blade

From Middle English blade, blad, from Old English blæd (“leaf”), from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-o-to-m, from *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”).
See also West Frisian bled, Dutch blad, German Blatt, Danish blad, Irish bláth (“flower”), Welsh blodyn (“flower”), Tocharian A pält, Tocharian B pilta (“leaf”), Albanian fletë (“leaf”). Similar usage in German Sägeblatt (“saw blade”, literally “saw leaf”). Doublet of blat. More at blow.

teh

typically sharp-edged working end of a knife or other cutting tool

(botany) The thin, flat part of a plant leaf, attached to a stem (petiole).

(biology) The four large shell plates on the sides, and the five large ones of the middle, of the carapace of the sea turtle, which yield the best tortoise shell.


float

From Middle English floten, from Old English flotian (“to float”), from Proto-West Germanic *flotōn, from Proto-Germanic *flutōną (“to float”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewd-, *plew- (“to float, swim, fly”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian flotje (“to float”), West Frisian flotsje (“to float”), Dutch vlotten (“to float”), Middle Low German vloten, vlotten (“to float, swim”), German flötzen, flößen (“to float”), Swedish flotta (“to float”), Icelandic fljóta, Old English flēotan (“to float, swim”), Ancient Greek πλέω (pléō), Lithuanian plaukti, Russian пла́вать (plávatʹ). Compare flow, fleet.

sierwa

trailer or vehicle decorated for a parade

(biology) The gas-filled sac, bag, or body of a siphonophore; a pneumatophore.


count

From Middle English counte, from Anglo-Norman conte and Old French comte (“count”), from Latin comes (“companion”) (more specifically derived from its accusative form comitem) in the sense of "noble fighting alongside the king". Doublet of comes, comte, and conte.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Tanaecia. Other butterflies in this genus are called earls and viscounts.


stone

en-noun

stone (countable and uncountable, plural stones or (UK colloquial, as unit of weight) stone)

stones (plural)
stone (UK colloquial plural)

Sranan Tongo: ston

→ Esperanto: ŝtono

From Middle English ston, stone, stan, from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”).
See also West Frisian stien, Saterland Frisian Steen, Dutch steen, German Stein, Danish and Swedish sten, Norwegian stein; also Russian стена́ (stená, “wall”), Ancient Greek στία (stía, “pebble”), στέαρ (stéar, “tallow”), Albanian shtëng (“hardened or pressed matter”), Sanskrit स्त्यायते (styāyate, “it hardens”)). Doublet of stein.

cog

a peach stone

(botany) The central part of some fruits, particularly drupes; consisting of the seed and a hard endocarp layer.


flame

en-noun

flame (countable and uncountable, plural flames)

From Middle English flawme, blend of Old French flame and flambe, flamble, the first from Latin flamma, the second from Latin flammula, diminutive of flamma, both from pre-Latin *fladma; Proto-Italic *flagmā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to shimmer, gleam, shine”). Displaced native Old English līeġ.

der

The Gardeners divide it into Five Claſſes, which they diſtinguiſh by the Name of Picketees, Painted Ladies, Beazarts, Flakes, and Flames: […] the Flames have a red Ground always ſtrip’d with black or very dark Colours.

1718, Richard Bradley, “Part II. Chapter II: Of Perannual Flowers, the talleſt Blowers. Sect IX. Of the Carnation or July-Flower […] ”, in New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, Both Philoſophical and Practical […] , 2nd edition, London: W. Mears, page 82:

Sic flow’rs o’ sorts ane seldom sees, / Flecks, flames, bussards an’ picketees, / Wi’ strong carnations, like young trees, / To face the entry; […]

1812, Peter Forbes, “On going to see a nobleman’s gardener in the neighbourhood”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, Edinburgh: R. Menzies, page 89:

(obsolete, botany) A variety of carnation.


key

From Middle English keye, kaye, keiȝe, from Old English cǣġ (“key, solution, experiment”) (whence also Scots key and kay (“key”)), of uncertain origin. The only sure cognates are Saterland Frisian Koai (“key”), West Frisian kaai (“key”), and North Frisian kay (“key”). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *kēgaz, *kēguz (“stake, post, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵogʰ-, *ǵegʰ-, *ǵegʰn- (“branch, stake, bush”), which would make it cognate with Middle Low German kāk (“whipping post, pillory”), and perhaps to Middle Dutch keige (“javelin, spear”) and Middle Low German keie, keige (“spear”). For the semantic development, note that medieval keys were simply long poles (ending in a hook) with which a crossbar obstructing a door from the inside could be removed from the outside, by lifting it through a hole in the door. Liberman has noted, however, "The original meaning of *kaig-jo- was presumably '*pin with a twisted end.' Words with the root *kai- followed by a consonant meaning 'crooked, bent; twisted' are common only in the North Germanic languages."

шпи́лка

object used to maintain the orientation between two others

Key in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

(botany) An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, such as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara.

(biology) A series of logically organized groups of discriminating information which aims to allow the user to correctly identify a taxon.


key

en-verb

key (third-person singular simple present keys, present participle keying, simple past and past participle keyed)

keys (present singular third-person)
keying (participle present)
keyed (participle past)
keyed (past)

(intransitive, biology, chiefly taxonomy) To be identified as a certain taxon when using a key.


apostrophe

As is well known, chloroplast in the epistrophe position presents an oval or more or less circular form; in the apostrophe position a flattened and lenticular form.

1905 September 8, Harold Wager, “On Some Problems of Cell Structure and Physiology”, in English Mechanics and the World of Science, volume 82, number 2111, page 105:

(botany) An arrangement of chlorophyll grains perpendicular to the outer surface of plant cells, as opposed to epostrophe (an arrangement on the outer surface).


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

(botany) The part of a plant where the root and stem meet.


horizontal

en-adj

horizontal (comparative more horizontal, superlative most horizontal)

more horizontal (comparative)
most horizontal (superlative)

/ˌhɒɹɪˈzɒntəl/

Infectious agents may spread by horizontal transmission.

(biology) Being or relating to the transmission of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent-progeny relationship.


orbit

en-noun

orbit (countable and uncountable, plural orbits)

Inherited from Middle English orbite, orbita, from Latin orbita (“course, track, impression, mark”).

គន្លង

kɔɔkŭənlɔɔng

(anatomy) The bony cavity in the skull of a vertebrate containing the eyeball.

(zoology) The area around the eye of a bird or other animal.


vein

From Middle English veyne, borrowed from Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna (“a blood-vessel; vein; artery”) of uncertain origin. See vēna for more. Doublet of vena. Displaced native edre, from ǣdre (whence edder).

жи́ла

stripe or streak in stone or other material

(botany) In leaves, a thickened portion of the leaf containing the vascular bundle.

(zoology) The nervure of an insect’s wing.


emperor

emperors (plural)
emperour (alternative)

From Middle English emperour, from Anglo-Norman emperour, from Latin imperātorem, derived from imperāre (“to command”). Doublet of imperator.

(entomology) Any of various butterflies of the subfamily Charaxinae.

(entomology) Any of various large dragonflies of the cosmopolitan genus Anax.


earl

From Middle English erl, erle, from Old English eorl, from Proto-West Germanic *erl, from Proto-Germanic *erlaz (compare Old Saxon erl, Old Norse jarl), from Proto-Germanic *erōną, *arōną (compare Old Norse jara (“fight, battle”)). Doublet of eorl and jarl. Unrelated to ealdorman (“alderman”).

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Tanaecia. Other butterflies in this genus are called counts and viscounts.


organism

/ˈɔː.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/

/ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/

From organ + -ism, from Ancient Greek ὄργανον (órganon, “tool, instrument”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“work”). Compare Medieval Latin organismus.

аргані́зм

any complex thing with properties normally associated with living things

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

This strategy, known as caloric restriction, has been shown to increase the life span of various organisms and reduce their rate of cancer and other age-related ailments.

2019 July 16, Anahad O’Connor, “Cutting 300 Calories a Day Shows Health Benefits”, in The New York Times:

(biology) A discrete and complete living thing, such as animal, plant, fungus or microorganism.

ភាវរស់

phiəvĕəʼrŭəh


analog

→ Irish: analóg

[ˈɛən.əˌlɔɡ]

[ˈɛən.əˌlɑɡ]

First attested in the early 19th century; from French analogue, from Ancient Greek ἀνάλογος (análogos, “proportionate”), from ἀνά (aná, “up to”) + λόγος (lógos, “ratio”).

der

See also: convergent evolution

(countable, biology) An organ or structure that is similar in function to one in another kind of organism but is of dissimilar evolutionary origin.


tissue

en-noun

tissue (countable and uncountable, plural tissues)

From Middle English tissu, from Old French tissu (“woven”), past participle of tistre (“to weave”), from Latin texō (“to weave”).

What they lack is outermost brain tissue that, at least in humans, prompts awareness and interpretation.

2014, Robert K. Bolger, Scott Korb, Gesturing Toward Reality: David Foster Wallace and Philosophy:

extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix#English

(biology) A group of cells (along with their extracellular matrix if any) that are similar in origin and function together to do a specific job.


skein

skeins (plural)
skean (alternative)
skain (alternative)

From Middle English skayne, from Old French escaigne (Modern French écagne), probably of Proto-Celtic origin, from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to split off”). Compare Irish scáinne (“skein, clew”).

der

High above the swallows and 2 miles or so out into the Channel was a skein of geese, probably brent geese on the first day of their emigration from the estuaries of the Channel coast towards the high Arctic tundra of Spitsbergen or Russia.

2018, Laurence Rose, The Long Spring, Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 111:

(zoology, UK, dialect, collective) A group of wild fowl (e.g. geese, goslings) when they are in flight.


stop

From Middle English stoppen, stoppien, from Old English stoppian (“to stop, close”), from Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn, from Proto-Germanic *stuppōną (“to stop, close”), *stuppijaną (“to push, pierce, prick”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, *(s)tewb- (“to push; stick”), from *(s)tew- (“to bump; impact; butt; push; beat; strike; hit”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian stopje (“to stop, block”), West Frisian stopje (“to stop”), Dutch stoppen (“to stop”), Low German stoppen (“to stop”), German stopfen (“to be filling, stuff”), German stoppen (“to stop”), Danish stoppe (“to stop”), Swedish stoppa (“to stop”), Icelandic stoppa (“to stop”), Middle High German stupfen, stüpfen (“to pierce”). More at stuff, stump.
Alternative etymology derives Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn from an assumed Vulgar Latin *stūpāre, *stuppāre (“to stop up with tow”), from stūpa, stīpa, stuppa (“tow, flax, oakum”), from Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē), στύππη (stúppē, “tow, flax, oakum”). This derivation, however, is doubtful, as the earliest instances of the Germanic verb do not carry the meaning of "stuff, stop with tow". Rather, these senses developed later in response to influence from similar sounding words in Latin and Romance.

cog

The stop in a bulldog's face is very marked.

