mastoid

Borrowed from New Latin mastoīdēs, from Ancient Greek μᾰστοειδής (măstoeidḗs, “like a breast”), from μᾰστός (măstós, “a woman's breast”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-like, -oid”).

af

(anatomy) Being the process of the temporal bone behind the ear.

(zootomy) Being any of several bony elements that occupy a similar position in the skull of lower vertebrates.


tabula

en-noun

tabula (countable and uncountable, plural tabulae or (archaic) tabulæ)

tabulae (plural)
tabulæ (archaic plural)

From Latin tabula. Doublet of table and tavla.

The tabulæ may be well developed, approximately horizontal, remote plates, as is usually the case in Zaphrentis and Amplexus, or they may anastomoze in various ways, and become so intimately connected with one another as to give rise to a species of vesicular tissue.

1877, “Corals”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, 9th edition, volume VI, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, page 383:

When fully developed (fig. 66), they are transverse plates, which extend completely across the visceral chamber, and divide it into a series of stories placed one above the other, the only living portion of the coral being above the last formed tabula. Tabulæ are found in various of the Zoantharia sclerodermata, in some of the Alcyonaria, and in a great many of the Rugosa.

1879, Henry Alleyne Nicholson, A Manual of Palæontology for the Use of Students with a General Introduction on the Principles of Palæontology, 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, page 183:

Septa from 110 to 124, of two orders. The principal ones can be traced almost to the centre as crests on the tabulæ. The secondaries scarcely attain 4 millimetres, including the epitheca. They often bend towards the primaries, and are united by a few dissepiments (or rather the subdivided margins of the tabulæ). These latter are large, and virtually extend across the entire visceral chamber. The fossula (well seen in fig. 4) is formed by a deep inflexion of the tabulæ, the septa bending round with the margin of the depression.

1884, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, volume the fortieth, page 501:

Frontal with a tabula, with a crescent of small, slit-like pores.

1968, Danish Science Press, Atlantide Report: Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945-1946, Aarhuus Stiftsbogtrykkerie, page 220:

Fig. 12.5. Tabulate, rugose and scleractinian corals. i. Portion of a colony of Favosites. Note the very minute corallites closely packed together. ii. The chain coral Halysites, one corallite partially cut away to expose tabulae.

1987, E. W. Nield, Drawing & Understanding Fossils: A Theoretical and Practical Guide for Beginners, with Self-assessment, Pergamon Press, →ISBN, page 92:

In the axially sectioned, middle part of the corallite, tabulae are complete, leaning at approximately 50° from the corallite wall to its axis.

1972, Bull. K. Belg. Inst. Nat. Wet, page 69:

Dactylostyles absent but, at and below coenosteal level, dactylopore tubes contain a series of incomplete tabulae (herein termed pseudotabulae), each approximately 10 μm thick and spaced 50–70 μm apart (Plate 21, c, d0. Pseudo-tabulae originate from opposing lateral and sometimes anterior edges of the dactylopore tube but never quite meet to form complete tabulae.

1989, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, page 38:

The latter differs strictly from Buffonellodes in lacking oral spines, and in possessing an ectooecial tabula and supplementary acute frontal avicularia, and requires a new genus.

2018, Patricia L. Cook, Philip E. Bock, Peter J. Hayward, Dennis P. Gordon, “3. Class Gymnolaemata, Order Cheilostomata”, in Patricia L. Cook, Philip E. Bock, Dennis P. Gordon, Haylee J. Weaver, editors, Australian Bryozoa, volume 2: “Taxonomy of Australian Families”, CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, “7. Taxonomic treatments of families of Cheilostomata”, “Australian diversity”, page 203:

(zoology) One of the transverse plants found in the calicles of certain corals and hydroids.


python

From Latin pȳthon, from Ancient Greek Πύθων (Púthōn), the name of the mythological enormous serpent at Delphi slain by Apollo, probably from Πυθώ (Puthṓ), older name of Delphi.

(zoology) A type of large constricting snake.


piracy

piracy (countable and uncountable, plural piracies)

From Medieval Latin pīrātia, from Classical Latin pīrāta + ia, or Ancient Greek πειρατεία (peirateía).


pylorus

From Latin, from Ancient Greek πυλωρός (pulōrós, “gatekeeper”).

пилор

opening between the stomach and duodenum

(anatomy, biology) In vertebrates, including humans, a zone at the lower end of the stomach that leads to and opens into the duodenum.

pyloric sphincter

stomach part that opens into the duodenum


dabai

(botany) Sarawak olive (Canarium odontophyllum)


antidiuretic hormone

en-noun

antidiuretic hormone (plural antidiuretic hormones)

(biochemistry) a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland


hypophysis

From Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + φύσις (phúsis, “nature”), from φύω (phúō, “to bring forth”).

All the cells of the suspensor, except one, are eventually crushed and obliterated by the growing embryo; this fortunate cell known as the hypophysis is the one in immediate contact with the embryo and plays an important role in the formation of the root apex.

1995, Trevor A. Thorpe, In Vitro Embryogenesis in Plants, Springer, →ISBN, page 85:

(botany) The top cell of the suspensor in a dicot embryo, which will differentiate to form part of the root cap.


urea

urea (countable and uncountable, plural ureas)

From New Latin, from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, uncountable) A water-soluble organic compound, CO(NH₂)₂, formed by the metabolism of proteins and excreted in the urine.


f.

The "and the following" sense is derived from an abbreviation of Latin foliō (“on the (next) page”), ablative of folium (“leaf, page”).

(biology) Abbreviation of form. Used in certain three-part names


truss

From Middle English trusse, from Old French trousse, torse. Doublet of torse and trousse.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-truss.wav

(botany) A tuft of flowers or cluster of fruits formed at the top of the main stem of certain plants.


ER

ER (countable and uncountable, plural ERs)

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum#English

(biology) Initialism of endoplasmic reticulum.

(biochemistry) Initialism of estrogen receptor.


RE

RE (countable and uncountable, plural REs)

response element
response element#English

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of response element.


attached

en-adj

attached (comparative more attached, superlative most attached)

more attached (comparative)
most attached (superlative)

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe ranges from attached to almost decurrent.

(botany, mycology) Broadly joined to a stem or stipe, but not decurrent.

kiintynyt

broadly joined to a stem or stipe, but not decurrent


areola

en-noun

areola (plural areolas or areolae or areolæ)

areolas (plural)
areolae (plural)
areolæ (plural)

/ˌæ.ɹiˈəʊ.lə/

Borrowed from Latin āreola (“small vacant space, garden”), diminutive of ārea. Doublet of areole.

bor

(botany) Any of the small spaces between fibres of the tissues of certain lichens.

Every pulvillus or areola is studded with from six to eight spines... From these pulvilli, also called spiniferous areola, or very close to it, burst the young bud or flower. If the latter, it is then called the floriferous areola, and the point where the epidermis bursts is of a deep pink tinge.

1876 Richard E. Kunzé Cereus bonplandii (Parmet). Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York p.129

(botany) Small patches, bearing the spines and glochids characteristic of the stems of cacti.


heterological

From Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros, “different”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”), by surface analysis, heterology + -ical.

der

The normally situated non-transplanted gonads have the best chance of being able to absorb these substances, for which reason heterological (perhaps also homological) gonads, transplanted on normal organisms, can not get enough of these substances and therefore perish.

Growth indices from density and extension of the zones of emigration in explants of rat bone-marrow on addition of various heterological tissue as against the controls.

1983, Franz Schmid, Cell Therapy: A New Dimension of Medicine, page 106:

(biology, of biomolecules, tissues, or body parts) Not of shared ancestral origin.

tissues; or body parts; tissues; or body parts


invertase

en-noun

invertase (usually uncountable, plural invertases)

The costs incurred for the processing of sucrose with invertase could be considerably reduced with the introduction of immobilised invertases, by adopting technology similar to that developed for glucose isomerase.

1995, L. F. J. Woods, S. J. Swinton, “8: Enzymes in the starch and sugar industries”, in Gregory A. Tucker, L.F.J. Woods, editors, Enzymes in Food Processing, page 257:

The disaccharide sucrose and the trisaccharide raffinose are both substrates of invertase. Invertase is encoded by the SUC genes from which six unlinked loci have been identified (SUC1-SUC5, SUC7), which are dipersed through the yeast genome (Lampen, 1968; Ouwehand and van Wijk, 1972; Ottolenghi, 1971).

1997, Karl-Dieter Entian, Hans-Joachim Schüller, “Chapter 13: Genetics of Di- and Trisaccharide Utilization”, in Friedrich K. Zimmermann, Karl-Dieter Entian, editors, Yeast Sugar Metabolism, page 226:

Up-regulation of these invertases is a common response to infection (Hall and Williams, 2000).

2004, J. S. C. Clark, P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, “The Compatible Interaction in Downy Mildew Infections”, in Peter Spencer-Phillips, Michael J. Jeger, editors, Advances in Downy Mildew Research, volume 2, page 18:

2013, Maria Kamiko Kadowaki, Rite de Cássia Garcia Simão, Jose Luís da Conceição Silva, Clarice Aoki Osaku, Luis Henrique Souza Guimarāes, 1: Biotechnical Advances in Fungal Invertases, Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli, Mahendra Rai (editors), Fungal Enzymes, page 14,
The methods used for the immobilization of fungal invertases include adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking and entrapment (Uzun et al. 2011).
Nelson and Griffin (1916) reported that invertase was the first enzyme to be immobilized, and it was bound on charcoal and aluminium hydroxide. Subsequently, mant fungal invertases have been immobilized onto a variety of media […] .

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose (invert sugar), used by bees to produce honey and in the food industry to soften chocolate.


tartaric acid

tartaric acid (countable and uncountable, plural tartaric acids)

From Medieval Latin tartarum (“tartar”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind; it is used as the salts cream of tartar and Rochelle salt.

àcid tartàric

the aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind


Sepharose

Trade name, from Separation-Pharmacia-Agarose.

(biochemistry) A cross-linked polysaccharide bead-formed gel based on agarose.


cross-link

(biochemistry) A similar bond between strands of nucleic acid


electrophoresis

electrophoresis (countable and uncountable, plural electrophoreses)

(analytical chemistry, biochemistry) The separation and analysis of large molecules (such as proteins) by migrating a colloidal solution of them through a gel; gel electrophoresis.

electroforesi

method for separation of large molecules


rupture

en-verb

rupture (third-person singular simple present ruptures, present participle rupturing, simple past and past participle ruptured)

ruptures (present singular third-person)
rupturing (participle present)
ruptured (participle past)
ruptured (past)

Borrowed from Middle French rupture, or its source, Latin ruptūra (“a breaking, rupture (of a limb or vein)”) and Medieval Latin ruptūra (“a road, a field, a form of feudal tenure, a tax, etc.”), from the participle stem of rumpere (“to break, burst”).

der

(botany, intransitive) To dehisce irregularly.


rhizome

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥίζωμα (rhízōma). As philosophical metaphor, used by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.

