phosphorylatable

en-adj

phosphorylatable (comparative more phosphorylatable, superlative most phosphorylatable)

more phosphorylatable (comparative)
most phosphorylatable (superlative)

(biochemistry) Capable of being phosphorylated


rhizobacterium

This study aimed to find out the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter vinelandii) either alone or in combination with different doses of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers on growth, seed yield, and oil quality of Brassica carinata (L.) cv. Peela Raya.

2013 October 4, Asia Nosheen, Asghari Bano, Faizan Ullah, “Bioinoculants: A sustainable approach to maximize the yield of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.) under low input of chemical fertilizers”, in Toxicology and Industrial Health, →DOI, →PMID, Abstract:

(ecology) Any bacterium that has a symbiotic relationship with legumes via its rhizomes


seroreactivity

en-noun

seroreactivity (countable and uncountable, plural seroreactivities)

(biology) The reactivity of blood serum, especially to a virus.


acidopore

(zoology, rare) A conical structure with a small terminal opening, at the posterior end of an ant’s gaster through which it sprays formic acid and associated hydrocarbons, collectively comprising the venom. This structure is unique to, but characteristic of all members of the ant subfamily Formicinae.


giraffe weevil

It derives its name from an extended neck, much like that of the common giraffe.

(entomology) A weevil (Trachelophorus giraffa) endemic to Madagascar.


metaevolution

metaevolution (usually uncountable, plural metaevolutions)

metaevolutions (plural)
meta-evolution (alternative)

More recently, however, it has become increasingly realized that symbiosis is at the core of the evolution of evolutionary levels and mechanisms—of a metaevolution—in the microevolution of life.

1980, Erich Jantsch, “Ethics and Evolution”, in The North American Review, volume 265, number 3, page 16:

The notion of event is also associated with that of metaevolution in biology (the evolution of the evolutionary processes themselves).

2004, Elías Palti, “The ‘Return of the Subject’ as a Historico-Intellectual Problem”, in History and Theory, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 76, note 53:

2000, David Hunter Tow, The Future of Life: Meta-Evolution: A Unified Theory of Evolution:

(philosophy, biology) The evolution of the elements of evolutionary systems. Applying evolutionary concepts to non-living systems. Applying evolutionary concepts to individual learning and personal development. Examining the implications and past and future developments of evolution.


enzyme inhibitor

enzyme inhibitor (plural enzyme inhibitors)

(biochemistry) molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity


ORC

ORC (countable and uncountable, plural ORCs)

origin recognition complex
w:origin recognition complex

(biochemistry) Initialism of origin recognition complex.


anoctamin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of transmembrane proteins associated with the channelling of chloride ions


biostatistics

(biology, mathematics) The application of statistics to the study and analysis of biological and medical data


aquaporin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that form water-permeable pores in the membrane of biological cells.


andromonoecy

(botany) The production of both bisexual and male flowers on the same plant


andromonoecious

en-adj

andromonoecious (comparative more andromonoecious, superlative most andromonoecious)

more andromonoecious (comparative)
most andromonoecious (superlative)
andromonecious (alternative)

(botany) Producing both bisexual and male flowers on the same plant


hammerhead ribozyme

en-noun

hammerhead ribozyme (plural hammerhead ribozymes)

(genetics) Any of a class of self-cleaving RNAs found in some viroids.


placozoan

Placozoa + -an; compare protozoan, protozoon.

2010, Vicki Buchsbaum Pearse, Oliver Voigt, 12: Field Biology of Placozoans (Trichoplax), Rob Desalle, Bernd Schierwater (editors), Key Transitions in Animal Evolution, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), Science Publishers, page 273,
Similarly, at Madang, Papua New Guinea, a small rhabdocoel flatworm crawling on a slide among placozoans was observed contacting a placozoan, recoiling vigorously, and changing its direction of movement only to encounter another placozoan and repeat this behavior several times.

Although ciliates, nematodes and are other small animals are observed around or even on placozoans, they do not seem to elicit any response (Pearse and Voigt, 2007).

2018, Fatik Baran Mandal, Biology of Non-chordates, 2nd edition, PHI Learning, page 112:

Placozoans have a lower side facing the substratum and an upper side facing the water body.

2019, Oliver Voigt, Michael Eitel, “3: Placozoa”, in Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa, editor, Handbook of Zoology: Miscellaneous Invertebrates, Walter de Gruyter, page 41:

(zoology) Any of a group of balloon-shaped marine organisms, of the phylum Placozoa, considered to be the simplest living animals.


monoecy

(biology) The state of having both male and female sex organs; hermaphrodism.

(botany) The condition of being monoecious, the state of having pistils and stamens on separate flowers of the same plant.


ultrastructure

ultrastructure (countable and uncountable, plural ultrastructures)

ultrastructures (plural)
ultra-structure (alternative)

(biology) The fine, detailed structure of a biological specimen that can only be observed by electron microscopy

hienorakenne

detailed structure observable only by electron microscopy


chlorophyllic

en-adj

chlorophyllic (comparative more chlorophyllic, superlative most chlorophyllic)

more chlorophyllic (comparative)
most chlorophyllic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, resembling or derived from chlorophyll

chlorophyllien

of, pertaining to, resembling or derived from chlorophyll

(biology, of a plant) Containing chlorophyll


skunk ape

(US, cryptozoology) A hominid creature said to inhabit the Southeastern United States.


merocrine

From mero- (“partial”) + Ancient Greek κρῑ́νω (krī́nō, “to separate”).

uder

Merocrine cells have several full secretion cycles — the merocrine secretion cell does not die when it secretes into the lumen of the gland.

1982, Vladimir Evgenʹevich Sokolov, Mammal Skin, University of California Press, page 20:

Secretions from glands are produced by merocrine, apocrine and holocrine modes of secretion (Fig. 3.4). In merocrine secretion, membrane bound secretory vesicles are formed and accumulate below the free surface of the cell.[…]There is no loss of cytoplasm in merocrine secretion.

2011, S. M. Kisia, Vertebrates: Structures and Functions, page 53:

The planum rostrale of pigs has tactile (sinus) hairs distributed over the surface and numerous large merocrine sweat glands.

2013, Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere, “16: Integument”, in Jo Ann Eurell, Brian L. Frappier, editors, Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology, 6th edition, page 338:

(anatomy, biology, histology) Of or pertaining to certain exocrine glands that secrete without major damage to the secretory cells.

eccrine

of or pertaining to certain exocrine glands


cnidoblast

(biology) A cell in the epidermis of cnidarians in which the nematocyst develops


nematocyst

Formed as nemato- + cyst after the French nématocyste.

Often one sees, on surface view, a distinctly rounded vacuole, occupying a position in the cell occupied in others by a large nematocyst.

1885, R. J. Harvey Gibson, “Observations on the nematocysts of Hydra fusca”, in Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, volume 39, page 30:

The young nematocyst decreases in size and becomes coarsely granular, the granules arranging themselves in a spiral line close under the external membrane.

1902, Arthur Willey, Zoological Results Based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and Elsewhere, page 379:

Nematocyst discharge is another example of the Rubicon principle – it either fires or it does not.

2014, Anthony K. Campbell, Intracellular Calcium, page 350:

(biology) A capsule, in certain cnidarians, containing a barbed, threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing sting


cnidocyte

From translingual Cnidaria, from Ancient Greek κνίδη (knídē, “nettle”) + -cyte (“cell type”).

(biology) A capsule, in certain cnidarians, containing a barbed, string-like tube that transfers a paralyzing sting.


frondose

en-adj

frondose (comparative more frondose, superlative most frondose)

more frondose (comparative)
most frondose (superlative)

(paleontology) Possessing a frond, not discoid.


gemmate

From Latin gemmatus, past participle of gemmare (“to put forth buds”), from gemma (“bud”).

gemmate structure

(botany) Having buds; reproducing by buds.


spoligotyping

(genetics) A technique for the identification and analysis of polymorphism in certain types of repeat units in DNA.


spoligotype

(genetics) A form of polymorphism in the repeat units of DNA


blastoporic

(biology) Pertaining to a blastopore; blastoporal.


blastoporal

(biology) Pertaining to a blastopore; blastoporic.


Graafian follicle

en-noun

Graafian follicle (plural Graafian follicles)

Named for Regnier de Graaf, Dutch scientist.

(biology) A mature ovarian follicle at the final stage of folliculogenesis.


folliculogenesis

(biology) The process of growing and developing for an ovarian follicle in the ovary.


polyubiquitin

(biochemistry) A chain of several ubiquitin molecules attached to a protein.


heterocercal

en-adj

heterocercal (comparative more heterocercal, superlative most heterocercal)

more heterocercal (comparative)
most heterocercal (superlative)

(ichthyology) Of a fish's tail, such that the vertebral column bends and extends upwards into the upper lobe of the tail, making it larger than the lower lobe; as in sharks, rays, and skates.


locusta

(botany) The spikelet or flower cluster of grasses


ptyxis

en-noun

ptyxis (countable and uncountable, plural ptyxes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ptyxis.wav

From New Latin ptyxis, from Ancient Greek πτύξις (ptúxis, “a folding”).

der

(botany) The way in which an individual leaf is folded in the bud.


biocuration

(biology, computing) The organization, representation and making accessible of biological data to both humans and computers


thalloid

(botany) Of a plant, alga, or fungus lacking complex organization, especially lacking distinct stems, roots, or leaves.


monochasium

From New Latin monochasium, from Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, only, sole, single”) + χάσις (khásis, “chasm, separation”).

(botany) A type of cyme on which each single axis bears one flower.


cyme

]
Borrowed from French cime, cyme (“top, summit”), from Vulgar Latin *cima, from Latin cȳma (“young sprout of a cabbage”, “spring shoots of cabbage”), from Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “anything swollen, such as a wave or billow”; “fetus”, “embryo”, “sprout of a plant”), from κύω (kúō, “I conceive”, “I become pregnant”; in the aorist “I impregnate”). For considerably more information, see cyma, which is an etymological doublet. Compare also Frankish *kīmō (“sprout”), from Proto-Germanic *kīmô, whence German Keim (“sprout”).

The inflorescence is some form of cyme, and the flowers are usually regular.

1906, “Gentianaceæ”, in Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby, editors, The New International Encyclopædia:

The plant bears small groups of two or three yellowish coloured flowers on an axillary cyme.

2003, S. M. Reddy, S. J. Chary, University Botany 2: Gymnosperms, Plant Anatomy, Genetics, Ecology, page 190:

The flower cluster is a cyme (terminal flower is the most advanced), is terminal within the bud and may contain up to six individual flowers.

2003, David Curtis Ferree, Ian J. Warrington, Apples: Botany, Production and Uses, page 157:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(botany) A flattish or convex flower cluster, of the centrifugal or determinate type, on which each axis terminates with a flower which blooms before the flowers below it. Contrast raceme.

kvast

botany: a centrifugal or definite inflorescence, esp. compound inflorescences of this type forming a more or less flat head


radula

/ˈɹæd͡ʒ.ʊ.lə/

The radula end containing the first 5–10 rows of teeth showed evidence of wear from rasping over rock surfaces during feeding and was removed using dissection.

