traditional morphological methods.


bridge

bridges (plural)
bridg (alternative)
brigge (alternative)

From Middle English brigge, from Old English brycġ (“bridge”), from Proto-Germanic *brugjō, *brugjǭ (“bridge”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bʰrēw- (“wooden flooring, decking, bridge”).
Cognate with Scots brig, brigg, breeg (“bridge”), Saterland Frisian Brääch (“bridge”), West Frisian brêge (“bridge”), Dutch brug (“bridge”), German Brücke (“bridge”), Danish brygge (“wharf”), Icelandic brygga (“pier”), Gaulish briua (“bridge”).
The verb is from Middle English briggen, from Old English brycġian (“to bridge, make a causeway, pave”), derived from the noun. Cognate with Dutch bruggen (“to bridge”), Middle Low German bruggen (“to bridge”), Old High German bruccōn (“to bridge”) (whence Modern German brücken).
The musical connection sense is a semantic loan from German Steg, from Old High German steg.

ацҳа

construction or natural feature that spans a divide

if someone told you to jump off a bridge, would you do it

(biology) In turtles, the connection between the plastron and the carapace.


cell

From Middle English celle, selle, from Old English cell (attested in inflected forms), from Latin cella (“chamber, small room, compartment”), later reinforced by Old French cel, sele, Old French cele. ultimately from Proto-Italic *kelnā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”). Doublet of cella and hall.

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

Each of the two cells or lobes of the anther is marked with a lateral line or furrow, running from top to bottom[…].

1858, Asa Gray, Introduction to Structural and Systematic Botany, fifth edition, p. 282:

(biology, now chiefly botany) Any of various chambers in a tissue or organism having specific functions.

(entomology) The discal cell of the wing of a lepidopteran insect.

An American company has applied to experiment in Britain on Parkinson's disease sufferers by injecting their brains with cells from pigs.

1999 February 15, Paul Brown, Dave King, The Guardian:

In multicellular organisms, groups of cells form tissues and tissues come together to form organs.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 3:

(biology) The basic unit of a living organism, consisting of a quantity of protoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, which is able to synthesize proteins and replicate itself.

(entomology) An area of an insect wing bounded by veins.


stem cell

Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and to produce numerous differentiated cell types, and are directly responsible for generating and maintaining tissues and organs.

2002, Haifan Lin, “The stem-cell niche theory: Lessons from flies,”, in Nature Reviews: Genetics, volume 3, page 931:

(medicine, cytology) A primal undifferentiated cell from which a variety of other cells can develop through the process of cellular differentiation.


leukocyte

leukocytes (plural)
leucocyte (alternative)

In disease of the spleen, especially Banti's disease or fibro-adenia of the spleen, the increase of leukocytes is absent or slight, with no relative lymphocytosis.

1923, International Medical Digest, page 316:

Iberdomide, a cereblon modulator promoting degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos, which affect leukocyte development and autoimmunity, is being evaluated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

2022 March 17, Joan T. Merrill, Victoria P. Werth, Richard Furie et al., “Phase 2 Trial of Iberdomide in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 386, number 11, →DOI, page 1034:

(hematology, cytology, immunology) Any of a class of blood cells that play various roles in cell-mediated immunity.


erythrocyte

/əˈɹɪθɹəˌsaɪt/

From erythro- (“red”) + -cyte (“cell”), referring to the red color of hemoglobin when oxygen is bound to it.

The want of success of these names may be attributed to their awkwardness in sound or sense; "erythrocyte" seems the best of them, but is unfortunately four-syllabled.

1901 March 23, Ch. S. Sherrington, “The name of the red corpuscle: a suggestion”, in British Medical Journal, page 742:

Granular, basic, or punctate degeneration of the erythrocyte is a condition in which this cell presents fine or coarse granules that have an affinity for basic stains.