All these species are climbing, briery plants, having long slender roots, which proceed in all directions from a common rootstalk or rhizome.

1868, George Bacon Wood, A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology, Or Materia Medica, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, page 432:

(botany) A horizontal, underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots (scions) from its nodes.

kökümsov

horizontal underground stem of some plants


azan

(histology) A staining technique involving azocarmine and aniline dyes.


spontaneity

en-noun

spontaneity (countable and uncountable, plural spontaneities)

discipline

antonym(s) of “quality of being spontaneous”

From Latin spontaneus (“voluntary”). Compare French spontanéité.

(biology) The tendency to undergo change, characteristic of both animal and vegetable organisms, and not restrained or checked by the environment.

(biology) The tendency to activity of muscular tissue, including the voluntary muscles, when in a state of healthful vigour and refreshment.


headcase

headcase (countable and uncountable, plural headcases)

headcases (plural)
head-case (alternative)
head case (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-headcase.wav

Another gene downstream of EcR/Usp is headcase. Screening genes that show genetic interactions with EcR mutants, Loncle and Williams identified headcase as a regulator of dendrite pruning (Loncle and Williams 2012).

2016, Kazuo Emoto, Rachel Wong, Eric Huang, Casper Hoogenraad, editors, Dendrites: Development and Disease, Springer, →ISBN, page 280:

(genetics, uncountable) A genetic sequence that inhibits terminal branching of the trachea and regulates dendrite pruning.


systematic

en-adj

systematic (comparative more systematic, superlative most systematic)

more systematic (comparative)
most systematic (superlative)
systematick (alternative)

Borrowed from Late Latin systēmaticus, from Koine Greek συστηματικός (sustēmatikós), from σύστημᾰ (sústēmă, “a composite; system”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, adjective suffix). Cognate with French systématique and Italian sistematico. By surface analysis, system + -atic.

der

συστηματικός

suffix

(taxonomy) Of or relating to taxonomic classification.

sistemàtic

of, or relating to taxonomic classification


ADR

en-noun

ADR (countable and uncountable, plural ADRs)

/eɪ diː ˈɑː/

Coordinate term: BAR

Anytime you notice your horse is ADR instead of BAR, it's time to get on the phone to your vet.

2018, Kendra Gale, The Big Book of Miniature Horses, Trafalgar Square Books, →ISBN:

(veterinary medicine, slang, uncountable) Initialism of ain't doin' right. (the situation where an animal appears unwell but has not yet been diagnosed with any specific illness).


BAC

BAC (countable and uncountable, plural BACs)

bacterial artificial chromosome
w:bacterial artificial chromosome

(biology) Initialism of bacterial artificial chromosome.


aerobiology

(biology) The study of the dispersion of airborne biological materials, as pollen, spores, microorganisms, or viruses.


saum

Borrowed from Arabic صَوْم (ṣawm, “fasting”).

(ecology) A herbaceous border found at the edge of a woodland patch. It is usually found below and farther out from the woodland than the woody shrub mantel and the tree canopy.


HR

HR (countable and uncountable, plural HRs)

/eɪt͡ʃ ɑː(ɹ)/

homologous recombination
w:homologous recombination

(genetics) Initialism of homologous recombination.


cosmopolite

en-adj

cosmopolite (comparative more cosmopolite, superlative most cosmopolite)

more cosmopolite (comparative)
most cosmopolite (superlative)

Borrowed from French cosmopolite, from Latin cosmopolītēs, itself borrowed from Koine Greek κοσμοπολίτης (kosmopolítēs, “citizen of the world”), from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “world”) + πολίτης (polítēs, “citizen”).

der

κοσμοπολίτης

If, however, we consider the Australian dingo as a native animal, we might class the genus Canis as cosmopolite, but the wild dogs of South America are now formed into separate genera by some naturalists.

1881, Alfred Russell Wallace, Island Life, or, the Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras, Including a Revision and Attempted Solution of the Problem of Geological Climates, New York: Harper & Brothers, Part I, Chapter II, p. 25:

1987, F. Infante, E. Ruiz de Clavijo, C. Galán and G. Gallego, "Occurrence of Alternaria Nees ex Fr. in indoor and outdoor habitats in Cordoba (Spain)" in G. Boehm and R.M. Leuschner (eds.), Advances in Aerobiology: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Aerobiology, August 6–9, 1986, Basel, Switzerland, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, p. 160, https://books.google.ca/books?id=3CHyBwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Both species could be labelled as the most cosmopolite as they appear in 100% of the sampling spots, both indoors and outdoors.

(biology) Distributed throughout the world; having a wide geographical distribution.


NCP

(biochemistry) Initialism of nucleosome core particle.


upstream

en-adj

upstream (comparative farther or further upstream, superlative farthest or furthest upstream)

farther (comparative)
further upstream (comparative)
farthest (superlative)
furthest upstream (superlative)

en:figuratively, of base pairs in nucleic acid sequences

(figurative) Occurring earlier than something else; (also, usually, especially) being an influence on something else; causing a consequence for something else.

(biology) Towards the leading end (5′ end) of a DNA molecule.

opstrøms

Biology : towards the 5' end of a DNA molecule


uric acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) a bicyclic heterocyclic phenolic compound, formed in the body by the metabolism of protein and excreted in the urine (or in faeces, as in birds and insects)

urate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


symbiotic

From symbiosis + -tic, from Ancient Greek συμβίωσις (sumbíōsis), from σύν (sún, “with”) + βίος (bíos, “life”).

A lichen is a fungus with symbiotic algae among its cells.

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014 April 5, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend), page W22:

(ecology) Of, or relating to symbiosis; living together.


uridine

en-noun

uridine (countable and uncountable, plural uridines)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A nucleoside formed from uracil and ribose.


UTP

uridine triphosphate
uridine triphosphate

(biochemistry) uridine triphosphate — a biomolecule.


residue

residue (countable and uncountable, plural residues)

From Middle English residue, from Old French residu, from Latin residuum, neuter of residuus (“remaining”), from resideō (“I remain behind”). Doublet of residuum.

(biochemistry) A molecule that is released from a polymer after bonds between neighbouring monomers are broken, such as an amino acid in a polypeptide chain.


ruffle

From Middle English ruffelen, perhaps from Old Norse hrufla (“to graze, scratch”) or Middle Low German ruffelen (“to wrinkle, curl”). Further origin unknown. Related to Middle Dutch ruyffelen, German Low German ruffeln. See English ruff.

unk

unknown

(zoology) The connected series of large egg capsules, or oothecae, of several species of American marine gastropods of the genus Fulgur.


disjunction

en-noun

disjunction (countable and uncountable, plural disjunctions)

From Old French disjunction, from Latin disjunctio.

(biology) During meiosis, the separation of chromosomes (homologous in meiosis I, and sister chromatids in meiosis II).


urochord

urochords (plural)
urocord (alternative)

(zoology) A notochord that is limited to the caudal region; especially in the Urochordata


TGIF

transforming growth interacting factor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of transforming growth interacting factor.


ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone#English

(endocrinology, biochemistry) Initialism of adrenocorticotropic hormone.


BP

BP (countable and uncountable, plural BPs)


BST

BST (countable and uncountable, plural BSTs)

(paleontology) Initialism of Burgess Shale Type.


VIP

VIP (countable and uncountable, plural VIPs)

vasoactive intestinal peptide
vasoactive intestinal peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of vasoactive intestinal peptide.


urokinase

urokinase (countable and uncountable, plural urokinases)

deep vein thrombosis
deep vein thrombosis

(biochemistry) A protease, found in the urine, which converts plasminogen to plasmin, and is used in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.


diagnostic

en-adj

diagnostic (comparative more diagnostic, superlative most diagnostic)

more diagnostic (comparative)
most diagnostic (superlative)
diagnostick (alternative)

(biology) (of a skeletal or genetic feature) Characteristic of a particular taxon or clade.


reporter

reporters (plural)
reportor (alternative)
reportour (alternative)

→ Catalan: repòrter

→ Greek: ρεπόρτερ (repórter)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English reportour, from Old French reporteur; equivalent to report + -er.

(biology) A gene attached by a researcher to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest, typically used as an indication of whether a certain gene has been taken up by or expressed in the cell or organism population.


LHRH

luteinizing hormone
luteinizing hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.


CAM

crassulacean acid metabolism
w:crassulacean acid metabolism

(botany) Initialism of crassulacean acid metabolism.


MAD

en-noun

MAD (countable and uncountable, plural MADs)

mothers against decapentaplegic
w:mothers against decapentaplegic

(genetics) Initialism of mothers against decapentaplegic.


HSV

HSV (countable and uncountable, plural HSVs)

BHV

bovine herpes virus or bovine herpesvirus

CeHV

cercopithecine herpes virus or cercopithecine herpesvirus

EHV

equine herpes virus or equine herpesvirus

FHV

feline herpes virus or feline herpesvirus

KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

MaHV

macropodid herpes virus or macropodid herpesvirus

OsHV

oyster herpes virus or oyster herpesvirus

herpes simplex virus
herpes simplex virus#English

(virology) Initialism of herpes simplex virus.


HDL

high-density lipoprotein
high-density lipoprotein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of high-density lipoprotein.


LDL

High saturated fat intake has been tied to increased levels of LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol, which raises the risk of heart disease.

2017 December 22, Sophie Egan, “Is It Better to Cook With Coconut Oil or Olive Oil?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In rare instances, however, high blood levels of the so-called bad cholesterol, LDL, result from a genetic defect called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

2018, American Heart Association, “Multi-gene Test Predicts Early Heart Disease Risk”, in Drug Discovery & Development:

low-density lipoprotein
low-density lipoprotein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of low-density lipoprotein.


MVP

(biology, ecology) Initialism of minimum viable population.


ACE

ACE (countable and uncountable, plural ACEs)

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

angiotensin converting enzyme
angiotensin converting enzyme#English

(biochemistry, medicine) Initialism of angiotensin converting enzyme.


PPI

proton-pump inhibitor
w:proton-pump inhibitor

(biochemistry) Initialism of proton-pump inhibitor.

2010, Kodama and Hu, "An improved biomolecular flourescence complementation assay with a high signal-to-noise ratio", BioTechniques, vol 49, no 5, pg. 793.
in abstract This improved Venus-based BiFC system will facilitate PPI studies in various biological research fields.

protein–protein interaction
w:protein–protein interaction

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein–protein interaction.