2015 February 18, Asa H. Barber, Dun Lu, Nicola M. Pugno, “Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth”, in Journal of the Royal Society Interface:

What Kruta found in the ammonoid fossils was an unfoldable radula covered with delicate, comblike teeth.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 98:

(zoology) The rasping tongue of snails and all other mollusks except bivalves.

raastinkieli

the rasping tongue of snails and most other molluscs


staminode

From New Latin stāminōdium, from Latin stāmen (“warp, thread”) + Ancient Greek εἶδος (eîdos, “form, likeness”).

(botany) An abortive stamen, or any organ modified from an abortive stamen; a staminodium


scorpioid

en-adj

scorpioid (comparative more scorpioid, superlative most scorpioid)

more scorpioid (comparative)
most scorpioid (superlative)

From Ancient Greek σκορπιοειδής (skorpioeidḗs, “scorpionlike”), from σκορπίος (skorpíos, “scorpion”) + εἶδος (eîdos, “form, likeness”).

uder

σκορπιοειδής

a scorpioid cyme

(botany) Resembling a scorpion's tail; circinate.


commensalism

en-noun

commensalism (countable and uncountable, plural commensalisms)

(ecology) A sharing of the same environment by two organisms where one species benefits and the other is unaffected. An example is barnacles on whales.


autonym

Near-synonym: type variety

(taxonomy) An infraspecific name in which the specific epithet is repeated.


biorepository

(biology) a long-term storage and conservation facility for biological specimens


hypermutator

(genetics) Any agent that causes hypermutation


inosine

From ἰνός (inós), genitive singular of ἴς (ís, “sinew, muscle”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any nucleoside formed from hypoxanthine attached to a ribose


preformation

preformation (countable and uncountable, plural preformations)

preformations (plural)
praeformation (alternative)

Preformation, as even Aristotle spotted, merely postpones the problem, for how did the homunculus get its shape?

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 174:

(biology, historical) The theory that organisms are fully developed in the form of an egg or seed, and just increase in size (as opposed to epigenesis).


synaptogenesis

(biology) The process leading to the formation of synapses


reclinate

en-adj

reclinate (comparative more reclinate, superlative most reclinate)

more reclinate (comparative)
most reclinate (superlative)

From Latin reclīnātus, past participle of reclīnāre (“to bend or lean back”).

reclinate bristles

reclinate leaves

reclinate setae

(botany, entomology) bent downward, so that the point is lower than the base.


zinc finger

(biochemistry, genetics) A structure characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions, found in some proteins, that typically binds to specific sequences of DNA and regulates genes.


exogeny

(botany) A division of woody plants whose stem is formed by successive accretions to the outside of the wood under the bark


LHC

(biology) Initialism of light-harvesting complex.


fibroin

(biochemistry) A tough elastic protein that is the main component of silk and of spider's webs


respawn

en-verb

respawn (third-person singular simple present respawns, present participle respawning, simple past and past participle respawned)

respawns (present singular third-person)
respawning (participle present)
respawned (participle past)
respawned (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-respawn.wav

This diminishes even further the remote chance of the fish surviving to respawn.

1970, Idaho Wildlife Review, volumes 23-29, page 161:


physical map

(genetics) A map showing how much DNA separates two genes, measured in base pairs, as opposed to a genetic map.


morid

(zoology) Any member of the Moridae family of fish.


aposematism

apo- (prefix meaning ‘away from’) (from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓πό (ăpó, “from, away from”)) + semat(ic) (“acting as a sign of danger”) (from Ancient Greek σῆμα (sêma, “mark, sign, token”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰyeh₂- (“to notice”) + -μᾰ (-mă, suffix forming neuter nouns denoting the object or result of an action, or a particular instance of an action)) + -ism. The word aposematic was coined by British evolutionary biologist Edward Bagnall Poulton (1856–1943) in The Colours of Animals (1890).

der

First, the selection of "red" as a releaser in courtship and social chasing indicates a secondarily evolved use of aposematic coloring. It is assumed here that aposematism in this and other red-and-black heliconiids, and their correlated development of Müllerian mimicry, occurred in evolution before the development of red as a social releaser.

1954, Zoologica: Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, New York, N.Y.: New York Zoological Society, →OCLC, page 193, column 1:

The co-occurrence of conspicuous coloration and noxious characteristics in many coastal marine species suggests that aposematism is a common predator deterrent in the marine environment.

1990 June, Mary [K.] Wicksten, compiler, Adaptive Coloration in Invertebrates: Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by the American Society of Zoologists (TAMU-SG; 90-106), [Galveston, Tex.]: Texas A&M Sea Grant College Program, →OCLC, page 77, column 1:

Detected prey can avoid an attack by way of warning signals (aposematism), for example, bright coloration as a sign of toxicity. […] Aposematisms offer opportunities for 'cheating' species which are not poisonous but show the same color pattern, so-called Batesian mimicry.

2008, J. M. Jeshke, C. Laforsch, R. Tollrian, “Animal Prey Defenses”, in Encyclopedia of Ecology, volumes 1 (A–C), Amsterdam: Elsevier, →ISBN, page 191, column 2:

For example, both toxicity and coloration may be energetically costly to produce and maintain, and some theoretical models have predicted that once a predator has learned that a prey is toxic, prey should reduce the amount of energy invested in producing an honest signal. This could in turn make aposematism evolutionarily stable, as opposed to a constant arms race between toxicity, coloration and predator perception or toxic resistance

2015 June, Lina María Arenas, Dominic Walter, Martin Stevens, “Signal Honesty and Predation Risk among a Closely Related Group of Aposematic Species”, in Nature, volume 5, London: Nature Research, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-09-18, article number 11021:

We focus in this text on animal defences, but aposematism may apply in other groups. Aposematism has thus been variously proposed in plants […] where, for example, conspicuous coloration on the tips of defensitve spines might serve to draw the attention of predators and deter them from attacking. It has been suggested also that aposematism exists in some fungi […]

2018, Graeme D. Ruxton, William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, Michael P. Speed, “Aposematism”, in Avoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Aposematism, and Mimicry, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, section 6.2.6 (Aposematism is Primarily a Phenomenon in Animals, but It may be Present in Other Groups), pages 89–90:

(biology, chiefly zoology) An adaptation, especially a form of coloration, that warns off potential predators.

aposematisme

adaptation that warns off potential predators


piercer

(zoology) The ovipositor, or sting, of an insect.

(zoology) Any insect provided with an ovipositor.


bilaterian

en-noun

bilaterian (plural bilaterians or bilateria)

Whatever the phylogenetic relationship among bilaterians and the diploblastic phyla, there was clearly a significant expansion in genomic information within the internode that connects the bilaterian clade to other branches.

2005, N. S. Sharma, Continuity And Evolution Of Animals, page 91:

Lacking body cavities and both circulatory and excretory organs, with subepidermal nerve plexuses and 'brains' represented, if at all, by thickened anterior commissures, and with simple reproductive set-ups, acoels come close to representing a model stem ancestor for bilaterians.

2007, J. W. Valentine, “Seeing ghosts: Neoproterozoic bilaterian body plans”, in Patricia Vickers-Rich, Patricia Komarower, editors, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, page 372:

In most bilaterians, the gut musculature and most vascular muscles derive from the mesoderm.

2010, José Xavier-Neto, Marcos Sawada Simoes-Costa, Rodrigo Abe Castro, Hozana Andrade Castillo, Allysson Coelho Sampaio, Ana Paula Azambuja, “Chapter 1.1: Evolutionary Origins of Hearts”, in Nadia Rosenthal, Richard P. Harvey, editors, Heart Development and Regeneration, volume 1, page 12:

(zoology) Any animal that has bilateral symmetry, collectively grouped in the clade Bilateria.

bilatérien

any animal that has bilateral symmetry, collectively grouped in the clade Bilateria


brachyury

(biology) The presence of an abnormally short tail in some animals as a result of a genetic mutation.


deuterostome

(zoology) Any animal, of the subphylum Deuterostomia, in which the initial pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus, and the second pore becomes the mouth.

後口動物 /后口动物

animal in which the initial pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus, and the second pore becomes the mouth

டியூட்டெரோஸ்டோம்

ṭiyūṭṭerōsṭōm


genotoxicology

(medicine, genetics) The branch of toxicology that deals with the genetic effects of toxic substances, especially to the production of mutation by chemical means


lipidated

(biochemistry) Describing a protein that has been covalently modified with lipid extensions.


mucolipin

(genetics, medicine) Any of several genes that have been associated with mucolipidosis.


neoplasia

neoplasia (countable and uncountable, plural neoplasias)


oncoprotein

(genetics, oncology, biochemistry) A protein that is coded for by an oncogene.


peplomer

(virology, archaic) how viruses attach to cells; spike


retama

(botany) Any of the genus Retama of flowering bushes.


dendritic cell

(biology) Any cell, having branching processes, that forms part of the mammalian immune system.


cellulolytic

en-adj

cellulolytic (comparative more cellulolytic, superlative most cellulolytic)

more cellulolytic (comparative)
most cellulolytic (superlative)

(biochemistry) That causes the hydrolysis of cellulose


cracid

Indeed, if anything it^([the chachalaca]) is further from the Galliformes than the duck; but because of the slight uncertainties in the method Prager and Wilson argued for a three-way split between ducks, cracids, and non-cracid galliforms.

1982 May 20, Jeremy Charfas, “Proving the pattern of life”, in New Scientist, number 1306, page 485:

Cracraft (1973b, p. 507) asserted that Gallinuloides was closer to phasianids than cracids, but never presented evidence to substantiate his claim.

2012, Storrs L. Olson, “Chapter 2: The Fossil Record of Birds”, in Donald Farner, editor, Avian Biology, volume 3, page 115:

Two of the five Galliform families, the cracids (guans, curassows and chachalacas) and the New World quails, are confined to the Americas, with most species in Central and especially South America.

2013, Erik Hirschfeld, Andy Swash, Robert Still, The World's Rarest Birds, page 278:

(zoology) Any bird of the family Cracidae.


nuclein

en-noun

nuclein (countable and uncountable, plural nucleins)

From German Nuclein, corresponding to nucleus + -in.

While delving microscopically through the pus in surgical bandages, Miescher found a substance he didn't recognize and called it nuclein (because it resided in the nuclei of cells).