1901 September 27, C. Y. White, “Granular degeneration of the erythrocyte”, in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, volume 122, number 3:

(hematology, cytology) A hemoglobin-containing cell, especially as found in humans but more generally present in the blood of most vertebrates, that is involved with the transport of oxygen; such cells are usually anucleate in humans and many other animals.


overshoot

en-noun

overshoot (countable and uncountable, plural overshoots)

/ˌəʊ.vəˈʃuːt/

From Middle English overshoten, oversheten (“to shoot beyond, shoot past, pour down from above”), perhaps continuing Old English ofersċēotan (“to shoot down”), equivalent to over- + shoot.

inh

With appropriate choice and action such uncontrolled decline could be avoided; overshoot could instead be resolved by a conscious effort to reduce humanity's demand on the planet.

2004, Donella Meadows, Jorgen Randers, Dennis Meadows, “Author's preface”, in Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update, →ISBN:

Population overshoot is therefore unlikely to yield to management. Rather, the usual suspects will enter the scene and do their thing: starvation, disease, […] violence […] [and] death […].

2012, James Howard Kunstler, “Where We're at”, in Too Much Magic, →ISBN:

Our core ecological problem is not climate change. It is overshoot, of which global warming is a symptom.

2017 August 14, Richard Heinberg, “Systemic Change Driven by Moral Awakening Is Our Only Hope”, in Ecowatch:

(countable, uncountable, ecology) The situation where the population of a species exceeds its environment's carrying capacity.

túlfogyasztás

when the population of a species exceeds its environment's carrying capacity


rode

en-verb

rode (third-person singular simple present rodes, present participle roding, simple past and past participle roded)

rodes (present singular third-person)
roding (participle present)
roded (participle past)
roded (past)

"When the sun rises we shall have some splendid play. Only hear the woodcock, how he is roading; he expects fine weather."

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 85:

(ornithology) Of a male woodcock, to fly back and forth over the edge of a woodland while calling; to perform its, typically crepuscular, mating flight.


ring

→ French: ring
→ Romanian: ring

→ Hungarian: ring

→ Italian: ring

→ Japanese: リング

→ Polish: ring

→ Serbo-Croatian: ring

→ Spanish: ring

→ Turkish: ring

From Middle English ryng, from Old English hring (“ring, circle”), from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Doublet of rank and rink, as well as indirectly range.
Cognates
* West Frisian ring
* Low German Ring
* Dutch ring
* German Ring
* Swedish ring
* Finnish rengas

(physical) A solid object in the shape of a circle.

(botany) A flexible band partly or wholly encircling the spore cases of ferns.


set

set (third-person singular simple present sets, present participle setting, simple past set, past participle set or (dialectal) setten)

sets (present singular third-person)
setting (participle present)
set (past)
set (participle past)
setten (dialectal participle past)

desctree

→ Japanese: セット (setto)
→ Hokkien: siat-to͘h

From Middle English setten, from Old English settan, from Proto-West Germanic *sattjan, from Proto-Germanic *satjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti, causative of *sed- (“to sit”).

set a beggar on horseback and he'll ride to the Devil

to set seed

Many fruit trees will only flower and set fruit following a cold winter.

2012, Daniel Chamovitz, What a Plant Knows, page 155:

(transitive, botany) To produce after pollination.


anomaly

From Latin anomalia, from Ancient Greek ἀνωμαλία (anōmalía, “irregularity, anomaly”), from ἀνώμαλος (anṓmalos, “irregular, uneven”), negating the meaning of ὁμαλός (homalós, “even”), from ὁμός (homós, “same”).


ephemeral

en-adj

ephemeral (comparative more ephemeral, superlative most ephemeral)

more ephemeral (comparative)
most ephemeral (superlative)

From New Latin ephemerus, from Ancient Greek ἐφήμερος (ephḗmeros), the more common form of ἐφημέριος (ephēmérios, “of, for, or during the day, living or lasting but for a day, short-lived, temporary”), from ἐπί (epí, “on”) + ἡμέρα (hēméra, “day”).