DHT

DHT (countable and uncountable, plural DHTs)

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of dihydrotestosterone.


PL

(biochemistry) Initialism of proximity labeling.


adaptive enzyme

adaptive enzyme (plural adaptive enzymes)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is present in the cell only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value.


senescence

senescence (usually uncountable, plural senescences)

Organized shuffleboard has always filled me with dread. Everything about it suggests infirm senescence and death: it’s like it’s a game played on the skin of a void and the rasp of the sliding puck is the sound of that skin getting abraded away bit by bit.

1997, David Foster Wallace, “A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again”, in A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again, Kindle edition, Little, Brown Book Group:

Over the next 150 years the known age of the Earth expanded a millionfold and lost worlds of the past were found to have overflowed with species now gone. The chain stretched, aged, and eventually succumbed to senescence.

2012, Lydia Pyne, Stephen J. Pyne, chapter 6, in The Last Lost World, Penguin, →ISBN:

(biology) The state or process of ageing, especially in humans; old age.

2018, University of Edinburgh, "Liver Study Offers Insights into Hard-to-treat Diseases" (9 March 2018), Drug Discovery & Development.
Tests in mice found that inducing senescence in bile duct cells - mimicking the process seen in human bile duct disease - led to liver scarring and damage of liver function.

(cytology) Ceasing to divide by mitosis because of shortening of telomeres or excessive DNA damage.

vanheneminen

cell biology: ceasing to divide by mitosis

(botany) Fruit senescence, leading to ripening of fruit.

kypsyminen

botany: fruit senescence, leading to ripening of fruit

(cytology, of a cell) Condition when the cell ceases to divide.


senescent

en-adj

senescent (comparative more senescent, superlative most senescent)

more senescent (comparative)
most senescent (superlative)

From Latin senescens, present participle of senescere (“to grow old”), from senere (“to be old”), from senex (“old”).

When such lines and forms of organic development prevail, the individual, as the cell of the body, becomes soon senescent, drifting inevitably into age, decay, and death.

1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress:

(cytology, of a cell) That ceases to divide.


packet

From Middle English pacquet; either from Middle French pacquet, or formed independently from pak and -et.

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…].

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

(botany) A specimen envelope containing small, dried plants or containing parts of plants when attached to a larger sheet.


marcescent

From Latin marcescens, present participle of marcescere.

How often is the flower of human life marcescent, tenacious of its old estate when the blooming-time is past.

a. 1893, Edith M. Thomas, The Undertime of the Year, published in The Atlantic Monthly, volume 72 (October 1893), page 452

“But,” she answered, “granting that Mon Cul is a remarkable creature, that he is the elder statesman among monkeys, that his marcescent eyelids have opened upon sights and splendors about which the most romantic among us only dream,[…]”

1990, Tom Robbins, Another Roadside Attraction, page 75:

(botany, of an organ such as a leaf or blossom; rarely also figurative) Withered, but still attached.

(mycology) Able to revive when moistened.


serotonin

en-noun

serotonin (countable and uncountable, plural serotonins)

/ˌsɛɹəˈtəʊnɪn/

/ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/

Notably, mouse lines targeting genes codifying for serotonin receptors, for enzymes involved in 5-HT synthesis as Tph1 and Tph2, in its metabolism as monoaminoxidase A (MAOA) or in its re-uptake as serotonin transporter (SERT), have been generated.

2015 August 21, “Generation of a Tph2 Conditional Knockout Mouse Line for Time- and Tissue-Specific Depletion of Brain Serotonin”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

The class of antidepressants most commonly associated with sexual dysfunction is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which treat depression by ultimately increasing levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.

2024 March 21, Kristen Rogers, “If antidepressants are killing your sex life, here’s what you can do”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) An indoleamine neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine, that is involved in depression, appetite, etc., and is crucial in maintaining a sense of well-being, security, etc.


neurotransmitter

Together with this is the influence of an infinite number of neurotransmitters, neurohormones, environmental hazards, and accidental programmings.

2016, David R. Hawkins, The Eye of the I: From Which Nothing is Hidden, page 142:

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons.

نَاقِل عَصَبِيّ

substance responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons

神経伝達物質

しんけいでんたつぶっしつ

нейромедіа́тор m (nejromediátor, literally “neuromediator”)


ESP

ESP (countable and uncountable, plural ESPs)

Environmental Sample Processor
w:Environmental Sample Processor

(ecology) Initialism of Environmental Sample Processor.


EPS

extracellular polymeric substance
w:extracellular polymeric substance

(microbiology) Initialism of extracellular polymeric substance high-molecular weight compounds secreted by microorganisms


mtDNA

mtDNA (countable and uncountable, plural mtDNAs)

mtDNAs (plural)
mDNA (alternative)
MDNA (alternative)
mitoDNA (alternative)
mtdna (alternative)

There is a large infographic on mtDNA types and population sampling.

2020, Raven Leilani, Luster, Picador (2021), pages 145–146:

mitochondrial DNA
mitochondrial DNA#English

(genetics) Abbreviation of mitochondrial DNA.


STA

(biology) Initialism of Spike-Triggered Average (a tool for characterizing the response properties of a neuron)


syllepsis

syllepsis (countable and uncountable, plural syllepses)

From Latin syllepsis, from Ancient Greek σύλληψις (súllēpsis), from συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō).

(botany) Growth in which lateral branches develop from a lateral meristem, without the formation of a bud or period of dormancy, when the lateral meristem is split from a terminal meristem.


PGF

PGF (countable and uncountable, plural PGFs)

placental growth factor
placental growth factor#English

(genetics) Abbreviation of placental growth factor gene., the gene encoding for the biomolecule placental growth factor (“PlGF”)


SIR

SIR (countable and uncountable, plural SIRs)

(biochemistry, genetics) Abbreviation of silent information regulator.


opisthosoma

opisthosoma (plural opisthosomas or opisthosomata)

opisthosomas (plural)
opisthosomata (plural)

(zoology) The posterior segment of the two-part body structure of chelicerates. Often used interchangeably with abdomen.


sinus

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus (“a bent surface, curve, hollow”). Doublet of sine.

lbor

(anatomy, zootomy) A pouch or cavity in a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities (the paranasal sinus).

sinus

(botany) A rounded notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of a leaf or petal.


PNA

peptide nucleic acid
peptide nucleic acid#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of peptide nucleic acid.


MRO

en-noun

MRO (countable and uncountable, plural MROs)

Coordinate term: mitochondrion

mitochondria-related organelle
mitochondria-related organelle#English

(biology) Abbreviation of mitochondria-related organelle.


hESC

(biology) Initialism of human embryonic stem cell.


ATP

ATP (countable and uncountable, plural ATPs)

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosine triphosphate.


talon

From Middle English talon, taloun, from Old French talon (“heel, spur”), from Medieval Latin tālōnem, from Vulgar Latin *tālōnis, from Latin tālus (“ankle”).

(zoology) One of certain small prominences on the hind part of the face of an elephant's tooth.


protoplasmic

(cytology) Of or relating to protoplasm.


scurvy

scurvy (usually uncountable, plural scurvies)

The adjective is derived from Late Middle English scurvi, scurvy, variants of scurfi (“having scurf, scabby”), from scurf (“skin disease causing scabs or scales; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease, etc.”) + -i (suffix forming adjectives). Scurf is derived from Old English scurf, from Proto-Germanic *skurf- (“to gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever; to divide, separate”). By surface analysis, scurf (“skin disease; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease; crust-like formations on the skin”) + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives).
The noun is derived from the adjective. It was used to translate the similar-sounding Dutch scheurbuik, French scorbut, Middle Low German schorbūk (“scurvy (disease)”), etc.

cog

(uncountable, by extension, veterinary medicine, obsolete) A cattle disease, perhaps affecting the skin.


DOM

(biochemistry) Initialism of dissolved organic matter.


agonistic

en-adj

agonistic (comparative more agonistic, superlative most agonistic)

more agonistic (comparative)
most agonistic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστικός (agōnistikós).

Although most agonistic interactions consist of signals of threat and submission, symbolic aggression is effective only because the possibility of escalation exists […]

1978, Donald Symons, “The Question of Function: Dominance and Play”, in Euclid O. Smith, editor, Social Play in Primates, New York: Academic Press, page 207:

This was clearly such an event, but like the ancient religion of Israel, it was also deeply agonistic.

2006, Karen Armstrong, The Great Transformation, Atlantic Books, published 2007, page 66:

Sociality swung wildly between extremes of collective affiliation and agonistic striving for dominance.

2014, Lucas Bessire, Behold the Black Caiman: A Chronicle of Ayoreo Life, The University of Chicago Press, Introduction, p. 8:

(zoology, anthropology) Characterised by conflict or hostility.

(pharmacology, biochemistry) Pertaining to an agonist.


cosmopolitan

cosmopolitan (comparative more cosmopolitan, superlative most cosmopolitan)

more cosmopolitan (comparative)
most cosmopolitan (superlative)

From cosmopolite + -an. Compare metropolitan and megalopolitan.

Domestication and the evolution of anthrophilic traits in houseflies and some drosophilids have allowed certain species to attain cosmopolitan status.

2005, David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann, The Evolutionary Biology of Flies, page 372:

(biology, ecology) Growing or living in many parts of the world; widely distributed.

касмапаліты́чны

growing in many parts of the world; widely distributed


amphora

en-noun

amphora (plural amphoras or amphorae or amphorai)

amphoras (plural)
amphorae (plural)
amphorai (plural)

/æmˈfɔ(ː)ɹə/

From Latin amphora (“large wine vessel, Roman unit of liquid measure”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, Greek units of liquid measure”), ultimately from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸 (a-pi-po-re-we, “carried on both sides”).

der

(botany) A lower valve of a fruit that opens transversely.


alpha female

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-alpha female.wav

(zoology, ethology) The dominant female in a social or group hierarchy.


reproductive

/ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌktɪv/

(biology) A reproductive organism (especially such as in an insect).


rudimentary

/ˌɹuːdɪˈmɛntəɹi/

/ˌɹuːdɪˈmɛnt͡ʃɹi/

(zoology, usually in the plural) One of the rudimentary mammae of boars.


diuresis

en-noun

diuresis (countable and uncountable, plural diureses)

From New Latin diūrēsis, from Ancient Greek διουρέω (diouréō, “to urinate”) + -σις (-sis).
Morphologically, δῐουρέω (dĭouréō) can be analysed as δι- (di-) + οὐρέω (ouréō).

der

(biology, medicine) Excessive production of urine; polyuria.

diuresi

excessive production of urine — see also polyuria

(biology, medicine) (more often) The physiologic process that produces such an increase.