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 354:

(biochemistry) A phosphorus-rich protein found in the nucleus of a cell, later specifically nucleohistone or nucleoprotamine; also, any similar compound present in the cell nucleus.


tonofilament

(biochemistry) A structural filament of keratin present in the cytoplasm


tonofibril

(biology) A structural fibril of tonofilaments found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells


choristodere

(biology) Any member of the order Choristodera of extinct reptiles


hedgehog signalling pathway

hedgehog signalling pathway (uncountable)

(biochemistry, genetics) A key regulator of animal development present in many organisms from flies to humans.


metabola

From Ancient Greek μεταβολή (metabolḗ, “change”); μετά (metá, “beyond”) + βολέω (boléō, “throw”).

bor

(in the plural, entomology) Insects that metamorphose.


ecesis

From Ancient Greek οἴκισις (oíkisis, “colonization”).

uder

(ecology) The process of the successful establishment of a plant or animal species in a habitat that was barren previously or was left barren due to some catastrophe.


radicant

(botany) Taking root on, or above, the ground; rooting from the stem, like the trumpet creeper and the ivy.


bracteate

en-adj

bracteate (comparative more bracteate, superlative most bracteate)

more bracteate (comparative)
most bracteate (superlative)

From Latin bracteātus (“gold-plated, golden”), from bractea (“gold leaf, veneer, glitter”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix).


dryopithecine

(zoology) Of, or relating to, the primate genus †Dryopithecus, considered to be relatives of both humans and apes.


dryopithecine

(zoology) Any member of this genus of primates


assortative mating

en-noun

assortative mating (countable and uncountable, plural assortative matings)

Underlying all distributions of characters in assortative matings are certain elementary principles based on probabilities and the theory of sampling.

1922, Frank A. Hartman, "The Emergency Function of the Adrenal," Science, New Series, vol. 56, no. 1440, p. 146

A recent New York Times Magazine story that investigated the rise of diagnoses of bipolar disorder in children suggested assortative mating as a possible cause, because parents who are both bipolar—and who may marry because they are more likely to understand one another's symptoms—are more likely to have bipolar children.

2008 September 20, Sarah Barmak, “Social Science: I like you because you're like me”, in Toronto Star, page ID3:

(psychology, genetics) Between males and females of a species, the mutual attraction or selection, for reproductive purposes, of individuals with similar characteristics.


glycosylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that splits a glycoside into a glycone and aglycone


immunobiology

(biology) The branch of biology that deals with the biological effects of the immune system


phagolysosome

(biology) A membrane-bound organelle which is formed from the fusing of a lysosome and a phagosome


chaotropic

en-adj

chaotropic (comparative more chaotropic, superlative most chaotropic)

more chaotropic (comparative)
most chaotropic (superlative)

The chaotropic salt inactivated the catalytic function of the peptide.

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) That disrupts hydrogen bonds, especially within or between biological molecules.


chaotropic

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) Such a substance


chaotropism

From chaos + -tropism.
From Ancient Greek χάος (kháos, “vast chasm, void”).

uder

The chaotropism of chlorate is greater than that of sulfate.

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) The ability to disrupt hydrogen bonding, especially within or between biological molecules


activase

(genetics, biochemistry) Any enzyme that activates a gene


pencilled

(botany) Marked with fine lines, as if with a pencil.


Java man

en-noun

Java man (countable and uncountable, plural Java men)

Java men (plural)
Java Man (alternative)

From the fossils, which were found on the Indonesian island of Java.

Pithecanthropus erectus
Pithecanthropus erectus#Translingual

(taxonomy) A purported species of primate, a supposed ancient ancestor of human beings, named Pithecanthropus erectus, now considered Homo erectus.


oligopotent

(biology) Describing a stem cell that is able to form two or more mature cell types within a tissue.


poriferan

(zoology) Any sponge of the phylum Porifera.


riboregulator

(biology, genetics) An RNA that regulates expression of itself or another nucleic acid in response to a signaling event.


self-regenerating

In that country as in France there are a few illustrious exceptions, and symbols of a self-regenerating age; symptoms of a gradual return from error, and the invincible power and majesty of truth.

1818, Friedrich von Schlegel, John Gibson Lockhart, Lectures on the History of Literature, Ancient and Modern, W. Blackwood, page 240:

When it is remembered that knowledge exerts a self-expanding and self-regenerating power, and that the relations not only among the several American communities, but between all regions of the earth, are becoming more and more intimate, it is perhaps not presumptuous to suppose that the ripened fruits of the plan are to be developed in the intellectual, moral and social improvement of the whole human family.

1842, James Hall, James Ellsworth De Kay, William Williams Mather, Ebenezer Emmons, The Quarterly Journal of Prophecy, Volume 2, Albany, T. Weed, D. Appleton & Company and Wiley & Putnam, page 16:

But even granting that this self-regenerating energy were as vigorous as formerly, and that it has not more to do battle with now than heretofore, there is another and more serious question behind.

1850, The Quarterly Journal of Prophecy, Volume 2, J. Nisbet, pages 399–400:

The self-regenerating liver may not be exhausted even through thirty thousand years. Idea foresees that, however persistent may be any beautiful form, every form is temporary.

1883, William Torrey Harris, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, D. Appleton, page 81:

Among the countless substances formed by the lightnings, enzymes appeared and still later self-regenerating enzymes. Some of these were also washed into the ocean where inert organic material wras already piled up. Eventually enzymatic chemical reactions started in the sea.

1938, Reinhard Beutner, Life's Beginning on the Earth, The Williams & Wilkins Company, page 81:

(rare, physics, biology) Capable of regenerating itself or oneself.


bilin

From international scientific vocabulary, and clearly reflecting New Latin, from Latin bīlis (“bile”). By surface analysis, bili- + -in, although according to American Heritage Dictionary, bilin was back-formed from phycobilin (as opposed to phycobilin being derived from bilin as surface analysis suggests).

(biochemistry) Any of various biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins.

biline

pigment formed as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins


zymography

zymography (countable and uncountable, plural zymographies)

(biochemistry) A form of electrophoresis used in the study of enzyme activity.


rosaceous

Borrowed from Latin rosāceus. Alternatively, from Rosaceae + -ous.

(botany, relational) Of or relating to a rose, or a member of the Rosaceae family of plants.


trophallaxis

trophallaxis (countable and uncountable, plural trophallaxes)

Trophallaxis is at its most highly developed in social insects such as ants, wasps, bees and termites, but is also used by some birds, and by wolves and vampire bats.

(biology) The mutual exchange of (fluid) food between individuals, especially in social insects.


squamate

The ground here, it seems, is a mecca for the costive denizens of the Sahel, an unspoiled latrine for Mother Nature and all her feathered, furred and squamate creation.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 45:


angustifoliate

en-adj

angustifoliate (comparative more angustifoliate, superlative most angustifoliate)

more angustifoliate (comparative)
most angustifoliate (superlative)

From Latin angustus (“narrow”) + foliate.


syncytium

syncytia (plural)
syncitium (alternative)

From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with”) + κύτος (kútos, “vessel, cell”).

These included multilobular consolidation with histiological lesions of bronchiolitis with epithelial necrosis and syncytia [14 ].

2015 November 17, “Single Pathogen Challenge with Agents of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei; a multinucleate cell resulting from cell fusions of mononuclear cells (for example, the cells that make up animal Skeletal muscle).

syncytium

a mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei


stomochord

(biology) A buccal diverticulum in the proboscis of hemichordates


hemichordate

(biology) Any of many marine worms, of the phylum Hemichordata, that have a primitive notochord


stimulon

(genetics) A system of genes that are regulated by the same stimulus


sphingid

(entomology) Any of many hawk moths of the family Sphingidae


saccharify

en-verb

saccharify (third-person singular simple present saccharifies, present participle saccharifying, simple past and past participle saccharified)

saccharifies (present singular third-person)
saccharifying (participle present)
saccharified (participle past)
saccharified (past)

(biochemistry, transitive) To convert (soluble polysaccharides) into simple sugars


saccharification

en-noun

saccharification (countable and uncountable, plural saccharifications)

(biochemistry) The hydrolysis of soluble polysaccharides to form simple sugars.


Eneolithic

en-adj

Eneolithic (comparative more Eneolithic, superlative most Eneolithic)

more Eneolithic (comparative)
most Eneolithic (superlative)
Aeneolithic (alternative)
aeneolithic (alternative)
eneolithic (alternative)
Æneolithic (alternative)

Borrowed from Italian eneolitico, from Latin aeneus (“copper, bronze”).

(archaeology, paleontology) Describing the age between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.

énéolithique

describing the age between the Neolithic and Bronze age


Eneolithic

Aeneolithic (alternative)
aeneolithic (alternative)
eneolithic (alternative)
Æneolithic (alternative)

(archaeology, paleontology) The age between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.

eneolític

age between the Neolithic and Bronze age


adipokine

(biochemistry) Any of several cytokines secreted by adipose tissue.

adipokin

any of several cytokines secreted by adipose tissue


autolysosome

(cytology) The result of the fusion of an autophagosome and a lysosome


coactivator

(genetics) Any protein that binds to an activator as part of gene transcription


gluconeogenesis

en-noun

gluconeogenesis (usually uncountable, plural gluconeogeneses)

(biochemistry) The metabolic process in which glucose is formed, mostly in the liver, from non-carbohydrate precursors


magnocellular

en-adj

magnocellular (comparative more magnocellular, superlative most magnocellular)

more magnocellular (comparative)
most magnocellular (superlative)


parvocellular

parvocellular (comparative more parvocellular, superlative most parvocellular)

more parvocellular (comparative)
most parvocellular (superlative)

(biology) Having small-bodied, punctate neuronal cells.


stereocilin

(biochemistry) A protein associated with the stereocilia of the inner ear.


stertor

en-noun

stertor (countable and uncountable, plural stertors)

(biology, medicine) The act of snoring, especially heavy snoring.

stertorous respirations

(biology, medicine) A snoring sound, as for example even during wakefulness in infants with breathing difficulties.


scandent

From the present participle stem of Latin scandere (“to climb”).

I found but a single specimen—a scandent shrub of Datura metel, at a house site in a small coastal village, planted, I was told, as a remedy for asthma.

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 52:

(botany) Climbing, without obvious morphological adaptations.


recrement

(biology) A bodily secretion that is reabsorbed into the blood.


pyocyanin

pyocyanin (usually uncountable, plural pyocyanins)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa#Translingual

(biochemistry) A greenish-blue pigment, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that is an antibiotic and antifungal agent


pteropid

(zoology) Any bat of the former family Pteropidae; the fruit bats


procumbent

en-adj

procumbent (comparative more procumbent, superlative most procumbent)

more procumbent (comparative)
most procumbent (superlative)

From Latin pro (“forward”) + cumbĕre (“to lie down”).


monomictic

From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, single”) + μίξις (míxis, “mixing, mingling”). By surface analysis, mono- + -mictic.

uder

(limnology, of a lake) Having layers of water that intermix only once per year.


actinorhiza

(biology) A root nodule formed as a result of a symbiotic relationship between an actinomycete and fine plant roots.

actinorriza

nodule formed from a symbiotic relationship between an actinomycete and fine plant roots


aminoarabinose

(biochemistry) An amino sugar derived from arabinose


anoxygenic

(biochemistry) That does not involve the production of oxygen

anoxigènic

that does not involve the production of oxygen


apomictic

en-adj

apomictic (comparative more apomictic, superlative most apomictic)

more apomictic (comparative)
most apomictic (superlative)

I have found no definite reports of apomictic turbellarians, although the stenostomid Rhynchoscolex is said neither to reproduce by fission (but see Pennak, 1978) nor to possess a male system (Sterrer and Rieger, 1974).