(zoology) The depression in a dog’s face between the skull and the nasal bones.


nut

→ Japanese: ナット (natto)

From Middle English nute, note, from Old English hnutu, from Proto-West Germanic *hnut, from Proto-Germanic *hnuts (“nut”), from a root *knu- possibly shared with Proto-Celtic *knūs and Latin nux (“nut”). Based on the form of the nouns and the restriction of the root to Germanic, Celtic and Italic, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European (substrate) origin.
See also West Frisian nút, Dutch noot, German Nuss, Danish nød, Swedish nöt, Norwegian nøtt.

dió

walnut in particular and an element in the name of some other nuts

dióféle

literally: ’walnut-like’, the family of this fruit

walnuts, hazelnuts/peanuts, chestnuts, and related fruits

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

(food, loosely) Any of various hard-shelled seeds or hard, dry fruits from various families of plants.

(botany, strictly) Such a fruit that is indehiscent.


valve

→ Cantonese: 嘩佬 /哗佬 (waa1 lou2)

→ Japanese: バルブ (barubu)

→ Thai: วาล์ว (waao)

From Middle English valve, from Latin valva (“double door, valve”). Doublet of valva.

(botany) One of the pieces into which certain fruits naturally separate when they dehisce.

(botany) A small portion of certain anthers, which opens like a trapdoor to allow the pollen to escape, such as in the barberry.

(biology) One of the pieces or divisions of bivalve or multivalve shells.

(biology) One of the two similar portions of the shell of a diatom.


mandarin

→ Irish: mandairín

From Portuguese mandarim, mandarij, from Malay menteri, manteri, and its source, Sanskrit मन्त्रिन् (mantrin, “minister, councillor”), from मन्त्र (mantra, “counsel, maxim, mantra”) + -इन् (-in, an agent suffix). In Chinese folk etymology, the word originates from Mandarin 滿大人 /满大人 (Mǎndàrén, literally “Manchu important man”).

com

(ornithology) Ellipsis of mandarin duck.


vessel

From Middle English vessel, vessell, from Old French vaissel (compare modern French vaisseau and Catalan vaixell), from Late Latin vāscellum, diminutive of vāsculum, diminutive of vās (“vase, vessel”).

Blood and lymph vessels are found in humans; xylem and phloem vessels are found in plants.

(biology) A tube or canal that carries fluid in an animal or plant.


gyre

Borrowed from Latin gȳrus (“circle; circular motion”), from Ancient Greek γῦρος (gûros, “circle; ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; to curve”). The English word is a doublet of gyro and gyrus.

der

(anatomy, zootomy, archaic) Synonym of gyrus (“a fold or ridge on the cerebral cortex of the brain”)


continuous

From Latin continuus, from contineō (“hold together”). Displaced native Old English singal.

continuous erythropoietin receptor activator

(botany) Not deviating or varying from uniformity; not interrupted; not joined or articulated.


annotation

en-noun

annotation (countable and uncountable, plural annotations)

/ˌænəˈteɪʃən/

From Latin annotātiōnem, accusative singular of annotātiō (“remark, annotation”), from annotātus, perfect passive participle of annotō (“note down, remark”). Equivalent to annotate + -ion.

(genetics) Information relating to the genetic structure of sequences of bases.

注釋 /注释

information relating to the genetic structure of sequences of bases


beard

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
From Middle English berd, bard, bærd, from Old English beard, from Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz (compare West Frisian burd, Dutch baard, German Bart). Cognate further to Latin barba, Lithuanian barzda, Russian борода́ (borodá): the word may date to Proto-Indo-European as *bʰardʰeh₂, *bʰh₂erdʰeh₂. Doublet of barb.

the beard of grain

(botany) Long or stiff hairs on a plant; the awn.


domain

range

antonym(s) of “domain of definition of a function”

From Middle English demayne, demain (“rule”), from Old French demeine, demaine, demeigne, domaine (“power”), (French domaine), from Latin dominium (“property, right of ownership”), from dominus (“master, proprietor, owner”). See dame, and compare demain, danger, dungeon. Doublet of demesne, domino.

definisieversameling

(mathematics) the set on which a function is defined

(taxonomy) The highest rank in the classification of organisms, above kingdom; in the three-domain system, one of the taxa Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukaryota.

domein

(taxonomy) highest-level grouping of organisms

(biochemistry) A folded section of a protein molecule that has a discrete function; the equivalent section of a chromosome.


convoluted

en-adj

convoluted (comparative more convoluted, superlative most convoluted)

more convoluted (comparative)
most convoluted (superlative)

[B]y the means of theſe hooks, and Spikes it [a tapeworm in the intestines] might faſten it ſelf, and ſo prevent it's too eaſy ejection out of the body. For it being ſo very long, and large too, and it's body in many places winding, and convoluted, the deſcent of the fæces upon all occaſions would be apt to carry it out with them; had it not this hold, [...]

1683 April 20, Edward Tyson, “Lumbricus Latus, or a Discourse Read before the Royal Society of the Joynted Worm, […]”, in Philosophical Transactions. Giving Some Accompt of the Present Undertakings, Studies and Labours of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of the World, volume XIII, number 146, Oxford: Printed at the Theater, and are to be sold by Moses Pit […], and Samuel Smith […], →OCLC, page 130:

The figure [of the constellation Anguilla] is that of the common eel in that convoluted ſtate in which it is uſually ſeen when in motion.

1754, John Hill, “ANGUILLA, the Eel”, in Urania: Or, A Compleat View of the Heavens; Containing the Antient and Modern Astronomy, in the Form of a Dictionary: […], London: Printed for T. Gardner, […], →OCLC:

Petals five, generally reflected, the three exterior ovate, hollowed; the two interior longer and convoluted.

1822, William P[aul] C[rillon] Barton, “Listera convallarioides”, in A Flora of North America. […], volume II, Philadelphia, Pa.: H[enry] C[harles] Carey & I[saac] Lea […], →OCLC, page 8:

Among the various fossil shells which abound in the secondary beds, and which are not known in a recent state, one of the most remarkable and numerous is the Genus Ammonites, commonly called Cornu Ammonis from its resemblance to the convoluted horn generally represented on the head of Jupiter Ammon in mythological history. [...] This Genus, which consists of discoid, convoluted, chambered shells with contiguous volutions, the margins of whose septa are lobated and sinuous, and whose siphunculus is dorsal, is very nearly related to Nautilus, [...]

1831 March 31, George Brettingham Sowerby, “Ammonites”, in Number XXXIV. … of the Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, for the Use of Students in Conchology and Geology, London: G. B. Sowerby, […], →OCLC:

The great mass of cloud filling the head of the gulf had long red smears amongst its convoluted folds of grey and black, as of a floating mantle stained with blood.

1904 January 29 – October 7, Joseph Conrad, chapter VII, in Nostromo: A Tale of the Seaboard, London, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers […], published 1904, →OCLC, part third (The Lighthouse), page 347:

Closer examination, however, begins to reveal the brain as having a much more intricate structure and sophisticated organization [...]. The large convoluted (and most porridge-like) portion on top is referred to as the cerebrum.

1989, Roger Penrose, “Real Brains and Model Brains”, in The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN; paperback edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1999, →ISBN, page 483:

Everyone is familiar with the Hollywood cliche of the 'mad scientist' crouching over convoluted glassware in which fuming green liquids bubble away.

1999, “Make Me a Molecule”, in Nina Hall, editor, The Age of the Molecule, London: Royal Society of Chemistry, →ISBN, page 14:

(chiefly anatomy, zoology) Having numerous overlapping coils or folds; convolute.

ոլորապտույտ

having numerous overlapping coils or folds


band

en-verb

band (third-person singular simple present bands, present participle banding, simple past and past participle banded)

bands (present singular third-person)
banding (participle present)
banded (participle past)
banded (past)

Inherited from Middle English band (also bond), from Old English beand, bænd, bend (“bond, chain, fetter, band, ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown”), from Proto-Germanic *bandą, *bandiz (“band, fetter”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie, bind”). Middle English band reinforced by Old French bande. Cognate with Dutch band, German Band, Danish bånd, Swedish band, Icelandic band (“band”). Related to bond, bind, bend.

inh

(transitive, ornithology) To fasten an identifying band around the leg of (a bird).

rengastaa

ornithology: fasten an identifying band around the leg of


leader

→ Catalan: líder

→ Czech: lídr

→ Galician: líder

→ Japanese: リーダー (rīdā)

→ Korean: 리더 (rideo)

→ Polish: lider

→ Portuguese: líder

→ Romanian: lider

→ Russian: ли́дер (líder)

→ Spanish: líder

→ Turkish: lider

→ Ukrainian: лі́дер (líder)

From Middle English leder, ledere, from Old English lǣdere (“leader”), from Proto-West Germanic *laidijārī (“leader”), equivalent to lead + -er. Cognate with Scots ledar, leidar (“leader”), West Frisian lieder (“leader”), Dutch leider (“leader”), German Leiter (“leader, conductor, manager”), Danish leder (“leader, manager”), Swedish ledare (“leader, conductor, director”), Icelandic leiðari (“leader, conductor”).

cog

A strong central leader may result in essentially horizontal branches resembling a "telephone pole."

1975, David J. De Laubenfels, Mapping the world's vegetation: regionalization of formations and flora, page 82:

Someone or something that leads or conducts.

(botany) A fast-growing terminal shoot of a woody plant.


harem

en-noun

harem (countable and uncountable, plural harems)

harems (plural)
hareem (alternative)
harim (alternative)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حرم (harem) Turkish harem, from Arabic حَرَم (ḥaram, “something prohibited; sanctuary, women”); and later also from حَرِيم (ḥarīm) with same meaning, both from حَرُمَ (ḥaruma, “be forbidden or unlawful”). Doublet of haram.

der

In the meantime we were hidden in a close juniper thicket on the little knoll, and expected the capercailzie cock every moment; but our old friend tarried a long time in his harem.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 90:

(ornithology) A group of female birds mated to or associated with a breeding male.


squash

en-noun

squash (countable and uncountable, plural squashes)

→ Catalan: esquaix

→ Czech: squash

→ Dutch: kwast

Afrikaans: kwas

→ Finnish: squash

→ French: squash

→ Japanese: スカッシュ (sukasshu)

→ Korean: 스쿼시 (seukwosi)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: squash

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: squash

→ Polish: squash

→ Portuguese: squash

→ Russian: сквош (skvoš)

→ Swedish: squash

From Middle English squachen, squatchen, from Old French esquacher, escachier, from Vulgar Latin *excoāctiāre, from Latin ex + coāctāre. Probably influenced by Middle English quashen, quassen, from Old French esquasser, escasser (“to crush, shatter, destroy, break”), from Vulgar Latin *exquassare, from Latin ex- + quassare (“to shatter”) (see quash).

(biology) A preparation made by placing material on a slide (flat, rectangular piece of glass), covering it and applying pressure.


squash

squash (countable and uncountable, plural squash or squashes)

Shortening of Narragansett askutasquash (“[a vegetable] eaten green (or raw)”), from askut (“green, raw”) + asquash (“eaten”).

wasawa

plant and its fruit of the genus Cucurbita

Cucurbita maxima
Cucurbita maxima#Translingual

(botany, countable) A plant and its fruit of any of a few species of the genus Cucurbita, or gourd kind.

Cucurbita maxima, including hubbard squash, great winter squash, buttercup squash, and some varieties of pumpkins.

Cucurbita argyrosperma (syn. Cucurbita mixta), cushaw squash.

Cucurbita moschata
Cucurbita moschata#Translingual

Cucurbita moschata, butternut squash, Barbary squash, China squash.

Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbita pepo#Translingual

Cucurbita pepo, most pumpkins, acorn squash, summer squash, zucchini.

(botany) Any other similar-looking plant of other genera.

Lagenaria siceraria
Lagenaria siceraria#Translingual

Lagenaria siceraria (syn. Cucurbita verrucosa), calabash, long-neck squash.


obsolete

en-adj

obsolete (comparative more obsolete, superlative most obsolete)

more obsolete (comparative)
most obsolete (superlative)
absolete (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin obsolētus (“worn out, gone out of use”), past participle of obsolēscere (“to wear out, fall into disuse, grow old, decay”); see obsolesce.

bor+

These two birds somewhat closely resemble each other, but the Sedge Warbler is russet-brown above, the feathers with dark centres, the pale buff eyestripe is very clearly defined, and the underparts are buffish white; the Reed Warbler is more olive on the upper parts, the feathers having no dark centres, the underparts are more inclined to buff, and the eyestripe is nearly obsolete.

1891, Charles Dixon, The Birds of Our Rambles: With a Companion for the Country, page 130:

(biology) Imperfectly developed; not very distinct.


grooming

en-noun

grooming (usually uncountable, plural groomings)

Child grooming
Groom (disambiguation)#Grooming

(biology) The practice of primates picking through the hair of others, looking for insects etc.


mildew

→ Catalan: míldiu

→ French: mildiou

→ Portuguese: míldio

→ Spanish: mildiu

From Middle English myldew, from Old English meledēaw, mildēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *milidauw, from *mili (“honey”) + *dauw (“dew”). Compare West Frisian moaldau, Dutch meeldauw, German Mehltau. More at dew.

(phytopathology) A growth of minute powdery or webby fungi, whitish or of different colors, found on various diseased or decaying substances.


halm

halm (countable and uncountable, plural halms)


pyrena

From New Latin pyrēna, from Ancient Greek πῡρήν (pūrḗn, “fluit-stone”).

der

[…] pericarp drupaceous, or baccate, 1—4 nuts (pyrena), which are sometimes enclosed in an utricular membrane […]

1848, Samuel Frederick Gray, Gray's Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia:

(botany) A nutlet resembling a seed, or the kernel/stone of a drupe.


pyrene

From Ancient Greek πῡρήν (pūrḗn, “fruit-stone”).

uder

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pyrene.wav


pyrenoid

(biology) any of several transparent structures found in the chloroplast of certain algae etc.; they are responsible for the fixation of carbon dioxide and the formation of starch


floor

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

non-rhotic, dough–door merger, African-American Vernacular

Inherited from Middle English flor, flore, from Old English flōr (“floor, pavement, ground, bottom”), from Proto-West Germanic *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz (“flat surface, floor, plain”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros (“floor”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”).
Cognate with Scots flair, Scots flure, fluir (“floor”), Saterland Frisian Floor (“floor”), West Frisian flier (“floor”), Dutch vloer (“floor”), German Low German Floor (“entry hall”), German Flur (“field, floor, entrance hall”), Swedish flor (“floor of a cow stall”), Irish urlár (“floor”), Scottish Gaelic làr (“floor, ground, earth”), Welsh llawr (“floor, ground”), Latin plānus (“level, flat”).

cog

The leaves covering the forest floor provide many hiding-places for small animals.

Many sunken ships rest on the ocean floor.

The floor of a cave served the refugees as a home.

The pit floor showed where a ring of post holes had been.

(geology, biology, chiefly with a modifier) The bottom surface of a natural structure, entity, or space (e.g. cave, forest, ocean, desert, etc.); the ground (surface of the Earth).

земя́

surface of the Earth, as opposed to the sky or water or underground


community

en-noun

community (countable and uncountable, plural communities)

communities (plural)
communitie (alternative)

From Late Middle English communite, borrowed from Old French communité, comunité, comunete (modern French communauté), from Classical Latin commūnitās (“community; public spirit”), from commūnis (“common, ordinary; of or for the community, public”) + -itās. By surface analysis, commune + -ity. Doublet of communitas.

der

Synecology has for the objects of its study, not individual organisms but biological communities, which are groups of organisms living in a given space, the properties of which space select a certain assemblage of organisms of definite autecological characteristics. Such communities are moreover not merely collections of organisms of restricted autecology, but tend to become organized by the biotic relationships that exist beteen the various individuals comprising the community.

1949, G[eorge] E[velyn] Hutchinson, E[dward] S[mith] Deevey, Jr., “Ecological Studies on Populations”, in George S. Avery, Jr., editor, Survey of Biological Progress, volume I, New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, page 325:

(countable, ecology) A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.

коло́ния

(ecology) group of interdependent organisms


rhinoceros

en-noun

rhinoceros (plural rhinoceros or rhinoceroses or (uncommon) rhinocerosses or (nonstandard) rhinoceri or (nonstandard) rhinoceroi or (now rare) rhinocerotes)

rhinoceros (plural)
rhinoceroses (plural)
rhinocerosses (plural uncommon)
rhinoceri (nonstandard plural)
rhinoceroi (nonstandard plural)
rhinocerotes (archaic plural)

/ɹɑɪˈnɔs.ə.ɹəs/

From Latin rhīnocerōs, from Ancient Greek ῥῑνόκερως (rhīnókerōs, “nose-horned”), composed of ῥῑ́ς, ῥῑνός (rhī́s, rhīnós, “nose, of (the) nose”) + κέρας (kéras, “horn”).

Rhinos

cf. also the homophones: RINO, RINOs, Republican(s) In Name Only

Rhinoceros Party English Wikipedia has an article on:Rhinoceros Party

(paleontology) A member of the superfamily Rhinocerotoidea, including hornless members of the extinct genus Paraceratherium.


datiscin

(biochemistry) A white crystalline glucoside extracted from bastard hemp (Datisca cannabina).


asteroid

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀστεροειδής (asteroeidḗs), from ἀστήρ (astḗr, “star”) + εἶδος (eîdos, “form”). Analyzable as aster- + -oid.

(zoology) Any member of the taxonomic class Asteroidea; a starfish.


locellate

Latin locellus (“compartment”), diminutive of locus (“place”).

(botany) Divided into secondary compartments or cells, as where one cavity is separated into several smaller ones


hamulus

(zoology) A hooked barbicel of a feather.


mask

Borrowed from Middle French masque (“a covering to hide or protect the face”), from Italian maschera (“mask, disguise”), from (a byform of, see it for more) Medieval Latin masca, mascha, a borrowing of Proto-West Germanic *maskā from which English mesh is regularly inherited.
Replaced Old English grīma (“mask”), whence grime, and displaced non-native Middle English viser (“visor, mask”) borrowed from Old French viser, visier.
Compare also Hebrew מַסֵּכָה (masseiḥa).

maski

two-color bitmap used to create transparency in an image

(zoology) The lower lip of the larva of a dragonfly, modified so as to form a prehensile organ.

pyyntinaamari

zoology: lower lip of the larva of a dragon fly


masked

en-adj

masked (comparative more masked, superlative most masked)

more masked (comparative)
most masked (superlative)
masqued (alternative)

(zoology, of birds) Having the anterior part of the head differing decidedly in color from the rest of the plumage.


acarpellous

a-("without") + carpel + -ous (“full of”)


acarpous

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἄκαρπος (ákarpos, “fruitless”), from privative ἀ- (a-) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”).

lbor

(botany) Not producing fruit; unfruitful; sterile.


upeygan

Diceros bicornis
Diceros bicornis#Translingual

(zoology) A borele or two-horned black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).


neurula

From New Latin neurula, diminutive in -ula of Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon, cord”).

der

(zoology) An embryo of vertebrates in the stage when the primitive band is first developed.

Neurula

zoology: an embryo of vertebrates in the state when the primitive band is first developed


cycle

→ Japanese: サイクル (saikuru)

From Middle English cicle (“fixed length period of years”), from Late Latin cyclus, from Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”), from Proto-Hellenic *kúklos, *kʷókʷlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”).
Doublet of chakra, chakram, charkha, chukker, cyclus, and wheel (see there for more).

pyörä

bicycle, tricycle, motorcycle etc. — see also bicycle

a cycle or set of leaves

1857, Asa Gray, First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology:

(botany) One entire round in a circle or a spire.

kierros

botany: entire round in a circle or a spire


ich

Ich is one of the most common diseases of freshwater fish.

1996, Edward J. Noga, Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, Iowa State University Press (2000), →ISBN, page 95:

(ichthyology) Ichthyophthiriasis, a parasitic infection of freshwater fish caused by ciliates of genus Ichthyophthirius.


translocation

en-noun

translocation (countable and uncountable, plural translocations)

(genetics) A transfer of a chromosomal segment to a new position, especially on a nonhomologous chromosome; the segment so transferred.

translocatie

genetics: transfer of chromosomal segment

(biochemistry) A transfer of a molecule through a membrane.


hapuku

hapukus (plural)
hapuku (plural)
hapuka (alternative)
whapuka (alternative)
whapuku (alternative)

(zoology) A large and valuable food fish, Polyprion oxygeneios, in the family Serranidae of New Zealand.


acaudate

From a- (“without”) + caudate (“having a tail”).


acaulescent

(botany) Having no stem or caulis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground.


acauline

en-adj

acauline (comparative more acauline, superlative most acauline)

more acauline (comparative)
most acauline (superlative)


igloo

From Inuktitut ᐃᒡᓗ (iclo, “house, building (of any kind)”), from Proto-Inuit *ǝɣlu, from Proto-Eskimo *ǝŋlu.

bor

(zoology) A cavity, or excavation, made in the snow by a seal, over its breathing hole in the sea ice.


polygonaceous

en-adj

polygonaceous (comparative more polygonaceous, superlative most polygonaceous)

more polygonaceous (comparative)
most polygonaceous (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to a family of apetalous plants, Polygonaceae, of which the knotweeds of the genus Polygonum are the type, and which includes also the docks of the genus Rumex, the buckwheat, rhubarb, sea grape of the genus Coccoloba, and several other genera.


polygoneutic

From poly- + Ancient Greek γονεύω (goneúō, “to produce offspring”) + -tic, from γονεύς (goneús, “parent”).

af

(zoology) Having two or more broods in a season.


polygonum

en-noun

polygonum (plural polygonums or polygona)

From translingual Polygonum, from Ancient Greek πολύγονον (polúgonon, “knotweed”), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γόνυ (gónu, “knee”), so called in allusion to the numerous joints, or neuter of πολύγονος (polúgonos, “prolific”), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γόνος (gónos, “offspring”). Related to polygon (from γωνία (gōnía, “corner, angle”), a derivative of γόνυ (gónu)).

affix

(botany) Any of many plants, of the family Polygonaceae, embracing a large number of species, including bistort, knotweed, smartweed, etc.


astral

en-adj

astral (comparative more astral, superlative most astral)

more astral (comparative)
most astral (superlative)

From Late Latin astralis, from Latin astrum (“star”), from Ancient Greek ἄστρον (ástron, “star”).

astral rays

astral sphere


stepmother

stepmothers (plural)
step-mother (alternative)

From Middle English stepmoder, from Old English stēopmōdor, from Proto-Germanic *steupamōdēr (“stepmother”), corresponding to step- + mother. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Stäifmuur (“stepmother”), Dutch stiefmoeder (“stepmother”), German Low German Steevmoder (“stepmother”), German Stiefmutter (“stepmother”), Danish stedmor (“stepmother”), Swedish styvmor (“stepmother”), Icelandic stjúpmóðir (“stepmother”). Compare also West Frisian styfmem (“stepmother”).

cog

The second came up about ten days later in the lee of the channel marker, and it was called stepmother, or love-in-idelness.