(biology, medicine) (most often) The administration of medications to encourage that process.


dihydrotestosterone

en-noun

dihydrotestosterone (countable and uncountable, plural dihydrotestosterones)

By surface analysis, di- + hydro- + testosterone.

surf

However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.

2015 August 17, Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al., “Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women”, in International Journal of Endocrinology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An androgenic metabolite of testosterone; used to treat certain breast cancers.


testosterone

en-noun

testosterone (countable and uncountable, plural testosterones)

From test(is) + -o- + -sterone (“steroid hormone”).

af

Mammalian testes contain almost no testosterone because it is sent out into the body as quickly as it is made.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 168:

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.


embolus

The term was coined in 1848 by Rudolf Virchow From Latin embolus (“piston”), from Ancient Greek ἔμβολος (émbolos, “peg, stopper”).

der

Those spiders with a simple bulb insert most of this; those with a complex palp insert only the embolus, which in some species is very long […]

1996, Michael J Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, published 1996, page 22:

(zoology) The structure on the end of the palp of male arachnids which contains the opening to the ejaculatory duct.


apomixis

en-noun

apomixis (countable and uncountable, plural apomixes)

From German Apomixis, from apo- + mixis.

(botany) Plant reproduction without fertilization.

(botany) Plant reproduction without fertilization, meiosis, or the production of gametes.

apomixie

plant reproduction without fertilization, meiosis, or the production of gametes

(zoology) Animal reproduction in which the egg cell does not undergo meiosis or fertilization.

apomiksja

animal reproduction in which the egg cell does not undergo meiosis or fertilization


eavesdrop

en-verb

eavesdrop (third-person singular simple present eavesdrops, present participle eavesdropping, simple past and past participle eavesdropped)

eavesdrops (present singular third-person)
eavesdropping (participle present)
eavesdropped (participle past)
eavesdropped (past)

From eaves + drop; the "listening" sense derives from the notion of the listener standing in the area denoted by the physical sense.

[…] Eastern Red Bat will eavesdrop on the sonar calls of other red bats to locate potential insect prey.

1993, David W. Nagorsen, Robert Mark Brigham, Royal British Columbia Museum, Bats of British Columbia, page 109:

Frog-biting midges also depend on eavesdropping for reproduction, and one would predict similarly strong selection to evolve auditory adaptations for hearing and localizing calls of their hosts.

2014, Ken Yasukawa, Animal Behavior: How and Why Animals Do the Things They Do:

(zoology) To listen for another organism's calls, so as to exploit them.


tubercle

tubercles (plural)
tubercule (alternative)
tuberculum (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tubercle.wav

tubercle

wartlike protuberance on the roots of some plants

(botany) A small rounded wartlike protuberance of the roots of some leguminous plants; the lip of certain orchids, cacti.


pitcher

From Middle English picher, from Old French pichier, pechier (“small jug”), bichier (compare modern French pichet), from Late Latin or Medieval Latin pīcārium, alteration of bīcārium, itself possibly from bacarium, bacar or from Ancient Greek βῖκος (bîkos). Doublet of beaker.

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

(botany) A tubular or cuplike appendage or expansion of the leaves of certain plants. See pitcher plant.


heparin

en-noun

heparin (countable and uncountable, plural heparins)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A compound occurring in the liver and other tissues which inhibits blood coagulation. A sulfur-containing polysaccharide, it is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis.


phylogenetics

Thereupon he went to Leipzig, and during the winter of 1880–81 and the following summer semester studied comparative anatomy with Leuckart, geology with Credner, and phylogenetics with Carus.

c. 1899, William Morton Wheeler, “George Baur’s Life and Writings”, in The American Naturalist, volume 33, page 16:

An especially concise introduction to molecular phylogenetics is provided by Hillis et al. (1993).
The danger of generating incorrect results is inherently greater in computational phylogenetics than in many other fields of science.

2005, Stephen Bryant, Gerard Bouffard, Bioinformatics, Wiley, page 366:

A difficult task was to review the development of the many new packages contributing to phylogenetics and evolutionary biology.

2011, Emmanuel Paradis, Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R, Springer, page vii:

(biology, systematics) The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms, through computational methods that focus on observed heritable traits.


TI

TI (countable and uncountable, plural TIs)

tonic immobility
tonic immobility#English

(zoology) Initialism of tonic immobility.


peritoneum

peritoneum (plural peritoneums or peritonea)

peritoneums (plural)
peritonea (plural)
peritonaeum (alternative)
peritonæum (alternative)

From Latin peritonaeum, from Ancient Greek περιτόναιον (peritónaion), from περιτόναιος (peritónaios, “stretched or strained over”).

(zoology) In animals, the membrane lining the coelom cavity.


incisor

Borrowing from New Latin incīsor, from incīdō (“to cut into, cut through”) + -tor (“-er, -or”, agent noun suffix).

af

(anatomy, zootomy) A narrow-edged tooth at the front of the mouth of mammals, between the canines and adapted for cutting; in humans there are four in each jaw.


sensitivity

en-noun

sensitivity (countable and uncountable, plural sensitivities)

чуллі́васць

the ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

(biology) The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli.

(biology, medicine, of a pathogen) Vulnerability to medical treatment: Synonym of susceptibility.

en:vulnerability of a pathogen to treatment


AAS

(arachnology) Initialism of American Arachnological Society (a society of amateur and professional arachnologists)


AAS

AAS (countable and uncountable, plural AASs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of anabolic–androgenic steroid.


MAO

monoamine oxidase
monoamine oxidase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of monoamine oxidase.


involucre

Borrowed from French involucre, from Latin involūcrum (“wrapper”). Doublet of involucrum.

(botany) Conspicuous bract, bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence.


glume

From Latin gluma (“husk of grain”). The root can also be seen in glubere (“to peel”).

[T]he glume in some alpine grasses, and the scales of the ament in the salix rosea, rose-willow, grow into leaves; and produce other kinds of monsters.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

(botany) A basal, membranous, outer sterile husk or bract in the flowers of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae).


perianth

From French périanthe, from New Latin perianthium.

(botany) The sterile parts of a flower; collectively, the sepals and petals (or tepals).

Archegonia are surrounded early in their development by the juvenile perianth, through the slender beak of which the elongated neck of the fertilized archegonium protrudes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany, bryology) The sterile, tubelike tissue that surrounds the female reproductive structure in a leafy liverwort.


stipule

From French, from Latin stipula (“stalk (of hay), straw”).

(botany) A basal appendage of a typical leaf of a flowering plant, usually appearing paired beside the petiole although sometimes absent or highly modified.


trypsin

trypsin (countable and uncountable, plural trypsins)

From Ancient Greek τρῖψις (trîpsis, “rubbing”) + -in, since the substance was first found on rubbing down the pancreas with glycerine.

af

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds (a serine protease)


RNAi

RNA interference
RNA interference#English

(genetics) Initialism of RNA interference.


pinna

From Latin pinna (“dorsal fin; wing, feather”). Doublet of pen, penna, and panne.

der

Meronyms: antihelix, antitragus, concha, helix, tragus

(anatomy, zoology) The visible part of the ear in most therians that resides outside of the head, the auricle; outer ear excluding the ear canal.

(botany) A leaflet or primary segment of a pinnate compound leaf.

Fiederblatt

(zoology) A feather, wing, fin, or other similar appendage.


ectoplasm

en-noun

ectoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural ectoplasms)

From ecto- (“outside”) + plasm (from Ancient Greek πλᾰ́σμᾰ (plắsmă, “something that is formed”)), referring to the fact that ectoplasm is believed to emanate from and materialize outside of the medium's body.

prefix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">πλᾰ́σμᾰ</i> (plắsmă, “something that is formed”)

(cytology) The outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm.

ectoplasma

cytology: the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm


granule

Borrowed from French granule or directly from Late Latin grānulum, diminutive of Latin grānum (“grain”); for more, see grain. By surface analysis, grain + -ule.


antimitotic

(pharmacology, cytology) Preventing or disrupting mitosis.


mitosis

en-noun

mitosis (countable and uncountable, plural mitoses)

From German Mitose, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + -osis, probably in reference to the thread-like chromatin seen during mitosis.

Meronyms: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Coordinate term: meiosis

en:division of nucleus and often of cell, with euploid results

(cytology) The division of a cell nucleus in which the genome is copied and separated into two identical halves. It is normally followed by cell division.


junk DNA

junk DNA (usually uncountable, plural junk DNAs)

(genetics) Any portion of the DNA sequence of a chromosome or a genome with no apparent function identified by science to date.

ADN poubelle

portion of DNA that has no identified function


receptacle

From Middle English receptacle, from Anglo-Norman receptacle and Middle French receptacle (“organ containing a fluid; gathering place; water basin”) (modern French réceptacle), from Latin receptāculum (“animal enclosure, container, place of refuge, receptacle, repository, reservoir, shelter”), from receptāre (“to harbour, to receive, to shelter”) or receptō (“I receive back or again, I recover”), frequentative of recipiō (“I receive; I hold back, I reserve”) (from re- (“back, again”) + capiō (“I hold”)) + -culum (suffix forming nouns from verbs, particularly nouns representing tools and instruments); cognate with Italian recettaculo, ricettaculo, Portuguese receptáculo, Spanish receptáculo.

der

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

The form of the flower is highly dependent on the structure of the receptacle, even though this may not always be obvious externally. The receptacle is also called the floral axis, or it is sometimes called the torus, which may be translated as "swelling". These expressions per se imply that, although in the majority of cases the receptacle is greatly reduced, it is frequently thickened in a capitate form or broadened into a definitely disc-like shape.

1992, F[ocko] Weberling, “Morphology of Flowers”, in R. J. Pankhurst, transl., Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences, 1st paperback edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 19:

A basic flower […] has four series of parts arranged in concentric whorls (or rings) on the receptacle, which is the name given to the expanded end of the pedicel (flower stalk).

2003, Ian Clarke, Helen Lee, “The Structure of Flowers”, in Name that Flower: The Identification of Flowering Plants, 2nd edition, Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, Melbourne University Publishing, →ISBN, page 7:

(botany) The part of the flower stalk (peduncle or pedicel) to which the floral parts are attached; a thalamus, a torus.

All flowers in a head share a common receptacle. The receptacle may be flat or convex. It may bear tiny scales called paleae. The paleae of a receptacle are referred to as chaff. Receptacles without paleae are said to be epaleate or naked. When the paleae are shed, they may leave either a smooth or a pitted receptacle. Occasionally, hairs, scales, or bristles may also be present on the receptacle.

2015, Robert H. Mohlenbrock, “Descriptions and Illustrations”, in Flowering Plants: Asteraceae, Part I (The Illustrated Flora of Illinois), Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, →ISBN, page 7:

A condensed rachis of a capitate or umbellate inflorescence at the end of the peduncle, to which all of the florets or pedicels are attached.

