eigenarray

1999, O. Alter et al., ‘‘Singular Value Decomposition for Gene Expression Data Processing and Modeling.’’ In: After the Genome V (December 6–10, 1999, Jackson Hole, WY).
We describe the use of singular value decomposition in transforming gene expression data from genes/arrays space to ‘‘eigengenes’’/‘‘eigenarrays’’ space, where the eigengenes and eigenarrays are unique orthonormal superpositions of the genes and arrays, respectively.

2000, O. Alter et al., ‘‘Singular value decomposition for genome-wide expression data processing and modeling,’’ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (18), pp. 10101–10106. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.18.10101.
After normalization and sorting, the significant eigengenes and eigenarrays can be associated with observed genome-wide effects of regulators, or with measured samples, in which these regulators are overactive or underactive, respectively.

2002, T. O. Nielsen et al., ‘‘Molecular Characterisation of Soft Tissue Tumours: a Gene Expression Study,’’ Lancet 359 (9314), pp. 1301–1307. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08270-3.
The separation of the calponin-positive leiomyosarcoma subgroup from the calponin-negative tumours was dominant, and resulted in an important eigengene and corresponding eigenarray.

2006, C. M. Li and R. R. Klevecz, ‘‘A rapid genome-scale response of the transcriptional oscillator to perturbation reveals a period-doubling path to phenotypic change,’’ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (44), pp. 16254–16259. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604860103.
A reconstruction of the attractor can be seen in the plot of the principal eigengenes 2, 3, and 4.

2008, A. Y. Gracey et al., ‘‘Rhythms of Gene Expression in a Fluctuating Intertidal Environment,’’ Curr. Biol. 18 (19), pp. 1501-1507. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.049.
Significantly correlated with the first eigengene were GO terms that we classified as being broadly associated with ‘‘metabolism’’ because this cluster was enriched for genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), the electron transport chain, metabolism, ATP synthesis, and protein degradation.

2012, M. J. Hawrylycz et al., ‘‘An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome,’’ Nature 489 (7416), pp. 391–399. doi: 10.1038/nature11405.
Each module is represented by an ‘eigengene’ corresponding to its expression pattern across structures (first left singular vector of the gene × structure matrix), and genes highly correlated with the module eigengene are called ‘hub’ genes.

2013, J. L. Padilla-Gamiño et al., ‘‘Temperature and CO₂ additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus’’ Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 280 (1759), article 20130155. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0155.
Our gene expression data also indicate that the cystoskeleton is sensitive to shifts in temperature and pCO₂: genes encoding fundamental components of the cellular cytoskeleton such as actin and alpha and beta tubulins were upregulated under elevated temperature, but downregulated under elevated pCO₂ (eigengene 1).

2014, J. M. Tennessen et al., ‘‘Coordinated metabolic transitions during Drosophila embryogenesis and the onset of aerobic glycolysis’’ G3:Genes|Genomes|Genetics 4 (5), pp. 839–850. doi: 10.1534/g3.114.010652.
The second most significant pattern identified by SVD corresponds to broad upregulation of gene expression midway through embryogenesis and is strikingly similar to the coordinate induction of glycolytic genes that defines the embryonic metabolic transition (EmbMT) (eigengene pattern 2).

2020, O. Alter, ‘‘Discovering Genome-Scale Predictors of Survival and Response to Treatment with Multi-Tensor Decompositions’’ 2020 American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Virtual Annual Meeting II (June 22–24, 2020); YouTube video.
The SVD finds for us patterns that look like genes, which is the eigengene concept which we invented.

(genetics) (mathematics) One of a set of left singular vectors of a genes x samples matrix that tabulates, e.g., the mRNA or gene expression of the genes across the samples, where the samples were assayed by using DNA microarrays. The corresponding right singular vector is the corresponding eigengene.


hyponatremic

en-adj

hyponatremic (not generally comparable, comparative more hyponatremic, superlative most hyponatremic)

more hyponatremic (comparative)
most hyponatremic (superlative)

From hyponatremia + -ic or hypo- + natremia + -ic.

58% of the hyponatremic patients were found to be symptomatic.

2015, Rahul Unnikrishnan et al., “Clinical and laboratory profile of dengue in the elderly”, in Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, volume 4, →DOI:

(biology, medicine) Exhibiting or relating to hyponatremia.


endoneuraminidase

en-noun

endoneuraminidase (usually uncountable, plural endoneuraminidases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of (2->8)-alpha-sialosyl linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids.


endogalactosaminidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-galactosaminidic linkages in poly(D-galactosamine).


mycodextranase

mycodextranase (usually uncountable, plural mycodextranases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in alpha-D-glucans containing both (1->3)- and (1->4)-bonds.


fucoidanase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of (1->2)-alpha-L-fucoside linkages in fucoidan without release of sulfate.


chitosanase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of beta-(1->4)-linkages between D-glucosamine residues in a partly acetylated chitosan.


basommatophoran

(zoology) Any member of the Basommatophora.


feraxanase

feraxan endoxylanase
feraxan endoxylanase#English

(biochemistry) Synonym of feraxan endoxylanase


periphilin

(G) TASOR, MPP8, and periphilin form a complex.

2015 June 26, Iva A. Tchasovnikarova, “Epigenetic silencing by the HUSH complex mediates position-effect variegation in human cells"”, in Science, volume 348, →DOI, pages 1481–1485:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins associated with the differentiation of skin cells


fosmidial

The fosmidial DNA of the P117.

2015 July 28, “Est16, a New Esterase Isolated from a Metagenomic Library of a Microbial Consortium Specializing in Diesel Oil Degradation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


transautophosphorylation

PERK and IRE1 undergo dimerization and transautophosphorylation when activation and ATF6α is activated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis in the Golgi [26 ].

2015 July 28, “PDIA3 Knockdown Exacerbates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Steatosis and Apoptosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) autophosphorylation in which the active site is on a second kinase


degron

(biochemistry) A specific sequence of amino acids in a protein that directs the starting place of degradation.


endoglycosylceramidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction oligoglycosylglucosylceramide + H₂O ⇌ ceramide + oligoglycosylglucose.


microduplication

microduplication (countable and uncountable, plural microduplications)

(biology) A genetic mutation resulting from the duplication of a small part of a chromosome


nucleopore

After docking to the nucleopore via specific components of the nucleopore complex, it is thought that a process of core uncoating takes place which allows passage of the viral genome into the nucleus and ultimately integration into the host DNA.

2015 August 11, Philippe A. Gallay et al., “The Novel Cyclophilin Inhibitor CPI-431-32 Concurrently Blocks HCV and HIV-1 Infections via a Similar Mechanism of Action”, in PLoS ONE, volume 10, →DOI:


gruiform

en-adj

gruiform (comparative more gruiform, superlative most gruiform)

more gruiform (comparative)
most gruiform (superlative)

(zoology) Resembling the Gruiformes, an order of birds including the crane.


galtonia

From the genus name, after Sir Francis Galton.

(botany) Any of the genus Galtonia of plants in the family Asparagaceae, native to southern Africa.


gesneria

From the genus name, after Conrad Gessner.

(botany) Any of the genus Gesneria of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae.


pectinacean

(zoology) Any of the Pectinacea, a suborder of mollusks.


philadelphus

No garden can afford to neglect the philadelphuses, because not only are the flowers full of refinement and beauty, but often most fragrant and arrive in June and July when the chief flowering period of shrubs is over.

1952, Charles Cuthbert Eley, Twentieth century gardening, page 167:

(botany) Any of the genus Philadelphus of shrubs.


hyperexpression

Since IL-10 and deficient co-stimulatory molecule expression appear to be a novel mechanism of self-tolerance employed by the pre-naïve B cells, a defect in pre-naïve B-cell functions could lead to a break in self-tolerance, especially in the SLE milieu, where expansion of the pre-naïve B cells has been found [ 3, 4 ], and the immune system is intensely activated as evidenced by elevated B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels, hyperexpression of CD40L on T cells, and/or increased levels of certain cytokines such as IL-21 [ 50 – 53 ].

2015 July 25, Ji Hyun Sim et al., “Autoregulatory function of interleukin-10-producing pre-naïve B cells is defective in systemic lupus erythematosus”, in Arthritis Research & Therapy, volume 17, →DOI:


interhomolog

8 A unified mechanism for the generation of mutations underlying oncogenesis and tumor progression based on defective DNA-damage response and the resultant prevalence of double-strand break (DSB) repair by interhomolog recombination (IHR) All supporting data are included as additional files.

2015 July 25, Yogesh Kumar et al., “Massive interstitial copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity as evidence for cancer being a disease of the DNA-damage response”, in BMC Medical Genomics, volume 8, →DOI:


paraclimax

(ecology) A relatively stable community of foreign plants established after the destruction, by humans, of a native habitat.


paradactyl

para- + Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”)


counteradaptation

en-noun

counteradaptation (countable and uncountable, plural counteradaptations)

counteradaptations (plural)
counter-adaptation (alternative)

Thus the plant's allomonic adaptation has been exactly reversed by this insect's counteradaptation.

1980, Fowden G. Maxwell, Peter Randolph Jennings, Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects, page 132:

As time goes on, the invading species may become increasingly specialized, and some of its populations eliminated by counteradaptation and changing habitat conditions.

1999, George W. Cox, Alien Species in North America and Hawaii, page 266:

When the descendants of the initial population of females were returned to them, the females began to die from the effects of sex. The males' sperm, unopposed by female counteradaptation, had become more and more toxic.

2013, Anne Campbell, A Mind Of Her Own: The evolutionary psychology of women:

adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment

(biology) The evolutionary adaptation of one species to adaptive changes by another.


deletant

The resulting vector containing the SnTox1-Bar knockout construct was PCR-amplified with 5_Tox1Fbar and 3_Tox1Fbar for transformation in toxa3 -10 to result in SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 deletant mutants.

2015 July 8, Kar-Chun Tan et al., “Functional redundancy of necrotrophic effectors – consequences for exploitation for breeding”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

(genetics) A mutant caused by the deletion of a gene


digestome

Shao et al. [ 54 ] have screened the caspase-1 digestome to identify caspase target proteins.

2008 September 13, Antero Salminen et al., “Amyloid-β oligomers set fire to inflammasomes and induce Alzheimer's pathology”, in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, volume 12, →DOI:

(genetics, biochemistry) All the genes (and derived proteins) that relate to digestion (especially of complex carbohydrates)


invertasome

A single rotation will be favored in the Fis/enhancer-associated invertasome complex in part because the DNA segment between hixL-1 and the enhancer is only 155 bp.

2015 June 8, Yong Chang, Reid C. Johnson, “Controlling tetramer formation, subunit rotation and DNA ligation during Hin-catalyzed DNA inversion”, in Nucleic Acids Research, volume 43, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A nucleoprotein complex that causes inversion of a DNA sequence


raoulia

(botany) Any of the genus Raoulia of New Zealand plants in the pussytoes tribe (Gnaphalieae) within the daisy family (Asteraceae).


protospacer

Genomic DNA was extracted from parental and mutant cell lines and used as the template to amplify fragments of 200 to 1,500 bp containing the protospacer regions chosen for Cas9 targeting of the TcPFR1, TcPFR2, and TcGP72 genes.