1974, Tove Jansson, translated by Thomas Teal, The Summer Book, Sort Of Books, published 2003, page 115:

Viola tricolor
Viola tricolor#Translingual

(botany, rare) A viola, especially Viola tricolor, heartsease.


sequence

en-verb

sequence (third-person singular simple present sequences, present participle sequencing, simple past and past participle sequenced)

sequences (present singular third-person)
sequencing (participle present)
sequenced (participle past)
sequenced (past)

From Middle English sequence, borrowed from Old French sequence (“a sequence of cards, answering verses”), from Late Latin sequentia (“a following”), from Latin sequens (“following”), from sequi (“to follow”); see sequent.

der

(transitive, biochemistry) To determine the order of monomers in (a biological polymer), e.g. of amino acids in (a protein), or of bases in (a nucleic acid).

szekvenál

to determine the order of monomers in (a biological polymer)


sarnie

sarnies (plural)
sarny (alternative)
sarney (alternative)

From sarn- (“perhaps from a dialectal pronunciation of the first syllable of sandwich”) + -ie. Alternatively, perhaps a misreading or an intentional dissimilation of samie (i.e. sammie), where the 'm' is mistaken for or replaced with 'rn'.

suffix

perhaps from a dialectal pronunciation of the first syllable of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">sandwich</i>


diurnal

en-adj

diurnal (comparative more diurnal, superlative most diurnal)

more diurnal (comparative)
most diurnal (superlative)

nocturnal

antonym(s) of “happening or active during the day”

nocturnal

antonym(s) of “active or open during the day”

From Latin diurnālis, from diēs (“day”). Doublet of journal.

(botany) Said of a flower that is open, or releasing its perfume during daylight hours, but not at night.

diürn

botany; of flowers open or releasing perfume during the day


additive

additive (comparative more additive, superlative most additive)

more additive (comparative)
most additive (superlative)

From Late Latin additivus, from the participial stem of Latin addere (“to add”).

(genetics) Of or pertaining to genes (or the interaction etc. of such genes) which govern the same trait and whose effects work together on the phenotype.


context

en-noun

context (countable and uncountable, plural contexts)

(mycology) The trama or flesh of a mushroom.


kernel

→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

From Middle English kernel, kirnel, kürnel, from Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *kurną (“seed, grain, corn”), equivalent to corn + -le. Cognate with Yiddish קערנדל (kerndl), Middle Dutch kernel, cornel, Middle High German kornel. Related also to Old Norse kjarni (“kernel”).

der

(botany) The central (usually edible) part of a nut, especially once the hard shell has been removed.

(botany) A single seed or grain, especially of corn or wheat.

(botany, US) The stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums.

կորիզ

(US) stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums


edit

Back-formation of editor, influenced by French éditer (“edit, publish”) and Latin editus.

(genetics) An alteration to the DNA sequence of a chromosome; an act of gene splicing.


edit

en-verb

edit (third-person singular simple present edits, present participle editing, simple past and past participle edited)

edits (present singular third-person)
editing (participle present)
edited (participle past)
edited (past)

Today, the technology to edit genomes is limited in the number of changes that can be made at once, which is probably one reason why the Harvard team focused on only 14 genes.

2015 April 26, Beth Shapiro, “Could we 'de-extinctify' the woolly mammoth”, in The Guardian:

(biology) To alter the DNA sequence of a chromosome; to perform gene splicing.


labour

en-noun

labour (countable and uncountable, plural labours)

term-label

(British spelling, Canadian spelling, Australian spelling, New Zealand spelling)

From Middle English labor, labour, labur, from Old French labor (modern labeur) and its etymon, Latin labor.


passage

Borrowed into Middle English from Old French passage, from passer (“to pass”).

(bacteriology, virology) Serial passage.


memory

en-noun

memory (countable and uncountable, plural memories)

From Anglo-Norman memorie, Old French memoire etc., from Latin memoria (“the faculty of remembering, remembrance, memory, a historical account”), from memor (“mindful, remembering”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (to remember), related to Ancient Greek μνήμη (mnḗmē, “memory”) μέρμερος (mérmeros, “anxious”), μέριμνα (mérimna, “care, thought”), Old English ġemimor (“mindful, remembering”). More at mimmer. Doublet of memoir and memoria. Displaced native Old English ġemynd.

cog

(zoology, collective, rare) A term of venery for a social group of elephants, normally called a herd.


essential

en-adj

essential (comparative more essential, superlative most essential)

more essential (comparative)
most essential (superlative)
essentiall (alternative)

From Late Latin essentiālis, from Latin essentia (“being, essence”).

(biology) Necessary for survival but not synthesized by the organism, thus needing to be ingested.


TOC

(cytology) Initialism of translocon on outer chloroplast membrane.


host

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis
Proto-Indo-European *pótis
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis
Proto-Italic *hostipotis
Latin hospes
Old French ostebor.
Middle English hoste
English host
From Middle English hoste, from Old French oste (French: hôte), from Latin hospitem, accusative of hospes (“a host, also a sojourner, visitor, guest; hence, a foreigner, a stranger”), from *hostipotis, an old compound of hostis and the root of potis, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis (“master of guests”), from *gʰóstis (“stranger, guest, enemy”) and *pótis (“owner, master, host, husband”). Used in English since 13th century.

der

Viruses depend on the host that they infect in order to be able to reproduce.

A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:

(ecology) A cell or organism which harbors another organism or biological entity, usually a parasite.

ܡܐܲܪܚܵܢܵܐ

biology: cell or organism which harbors another organism

The so-called junk DNA is known, so far, to provide no apparent benefit to its host.

(evolution, genetics) An organism bearing certain genetic material, with respect to its cells.

drager

genetics: organism bearing certain genetic material


sense

en-noun

sense (countable and uncountable, plural senses)

→ Afrikaans: sense

From Middle English sense, from Old French sens, sen, san (“sense, perception, direction”); partly from Latin sēnsus (“sensation, feeling, meaning”), from sentiō (“feel, perceive”); partly of Germanic origin (whence also Occitan sen, Italian senno), from Vulgar Latin *sennus (“sense, reason, way”), from Frankish *sinn ("reason, judgement, mental faculty, way, direction"; whence also Dutch zin, German Sinn, Swedish sinne, Norwegian sinn). Both Latin and Germanic from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”).

gl

enough sense to pound sand into a rathole

where there's no sense there's no feeling

(biochemistry) referring to the strand of a nucleic acid that directly specifies the product.


ordinal

Borrowed from Latin ōrdinālis, adjective formed from noun ōrdō (“order”), + adjective suffix -ālis.

(taxonomy) Pertaining to a taxon at the rank of order.


quest

en-verb

quest (third-person singular simple present quests, present participle questing, simple past and past participle quested)

quests (present singular third-person)
questing (participle present)
quested (participle past)
quested (past)

From Middle English quest, queste; partly from Anglo-Norman queste, Old French queste (“acquisition, search, hunt”), and partly from their source, Latin quaesta (“tribute, tax, inquiry, search”), noun use of quaesita, the feminine past participle of quaerere (“to ask, seek”).

der

(entomology, of a tick) To locate and attach to a host animal.


order

en-noun

order (countable and uncountable, plural orders)

→ Swahili: oda

From Middle English ordre, from Old French ordre, ordne, ordene (“order, rank”), from Latin ōrdinem, accusative of ōrdō (“row, rank, regular arrangement”, literally “row of threads in a loom”), from Proto-Italic *ordō (“to arrange”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂or-d-, from *h₂er-.
Related to Latin ōrdior (“begin”, literally “begin to weave”). In sense “request for purchase”, compare bespoke. Doublet of ordo.

cog

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

The magnolia and nutmeg families belong to the order Magnoliales.

(countable, biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below class and above family; a taxon at that rank.


ABC

en-noun

ABC (countable and uncountable, plural ABCs)

ABC transporter

ABC-transporters are multispan membrane proteins that mediate the active uptake or efflux of specific substrates across various biological membrane systems. A functional ABC-transporter protein usually consists of two transmembrane domains and two ABCs.

2008, Gerd Schmitz, “Sterol Transporters”, in Stefan Offermanns, Walter Rosenthal, editors, Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 2nd edition, volume 1, Springer, →ISBN, page 1157:

(biochemistry) Initialism of ATP-binding cassette.

(cryptozoology) Initialism of alien big cat.


jag

The noun is from late Middle English jagge, the verb is from jaggen.


CD

CD (countable and uncountable, plural CDs)

Abbreviation of various terms and phrases.

cluster of differentiation
cluster of differentiation#English

(immunology, biochemistry) Initialism of cluster of differentiation.


PET

PET (countable and uncountable, plural PETs)

The name of the computer (sense 4) derives from the 1970s pet rock fad; the acronym was invented afterwards.

(countable, genetics) Acronym of paired-end tag.


ADH

ADH (countable and uncountable, plural ADHs)

antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of antidiuretic hormone.


division

division (countable and uncountable, plural divisions)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English divisioun, from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiō, dīvīsiōnem, noun of process form from perfect passive participle dīvīsus (“divided”), from dīvidō (“divide”). Doublet of divisio.

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend

Magnolias belong to the division Magnoliophyta.

(botany, mycology) A rank below kingdom and above class, particularly used of plants or fungi, also (particularly of animals) called a phylum; a taxon at that rank.

門 /门

biology: taxonomic classification of plants

(zoology) An optional rank subordinate to the infraclass and superordinate to the legion and cohort; a taxon at that rank.


en-adj

null (comparative more null, superlative most null)

more null (comparative)
most null (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French nul, from Latin nūllus.