Plants all marine, of an olive-brown or olive-green colour, becoming black on exposure to air; […] Frutification, tubercles contained in distinct receptacles, or embedded in the frond, and containing dark-coloured seeds surrounded with a pellucid limbus, which escape by a terminal pore.

1830, Robert Kaye Greville, “Order I.—FUCOIDEÆ.”, in Algæ Britannicæ, or Descriptions of the Marine and Other Inarticulated Plants of the British Islands, Belonging to the Order Algæ; with Plates Illustrative of the Genera, Edinburgh: Maclachlan & Stewart, Edinburgh; and Baldwin & Cradock, London, →OCLC, page 1:

In addition to gas bladders, the thallus of reproductive rockweed, Fucus, has inflated tips called receptacles. The small bumps on the surface of each receptacle are conceptacles, chambers within which the gametangia grow.

2013, George Karleskint, Jr., Richard Turner, James W. Small, Jr., “Multicellular Primary Producers”, in Introduction to Marine Biology, 4th edition, Belmont, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, figure 7-12 caption, page 170:

(phycology) A structure at the end of a branch of an alga containing conceptacles (reproductive organs).

(zoology) An organ that receives and holds a secretion.


apetalous

From New Latin āpetalus. By surface analysis, a- + petal + -ous.


spherocyte

(cytology) A red blood cell that is spherical rather than biconcave, as occurs in spherocytosis


parted

a parted leaf


saddle

→ Japanese: サドル (sadoru)

Homer Tunnel
Milford Sound
Oxford English Dictionary

From Middle English sadel, from Old English sadol, from Proto-West Germanic *sadul, from Proto-Germanic *sadulaz (“saddle”). Further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sod-dʰlo-, from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-dʰlom (a variant of *-trom (suffix forming nouns denoting instruments or tools)), though the Oxford English Dictionary says this “presents formal difficulties”.
Cognates
* Danish sadel
* Dutch zadel
* German Sattel
* Icelandic söðull
* Low German Sadel
* Russian седло́ (sedló)
* Saterland Frisian Soadel
* Scots sadil
* Swedish sadel
* West Frisian seal

saal

seat for a rider placed on the back of a horse or other animal

satula

something resembling a saddle in appearance or shape

satula

depression located along the axial trend of an anticline

Something resembling a saddle (sense 1) in appearance or shape.

The clitellum of an earthworm (family Lumbricidae).

The lower part of the back of a domestic fowl, especially a male bird, bearing the saddle feathers or saddle hackles.

alaselkä

Pagophilus groenlandicus
Pagophilus groenlandicus#Translingual

Boa constrictor
Boa constrictor#Translingual

In full saddle marking or saddle patch: a saddle-like marking on an animal, such as one on the back of an adult harp seal or saddleback seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), or any of numerous such markings on a boa constrictor (Boa constrictor).


paries

Borrowed from Latin pariēs (“wall of a house or room”). Compare French paroi (“wall”), Italian parete (“wall”), Portuguese parede (“wall”) Spanish pared (“wall”) and Romanian perete (“wall”).

bor

(zoology) The triangular middle part of each segment of the shell of a barnacle.


conifer

From Latin cōnifer (“bearing cones”), by surface analysis, Latin cōnus (“cone”) + -fer.

surf

(botany) A plant belonging to the order Coniferales; a cone-bearing seed plant with vascular tissue, usually a tree.

хво́йні pl (xvójni, literally “conifers”)


gemma

Learned borrowing from Latin gemma (“bud on a plant”). Doublet of gem and Gemma.

lbor

I know of no other genera with such intramarginal formation of true gemmae.

1969, Rudolf Mathias Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume 1, Columbia University Press, page 527:

Gemmae are frequently longer than wide or of irregular shape.
According to Degenkolbe, gemmae-bearing leaves are always different in form from normal leaves.

1990, Anthony John Edwin Smith, The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland, page 2:

In Marchantia polymorpha, high temperature promotes germination of gemmae (Dacknowski, 1907), and heat absorbed by the gemmae accelerates their germination (Fitting, 1942).

2005, R. N. Chopra, Biology of Bryophytes, page 32:

(biology) An asexual reproductive structure, as found in animals such as hydra (genus Hydra) and plants such as liverworts (division Marchantiophyta), consisting of a cluster of cells from which new individuals can develop; a bud.


rasorial

en-adj

rasorial (comparative more rasorial, superlative most rasorial)

more rasorial (comparative)
most rasorial (superlative)

/ɹəˈsɔːɹɪəl/

From Rasores, the obsolete taxonomic order of birds including chickens and other poultry, and + -ial.

(ornithology, historical) Pertaining to the now obsolete order Rasores.


philtrum

philtra (plural)
philtrums (plural)
filtrum (alternative)

Borrowed from the Latin philtrum (“a love potion”), from Ancient Greek φῐ́λτρον (phĭ́ltron, “a love charm; the dimple in the upper lip”). Doublet of philter.

bor

(zootomy) The junction between the two halves of an animal's upper lip or nose.


HGV

(rare, pathology, virology) Abbreviation of hepatitis G virus.


proboscis

en-noun

proboscis (plural proboscises or proboscides or probosces)

proboscises (plural)
proboscides (plural)
probosces (plural)

From Latin proboscis, from Ancient Greek προβοσκίς (proboskís, “elephant's trunk”) literally "means for taking food," from προ- (pro-, “before”) + βόσκω (bóskō, “to nourish, feed”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷeh₃- from which also comes βοτάνη (botánē, “grass, fodder”).

affix

Unlike the proboscides of Lower brachyceran lineages, which are continuous with the head capsule and tend to dangle (Matsuda 1965), the proboscides of most cyclorrhaphan species are suspended by a membranous region and divided into three functional parts: the basiproboscis (rostrum), medioproboscis (haustellum), and distiproboscis (labellum), each of which is defined by internal muscles but also shares muscles with the other regions (Graham-Smith 1930; Lall and Davies 1971).

2012, Brian Wiegmann, The Evolutionary Biology of Flies, page 225:

(anatomy) An elongated tube from the head or connected to the mouth, of an animal.

(entomology, malacology) The tubular feeding and sucking organ of certain invertebrates like insects, worms and molluscs.


monogamous

/məˈnɒɡəməs/

/məˈnɑɡəməs/

(zoology) Having only one sexual partner at a time.

monògam

having only one sexual partner at a time

(botany) Monogamic; having a simple flower with united anthers.


warm-blooded

en-adj

warm-blooded (comparative more warm-blooded or warmer-blooded, superlative most warm-blooded or warmest-blooded)

more warm-blooded (comparative)
warmer-blooded (comparative)
most warm-blooded (superlative)
warmest-blooded (superlative)
warmblooded (alternative)

The cold-blooded animals are all feeble breathers, and the most energetic breathers are the warmest-blooded. A mollusc, a fish, a frog, a quadruped, and a bird, represent the various stages of this correspondence.

1858 October, [George Henry Lewes], “Animal Heat”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume LXXXIV, number DXVI, Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, page 427, column 1:

Moreover, instead of hibernating like our northern reptiles, they [birds] are able to remain active all winter, even in arctic latitudes, so long as sufficient food is available to maintain the body. This retention of heat increases the body temperature, and implies an increase as well of the creature’s activity, so that birds in addition to being the warmest-blooded animals are at the same time the quickest and most active.

1925 September, Glover Morrill Allen, “Feathers”, in Birds and Their Attributes, Boston, Mass.: Marshall Jones Company, published 1937 February, page 37:

“It’s getting chilly,” the Asian chick said, maybe just to hear the sound of her own voice. […] / “Oh, I don’t know. Feels all right to me.” / “I guess you’re warmer-blooded than I am. Could I have my sweatshirt now?”

2016, Barry Eisler, Livia Lone, Seattle, Wash.: Thomas & Mercer, →ISBN, page 6:

We stood there, shivering, colder even than when we had been on our horses, for horses are warmer-blooded than their riders, and one always gains heat from them.

2016, Fiona Buckley [pseudonym; Valerie Anand], The Heretic’s Creed (The Ursula Blanchard Mysteries), Sutton, Surrey: Crème de la Crime, →ISBN, page 73:

(zoology) Maintaining a relatively constant and warm body temperature, regardless of the ambient temperature; endothermic.


anoxia

en-noun

anoxia (usually uncountable, plural anoxias)

From an- (prefix meaning ‘lacking, without’) + ox- (meaning ‘oxygen’) + -ia (suffix forming names of diseases).

affix

(ecology, pathology) A condition in which a body tissue or an environment is severely or totally deprived of oxygen; severe hypoxia.


reptilian

en-adj

reptilian (comparative more reptilian, superlative most reptilian)

more reptilian (comparative)
most reptilian (superlative)

From reptile + -ian, replacing earlier reptilious and adjectival reptile.

The Mesozoic represents that time on Earth when life flourished, but when such life was primarily reptilian, before the Age of Mammals.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(zoology) Of or relating to the members of the class Reptilia (reptiles).


spermatozoon

spermatozoa (plural)
spermatozoön (alternative)
spermatozoan (alternative)

/ˌspɜːmətə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɒn/

From Ancient Greek σπέρμα (spérma, “sperm”) + ζῷον (zôion, “living thing”), equivalent to spermato- + -zoon.

af

But let us suppose [...] that one hardy or lucky spermatozoon has reached the waiting egg.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 339:

A sperm, or spermatozoa, is the microscopic male reproductive cell. Sperms are made up of oval-shaped heads and long tails that they use for mobility.

2024 June 11, Dr. Steve Chapman, “Is swallowing semen good for you?”, in Better2Know:

(cytology) A reproductive cell or gamete of a male, carried in semen, that fertilizes an ovum to produce a zygote.


animalcule

Learned borrowing from Late Latin animalculum (“lowly or small animal”) + English -cule (diminutive suffix). Animalculum is derived from Latin animal (“animal; living creature”) + -culum (diminutive suffix); and animal from animāle, the nominative neuter singular of animālis (“animate, living; relating to living creatures”), from anima (“breath; life; soul, spirit”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”)) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship). The English word is analysable as animal + -cule.

der

If we are part of nature, then we are synonymous with it at the metaphysical level, every bit as much as the first all-but-inorganic animalcules that ever formed a chain of themselves in the blow hole of a primordial sea vent.