1982, Graham Bell, The Masterpiece of Nature: The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality:

Successful breeding of apomictic species is a relatively recent achievement and thus far only a few artificially bred cultivars of any apomictic crop have been released. For many years the only source of cultivars of apomictic species was selection and increase of the best natural apomictic ecotypes.

1990, E. C. Bashaw, Wayne W. Hanna, “5: Apomictic reproduction”, in Geoffrey Peter Chapman, editor, Reproductive Versatility in the Grasses, Cambridge University Press, page 115:

2001, Julien Berthaud, Chapter 2: Apomixis and the Management of Genetic Diversity, Yves Savidan, John G. Carman, Thomas Dresselhaus (editors), The Flowering of Apomixis: From Mechanisms to Genetic Engineering, CIMMYT, page 20,
The first generation hybrid between teosinte (sexual, aa) and apomictic maize (AA) would be apomictic (Aa), and BC₁ plants with teosinte as female would produce Aa (apomictic) and aa (sexual) progeny.

(botany, zoology) Of, pertaining to, or characterised by apomixis.


apoplastic

apoplastic (comparative more apoplastic, superlative most apoplastic)

more apoplastic (comparative)
most apoplastic (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to an apoplast


aposymbiotic

aposymbiotic (comparative more aposymbiotic, superlative most aposymbiotic)

more aposymbiotic (comparative)
most aposymbiotic (superlative)

(ecology) Of or pertaining to aposymbiosis


aposymbiosis

en-noun

aposymbiosis (countable and uncountable, plural aposymbioses)

(ecology) A form of symbiosis in which two species live independently of each other, but their life cycles affect one another.


appressorial

(mycology) Of or pertaining to appressoria


arabinogalactan

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteoglycans found on the cell surface of flowering plants, sometimes used as a dietary supplement


australopithecine

australopithecines (plural)
Australopithecine (alternative)

/ˌɒstɹələ(ʊ)ˈpɪθɪsiːn/

Originally in reference to a now-obsolete subfamily Australopithecinae, formed in New Latin, from Latin austrālis (“southern”) + Ancient Greek πίθηκος (píthēkos, “ape”).

It is as if there were enshrined in these legends a racial memory of the Australopithicines who came close but never did make it to full humanity.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 28:

Australopithecines came in several varieties, some slender and gracile, like Raymond Dart's Taung child, others more sturdy and robust, but all were capable of walking upright.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 391:

Caspari and Lee carried out comparisons ranging from ancient hominins such as australopithecines through to Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, assessing the ratios of young adults to old adults.

2011, Chris Stringer, The Origin of Our Species, Penguin, published 2012, page 151:

(anthropology, paleontology) Any of several extinct hominids, belonging to the genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus in the subtribe Australopithecina when seen as distinct, and sometimes other closely related genera.

αυστραλοπιθηκίνος

member of the subtribe Australopithecina


australopithecine

en-adj

australopithecine (comparative more australopithecine, superlative most australopithecine)

more australopithecine (comparative)
most australopithecine (superlative)
Australopithecine (alternative)

/ˌɒstɹələ(ʊ)ˈpɪθɪsiːn/

(anthropology, paleontology) Of or pertaining to these hominids.


autotrophy

en-noun

autotrophy (usually uncountable, plural autotrophies)

(biology) The synthesis of food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy


auxotrophic

en-adj

auxotrophic (comparative more auxotrophic, superlative most auxotrophic)

more auxotrophic (comparative)
most auxotrophic (superlative)

(biology) Describing a strain of organism that requires a specific metabolic substance that the parent organism was able to synthesize by itself


bacteriocyte

(biology) A modified adipocyte, in some insects, containing symbiotic bacteria


bacteriome

(biology) An organelle, in some insects, containing bacteriocytes


bathymodiolin

(biology) Any of several deep-sea mussels, of the genus Bathymodiolus, often found near hydrothermal vents.


bioprospecting

(biology) The methodical search for novel pharmaceutical (and other) products from plants and microorganisms.


biotrophic

biotrophic (comparative more biotrophic, superlative most biotrophic)

more biotrophic (comparative)
most biotrophic (superlative)

(biology) Describing a parasite or symbiont that needs its host in order to stay alive.


necrotrophic

necrotrophic (comparative more necrotrophic, superlative most necrotrophic)

more necrotrophic (comparative)
most necrotrophic (superlative)

From necro- (“dead”) + -trophic (suffix denoting mode of nutrition).

confix

(biology) Describing a parasite that kills its host, then feeds on the dead matter.


biovar

(biology) A strain of microorganisms that is physiologically and/or biochemically differentiable from others


chemoattraction

(biochemistry) The action of a chemoattractant


chemoautotrophy

(biology) A mode of growth in which CO₂ is the exclusive source of assimilated carbon, and energy is derived from chemical processes rather than light.


chemoperception

(biochemistry) A specific response by an organism to the presence of a specific chemical compound (or class of compounds)


maltodextrin

en-noun

maltodextrin (countable and uncountable, plural maltodextrins)

(biochemistry) A type of dextrin commonly used as a food additive.


conjugase

pteroylglutamic acid
pteroylglutamic acid

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that promote the hydrolysis of folic acid conjugates and the production of glutamic acid and pteroylglutamic acid


chemosymbiosis

chemosymbiosis (countable and uncountable, plural chemosymbioses)

(ecology) A form of symbiosis in which a bacterium provides chemically-derived energy and nutrients, often via the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, to a higher organism


chitosan

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide derived from chitin, sometimes used in the absorption of fat


counterillumination

(biology) A behaviour, found in some cephalopods etc., in which bioluminescence is used to provide camouflage when viewed from below.


ecophysiology

ecophysiology (usually uncountable, plural ecophysiologies)

(biology) The study of the relationships between, and adaptation of, the physiology of an organism and its environment


ectosymbiont

(ecology) A partner in a symbiotic relationship that remains on the surface of its host or occupies a body cavity


ectosymbiosis

(ecology) A form of symbiosis in which a partner (the ectosymbiont) remains on the surface of its host


endobiont

(ecology) Any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism


endocuticle

(biology) The inner, elastic layer of the cuticle of an insect


endomycorrhiza

endomycorrhiza (plural endomycorrhizas or endomycorrhizae)

endomycorrhizas (plural)
endomycorrhizae (plural)

(ecology) A form of mycorrhiza in which the hyphae of the fungus penetrate the root cells.


endothermy

(biology) A form of thermoregulation in which heat is generated by the organism's metabolism.


epibiont

(ecology) Any organism that lives on the surface of another living organism


eurosid

(botany) Any plant in a clade that includes many taxonomic orders related to the roses


fimbria

Learned borrowing from Late Latin fimbria (“a border, fringe”), from Latin fimbriae (“fibers, threads, fringe”). Doublet of fringe.

der

When a follicle is mature, the egg within it bursts out of the ovary, and the Fallopian tube's fingerlike fimbria reach out and grab it.

(biology) A series of threads or other projections resembling a fringe.

(anatomy, usually in the plural) An individual thread in a fimbria, especially a fingerlike projection around the ovarian end of the Fallopian tube.

(bacteriology) A hairlike appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteria; used by the bacteria to adhere to one another, to animal cells and to some inanimate objects.


fluxomics

(biology) The study of the flow of fluid and molecules within cells


folliculinid

(biology) Any marine, ciliate protozoan of the family Folliculinidae.


glomalean

From translingual Glomales, synonym of Glomerales.

(biology) Any fungus of the order Glomerales.


glucuronidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a glucuronide; a glycuronidase


heterogamety

en-noun

heterogamety (usually uncountable, plural heterogameties)

(biology) The production of gametes of different ploidy by an individual of one sex of an organism


homogalacturonan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide (such as pectin) made up of linked galacturonic acid residues


hydroxyproline

hydroxyproline (countable and uncountable, plural hydroxyprolines)

(biochemistry) A hydroxy derivative of the amino acid proline found in the structural proteins of connective tissue


hymenopteran

From translingual Hymenoptera + -an, from neuter plural of Ancient Greek ὑμενόπτερος (humenópteros, “membrane-winged”), from ὑμήν (humḗn, “thin skin, membrane”) + πτερόν (pterón, “feather, wing”) + -ος (-os, adjectival suffix).

af

(entomology) Any insect of the order Hymenoptera: the bees, wasps and ants etc.


hymenopteran

(entomology) Relating to or denoting hymenopterans.


hyphopodium

From hypha + -podium (“leg-like structure”).

(biology) A hypha, in some ectoparasitic fungi, having a haustorium


nullipotent

Latin roots, nullus (“not any”) + potent (“having power”) – literally, “having no power”.

compound

(biology) Incapable of developing into any cell type; compare pluripotent


introgress

en-verb

introgress (third-person singular simple present introgresses, present participle introgressing, simple past and past participle introgressed)

introgresses (present singular third-person)
introgressing (participle present)
introgressed (participle past)
introgressed (past)

From Latin introgredior (“to step in, enter”).

uder

(biology, genetics) To infiltrate the genes of one species into the gene pool of another through repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid.


kinesin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that convert chemical into mechanical energy and power the movement of vesicles and organelles along microtubules


lucinid

(zoology) Any bivalve mollusc of the family Lucinidae.


lucinid

en-adj

lucinid (comparative more lucinid, superlative most lucinid)

more lucinid (comparative)
most lucinid (superlative)

(zoology) Characteristic of these creatures.


macroecology

(ecology) The study of spatially large ecosystems


methanotrophy

(biology) The bacterial use of methane as a source of carbon and of energy


methylerythritol

(biochemistry) A methyl derivative of erythritol, especially 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol, whose phosphate is involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids


methylotroph

(biology) Any organism that uses simple methyl compounds (such as methane or methanol) as a source of carbon and of energy


microfilaria

(biology) The very small larva of a filarial worm.


morphotype

The morphotype, or form-print, must hereafter take its place by the side of the logotype or word-print.

1859 June 7, “The stereoscope and the stereograph”, in Atlantic Monthly: A Magazine of Literature, Art and Politics, page 744:

As the first form of a dimorphic sex will be represented in the holotype or allotype, there may be some doubt as to the advisability of classing morphotypes among primary types.

1911, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, volume 4, page 208:

The only exception seems to be morphotype 2 (Scotiophryne), which is clearly defined by a prominent lamina that posteriorly delimits the oblique groove and, in the Utah samples, is stratigraphically restricted to the lower—middle Campanian.