(biology) Existing for only one day, as with some flowers, insects, and diseases.


gregarious

gregarious (comparative more gregarious, superlative most gregarious)

more gregarious (comparative)
most gregarious (superlative)

/ɡɹɪˈɡɛə.ɹɪ.əs/

/ɡɹɪˈɡɛɚ.i.əs/

The Fin-Back is not gregarious. He seems a whale-hater, as some men are man-haters.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 32, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 151:

Rabbits are lively at nightfall, and when evening rain drives them underground they still feel gregarious.

(zoology) Of animals that travel in herds or packs.

(botany) Growing in open clusters or colonies; not matted together.


shot

en-noun

shot (countable and uncountable, plural shots)

→ Dutch: shot

→ French: shot

→ Macedonian: шот (šot)

→ Malay: syot

→ Polish: shot

→ Portuguese: shot

→ Russian: шот (šot)

→ Spanish: shot

→ Swedish: shot

→ Ukrainian: шот (šot)

From Old English sceot, from Proto-Germanic *skutą; compare the doublet scot.

you miss 100% of the shots you don't take

(fisheries) A place or spot for setting nets.

(fisheries) A single draft or catch of fish made.


stick

en-verb

stick (third-person singular simple present sticks, present participle sticking, simple past and past participle stuck or (archaic) sticked)

sticks (present singular third-person)
sticking (participle present)
stuck (participle past)
stuck (past)
sticked (archaic participle past)
sticked (archaic past)

From Middle English stiken (“to stick, pierce, stab, remain embedded, be fastened”), from Old English stician (“to pierce, stab, remain embedded, be fastened”), from Proto-Germanic *stikōną (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tig-, *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”).
See also the related Proto-Germanic *stikaną, whence West Frisian stekke, Low German steken, Dutch steken, German stechen; compare also Danish stikke, Swedish sticka.
Cognate with the first etymology (same PIE root, different paths through Germanic and Old English), to stitch, and to etiquette, via French étiquette – see there for further discussion.

inh

throw enough mud at the wall and some of it will stick

throw things at the wall and see what sticks

would lose one's head if it wasn't stuck on

Stick cuttings from geraniums promptly.

(botany, transitive) To propagate plants by cuttings.


sting

From Middle English stynge, sting, stenge, from Old English sting, stinċġ (“a sting, stab, thrust made with a pointed instrument; the wound made by a stab or sting”), from Proto-Germanic *stangiz.

(botany) A sharp-pointed hollow hair seated on a gland which secretes an acrid fluid, as in nettles.


string

en-noun

string (countable and uncountable, plural strings)

Tok Pisin: string

→ Dutch: string

→ Finnish: stringit

→ French: string

→ German: String

desc

מחרוז//מַחְרֹזֶת

→ Hebrew: מחרוז /מַחְרֹזֶת (makhrózet) (semantic loan)

→ Japanese: ストリング (sutoringu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: streng (semantic loan)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: streng (semantic loan)

→ Polish: stringi

→ Portuguese: estrém; string

→ Swedish: string

From Middle English string, streng, strynge, from Old English strenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *strangi, from Proto-Germanic *strangiz (“string”), from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“rope, cord, strand; to tighten”).
Cognate with Scots string (“string”), Dutch streng (“cord, strand”), Low German strenge (“strand, cord, rope”), German Strang (“strand, cord, rope”), Danish streng (“string”), Swedish sträng (“string, cord, wire”), Icelandic strengur (“string”), Latvian stringt (“to be tight, wither”), Latin stringō (“I tighten”), Ancient Greek στραγγαλόομαι (strangalóomai, “to strangle”), from στραγγάλη (strangálē, “halter”), Ancient Greek στραγγός (strangós, “tied together, entangled, twisted”).

cog

στραγγαλόομαι

弦

any similar long, thin and flexible object

弓弦

ゆづる, yuzuru, ゆみづる, yumizuru, ゆんづる, yunzuru

the strings of beans

(botany) The tough fibrous substance that unites the valves of the pericarp of leguminous plants.


string

en-verb

string (third-person singular simple present strings, present participle stringing, simple past strung or (colloquial) stringed or strang, past participle strung or (colloquial) stringed)

strings (present singular third-person)
stringing (participle present)
strung (past)
stringed (colloquial past)
strang (past)
strung (participle past)
stringed (colloquial participle past)

From Middle English stryngen, strengen, from the noun (see above).

