EA

en-noun

EA (countable and uncountable, plural EAs)

evolutionary algorithm
evolutionary algorithm#English

(computing, biology) Initialism of evolutionary algorithm.


duffer

Cognate with duff, which see (origin is uncertain).

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Discophora.


hebbosome

From Hebb + -o- + -some; named after Donald Hebb by Professor Seth Grant.

(biology) A multiprotein complex responsible for the detection of patterns of neuronal activity, and the conversion of the information represented by this activity into biological changes within the cell (neurone).


cycloid

(zoology, of fish scales) Thin and rounded, with smooth edges.


virid

PIE word
 *wisós
Either:
* from virus + -id (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives and nouns); or
* from translingual viridae (“grouping of viruses”) + English -id; viridae is derived from Latin virus (“poison; venom; (New Latin) virus (infectious organism)”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime”)) + translingual -idae (suffix forming names of families of animals).

cog

(virology, chiefly in the plural) Any of a group of related viruses.


reseda

From French réséda, from Latin resēda, said by Pliny the Elder (23–79 C.E.) to be from resēdāre (“to soothe”), from re- (“again”) + sēdāre (“to assuage, calm”)), an allusion to the healing properties of the plant.

Reſeda […] An herbe that hath a ſtalke like knots and joynts, a leafe like a nettle, and white in the middle.

[1640, John Rider, Francis Holy-Oke [i.e., Francis Holyoake], “Reseda”, in Riders Dictionarie, Corrected and Augmented with the Addition of Many Hundred Words Both out of the Law, and out of the Latine, French, and Other Languages, such as Were and Are with Us in Common Use, but Never Printed till Now, to the Perfecting of the Worke. …, London: Imprinted by Felix Kingston for Iohn Waterson, →OCLC:

This genus of plants, of which we have twelve species, was named Reseda by the ancients, from resedare to assuage, because some of the species were esteemed good for mitigating pains; and we learn from Pliny, that the Reseda was considered to possess even the power of charming away many disorders. He tells us […] that when it was used to resolve swellings, or to assuage inflammations, it was the custom to repeat the following words, thrice spitting on the ground at each repetition:— / "Reseda, cause these maladies to cease: knowest thou, knowest thou, who hath driven these pullets here? Let the roots have neither head nor foot."

1850 September, “Flora Historica” [pseudonym], “MIGNONETTE.—RESEDA ODORATA.”, in Joseph Harrison, editor, The Floricultural Cabinet, and Florists’ Magazine, volume XVIII, number 45 (New Series), London: Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria Lane, →OCLC, page 223:

A little work on bees which I read some time ago, states that bees collect pollen only on flowers of the same species, in order not to mix the pollen of different flowers together, and I have several times observed this statement as perfectly true during the time when resedas, roses, and geraniums adorned a bed close to a bee-hive. The same bee or humble-bee which had been on a reseda would only visit resedas, another only geraniums, &c.

1877, “Blanche”, “[Notes and Queries.] Fertilization of Flowers.”, in J[ohn] E[llor] Taylor, editor, Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip: An Illustrated Medium of Interchange and Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature, volume XIII, London: Hardwicke & Bogue, 192, Piccadilly, →OCLC, page 21:

Reseda luteola
Reseda luteola#Translingual

Reseda odorata
Reseda odorata#Translingual

(botany) Any of various plants of the genus Reseda having small, pale grayish green flowers, such as dyer's rocket (Reseda luteola) and mignonette (Reseda odorata).

About the middle of this month, if the ſeaſon proves favourable, you may plant out your hardy annuals, ſuch as Marvel of Peru, Sweet Sultan, China After or Starwort, Sweet Reſeda called Mignonette d'Egypt, French and African Marigolds, Female Balſamine, Capſicum, Brown Jolly, and ſeveral other ſorts, which, if artfully diſpoſed, will afford an agreeable pleaſure, after the beauty of ſpring is paſt; […]

1757, Philip Miller, “May”, in The Gardeners Kalendar; Directing what Works are Necessary to be Done Every Month in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleasure-Gardens, as also in the Conservatory and Nursery. With Accounts I. Of the Particular Seasons for the Propagation of All Sorts of Esculent Plants and Fruits, with the Seasons wherein Each Sort is Proper for the Table. II. Of All Sorts of Trees, Plants, and Flowers, with the Time of Their Flowering in Each Month, 11th edition, London: Printed by Charles Rivington, for John Rivington, at the Bible and Crown, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; and James Rivington and James Fletcher, at the Oxford-Theatre, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC, page 146:

Reseda or mignonette is grown in the Grasse region [of France]. The tendency for green notes in recent years has given fresh interest to the reseda note. Absolute oil of reseda has an odour recalling that of violet leaves, but with a rather fine 'powdery' background and a suggestion of rose and a little basil.

[2003], H. Panda, “Raw Materials: Products of Natural Origin”, in The Complete Technology Book on Herbal Perfumes & Cosmetics, New Delhi: Ajay Kr. Gupta, National Institute of Industrial Research, →ISBN, page 92:

(botany, horticulture, specifically) Mignonette (Reseda odorata).


biodiversity

en-noun

biodiversity (countable and uncountable, plural biodiversities)

A drop in global biodiversity is putting our ability to produce food at risk, a new United Nations report warns.