2011, John Jeremiah Sullivan, “La·hwi·ne·ski: Career of an Eccentric Naturalist”, in Pulphead, New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →OCLC, pages 212–213:

(zoology, archaic) A microscopic aquatic animal, including protozoa and rotifers.


gametocyte

(cytology) A diploid germ cell that divides by meiosis into a gamete.


germ cell

(cytology) A cell that is part of the germ line: a gametocyte, an ovum or a sperm cell.


spermatocyte

The spermatogonia continue to reside in the gonocyst and form spermatocyte, which begins to increase in size.

2013, Rabindra N. Chatterjee, Lucas Sanchez, Genome Analysis in Eukaryotes, page 71:

Fragments of laminin chains can act as biologically active peptides to perturb the blood–testis barrier (BTB) permeability function by accelerating protein endocytosis (e.g., occludin) at the site, thereby destabilizing the BTB integrity to facilitate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes.

2015 August 26, “A Catalog of Proteins Expressed in the AG Secreted Fluid during the Mature Phase of the Chinese Mitten Crabs ( Eriocheir sinensis )”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) A male gametocyte, from which a spermatozoon develops.


diploid

From diplo- + -oid. By surface analysis, di- + -ploid.

It has been shown, however, that triploid forms producing diploid gametes in one sex and haploid ones in the other sex can act as a stepping stone towards tetraploidization (triploid bridge; [ 93 – 95 ]).

2015 July 4, Heinz-Ulrich Reyer, Christian Arioli-Jakob, Martina Arioli, “Post-zygotic selection against parental genotypes during larval development maintains all-hybrid populations of the frog Pelophylax esculentus”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) Of a cell, having a pair of each type of chromosome, one of the pair being derived from the ovum and the other from the spermatozoon. Most somatic cells of higher organisms are diploid.

diploide

of a cell, having a pair of each type of chromosome

(genetics) Of an organism, having diploid cells.


haploid

en:genetics, broad sense, defined by typical gamete karyotype for the organism

(genetics, loosely) Having the number of chromosomes that a typical gamete has (in the given organism), namely, half the number that a typical somatic cell has (in the given organism).

Examples of haploid cells are prokaryotes and the gametes of eukaryotes.

en:genetics, strict sense, defined by typical gamete karyotype for most organisms

(genetics, strictly) Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (which is the number that a typical gamete has in many organisms although not all).

haploide

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes


acid-fast

en-adj

acid-fast (comparative more acid-fast, superlative most acid-fast)

more acid-fast (comparative)
most acid-fast (superlative)

(histology, of bacteria) Retaining stain when treated with an acidic solution.

aigéadobach

retaining stain when treated with an acidic solution


bulbous

bulbous (comparative more bulbous, superlative most bulbous)

more bulbous (comparative)
most bulbous (superlative)

From bulb + -ous or alteration of Latin bulbosus.

(botany) Growing from a bulb or producing bulbs.


noggin

Uncertain. First use appears c. 1588. Appears in publications in the 1600s (e.g. in The Tincker of Turvey) in several forms including the still-current Irish English form naggin, the rare older Irish, Scottish and Northern English form noggan, used by Jonathan Swift, and the Wexford form nuggeen. Tomás S. Ó Máille and some older dictionaries like Skeat's derive it from Irish naigín, cnaigín, from cnagaire, cnag, but the Oxford English Dictionary argues that Irish naigín and Scottish Gaelic noigean instead derive from English. Compare nog.

(biochemistry) A signalling molecule involved in embryo development, producing large heads at high concentrations.


recrudescence

en-noun

recrudescence (countable and uncountable, plural recrudescences)

From Late Latin recrudescentia, from Latin recrūdēscēns, present participle of recrūdēscere (“to recrudesce”), from recrūdēscō (“to become raw again”); from re- (“again”) + crūdēscō (“to grow harsh or violent; to become worse”) (from crūdus (“bleeding, bloody, raw”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”)) + -ēscō (suffix forming verbs indicating a becoming of something)). The word is cognate with French recrudescence, Italian recrudescenza, Spanish recrudescencia, recrudecimiento.

der

[Frédéric] Kirschleger describes a tuft of leaves as occurring on the apex of the flowering spike after the maturation of the fruit in Plantago, and a similar growth frequently takes place in the common wallflower, in Antirrhinum majus, &c. In cases where a renewal of growth in the axis of inflorescence has taken place after the ripening of the fruit, the French botanists use the term recrudescence, but the growth in question by no means always occurs after the ripening of the fruit, but frequently before.

[1869, Maxwell T[ylden] Masters, “Prolification”, in Vegetable Teratology, an Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants (Ray Society; XLV), London: Published for the Ray Society by Robert Hardwicke, […], →OCLC, book I (Deviations from Ordinary Arrangement), part III (Alterations of Position), page 104:

A great many of the scapes have furnished examples of "recrudescence," a few flowers having been produced amongst the ripening capsules; but fresh flower-stalks have also continued to shoot up from the root, and at the time I write (Oct. 4) I see there is one very pretty bunch of flowers upon a last year's seedling plant.

1872, Robert Holland, “Monstrous Plants in 1872”, in J[ohn] E[llor] Taylor, editor, Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip: An Illustrated Medium of Interchange and Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature, volume VIII, number 96, London: Robert Hardwicke, […], published 1873, →OCLC, page 271, column 1:

(botany) The production of a fresh shoot from a ripened spike.


dendrite

From Ancient Greek δενδρίτης (dendrítēs, “of or pertaining to a tree”). Equivalent to dendr- + -ite.

uder

Little copses of television antennas. Whiplike, graceful thrilling metal dendrites drawing images from the air, bringing brotherhood, communion to immured apartment people.

1970, Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet, Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1971, Chapter 1, pp. 12–13 (online edition)

A typical brain neuron has perhaps a thousand little wires, called dendrites, which connect it with its fellows.

1979, Carl Sagan, “Can We Know the Universe? Reflections on a Grain of Salt”, in John Carey, editor, Eyewitness to Science, Harvard University Press, published 1997, page 437:

(cytology) A slender projection of a nerve cell which conducts nerve impulses from a synapse to the body of the cell; a dendron.

(cytology) Slender cell process emanating from the cell bodies of dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells of the immune system.


nerve cell

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

(cytology) A cell of the nervous system which conducts nerve impulses; a neuron.

عَصْبُون

cell of the nervous system — see also neuron


lepra

From Latin lepra (“psoriasis & similar skin diseases”), from Koine Greek λέπρα (lépra, “psoriasis & similar skin diseases”), from λεπρός (leprós, “scaly”), from either λεπίς (lepís, “scale”) or λέπος (lépos, “husk, scale”) + -ρος (-ros, suffix forming adjectives). The shift of sense from psoriasis to Hansen's disease occurred in large part from the use of λέπρα (lépra) to translate Hebrew צרעת (“tzaraath”) in the Septuagint and its subsequent use in the New Testament and Late Latin.

der

Lepra is frequently met with on the trunks, especially of young trees.

1805, translation of Karl Ludwig Willdenow as The Principles of Botany and of Vegetable Physiology, p. 344

(botany, rare, obsolete) Any layer of algae, lichens, or other substance producing a leprosylike appearance on the surfaces of plants.


spinal

Borrowed from Late Latin spīnālis (“of or belonging to the spine”), from spīna (“a prickle, spine”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). By surface analysis, spine + -al.

af

(anatomy, zootomy) Of or relating to the spine.

Of or relating to the spine.
Of or pertaining to the spinal cord.

(zoology) (of a frog or other experimental animal) Having a pithed brain, but an intact surgically isolated spinal cord.


cuneate

en-adj

cuneate (comparative more cuneate, superlative most cuneate)

more cuneate (comparative)
most cuneate (superlative)

(botany) wedge-shaped, with the narrow part at the base.

(botany) having straight, or almost straight sides meeting at the apex or base.


ligule

(botany) A portion of a leaf found at the base of the petiole, when present.

(botany) In many grasses (Poaceae) and some sedges (Cyperaceae), the membranous appendage or ring of hairs projecting from the inner side of a leaf at the junction between the blade and the sheath.


petiole

Borrowed from French pétiole, and its source, Late Latin petiolus (“little foot”), diminutive form of Latin pēs (“foot”).

Most insects consume tissue from the leaf blade were measured just past the twist on the side away only, leaving the leaf petioles unscathed.

1978, Harry T. Valentine, Estimating Defoliation of Hardwoods Using Blade-petiole Relations, Forest Service Research Paper NE 405, US Department of Agriculture, page 1:

By contrast, the petioles of large pinnate leaves, as well as stems, typically resist torsion by placing stiff materials with high elastic moduli (like sclerenchyma) toward the perimeters of their cross sections.

1992, Karl J. Niklas, Plant Biomechanics, University of Chicago Press, page 167:

An example of this is leaf petioles. Some species of trees have pinnate leaves which, when the leaves fall, shed pinnae from the petiole, which is then left as a tapering, somewhat flexible rod.

2000, Mike Hansell, Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour, Cambridge University Press, page 116:

(botany) The stalk of a leaf, attaching the blade to the stem.

(entomology, insect anatomy) A narrow or constricted segment of the body of an insect; especially, the metasomal segment of certain Hymenoptera, such as wasps.

(entomology) The stalk at the base of the nest of the paper wasp.


caudex

From Latin caudex (“tree trunk”, “tree stem”); compare codex.

uder

(botany) An enlargement of the stem, branch or root of a woody plant, usually serving to store water.


chorion

From Late Latin chorion, from Ancient Greek χόριον (khórion, “membrane surrounding the fetus, afterbirth”).

der

2002, Rovert E. A. Stewart, Barbara E. Stewart, Female Reproductive Systems, entry in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, page 425,
The allantois fuses with the chorion, forming a small round area, the allentochorion. This region becomes the placenta (Fig. 3).

In this illustration, some license is taken, since the amnion is shown as still separate from the chorion; this is done to illustrate the process of apposition of the amniotic sac to the chorion and to accentuate the interposition of the yolk sac between the amnion and the chorion.

2006, Ona Marie Faye-Petersen, Debra S. Heller, Vijay V. Joshi, Handbook Of Placental Pathology, page 4:

The amnion and chorion begin to develop soon after fertilization and continue to grow until about 28 weeks′ gestation.

2007, Susan Tucker Blackburn, Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Physiology: A Clinical Perspective, page 106:

(anatomy, biology) The protective and nutritive membrane in higher vertebrates that attaches the fetus to the uterus.

suonikalvo

one of the membranes surrounding a fetus

The chorion has a predominantly lamellar structure, the lamellae being two-dimensional networks of protein fibrils.

1994, Klaus Urich, Comparative Animal Biochemistry, page 392:

Even closely related species may have chorions differing in thickness. In the silkmoths, for example, the chorion of Bombyx is about 25 μm thick while that of Hyalophora is 55 μm thick.