2013, Alan L. Titus, At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah:

(biology) Any of a group of different types of individuals of the same species in a population; a morph.


multigene family

en-noun

multigene family (plural multigene families)

(genetics) A group of multiple copies of similar genes on the same chromosome, thought to arise from a single, ancestral gene


mycosymbiont

(biology) Any fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with a plant


nephridium

(biology) A tubular excretory organ in some invertebrates.

νεφρίδιο

biology: a tubular excretory organ in some invertebrates


paratransgenetics

(genetics) A form of transgenics in which the bacteria within the digestive tract of the target organism are genetically modified


arbuscle

arbuscles (plural)
arbuscule (alternative)

Latin arbuscula, diminutive of arbor or arbos (“tree; tuft of feathers”).

Gumme is an Arabick word, and when it is put abſolutely; it muſt be underſtood of Gum-Arabick, which Galen calls Thebane, ſome Babylonian, and others Acanthine Gumme. It flowes from a certain arbuſcle, which [Pedanius] Dioſcorides calls Acacia, whereof he conſtitutes two ſorts […]

1657, "Renodæus" [Jean de Renou], translated by Richard Tomlinson, A Medicinal Dispensatory, containing the VVhole Body of Physick: Discovering the Natures, Properties, and Vertues of Vegetables, Minerals, & Animals: The Manner of Compounding Medicaments, and the Way to Administer Them. Methodically Digested in Five Books of Philosophical and Pharmaceutical Institutions; Three Books of Physical Materials, Galenical and Chymical. Together with a most Perfect and Absolute Pharmacopoea or Apothecaries Shop. Accommodated with Three Useful Tables, London: Printed by Jo: Streater and Ja: Cottrel; and are to be sold by Henry Fletcher at the three gilt Cups neer the west-end of Pauls, →OCLC, page 395:

Ar′boret or arbus′cle. A little tree.

1853, F[rederick] Knighton, The American Etymological School Grammar, containing Copious Exercises, and a Systematic View of the Formation and Derivation of Words, from the Anglo-Saxon, Latin and Greek, which Explain the Etymology of above Ten Thousand English Words, Philadelphia, Pa.: Robert E. Peterson & Co. 124, Arch Street, →OCLC, page 103:

Hybrid 800 was an arbuscle only 1.5 m in height at the age of six years because of suppression by adjoining poplars and honeylocusts. […] Further observations have shown that plants subjected to summer pruning when young suffered little from frosts. They continued to grow as arbuscles and no longer needed summer pruning. Some are now no less winterhardy than the most winterhardy specimens.

1967, OTS, Washington, D.C.: Office of Technical Services, United States Department of Commerce, →OCLC, pages 87 and 150:

(botany) A plant midway in height between a shrub and a tree; a dwarf tree.

arbuscule

a plant midway in height between a shrub and a tree

The hyphae of the arbuscle, which are finely ramified and form a floccose mass, soon lose their individuality and make a structureless granular and gummy conglomeration […]

1956, Phytomorphology, Delhi: International Society of Plant Morphologists, →OCLC, page 71:

(mycology) A branched hypha in some fungi.

Detailed view of a typical fine endophyte arbuscle in the inner cortex. Note the well preserved structural integrity of the endophyte and the characteristic bifurcate hyphae […]. Infection was with the fine endophyte Glomus tenuis […].

1979, New Zealand Journal of Botany, Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, →OCLC, page 57:

The arbuscle formation increases the metabolic activity of the host cell which is mainly due to the bidirectional transfer of metabolites and nutrients to and from the fungus. Arbuscles live for only 4–15 days. They degenerate and are digested by the host cell […].

1991, Ewald Sieverding, edited by Kathryn Mulhern, Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhiza Management in Tropical Agrosystems [Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit; 224], English edition, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, →ISBN, page 30:

Enhanced fluorochrome accessibility, increased nuclease sensitivity and chromatin dispersion reflects an increase in chromatin decondensation which is a sign of greater transcriptional activity of the plant genome in arbuscle containing cells […]. The branching progression of the fungus into the host cell provokes de novo synthesis of the periarbuscular membrane. The periarbuscular membrane derived from the peripheral plasma membrane completely surrounds the arbuscle.

2005, Gopi K. Podila, Ajit Varma, editors, Basic Research and Applications of Mycorrhizae, New Delhi: I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., →ISBN, page 60:

(mycology) The site at which a symbiotic fungus attaches to the roots of a plant and exchanges nutrients, etc., with it.

(zoology) A clump of feather-like cilia (hairlike structures).


phenylacetylglutamine

(biochemistry) The product of phenylacetate and glutamine


phenylacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) The carboxylic acid C₆H₅-CH₂-COOH that is a plant auxin


phosphoglucomutase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of isomers of glucose phosphates


phosphosulfate

(biochemistry) The univalent radical -OP(O₂H)-OSO₃H present in some nucleotides; it contains a high-energy sulfate bond


phototrophy

(biology) The synthesis of an organism's food from inorganic material using light as a source of energy.


phytopathogen

(biology) Any organism that is pathogenic to plants


plastid

From German Plastid, from Ancient Greek πλαστός (plastós), verbal adjective of πλάσσω (plássō).

(cytology) Any of various organelles found in the cells of plants and algae, often used for photosynthesis.


pogonophoran

(biology) Any marine, wormlike invertebrate of the phylum Pogonophora.


preadaptation

preadaptation (countable and uncountable, plural preadaptations)

(biology) An adaptation that evolved in an ancestral population, in which it served a different function


presymbiotic

(biology) Describing the time, or developmental stages, before the development of a symbiotic relationship.


provannid

(biology) Any gastropod of the family Provannidae, especially those found associated with hydrothermal vents


radiorespirometry

(biology, chemistry) A technique in which a substance radioactively labelled with ¹⁴₆C is introduced into a closed environment, and any radioactive carbon dioxide subsequently detected is used as evidence for the presence of life


sepiolid

(biology) Any of the order Sepiolida of bobtail squids.


septation

septation (countable and uncountable, plural septations)


siboglinid

(zoology) Any polychaete annelid worm of the family Siboglinidae.


speciate

en-verb

speciate (third-person singular simple present speciates, present participle speciating, simple past and past participle speciated)

speciates (present singular third-person)
speciating (participle present)
speciated (participle past)
speciated (past)

(taxonomy) To form new biological species by the division of an existing one


sulfhemoglobin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of derivatives of hemoglobin, often in the presence of ferrihemoglobin, that are incapable of transporting oxygen.


superextensile

en-adj

superextensile (comparative more superextensile, superlative most superextensile)

more superextensile (comparative)
most superextensile (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superextensile.wav

(biology) Describing the feet of some molluscs that can be extended to form burrows


syncytial

syncytial (comparative more syncytial, superlative most syncytial)

more syncytial (comparative)
most syncytial (superlative)

The epithelium, however, in many regions has a more syncytial appearance due to loss of cell boundaries.

1906, Robert T. Frank, “Chorionepitheliomatous Proliferation in Teratomata”, in George H. Simmons, editor, Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 46, American Medical Association, page 254:

In more syncytial areas, tumour cells have plump cell bodies and rounded nuclei, which may show deep invaginations.

1986, Timothy H. Moss, Tumours of the Nervous System, Springer, page 85:

The cytoplasmic borders of intermediate cells are sometimes sharply demarcated, notably so in areas where cells are less cohesive; however, often the cells have a more syncytial arrangement in which individual borders can be appreciated only with difficulty.

2013, Nisheet Anant Agni, Rajiv Mukund Borle, Salivary Gland Pathologies, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, page 135:

The vaccine would be the first to protect babies from respiratory syncytial virus, or R.S.V., which is the reason many infants are admitted to children’s hospitals each year and kills several hundred under 5 each year.

2023 May 18, Christina Jewett, “F.D.A. Panel Recommends R.S.V. Vaccine to Protect Young Infants”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2023-05-18:

(biology) Of or pertaining to a syncytium.


papilionaceous

papilionaceous (comparative more papilionaceous, superlative most papilionaceous)

more papilionaceous (comparative)
most papilionaceous (superlative)

From New Latin papilionaceus (from Latin pāpiliō (“butterfly”)) + -ous. In scientific sense, after Papilionaceae (family name).

[T]he broad road is lined with wild bushes and tangled shrubs lavishly decked with brilliant blossoms: the lentisk, so covered with yellow, papilionaceous flowers [translating Schmetterlingsblumen] that not a green leaf is visible…

1962, JW Goethe, translated by WH Auden and Elizabeth Mayer, Italian Journey, Penguin, published 1970, page 261:

(botany) Having a corolla in the form of a butterfly, with prominent wing-like petals; (generally) pertaining to the Faboidea (Papilionoidea) family of plants.


thioautotrophic

(biology) Describing a chemoautotrophic organism that feeds on sulfides


thiotrophic

thiotrophic (comparative more thiotrophic, superlative most thiotrophic)

more thiotrophic (comparative)
most thiotrophic (superlative)

(biology) Describing an organism that oxidizes sulfur compounds as a major part of its metabolism


thyasirid

(biology) Any marine bivalve of the family Thyasiridae.


transinfection

(biology) The infection of one host with a bacterium or virus taken from another, often using microinjection, in order to study the different roles of host and infected species


trophosome

(biology) The group of nutritive zooids of a hydrozoan.

(biology) The mass of chemolithoautotrophic bacteria in a pogonophoran that metabolizes sulfide.


turbellarian

/ˌtɜːbɪˈlɛəɹi.ən/

From translingual Turbellaria (from Latin turbellae (“bustle”), from turba (“confusion”)) + -an.

(zoology) Any flatworm of the class Turbellaria.


vesicomyid

(biology) Any bivalve of the family Vesicomyidae.


vestimentiferan

(biology, archaic) Any benthic marine tube worm of the phylum Vestimentifera, now usually considered to be family Siboglinidae in phylum Annelida.


xyloglucan

(biochemistry) The main hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants.


geophily

(zoology) The property of spending a stage of life underground.

(botany) The property of bearing flowers and fruit at or below ground level.


geophilic

geophilic (comparative more geophilic, superlative most geophilic)

more geophilic (comparative)
most geophilic (superlative)

(zoology) Spending all or a stage of the life cycle underground; exhibiting geophily.

(botany) Fruiting and/or flowering at or below ground level; exhibiting geophily.


bullid

(zoology) Any gastropod in the family Bullidae.


mullid

(zoology) Any fish in the family Mullidae, the goatfish or red mullets.


antitrypsin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of serum proteins that inhibit trypsin and similar proteolytic enzymes


protistology

(biology) The scientific study of protists.


serpin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that inhibit serine proteases (especially trypsin)


subnuclear

(biology) Smaller than or occurring in a cell nucleus.


nuchal

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nuchālis, from nucha + -ālis, from Arabic نُخَاع (nuḵāʕ, “spinal cord”).