2019 February 22, James Griffiths, “‘Extinction crisis’ threatening global food supply, UN report warns”, in CNN:

(ecology) The diversity (number and variety of species) of plant and animal life within a region.


blot

→ Polish: blotka

From Middle English blot (“blot, spot, stain, blemish”). Perhaps from Old Norse *blettr (“blot, stain”) (only attested in documents from after Old Norse transitioned to Icelandic blettur), or from Old French bloche (“clod of earth”).

inh

(biochemistry) A method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier.


Stone Age

the Stone Age (canonical)
stone-age (alternative)

Holonym: prehistory

Meronyms: Old Stone Age, Paleolithic; Mesolithic; New Stone Age, Neolithic; Pre-Pottery Neolithic, Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, Pre-Pottery Neolithic B; Chalcolithic, Cyprolithic, Copper Age

(archaeology, paleontology) A broad prehistoric period during which humans widely used stone for toolmaking.


cercus

From New Latin cercus, from Ancient Greek κέρκος (kérkos, “tail”).

(entomology) A structure on the end of the abdomen of most insects, sometimes long, hairlike sensory organs and sometimes smaller and rigid.


cinereous

en-adj

cinereous (comparative more cinereous, superlative most cinereous)

more cinereous (comparative)
most cinereous (superlative)

Latin cinereus, from cinis, cineris (“ashes”).

cinereous:

With a bill two inches and a half long , very ſlender , and a little recurvated : head , and upper part of neck , cinereous , with dusky lines : over each eye a white line

Coluber cinereus, the cinereous viper; a native cf South America and India; of a cinereous grey colour; the abdomen white, angulated ; the scales of the tail ferruginous at the edges.

1810, Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 4:

Wings tailed, white, with a brown border; beneath varied with ferruginous and yellow, the lower ones with two cinereous streaks.

1819, Abraham Rees, The Cyclopædia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, Volume 26:

[…] breast and front of the neck cinereous brown; belly, vent, and under tail-coverts, pure white […]

2014, Leonard Jenyns, A Manual of British Vertebrate Animals:

(chiefly ornithology) Of an ash-gray colour.


gamete

From Ancient Greek γαμετή (gametḗ, “wife”), γαμέτης (gamétēs, “husband”), ultimately from γάμος (gámos, “marriage”).

(cytology) A reproductive cell (sperm in males or eggs in females), having only half of a complete set of chromosomes.


oral cavity

(zootomy, in haustellate insects, rare) The hollow on the lower surface of the head from which the proboscis protrudes.


specialize

en-verb

specialize (third-person singular simple present specializes, present participle specializing, simple past and past participle specialized)

tlb

(American spelling, Oxford British English)

specializes (present singular third-person)
specializing (participle present)
specialized (participle past)
specialized (past)
specialise (alternative)

In the lowest orders of being, we find these functions very much blended together, and several of them apparently performed by one simple apparatus ; but in proportion as we rise in the scale, we perceive that they are specialized, or separated from each other, and that a complicated set of organs is appropriated to each of them.

1835 October, “On the Structure and Functions of the Organs of Respiration”, in West of England Journal, volume I, number IV, page 218:

Those who insist that a woman’s place is at home by divine decree need only to study the life of primitive man to find out how very human are some of our domestic customs, for they will then see this distinction, that while nature has specialized woman for child-bearing, it is society which has specialized her for housework.

1911 September, Laura Clarke Rockwood, “Food Preparation and Its Relation to the Development of Efficient Personality in the Home”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume LXXIX, pages 281–2:

To make distinct or separate from what is common, particularly:

(biology, transitive) To make distinct or separate due to form or function.

приспособявам се

biology: to supply with an organ or organs having a special function or functions


rustic

rustics (plural)
rustick (alternative)
rusticke (alternative)
rustique (alternative)

From Latin rūsticus. Doublet of roister.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies having brown and orange wings, especially Cupha erymanthis.


lurid

en-adj

lurid (comparative more lurid, superlative most lurid)

more lurid (comparative)
most lurid (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin lūridus (“pale yellow, wan”).

a lurid plant with maroon leaves and pink flowers

(botany) Having a brown colour tinged with red.

(zoology) Having a colour tinged with purple, yellow, and grey.


capitulate

capitulate (comparative more capitulate, superlative most capitulate)

more capitulate (comparative)
most capitulate (superlative)

The adjective is first attested in 1528, the verb in 1537; borrowed from Medieval Latin capitulātus perfect passive participle of Medieval Latin capitulō (“(originally; of a book, text) to draw up under distinct headings; (from the 15ᵗʰ c.) to bargain, parley, convene”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from capitulum (“heading, chapter, title”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix), diminutive of caput (“head”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-. Common participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.

der

The aggregation of flowers into capitulate inflorescences is a character directly advantageous from the aspect of the biological function of cross-pollination.


anandrous

From Ancient Greek ἄνανδρος (ánandros). Equivalent to an- + -androus.

Anandrous flowers eight or nine; their ligular portion white, hardly exceeding one line in length, undivided and acute […]

1882, Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Philosophical Society of Adelaide, South Australia (page 108)

(botany) Lacking stamens; devoid of the male part.


CTR

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

Once more significant differences were observed for CTR w/o LIF. (E)- Protein levels for Hexokinase I and II, GAPDH and PKM1/2 were determined by western Blot and quantified by densiometric evaluation.