1998, R. F. Chapman, The Insects: Structure and Function, page 326:

2008, John L. Capinera, Eggs of Insects, entry in John L. Capinera (editor), Encyclopedia of Entomology, page 1290,
In addition to facilitating gas exchange and water conservation, the chorion must, in some cases, allow uptake of water or liquid nutrients from the environment.

(biology, entomology) The outer case of an insect egg.

(botany) The outer membrane of seeds of plants.


bulla

Borrowed from Latin bulla (“bubble”). Doublet of bill and bull (“papal bull; bubble”).

doublet

(biology, medicine) A blister, vesicle, or other thin-walled cavity or lesion, as:

(biology, medicine) (usually and especially) Such a blister that is more than 5 mm in diameter.

auditory bulla;   ethmoid bulla

(biology) Any of several hollow structures as features of bones.

The tympanic part of a temporal bone (having a bubble-like appearance).


protogenic

(botany) Relating to intercellular spaces formed within undifferentiated plant tissues.


sneaker

Related to how quiet the shoes are. sneak + -er

These sneakers may go on this way indefinitely, or, if one of the big males somehow dies or disappears, a sneaker male's hormones will trigger a huge growth spurt and he'll metamorphose into an alpha male.

2008, Faye Flam, The Score: The Science of the Male Sex Drive:

atlete

leisure shoes, often worn for sports; trainers


brain cell

brain cells (plural)
braincell (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-brain cell.wav

Did you know that you have brain cells in your stomach?

2018 October 12, Naomi Alderman, “What the gut knows”, in New Statesman:

(cytology) A cell in the brain, such as a neuron or a glial cell.

Those two morons only have one brain cell to share between them.

(humorous, figurative, hyperbolic) Taken as a unit of intelligence, especially in small quantities.


blood cell

blood cells (plural)
blood-cell (alternative)

(hematology, cytology) Any of the cells normally found in blood, namely erythrocytes and leukocytes, sometimes including the platelets.

خَلِيَّة دَم

any of the cells normally found in the blood


anucleate

(cytology) Which does not have a nucleus.


platelet

(hematology, cytology) A small colorless disk-shaped particle found in the blood of mammals, which plays an important role in the formation of blood clots.


villous

en-adj

villous (comparative more villous, superlative most villous)

more villous (comparative)
most villous (superlative)
villose (alternative)

Giardia causes villous blunting.


competitive

competitive (comparative more competitive, superlative most competitive)

more competitive (comparative)
most competitive (superlative)

From Latin competītus (past participle of competere) + -ive.

competitive antagonist

(biochemistry) Relating to the inhibition of the effects of a chemical substance by another substance competing with it for binding or bonding.


forb

Borrowed from Ancient Greek φορβή (phorbḗ, “food”), from φέρβω (phérbō, “to feed”).

So younger is better and the part nearest the roots is better, but what makes life possible for the pronghorn is a supply of forbs—small broadleaf plants growing among the grasses.

2002, Dale F. Lott, American Bison: A Natural History, page 122:

2004, A. Kirilov, P. Todorova Development of forage areas and forage resources in Bulgaria during the period of transition, A. Lüscher, et al. (editors), Land Use Systems in Grassland Dominated Regions: Proceedings of the 20th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Grassland Science in Europe, Volume 9, page 859,
Buchgraber (1995) recommends 50-70% of grasses, 10-30% of legumes and also 10-30% of forbs on meadows, while Kessler (1994) recommends the same proportion of grasses, 10-20% of legumes and 20-40% of forbs on natural meadows.

Common understory forbs included, but were not limited to, large-leaved aster, bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), bluebead lily, species of clubmoss, Canada mayflower, and sweet coltsfoot (Petasites frigidus).

2009, Mesaba Energy Project Environmental Impact Statement, 3.8-3:

(chiefly ecology) Any non-woody flowering plant that is not a graminoid (a grass, sedge, or rush).


synonymous

From Medieval Latin synōnymus, from Ancient Greek συνώνυμος (sunṓnumos). By surface analysis, synonym + -ous.

(genetics, of a SNP) Such that both its forms yield the same sequenced protein.

synonyme

genetics: with both forms yielding the same protein


IF

en-noun

IF (countable and uncountable, plural IFs)

intermediate filament
intermediate filament#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of intermediate filament.


territorial

en-adj

territorial (comparative more territorial, superlative most territorial)

more territorial (comparative)
most territorial (superlative)

/ˌtɛɹ.ɪˈtɔː.ɹi.əl/

Borrowed from Late Latin territorialis, from Latin territorium; equivalent to territory + -al.


territoriality

en-noun

territoriality (countable and uncountable, plural territorialities)

/tɛɹɪtɔːɹɪˈalɪti/

(zoology) The pattern of behaviour in animals that defines and defends a territory.


filament

Borrowed from Medieval Latin fīlāmentum, from Late Latin fīlō (“to spin, draw out in a long line”), from Latin fīlum (“thread”).

der

(botany) The stalk of a flower stamen, supporting the anther.


carpel

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-carpel.wav

1835, borrowed from French carpelle, from New Latin carpellum, a diminutive of Ancient Greek κᾰρπός (kărpós, “fruit”), from Proto-Indo-European *kerp- (“to pluck, harvest”).

(botany) A constituent part of a flower pistil - the female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma, although some flowers have carpels without a distinct style. In origin, carpels are leaves (megasporophylls) that have evolved to enclose the ovules. A pistil may be composed of a single carpel or of several carpels fused together.


webbing

en-noun

webbing (countable and uncountable, plural webbings)


thallogen

(botany) Any of a large number of plants that consist of a thallus only, with no flower, leaves etc.


thallus

From Ancient Greek θαλλός (thallós, “young shoot, twig”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (“to bloom”).

der

As it flows it takes the forms of sappy leaves or vines, making heaps of pulpy sprays a foot or more in depth, and resembling, as you look down on them, the laciniated, lobed, and imbricated thalluses of some lichens; […]

1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Spring”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:

(botany) An undifferentiated plant body, such as in algae.

(botany) Any plant body lacking vascular tissue.


thallophyte

From translingual Thallophyta. Surface reading of thallus + -phyte (“plant”).

1994, Estrelita A. Madriaga, Anthony Lee, Felicitas B. Ventura, Orlando A. Oronce (coordinator), Biology: Science and Technology II, page 347,
They lack the vascular tissues; thus, they are called thallophytes. Algae are thallophytes with chlorophyll. […] Fungi are thallophytes without chlorophyll.

1994, Pat E. Rasmussen, Chapter IV.5: Mercury in Vegetation of the Precambrian Shield, Carl J. Watras, John W. Huckabee (editors), Mercury Pollution: Integration and Synthesis, page 422,
In general, the usefulness of the thallophytes as Hg bioindicators was limited by their sporadic occurrence in the forest environment. Because of the importance of the thallophytes as components of the food chain, however, several samples from different groups (summarized in Table 2) were collected for comparison with values reported in the literature.

Fossile^([sic]) records along with molecular, cytological and morphological phylogenetic work favour a single origin of land plants from charophycean thallophytes, and indicate that several major lineages of vascular plants had evolved more than 400 million years ago.

1999, R. G. Hermann, “The Chloroplast: Part of the Integrated Genetic System of the Plant Cell”, in Joan H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou, Horst Senger, editors, The Chloroplast: From Molecular Biology to Biotechnology, page 66:

(botany) Any of very many primitive plants that consist of a thallus (plant body not differentiated into roots, stems and leaves), formerly collected in the obsolete taxonomic group Thallophyta.


chelate

en-adj

chelate (comparative more chelate, superlative most chelate)

more chelate (comparative)
most chelate (superlative)

From chela + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

/ˈtʃɪːˌleɪt/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chelate.wav

(zoology) Having chelae, or in the form of a chela.[from 19th c.]


pungent

pungent (comparative more pungent, superlative most pungent)

more pungent (comparative)
most pungent (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin pungens (stem pungent-), present participle of pungo (“to sting”). Doublet of poignant.

(botany) Having a sharp and stiff point.


EB

en-noun

EB (countable and uncountable, plural EBs)

Epstein-Barr virus
Epstein-Barr virus#English

(virology) Initialism of Epstein-Barr virus.


PKC

protein kinase C
protein kinase C#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase C.


pull-down

pull-down (countable and uncountable, plural pull-downs)

pull-downs (plural)
pulldown (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pull-down.wav

(biology) A technique by which a protein is brought down in a test tube by another.


isomorphism

isomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural isomorphisms)

Isomorphism on Encyclopedia of Mathematics

Natural Isomorphism on Wolfram MathWorld

(biology) the similarity in form of organisms, which may be due to convergent evolution or shared genetic background, e.g. an algae species in which the haploid and diploid life stages are indistinguishable based on morphology.

convergent evolution
convergent evolution

изоморфи́зъм

the similarity in form of organisms of different ancestry


zymase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the fermentation of simple carbohydrates to ethanol and carbon dioxide.


zygotic

zygotic divergence (analysis)

(biology) Of, pertaining to or existing as a zygote.


zoophyte

zoophytes (plural)
zoöphyte (alternative)
zoophite (alternative)
zoöphite (alternative)

From zoo- + -phyte, after Middle French zoophyte; later reinforced by scientific Latin Zoophyta.

(biology, historical) An animal thought to have the characteristics of a plant, later specifically an invertebrate of the (former) group Zoophyta, comprising sponges, corals and sea anemones.

зоофи́т

invertebrate animal which resembles plants

And besides, as there are many Zoophyts, and sensitive Plants […] so have we, in some Authors, Instances of Plants turning into Animals, and Animals into Plants, and the like […]

1665, Robert Hooke, Micrographia, section XIX:

(biology, historical) A plant believed to have the characteristics of an animal, especially a sensitive plant or vegetable lamb.


abiogenetically

(biology) In an abiogenetic manner; to have created life without life.


protected area

(conservation biology) an area where natural values are protected. The most common definitions of protected areas are those of the IUCN (World Conservation Union) http://www.iucn.org.

chráněné území

conservation biology: an area where natural values are protected


relict

Inherited from Middle English relicte (“widow”), from Middle French relicte (“widow”), from Late Latin relicta (“widow”), from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquō (“I abandon, I relinquish, I leave (behind)”), from re- + linquō (“I leave, quit, forsake, depart from”). Doublet of relic.

inh+

The species may be a relict of former stages of historical vegetation and landscape development resulting from past climate changes (glacial and post- glacial periods).

2010, M. Zimmerman et al., edited by Jan Christian Habel and Thorsten Assmann, Relict Species: Phylogeography and Conservation Biology, page 324:

(formal) Something that, or someone who, survives or remains or is left over after the loss of others; a relic.