(genetics, of a mutation) Causing a complete loss of gene function; amorphic.


tank

→ Afrikaans: tenk

→ Albanian: tank

→ Gulf Arabic: تانْكي (tānki)

→ Armenian: տանկ (tank)

→ Assamese: টেংকি (teṅki)

→ Asturian: tanque

→ Azerbaijani: tank

→ Bashkir: танк (tank)

→ Belarusian: танк (tank)

→ Bengali: ট্যাংক (ṭêṅko)

→ Burmese: တင့်ကား (tang.ka:)

→ Buryat: танк (tank)

→ Catalan: tanc

→ Chechen: танк (tank)

→ Chinese:

Mandarin: 坦克 (tǎnkè)

→ Chuvash: танк (tank)

→ Czech: tank

→ Danish: tank

→ Dutch: tank

→ Dzongkha: ཏེངཀ (tengk)

→ Eastern Mari: танк (tank)

→ Estonian: tank

→ Fiji Hindi: tanki

→ Finnish: tankki

→ French: tank

→ Galician: tanque

→ Georgian: ტანკი (ṭanḳi)

→ German: Tank

→ Greek: τανκ (tank)

→ Greenlandic: tanki

→ Hebrew: טנק (tank)

desctree

→ Hindi: टंकी (ṭaṅkī)
→ Burmese: တိုင်ကီ (tuingki)

→ Hungarian: tank

→ Indonesian: tank

→ Italian: tank, tanca

→ Japanese: タンク (tanku)

→ Kazakh: танк (tank)

→ Korean: 탱크 (taengkeu)

→ Kumyk: танк (tank)

→ Kyrgyz: танк (tank)

→ Lao: ຖັງ (thang)

→ Latvian: tanks

→ Lezgi: танк (tank)

→ Lithuanian: tankas

→ Macedonian: тенк (tenk)

→ Malay: tank

→ Maori: taika

→ Norwegian: tank, tanks

→ Ossetian: танк (tank)

→ Persian: تانک (tânk)

desc

→ Portuguese: tanque (“armored vehicle”)

→ Quechua: tanki

→ Romanian: tanc

→ Romansch: tanc

desctree

→ Russian: танк (tank), танкъ (tank) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: տանկ (tank)
→ Kazakh: танк (tank)
→ Mongolian: танк (tank)

→ Carpathian Rusyn: танк (tank)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тенк

Latin script: tenk

→ Sidamo: tanke

→ Slovak: tank

→ Slovene: tank

→ Swahili: tangi

→ Tajik: танк (tank), тонк (tonk)

→ Tamil: தாங்கி (tāṅki)

→ Tatar: танк (tank)

→ Thai: ถัง (tǎng)

→ Tokelauan: tane

→ Turkish: tank

→ Turkmen: tank

→ Ukrainian: танк (tank)

→ Upper Sorbian: tank

→ Urdu: ٹینک (ṭaink)

→ Uyghur: تانكا (tanka)

→ Uzbek: tank

→ Vietnamese: xe tăng, tăng

→ Walloon: tank

→ Welsh: tanc

→ Yakut: тааҥка (taañka)

→ Yiddish: טאַנק (tank)

From Portuguese tanque (“tank, liquid container”), from an Indo-Aryan language such as Gujarati ટાંકી (ṭā̃kī, “cistern”) or Marathi टांकी (ṭāṅkī). Compare the Arabic verb اِسْتَنْقَعَ (istanqaʕa, “to become stagnant, to stagnate”).
In the sense of armoured vehicle, first attested in 1915, prototypes were described as tanks for carrying water to disguise their nature as well as due to physical resemblance.

der

(botany) A structure of tightly overlapping leaves used by some bromeliads to retain water.


syzygy

en-noun

syzygy (countable and uncountable, plural syzygies)

From Late Latin sȳzygia (“conjunction”), from Ancient Greek συζυγία (suzugía, “union, yoke, pair”). This word was recognized as English in 1847 (in its astronomical meaning).

der

When two or more arm-joints meet transversely by a rigid suture, and only the upper one is pinnule-bearing, those joints form a syzygy, whether their apposed faces are striated, dotted, or smooth.

1900, Karl Alfred von Zittel, Text-book of Paleontology: Protozoa. Coelentrata (zoophytes). Echinodermata. Vermes (Worms). Molluscoidea. Mollusca. Arthropoda (articulates):

These include syzygy, fusion of larvae or adults of flatworms, fusion of buds of some Tunicata, somatic fertilization (fusion of spermatozoa with somatic cells), composite zygotes of some Cestoda and Insecta, and fusion of cells in various tissues.

2018, Richard E. Blackwelder, The Diversity of Animal Reproduction, CRC Press, →ISBN:

(zoology) The association of two protozoa end-to-end or laterally for the purpose of asexual exchange of genetic material.

(genetics) The pairing of chromosomes in meiosis.


eclipse

en-noun

eclipse (countable and uncountable, plural eclipses)

From Old French eclipse, from Latin eclīpsis, from Ancient Greek ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis, “eclipse”), from ἐκλείπω (ekleípō, “I abandon, go missing, vanish”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) and λείπω (leípō, “I leave behind”). Doublet of eclipsis.

der

(ornithology) A seasonal state of plumage in some birds, notably ducks, adopted temporarily after the breeding season and characterised by a dull and scruffy appearance.


missense

en-noun

missense (countable and uncountable, plural missenses)

(biology) A damaged DNA sequence that is meaningful but has an incorrect meaning, with the result that its products do not do what they are supposed to do.


test

→ Azerbaijani: test

→ Catalan: test

→ Czech: test

→ Danish: test

→ Dutch: test

→ Finnish: testi

→ French: test

→ German: Test

→ Hungarian: teszt

→ Italian: test

→ Japanese: テスト (tesuto)

→ Korean: 테스트 (teseuteu)

→ Macedonian: тест (test)

→ Norwegian: test

→ Persian: تست (test)

→ Polish: test

→ Portuguese: teste

→ Romanian: test

→ Russian: тест (test)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тест

Latin script: test

→ Slovene: test

→ Spanish: test

→ Swedish: test

→ Turkish: test

→ Ukrainian: тест (test)

From Middle English test, teste, from Old French test, teste (“an earthen vessel, especially a pot in which metals were tried”), from Latin testum (“the lid of an earthen vessel, an earthen vessel, an earthen pot”), from *terstus, past participle of the root *tersa (“dry land”). See terra, thirst. The examination sense came via metaphor of the metallurgical sense - the way a metallurgist puts to the test their gold, a teacher may put to the test their students' knowledge.


glycolysis

en-noun

glycolysis (usually uncountable, plural glycolyses)

(biochemistry) The cellular degradation of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid, and ATP as an energy source


labyrinth

From Middle English laberynt, laberynthe, from Latin labyrinthus, from Ancient Greek λᾰβύρῐνθος (lăbúrĭnthos, “a maze”).

der

(anatomy) A tortuous anatomical structure:

(zoology) An accessory respiratory organ of certain fish.


theta

→ Malay: teta

Borrowed from Ancient Greek θῆτα (thêta).

The reader is less likely to throw the book down in a fit of disgust than she is to be lulled into a theta state, a highway hypnosis induced by page after page of incantatory prose.

2018 September 19, Meghan O'Gieblyn, “The Most Unread Book Ever Acclaimed”, in The Paris Review:

(biology) Designating a level of brain activity as measured by electroencephalography having a frequency of between four and seven cycles per second (associated with drowsiness in adults).


homologous

en-adj

homologous (comparative more homologous, superlative most homologous)

more homologous (comparative)
most homologous (superlative)

/həˈmɒləɡəs/

From Late Latin homologus, from Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos, “agreeing, of one mind”), from ὁμός (homós, “same”) + λόγος (lógos, “reason, reckoning”). Compare homo- (“same”) and -ous (adjectival suffix). From 1655, in the mathematical sense. See also homolog, homologue.

der

Flippers and hands are homologous structures.

Lobules, homologous in structure, recur again only in the Gondwanalandic families Lepidolaenaceae and Jubulopsidaceae thus in the Lepidolaenineae.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

Showing a degree of correspondence or similarity.

(biology) Corresponding to a similar structure in another life form with a common evolutionary origin.

хомоложен

(biology) corresponding to a similar structure in another life form

(genetics) Having the same morphology as another chromosome or locus; relating to a homologue.

homologní

(genetics) having the same morphology as another chromosome


linear

en-adj

linear (comparative more linear, superlative most linear)

more linear (comparative)
most linear (superlative)

From Latin līneāris, from līnea (“line”) + -āris (adjectival suffix), equivalent to line + -ar. Doublet of lineal.

lineêr

in mathematics, of first-degree polynomial

(botany, of leaves) Long and narrow, with nearly parallel sides.


line

→ Scottish Gaelic: loidhne

From Middle English line, lyne, from Old English līne (“line, cable, rope, hawser, series, row, rule, direction”), from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”).
Influenced in Middle English by Middle French ligne (“line”), from Latin linea. More at linen.
The oldest sense of the word is “rope, cord, thread”; from this the senses “path”, “continuous mark” were derived.

lyn

path through two or more points, threadlike mark

lyn

single horizontal row of text on a screen, printed paper, etc.

linja

measure of length, the main division of an inch or its local equivalent

(genetics) A population of cells derived from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup.


tentacle

From New Latin tentāculum, from tentō. Doublet of tentaculum.

With one blow of the axe, Captain Nemo cut this formidable tentacle, that slid wriggling down the ladder.

1873, Jules Verne, “The “Devil Fish.”—Terrible Encounter.—Crushed to Death in the Arms of a Monster.—Ned Land saved by the Captain.—“Only Revenge”.”, in [anonymous], transl., Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas; […], James R. Osgood edition, Boston, Mass.: Geo[rge] M[urray] Smith & Co., →OCLC, part II, page 274:

1897, H. G. Wells, The Crystal Egg
The body was small, but fitted with two bunches of prehensile organs, like long tentacles, immediately under the mouth.

1936, H. P. Lovecraft, The Shadow Out of Time
Surmounting this head were four slender grey stalks bearing flower-like appendages, whilst from its nether side dangled eight greenish antennae or tentacles.

(zoology) An elongated, boneless, flexible organ or limb of some animals, such as the octopus and squid.

(botany) One of the glandular hairs on the leaves of certain insectivorous plants.


nick

The noun is derived from Late Middle English nik (“notch, tally; nock of an arrow”). Its further etymology is unknown; a connection with nock (“notch in a bow to hold the bowstring; notch at the rear of an arrow that fits the bowstring; cleft in the buttocks”) has not been clearly established.
The verb appears to be derived from the noun, though the available evidence shows that some of the verb senses predate the noun senses. No connection with words in Germanic languages such as Danish nikke (“to nod”), Middle Dutch nicken (“to bend; to bow”) (modern Dutch knikken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German nicken (“to bend over; to sink”), Middle High German nicken (“to bend; to depress”) (modern German nicken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German knicken (“to bend; to snap”) (modern German knicken (“to bend; to break”), Old Frisian hnekka (“to nod”), and Swedish nicka (“to nod”), has been clearly established.

unknown

further etymology is unknown

cog

Analysis of the effect of temperature on the polymerization reaction with nicked and gapped DNA substrates in Mn²⁺ (8) [...] reveals identical values of activation energy (Eₐ) and Q₁₀, indicating that the frequency of productive interactions of polymerase β with 3′-hydroxyl termini at nicks and gaps is indistinguishable and suggesting that localized destabilization of the 5′-terminated DNA strand at the nick site does not contribute significantly to the rate-determining step(s) of the synthetic reaction.

1981, David Korn, Paul A. Fisher, Teresa S.-F. Wang, “Mechanisms of Catalysis of Human DNA Polymerases α and β”, in Waldo E. Cohn, editor, Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, volume 26 (DNA: Multiprotein Interactions), New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 66:

The double-stranded insert and linearized vector are denatured, and the resulting single strands of DNA anneal with their overlapping ends and extend using each other as a template to form double-stranded circular plasmids with only two nicks, one on each single strand. [...] Lastly, the nicks are covalently closed upon transformation into E. coli using its natural repair processes.

2015, Lesley-Ann Giddings, David J. Newman, “Activating the Expression of Natural Product Biosynthetic Gene Clusters”, in Bioactive Compounds from Extremophiles: Genomic Studies, Biosynthetic Gene Clusters, and New Dereplication Methods (SpringerBriefs in Microbiology), Cham, Switzerland, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.2 (Heterologous Expression), page 13:

The nick translation process is simply a replication of DNA in vitro with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) and radioactive nucleotide, which becomes incorporated into the duplicated DNA at a nick (break).