2015 July 6, “Dichloroacetate, the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex and the Modulation of mESC Pluripotency”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

calcitonin receptor
w:calcitonin receptor

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of calcitonin receptor.


terricolous

(biology) Living in, on, or near ground.


postfix

en-verb

postfix (third-person singular simple present postfixes, present participle postfixing, simple past and past participle postfixed)

postfixes (present singular third-person)
postfixing (participle present)
postfixed (participle past)
postfixed (past)

(biology) To subject a sample to postfixation


HD

en-noun

HD (countable and uncountable, plural HDs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of homeodomain.


inserted

(botany) Attached to or growing out of some part.


heartworm

heartworm (countable and uncountable, plural heartworms)

(veterinary medicine) A parasitic organism that afflicts dogs, of species Dirofilaria immitis of roundworms.

(veterinary medicine) (uncountable) The condition caused by this organism.


faun

fauns (plural)
faune (alternative archaic rare)
faunus (alternative dated)
fawn (alternative)

From Middle English fawn, from Latin faunus.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Faunis.


nitrogenase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, especially in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.


hairpin

hairpins (plural)
hair pin (alternative)
hair-pin (alternative)

→ Japanese: ヘアピン

From hair + pin, 1788 (as hair pin). Adjective sense 1906 in hairpin turn etc.

(biology) A kind of ribozyme; hairpin ribozyme.


phenol red

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A pH indicator and red dye used to test kidney function.


saltation

saltation (countable and uncountable, plural saltations)

(biology) The act of jumping, or hopping, using all legs simultaneously (although the contribution to motion is typically made chiefly by the hind legs).

Indeed we have always thought that Mr. Darwin has unnecessarily hampered himself by adhering so strictly to his favourite “Natura non facit saltum.” We greatly suspect that nature does make considerable jumps in the way of variation now and then, and that these saltations give rise to some of the gaps which appear to exist in the series of known forms.

1871, Thomas Henry Huxley, Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews, page 312:

(biology) A sudden change from one generation to the next; a mutation.


eugenic

en-adj

eugenic (comparative more eugenic, superlative most eugenic)

more eugenic (comparative)
most eugenic (superlative)

(genetics) Relating or adapting to production of strong or effective offspring.


polymorphism

en-noun

polymorphism (countable and uncountable, plural polymorphisms)

polimorfisme

crystallography: ability of a material to exist in more than one form

(biology) The coexistence, in the same locality, of two or more distinct forms independent of sex, not connected by intermediate gradations, but produced from common parents.

mnohotvarost

biology: coexistence of two or more distinct forms independent of sex

Since 1990 they have found an entirely new role: they promise understanding of how and why our genes are all so different. They hold the key to human polymorphism.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 137:

Some polymorphisms can be quite stable – so stable that they span the change from an ancestral to a descendant species.

2004, Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale, Phoenix, published 2005, page 63:

(genetics) The regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population; also, variability of amino acid sequences within a gene's protein.

polimorfisme

genetics: regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population


blight

blight (countable and uncountable, plural blights)

The etymology of the noun is uncertain; suggested derivations include the following:
* possibly related to Middle English blichening (“mildew or rust on grain, blight”), possibly related to Middle English bliken (“to gleam, shine; to turn pale”), from Old English blīcan (“to shine, sparkle”) (whence modern English blike (“(obsolete) to gleam, shine”); also compare Old Norse blikna (“to grow pallid”)), from Proto-West Germanic *blīkan (“to shine”), from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną (“to gleam, shine”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”); or
* since sense 2.2 is a diseased condition of the skin, possibly from Middle English *bleighte, *bleȝte, from Old English blǣcþa (“leprosy”) (related to blǣċe (“an itching skin-disease”) and blǣċo (“leprosy; paleness”)), from Proto-West Germanic *blaik, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“pale; white”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”). If so, the word is a doublet of bleak.
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

Proceed, inhuman Parent in thy Scorn; / Root up my Trees, vvith Blites deſtroy my Corn; / My Vineyards Ruin, and my Sheepfolds burn.

1697, Virgil, “The Fourth Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 136, lines 467–469:

As ſudden blights corrupt the ripen'd grain, / And of its verdure ſpoil the mournful plain; / So hapleſs love on blooming features preys, / So hapleſs love deſtroys our peaceful days.

1720, John Gay, “[Miscellanies.] Panthea. An Elegy.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, volume II, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], and Bernard Lintot, […], →OCLC, page 388, lines 337–340:

Some there are vvho imagine the moſt deſtructive Blights vvhich attend Fruit-Trees, are produc'd by ſmall Shovvers of Rain, or vvhite Hoar-Froſts falling upon the Bloſſoms of Fruit-trees, vvhich being ſucceeded by cold North or Eaſterly VVinds, or froſty Mornings, are the Occaſion of the frequent Blights vvhich happen in the Spring Seaſon: […]

1733, Philip Miller, “BLIGHTS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:

A blight in 1855–56 set back the industry, many plantations being ruined and then given over to sugar cane. After the blight had disappeared, the plantations were re-established, and prosperity continued for years.

1922, William H[arrison] Ukers, “Cultivation of the Coffee Plant”, in All About Coffee, New York, N.Y.: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, →OCLC, page 241, column 1:

A diseased condition suffered by a plant; specifically, a complete and rapid chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as floral organs, leaves, branches, or twigs, especially one caused by a fungus; a mildew, a rust, a smut.