To be honest, you'd be better off trying to string a Skylark as a Richard's Pipit rather than as a Pectoral Sandpiper.

1980, Bill Oddie, Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book, page 81:

For instance he might see a White-eared Honeyeater, a not uncommon bird in the heathy areas at Bunyip, but in his excitement to call it, something in his brain scrambled and came out as: `White-cheeked Honeyeater!' White-cheeked Honeyeater is an absolute stonking crippler in Victoria, but Stu was not actually trying to string a rarity, he'd just got such a flood of new information swirling around his brain that sometimes it got jumbled up.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 67:

(birdwatching) To deliberately state that a certain bird is present when it is not; to knowingly mislead other birders about the occurrence of a bird, especially a rarity; to misidentify a common bird as a rare species.


throw

throw (third-person singular simple present throws, present participle throwing, simple past threw or (nonstandard) throwed, past participle thrown or (nonstandard) throwed or (nonstandard) threw)

throws (present singular third-person)
throwing (participle present)
threw (past)
throwed (nonstandard past)
thrown (participle past)
throwed (nonstandard participle past)
threw (nonstandard participle past)
throw (infinitive)

From Middle English throwen, thrawen, from Old English þrāwan (“to turn, twist”), from Proto-West Germanic *þrāan, from Proto-Germanic *þrēaną (“to twist, turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, rub by twisting, twist, turn”).
Cognate with Scots thraw (“to twist, turn, throw”), West Frisian triuwe (“to push”), Dutch draaien (“to turn”), Low German draien, dreien (“to turn (in a lathe)”), German drehen (“to turn”).
Displaced warp as the word for hurling and was displaced by warp as the word for twisting.

hedh

to cause an object to move rapidly through the air

heitellä

repeatedly, continuously and/or indifferently

dip me in chocolate and throw me to the lesbians

people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones

throw enough mud at the wall, some of it will stick

throw nickels around like manhole covers

throw oneself on someone's mercy not have a pot to piss in or a window to throw it out of

throw one's hotdog down someone's hallway

trust someone as far as one could throw them

At the end of the normal gestation period the cow threw two calf mummies as large as cats.

1916, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, volume 49:

They can kid twice a year if things are right, and they often throw twins and triplets.

2008, Monte Dwyer, Red In The Centre: The Australian Bush Through Urban Eyes, Monyer Pty Ltd, page 200:

(transitive, veterinary medicine) Of animals: to give birth to (young).


tread

rise

antonym(s) of “horizontal part of a step”

From Middle English tred, from treden (“to tread”).

(biology) The chalaza of a bird's egg; the treadle.


wet

en-adj

wet (comparative wetter, superlative wettest)

wetter (comparative)
wettest (superlative)

Bislama: wet

→ Araki: wet

From Middle English wet (“wet, moistened”), wett, wette, past participle of Middle English weten (“to wet”), from Old English wǣtan (“to wet, moisten, water”), from Proto-West Germanic *wātijan, from Proto-Germanic *wētijaną (“to wet, make wet”), from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“water, wet”) (also the source of water).
Cognate with Scots weit, wete (“to wet”), Saterland Frisian wäitje (“to wet; drench”), Icelandic væta (“to wet”). Compare also Middle English weet (“wet”), from Old English wǣt (“wet, moist, rainy”), from Proto-West Germanic *wāt, from Proto-Germanic *wētaz (“wet, moist”), related to Scots weit, weet, wat (“wet”), North Frisian wiat, weet, wäit (“wet”), Saterland Frisian wäit (“wet”), West Frisian wiet (“wet”), Middle Dutch wet (“wet, damp, watery”), Swedish and Norwegian våt (“wet”), Danish våd (“wet”), Faroese vátur (“wet”), Icelandic votur (“wet”).

cog

the cat would eat fish but would not wet her feet

(biology, chemistry) Of a scientist or laboratory: working with biological or chemical matter.