Dunn gives a key to a part of this group of Eumeces, based upon the number of nuchals, placing the two American species (he does not consider Eumeces altamirani Dugès) in a group having 14-17 pairs of nuchals;[…].

1935, The Kansas University Science Bulletin, volume 23, page 105:

Growth patterns of clavicles, cleithra, opercles, medial nuchals, dorsal scutes, and pectoral fin ray sections have been compared in white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus.

2004, B.G. Kapoor, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook, page 248:

Scales are weakly differentiated, with head scales flat and smooth, nuchals small and smooth, dorsal scales small and keeled, and tail scales larger ventrally than laterally, without wings.

2004, Hans-Georg Horn, “6.19: Varanus salvadorii”, in Eric R. Pianka, Dennis R. King, Ruth Allen King, editors, Varanoid Lizards of the World, Indiana University Press, page 236:

(zoology) A neck scale, especially of a lizard.


katharobe

From Ancient Greek καθαρός (katharós, “pure”) + -obe.

af

(biology) An organism that lives in pure water, or water of very low organic content.


ketone body

(biochemistry) Any of several compounds that are intermediates in the metabolism of fatty acids; principally acetoacetate and acetone (together with hydroxybutyrate which is not a ketone)


nematoid

en-adj

nematoid (comparative more nematoid, superlative most nematoid)

more nematoid (comparative)
most nematoid (superlative)

(zoology) Of, relating to, or resembling a nematode.


nematoid

(zoology) A member of the Nematoida clade, that is Nematoda or Nematomorpha


pangene

Coined by Dutch geneticist Hugo de Vries in 1889, from pangenesis. By surface analysis, pan- + -gene.

coin

(obsolete, genetics) A supposed particle with which heritable character was transmitted during cell division.


prolamin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of plant storage proteins that have a high proline content, found in cereals.


porrect

en-adj

porrect (comparative more porrect, superlative most porrect)

more porrect (comparative)
most porrect (superlative)

From Latin porrectus, past participle of porrigō (“stretch out”).

The palpi of moths in the genus Thumatha are porrect and slender.

(entomology, botany) stretched out or forward


hebetate

hebetate (comparative more hebetate, superlative most hebetate)

more hebetate (comparative)
most hebetate (superlative)

Latin hebetatus, past participle of hebetare (“to dull”).

(botany) Having a dull or blunt and soft point


folivore

/ˈfəʊlɪvɔː(ɹ)/

From Latin folium (“a leaf”) + -vore, Latin vorō (“I devour”).

The Koala of Australia with its elongated cecum, and many species of primates, sloths, and the pandas are noteworthy folivores.

2007, George A. Feldhamer et al., Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology, →ISBN:

(biology) A herbivore that eats mostly foliage.


dictyate

From Ancient Greek δίκτυον (díktuon, “net”) + -ate.

af

(biology) A resting stage in the development of oocytes, during the meiotic prophase


enantiornithine

ἐναντίος (enantíos, “opposite”) + ὄρνις (órnis, “bird”) + -ine.

The enantiornithines were rather diverse in form and size, so it is not clear if Junornis was typical or unusual but it does mean that this form of flight was one of a number being explored by early birds.

2017 October 25, Dave Hone, The Guardian:

The lineage that led to all living birds is known as the ornithuromorphs. But it was the other branch, called the enantiornithines, that dominated the skies for tens of millions of years.

2023 June 3, Carl Zimmer, “How Did Birds First Take Off?”, in The New York Times:

(paleontology) Any of an extinct group of protobirds of the Enantiornithes.


microarchitecture

en-noun

microarchitecture (countable and uncountable, plural microarchitectures)

(biology) The detailed structure of any organ etc. at a very small scale.


muscleblind

From muscle + blind. The muscleblind gene in Drosophila flies is necessary to the development of muscles and eye photoreceptors.

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that are RNA-binding factors.

(genetics) Any of the genes associated with these proteins.


notothen

(biology) Any fish of the family Nototheniidae of cod icefishes.


notoungulate

From Notoungulata (order name), from Ancient Greek νότος (nótos, “south”) + Ungulata.

At its extreme, there are creatures whose teeth grow continuously, even as their gums recede with a lifetime of grit and grass, a strategy only known in woolly rhinos and notoungulates among larger animals.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 72:

(paleontology) Any of several extinct, hoofed, herbivorous mammals of the order †Notoungulata, from Cenozoic South America.


oogonium

oogonia (plural)
oogoniums (plural)
oögonium (alternative)

(biology) An immature ovarian egg within a developing fetus.

(botany, mycology) A sac (the female gametangium) containing oospheres in algae or fungi.


ootid

Beyond the last of the oocytes, toward the lumen, are found numerous closely packed ootids, which have small pronuclei and are less basophilic than the smaller oocytes, due to the accumulated yolk in the cytoplasm.

1972, P. R. Gross, L. I. Malkin, M. Hubbard, “Synthesis of RNA During Oogenesis of the Sea Urchin”, in Meredith C. Gould, editor, Invertebrate Oogenesis II, page 37:

This process, which now requires 45 min instead of the 20 min needed after hormone stimulation or MPF transfer does not correspond to the amplification of an eventual residual MPF present in the ootid.

1990, P. Guerrier, I. Néant, P. Colas, L. Dufresne, J. Saint Pierre, F. Dubé, “Chapter 6: Protein synthesis and protein phosphorylation as regulators of MPF activity”, in Brian Dale, editor, Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans, page 85:

The haploid ovum is now called an ootid (Fig. 8—7). The second polar body degenerates, sometimes dividing before it dies.

1991, Richard E. Jones, Human Reproductive Biology, page 181:

It is difficult to predict at this stage whether the cryopreservation of ootids will be allowed in Italy.

2004, Carlo Bulletti, D. de Ziegler, Carlo Flamigni, The Uterus and Human Reproduction, page 107:

(biology) The haploid cell, produced by meiotic division of a secondary oocyte, that is a nearly mature ovum.


ootidogenesis

(biology) The part of oogenesis leading to the formation of ootids


osteopontin

(biochemistry) A sialopontin found in bone tissue


proenzyme

(biochemistry) Any inactive precursor of an enzyme that is converted to an enzyme by proteolysis; a zymogen.

proenzym

any inactive precursor of an enzyme that is converted to an enzyme by proteolysis


pseudoknot

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoknot.wav

(genetics) A secondary structure in RNA in which half of one stem is intercalated between the two halves of another stem.


spermatid

(biology) A haploid cell, produced by meiosis of a spermatocyte, that develops into a spermatozoon


uteroferrin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, containing two atoms of iron, that is a major secretory product of a pig's uterus under the influence of progesterone.


diplosome

(biology) In cell biology, a pair of centrioles arranged perpendicularly, located near the nucleus. It is present in all eukaryotic cells except for higher plants. It plays an important role in mitosis.


rupestral

From New Latin rupestris, from Latin rūpes (“rock”).

The rupestral species have been the next class of lichens to suffer from the atmospheric pollution; and the effects are particularly noticeable in the hilly districts in the eastern part of South Lancashire.

1915, The Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany, volume 43, Linnean Society of London, page 93:

By contrast, in the oak woodland on a steep hillside at Keskadale in Cumberland the occurrence is solely rupestral.

1973, James Holms Dickson, Bryophytes of the Pleistocene, page 123:

Among the more notable of these rupestral oceanic and Atlantic bryophytes of acidic rocks are the mosses[…].

2012, Derek Ratcliffe, A Nature Conservation Review, volume 1, page 78:


cytostome

(microbiology) A cellular organelle found only in certain protozoa; it is specialized for phagocytosis, and usually has the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove.


peritrich

(microbiology) A ciliate protozoan of the subclass Peritrichia.


nucleocapsid

(biology) The core structure of a virus, consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of protein


nidifugous

en-adj

nidifugous (comparative more nidifugous, superlative most nidifugous)

more nidifugous (comparative)
most nidifugous (superlative)

From Latin nīdus (“nest”) and fugiō (“I flee, escape”) + -ous.

(biology, ornithology) That leaves the nest shortly after hatching.


neurotropism

(biology) An affinity for nervous tissue


neontology

Ontology comprises the study both of beings actually existing, and the study of ancient beings and of their fossil remains—neontology and palaeontology.

1861 July 6, “Flourens on the Unity and Fixity of Species”, in British Medical Journal:

(biology) The study of organisms living in the current era, as opposed to organisms that are extinct.

neontologia

the study of organisms living in the current era


cineraria

(botany) Any of the genus Cineraria of flowering plants in the sunflower family.


microsatellite

(genetics) Any of a group of polymorphic loci in DNA that consist of repeat units of just a few base pairs.


metasoma

(entomology) The posterior part of the three-part body-structure of many arthropods, the other two parts being prosoma and mesosoma.


mesonychid

The ancestors of modern cetaceans were probably large land creatures called mesonychids [...] that lived in the Paleocene epoch.

1971 Dec, National Geographic, page 884:

(biology) An extinct carnivore of the order †Mesonychia.


cytosome

The fundamental component of the protozoan body is the protoplasm which is without exception differentiated into the nucleus and the cytosome.

1946, Richard Roksabro Kudo, Protozoology, page 33:

(biology, uncountable) The cytoplasm within a cell; the cell outside of the nucleus.

Moreover, calcium is concentrated in cytosomes, specific membrane-coated vesicles, which are also known as 'tannin vesicles'.

1994, R. E. Kendrick, G. H. M. Kronenberg, Photomorphogenesis in Plants, page 725:

(biology, countable) A type of cellular organelle which is enclosed by a membrane.


thyrse

From Middle French thyrse, from Latin thyrsus, from Ancient Greek θύρσος (thúrsos). Doublet of thyrsus, torse, and torso.

The Thyrsus *, or Thyrse, is a mode of inflorescence very nearly allied to the panicle, being, in fact, a panicle contracted into an ovate, or egg-shaped form. In the thyrse, the middle footstalks, which are longer, extend horizontally, whilst the upper and lower oes are shorter, and rise up vertically.

1804, Benjamin Smith Barton, Elements of Botany, page 143:

The example of the thyrse of Eugenia leads us to understand several inflorescences which resemble also racemes or panicles; such are the thyrses of the Lilac.

1840, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, translated by Boughton Kingdon, Vegetable Organography, volume II, page 24:

1998, D. W. Stevenson, M. Colella, B. Boom, Rapateaceae, Klaus Kubitzki, H. Huber (editors), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume IV: Flowering Plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae), page 417,
The number of spikelets is variable, and some genera have thyrses with 70 spikelets (Saxofridericia, Spathanthus) or only 1-3 spikelets per inflorescence (Stegolepsis, Monotrema).