главня

type of diseased condition of a plant — see also mildew, rust, smut

The cause of such a condition, often unseen but believed to be airborne; specifically, a bacterium, a virus, or (especially) a fungus; also, an aphid which attacks fruit trees.


blight

en-verb

blight (third-person singular simple present blights, present participle blighting, simple past and past participle blighted)

blights (present singular third-person)
blighting (participle present)
blighted (participle past)
blighted (past)
blight (infinitive)
blight (first-person present singular)
blighted (first-person past singular)
blight (present second-person singular)
blightest (archaic present second-person singular)
blighted (past second-person singular)
blightedst (archaic past second-person singular)
blights (present singular third-person)
blighteth (archaic present singular third-person)
blighted (past singular third-person)
blight (plural present)
blighted (past plural)
blight (present subjunctive)
blighted (past subjunctive)
blight (imperative present)
blighting (participle present)
blighted (participle past)

But if it happens, as ſometimes it does, that this Vapour bears up along vvith it any noxious mineral Steams, it then blasts Vegetables, eſpecially thoſe vvhich are more young and tender: blights Corn and Fruits: and is ſometimes injurious even to Men vvho chance to be then abroad in the Fields.

1695, John Woodward, “Part IV. Of the Origin and Formation of Metalls and Minerals.”, in An Essay toward a Natural History of the Earth: And Terrestrial Bodies, Especially Minerals: […], London: […] Ric[hard] Wilkin […], →OCLC, pages 212–213:

In your eye there is death, / There is frost on your breath / Which would blight the plants.

1830 June, Alfred Tennyson, “The Poet’s Mind”, in Poems. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon, […], published 1842, →OCLC, page 51:

Oh, Love! like the blast of the desert thou blightest / The fairest of flowers with thy venomous breath.

1840 August, “The Talisman”, in The Citizen; a Monthly Journal of Politics, Literature, and Art, volume II, number X, Dublin: Machen and Company, […]; London: Simpkin and Marshall, and Richard Groombridge, →OCLC, stanza IV, page 157:

Much is permitted to the power of spirits, so that, being unseen and unperceived, they appear rather in their effects than in their acts: as when some lurking evil in the air blighteth the fruit or grain in the blossom, killeth it in the blade, woundeth it in its full growth, and when the atmosphere tainted in some secret way poureth over the earth its pestilential vapours.

1842, Tertullian, “The Book of Apology against the Heathen”, in C[harles] Dodgson, transl., edited by E[dward] B[ouverie] P[usey], Tertullian (A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, […]; 10), volume I (Apologetic and Practical Treatises), Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: J. G. F. and J. Rivington, →OCLC, pages 54–55:

(phytopathology) To affect the fertility or growth of (a plant) with a blight (noun sense 1.1), especially one caused by a fungus; to blast, to mildew, to smut.

antaa ruostetauti

to affect the fertility or growth of (a plant) with a blight


maxilla

en-noun

maxilla (plural maxillae or (obsolete) maxillæ or maxillas)

maxillae (plural)
maxillæ (obsolete plural)
maxillas (plural)

From Middle English, from Latin māxilla (“the jawbone, jaw”), diminutive of māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”).

An upper jaw especially of humans and other mammals in which the bony elements are closely fused.

(anatomy) Either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth.

(zootomy) One of the first or second pair of mouthparts posterior to the mandibles in many arthropods that are used for tasting and manipulating food.


sternum

Borrowed from New Latin sternum, related to Old English steorn (“forehead”), German Stirn (“forehead”).

(arachnology) The sclerotized ventral plate of spiders, between the coxae, marking the floor of the cephalothorax.


complementary

en-adj

complementary (comparative more complementary, superlative most complementary)

more complementary (comparative)
most complementary (superlative)

From complement + -ary. Piecewise doublet of complimentary.

(genetics) Of the specific pairings of the bases in DNA and RNA.


pyruvic acid

From New Latin acidum pyruvicum, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + ūva (“grape”) + -icum (neuter singular of -icus), from its being produced by the dry distillation of racemic acid, originally derived from grapes.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A yellowish organic keto acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.


pyruvate

From pyruvic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

On the other hand, it can be observed that, with small exceptions, the S. pneumonia strains are the only Streptococci equipped with homospermidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways, which have been found to be involved in pathogenicity mechanisms [50 ] and in the counteraction of oxidative stress [51 ].

2015 September 15, “Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of pyruvic acid.

焦性葡萄酸塩

しょうせいぶどうさんえん


retinoic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) A derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of acne; it is essential for bone and tissue development.


ribonucleic acid

en-noun

ribonucleic acid (countable and uncountable, plural ribonucleic acids)

ribonucleic acids (plural)
RNA (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) A derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine; its primary function is in the transcription of genetic material and subsequent synthesis of protein.

àcid ribonucleic

derivative of DNA, used in the transcription of genetic material


deoxyribose

deoxyribose (countable and uncountable, plural deoxyriboses)

deoxyriboses (plural)
desoxyribose (alternative)

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(biochemistry) A derivative of the pentose sugar ribose in which the 2' hydroxyl (-OH) is reduced to a hydrogen (H); it is a constituent of the nucleotides that constitute the biopolymer, deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.


apodal

(biology) Without feet or foot-like body parts; legless.


homozygote

/ˌhəʊməʊˈzaɪɡəʊt/

From homo- + zygote. Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

(genetics) A diploid individual that has equal alleles at one or more genetic loci.