behavior

en-noun

behavior (usually uncountable, plural behaviors)

behaviors (plural)
behaviour (alternative)
behavoure (alternative)
behavier (alternative)
behavor (alternative)
behavour (alternative)

From Middle English behavoure, behaver, from behaven (modern behave), with the ending apparently in imitation of havour (see 'havior). Compare Scots havings (“behavior”), from have (“to behave”). Displaced Old English ġebǣru.

body-focused repetitive behavior disorder

(countable, uncountable, biology, psychology) Observable response produced by an organism.


box

box (plural boxes or (nonstandard, computing, humorous) boxen)

boxes (plural)
boxen (humorous nonstandard plural)

Tok Pisin: bokis

→ Afrikaans: boks

→ Bengali: বাক্স (bakśo)

→ Bulgarian: бокс (boks)

→ Crimean Tatar: boks

→ Danish: boks

→ Dutch: box m

→ Faroese: boks

→ French: box m

→ German: Box f

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बकस m (bakas), बक्सा m (baksā)

Urdu: بکس m (baks, bakas)

→ Icelandic: box n

→ Indonesian: boks

→ Irish: bosca m

→ Italian: box m

→ Japanese: ボックス (bokkusu)

→ Korean: 박스 (bakseu)

→ Maori: pāka

→ Marwari: बकस (baks, bakas)

→ Nepali: बाकस (bākas)

→ Norman: bosc m

→ Norwegian: boks m

→ Pashto: بکس (baks)

→ Persian: باکس (bâks)

→ Polish: boks m

→ Portuguese: box m

→ Russian: бокс m (boks)

→ Scottish Gaelic: bogsa m, bocsa

→ Spanish: box m

→ Swedish: box c

→ Welsh: bocs

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πῠ́ξος (pŭ́xos)
Ancient Greek -ις (-is)
Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís)bor.
Late Latin buxisbor.
Proto-West Germanic *buhsā
Old English box
Middle English box
English box
From Middle English box (“container, box, cup”), from Old English box (“box, case”), from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā (“box”) from Late Latin buxis (“box”), Latin pyxis (“small box for medicines or toiletries”), of uncertain origin; compare Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”) and Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”). Doublet of piseog, pyx, and pyxis.
Cognate with Middle Dutch bosse, busse (“jar; tin; round box”) (modern Dutch bos (“wood, forest”), bus (“container, box; bushing of a wheel”)), Old High German buhsa (Middle High German buhse, bühse, modern German Büchse (“box; can”)), Swedish bössa (“box”).
The humorous plural form boxen is from box + -en, by analogy with oxen.

rasia

compartment or receptacle for receiving items

ramme

rectangular border around an image, text, etc.

ruutu

small area on a document for a tick mark

tofu

empty box displayed by some computer systems in place of a character not supported by available fonts

Similar considerations apply in the case of tRNA genes, where the internal promoter is split into two functional domains (box A and box B) which must be a minimum distance apart[…]. The first 11 bp of the internal control region in the Xenopus 5S gene are structurally and functionally homologous to the box A element of tRNA gene promoters, […]

1990, David De Pomerai, “Gene Organisation and Control”, in From Gene to Animal: An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of Animal Development, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section 1.3 (Transcriptional Control), page 11:

Senses relating to a two-dimensional object or space

(genetics) One of two specific regions in a promoter.


base

en-noun

base (countable and uncountable, plural bases)

acid

antonym(s) of “chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali”

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis and bass.

أَسَاس

something from which other things extend

(biology, biochemistry) A nucleotide's nucleobase in the context of a DNA or RNA biopolymer.

báze

biology: nucleobase in the context of DNA or RNA

(botany) The end of a leaf, petal or similar organ where it is attached to its support.

báze

botany: end of a leaf, petal or similar organ where it is attached to its support


collar

→ Hausa: kwala

→ Burmese: ကော်လာ (kaula)

→ Swahili: kola

From Middle English coler, borrowed from Old French coler (Modern French collier), from Late Latin collāre, from Latin collāris, from collum (“neck”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals, “neck”), Old English heals (“neck”). Compare Spanish cuello (“neck”). More at halse.