2015, Byong H. Lee, “Concepts and Tools for Recombinant DNA Technology”, in Fundamentals of Food Biotechnology, 2nd edition, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section 2.2.3 (Purpose of Gene Cloning), pages 172–173:

(genetics) One of the single-stranded DNA segments produced during nick translation.


NHL

Nenets Herding Laika
Nenets Herding Laika#English

(zoology, cynology) Initialism of Nenets Herding Laika.


PPV

en-noun

PPV (countable and uncountable, plural PPVs)

(biology) Porcine parvovirus, a virus causing reproductive failure of swine.


class

class (countable and uncountable, plural classes)

→ Assamese: ক্লাছ (klas)

desc

→ Bengali: ক্লাস (klaś), কেলাস (kelaś) — nonstandard

q

or from French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">classe</i>

→ Gulf Arabic: كلاس (klās) (or from French classe)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क्लास (klās)

Urdu: کلاس

→ Japanese: クラス (kurasu)

→ Korean: 클래스 (keullaeseu)

→ Nepali: क्लास (klās)

→ Scottish Gaelic: clas

→ Thai: คลาส (kláas)

→ Yoruba: kíláàsì

From Middle French classe, from Latin classis (“a class or division of the people, assembly of people, the whole body of citizens called to arms, the army, the fleet, later a class or division in general”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout”). Doublet of clas and classis.

class action

class-action, class action lawsuit, class suit

Magnolias belong to the class Magnoliopsida.

(taxonomy, countable) A rank in the classification of organisms, below phylum and above order; a taxon of that rank.

klas

taxonomy: classification below Phylum and above Order


phylum

en-noun

phylum (plural phyla or (nonstandard) phylums)

phyla (plural)
phylums (nonstandard plural)

From Latin phylum, from Ancient Greek φῦλον (phûlon, “tribe, race”).

der

Mammals belong to the phylum Chordata.

While biologists are perpetually finding new species, they can almost always fit the organism into one of the existing taxonomic pigeonholes by which scientists classify life forms. The discovery of an organism so unusual that it needs its own phylum is an extremely rare event.

1995 December 14, Natalie Angier, “Flyspeck on a Lobster Lip Turns Biology on Its Ear”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below kingdom and above class; also called a divisio or a division, especially in describing plants; a taxon at that rank

filum

(biology, taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below kingdom and above class


taxonomy

en-noun

taxonomy (countable and uncountable, plural taxonomies)

Borrowed from French taxonomie. By surface analysis, taxo- + -nomy.

(taxonomy, uncountable) The science of finding, describing, classifying and naming organisms.


genus

genus (plural genera or (all nonstandard) genuses or genusses or genii)

genera (plural)
genuses (nonstandard plural)
genusses (nonstandard plural)
genii (nonstandard plural)

→ Malayalam: ജീനസ് (jīnasŭ)

→ Swahili: jenasi

→ Thai: สกุล (sà-gun) (semantic loan)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os
Latin genusbor.
English genus
Borrowed from Latin genus (“birth, origin, a race, sort, kind”) from the root gen- in Latin gignō (“to beget, produce”). Doublet of gender, genre, and kin.

genus

rank in a taxonomic classification between family and species

All magnolias belong to the genus Magnolia.

Other species of the genus Bos are often called cattle or wild cattle.

There are only two genera and species of seadragons.

Müller […] criticized the division of the "Jubuleae" into two families and he cited Jubula as an annectant genus.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 6:

Other maloid genera with hard nutlets are Cotoneaster, Hesperomeles, Osteomeles, and Pyracantba, but each of these is quite different from Mespilus and Crataegus.

2003, James B. Phipps, Robert J. O'Kennon, Ronald W. Lance, Hawthorns and Medlars, Portland, O.R.: Timber Press, →ISBN, page 57:

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below family (Lat. familia) and above species.


carbon

en-noun

carbon (countable and uncountable, plural carbons)

→ Bengali: কার্বন (karbon)

→ Malay: karbon

→ Navajo: káábin

→ Welsh: carbon

Borrowed from French carbone, coined by Antoine Lavoisier, from Latin carbō, carbōnem (“charcoal, coal”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“to burn”).

der

carbon neutral

If Alberta’s reserves are a carbon bomb, this global expansion of tar sands and oil shale exploitation amounts to an escalating emissions arms race, the unlocking of a subterranean cache of weapons of mass ecological destruction.

2014 April 25, Martin Lukacs, “Canada becoming launch-pad of a global tar sands and oil shale frenzy”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 190, number 20, page 13:

(ecology, uncountable) carbon dioxide, in the context of climate change.


PBS

en-noun

PBS (countable and uncountable, plural PBSs)

phosphate-buffered saline
w:phosphate-buffered saline

(US, biology) Initialism of phosphate-buffered saline: a buffer solution commonly used in biological research.


uva

(botany) A small pulpy or juicy fruit containing several seeds and having a thin skin, such as a grape.


nucleus

Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.

coin

(cytology) A large membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells which contains genetic material.

selkern

cytology: large organelle found in cells


sexual

en-adj

sexual (comparative more sexual, superlative most sexual)

more sexual (comparative)
most sexual (superlative)

Japanese: セクシャル (sekusharu)

Etymology tree
Latin sexus
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Latin -ālis
Latin sexuālisbor.
English sexual
From Latin sexuālis, from sexus (“sex”), equivalent to sex + -ual.

սեռային

of or relating to the sex of an organism

sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts

(biology) Capable of sexual reproduction; sexed, sexuate.


sexual

(biology) A species which reproduces by sexual rather than asexual reproduction, or a member of such a species.


sex

en-verb

sex (third-person singular simple present sexes, present participle sexing, simple past and past participle sexed)

sexes (present singular third-person)
sexing (participle present)
sexed (participle past)
sexed (past)
sexe (alternative)
s*x (alternative)

From Middle English sexe (“gender”), from Old French sexe (“genitals; gender”), from Latin sexus (“gender; gender traits; males or females; genitals”), from Proto-Italic *seksus, from Proto-Indo-European *séksus, from *sek- (“to cut, cut off, sever”), thus meaning "section, division" (into male and female).
Usage for women influenced by Middle French le sexe (“women”) (attested in 1580). Usage for third and additional sexes calqued from French troisième sexe, referring to masculine women in 1817 and homosexuals in 1847. First used by Lord Byron and others in English in reference to Catholic clergy. Usage for sexual intercourse first attested in 1899 (in the writings of H. G. Wells).

der

If we sex the cattle, which is the only way to get at their value, we shall have... 400 cows, 200 yearling heifers.

1878 January 19, Spirit of the Times, 659/2:

If, in fact, in L. funebris there is no sex marker on the song elements themselves, then a young bird must be able to sex its tutor. The same is true if the individuals were predisposed to produce the total vocabulary of any population, or of both sexes in their own population, and then under experience had to suppress a sex-specific subset of that repertoire [7]. It seems unrealistic to assume the reverse, that a parent bird can sex by some hidden cues newly hatched sexually monomorphic offspring and direct its own vocabulary to consexual young only.

1996 December 1, W. Wickler, K. Lunau, “How Do East African Bush Shrikes Laniarius funebris Recognize Male and Female Tutors During Gender Dialect Development?”, in Naturwissenschaften, volume 83, →DOI, pages 579b–c:

The ability to sex birds invasively through laparoscopy initially solved that problem, but now it is even easier and less stressful on the birds through testing the DNA of their feathers or blood.

2007, Clive Roots, Domestication, page 75:

Semen usually is sexed at 90% accuracy, and the sexes of calves at birth almost always are in that statistical range if averaged over […]

2013, David J Patterson, Michael T. Smith, Beef Heifer Development, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice,, Elsevier Health Sciences, →ISBN:

(zoology, transitive) To determine the sex of (an animal).


exobiology

en-noun

exobiology (usually uncountable, plural exobiologies)

From exo- + biology, coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg.

coin

Biology has lately given rise to a new discipline: exobiology, the study of extraterrestrial life. Ever since 1959, when analysis of a piece of meteor substance showed traces of organic compounds, a controversy has raged as to whether these compounds came into the atmosphere with the meteorite or whether they originate on earth.

1973, Lyall Watson, Supernature, page ix. 310:

(biology, science fiction) The branch of biology dealing with lifeforms originating a different planet.

exobiologia

biology dealing with extraterrestrial lifeforms


Cr

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of creatine.

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of creatinine.


PG

en-noun

PG (countable and uncountable, plural PGs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of proteoglycan.


terminal

→ Bulgarian: термина́л (terminál)

→ Japanese: ターミナル (tāminaru)

→ Korean: 터미널 (teomineol)

desctree

→ Russian: термина́л (terminál)
→ Kazakh: терминал (terminal)

Borrowed from Late Latin terminalis (“pertaining to a boundary or to the end, terminal, final”), from Latin terminus (“a bound, boundary, limit, end”). See term, terminus.

термина́л

computing - the end of a line of signals

(biology) The end ramification (of an axon, etc.) or one of the extremities of a polypeptide.


omicron

/əʊˈmaɪkɹɒn/

/əʊˈmaɪkɹən/

/ˈoʊməˌkɹɑn/

/ˈoʊmɪˌkɹɑn/

Johann Bayer
Uranometria
en:omicron (disambiguation)

From Latin omicron, from Koine Greek ὂ μῑκρόν (ò mīkrón, “little o”), named in contrast with omega (“big o”). The uncommon form omicra is similarly borrowed from Latin and Greek. The use for designating stars in a constellation—typically in order of apparent brightness—began with Johann Bayer's 1603 Uranometria.

Omicron (alternative)
omikron (alternative)
Omikron (alternative)
o (alternative)
O (alternative)
Ο (alternative)
ο (alternative)

(virology, pathology) Ellipsis of Omicron variant.


bolt

en-verb

bolt (third-person singular simple present bolts, present participle bolting, simple past and past participle bolted)

bolts (present singular third-person)
bolting (participle present)
bolted (participle past)
bolted (past)

From Middle English bolt, from Old English bolt, from Proto-West Germanic *bolt, from Proto-Germanic *bultaz, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”). Compare Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”). Akin to Dutch and West Frisian bout, German Bolz or Bolzen, Danish bolt, Swedish bult, Icelandic bolti.

der

Lettuce and spinach will bolt as the weather warms up.

When an onion bolts and forms a flower stalk, the stem grows right up through the neck, forming a tough, fibrous tube that pierces the center of the bulb. The plant channels all its energy into this flower stalk, so no more fleshy […]

1982, Dorothy Hinshaw Patent, Diane E. Bilderback, Garden Secrets: A Guide to Understanding how Your Garden Grows and how You Can Help it Grow Even Better, →ISBN:

To be honest, this hasn't been my Garden of Eden year. […] The lettuce turned bitter and bolted. The Green Comet broccoli was good, but my coveted Romanescos never headed up.