2015 July 21, Noelia Lander et al., “CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Disruption of Paraflagellar Rod Protein 1 and 2 Genes in Trypanosoma cruzi Reveals Their Role in Flagellar Attachment”, in mBio, volume 6, →DOI:


uintathere

(paleontology) Any member of the family †Uintatheriidae of extinct ungulates, especially of genus Uintatherium.


anthocyanosis

Instead of the initial necrotic symptoms typical of PD, the lower leaves (closest to the inoculation zones) of inoculated plants showed prominent anthocyanosis with green veinal areas (Fig 4C and 4D ).

2015 July 29, “Three New Pierce's Disease Pathogenicity Effectors Identified Using Xylella fastidiosa Biocontrol Strain EB92-1”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) A purple discolouration of flowers (due to a virus)


autocyclization

autocyclization (usually uncountable, plural autocyclizations)

The chromophore responsible for the optical properties in GFP-like proteins is composed of X-Tyr-Gly and is able to form an imidazolinone structure through an autocyclization step, which involves the residues in the vicinity of the chromophore environment such as the highly conserved E215 and R95 in DsRed and the E222 and R96 in avGFP.

2015 July 29, “Chromophore Deprotonation State Alters the Optical Properties of Blue Chromoprotein”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The formation of a ring between two fragments of RNA.


endozymatic

(biochemistry) Relating to an endoenzyme


gliomedin

Recently, auto-antibodies against neurofascin-186 and gliomedin were described in more than 60% of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy.

2015 July 29, “Contactin-1 and Neurofascin-155/-186 Are Not Targets of Auto-Antibodies in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An particular olfactomedin


perlustrin

The EGF domain has already been found in several reported SMPs from other Mollusca, such as perlustrin from H.

2015 July 29, “Layer-by-Layer Proteomic Analysis of Mytilus galloprovincialis Shell”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A protein found in the shell of abalones


prestaining

Sequential staining is critical as Pyronin Y can also bind DNA and the prestaining of DNA with Hoechst 33342 blocks this.

2015 July 29, “Multiparametric Cell Cycle Analysis Using the Operetta High-Content Imager and Harmony Software with PhenoLOGIC”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) staining prior to some other operation.


methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

(biochemistry) The rate-limiting enzyme in the methyl cycle, which catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.


paraspeckle

(cytology) An irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, found in the nucleus's interchromatin space


anhydromuropeptide

(biochemistry) A muropeptide containing a (normally terminal) anhydrosugar


biopeptide

(biochemistry) Any peptide of biological origin.


ectopeptidase

Considering the interaction of DPPIV/CD26 with extracellular matrix components and through regulation of E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), it remains to be more clearly established whether tumor progression is more affected by the ectopeptidase activity or non-proteolytic mechanisms.

2015 July 30, “Differential Expression and Enzymatic Activity of DPPIV/CD26 Affects Migration Ability of Cervical Carcinoma Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


exocarboxypeptidase

All of these results clearly indicated that both DPP-IV and peptidase (s) (at least exocarboxypeptidase M) contributed to the ex vivo instability of two active GLP-1 peptides, similar to the observation of the peptides in their in vivo metabolism [38 ].

2015 July 30, “Degradation and Stabilization of Peptide Hormones in Human Blood Specimens”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An exoenzyme carboxypeptidase


mechanosensillum

Olfactory sensilla are mainly localized on the antennae, and gustatory sensilla occur primarily on the labium and maxillar and mandibular palpi, rarely on the tarsi (in some insects). In contrast, the mechanosensilla and thermo-hygrosensilla have wider distribution on the insect's body³³.

2023 January 12, Artur Taszakowski, Adrian Masłowski, Kent M. Daane, Jolanta Brożek, “Closer view of antennal sensory organs of two Leptoglossus species (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae)”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, →DOI, article 617, page 2:


cryptovirus

From crypto- (prefix meaning ‘hidden; invisible’) + virus.

prefix

/ˈkɹɪptəʊˌvaɪɹəs/

(biology) A kind of plant virus associated with latent infection of the host, and not transmissible by many means.


middle leg

/ˈmɪdəl ˈlɛɡ/

(entomology) one of a leg in an arthropod that has three pairs thereof (e.g. butterflies, bees)


choanal

(anatomy, zoology) Related to the choana


zeiosis

Coined by Costero and Pomerat (1951), who refer it to Ancient Greek ζείω (zeíō), alternative form of ζέω (zéō, “to boil”) + -osis. The authentic Ancient Greek term would be ζέσις (zésis, “boiling”).
The derivation was chosen because blebs are said to "resemble the behavior of a very dense fluid under intense boiling".


defaunation

en-noun

defaunation (countable and uncountable, plural defaunations)

Coordinate term: deforestation

For this reason, the symbolic dimensions of defaunation can be of direct relevance to any initiative aiming for sustainable wildlife management and biodiversity conservation in areas inhabited by hunter-gatherers (Franzen 2005; Lu 2001).

2016, Victoria Reyes-García, Aili Pyhälä, Hunter-gatherers in a Changing World, Springer, →ISBN, page 79:

(ecology) The loss of animals from a habitat


cyanophycinase

cyanophycinase (countable and uncountable, plural cyanophycinases)

However, our findings showed no differential expression of the cyanophycinase genes (cphA, cphB) responsible for this process in response to irradiation, confirming that the cells did not seem to experience N-limitation.

2015 August 27, “Temporal Gene Expression of the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira in Response to Gamma Rays”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction [L-Asp(4-L-Arg)]ₙ + H₂O ⇌ [L-Asp(4-L-Arg)]ₙ₋₁ + L-Asp(4-L-Arg).


multitranscript

Indeed, 29% of protein-coding genes have been shown to exhibit significant sex-biased expression in Drosophila, and up to 20% of Drosophila multitranscript genes display sex-biased expression of alternative transcripts.

2015 August 28, “Drosophila Hrp48 Is Required for Mushroom Body Axon Growth, Branching and Guidance”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Relating to more than one transcript.


nephrocystin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins, mutations in whose genes are associated with nephronophthisis.


halo blight

(phytopathology) A bacterial disease of bean plants, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.


prosaposin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that is a precursor for saposins A, B, C, and D.


arrhenotokous

Certain wasps and bees are arrhenotokous.

In scale insects no examples of cyclic parthenogenesis are known and parthenogenesis can be thelytokous, deuterotokous or arrhenotokous.

2015 July 9, Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin, Andrey V. Stekolshchikov, D.C. Gautam, “General trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca (Insecta, Homoptera, Aphidinea + Coccinea)”, in Comparative Cytogenetics, volume 9, →DOI:

(zoology) Relating to arrhenotoky; producing males from unfertilized eggs.


quadrinucleate

As a result of meiosis, quadrinucleate spermatids are formed, but only the nuclei of maternal origin produce sperm (Fig. 3).


supermix

supermix (countable and uncountable, plural supermixes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supermix.wav

Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using the iQTM SYBRgreen supermix (Bio-Rad) and the iCycler MyiQTM real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad).

2015 August 26, Mark Bennett et al., “Sandcastle: software for revealing latent information in multiple experimental ChIP-chip datasets via a novel normalisation procedure”, in Scientific Reports, volume 5, →DOI:

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(biology) Any of a number of ready-made reagent mixtures for use in polymerase chain reaction.


unionoid

(zoology) Any member of the Unionida, an order of freshwater mussels.


stygobitic

We discuss the possibility that one stygobitic lineage secondarily regained some of its body pigmentation as adaptation to increased photic conditions after cave collapse and forming of cenotes during the last glacial maximum.

2015 August 27, “The Evolution of Epigean and Stygobitic Species of Koonunga Sayce, 1907 (Syncarida: Anaspidacea) in Southern Australia, with the Description of Three New Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Living exclusively in groundwater, such as aquifers or caves.


inbreeding depression

inbreeding depression (plural inbreeding depressions)

(biology) The reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding.


baicalinase

One baicalinase and three baicalein 7-O-glucuronosyltransferases genes potentially involved in the transformation between baicalin/wogonoside and baicalein/wogonin were identified.

2015 August 29, “Deep Sequencing of the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Transcriptome Reveals Flavonoid Biosynthetic Profiling and Organ-Specific Gene Expression”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the chemical reaction baicalin + H₂O ⇌ baicalein + D-glucuronate.


blue-white screen

blue-white screen (plural blue-white screens)

(biology) A screening technique for the rapid detection of recombinant bacteria in vector-based molecular cloning experiments. DNA of interest is ligated into a vector, which is then inserted into a host cell; these are grown in the presence of X-gal. Cells transformed with vectors containing recombinant DNA will produce white colonies; cells transformed with non-recombinant plasmids (i.e. only the vector) grow into blue colonies.


anthropobiome

The filled boxes signify representation of the particular anthropobiome in each ecoregion.

2015 August 1, “Modelling Hotspots for Invasive Alien Plants in India”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) An anthropogenic biome (human-generated vegetation type)


chrysidoid

(zoology) Any member of the superfamily Chrysidoidea.


litterbag

(ecology) A bag for the collection of litterfall.


early blight

(phytopathology) A disease of tomato and potato plants caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, producing distinctive bullseye-patterned leaf spots, stem lesions, fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato.


spermiate

en-verb

spermiate (third-person singular simple present spermiates, present participle spermiating, simple past and past participle spermiated)

spermiates (present singular third-person)
spermiating (participle present)
spermiated (participle past)
spermiated (past)

Two-year-old male yellow perch were induced to spermiate at the end of February 1992.

1993, A. Ciereszko, “Cryopreservation of Yellow Perch Semen”, in The Progressive Fish-culturist, page 261:

(cytology, of mature spermatids) To release from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen prior to passage to the epididymis.


uncoat

uncoat (third-person singular simple present uncoats, present participle uncoating, simple past and past participle uncoated)

uncoats (present singular third-person)
uncoating (participle present)
uncoated (participle past)
uncoated (past)

It takes only minutes, after entry into a cell, for a virus particle to uncoat.

(virology, intransitive) (of the capsid shell) to dissociate from the viral core in the host cell cytoplasm

(virology, transitive) To remove the viral capsid of a virus, leading to the release of the viral genomic nucleic acid.


citrullinate

citrullinate (third-person singular simple present citrullinates, present participle citrullinating, simple past and past participle citrullinated)

citrullinates (present singular third-person)
citrullinating (participle present)
citrullinated (participle past)
citrullinated (past)

From citrulline + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

It has been shown that PPAD is able to citrullinate bacterial as well as host peptides such as fibrinogen and α-enolase.