(botany) The neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem

коро́на

the neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem


microbe

→ Welsh: microb

From French microbe, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) and βίος (bíos, “life”). By surface analysis, micro- + -obe.

(microbiology) Any microorganism; (loosely, nonscientifically) especially, a harmful bacterium.


acorn

From Middle English acorn, an alteration (after corn) of earlier *akern, from Old English æcern (“acorn, oak-mast”), from Proto-West Germanic *akarn, from Proto-Germanic *akraną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂égrō (“berry”). Cognate with Scots aicorn, Saterland Frisian Äkkene, Tocharian B oko (“fruit”), Welsh eirin (“plums”), Breton irin (“plum”), Irish airne (“sloe”), Lithuanian úoga, Russian я́года (jágoda, “berry”), etc. Not related to Old English āc (“oak”) or corn (“corn, seed”).

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel finds an acorn every now and then

even a blind squirrel finds an acorn every once in a while


acotyledon

From a- (“not”) + cotyledon (“cup-shaped”).

(botany) A plant that has no cotyledons, as the dodder and all flowerless plants.


flat

From Middle English flat, a borrowing from Old Norse flatr (compare Norwegian and Swedish flat, Danish flad), from Proto-Germanic *flataz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”); akin to Saterland Frisian flot (“smooth”), German Flöz (“a geological layer”), Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Latvian plats, Sanskrit प्रथस् (prathas, “extension”). Doublet of plat and pleyt.
The noun is from Middle English flat (“level piece of ground, flat edge of a weapon”), from the adjective.
The algebraic sense was coined by Serre in a 1956 paper, originally as French plat.

inh

(entomology) Any of various hesperiid butterflies that spread their wings open when they land.


penis

From late 17th century. Learned borrowing from Latin pēnis (“tail, penis”), from Proto-Indo-European *pes- (“penis”). Displaced native English pintle, tarse.

नुन्नी

jocular reference while talking to a child

urogenital fold - embryological precursors

(zoology) A similar erectile sexual organ present in the cloacas of male amniotes.


apex

Borrowed from Latin apex (“point, tip, summit”).

The highest or the greatest part of something, especially forming a point.

(botany) The end of a leaf, petal or similar organ opposed to the end where it is attached to its support.

(attributive, ecology) The top of the food chain.


peacock

→ Hawaiian: pīkake
→ English: pikake

→ Maori: pīkake

From Middle English pecok, pekok, pocok, pacok, equivalent to pea (“peafowl; peacock”) + cock. Compare Old Norse páfugl (“peacock”, literally “pea-fowl”), and English peahen, peachick, etc.

cog

(entomology) Any of various Asian species of papilionid butterflies of the genus Papilio.


partridge

en-noun

partridge (plural partridges or partridge)

/ˈpɑːtɹɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈpɑɹtɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle English partrich, partriche, pertriche, perdriz, from Old French perdriz, partriz, from Latin perdīx (“partridge”), from Ancient Greek πέρδιξ (pérdix, “partridge”), probably from πέρδομαι (pérdomai, “to fart”).

partridge-wood

Andira inermis; Millettia stuhlmannii; Stereum frustulosum

On the first day of Christmas, my true love sent to me a partridge in a pear tree.

...and the loudest sound in the lonely fields was when, adventuring too near some late brood, the partridge sought to deceive by a plaintive cry and seeming helplessness, crossing before your very feet, till, when drawn to a sufficient distance, suddenly the air vibrated to the flutter of her active pinions.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XI, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 80:

(ornithology) Any bird of a number of genera in the family Phasianidae, notably in the genera Perdix and Alectoris.

thëllëzë

any bird of the genera Perdix or Alectoris

鷓鴣 /鹧鸪 (zhègū) (francolin, but often translated as partridge)


CSS

en-noun

CSS (countable and uncountable, plural CSSs or CSSes)

Recently, the construction of CSS has been reported for the mapping of a susceptibility locus for testicular cancer on mouse chromosome 19.