хомозигот

a diploid individual that has equal alleles at one or more genetic loci


monotreme

(zoology) Any of the order Monotremata of mammals that lay eggs and have single orifices for urogenital and digestive functions (cloaca); an echidna, platypus or one of their extinct relatives.

однопрохо́дное

млекопита́ющее

яйцекладу́щее

млекопита́ющее

клоа́чное

млекопита́ющее


monotreme

Nomotreme fern and moss spores are monotreme.

1952, G. Erdtman, Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy, published 1986, →ISBN, page 548:

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having a single trema, or aperture.


phalange

Borrowed from Middle French phalange. Doublet of phalanx, planch, plancha, planche, and plank.

doublet

(zoology) Any of the joints of an insect's tarsus.

(botany) A bundle of stamens joined by their filaments.


hyoid

Borrowing from French hyoïde, from New Latin hȳoīdēs, from Ancient Greek ῡ̔οειδής (hūoeidḗs, “shaped like the letter "υ"”), from ὖ (û, “the Greek letter upsilon”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-like, -oid”).

af

(anatomy, zootomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the hyoid bone.


ossicle

Late 16th century, from Latin ossiculum (“little bone, ossicle”) from os (“bone”).

uder

(zoology) Bone-like joint or plate, especially:

one of numerous small calcareous structures forming the skeleton of certain echinoderms, as the starfishes;

one of the hard articuli or joints of the stem or branches of a crinoid or encrinite;

one of the several small hard chitinous parts or processes of the gastric skeleton of crustaceans, as in the stomach of a lobster or crawfish.

The skeleton of echinoderms is made of ossicles, linked to each other via muscles and connective tissue.

The eyeballs were surrounded by a ring of bones, the sclerotic ossicle, which probably protected their eyes when diving abruptly for prey.

1836, William Buckland, Geology and Mineralogy, Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, volume 1, William Pickering, page 174:


malleus

From Latin malleus (“hammer, mallet”). Doublet of maul.

(ichthyology) The tripus (ossicle in cypriniform fishes).

[…] in the typical mastax of a Brachionus there are two hammer-like bodies (mallei), which work on a kind of split anvil (incus); […] each malleus consists of an upper part or head (uncus) and a lower or handle (manubrium);

1884, “Memoirs: An Attempt to re-classify the Rotifers”, in Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 1884 s2-24, C.T.: Hudson, pages 335-356:

(zoology) One of the paired calcareous structures within the mastax of rotifers.


stapes

From Medieval Latin stapēs (“stirrup”). Doublet of step.

The tympanic cavity is spanned by the three smallest bones in the body: the auditory ossicles[…] These bones, named for their shape, are the malleus (malʹe-us; "hammer"); the incus (ingʹkus; "anvil"); and the stapes (staʹpēz; "stirrup"). The "handle" of the malleus is secured to the eardrum, and the base of the stapes fits into the oval window.

2010, Elaine Nicpon Marieb, Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th edition, page 576:

(anatomy, zootomy) A small stirrup-shaped innermost ossicle of the middle ear of mammals, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.


astragalus

From Latin astragalus, from Ancient Greek ἀστράγαλος (astrágalos). Doublet of astragal.

(botany) Synonym of milkvetch: a plant of the genus Astragalus.


surfactant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-surfactant.wav

It is conceivable that impairment of surfactant proteins is due to rheological and immunodefensive disorders of testis and epididymis or prostate.

2015 November 25, “Expression and Localization of Lung Surfactant Proteins in Human Testis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A lipoprotein in the tissues of the lung that reduces surface tension and permits more efficient gas transport.

surfaktantti

lipoprotein that facilitates gas transport in the lungs

肺表面活性物質

はいひょうめんかっせいぶっしつ


Champ

Clipping of Champlain (“Lake Champlain”).

clipping

Champy (alternative)
Champie (alternative)
Champee (alternative)

(cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Champlain, located on the shared borders of the American states of Vermont and New York and the Canadian province of Quebec.


F

Abbreviation.
# (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of full or fully.
# (Stenoscript) suffixes -full, -fully.

fertility factor
w:fertility factor (bacteria)

(bacteriology) Abbreviation of fertility factor.


K

Abbreviations.
# (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of counter, prefix counter-, sequence contr.

ng

prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">counter-</i>, sequence contr.

carrying capacity
carrying capacity#English

(biology) Abbreviation of carrying capacity.


M

en-noun

M (countable and uncountable, plural Ms)


PK

PK (countable and uncountable, plural PKs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase.


Rho

(biochemistry) Any of a family of GTP-binding proteins


Slav

From Middle English sclave, borrowed from Medieval Latin Sclavus, from Byzantine Greek Σκλάβος (Sklábos); see that entry for more. Doublet of slave and ciao. Displaced native Old English Wined.

(British, birdwatching) The Slavonian grebe.


Y

(lepidopterology) A moth of the genus Plusia, having markings resembling the letter Y.


tarsus

kitax̂

the part of the foot between the main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus

(anatomy, zootomy) The part between the main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus in terrestrial vertebrates.

(anatomy) A group of small bones in this part of the foot. The seven bones of the human tarsus form the ankle and upper part of the foot.

глезен

any of the seven bones in this part of the foot

On the ledge, the guillemots shuffle awkwardly about on their tarsi, the long bone connecting the ‘ankle’ to the feet.

2020, Tim Ecott, The Land of Maybe, Short Books, published 2021, page 99:

(zootomy) The shank or tarsometatarsus of the leg of a bird or reptile.