2015 August 29, Stefan Reichert et al., “Association of levels of antibodies against citrullinated cyclic peptides and citrullinated α-enolase in chronic and aggressive periodontitis as a risk factor of Rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study”, in Journal of Translational Medicine, volume 13, →DOI:

PADs do not typically citrullinate total arginines found in the amino acid sequence of a protein, but certain arginines are more susceptible to citrullination.[…]Likewise, PAD2 also citrullinates actin and myelin basic protein in the CNS, while PAD4 can citrullinate substrates like nucleophosmin, nuclear lamin C, and p21 (Lamensa and Moscarello 1993; Hagiwara et al. 2002; Tanikawa et al. 2012; Li et al. 2008).

2017, E. E. Witalison, L. J. Hofseth, “22: Citrullination in Inflammatory-Driven Carcinogenesis of the Colon”, in Anthony P. Nicholas, Sanjoy K. Bhattacharya, Paul R. Thompson, editors, Protein Deimination in Human Health and Disease, 2nd edition, Springer, page 433:

Furthermore, PPAD in contrast to human PAD is capable of citrullinating C-terminal arginine residues, which are generated by another Pg.-derived enzyme, arginine specific gingipain (Rgp) protease (81).

2020, Burkhard Möller, Florian Kollert, Anton Sculean, Peter M. Villiger, “79: Infectious Trigger in Periodontitis and the Gut in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)”, in Erminia Mariani, Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Daniela Frasca, editors, Immunobiology of Osteoarticular Diseases, Frontiers Media, page 83:

(biochemistry, transitive) To react with, or convert to, citrulline.


codistribute

codistribute (third-person singular simple present codistributes, present participle codistributing, simple past and past participle codistributed)

codistributes (present singular third-person)
codistributing (participle present)
codistributed (participle past)
codistributed (past)

This population of cells continues to codistribute closely with venous elements and remains excluded from a vascular regions in the developing wing bud.

(cytology) (of cellular components) to distribute, spread together


peachleaf

(botany, in plant names) Whose leaves resemble those of the peach.


myoferlin

(biochemistry) A protein that is linked with skeletal muscle repair.


biotest

biotest (third-person singular simple present biotests, present participle biotesting, simple past and past participle biotested)

biotests (present singular third-person)
biotesting (participle present)
biotested (participle past)
biotested (past)

(biology) to determine the strength of biological activity of a substance


coamplify

coamplify (third-person singular simple present coamplifies, present participle coamplifying, simple past and past participle coamplified)

coamplifies (present singular third-person)
coamplifying (participle present)
coamplified (participle past)
coamplified (past)
co-amplify (alternative)

(genetics) (of the gene) to amplify together with another gene, or to amplify in multiple ways


deconjugate

deconjugate (third-person singular simple present deconjugates, present participle deconjugating, simple past and past participle deconjugated)

deconjugates (present singular third-person)
deconjugating (participle present)
deconjugated (participle past)
deconjugated (past)

(biology) to disrupt the conjugated bacterial cells


cytidyltransferase

In the CDP-choline pathway, externally added or endogenous choline is stepwise incorporated through phosphorylation by choline kinase and activation with CTP by phosphocholine cytidyltransferase.

2015 August 5, “Phosphatidylcholine Supply to Peroxisomes of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers a cytidyl group


extraordinal

The much larger R values for ANOSIM between 2011 and pre-tsunami years (2005 to 2008) suggest that tsunami-induced changes in macrozoobenthic community structure were extraordinal.

2015 August 5, “Impacts of the 2011 Tsunami on Sediment Characteristics and Macrozoobenthic Assemblages in a Shallow Eutrophic Lagoon, Sendai Bay, Japan”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


homocysteinase

Of our 30 genes, glutamate synthase and adenosyl homocysteinase were used for multiple gene analysis by Koufopanou et al.

2015 August 5, “Selection of Orthologous Genes for Construction of a Highly Resolved Phylogenetic Tree and Clarification of the Phylogeny of Trichosporonales Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of homocysteine


allorubbing

(zoology) The rubbing against an animal by another member of the same species.


eomysticetid

(zoology) Any member of the Eomysticetidae, a family of extinct mysticetes.


tranatocetid

This anatomy is superficially similar to that of Cetotheriidae and some tranatocetids were previously considered to be cetotheres and even identified as Cetotherium.

2015 September 3, “From Problem Taxa to Problem Solver: A New Miocene Family, Tranatocetidae, Brings Perspective on Baleen Whale Evolution”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the family †Tranatocetidae, which is represented by the sole species †Tranatocetus argillarius, a cetacean.


lipovitellin

en-noun

lipovitellin (countable and uncountable, plural lipovitellins)

(biochemistry) A protein found in egg yolk and involved in lipid and metal storage.


red rot

(phytopathology) A disease of sugar cane caused by the fungus Glomerella tucumanensis.


diplectanid

There, a small probe and dissecting microscope were used to isolate diplectanids from the gills or sediment.

2015 August 12, Delane C. Kritsky, Micah D. Bakenhaster, Douglas H. Adams, “Pseudorhabdosynochus species (Monogenoidea, Diplectanidae) parasitizing groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Epinephelini) in the western Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters, with descriptions of 13 new species”, in Parasite, volume 22, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the Diplectanidae, a family of monopisthocotylean monogenean flatworms.


monopisthocotylean

(zoology) Any member of the Monopisthocotylea, a subclass of parasitic flatworms in the class Monogenea.


epinepheline

(zoology) Of or relating to the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, including the groupers.


euglenozoan

(zoology) Any member of the infrakingdom or phylum Euglenozoa, a large group of flagellate protozoa.


oxacillinase

(biochemistry) Any of the OXA group of beta-lactamases, found mainly in Acinetobacter species.


piwi

Short for P-element induced wimpy testis in Drosophila.

However, piwi and tudor-domain containing genes are absent from flukes and tapeworms and no true vasa orthologue has been identified in schistosomes.

2015 August 25, David Roquis et al., “The Epigenome of Schistosoma mansoni Provides Insight about How Cercariae Poise Transcription until Infection”, in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, volume 9, →DOI:

(genetics, attributive) A class of genes originally identified as encoding regulatory proteins responsible for maintaining incomplete differentiation in stem cells and maintaining the stability of cell division rates in germline cells.


yellowmouth

(zoology, in the names of fishes) Having yellow markings around the mouth.


intrashelf

The Skały Beds, well-known for their rich and well-preserved fauna, reflect sedimentation in a relatively deep-water, intrashelf setting […]

2015 September 4, “Stable Isotope Signatures of Middle Palaeozoic Ahermatypic Rugose Corals – Deciphering Secondary Alteration, Vital Fractionation Effects, and Palaeoecological Implications”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, geography) Within a single shelf.


afrosoricid

(zoology) Any member of the order Afrosoricida, a golden mole, an otter shrew, or a tenrec.


amastin

amastin (countable and uncountable, plural amastins)

(biochemistry) A transmembrane glycoprotein found in trypanosomatid parasites


amphisbaenian

Amphisbaenians lost their legs independently of the snake lineage and belong to their own distinct part of the squamate tree.

2016 July 13, Elsa Panciroli, “How did legless worm-lizards cross the Atlantic?”, in The Guardian:

(zoology) Any member of the Amphisbaenia, the clade of worm lizards.


chasmataspidid

The sixth prosomal appendage is modified in both xiphosurids and chasmataspidids for use in locomotion or burrowing.

2015 September 1, James C. Lamsdell et al., “The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(zoology) Any of the Chasmataspidida, an extinct group of chelicerate arthropods.


megalograptid

(zoology) Any of the Megalograptidae, a family of extinct eurypterids.


mixopterid

Sampling of the Carcinosomatoidea is increased, with ten species included for the carcinosomatid, megalograptid, and mixopterid clades in addition to the three sampled previously.

(zoology) Any extinct sea scorpion in the family Mixopteridae.


archosauriform

(zoology) Belonging to the Archosauriformes, a clade of diapsid reptiles.


archosauriform

(zoology) Any member of the Archosauriformes.


apelin

(biochemistry) A peptide that is the endogenous ligand for the G-protein-coupled APJ receptor


apterin

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A furanocoumarin, the glucoside of vaginol, found in Zizia aptera and other plants.


bernissartiid

(zoology) Any extinct crocodile-like reptile in the family Bernissartiidae.


dysmetabolism

(biochemistry, pathology) metabolic dysfunction


paralligatorid

If the Hungarian specimen is from a paralligatorid, then it would be the first occurrence of the group in the European archipelago.

2015, Attila Ősi et al., “An enigmatic crocodyliform tooth from the bauxites of western Hungary suggests hidden mesoeucrocodylian diversity in the Early Cretaceous European archipelago”, in PeerJ, volume 3, →DOI:

(zoology) Any extinct neosuchian crocodyliform in the family Paralligatoridae


promigratory

The MET tyrosine kinase receptor (known also as the HGF receptor) promotes, among others, cancer growth and metastasis by conveying proliferative, antiapoptotic, and promigratory signals […]

2015 August 3, Chiara Urani et al., “Impact of Cadmium on Intracellular Zinc Levels in HepG2 Cells: Quantitative Evaluations and Molecular Effects”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:


sebecosuchian

(zoology) Any of the Sebecosuchia, an extinct group of mesoeucrocodylian crocodyliforms.


urocortin

urocortin (countable and uncountable, plural urocortins)

(biochemistry) A potent anorexigenic peptide of 40 amino acids.


endolysin

Some phages lyse their hosts using a holin-endolysin system; however, in others, there is no interaction between the holin and the endolysin genes in host lysis [ 47 ].

2015 July 28, Tasha M. Santiago-Rodriguez et al., “Transcriptome analysis of bacteriophage communities in periodontal health and disease”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:


hercogamy

(botany) Alternative spelling of herkogamy


diclinism

(botany) The state of having stamens or pistils in separate flowers.


neuropodous

(zoology) Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the neural side, meaning the nervous system is located ventrally, as in most invertebrates.


scaberulous

en-adj

scaberulous (comparative more scaberulous, superlative most scaberulous)

more scaberulous (comparative)
most scaberulous (superlative)


syntaphilin

Recently syntaphilin (SNPH) was identified, a protein that produces the docking/retaining of mitochondria in axons [ 74, 75 ].

2015 June 29, Fabian A. Cabezas-Opazo et al., “Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease”, in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An axonal mitochondrial protein that disrupts synapse activity


axis cylinder

axis cylinders (plural)
axiscylinder (alternative)


immunoexpress

en-verb

immunoexpress (third-person singular simple present immunoexpresses, present participle immunoexpressing, simple past and past participle immunoexpressed)

immunoexpresses (present singular third-person)
immunoexpressing (participle present)
immunoexpressed (participle past)
immunoexpressed (past)

The lamina propria contains a range of inflammatory cells that normally immunoexpress the various immunoglobulins in plasma cells.