1995, Anne Raver, “Gandhi Gardening”, in Deep in the Green: An Exploration of Country Pleasures, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN:

Hardneck garlic bolts, which means it produces a single flower stalk, also known as a scape. It is considered to be far tastier and “gourmet.” You can find hardneck garlic mainly at farmers' markets […]

2011, Trina Clickner, A Miscellany of Garlic: From Paying Off Pyramids and Scaring Away Tigers to Inspiring Courage and Curing Hiccups, the Unusual Power Behind the World's Most Humble Vegetable, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(intransitive, botany, of lettuce, spinach, garlic, onion, etc) To produce flower stalks and flowers or seeds quickly or prematurely; to form a bolt (stalk or scape); to go to seed.

spinach; garlic; onion; etc; spinach; garlic; onion; etc


sole

→ Hebrew: סוֹל (sol)

From Middle English sole, soole, from Old English sole, solu. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman sole, Old French sole, from Vulgar Latin *sola (“bottom of the shoe”, also “flatfish”), from Latin solea (“sandal, bottom of the shoe”), from Proto-Indo-European *swol- (“sole”). Cognate with Dutch zool (“sole, tread”), German Sohle (“sole, insole, bottom, floor”), Danish sål (“sole”), Icelandic sóli (“sole, outsole”), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 (sulja, “sandal”). Related to Latin solum (“bottom, ground, soil”). More at soil.
Compare typologically Russian по́чва (póčva) akin to подо́шва (podóšva).

cog

The fishermen crowding in the cafés were also waiting for the end of the storm, when the fish, reassured, would rise to the surface after the bait. Soles, hog fish and skate were returning from their nocturnal expeditions. Day was now breaking.

1952, Nikos Kazantzakis, chapter 1, in Carl Wildman, transl., Zorba the Greek, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, translation of Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά [Víos kai politeía tou Aléxi Zormpá], →ISBN, page 3:

(zoology) Solea solea, a flatfish of the family Soleidae; a true sole.


function

From Middle French function, from Old French fonction, from Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy”).

دَالَّة

mathematics: a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs

(biology) The physiological activity of an organ or body part.

фу́нкцыя

biology: physiological activity of an organ or body part


mt

(biology) Abbreviation of mitochondrial.


mt

(biology) Abbreviation of mitochondrion or mitochondria.


well

From Middle English welle, from Old English wielle (“well”), from Proto-West Germanic *wallijā, from Proto-Germanic *wallijǭ (“well, swirl, wave”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”).
Cognate with West Frisian wel (“well”), Dutch wel (“well”), German Low German Well (“well”), German Welle (“wave”), Danish væld (“well; spring”), Swedish väl (“well”), Icelandic vella (“boiling; bubbling; eruption”).

cog

wool (interjection or unstressed, some accents)

the jug goes to the well until it breaks

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

(biology) In a microtiter plate, each of the small equal circular or square sections which serve as test tubes.


bill

From Middle English bill, bil, bille, bile, from Old English bile (“beak (of a bird); trunk (of an elephant)”), of unknown origin. Perhaps from a special use of Old English bil, bill (“hook; sword”) (see below).

inh

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

The woosel cock so black of hue, With orange-tawny bill, The throstle with his note so true, The wren with little quill[…]

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], line 125:

[…] The flesh [of the mistletoe berry] is sticky, and forms strings and ribbons between my thumb and forefinger. For the mistletoe, this viscous goop – and by the way, viscous comes to English from viscum – is crucial. The stickiness means that, after eating the berries, birds often regurgitate the seeds and then wipe their bills on twigs – leading to the seeds' getting glued to the tree, where they can germinate and begin the cycle anew.

2014 December 23, Olivia Judson, “The hemiparasite season [print version: Under the hemiparasite, International New York Times, 24–25 December 2014, page 7]”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2014-12-23:

(zootomy) The beak of a bird, especially when small or flattish; sometimes also used with reference to a platypus, turtle, or other animal.


generic

en-adj

generic (comparative more generic, superlative most generic)

more generic (comparative)
most generic (superlative)
generick (alternative)

gendered

antonym(s) of “neither masculine nor feminine”

From Middle French générique, from Latin genus (“genus, kind”) + -ic; thus morphologically parallel with, and a doublet of, general.

There are scores of generic names within the order Decapoda, which includes many sea creatures that are called shrimp.

Holonym: familial

Meronyms: infrasubspecific, infraspecific, subspecific, specific

(taxonomy) Pertaining to genera of life instead of particular species thereof.


acclimation

en-noun

acclimation (countable and uncountable, plural acclimations)

From acclimate + -ion. First attested in 1801.

(biology) The adaptation of an organism to its natural climatic environment.


champion

→ Danish: champion

→ German: Champion

→ Estonian: tšempion

→ Georgian: ჩემპიონი (čemṗioni)

→ Irish: seaimpín

→ Japanese: チャンピオン (chanpion)

→ Korean: 챔피언 (chaempieon)

→ Latvian: čempions

→ Lithuanian: čempionas

→ Polish: czempion

desctree

→ Russian: чемпио́н (čempión)
→ Armenian: չեմպիոն (čʻempion)
→ Azerbaijani: çempion
→ Crimean Tatar: çempion
→ Gagauz: çempion
→ Kazakh: чемпион (çempion)
→ Turkmen: çempion
→ Uzbek: chempion
→ Yakut: чемпион (cempion)

→ Swahili: championi

→ Ukrainian: чемпіон (čempion)

→ Yiddish: טשעמפּיאָן (tshempyon)

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *kampos
Latin campusbor.
Proto-West Germanic *kamp
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Germanic *-janą
Proto-West Germanic *-jan
Proto-West Germanic *kampijan
Proto-Germanic *-jô
Proto-West Germanic *-jō
Frankish *kampijōbor.
Medieval Latin campiō
Old French champiunbor.
Middle English champioun
English champion
From Middle English champioun, from Old French champion, from Medieval Latin campio (“combatant in a duel, champion”), from Frankish *kampijō (“fighter”), from Proto-West Germanic *kampijō (“combat soldier”), a derivative of Proto-West Germanic *kampijan (“to battle, to campaign”), itself a derivative of Proto-West Germanic *kamp (“battlefield, battle”), ultimately a borrowing in West-Germanic from Latin campus (“a field, a plain, a place of action”).

kampion

someone who has been winner in a contest

җиңеп чыгучы

ciñep çığuçı

өстен чыгучы

östen çığuçı

Pictured above is an actual photograph of a Regal Lily that famed all over the world. It's a champion plant—because in one season it produced a total of 89 blooms from one bulb, an amazing record among lilies.

1938 November 5, Puritan Cordage Mills, “Take a Lesson from a Lily”, in Elmer C. Hole, editor, American Lumberman, volume 65, number 3138, Chicago, page 55:

There was a news clipping there with a photo of a magnificent American elm, which had just been named the champion for its species, the largest of its kind.

2013, Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass, 1st edition, Milkweed Editions, →ISBN, →LCCN, pages 43–44:

He [Matthew Olson] was searching for red maple trees to be tapped for syrup as part of the Stockton Maple Project when he came across the new champion tree.

2022 February 10, Christopher Doyle, “Stockton professor, students discover largest 'champion tree' in New Jersey”, in The Press of Alantic City, archived from the original on 2022-02-10:

(botany) A particularly notable member of a plant species, such as one of great size.


eukaryote

head

eukaryote (plural eukaryotes or eukarya)

eukaryotes (plural)
eukarya (plural)
eucaryot (alternative)
eucaryote (alternative)
eukaryot (alternative)

Borrowed from French eucaryote; equivalent to eu- + karyon + -ote.

It is now clear that among organisms there are two different organizational patterns of cells, which Chatton (1937) called, with singuar prescience, the eucaryotic and procaryotic type.

1962 March, Roger Stanier, “The concept of a bacterium”, in Archiv für Mikrobiologie, volume 42, number 1, page 17:

(cytology) Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus.

حقيقيات النوى

any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus


maintenance

en-noun

maintenance (usually uncountable, plural maintenances)

From Middle English mayntenaunce, from Old French maintenance, from maintenir, from Latin manus tenēre (“to hold in the hand”). By surface analysis, maintain + -ance.
Note that maintain has undergone a sound and spelling change, hence is spelt with -tain-, rather than the -ten- still found in maintenance.

der

(biology) The natural process which keeps an organism alive.


BSA

(biochemistry) Initialism of bovine serum albumin.


lavaret

en-noun

lavaret (countable and uncountable, plural lavarets)

From French lavaret, from Late Latin levaricinus.

Coregonus lavaretus
Coregonus lavaretus#Translingual

(zoology) A European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus, found in the mountain lakes of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland, and in the archipelago in the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Finland.


endogamy

endogamy (usually uncountable, plural endogamies)

(biology) The fusion of two related gametes.


laurel

laurel (countable and uncountable, plural laurels)

Inherited from Middle English laurer, laurel, from Anglo-Norman lorer, from Old French lorier, from Vulgar Latin *laurārius, from Latin laurus (“laurel”).

(botany) Any plant of the family Lauraceae.

(botany) Any of various plants of other families that resemble laurels.


lauraceous

en-adj

lauraceous (comparative more lauraceous, superlative most lauraceous)

more lauraceous (comparative)
most lauraceous (superlative)

/ˌlɔɹˈeɪ.ʃəs/

From Lauraceae, from Latin laurus (“laurel”).

(botany) Belonging to, or resembling, a natural order (Lauraceae) of trees and shrubs having aromatic bark and foliage, and including laurel, sassafras, cinnamon, true camphor, etc.


plane

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies, of various genera, having a slow gliding flight.

(entomology) The butterfly Bindahara phocides, family Lycaenidae, of Asia and Australasia.


arrow

From Middle English arwe, from Old English earh (oblique form ēarw-), from Proto-West Germanic *arhu, from Proto-Germanic *arhwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érkʷo- (“bow, arrow”). Cognate with Faroese ørv (“arrow”), Icelandic ör (“arrow”), örvar (“arrows”), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arƕazna, “dart”), Latin arcus (“bow”).

der

When the bulb of the “blowing ball” is operated, a gentle spray, much like what happens in Nature when a sugar cane arrow is shaken by the wind or gently tapped, is given out at the free end of the capsule and can be directed to any portion of the arrow as desired.

1921, The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, volume 67, page 187:

(botany) The inflorescence or tassel of a mature sugar cane plant.


arrow

en-verb

arrow (third-person singular simple present arrows, present participle arrowing, simple past and past participle arrowed)

arrows (present singular third-person)
arrowing (participle present)
arrowed (participle past)
arrowed (past)

The more vigorous and luxuriant the vegetation of a field of canes, the less will the tendency to flowering be shewn; whereas nearly all the canes will be found to arrow if the soil be poor and the vegetation meagre.

1848, Louis Antoine A.G. De Verteuil, Three essays on the cultivation of the sugar-cane in Trinidad, page 12:

In some sugar cane countries efforts are made to harvest the cane crops before the period of arrowing, and in Barbados it is thought that a considerable loss occurs in the yield of sugar if the harvest be delayed and only completed through the arrowing season.

1903, Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, volume 30, page 374:

It is easily grown and arrows freely. It appears to be of moderate merit only, but might be cautiously tried on a small scale.

1905, Sugar-Cane Experiments in the Leeward Islands:

(intransitive, botany, of a sugar cane plant) To develop an inflorescence.


slash

Originally a verb of uncertain etymology. Possibly from French esclachier (“to break”). Used in the Wycliffe Bible as slascht (see 1 Kings 5:18) but otherwise unattested until 16th century. Conjunctive use from various applications of the punctuation mark ⟨/⟩. See also slash fiction.