(botany) A type of inflorescence; a compact panicle having an obscured main axis and cymose subaxes.


colpus

From Late Latin colpus (“stroke; strike; hit”), from earlier Latin colaphus. Doublet of coup.

der

(botany, palynology) A groove sometimes occurring on grains of pollen


colpate

en-adj

colpate (comparative more colpate, superlative most colpate)

more colpate (comparative)
most colpate (superlative)

From colpus + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(palynology, of pollen) Having one or more colpi, or grooves, on each pollen grain.


acritarch

/ˈækɹɪtɑː(ɹ)k/

From Ancient Greek ἄκριτος (ákritos, “doubtful, indistinguishable”) + -arch.

der

Acritarchs represent some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth.

2018, Mark Carnall, “Unidentifiable fossils: palaeontological problematica”, in The Guardian:

(paleontology, palynology) Any small, non-acid-soluble (i.e. non-carbonate, non-siliceous) organic fossil that cannot be classified.


cellularization

en-noun

cellularization (countable and uncountable, plural cellularizations)

(biology) separation into distinct cells, especially from a multinucleate cell.


myxobacterium

(biology) Any of many gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, of the phylum Myxobacteria, that form colonies of slime.

myxobactérie

any of many gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, of the phylum Myxobacteria, that form colonies of slime


mammaliaform

(biology) Any mammal or related animal of the clade Mammaliaformes


mallee

Probably borrowed from Wemba-Wemba mali; compare Woiwurrung mali.

mallee ringneck

Australian ringneck; Barnardius zonarius

[page 1-4, section 1.3] Of the many variations in form of the Eucalyptus (shrubs, mallees, trees, etc.), virtually all species being tested in the above category are those which exhibit good tree form (e.g., height, straightness of trunk, etc.). […] [page 2-1, section 2.2] Shrubby eucalypts are usually referred to as "mallees" although the term strictly applies to those species which have many stems growing from an enlarged rootstock (lignotuber).

1978 June, Eliseo O. Mariani, Warren A. Wood, Paul C. Kouchoukos, Mary Beth Minton, Marelco, Inc., “Introduction” and “The Eucalypts”, in The Eucalyptus Energy Farm: Feasibility Study and Demonstration: Phase 1: Site and Species Selection (HCP/T2557-01), Washington, D.C.: Division of Solar Technology, Office of Energy Technology, United States Department of Energy, →OCLC, pages 1-4 and 2-1:

Eucalypts with a mallee growth form can also be found in areas wetter than those already considered and where single-stemmed eucalypts predominate. This occurs in a variety of unfavourable habitats, either by normally single-stemmed eucalypts assuming a mallee habit (e.g., E. baxteri) or by the occurrence of distinct wet-country mallees of restricted distribution specific to such habitats.

1994, R. F. Parsons, “Eucalyptus Scrubs and Shrublands”, in R. H. Groves, editor, Australian Vegetation, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 292:

(botany, Australia) The growth habit of certain eucalypt species that grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber, shared by species of related genera.


semiparasitic

(botany) Describing a plant that, although it uses photosynthesis, obtains some nutrition from other plants.

The typhoid bacillus and cholera bacterium are semiparasitic.

(biology) Having moderate infectiousness for living tissue.


palynomorph

(paleontology) An organic microfossil: a particle of 5–500 micrometers in diameter, found in sedimentary deposits and composed of organic material.

(botany) Any spore (derived from fungi, algae or spore-bearing embryophytes) or pollen grain (derived from seed-bearing embryophytes).


lespedeza

(botany) Any of many leguminous plants of the genus Lespedeza, including bush clover.


fastigiate

en-adj

fastigiate (comparative more fastigiate, superlative most fastigiate)

more fastigiate (comparative)
most fastigiate (superlative)

From New Latin fastīgiātus (“peaked”) (from fastīgium), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

The branches of this species are fastigiate.

This is a fastigiate variety.

(botany, horticulture) Having closely-bunched erect parallel branches

The grains are 3-colporate and fastigiate.

(palynology) Characterized by a fastigium, a cavity separating the intexine from the sexine near the endoaperture of a colporate pollen grain.


neuroligin

From neuro- + Latin ligō (“bind”) + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins that bind to neurexins


sarcopterygian

[…] actinopterygians have 'ray fins' which are supported by a series of narrow cartilaginous or bony rods called radials, while sarcopterygians have 'lobe fins' supported by a single basal bone and with muscles that can modify the posture of the fin.

1997, Michael J. Benton, Vertebrate Palaeontology, 2nd edition, Chapman & Hall, →ISBN, page 64:

Many sarcopterygians have a lung as a respiratory organ.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 63:

(biology) Any lobe-finned fish of the class Sarcopterygii, including the lungfish and coelacanths.

2004, M. L. J. Stiassny, E. O, Wiley, G. D. Johnson, M. R, de Carvalho, 24: Gnathostome Fishes, Joel Cracraft, Michael J. Donoghue (editors), Assembling the Tree of Life, page 415,
All sarcopterygians are characterized by the evolutionary innovation of having the pectoral fins articulating with the shoulder girdle by a single element, known as the humerus in tetrapods.

(biology) Any member of the clade that contains both lobe-finned fish and tetrapods (land vertebrates).


hyomandibula

(biology) The bony or cartilaginous portion of the upper hyoid arch in some fish


terrestriality

(biology) Adaptation to living on the ground (rather than in the trees or seas)


cleaner fish

en-noun

cleaner fish (plural cleaner fishes or cleaner fish)

cleaner fishes (plural)
cleaner fish (plural)

(zoology) Any of many unrelated fishes that provide a service to other fish species by removing dead skin and parasites.


maniraptoran

Unlike lizards and many other dinosaur groups, maniraptorans (including birds) do not shed their skin in large sections, as this would interfere with the feathers.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 125:

(biology) Any of a group of advanced theropods, of the clade Maniraptora, thought to be ancestors of both dinosaurs and birds.


oviraptorosaur

(biology) Any of a group of beaked, feathered dinosaurs of the order Oviraptorosauria.


hawkmoth

hawkmoths (plural)
hawk moth (alternative)

(entomology) Any of several moths, of the family Sphingidae, that hover over flowers when sucking nectar through a long proboscis.


green fluorescent protein

green fluorescent protein (plural green fluorescent proteins)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of protein produced by bioluminescent jellyfish of the genus Aequorea, that is used in biological research to trace the biosynthesis and movement of proteins in living organisms

緑色蛍光蛋白質

りょくしょくけいこうたんぱくしつ


gonochorism

From gono- + Ancient Greek χωρίζω (khōrízō, “separate”) + -ism.

af

(biology, chiefly zoology) The situation in which the individuals of a species are of one of at least two distinct sexes, and retain that sexuality throughout their lives.

gonocorisme

state of having at least two distinct sexes


gaster

Borrowing from Ancient Greek γᾰστήρ (găstḗr, “paunch, belly”).

bor

(zootomy, entomology) The enlarged part of the abdomen behind the petiole in hymenopterous insects (such as ants).


toothcomb

toothcombs (plural)
tooth comb (alternative)
tooth-comb (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-toothcomb.wav

There is no reason to doubt that the tooth comb is homologous in all the lemuriforms. The term tooth comb has recently been replaced by Martin (1972) with the concept of "tooth scraper," and he has stated that, although most living species of strepsirhines use their tooth combs for grooming, this is a secondary function.

1979, Frederick S. Szalay, Eric Delson, “Suborder Strepsirhini”, in Evolutionary History of the Primates, New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 103, column 1:

Anthropoids are characterized by having short faces, dry noses, and lacking prominent whiskers. [...] There is no toothcomb or sublingua, and the number of teeth varies from 36 in some platyrrhines to 32 in the catarrhines.

1995, Robert A. Whitney, “Taxonomy”, in B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. Abee, Roy Henrickson, editors, Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Biology and Management, San Diego, Calif., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 34, column 2:

Members of the Prosimii, with the exception of Tarsius, have extremely specialized incisors. The lower incisors are tilted forward—they are then called procumbent—and are flattened laterally, forming a toothcomb. [...] The lower canine is frequently included in this toothcomb, and its morphology is assimilated to the shape of the procumbent incisors.

2000, Friderun Ankel-Simons, “Teeth”, in Primate Anatomy: An Introduction, 2nd edition, San Diego, Calif., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 206:

Must interest has centered on the first appearance of the prosimian tooth-comb or tooth-scraper [...]. The tooth-comb is formed by lower incisors and canines that are elongated and slender, and that form a procumbent unit in the anterior mandible. Upper incisors are lost, reduced, or moved to accommodate the tooth-comb.

2015, Susan Cachel, “The Eocene Primate Radiation”, in Fossil Primates (Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 152:

Toothcombs have evolved independently in various mammalian lineages, including primates, scandentians, and dermopterans, but the presence of a six-toothed toothcomb composed of four lower incisors and two canines (I₁, I₂ and C₁, bilaterally) is a distinct feature of extant strepsirrhine primates [...].

2020, Sergi López-Torres, Keegan R. Selig, Anne M. Burrows, Mary T. Silcox, “The Toothcomb of Karanisia clarki: Was this Species an Exudate-feeder?”, in K. A. I. Nekaris, Anne M. Burrows, editors, Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 67:

(zoology) A comb-like dental structure found in the lower jaws of certain primates consisting of long, flat front teeth with microscopic grooves, which are used for grooming fur.

grzebień

comb-like dental structure found in certain primates


florigen

(botany) a supposed hormone that causes flowering in plants


euglena

From translingual Euglena, from Ancient Greek εὐ- (eu-, “good”) + γλήνη (glḗnē, “eye”).

prefix

(biology) Any of several protists, of the genus Euglena, that contain chloroplasts and a single flagellum.

眼蟲 /眼虫

any of several protests, of the genus Euglena


elapid

(zoology) Any of many species of snakes of the family Elapidae, including the cobras, mambas, and coral snakes


abporal

en-adj

abporal (comparative more abporal, superlative most abporal)

more abporal (comparative)
most abporal (superlative)

From ab- + poral. First defined by the palynologist Roger Philip Wodehouse in 1928.

(palynology) Located to the side of an ectoaperture such as a pore. Typically used in reference to an abporal lacuna or hemisphere.


dolichoderine

(entomology) Any ant of the subfamily Dolichoderinae


acalymmate

When loosely associated, each tetrad retains most of its outer exine layer, leading to calymmate tetrads, but an acalymmate massula (since the exine is not continuous around each massula […]).

1996, John V. Freudenstein, Finn N. Rasmussen, “Sectile Pollinia and Relationships in the Orchideaceae”, in Plant Systematics and Evolution, volume 205, →DOI, pages 125–146:

(palynology) Forming clusters of pollen grains (usually tetrads or polyads) in which the sexines of the respective grains do not merge to form a continuous sheath.


dihybrid

(genetics) A hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to two independent alleles


polliniate

From pollinium + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

This is a polliniate orchid.