(biochemistry, immunology, transitive, intransitive) (of a protein) to express as a result of an immune response


immunoinhibit

immunoinhibit (third-person singular simple present immunoinhibits, present participle immunoinhibiting, simple past and past participle immunoinhibited)

immunoinhibits (present singular third-person)
immunoinhibiting (participle present)
immunoinhibited (participle past)
immunoinhibited (past)

The titrations are based on the assumption that the volume of antiserum required to completely immunoinhibit enzyme activity is proportional to the amount of the enzyme in the tissue extract or biological fluid.

(biochemistry, immunology, transitive) to inhibit the immune response


angioprotectin

Ang 1–7 and angioprotectin can bind to the Mas receptor (MasR) stimulating vasodilatation, inhibiting oxidative stress, fibrosis and cell proliferation.

2015 August 6, “Functional Local Renin-Angiotensin System in Human and Rat Periodontal Tissue”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A peptide, similar to angiotensin, that causes vasodilation


autohydrolysis

FlhB undergoes asparagine-mediated autohydrolysis at N269-P270 [12 ,13 ].

2015 August 6, “Weak Interactions between Salmonella enterica FlhB and Other Flagellar Export Apparatus Proteins Govern Type III Secretion Dynamics”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) hydrolysis of a peptide or enzyme catalyzed by itself


autotetraploid

In this study, post-germination growth, which occurs entirely by cell elongation, was examined in diploid and autotetraploid hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)

2015 August 6, “Stimulation of Cell Elongation by Tetraploidy in Hypocotyls of Dark-Grown Arabidopsis Seedlings”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) tetraploid because of the doubling of an ancestral chromosome


hyalomin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of immunoregulatory peptides obtained from the salivary glands of hard ticks of the genus Hyalomma


legumain

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of proteins and small-molecule substrates at -Asn-Xaa- bonds.


interpalatine

(ornithology) the antero-internal angle of the palatine where it rests against the sphenoid rostrum


dolichuranic

(zoology) having a long palate; having palatomaxillary index <110


folylpolyglutamate

The best-ranked pair of reference genes from the developmental dataset included genes that encoded a phosphoglucomutase and a folylpolyglutamate synthase; genes that encoded a cullin and the same phosphoglucomutase as above were the most stable genes in the leaf gradient dataset.

2015 August 7, “Validating Internal Control Genes for the Accurate Normalization of qPCR Expression Analysis of the Novel Model Plant Setaria viridis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A folyl derivative of polyglutamate that has a biochemical role in the central nervous system


paragranulin

Five residues were included in the case of paragranulin, because this gave the best sequence alignment when paragranulins were compared with other N-half modules.

2015 August 7, “The Evolution of the Secreted Regulatory Protein Progranulin”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular peptide sequence within granulins


subread

An in-house Perl script was used to calculate the distribution of subread lengths and identify the range of lengths that would give a coverage around 10.

2015 August 7, “Genome Sequence of Bacillus endophyticus and Analysis of Its Companion Mechanism in the Ketogulonigenium vulgare-Bacillus Strain Consortium”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A subset of a read (sequence of DNA generated by sequencing)


lomentariaceous

From translingual Lomentariaceae + -ous.

(biology) Of or relating to the family of seaweeds Lomentariaceae.


paired-end tag

(genetics) Any of the short sequences, at the 5’ and 3’ ends of a DNA fragment, that are sufficiently unique (theoretically) so as to exist together only once in a genome, therefore making the sequence of the DNA in between them available upon search.


atheronal

(biochemistry) Any of a group of ozone compounds found in human atherosclerotic arteries.


scaffoldin

(biochemistry) A large glycoprotein, one of the subunits of a cellulosome.


algivorous

However, whether the depth-dependent switch in the nematode community structure was due to a bottom-up effect (i.e. light limitation of periphytic algae) or to specific adaptations of algivorous nematodes to the shear stress caused by waves in the shallow zone, or to both, was not resolved.

2015 September 10, “Depth-Related Effects on a Meiofaunal Community Dwelling in the Periphyton of a Mesotrophic Lake”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


eureptile

From eu- + reptile, influenced by Eureptilia.

There are, however, reasons to believe that aquatic or semiaquatic habits were more widespread among eureptiles than traditionally assumed and that the exclusion of aquatic or semi-aquatic taxa biases the analyses.

2015 September 10, “Anatomy of the Enigmatic Reptile Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949 (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Triassic of Germany and Its Relevance for the Origin of Sauria”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


eureptilian

(zoology) Belonging or relating to the Eureptilia.


leiobunine

Here we test a hypothesis that diversity of reproductive structures in leiobunine harvestmen (daddy longlegs) of eastern North America reflects two sexually coevolved but non-overlapping precopulatory strategies, a primitive solicitous strategy (females enticed by penis-associated nuptial gifts), and a multiply derived antagonistic strategy (penis exerts mechanical force against armature of the female pregenital opening).

2015 September 10, “Biomechanical Diversity of Mating Structures among Harvestmen Species Is Consistent with a Spectrum of Precopulatory Strategies”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any harvestman of the subfamily Leiobuninae


myosignal

Training was done with either myosignal feedback on a computer screen, a virtual myoelectric prosthetic hand or a computer game.

2015 September 10, “Virtual Training of the Myosignal”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) An electrical signal that controls a muscle.


dorylomorph

which represents another independent origin of eusociality in addition to honeybee and ants; and several additional ant species, notably the dorylomorph Cerapachys biroi which represents the second most early-branching ant species following the ponerine Harpegnathos saltator (Oxley et al.)

2015 August 12, Xiaofan Zhou et al., “Chemoreceptor Evolution in Hymenoptera and Its Implications for the Evolution of Eusociality”, in Genome Biology and Evolution, volume 7, →DOI:

(zoology) A member of a taxonomic grouping of army ants and their relatives, comprising six subfamilies Leptanilloidinae, Cerapachyinae, Ecitoninae, and the monogeneric subfamilies Aenictinae, Aenictogitinae, and genus Dorylus sensu stricto, now all placed in Dorylinae sensu lato.


pseudosuchian

Janensch considered Elachistosuchus a pseudosuchian archosaur and diagnosed it by small body size, the lack of a specialized body plan, and the presence of a large posttemporal fenestra and an alleged antorbital fenestra.

(zoology) Belonging to the Pseudosuchia.


pseudosuchian

(zoology) Any member of the Pseudosuchia.


casamino acid

(biochemistry) Any of a mixture of amino acids and peptides obtained from acid hydrolysis of casein, typically used in microbial growth media.


loculamentous

(botany, rare) Full of loculaments, or little cells.


intelectin

en-noun

intelectin (countable and uncountable, plural intelectins)

Most of up-regulated genes were related to innate immune responses, including innate immunity cells (macrophages, NK cell, mast cell, basophils) and innate immunity molecules (cytokines, chemokines, complement, lysozyme, intelectin 2).

2015 August 8, “An Immediate Innate Immune Response Occurred In the Early Stage of E . granulosus Eggs Infection in Sheep: Evidence from Microarray Analysis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of intestinal lactoferrin receptors.


lysotracker

CellLight ER and GA labelled with GFP, and lysotracker green DND-26 were then incubated to the cells to track the co-localisation of aptamers with ER, GA and lysosomes respectively, and fixed using 4% PFA. The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

2015 August 8, “Selective Targeting to Glioma with Nucleic Acid Aptamers”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(histology) Any of a range of fluorescent dyes used to stain lysosomes


transinfected

It should be noted, however, that other transinfected lines have been recently constructed which are bidirectionally incompatible with the double-infected population of Ae.

2015 August 8, “Combining the Sterile Insect Technique with Wolbachia -Based Approaches: II- A Safer Approach to Aedes albopictus Population Suppression Programmes, Designed to Minimize the Consequences of Inadvertent Female Release”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) infected by means of transinfection


asterless

(biology) Without asters (star-shaped structures in cells).


depeptidize

en-verb

depeptidize (third-person singular simple present depeptidizes, present participle depeptidizing, simple past and past participle depeptidized)

depeptidizes (present singular third-person)
depeptidizing (participle present)
depeptidized (participle past)
depeptidized (past)

By introducing peptide isosteres, modifying the side chains of amino acids, and methylating amide nitrogens to depeptidize the molecule, the methylated Analog 7 was identified […]

2013 September 15, Anita Y. M. Howe, Srikanth Venkatraman, “The Discovery and Development of Boceprevir: A Novel, First-generation Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Serine Protease”, in Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology, volume 1, →DOI:

(transitive, biochemistry, organic chemistry) To remove the peptide bonds from.


maxillopod

(zoology) Any member of the class Maxillopoda of diverse crustaceans including barnacles and copepods.


humidimycin

(biochemistry) A peptide found in Streptomyces humidus.


pseurotin A

(biochemistry) A bioactive metabolite of Aspergillus.


diadectomorph

(zoology) Any member of the Diadectomorpha.


squeeze box

squeeze boxes (plural)
squeezebox (alternative)

Jebby rushed to the area behind the mare's paddock. What he saw there filled him with fresh concern. Isabella was in the "squeeze box." This, he knew, was a strait jacket for animals! […] He had seen the old squeeze box sitting in the field behind the hoofed animals' paddock. Zoo keepers had used it in the days before the invention of the Tranquilizer Gun for immobilizing animals when they wanted to inoculate them or treat them for illness or injury. If the squeeze box were used unwisely, a Zoo keeper had told Jebby, an animal inside it could be squeezed almost to death. And it always caused panic as the wooden sides pressed against the trapped creature's body.

1963, Ann Cottrell Free, Forever the Wild Mare, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, →OCLC:

Williams and Sawyer (1995) reported on successful techniques used on a large number of otters in the rehabilitation centers during the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Restraint equipment included heavy leather welder's gloves with long sleeves, a large salmon dip net fitted with an elongated bag of soft 1-in. mesh net, a throw net, blankets, stuff bags, and some sort of squeeze box. […] The bag is quickly placed over the head, shoulders, and thorax, and the otter is held by pressing down on the bag. This is best accomplished while the otter is in the net or squeeze box with the animal on its back and the hind legs held by a second handler[…].

2001, Pamela Tuomi, “Sea Otters”, in Leslie A. Dierauf, Frances M. D. Gulland, editors, CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation, 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 972:

Snakes and beaded lizards can be measured effectively in a "squeeze box" (Quinn and Jones 1974). A squeeze box immobilizes an animal by pressing it between a transparent lid and a soft foam bottom. Squeeze boxes have diverse designs[…], but basically, they are all modifications of the original described by Quinn and Jones (1974).

2012, Mercedes S. Foster, “Dealing with Live Reptiles”, in Roy W. McDiarmid et al., editors, Reptile Biodiversity: Standard Methods for Inventory and Monitoring, Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 132:

Physical restraint devices (e.g., rabbit squeezeboxes and cat bags) are a useful adjunct to anesthesia, particularly in the induction period. Restrained rabbits quickly develop hyperthermia, however, especially when environmental temperatures are high. Physical restraint of free-living rabbits and hares should be minimal.