(zootomy) The true foot or the fifth joint of the leg of an insect or other arthropod, typically consisting of several small segments and ending in a claw.


tarsal

From tarsus + -al, cognate to New Latin tarsālis.

(anatomy, zootomy) Of or relating to the tarsus.


tarsal

(anatomy, zootomy) Ellipsis of tarsal bone.


ds

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of double-stranded.


capitate

From Latin capitātus (“having a head”), from caput (“head”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix). The noun comes from the clipping of capitate bone.

1884 A. de Bary Comparative Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs of the Phanerogams and Ferns. Oxford University Press
Capitate hairs occur on most leaf-forming plants, especially Dicotyledons and Ferns, as a rule in company with non-glandular hairs. It is true they are absent from many large groups... To this category belong in the first place the great majority of the universally distributed glandular hairs ... Meanwhile we need only remark here, that the glandular hairs are characterised by no special form, but rather by definite properties of the cell walls; therefore the terms capitate and glandular hair are not equivalent. In the case of many capitate hairs, it is as yet uncertain whether they possess the characteristic properties of glandular hairs...

Capitate antennae are thin through most of the structure, then abruptly widen, so it looks like the head of a pin sitting on the end of the antennae. This antennal shape is commonly found in butterflies.

2020 Jason H. Byrd, Jeffery K. Tomberlin (eds) Forensic Entomology ISBN: 978-0-815-35016-3

(botany, zoology) Topped with a dense, head-like cluster, such as the inflorescences of composites or the antennae of some insects.


glaucous

en-adj

glaucous (comparative more glaucous, superlative most glaucous)

more glaucous (comparative)
most glaucous (superlative)

From Latin glaucus, from Ancient Greek γλαυκός (glaukós, “blue-green, blue-grey”), 1670s. See Irish glas.

der

(botany) Covered with a bloom or a pale powdery covering, regardless of colour.

мъхест

covered with a bloom or a pale powdery covering, regardless of colour


MAC

en-noun

MAC (countable and uncountable, plural MACs)

Mycobacterium avium complex
w:Mycobacterium avium complex

(microbiology) Initialism of Mycobacterium avium complex.


shinbone

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-shinbone.wav

From Middle English schinboon, schineboon, from Old English sċinbān (“shin, shinbone”), from Proto-West Germanic *skinubain, from Proto-Germanic *skinōbainą, equivalent to shin + bone. Cognate with Dutch scheenbeen (“shinbone”), German Schienbein (“shinbone”), Danish skinneben (“shin, shinbone”), Swedish skenben (“shinbone”).


thoracic

thoracics (plural)
thoracick (alternative obsolete)

From Ancient Greek θωρακικός (thōrakikós, “suffering in the chest, of the thorax”), from θώραξ (thṓrax, “thorax”).

der

(zoology) One of a group of fishes having the ventral fins placed beneath the thorax or beneath the pectoral fins.


didactyl

(zoology) Having only two toes, fingers or claws.


nasal bone

nasal bones (plural)
nasal (alternative)

(anatomy, zootomy) Either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes which lie in front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity.


turbinate

en-adj

turbinate (comparative more turbinate, superlative most turbinate)

more turbinate (comparative)
most turbinate (superlative)

a turbinate shell

(zoology) Spiral and decreasing sharply in diameter from base to apex.

kierteinen

zoology: spiral and decreasing sharply in diameter


archaean

(biology) Any organism of the domain Archaea.


descend

en-verb

descend (third-person singular simple present descends, present participle descending, simple past and past participle descended)

descends (present singular third-person)
descending (participle present)
descended (participle past)
descended (past)
descend (infinitive)
descend (first-person present singular)
descended (first-person past singular)
descend (present second-person singular)
descendest (archaic present second-person singular)
descended (past second-person singular)
descendedst (archaic past second-person singular)
descends (present singular third-person)
descendeth (archaic present singular third-person)
descended (past singular third-person)
descend (plural present)
descended (past plural)
descend (present subjunctive)
descended (past subjunctive)
descend (imperative present)
descending (participle present)
descended (participle past)

PIE word
 *de
The verb is derived from Middle English descenden (“to move downwards, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to go from a better to a worse condition, decline, degenerate; to be a descendant, derive from (a source); etc.”), from Anglo-Norman descendere, descendre, and Old French descendere, descendre (“to move downwards, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to be a descendant, derive from (a source); etc.”) (modern French descendre), and from their etymon Latin dēscendere, the present active infinitive of dēscendō (“to come or go down, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to be a descendant; etc.”), from de- (prefix meaning ‘from; down from’) + scandō (“to ascend, climb; to clamber”) (from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to climb, scale; to dart; to jump”)).
The noun is derived from the verb.

laskea

to pass from a higher to a lower part of (something)

afgaan

to physically move or pass from a higher to a lower place or position

Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum.

Senses relating to moving from a higher to a lower position.

(intransitive) To physically move or pass from a higher to a lower place or position; to come or go down in any way, such as by climbing, falling, flowing, walking, etc.; to move downwards; to fall, to sink.

(biology, physiology) Of a body part: to move downwards, especially during development of the embryo; specifically, of the testes of a mammal: to move downwards from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum.

laskeutua

of a body part: to move downwards, especially during development of the embryo; specifically, of the testes of a mammal: to move downwards from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum


uncinate

From Latin uncīnātus, from uncīnus (“hook, barb”).


capsule

Borrowed from French capsule, from Latin capsula, diminutive of capsa (“box”).