(botany, palynology) Forming pollinia, coherent masses of pollen dispersed as a single unit.


pollinial

en-adj

pollinial (comparative more pollinial, superlative most pollinial)

more pollinial (comparative)
most pollinial (superlative)

The pollinial mass will attach to the insect's leg.

(palynology) Of or pertaining to a pollinium, or large coherent mass of pollen grains.


cyclophilin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that bind to ciclosporin


crypsis

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Probably directly from Ancient Greek κρύψις (krúpsis, “hiding, concealment”); compare Latin crypsis. Doublet of krypsis.

bor

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world—camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.

2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7:

(biology) The ability of an organism to avoid observation.


ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Reportedly coined by zoologist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919).

With reference to seedling stages the statement that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny must be made with great reserve.

1905, J. A. Harris, "The Importance of Investigations of Seedling Stages," Science, New Series, vol. 22, no. 554, p. 186

Haeckel maintained that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, and this idea was incorporated by Lombroso into his parallelism between the criminal and the child.

1961, M. E. Wolfgang, “Pioneers in Criminology: Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)”, in The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, volume 52, number 4, page 367:

For even if we accept that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," those responsible for the drafting of ancient legal documents were not children, and are hardly to be endowed with some form of infantile mentality.

2002, B. S. Jackson, “Models in Legal History: The Case of Biblical Law”, in Journal of Law and Religion, volume 18, number 1, page 11:

(biology, social sciences, art, philosophy) The physical, cultural, moral, or intellectual development of each individual passes through stages similar to the developmental stages of that individual's species, society, or civilization. Not taken literally since the late 19th century.


alternate generation

en-noun

alternate generation (plural alternate generations)

If, instead of a single individual, several were to be thus developed metagenetically within a pre-existing form, the process would be called one of alternate generation.

1868, Charles Darwin, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication:

On the female side, the alternate generation is a small collection of cells, called an embryo sac, that is hidden away deep inside the reproductive parts of the maple tree.

2011, David Krough, Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 5th edition, page 472:

alternation of generations
alternation of generations

(biology) Each of the two forms of an organism whose life cycle involves alternation of generations, or the fact of such alternation occurring in a given organism.


alete

(palynology) Forming single spores or pollen grains, and therefore lacking laesurae


gallinaceous

en-adj

gallinaceous (comparative more gallinaceous, superlative most gallinaceous)

more gallinaceous (comparative)
most gallinaceous (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin gallīnāceus, from gallīna (“hen”), itself from gallus (“cock”).

(zoology) related to the genus Gallus, poultry; notably said of the order Galliformes.


ribosylation

(biochemistry) The attachment of a ribose or ribosyl group to a molecule, especially to a polypeptide or protein


schizomid

(biology) Any of many tropical arachnids, of the order Schizomida.


tetranucleotide

(genetics) A codon containing four nucleotides


acarodomatium

(botany) A pit with tufted trichomes in leaf vein axils and occupied by predatory and mycophagous mites.


biophor

(obsolete, genetics) A supposed supramolecular unit of heredity


dystrobrevin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that bind to dystrophin in the costamere of skeletal muscle cells


dystrophin

en-noun

dystrophin (countable and uncountable, plural dystrophins)

(biochemistry) A cytoplasmic structural protein that is deficient in some forms of muscular dystrophy


gasotransmitter

gasotransmitters (plural)
gaseotransmitter (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any simple, gaseous compound, synthesized by an organism, that has a biochemical function


nephrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins necessary for the proper functioning of the renal filtration barrier


nephrocyte

(biology) A specialized cell, especially in arthropods, whose function involves the accumulation or formation of waste or excretory products.


podocin

podocin (countable and uncountable, plural podocins)

(biochemistry) A protein which lines the podocytes and whose mutations can cause nephrotic syndrome


podocyte

(cytology) A cell of the visceral epithelium in the kidney


syntrophin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that are associated with dystrophin


utrophin

utrophin (countable and uncountable, plural utrophins)

(biochemistry) A cytoskeleton protein homologous with dystrophin


anacolpate

(palynology) Having a colpus, or groove, on the distal face of a pollen grain.

anacolpado

of a pollen grain: having a colpus on the distal face


analept

(palynology) Having a leptoma, a thin area, near the distal pole of a pollen grain


-lept

(palynology) Having pollen grains with one or more leptomata, thin edges near the pole


leptoma

Possibly from Ancient Greek λέπτος (léptos, “delicate”)

uder

(palynology) A thin-walled area on a pollen grain


epiphora

en-noun

epiphora (countable and uncountable, plural epiphoras)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐπιφορά (epiphorá).

(botany) Polystachya (a genus of orchids).


teleogenesis

Third, to this hundred per cent. structural equipment of our remote ancestors phylogeny adds a hitherto unperceived germinal potentiality of specialization along certain pre-determined directions rather than others in adaptive reactions to changes of environment; this teleogenesis rests upon thousands of observations among primates, horses, titanotheres and elephants which prove that parallel anatomical and psychical progress is traceable to germinal community of origin.

1930, Henry Fairfield Osborn, “The Discovery of Tertiary Man”, in Science, volume 71, page 1827:

(biology, dated, rare) The preferential evolution of features and organs in certain ways


anatreme

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having a single aperture on the distal face


anaporate

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having a pore on the distal face


angulaperturate

Acicarpha, Calycera, and Nastanthus have angulaperturate grains.

1952, Gunnar Erdtman, Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy, published 1986, →ISBN, page 90:

(palynology) Having apertures at the corners of an angular amb

anguloaperturado

having apertures at the corners of an angular amb


aperturate

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having one or more apertures


polynomic

en-adj

polynomic (comparative more polynomic, superlative most polynomic)

more polynomic (comparative)
most polynomic (superlative)


hypotheca

(microbiology, planktology) The lower or posterior half of the theca of a thecate protist such as a diatom or dinoflagellate


hypothecal

Two of the four hypothecal plates are very much enlarged.

1978, Harold Charles Bold, Michael James Wynne, Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction, →ISBN, page 441:

(microbiology, planktology) Of or pertaining to the hypotheca, the lower half of the shell of certain types of plankton


theca

From New Latin, from Latin thēca, from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē, “a case, box, receptacle”), from τίθημι (títhēmi, “put, set, place”). Doublet of tay.

der

en:external case or sheath in biology, broadly

(biology) Any of several external cases or sheaths.

(biology, botany) The pollen-producing organ usually found in pairs and forming an anther.

(biology, medicine) The theca folliculi: the twin layers of cells surrounding the basal lamina of an ovarian follicle.

en:portion of dura mater covering spinal cord

(biology, medicine) The thecal sac: the portion of the dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord and the cauda equina.

(biology, microbiology, planktology) The membrane complex enveloping the cells of certain plankton including diatoms and dinoflagellates.

(biology, marine biology) The calcareous wall of a corallite, the exoskeleton of a coral polyp.

(biology, microbiology, mycology) A sporangium: a spore case.


thecate

From theca + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

Others are thecate, covered with a strong wall of interlocking cellulose plates.

1974, Ronald Victor Tait, Robert S. De Santo, Elements of Marine Ecology, page 23:

(biology) Having a theca, or outer sheath.


polysiphonic

(biology) Composed of multiple tubes joined together


polysiphonous

en-adj

polysiphonous (comparative more polysiphonous, superlative most polysiphonous)

more polysiphonous (comparative)
most polysiphonous (superlative)

(biology) Having multiple stems, filaments or tubes


sexine

(palynology) The outer part of the exine, the outer covering of a pollen grain


peloric

(botany, of a flower) Having a mutation such that a normally asymmetric flower becomes radially symmetric


angustimurate

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having relatively narrow muri, not exceeding 20% of the diameter of the lumina


trioculate

(biology) Having, or appearing to have, three eyes


adaptin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that interact with membrane-bound receptors to assemble clathrin-coated vesicles

adaptina

protein that mediates the formation of vesicles by clathrin-coated pits


derepression

en-noun

derepression (countable and uncountable, plural derepressions)

(genetics) The inactivation of a repressor gene.


dileucine

(biochemistry) A dipeptide consisting of two leucine molecules joined via a peptide bond.


myogenesis

(biology) The formation of muscle tissue during the development of an embryo


superorganism

superorganisms (plural)
super organism (alternative)

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A superorganism is an ensemble of living and non-living matter, which acts as a single self-regulating system. […] Gaia is the largest and most complex superorganism we know.

1991, James Lovelock, Healing Gaia, New York: Harmony Books, →ISBN, page 64:

To grasp why Metaman—our strange amalgam of concrete, humans, computer chips, and various plants and animals—is a superorganism rather than merely an elaborate “social grouping” of humans, look at another, far simpler grouping of organisms—a termite colony.

1993, Gregory Stock, Metaman: the Merging of Humans and Machines Into a Global Superorganism, New York: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 43:

(biology) A social colony of individuals who, through division of labour, effective communication and self-organization, form a highly connected community that functions as if it were a single organism.


nucha

From Middle English nucha, nuche, nuca, nuka, nuke (“spinal cord”), borrowed from Medieval Latin nucha (“spinal cord; nape of the neck”). Doublet of nuque.

der

(anatomy, zoology, dated, rare) The back of the neck, the nape; of an animal: the back of the head or the portion of the body behind the head.


transfectant

(biology) A cell that has incorporated nucleic acid of another species through transfection.


cheilocystidium

(mycology) A relatively large cell found on the gill edge of a basidiomycete.


pleurocystidium

(mycology) A relatively large cell found on the gill face of a basidiomycete


abelisaur

Juvenile T. rexes were light and agile before they leveled up into the adults we’re more familiar with. […] Other megatheropods, including abelisaurs and tarbosaurs, also grew from turkey-like hatchlings to bus-sized behemoths over the course of their lives.

2021 February 25, Cara Giaimo, “The Outsized Influence of Teen T. Rex and Other Young Dinosaurs”, in The New York Times:

(zoology) Any dinosaur of the superfamily Abelisauroidea.


amphotericin B

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An antibiotic that is obtained from a soil streptomycete (Streptomyces nodosus) and is administered typically by intravenous injection chiefly to treat serious, potentially life-threatening, systemic fungal infections.


hysteroid

They curl into angular and hysteroid shapes, and may develop any time of year.

1971, George Henry Hepting, Diseases of Forest and Shade Trees, page 390:


dendron

en-noun

dendron (plural dendrons or (uncommon) dendra)

dendrons (plural)
dendra (plural uncommon)

Coined from dendrite by E. A. Schäfer in 1893, by analogy with neuron.

(cytology) A slender projection of a nerve cell which conducts nerve impulses from a synapse to the body of the cell; a dendrite.


celloidin

The celloidin will gradually change into a soft gel.

1950, John Randal Baker, Cytological Technique, page 123:

(biology) A semisolid solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol. Used to embed specimens for microscopy before they are sectioned and placed on slides.


ceras

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras, “horn”).

(biology) A dorsal or lateral outgrowth on the body of nudibranchs.