2005, Eugene J. Eisen, editor, The Mouse in Animal Genetics and Breeding Research, Imperial College Press, →ISBN, page 77:

However, the gender of the mice, and, hence, the “direction” of the cross, is important to ensure that the X and Y chromosomes and the mitochondria are derived from the host strain in autosomal CSSs.

2006, Annie E. Hill, Eric S. Lander, Joseph H. Nadeau, “Chromosome Substitution Strains: A New Way to Study Genetically Complex Traits”, in Qing K. Wang, editor, Cardiovascular Disease: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine), volume I (Genetics), Humana Press, →ISBN, page 160:

CSS models are also advantageous for detecting a given QTL in the presence of many other QTLs. In comparing results of published mapping studies, as many, and usually substantially more, QTLs were detected with CSSs than with F₂ intercrosses of comparable size.

2008, Wendell W. Weber, Pharmacogenetics, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 288:

(genetics) Initialism of chromosome substitution strain.


ram

From Middle English ram, rom, ramme, from Old English ramm (“ram”), from Proto-Germanic *rammaz (“ram”), possibly from *rammaz (“strong”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Rom (“ram”), Dutch ram (“a male sheep”), German Ramm, Ramme (“ram”). Possibly akin also to Danish ram (“sharp; acrid; rank”), Swedish ram (“strong; perfect”), Faroese ramur (“strong; competent”), Icelandic rammur (“strong; sturdy”).

(zoology, agriculture) A male sheep, typically uncastrated.


plate

→ Maori: pereti

→ Hindi: प्लेट (pleṭ)

From Middle English plate, from Old French plate, from Medieval Latin plata, from Vulgar Latin *plat(t)us, from Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús, “broad, flat, wide”). Compare Spanish plato.
(foot): Cockney rhyming slang, from "plates of meat" for "feet".

der

(herpetology) Any of various larger scales found in some reptiles.


heart

en-verb

heart (third-person singular simple present hearts, present participle hearting, simple past and past participle hearted)

hearts (present singular third-person)
hearting (participle present)
hearted (participle past)
hearted (past)
hart (alternative)
harte (alternative)
hearte (alternative)

PIE word
 *ḱḗr
From Middle English herte, from Old English heorte (“heart”), from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô (“heart”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd (“heart”). Doublet of cardia; see also core.
Most of the modern figurative senses (such as passion or compassion, spirit, inmost feelings, especially love, affection, and courage) were present in Old English. However, the meaning “center” dates from the early 14th century.
The verb sense “to love” is from the 1977 I ❤ NY advertising campaign.

(intransitive, agriculture, botany) To form a dense cluster of leaves, a heart, especially of lettuce or cabbage.


true

en-adj

true (comparative truer or more true, superlative truest or most true)

truer (comparative)
more true (comparative)
truest (superlative)
most true (superlative)
trew (alternative)
trewe (alternative)
troo (alternative)

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷu̠ː]

From Middle English trewe, from Old English trīewe, (Mercian) trēowe (“trusty, faithful”), from Proto-Germanic *triwwiz (compare Saterland Frisian trjou (“honest”), Dutch getrouw and trouw, German treu, Norwegian and Swedish trygg (“safe, secure’”), from pre-Germanic *drewh₂yos, from Proto-Indo-European *drewh₂- (“steady, firm”) (compare Irish dearbh (“sure”), Old Prussian druwis (“faith”), Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “firm”)), extension of *dóru (“tree”) (possibly also Proto-Slavic *sъdorvъ (“healthy”) from the same root). More at tree. For the semantic development, compare Latin robustus (“tough”) from robur (“red oak”).

der

the course of true love never did run smooth

true sparrows (Passer)

true spiders

true blusher (Amanita rubescens, as distinguished from the false blusher, Amanita pantherina)

The true bugs are those of the order Hemiptera; and, by some lights, most truly those of the suborder Heteroptera.

en:genuine, legitimate, valid, sensu stricto

Genuine; legitimate; valid; sensu stricto.