(botany) A deep taper-pointed incision in a plant.


crash

From Middle English crasshen, crasschen, craschen (“to break into pieces”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from a variant of earlier *crasken, from crasen (“to break”) + -k (formative suffix); or from earlier *craskien, *craksien, a variant of craken (“to crack, break open”) (for form development compare break, brask, brash).

suffix

(ecology) A sudden decline in any living form's population levels, often leading to extinction.


multi

Our Mesozoic antecedents are typified by small size; even the largest of the multis are not larger than a groundhog.

1996, Michael Novacek, Dinosaurs of the Flaming Cliffs, page 316:

(informal, paleontology) A multituberculate.


mast

en-verb

mast (third-person singular simple present masts, present participle masting, simple past and past participle masted)

masts (present singular third-person)
masting (participle present)
masted (participle past)
masted (past)

From Old English mæst (“fallen nuts, food for swine”) and mæstan (“to fatten”), from West Germanic; probably related to meat.

der

Any individual tree which masted in a generally non-mast year would be subjected to the exclusive attention of the seed predators and so would be selected against.

1985, Michael Fenner, Seed ecology, page 33:

However, if this were true, all or most masting species (e.g., Fagus and Quercus) in a forest would have to mast in synchrony to be effective against generalist herbivores.

2004, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Christian Körner, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Forest Diversity and Function: Temperate and Boreal Systems, page 28:

Because dipterocarp seeds are winged and spin gracefully as they fall, the dispersal of millions of dipterocarp seeds during a masting event is one of the greatest spectacles that you can see on planet Earth.

2008, Chris Rowthorn, Muhammad Cohen, China Williams, Borneo, page 50:

(agriculture, forestry, ecology, of a population of plants) To produce a very large quantity of fruit or seed in certain years but not others.


switch

→ Gulf Arabic: سويچ (swīč)

→ German: Switch

Perhaps from Middle Dutch swijch (“twig”), first attested in c. 1592. The mechanical device for altering the direction of something sense is first attested in c. 1797, pertaining to pivoted rails on minecart railways, which were once wooden.

камута́тар

system allowing the interconnection of telephone lines

(genetics) A mechanism within DNA that activates or deactivates a gene.


acephal

From Ancient Greek ἀκέφαλος (aképhalos, “headless”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). Compare French acéphale, Late Latin acephalus.


acephalocyst

From Ancient Greek ἀκέφαλος (aképhalos, “headless”) + κύστις (kústis, “bladder”).

(zoology) A larval entozoön in the form of a subglobular or oval vesicle, or hydatid, filled with fluid, sometimes found in the tissues of man and the lower animals; -- so called from the absence of a head or visible organs on the vesicle. These cysts are the immature stages of certain tapeworms. Also applied to similar cysts of different origin.


acephalous

en-adj

acephalous (comparative more acephalous, superlative most acephalous)

more acephalous (comparative)
most acephalous (superlative)

From French acéphale, from Ancient Greek ἀκέφαλος (aképhalos, “headless”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). By surface analysis, a- + -cephalous.

(zoology, applied to bivalve mollusks) Without a distinct head.

(botany) Having the style spring from the base, instead of from the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries


PLC

en-noun

PLC (countable and uncountable, plural PLCs)

PLCs (plural)
plc (alternative)
Plc (alternative)
p.l.c. (alternative)

Audio (US)

(countable, biochemistry) Initialism of phospholipase C.


acerose

From Latin acerosus (“chaffy”), from acus (“chaff”) (genitive aceris).

/ˈæs.əˌɹoʊs/

/ˈæs.əˌɹoʊz/

(botany) Having the nature of chaff; chaffy.


acerose

As if from Latin acus (“needle”); compare French acéreux.

/ˈæs.əˌɹoʊs/

/ˈæs.əˌɹoʊz/

(botany) needle-shaped, having a sharp, rigid point, as the leaf of the pine.


acerous

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κέρας (kéras, “horn”).

an acerous mollusk

an acerous insect


acervate

en-adj

acervate (comparative more acervate, superlative most acervate)

more acervate (comparative)
most acervate (superlative)

From Latin acervātus, perfect passive participle of acervō (“heap or pile up”), from acervus (“heap”).

(chiefly botany, rare) Heaped, or growing in heaps, or closely compacted clusters.


acetabuliform

From New Latin acetabuliformis, from acetabulum (“saucer”) + -form.

(botany) Shaped like a saucer or shallow cup.


acetabulum

en-noun

acetabulum (plural acetabulums or acetabula)

Learned borrowing from Latin acētābulum (“vinegar saucer, 1/48 congius”), from acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum (“-bule: a vessel for”).

lbor

(zootomy) The cavity in which the leg of an insect is inserted at its articulation with the body.

acetàbul

(zootomy) A sucker of the sepia or cuttlefish and related animals.

(zootomy) The large posterior sucker of the leeches.

(zootomy) One of the lobes of the placenta in ruminating animals.


needle

From Middle English nedle, from Old English nǣdl, from Proto-West Germanic *nāþlu, from Proto-Germanic *nēþlō, from pre-Germanic *neh₁-tleh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (“to spin, twist”).
Cognates
Cognate with Dutch naald (“needle”), German Nadel (“needle, pin, crochet hook”), German nähen (“sew”), Danish nål (“needle”), Norwegian nål (“needle”), Finnish neula (“needle”). Further related with Welsh nyddu, Latin nēre, Sanskrit स्नायति (snāyati, “wraps up, winds”). Related to snood.

cog

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

(entomology) Any of various species of damselfly of the genus Synlestes, endemic to Australia.


accumbent

en-adj

accumbent (comparative more accumbent, superlative most accumbent)

more accumbent (comparative)
most accumbent (superlative)

From Latin accumbō (“recline”), from ad- (“to”) + *cumbō (“recline”).

Distinguished from other genera, with accumbent cotyledons, in the same class and order, by the entire, nearly equal petals; and the dehiscent, nearly entirely pouch, of 2, 1- or many-seeded cells, a broad dissepiment (septum), and nearly flat valves.

1840, William Baxter, British phænogamous botany, volume 5:

(botany) Lying against anything, as one part of a leaf against another leaf


canescent

canescent (comparative more canescent, superlative most canescent)

more canescent (comparative)
most canescent (superlative)

From Latin canescens, present participle of canescere (“to become gray or white”).

(botany) Covered with short white or gray hairs; hoary.


accrete

Fruit coriaceous, crowned with accrete calyx

1881, Henry Baillon, “Jackia”, in The Natural History of Plants, volume 7:


accrescent

accrescent (comparative more accrescent, superlative most accrescent)

more accrescent (comparative)
most accrescent (superlative)

From Latin accrescens, accrescentis, present participle of accrescere, from ad + crescere (“to grow”).

The fruiting calyx is accrescent, covering all or most of the fruit.

2012, Bean, "A taxonomic revision of the Solanum echinatum group (Solanaceae)", Phytotaxa 57:33–50, doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.57.1.6

(botany) Which keeps growing past the point it normally would stop and begin wilting.


mating

The progeny of backcrosses and intercrosses will form some incrosses and some matings of other types.

1981, Henry Foster, The Mouse in Biomedical Research, page 96:

(zoology) Pairing of organisms for copulation.

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.

2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7:


binomial

Binominal nomenclature
Gerard of Cremona

Formed from Late Latin binōmium + -al. The derivation of binōmium is unclear. It was used by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century. Suggested sources are the Latin nōmen (“name”), the Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, “distribution, pasture”), or the Old French nom (“name”). Compare binomy and binominal, as well as the French binôme. By surface analysis, bi- + -nomial.

der

Common name followed by Latin binomial in parentheses.

1991, Daniel W. Gade, “Weeds in Vermont as Tokens of Socioeconomic Change”, in Geographical Review, volume 81, number 2, →JSTOR, page 169:

(taxonomy) A scientific name at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.


torus

Borrowed from Latin torus (“a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance”).

bor

(botany) The end of the peduncle or flower stalk to which the floral parts (or in the Asteraceae, the florets of a flower head) are attached.

(botany) The thickening of a membrane closing a wood-cell pit (as of gymnosperm tracheids) having the secondary cell wall arched over the pit cavity.


parachute

Borrowed from French parachute, from para- (“protection against”) (as in parasol) and chute (“fall”).

(zoology) A web or fold of skin extending between the legs of gliding mammals, such as the flying squirrel and colugo.


testa

en-noun

testa (plural testas or testae or testæ)

testas (plural)
testae (plural)
testæ (plural)

The testa develops from the tissue, the integument, originally surrounding the ovule.

The seeds are furnished with a reticulated testa, very much in appearance like that of the seeds of two closely-allied pericarps in the cabinet of my friend Mr. Ward, of Wellclose-square, the names of which I have been unable to obtain, but which present strong evidence of belonging to the Malvaceæ.

1840, James Scott Bowerbank, A History of the Fossil Fruits and Seeds of the London Clay, page 30:

1969, C. W. Bennett, Seed Transmission of Plant Viruses, Alison Smith, Advances in Virus Research, Volume 14, page 224,
In tests with the Lincoln and Virginia varieties of cowpea, Crowley (1959) found that, in plants infected with bean southern mosaic virus before blossoming, the virus was present in nearly 100% of the testae and endosperms of seeds of both varieties, but could not be detected in the embryos.

Thus, two conditions must be satisfied for the testas to have this effect: contact between the testas and the radicle, and the presence of at least half of the testas.

1977, Commonwealth Scientific, Industrial Research Organization, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, page 354:

2005, D. W. Dickson, D. De Waele, Nematode Parasites of Peanut, Michel Luc, Richard A. Sikora, John Bridge, Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture, page 419,
A. arachidis is a parasite of pods, testae, roots and hypocotyls, but not the cotyledons, embryos or other parts of the plant (Bos, 1977a; Bridge et al., 1977).

One of the most remarkable features of cultivated beans is the enormous range of testa colours and patterns which can be found.

2007, J. Smartt, “Evolution of American Phaseolus beans under domestication”, in Peter John Ucko, G. W. Dimbleby, editors, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, page 458:


punch

(entomology) Any of various riodinid butterflies of the genus Dodona of Asia.


matrix

matrices (plural)
matrixes (plural)
matrice (alternative)

From Middle English matris, matrice, matrix, from Old French matrice (“pregnant animal”), or from Latin mātrīx (“dam, womb”), both ultimately from māter (“mother”). Doublet of mother from Indo-European ancestor.
Slang usage coined with the 1999 sci-fi action film The Matrix.

基質 /基质

analytical chemistry: sampling environment

(biology) The material or tissue in which more specialized structures are embedded.

extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix

(biology) An extracellular matrix, the material or tissue between the cells of animals or plants.

matriksi

extracellular matrix — see also extracellular matrix

(biology) The medium in which bacteria are cultured.

(archaeology, paleontology) The sediment surrounding and including the artifacts, features, and other materials at a site.

matriu

archaeology: sediment surrounding and including materials


polynomial

/ˌpɒlɪˈnəʊmɪəl/

From poly- + -nomial, from νομός (nomós, “portion, part”), by analogy with binomial.

(taxonomy) A taxonomic designation (such as of a subspecies) consisting of more than two terms.


polynomial

/ˌpɒlɪˈnəʊmɪəl/

(taxonomy) Of a polynomial name or entity.