(botany) A type of simple, dehiscent, dry fruit (seed-case) produced by many species of flowering plants, such as poppy, lily, orchid, willow and cotton.

The epidermal cells of the capsule wall of Jubulopsis, with nodose "trigones" at the angles, are very reminiscent of what one finds in Frullania spp.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 4-5:

(botany) A sporangium, especially in bryophytes.


membranous

en-adj

membranous (comparative more membranous, superlative most membranous)

more membranous (comparative)
most membranous (superlative)
membraneous (alternative)

From Middle French membraneux; equivalent to membrane + -ous.

(anatomy, zoology) Having the qualities of, or pertaining to, a membrane.


rotula

Learned borrowing from Latin rotula. Doublet of role and roll.

(zoology) One of the five radial pieces in the dentary apparatus of the sea urchin.


vertebral

-ɜː(ɹ)tɪbɹəl

(zootomy) Any of the large dorsal scales along the top of a snake's back.


ticker

(birdwatching, slang) A birdwatcher who aims to see (and tick off on a list) as many bird species as possible.


CB

en-noun

CB (countable and uncountable, plural CBs)


gleba

Borrowed from Latin glēba (“lump, mass”). Doublet of glebe.

bor+

(mycology) The fleshy, spore-bearing inner mass of certain fungi.


PBR

en-noun

PBR (countable and uncountable, plural PBRs)

potential biological removal
potential biological removal#English

(ecology) Initialism of potential biological removal.


EST

(genetics) Initialism of expressed sequence tag.


refractory

en-adj

refractory (comparative more refractory, superlative most refractory)

more refractory (comparative)
most refractory (superlative)

From Latin refractārius (“obstinate”), from refractus, past participle of refringere (“to break up”). Originally refractary, refractarie, but reanalysed after other adjectives in -ory.

The production of a generator potential leaves a refractory state in the receptor membrane […]

1959, Nobusada Ishiko, Werner R. Loewenstein, “Electrical output of a receptor membrane”, in Science, 130:1405-6:

The […] delivery of external stimuli […] delineates the pacemaker refractory period after the emission of a pacing stimulus and after the sensing of a spontaneous beat.

1970, S.S. Barold et al., “Chest wall stimulation in evaluation of patients with implanted ventricular-inhibited demand pacemakers”, in Br. Heart J., 32(6):783-789:

(biology) Incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus.

unbeeinflussbar

biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus


cassette

cassettes (plural)
casette (alternative dated)

(genetics) A modular DNA sequence encoding one or more genes for a single biochemical function.

kasetti

modular segment of DNA encoding genes for a single function


zootomy

en-noun

zootomy (usually uncountable, plural zootomies)

From New Latin zōotomia, corresponding to zoo- + -tomy.

(zoology) The dissection or anatomy of animals.


phytotomy

Phytotomy, or anatomy of plants

1821, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, K. Sprengel, anonymous translator, Elements of the Philosophy of Plants, translation of original in German:

Having often been asked for the names of the plants in which these crystals may be most conveniently examined and distinguished, probably a short list of them, with a few explanatory remarks, would be useful to the students of this interesting and too much neglected branch of microscopic phytotomy.

1877, George Gulliver, “List of Plants which afford Raphides, Sphæraphides, Long Crystal Prisms, and Short Prismatic Crystals”, in Henry Lawson, editor, The Monthly Microscopical Journal:

Anatomy may be divided into two great classes, Phytotomy, or vegetable anatomy, and Zoötomy, or animal anatomy.

1895, William Darling, The Essentials of Anatomy:

(botany, dated) The study of the internal structures of plants.


nervure

(zoology) A vein in the wing of an insect.

(botany, now rare) Any of the veins that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ.


cutaneous

From New Latin *cutaneus, from Latin cutis (“skin”).

(anatomy, zoology) Of, relating to, existing on, or affecting the exterior skin, especially the cutis.


hypodermis

hypodermis (plural hypodermes or hypodermises)

hypodermes (plural)
hypodermises (plural)
hypoderm (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hypodermis.wav

(botany) A layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis.


taligrade

/ˈtælɪɡɹeɪd/

From Latin talus (“ankle, heel”) + -grade.

(biology) Walking on the edge of its feet.


eczema

eczema (countable and uncountable, plural eczemata or eczemas)

eczemata (plural)
eczemas (plural)
eczma (alternative uncommon)

Learned borrowing from Latin eczema, from Ancient Greek ἔκζεμᾰ (ékzemă, “cutaneous eruption”), from ἐκζέω (ekzéō, “to boil out, break out”) + -μᾰ (-mă, nominal suffix).

أَكْزِيمَا

atopic dermatitis
atopic dermatitis#English

(biology, medicine) A non-contagious acute or chronic inflammation of the skin, characterized by redness, itching, and the outbreak of oozing vesicular lesions which become encrusted and scaly.


mastoid

Borrowed from New Latin mastoīdēs, from Ancient Greek μᾰστοειδής (măstoeidḗs, “like a breast”), from μᾰστός (măstós, “a woman's breast”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-like, -oid”).

af

(anatomy) Being the process of the temporal bone behind the ear.

(zootomy) Being any of several bony elements that occupy a similar position in the skull of lower vertebrates.

Spores tetrahedral, paraphyses mastoid-claviform, scales smooth, entire.