2014, Darryl Heard, “Lagomorphs (Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas)”, in Gary [Don] West, Darryl [J.] Heard, Nigel Caulkett, editors, Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia, 2nd edition, Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 879:

(veterinary medicine) A container that fits tightly around an animal to immobilize it for medical treatment, transportation, etc.


linguliform

This study concerns all infaunal brachiopods that possess an inarticulate, organo-phosphatic, linguliform shell.


russeted

en-adj

russeted (comparative more russeted, superlative most russeted)

more russeted (comparative)
most russeted (superlative)

While the European pear is, at its finest, buttery and surrenders to the slightest pressure, Asian pears are firm, very crisp, hugely juicy and sweet and, in some cases, highly aromatic – spicy almost. Some are smooth-skinned, others lightly russeted.

2015 September 5, Mark Diacono, “In praise of the Asian pear”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), archived from the original on 2015-09-12, pages 1–2:

(botany) Having a rough skin that is reddish-brown or greyish; russet.


Romer's gap

(paleontology) An apparent gap in the tetrapod fossil record in the lower Mississippian.


limnoplankton

(biology) The plankton of fresh waters, especially of lakes


limnophilid

Limnophilid larvae are fitted for life in almost every aquatic situation.

(entomology) any of the caddisflies in the family Limnephilidae, formerly known as the Limnophilidae


limnophilid

(entomology) of, or related to limnophilids


limnemic

limnaemic (alternative)
limnæmic (alternative)

(biology) adapted to live in marshes or marshy places


limnobios

(biology) the animals and plants of fresh water considered collectively


halobios

(biology) life in the oceans; marine life collectively


geobios

/ˈd͡ʒiːəʊˌbaɪɒs/

/ˈd͡ʒiːəʊˌbaɪəʊs/

Probably the geobios is more similar in its environmental conditions to the limnobios and halobios, than the latter two are to each other.

1906, Thomas Harrison Montgomery, The Analysis of Racial Descent in Animals, page 22:

(biology) Life on the land considered collectively.


diplobios

(biology) organisms which spend part of their life in one medium, part in another, considered collectively


extra-limital

They have been excluded from the taxonomic revision because they are currently considered as extra-limital to the study area.

(biology) (of animals or birds) that occurs at a considerable distance beyond its normal range


perlucin

en-noun

perlucin (countable and uncountable, plural perlucins)

A 48kDa protein was extracted from the pearl of H.cumingii, providing evidence of vaterite formation and the matrix protein perlucin is reported to be involved in H.cumingii nacre formation.

2015 August 12, “A Novel Matrix Protein Hic31 from the Prismatic Layer of Hyriopsis Cumingii Displays a Collagen-Like Structure”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A matrix protein, found in nacre, that nucleates growth of calcium carbonate crystals


autoregulator

LmrR was shown to be a transcriptional repressor of lmrCD expression and an autoregulator of its own expression.

2015 August 13, “Binding of the Lactococcal Drug Dependent Transcriptional Regulator LmrR to Its Ligands and Responsive Promoter Regions”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics, biochemistry) Any protein that regulates its own expression


autorepression

An incomplete PadR motif is located in the p/o of lmrR, this palindromic sequence is only weakly recognized by LmrR. A proposed mechanism for the binding of LmrR to the p/o regions and the regulation of lmrCD and lmrR is as followed: the binding of two LmrR dimers to PlmrCD, together with an extensive binding of PlmrR by multiple LmrR dimers, results in a repression of lmrCD and a strong autorepression of lmrR.

(genetics, biochemistry) repression of the expression of a protein by the protein itself


paradiploid

While we find a “diploid” peak in DNA content in the MTF populations, it seems more appropriate to term it “paradiploid”, since it is known that polyploid tumor cells elicit paradiploid progeny through depolyploidizing divisions and regulated autophagic degradation [106 ].

2015 August 13, “Macrophage-Tumor Cell Fusions from Peripheral Blood of Melanoma Patients”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Less than polyploid and greater than diploid


tetracopeptide

Hop is comprised of three tetracopeptide domains: TPR1, TPR2A, TPR2B and two dipeptide repeats (DP): DP1 and DP2.

2015 August 13, “Plasmodium falciparum Hop (PfHop) Interacts with the Hsp70 Chaperone in a Nucleotide-Dependent Fashion and Exhibits Ligand Selectivity”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any polypeptide containing twenty-four peptide units


cymbidium

A recent arrangement of soaring glass vases, green calla lilies, green anthuriums, pale green cymbidium orchids and gnarled, sandblasted manzanita branches had guests gathered around it in awe.

2009 May 23, Donna Yawching, Toronto Star:

A bell chimes as you open the door, and fans swirl below a pressed-tin ceiling. Cymbidiums, cattleyas and other flowering orchids are presented in decorative pots on round tables.

2019 April 10, Adrian Higgins, “This florist started caring for ailing orchids on the side. He’s now babysitting 13,000.”, in The Washington Post:

(botany) Any orchid of the genus Cymbidium.


extracatalytic

We conclude that Fu binds to Su(fu) and to Cos2 through distinct regions in the extracatalytic domain, (aa361-390 and aa504-805, respectively), and that disruption of Fu kinase activity does not affect the ability of Fu to bind to Su(fu) and Cos2.

2015 August 14, “A Comparison of Ci/Gli Activity as Regulated by Sufu in Drosophila and Mammalian Hedgehog Response”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Outside the catalytic domain of an enzyme


ferroptosis

(biology) A form of non-apoptotic cell death that is dependent upon intracellular iron.


chaetetid

Though widely accepted as an alga there is still debate over its taxonomic affinity, with recent work arguing that it should be reclassified as a chaetetid sponge.

2015 September 15, “Geochemical Evidence of the Seasonality, Affinity and Pigmenation of Solenopora jurassica”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) A kind of demosponge fossil composed of fused tubules.


tetrabrachion

The cytoplasmic (CD), tetramerization (TM) and stalk domains of the WT NA were replaced by an Ig-k secretion sequence, a 6xHis-tag, and a tetrabrachion domain for protein tetramerization.

2015 August 18, “Expression and Characterization of Recombinant, Tetrameric and Enzymatically Active Influenza Neuraminidase for the Setup of an Enzyme-Linked Lectin-Based Assay”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A highly thermostable surface protein, of unusual structure, isolated from an archaebacterium.


CRISPR

CRISPR (countable and uncountable, plural CRISPRs)

Acronym of clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.

Crispr is a guide molecule made of RNA, that allows a specific site of interest on the DNA double helix to be targeted.

2018 October 14, Sarah Marsh, “Essays reveal Stephen Hawking predicted race of 'superhumans'”, in The Guardian:

(microbiology) Segments of bacteria and archaea DNA containing short repetitions of base sequences.

For the first time, doctors in the U.S. have used the powerful gene-editing technique CRISPR to try to treat a patient with a genetic disorder.

2019 July 29, Rob Stein, “In A 1st, Doctors In U.S. Use CRISPR Tool To Treat Patient With Genetic Disorder”, in npr:

(genetics) The CRISPR/Cas9 system, which functions to provide immunity to bacteria and archaea by finding a section of DNA and replacing it with an alternative.


counterdye

en-verb

counterdye (third-person singular simple present counterdyes, present participle counterdyeing, simple past and past participle counterdyed)

counterdyes (present singular third-person)
counterdyeing (participle present)
counterdyed (participle past)
counterdyed (past)

(cytology) To dye with a counteracting stain.


endophagous

We recorded plant associated ecto- and endophagous herbivores, their natural enemies and pollinators on and in each aboveground plant organ, i.e. flowers, fruits, leaves and stems.

2015 August 21, “Plant Size as Determinant of Species Richness of Herbivores, Natural Enemies and Pollinators across 21 Brassicaceae Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, of a parasite) That feeds from within the host organism


deglycation

When interpreting our results, physiological and biological differences between ethnic groups should also be considered (e.g. differences in red blood cell turnover, biological factors influencing non-enzymatic glycation or enzymatic deglycation of HbA1c independent of mean blood glucose [36 ]).

2015 August 22, “Impact of Maternal Country of Birth on Type-1-Diabetes Therapy and Outcome in 27,643 Children and Adolescents from the DPV Registry”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The removal of a sugar moiety from a glycoprotein


transrepressor

(genetics) A transfected genetic repressor.


subapocarpous

Flowers often irregular; disc usually annular, adnate to the stamens or reduced to glands, rarely absent; ovary multicarpellary, syncarpous or subapocarpous; ovules one to two, rarely numerous in each carpel, ascending or pendulous; raphe usually ventral.

1879, Otto Wilhelm Thomé, Alfred William Bennett, Text-book of Structural and Physiological Botany, Celastrales, page 407:

Apocarpous fruits are the ancestral state in Acronychia and subapocarpous and fully syncarpous fruits are derived.

2015 August 25, “Phylogeny of Acronychia (Rutaceae) and First Insights into Its Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Fruit Characters”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) Having the carpels partially joined.


serotransferrin

A total of 16 differentially expressed proteins (7 upregulated, such as heat shock proteins and 9 downregulated, such as alpha-fetoprotein and, serotransferrin) were identified when Yorkshire gilts were compared with Meishan gilts on day 90 of gestation.

2015 August 26, “Proteomic Analysis of Fetal Ovary Reveals That Ovarian Developmental Potential Is Greater in Meishan Pigs than in Yorkshire Pigs”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A transferrin found in blood plasma


aristogenesis

From aristo- + -genesis, coined by Henry Fairfield Osborn.

(biology, historical) A type of orthogenesis that operates by means of a "creative principle".


biocharacter

(biology, uncommon) A defining characteristic of an organism or group of organisms


aristogene

From aristo- + -gene, coined by Henry Fairfield Osborn.

(biology, historical) A developmental unit that can evolve and serve a functional purpose in the hypothesis of aristogenesis.


aristogenic

(biology, historical) Relating to an aristogene.


orthoselection

From ortho- + selection, originally coined by Ludwig Plate in 1913.

Therefore, there is evidence that orthoselection (sensu White, 1973) takes place in a karyotypic format in some lineages and particular formats in others, and could be associated with specific adaptive values that have obvious evolutionary connotations.

"Chromosomal Changes and Stasis in Marine Fish Groups" in Fish Cytogenetics, Wagner Franco Molina, p. 83

(genetics) The acquisition of a common series of rearrangements within a genetic lineage.


cyclosophoran

(biochemistry) A disaccharide that is a form of glucopyranosyl-glucopyranose


glucanosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers glucanosyl groups


protocooperation

(biology) The situation where two species interact with each other beneficially, without having a specific need to do so.


beta-glucosidase

(biochemistry) A glucosidase enzyme, located on the brush border of the small intestine, that acts upon β1->4 bonds linking two glucose or glucose-substituted molecules.


neurotactin

en-noun

neurotactin (countable and uncountable, plural neurotactins)

(biochemistry) The murine form of the chemokine protein.


systemin

(biochemistry) A plant peptide hormone involved in the wound response in the Solanaceae family.


leafwing

(entomology) Any butterfly of the subfamily Charaxinae.