(biology) Used in the designation of group of species, or sometimes a single species, to indicate that it belongs to the clade its common name (which may be more broadly scoped in common speech) is restricted to in technical speech, or to distinguish it from a similar species, the latter of which may be called false.


life

en-noun

life (usually uncountable, plural lives)

death

antonym(s) of “the state that precedes death”

From Middle English lyf, from Old English līf, from Proto-West Germanic *līb, from Proto-Germanic *lībą (“life, body”), from *lībaną (“to remain, stay, be left”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to stick, glue”). Cognate with Scots life, leif (“life”), North Frisian liff (“life, limb, person, livelihood”), West Frisian liif (“belly, abdomen”), Dutch lijf (“body”) and leven (“life”), Low German Lief (“body; life-force; waist”), German Leib (“body; womb”) and Leben (“life”), Danish, Norwegian and Swedish liv (“life; waist”), Icelandic líf (“life”). Related to belive.
The sense "biography" is likely a semantic loan from Medieval Latin vīta (“biography; hagiography”).

semantic loan

живо́т m (živót) (archaic, poetic, now means "belly")

ህይወት

the essence of the manifestation and the foundation of the being

existence

essence of manifestation and foundation of being

(uncountable) The state of organisms preceding their death, characterized by biological processes such as metabolism and reproduction and distinguishing them from inanimate objects; the state of being alive and living.

(biology) The status possessed by any of a number of entities, including animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and sometimes viruses, which have the properties of replication and metabolism.


sugar

en-verb

sugar (third-person singular simple present sugars, present participle sugaring, simple past and past participle sugared)

sugars (present singular third-person)
sugaring (participle present)
sugared (participle past)
sugared (past)
shugar (alternative)

Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
sugar

From Middle English sugre, sucre, from Middle French sucre, from Old French çucre (circa 13th century), from Old Italian zucchero (or another vernacular of Italy), from Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar), from Persian شکر (šakar), from Middle Persian [script needed] (škl), 𐫢𐫞𐫡 (šqr /šakar/), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar", originally "grit, gravel”). Akin to Ancient Greek κρόκη (krókē, “pebble”). Doublet of jaggery and sucro-.

der

Some entomologists assert that it is useless to sugar when ivy is in bloom.

1876, W. Sandison, “Note on sugaring”, in The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, volume 12, page 207:

The latter are best taken by "sugaring" — painting patches of mixed beer and sugar on a series of tree trunks, and making several rounds at twilight with a lantern and a cyanide bottle.

1921, Arthur Herbert Savory, Grain and Chaff from an English Manor:

Sugaring attracts some species of moth that do not readily come to light.

2006, William J. Sutherland, Ecological Census Techniques: A Handbook:

(entomology) To apply sugar to trees or plants in order to catch moths.


tail

Sranan Tongo: tere

From Middle English tail, tayl, teil, from Old English tæġl (“tail”), from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, from Proto-Germanic *taglą (“hair, fiber; hair of a tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *doḱ- (“hair of the tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to tear, fray, shred”). Cognate with Scots tail (“tail”), Saterland Frisian Tail (“tail, end”), West Frisian teil (“tail”), Dutch teil (“tail, haulm, blade”), Low German Tagel (“twisted scourge, whip of thongs and ropes; end of a rope”), German Zagel (“tail”), dialectal Danish tavl (“hair of the tail”), Swedish tagel (“hair of the tail, horsehair”), Norwegian tagl (“tail”), Icelandic tagl (“tail, horsetail, ponytail”), Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl, “hair”). In some senses, apparently by a generalization of the usual opposition between head and tail.

hali

of cattle, in addition to reptiles, amphibians, and basically all animals that do not fall into the other categories; also used for inanimate objects and figuratively

have the world by the tail on a downhill pull

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

the cow knows not the worth of its tail till it loses it

trust someone as far as one could fling a bull by the tail

(entomology) A filamentous projection on the tornal section of each hind wing of certain butterflies.