(biology, ecology) A species, organism, or ecosystem that has survived from a previous age: one that was once widespread but is now found only in a few areas.


amplitude

en-noun

amplitude (countable and uncountable, plural amplitudes)

Borrowed from Middle French amplitude, from Latin amplitūdō, from amplus (“large”). By surface analysis, ample + -itude.

(ecology) The range of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive.


polyphyletic

(taxonomy) Having multiple ancestral sources; referring to a taxon that does not contain the most recent common ancestor of its members.


lamella

From Latin lāmella (“small, thin plate of metal”), from lāmina (“thin plate”) + -lus (diminutive suffix).

suf

A thin, plate-like structure.
(mycology) The gill of a mushroom.

A thin, plate-like structure.
The gill of a mushroom.


alveolus

Borrowed from Latin alveolus (“a small hollow or cavity”), diminutive of alveus (“a hollow, cavity”).

bor

(entomology) The socket of a macrotrichium (seta).

A small cavity or pit.
The socket of a macrotrichium (seta).


inheritance

en-noun

inheritance (countable and uncountable, plural inheritances)

inheritances (plural)
enheritance (alternative)
enheritaunce (alternative)
inheritaunce (alternative)
inhæritance (alternative)

Inherited from Middle English enheritaunce, inheritaunce, borrowed from Anglo-Norman, Old French enheritaunce, from enheriter.
Equivalent to inherit + -ance.

inh+

The Indo-European languages share various similarities as a result of their inheritance from a common ancestor.

(uncountable, especially linguistics, biology) The act or mechanism of inheriting; the state of having inherited.

(biology, genetic algorithms) The biological attributes passed hereditarily from ancestors to their offspring.

наследственост

biological attributes passed to offspring


bonnet

→ Scottish Gaelic: bonaid

From Middle English bonet, from Middle French bonet (Modern French bonnet), from Old French bonet (“material from which hats are made”), from Frankish *bunni (“that which is bound”), from Proto-Germanic *bundiją (“bundle”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”).
Compare also Late Latin abbonis, obbonis (“ribbon of a headdress”), also of Germanic origin, from Frankish *obbunni, from *ob- (“above, over”) + *bunni.
Cognate with Old High German gibunt (“band, ribbon”), Middle Dutch bont (“bundle, truss”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (gabundi, “bond”). More at over, bundle.

der

Anything resembling a bonnet (hat) in shape or use.

(mycology) A mushroom of the genus Mycena.


sensory

sensories (plural)
sensoric (alternative)

Is not the Senſory of Animals that place to which the ſenſitive Subſtance is preſent, and into which the ſenſible Species of Things are carried through the Nerves and Brain, that there they may be perceived by their immediate preſence to that ſubſtance ?

1704, Sir Isaac Newton, Opticks, 3rd edition, London: W. and J. Innys, published 1721, page 344:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909


indeterminate

en-adj

indeterminate (comparative more indeterminate, superlative most indeterminate)

more indeterminate (comparative)
most indeterminate (superlative)

(biology, of growth) With no genetically defined end, and thus theoretically limitless.

(botany, of inflorescences) Not topped with some form of terminal bud.


mateship

en-noun

mateship (usually uncountable, plural mateships)

From mate + -ship. Cognate with Dutch maatschap (“partnership”).

The mateships of the three last-named animals are solitary, though in the case of wolves, the separated members of various mateships gather in packs during the winter months.

1942, Fred August Moss, Edward Lee Thorndike, Comparative Psychology, page 370:

Further, in most cultures without systems of codified laws, long-term mateships are ritually sanctioned by the community. If we are not to have too provincial a conception of marriage, these mateships should also count as marriages.

2005, David J. Buller, Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology And The Persistent Quest For Human Nature, page 259:

In Homo sapiens we find two types of polygamous mateships, polygyny and polyandry, and social structures based on these are ordinarily called “families.” Relatively rare in man in an institutionalized form, polyandrous mateships appear to be absent in infrahuman primates.

2010, A. Irving Hallowell, “15: The Protocultural Foundations of Human Adaptation”, in Yehudi A. Cohen, editor, Human Adaptation: The Biosocial Background, page 164:

The most frequent conflict within human mateships is the conflict between male sexual persistence and female sexual resistance.

2012, Dietrich Klusmann, Wolfgang Berner, “Chapter 14: Sexual Motivation in Mateships an Sexual Conflict”, in Todd K. Shackelford, Aaron T. Goetz, editors, The Oxford Handbook of Sexual Conflict in Humans, page 233:

(countable, zoology, psychology, anthropology) A relationship based on mating.


parasitism

parasitism (usually uncountable, plural parasitisms)

From parasite + -ism. Cognate with French parasitisme and Portuguese and Spanish parasitismo.

(ecology, biology) Interaction between two organisms, in which one organism (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed.


thalamus

From Latin thalamus, from Ancient Greek θάλαμος (thálamos, “an inner chamber, a bedroom, a bed”).

der

(botany) The receptacle of a flower; a torus.


cortex

en-noun

cortex (countable and uncountable, plural cortexes or cortices)

(uncountable, botany) The tissue of a stem or root that lies inward from the epidermis, but exterior to the vascular tissue.


annulus

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ānnulus, a misspelling of Latin ānulus (“ring, especially one worn on a finger”), from ānus (“ring”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂no- (“ring”)) + -ulus (diminutive suffix).
The plural form annuli is a learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ānnulī.

lbor

(botany) A structure surrounding a sporangium (or part of it) which shrinks and causes it to rupture for spore dispersal; specifically, in a fern: a structure around about two-thirds of the sporangium consisting of differentially thick-walled cells which dry and distort the sporangium; and in a moss: a complete ring of cells around the tip of the sporangium which dissolves to cause the tip to detach.

annulus

structure surrounding a sporangium (or part of it) which shrinks and causes it to rupture for seed dispersal

(mycology) The membranous remnants of a partial veil which leaves a ring on the stem of a mushroom.

حَلَقَة

(ichthyology) A dark ring on a fish's scale that is formed when a fish's growth rate slows down in the winter due to low food intake and the scale's circuli move closer to one another. The dark ring is used to estimate the fish's age, approximately one year per annulus.


adaxial

[…]it has been transformed, except in a few taxa where lobules are always explanate, into a galeate water-sac, which is formed wholly from the lobule, with the external surface from the adaxial leaf surface.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) On the side that is towards the axis or central line, usually on the upper side.

levél színe

on the side that is towards the axis or central line


moriform

en-adj

moriform (comparative more moriform, superlative most moriform)

more moriform (comparative)
most moriform (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin morus (“mulberry”) + -form.

A moriform (blackberry-like) capitulum is one in which the flower-buds are longer than the interfloral bracts prior to anthesis; when the buds are concealed prior to anthesis by imbricated bracts or by interlocking bracteal setae the capitulum is termed conelike.

1985, Rupert C. Barneby, The Genus Mimosa (Mimosaceae) in Bahia, Brazil: New Taxa and Nomenclatural Adjustments, in Brittonia, vol. 37, no. 2


phenology

(biology) The study of the effect of climate on periodic biological phenomena.


smear

en-noun

smear (countable and uncountable, plural smears)

From Middle English smeren, smerien, from Old English smerian, smyrian, smierwan (“to anoint or rub with grease, oil, etc.”), from Proto-West Germanic *smirwijan, from Proto-Germanic *smirwijaną. Doublet of schmear.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian smeere, Dutch smeren, Low German smeren, German schmieren.

(biology) A preparation to be examined under a microscope, made by spreading a thin layer of a substance (such as blood, bacterial culture) on a slide.


testate

High frequency of species with acrostomy, eg species of the genera Euglypha, Assulina and Nebela, supports the conclusion that humidity is a major structuring force for testate amoebae at TH III.

2010, Valentyna Krashevska, Mark Maraun, Stefan Scheu, “Micro-and macroscale changes in density and diversity of testate amoebae of tropical montane rain forests of Southern Ecuador”, in Acta Protozoologica, volume 49, number 1:

(zoology) Having a test (external calciferous shell or endoskeleton)


verruca

(mycology) A rounded projection or wart.

(botany) A sexine element similar to a wart.


seta

setas (plural)
setae (plural)
setæ (plural)

From Latin seta, from saeta. Doublet of soy (“silk”).

The latter has the sporophyte seta 4 cells in diam. and has thecal Lejeunea-type androecial branches[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 6:

(botany) The stalk of a moss sporangium, or occasionally in a liverwort.


IDE

IDE (countable and uncountable, plural IDEs)

(biochemistry, countable) Initialism of insulin-degrading enzyme.


mutation

mutation (countable and uncountable, plural mutations)

Late 14th century as Middle English mutacioun, from Latin mūtātiō, both directly and via Old French mutacion.

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, […]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, archived from the original on 2013-08-14:

(genetics) Any heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material.


rounded

en-adj

rounded (comparative more rounded, superlative most rounded)

more rounded (comparative)
most rounded (superlative)


islet

From Middle French islette. By surface analysis, isle + -let.

(biology) An isolated piece of tissue that has a specific function.


monocotyledon

Elachistine moths are the world’s most species-rich group of Lepidoptera that specialize on monocotyledon plants, especially grasses and sedges.

2011 November 18, Lauri Kaila, Elachistine Moths of Australia: (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae) (Animal & Veterinary Science):

(botany) Any plant whose seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed leaf) (in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots), thereby belonging to the taxonomic monocots, formerly variously known as Monocotyledones, Monocotyledonae, or Liliopsida, a class in the angiosperms (Angiospermae), the flowering plants.

birləpəlilər

Plant belonging to Monocotyledones or Liliopsida


dicotyledon

From di- (“two”) + cotyledon (“embryonic leaf”).

pre

Dicotyledons and monocotyledons together make up the flowering plants, the angiosperms.

(botany) A plant whose seedling has two cotyledons.

(botany, historical) Any plant in what used to be the Dicotyledones.


cotyledon

From Latin cotylēdōn, from Ancient Greek κοτυληδών (kotulēdṓn, “cup-shaped cavity”), from κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup”).

der

(botany) The leaf of the embryo of a seed-bearing plant; after germination it becomes the first leaves of the seedling.


dicot

(botany) A plant whose seedlings have two cotyledons, a dicotyledon.


monocot

(botany) Alternative form of monocotyledon


liliopsid

(botany) a member of the class Liliopsida. Circumscription of this class will vary with the taxonomic system being used.


liliopsid

en-adj

liliopsid (comparative more liliopsid, superlative most liliopsid)

more liliopsid (comparative)
most liliopsid (superlative)

(botany) pertaining to a member of the class Liliopsida.


magnoliopsid

(botany) A member of the class Magnoliopsida. Circumscription of this class will vary with the taxonomic system being used.


magnoliopsid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the class Magnoliopsida.