(Australia, entomology) The butterfly Doleschallia bisaltide.


charaxine

(zoology) Of or relating to the nymphalid butterfly subfamily Charaxinae.


apterodontine

We can also note that apterodontines and hyainailourines often display more than two mental foramina, while hyaenodontids very rarely display more than two, and have a weak ventral concavity anterior to the angular process.

2015 September 24, “A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the Apterodontinae.


metzincin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of protease enzymes with a zinc ion in their active sites.


otophysan

For soniferous otophysans, decreased auditory sensitivity is particularly harmful because it may reduce the capacity to detect acoustic signals from conspecifics.

2015 September 24, “Stress and Auditory Responses of the Otophysan Fish, Cyprinella venusta, to Road Traffic Noise”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any of the fish of the Otophysi series within the Ostariophysi superorder, also known as the Otophysa in some classifications.


vitaminergic

Its vitaminergic actions and uses are identical to those of the hydrochloride.

1995, Alfonso R. Gennaro, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy:

We hypothesize that AA is a vitaminergic transmitter that activates the release of both FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.
A schematic diagram of the hypothesized mechanism of action of AA as a vitaminergic neurotransmitter.

2001 September, S. Karanth, W. H. Yu, A. Walczewska, C. A. Mastronardi, S. M. McCann, Ascorbic acid stimulates gonadotropin release by autocrine action by means of NO, in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (98(20): 11783–11788)

Ascorbic acid (AA) is a potent antioxidant that is known to affect mood, and it is the first known vitaminergic neurotransmitter (Karanth et al., 2000; Balz, 2003).

2013, N. S. Minka, J. O. Ayo, “Physiological and behavioral responses of goats to 12-hour road transportation, lairage and grazing periods, and the modulatory role of ascorbic acid”, in Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications:

(rare, biochemistry, neuroscience) Produced or activated by a vitamin


agribiont

Female spiders of one agribiont genus, Pardosa (Lycosidae), which are hunting spiders, were found to be in better condition in landscapes dominated by arable crops [62 ].

2015 August 27, “Organic Farming: Biodiversity Impacts Can Depend on Dispersal Characteristics and Landscape Context”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any organism that lives mainly in an agricultural environment


mesothermal

The regional climate is humid mesothermal, with a hot summer and well distributed rainfall throughout the year (Cfa in Köppen-Geiser’s classification [32 ]).

2015 August 27, “Markedly Divergent Tree Assemblage Responses to Tropical Forest Loss and Fragmentation across a Strong Seasonality Gradient”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


microindel

Indel and microindel start and stop coordinates were used as the genomic coordinates of the mutation and all bases that fell within these coordinates were ignored for downstream analysis.

2015 August 27, “Increasing Nucleosome Occupancy Is Correlated with an Increasing Mutation Rate so Long as DNA Repair Machinery Is Intact”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A very short indel (less than 50 bases)


proteohormone

RbST is a proteohormone that can be used to increase milk production, but its administration is illegal in the EU [16 ] and of consumer’s concern in the USA. To detect rbST abuse, it has been shown that rbST-dependent protein biomarkers in serum and milk of dairy cows can be monitored, but levels are typically low (10 ng mL -1 range) [17 –19 ].

2015 August 27, “Calling Biomarkers in Milk Using a Protein Microarray on Your Smartphone”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any protein that acts as a hormone


extraguild

Actually, competition may cause a shift in niche partitioning of plant resources (i.e., flower vs. leaf), which consequently affects the extraguild prey consumption.

2015 September 26, “Plant Resources as a Factor Altering Emergent Multi-Predator Effects”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


genomospecies

This operon is present in only a limited number of strains belonging to genomospecies 1, and it has been acquired once during evolution by horizontal transfer.

2015 August 28, “Bioinformatics Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequence of the Mango Tree Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae UMAF0158 Reveals Traits Relevant to Virulence and Epiphytic Lifestyle”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, genetics) A species characterised by its DNA alone


homoarginine

homoarginine (countable and uncountable, plural homoarginines)

Arginine and homoarginine were detected at λex = 337 nm, λem = 520 nm, and λem = 454 nm was used for (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA).

2015 August 28, “Elevated Levels of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) in the Pericardial Fluid of Cardiac Patients Correlate with Cardiac Hypertrophy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The amino acid (2S)-2-amino-6-(diaminomethylideneamino)hexanoic acid


polyaminoacid

(biochemistry) A polypeptide having a single amino acid subunit


polythreonine

Experiments in vitro revealed even more amyloid-forming proteins and peptides, including proteins with no link to in vivo amyloids, such as polyaminoacids (e.g., polylysine, polythreonine and polyglutamic acid) [3 ], and short oligopeptides [4 –6 ].

2015 August 28, “pH-Driven Polymorphism of Insulin Amyloid-Like Fibrils”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A polyaminoacid composed of threonine subunits


glycoxidation

glycoxidation (countable and uncountable, plural glycoxidations)

glycoxidations (plural)
glycooxidation (alternative)
glyco-oxidation (alternative)

(biochemistry) The oxidation of sugars, glycoproteins or glycolipids


ergatotype

From Ancient Greek ἐργάτης (ergátēs, “worker”) + -type.

uder

(entomology, taxonomy, rare) An additional type specimen chosen as a paratype to exemplify the worker caste in a hymenopteran taxon.


empoascan

More work is also needed to clarify whether Empoasca onukii injures other plants besides tea, or if there are other empoascan species attacking tea shrubs in these areas.

2015 October 1, “Clarification of the Identity of the Tea Green Leafhopper Based on Morphological Comparison between Chinese and Japanese Specimens”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Belonging to Empoasca, a genus of leafhoppers.


tantulocarid

(zoology) Any of the Tantulocarida, a group of parasitic crustaceans.


telmophagous

From Ancient Greek τέλμα (télma, “pond, puddle”) + -phagous.

der

(zoology) Feeding from a pool of blood caused by tissue laceration.


solenophage

(biology) Any solenophagous (feeding directly on blood vessels) organism


biospecies

(biology, taxonomy) A biological species, usually defined by the biological species concept or strictly on a neontological basis.


enteroenteric

(biology, medicine) Concerning segments of intestine, often with reference to a fistula therebetween, as:

enteroenteric intussusception

enteroenteric fistulas

Concerning segments of small intestine, usually with reference to an intussusception thereof or a fistula therebetween.

enteroenteric circulation

(biology, medicine) Relating to transport of matter from, then back to, the intestines.


migfilin

Structure of migfilin peptide (blue) bound to the CD face of IgFLNa21 (green) (PDB ID:2W0P) [18 ].

2015 September 1, “Flexible Structure of Peptide-Bound Filamin A Mechanosensor Domain Pair 20–21”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A protein implicated in control of integrin-mediated cell adhesion


glycoaminidase

We therefore treated the samples with PNGase F, a glycoaminidase capable of cleaving asparagine and N-acetylglucosamine residues in order to focus on quantitative analysis of the deglycosylated C1 without significant interference from the IgG band.

2015 September 2, “Prion Protein Protects against Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A glycosidase that catalyses the hydrolysis of an N-linked glycoside


endoxylanase

(biochemistry) Any xylanase that operates within a cell


neurobeachin

Two SNPs, rs14920313 and rs14920355, were located in the doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) gene, and rs313140585 was identified in the neurobeachin (NBEA) gene.

2015 September 3, “Promising Loci and Genes for Yolk and Ovary Weight in Chickens Revealed by a Genome-Wide Association Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A protein that binds kinases to membranes


pseudoalterin

With pEV as expression vector and SM20429 as the host, a cold-adapted protease, pseudoalterin, which cannot be maturely expressed in E.

2015 September 3, “Development of a Cold-Adapted Pseudoalteromonas Expression System for the Pseudoalteromonas Proteins Intractable for the Escherichia coli System”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A metalloprotease isolated from deep-sea bacteria of a Pseudoalteromonas species.


malonylation

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) The addition of a malonyl group, especially to a lysine residue of a protein


normochromatic

Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity were assessed by the frequency of MNPCE, whereas cytotoxicity and anticytotoxicity were evaluated by the PCE and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio (PCE/NCE).

2015 September 4, “Genotoxic, Cytotoxic, Antigenotoxic, and Anticytotoxic Effects of Sulfonamide Chalcone Using the Ames Test and the Mouse Bone Marrow Micronucleus Test”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) Having a normal colour (when stained)


acetamidase

The first equivalent system in mycobacteria, the acetamide-inducible system based on the Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msmeg) endogenous acetamidase promoter [13 ], was developed as late as in 1997.

2015 September 9, “Benzoic Acid-Inducible Gene Expression in Mycobacteria”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any amidase that acts on an acetamide unit


tritrophic

/tɹʌɪˈtɹəʊ.fɪk/

/tɹʌɪˈtɹɒf.ɪk/

From tri- (“three”) + -trophic (“relating to feeding and nutrition”), from Ancient Greek τροφικός (trophikós, “nursing, tending”), from τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment, food”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic”).

af

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">-ic</i>

The spatial overlap between bean species and bruchine hosts, together with the great morphological similarity among the Horismenus species, has made the study of the ecology and population genetics of this tritrophic system difficult.

2015 September 10, “Uncovering Cryptic Parasitoid Diversity in Horismenus (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) Describing a parasite that feeds on another parasite that feeds on a third parasite.


agnoprotein

From a- + Latin gnōscō (“know”) + protein, in reference to agnogene, the gene from which polyomavirus family of agnoprotein emerges.

Expression of the viral proteins VP1 and agnoprotein was measured in whole cell protein extracts by Western blot.

2015 September 12, “CRISPR/Cas9 System as an Agent for Eliminating Polyomavirus JC Infection”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses


vasohibin

Among these, we looked at vasohibin for further study, since its expression increased by about 3 times.

2015 September 12, “Inhibition of IGF-1-Mediated Cellular Migration and Invasion by Migracin A in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of angiogenesis inhibitors found in the endothelium


slippery sequence

en-noun

slippery sequence (plural slippery sequences)

(genetics) A small section of codon nucleotide sequences that controls the rate of ribosomal frameshifting.


hypercolonization

Here, we show that inactivation of dsdA does not lead to hypercolonization.

2015 September 15, “dsdA Does Not Affect Colonization of the Murine Urinary Tract by Escherichia coli CFT073”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) excessive colonization (by an organism)


immunometabolism

In fact, a novel research area termed immunometabolism has emerged from the study of AT’s roles in metabolism and immunity, which contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated dysfunctions [23, 24 ].

2015 September 15, “Characterization of In Vitro Engineered Human Adipose Tissues: Relevant Adipokine Secretion and Impact of TNF-α”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(immunology, biochemistry) The study of the interaction between the immune system and metabolism


maltooctaose

We tested if redox sensitivity—defined as a percentage difference between reduced (set as 100%) and oxidized activity—is dependent on the nature of the glucan substrate using a linear series of maltooligosaccharides (MOS) from glucose to maltooctaose and glycogen as substrates.

2015 September 15, “The Role of Cysteine Residues in Redox Regulation and Protein Stability of Arabidopsis thaliana Starch Synthase 1”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide composed of four maltose moieties


octaose

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide containing eight monosaccharide moieties


polyglucan

It has a structural fold termed GT-B and a retaining mechanism of glucose transfer giving an α-configuration of the growing polyglucan chain (http://www.cazy.org/ ).

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide containing glucan units


transfrag

A single consensus transfrag covers the entire TRα1 coding sequence (exons 2–9), and two non-overlapping transfrags cover all but 25 nt of the Rev-erbα coding sequence (exons 1–8).

2015 September 15, “Evolution of the Antisense Overlap between Genes for Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Rev-erbα and Characterization of an Exonic G-Rich Element That Regulates Splicing of TRα2 mRNA”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A transcribed fragment (of DNA)


mermithergate

From New Latin mermithergata, from Ancient Greek μέρμις (mérmis, “cord, string”) + ἐργάτης (ergátēs, “worker”).

der

The normal worker castes of Pheidole gouldi are depicted in comparison with a mermithergate: side view of the body of a mermithergate, with the Mermis nematode visible through the intersegmental membranes of its gaster […]

2003, Edward O. Wilson, Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus:

(entomology) A worker ant that is deformed by parasitic nematodes.


formicivorous

Formicivorous mammals (those which feed mainly on ants) come in all shapes and sizes […]

2010, Paula Hammond, Atlas of the World's Strangest Animals, page 152:


free-swimming

It is a most remarkable fact that almost all these shore animals in their early development from the egg pass through free-swimming larval stages which are closely alike in form for very widely different zoological groups.

1885, Sir Norman Lockyer, Nature - Volume 32, page 418:

The presence of free-swimming and stalked ciliates, some flagellates, and rotifers in mixed liquor indicates a balanced, properly settling environment.

2008, Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, page 715:


thalassochory

However, even for these species, thalassochory remains an unlikely dispersal vector due to the reduced floatation capacity and low viability of immersed diaspores.

2015 October 15, “On the Limited Potential of Azorean Fleshy Fruits for Oceanic Dispersal”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Transport or dispersal of organisms by means of the ocean.


washingtonia

(botany) Any fan palm of the genus Washingtonia.


chionodoxa

Adapted to the same uses as the chionodoxas and following them at a little later date, it is suited to positions ranging from the rockery to naturalization in grasslands.

1934, David Griffiths, Bulbs from Seed, page 22:

Smaller flowers such as chionodoxa are better under shrubs where they can create great pools of blue.

2015 October 17, Alys Fowler, “Alys Fowler: now’s the time to plant a swath of crocuses”, in The Guardian:

(botany) Any plant of the former genus Chionodoxa.


chocolatize

en-verb

chocolatize (third-person singular simple present chocolatizes, present participle chocolatizing, simple past and past participle chocolatized)

chocolatizes (present singular third-person)
chocolatizing (participle present)
chocolatized (participle past)
chocolatized (past)

Due to difficulty culturing the WY-A2 strain in MMH broth, cysteine heart agar with 9% chocolatized sheep blood (CHAB) was used under identical incubation settings as the strains above.

2015 October 17, “Prior Inoculation with Type B Strains of Francisella tularensis Provides Partial Protection against Virulent Type A Strains in Cottontail Rabbits”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(transitive, biology) To heat (a substance containing blood) slowly until the red blood cells lyse, producing a brown, chocolate-like color.


protocarnivorous

/ˌpɹəʊtəkɑːˈnɪvəɹəs/

Recently, a new distinction has been made between the classical carnivorous plants, terrestrial or aquatic, and the newly discovered protocarnivorous plants.

1998, Pierre Jolivet, Interrelationship Between Insects and Plants, CRC Press, page 101:

Pinedrops and other protocarnivorous species have an advantage over other plants in situations where soil nitrogen is scarce.

2007, Carolyn Dodson, William W. Dunmire, Mountain Wildflowers of the Southern Rockies: Revealing Their Natural History, University of New Mexico Press, page 45:

The abundance of dead and decaying animals turns the traps into attractive habits for different organisms. Carnivorous and protocarnivorous plants employ two different strategies to face this challenge: […]

2011, Janek von Byern, Ingo Grunwald, editors, Biological Adhesive Systems, Springer Science & Business Media, page 24:

(botany, of a plant) Capable of trapping and killing insects or other animals but lacking the ability to digest or absorb nutrients from its prey.


riparian buffer

en-noun

riparian buffer (plural riparian buffers)

/ɹʌɪˈpɛːɹɪən ˈbʌfə(ɹ)/

(ecology) An area of vegetation around a body of water that gives benefits to the ecosystem in the body of water. It can provide shade, a food source, and a buffer against pollution from outside sources.


incessive

en-adj

incessive (comparative more incessive, superlative most incessive)

more incessive (comparative)
most incessive (superlative)

From Latin incessus + -ive, from Latin incesso + -ive.

On the right cheek, just below the incessive tearing, and only a mild redness.

1943 January, H.D. Rosenbaum, “Varicella and the Cornea*: A Case Report”, in American Journal of Ophthalmology, volume 26, number 1:

In the new genus Bathyopsurus, the incessive part and the lacinia (on the left mandible) are well developed.

1951, Hans Pettersson, Nils Gunnar Jerlov, Börje Kullenberg, Reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition, 1947-1948, page 206:


phagostimulant

(entomology) Any substance that stimulates feeding in insects and other arthropods.


ectohydric

These two species are ectohydric and take up N with water from precipitation [34 ].

2015 September 17, “Diversification of Nitrogen Sources in Various Tundra Vegetation Types in the High Arctic”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) That transports water on its external surface


endohydric

In contrast, Polytrichastrum alpinum (Polytrichospida) is endohydric and transports water up from the underlying soil [35 ].

(botany) That transports water internally


matriptase

en-noun

matriptase (usually uncountable, plural matriptases)

From matri- (because of its use in treating breast cancer) + tryp(sin) + -ase?

af

Stoichiometric release of 6-amidino-2-naphthol allowed highly sensitive fluorometric estimation of active-site concentration in preparations of matriptase and tryptase.

2015 October 21, “Divergent Inhibitor Susceptibility among Airway Lumen-Accessible Tryptic Proteases”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that cleaves various kinds of synthetic substrate.


prostasin

Aprotinin exhibited nearly stoichiometric inhibition of prostasin and matriptase, but was much weaker towards HAT and was completely ineffective versus tryptase.

(biochemistry) A particular protein that is implicated in epithelial sodium channel regulation.


TMH

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of trimethylhydrazine hydrochloride.


endophage

These results corroborate our expectation of a stronger effect of host-plant phylogenetic isolation on endophage diversity than on exophage diversity.

2015 September 18, “The Effect of Host-Plant Phylogenetic Isolation on Species Richness, Composition and Specialization of Insect Herbivores: A Comparison between Native and Exotic Hosts”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any parasite that feeds within its host


exophage

(biology) Any parasite that feeds outside of its host


phosphometabolite

Our study uncovered age-dependent decline in phosphometabolite turnover rates and dynamic energetic rearrangements in aging rat atria with simultaneous phosphotransfer circuit and mitochondrial substrate shuttle deficits hindering ATP cycling that may underlie the vulnerability of the whole energetic system, muscle weakness and electrical instability.

2015 September 18, “Decline of Phosphotransfer and Substrate Supply Metabolic Circuits Hinders ATP Cycling in Aging Myocardium”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any metabolite that contains a phosphate (or similar) group


heterododecamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A dodecamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers


pseudodominance

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudodominance.wav

(genetics) The situation in which the inheritance of a recessive trait mimics a dominant pattern.


alcyonacean

(zoology) Any member of the Alcyonacea; a soft coral.


pennatulacean

(zoology) A member of the Pennatulacea; a sea pen.


zonadhesin

This is the case of zonadhesin, a protein from the family of agglutinins that was used as an anchor by Zhang et al.

2015 October 29, “Displaying Lipase B from Candida antarctica in Pichia pastoris Using the Yeast Surface Display Approach: Prospection of a New Anchor and Characterization of the Whole Cell Biocatalyst”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A male reproductive protein associated with cell adhesion.


Gloger's rule

After the zoologist Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger, who first remarked upon this phenomenon in 1833.

(zoology) A rule stating that, within a species of endotherms, more heavily pigmented forms tend to be found in more humid environments.


formicivore

(zoology) Any organism that feeds on ants.


toothed jelly fungus

en-noun

toothed jelly fungus (plural toothed jelly funguses or toothed jelly fungi)

toothed jelly funguses (plural)
toothed jelly fungi (plural)

I have also seen fallen birch logs hosting toothed jelly fungus and witch's butter, both of which are useful edible fungi.

2015, Cliff Seruntine, The Wildwood Way: Spiritual Growth in the Heart of Nature, Llewellyn Worldwide, →ISBN, page 48:

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum
Pseudohydnum gelatinosum#Translingual

(mycology) A mushroom, Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, the only member of the genus Pseudohydnum in the order Auriculariales.


toothed jelly mushroom

toothed jelly mushroom (plural toothed jelly mushrooms)

Fungi continue their patient, determined work, slowly consuming the cellulose over the years, like the helpful toothed jelly mushroom, a nutrientrich fungus that tastes something like tofu.

2015, Cliff Seruntine, The Wildwood Way: Spiritual Growth in the Heart of Nature, Llewellyn Worldwide, →ISBN, page 146:

toothed jelly fungus
toothed jelly fungus#English

(mycology) Synonym of toothed jelly fungus


jelly tooth

Genus Pseudohydnum The fruiting bodies of Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (jelly tooth) are unusual in that they appear to have features of two very different groups of fungi. The fruiting body itself is jellylike, but its lower surface is covered with short, toothlike white spines on which the hymenium is located.


(biochemistry) Abbreviation of casein kinase 2.


chronic wasting disease

(veterinary, pathology) A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy found in deer, typified by chronic weight loss leading to death.


stressee

"Is the problem with the stressor or the stressee, or is it the match between the two?"

2007, Ana Maria Davila Gomez, David Crowther, Ethics, Psyche and Social Responsibility - Page 95:

(psychology, biology) an organism that is stressed


anabolite

(biochemistry) Any substance produced as a result of anabolism


oviscape

From Latin ovum (“egg”) plus scāpus (“stem or shaft”), from Ancient Greek (Doric) σκᾶπος (skâpos).

(entomology) The basal part of the ovipositor of some species of insects, typically the non-retractile sheath that remains exposed when the ovipositor is withdrawn and not in action.

(entomology) The oviscapte or ovipositor.


bassarisk

(zoology) Any member of the genus Bassariscus.


oviscapte

Learned borrowing from Latin ovum (“egg”) + captare (“to conduct”)

(entomology) The oviscape or ovipositor.


caimanine

(zoology) Any member of the subfamily Caimaninae within the Alligatoridae.


dermorphin

dermorphin (countable and uncountable, plural dermorphins)

BSA showed a clear liver distribution, while dermorphin was mainly distributed in the duodenum, followed by the liver, 15 min after i.v. injection.

2015 November 5, “Quorum Sensing Peptides Selectively Penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A heptapeptide first isolated from the skin of South American frogs, and sometimes used illicitly to enhance the performance of racehorses.


BSG

BSG (countable and uncountable, plural BSGs)


dactylogyrid

(zoology) Any flatworm in the family Dactylogyridae.


maturationally

en-adv

maturationally (comparative more maturationally, superlative most maturationally)

more maturationally (comparative)
most maturationally (superlative)

"It is presumed that the stimulus-response sequences set up by learning depend, just as maturationally established sequences do, […]"

1958, Joseph Wolpe, Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition:


boltonia

(botany) Any member of genus Boltonia of plants in the sunflower family; doll's daisy.


polysaccharase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that degrades/hydrolyses a polysaccharide.


coprosma

(botany) Any of the plants in the genus Coprosma.


clintonia

(botany) Any of the genus Clintonia of herbaceous perennials.


davidia

(botany) Any of the genus Davidia of flowering trees.


antimigratory

Based on these observations it is clear that C-10 showed a significant reduction in cell viability and also showed antiangiogenic and antimigratory effects compared to positive controls.

2015 November 10, “Novel Etoposide Analogue Modulates Expression of Angiogenesis Associated microRNAs and Regulates Cell Proliferation by Targeting STAT3 in Breast Cancer”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


thylacocephalan

(zoology) Any member of the Thylacocephala.


rodgersia

(botany) Any member of the genus Rodgersia.


ruellia

(botany) Any member of the genus Ruellia of flowering plants.


pieridine

(zoology) Of or relating to the Pieridae, a large family of butterflies.


self-pollinating

From self- + pollinating, from self-pollination.

(botany) relating to plants that pollinate themselves, either with pollen from the same flower or from a neighbouring flower on the same plant.


fatshedera

(botany) A hybrid of flowering plants of the genera Fatsia and Hedera (× Fatshedera).


semicryptic

Semicryptic and cryptic species suffer less damage than species that perch in the open […]

1997, Johnny A. Waters, Christopher Grant Maples, Geobiology of echinoderms, page 20:

(zoology) Having a certain degree of camouflage.


long i

(palaeography, epigraphy) a tall variant of the letter i, ⟨ꟾ⟩, used in all-capital Latin inscriptions and manuscripts in classical antiquity and the Early Middle Ages for a long vowel /iː/. (Other long vowels were marked with apices.)


agynary

(botany) The absence of female organs, such as on double flowers which have petals but no pistils.


haramiyid

(zoology) Any member of the order †Haramiyida or family †Haramiyidae.


ceratioid

ceratioids (plural)
ceratoid (alternative)

(zoology) Any anglerfish of the suborder Ceratioidei, now Ogcocephalioidei.


choripetalous

In dicotyledons that do not form a calyx, like the buttercups, the corollas are always choripetalous.

1986, Ernst Michael Kranich, Planetary Influences Upon Plants:

(botany) Having separate, unconnected petals; polypetalous.


erythrophagocytosis

Thus, consistent with its known function in regulating RBC phagocytosis, Hu5F9-G4 caused a transient anemia, likely due to erythrophagocytosis, but was otherwise well-tolerated.

2015 September 22, “Pre-Clinical Development of a Humanized Anti-CD47 Antibody with Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Potential”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology, immunology) The phagocytosis of erythrocytes


hydroperoxyflavin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of metabolites formally generated by the addition of the elements of hydrogen peroxide to a flavin


paraptosis

Cytoplasmic vacuolisation is a prominent feature of paraptosis, which includes cytoplasmic vacuolisation, mitochondrial swelling and endoplasmic reticulum stress and annexin V binding to membranes.

2015 September 22, “Aberrant Apoptotic Response of Colorectal Cancer Cells to Novel Nucleoside Analogues”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

programmed cell death
programmed cell death

(biology) A particular form of programmed cell death, defined by cytoplasmic vacuolation, independent of caspase activation and inhibition, and lack of apoptotic morphology.


programmed cell death

en-noun

programmed cell death (countable and uncountable, plural programmed cell deaths)

(biology) The regulated death of a cell, mediated by an intracellular program.

ohjelmoitu solukuolema

the regulated death of a cell, mediated by an intracellular program


subconsomic

To narrow down the region that contains the genetic loci involved in the aggression-eliciting effects on Chr 15, we established a panel of subconsomic strains of MSM Chr 15.

2015 September 22, “Mapping of Genetic Factors That Elicit Intermale Aggressive Behavior on Mouse Chromosome 15: Intruder Effects and the Complex Genetic Basis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics, of strains) congenic and without chromosome substitution


eryptosis

This ability may protect the erythrocytes from the eryptosis elicited by osmotic shock when they move in the kidney, where a large gradient of urea is required for the urine concentrating mechanism.

2015, Liangsuo Shu, Yingjie Li, Xiaokang, Liu Xin Qian, Suyi Huang, Shiping Jin, Baoxue Yang, “Aquaporin-1 is a Maxwell's Demon in the Body”, in arXiv:

(biology) phagocytosis of aging erythrocytes, triggered by changes in their plasma membranes, thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood


hamamelidaceous

From translingual Hamamelidaceae + -ous.

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the Hamamelidaceae.


amplect

en-verb

amplect (third-person singular simple present amplects, present participle amplecting, simple past and past participle amplected)

amplects (present singular third-person)
amplecting (participle present)
amplected (participle past)
amplected (past)

To name just several, male toads (Bufo bufo) sometimes amplect other males, female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) mount one another and engage in genital contact, and male flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) will mount and attempt to deposit sperm on other males.

2013, David A. Baum, Douglas J. Futuyma, Hopi E. Hoekstra, The Princeton Guide to Evolution, →ISBN, page 716:

(biology, rare) To grasp (the mating partner) with front legs, so as to engage in amplexus.


mesocratic

Turner and West ( 1968 ) suggest that the phases of an interglacial period (cryocratic, protocratic, mesocratic, telocratic ) be considered as cenozones.

1975, Valentin Abramovich Krasilov, Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants, page 229:

Hence, regional soil degenerations and podsolization was probably an important factor contributing to the retrogressive change in the forest composition at the end of the mesocratic phase..

1987, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, page 10:

The fully developed mesocratic woodland had a somewhat different character..

2012, M. Ingrouille, Historical Ecology of the British Flora, page 76:

(ecology) The second stage of interglacial forest development (Early-Temperate), characterized by a transitional mix of light-demanding and shade-tolerant species.


elongatoolithid

Unlike other elongatoolithid and prismatoolithid eggs, Elongatoolithus elongatus and Protoceratopsidovum minimum were classified into the covered nest type.

2015 November 26, “Eggshell Porosity Provides Insight on Evolution of Nesting in Dinosaurs”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology) Any member of the oofamily Elongatoolithidae.


extravesicular

The normalized fluorescence change (ΔF/ΔF max ) was determined by dividing the observed fluorescence change (ΔF) by that induced by adding 1% β-OG to the extravesicular medium (ΔF max ).

2015 November 26, “A Versatile Strategy for Production of Membrane Proteins with Diverse Topologies: Application to Investigation of Bacterial Homologues of Human Divalent Metal Ion and Nucleoside Transporters”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


poaceous

(botany) Belonging to the family Poaceae of grasses.


plumbaginaceous

(botany) Belonging to the Plumbaginaceae.


sarraceniaceous

(botany) Belonging to the Sarraceniaceae.


thymelaeaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the Thymelaeaceae.


brachydactylous

Borrowed from Latin brachydactylus + -ous.

(zoology) Having abnormally short digits.


aerogenic

en-adj

aerogenic (comparative more aerogenic, superlative most aerogenic)

more aerogenic (comparative)
most aerogenic (superlative)

(biology) Producing gas or air (used especially of some bacteria)


amaranthaceous

suffix

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Amaranthaceae</i>

(botany) Belonging to the family Amaranthaceae of amaranths and goosefoots.


carduaceous

(botany) Belonging to the Carduaceae of plants.


betulaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the Betulaceae.


placodermian

Furtheron the ancient agnathian and the placodermian fishes disappeared.

1984, Nikita Alekseevich Bogdanov, Palaeontology: proceedings of the 27th International Geological Congress, Moscow 4-14 August 1984:

Many organisms were affected including conodonts, ammonoids, echinoderms, trilobites, ancient agnatian and placodermian fishes, continental plant communities, ostracodes, […]

2008, Tom McCann, The Geology of Central Europe: Precambrian and palaeozoic:

It mainly affected pelagic and hemipelagic organisms (e.g. conodonts, ammonoids, echinoderms, trilobites, ancient agnathan and placodermian fishes), […]

2014, A. Gąsiewicz, M. Słowakiewicz, Palaeozoic Climate Cycles: Their Evolutionary and Sedimentological Impact:

(zoology) Of, or relating to, prehistoric armoured fishes in the paraphyletic class Placodermi.


dipnoid

The dipnoid fishes, which, as we have already seen, attained their maximum of development in the Devonian epoch, show us clearly enough how such a transition probably took place, […]

1918, Arthur Dendy, Outlines of Evolutionary Biology:

A concurrent elimination of sharks from fresh waters, with a countercurrent increase in the dipnoid and ganoid lungfishes, readily can be demonstrated.

1941, Clair Arthaud Hannum, Comparative Chordate Anatomy: A Laboratory Text:

During the Carboniferous some species of dipnoid fish had 30 million years to evolve into reptiles, unless new discoveries may point to other origins for reptiles.

2014, Pietro Gaietto, Phylogenesis of Beauty:

(zoology) Of, or relating to, lungfishes in the subclass Dipnoi.


semivoltine

(biology) Less than univoltine; having a brood or generation less often than once per year.

semivoltino

less than univoltine; having a brood or generation less often than once per year


anauxotelic

(botany) Having the characteristic that growth does not continue beyond the flowering region.


auxotelic

(botany) Having the characteristic that growth continues beyond the flowering region into a leafy shoot.


diderm

(biology) (of bacteria) Having two cell membranes.


aneusomaty

Environmental stress-induced inter and intra individual variability in chromosome number, aneuploidy and aneusomaty were early found in D.

2015 September 23, “Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae), Maritime Antarctic”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Chromosome variation within an individual organism.


ectobiont

(biology) Any organism fixed to the outside of the host's body


glucometabolic

This work provides the context for continued mechanistic studies of the CX3CL1 pathway, in concert with other chemokines, on glucometabolic as well as cardiovascular traits, specific interrogation of human chemokine genetics in these traits and the potential for development of novel therapies targeting these pathways.

2015 September 23, “Metabolic Effects of CX3CR1 Deficiency in Diet-Induced Obese Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Relating to the metabolism of sugars


pycnomorphic

(cytology) Having a compact arrangement of stainable parts


paedogamy

(biology) The reproduction of some protists by the fusion of gametes that have the same parent.