1899, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, volumes 6-8, page 192:


tabula

en-noun

tabula (countable and uncountable, plural tabulae or (archaic) tabulæ)

tabulae (plural)
tabulæ (archaic plural)

From Latin tabula. Doublet of table and tavla.

The tabulæ may be well developed, approximately horizontal, remote plates, as is usually the case in Zaphrentis and Amplexus, or they may anastomoze in various ways, and become so intimately connected with one another as to give rise to a species of vesicular tissue.

1877, “Corals”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, 9th edition, volume VI, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, page 383:

When fully developed (fig. 66), they are transverse plates, which extend completely across the visceral chamber, and divide it into a series of stories placed one above the other, the only living portion of the coral being above the last formed tabula. Tabulæ are found in various of the Zoantharia sclerodermata, in some of the Alcyonaria, and in a great many of the Rugosa.

1879, Henry Alleyne Nicholson, A Manual of Palæontology for the Use of Students with a General Introduction on the Principles of Palæontology, 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, page 183:

Septa from 110 to 124, of two orders. The principal ones can be traced almost to the centre as crests on the tabulæ. The secondaries scarcely attain 4 millimetres, including the epitheca. They often bend towards the primaries, and are united by a few dissepiments (or rather the subdivided margins of the tabulæ). These latter are large, and virtually extend across the entire visceral chamber. The fossula (well seen in fig. 4) is formed by a deep inflexion of the tabulæ, the septa bending round with the margin of the depression.

1884, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, volume the fortieth, page 501:

Frontal with a tabula, with a crescent of small, slit-like pores.

1968, Danish Science Press, Atlantide Report: Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945-1946, Aarhuus Stiftsbogtrykkerie, page 220:

Fig. 12.5. Tabulate, rugose and scleractinian corals. i. Portion of a colony of Favosites. Note the very minute corallites closely packed together. ii. The chain coral Halysites, one corallite partially cut away to expose tabulae.

1987, E. W. Nield, Drawing & Understanding Fossils: A Theoretical and Practical Guide for Beginners, with Self-assessment, Pergamon Press, →ISBN, page 92:

In the axially sectioned, middle part of the corallite, tabulae are complete, leaning at approximately 50° from the corallite wall to its axis.

1972, Bull. K. Belg. Inst. Nat. Wet, page 69:

Dactylostyles absent but, at and below coenosteal level, dactylopore tubes contain a series of incomplete tabulae (herein termed pseudotabulae), each approximately 10 μm thick and spaced 50–70 μm apart (Plate 21, c, d0. Pseudo-tabulae originate from opposing lateral and sometimes anterior edges of the dactylopore tube but never quite meet to form complete tabulae.

1989, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, page 38:

The latter differs strictly from Buffonellodes in lacking oral spines, and in possessing an ectooecial tabula and supplementary acute frontal avicularia, and requires a new genus.

2018, Patricia L. Cook, Philip E. Bock, Peter J. Hayward, Dennis P. Gordon, “3. Class Gymnolaemata, Order Cheilostomata”, in Patricia L. Cook, Philip E. Bock, Dennis P. Gordon, Haylee J. Weaver, editors, Australian Bryozoa, volume 2: “Taxonomy of Australian Families”, CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, “7. Taxonomic treatments of families of Cheilostomata”, “Australian diversity”, page 203:

(zoology) One of the transverse plants found in the calicles of certain corals and hydroids.


erose

en-adj

erose (comparative more erose, superlative most erose)

more erose (comparative)
most erose (superlative)

an erose leaf

(botany) Irregularly notched, eaten away, as though bitten.


python

From Latin pȳthon, from Ancient Greek Πύθων (Púthōn), the name of the mythological enormous serpent at Delphi slain by Apollo, probably from Πυθώ (Puthṓ), older name of Delphi.

(zoology) A type of large constricting snake.


piracy

en-noun

piracy (countable and uncountable, plural piracies)

piracies (plural)
pyracy (alternative obsolete)

From Medieval Latin pīrātia, from Classical Latin pīrāta + ia, or Ancient Greek πειρατεία (peirateía).


pylorus

From Latin pylōrus, from Ancient Greek πυλωρός (pulōrós, “gatekeeper”).

der

(anatomy, biology) In vertebrates, including humans, a zone at the lower end of the stomach that leads to and opens into the duodenum.

pyloric sphincter

stomach part that opens into the duodenum


dabai

(botany) Sarawak olive (Canarium odontophyllum)


antidiuretic hormone

en-noun

antidiuretic hormone (plural antidiuretic hormones)

(biochemistry) a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland


hypophysis

From Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + φύσις (phúsis, “nature”), from φύω (phúō, “to bring forth”).

All the cells of the suspensor, except one, are eventually crushed and obliterated by the growing embryo; this fortunate cell known as the hypophysis is the one in immediate contact with the embryo and plays an important role in the formation of the root apex.

1995, Trevor A. Thorpe, In Vitro Embryogenesis in Plants, Springer, →ISBN, page 85:

(botany) The top cell of the suspensor in a dicot embryo, which will differentiate to form part of the root cap.


urea

urea (countable and uncountable, plural ureas)

From New Latin, from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, uncountable) A water-soluble organic compound, CO(NH₂)₂, formed by the metabolism of proteins and excreted in the urine.


f.

The "and the following" sense is derived from an abbreviation of Latin foliō (“on the (next) page”), ablative of folium (“leaf, page”).

(biology) Abbreviation of form Used in certain three-part names.


truss

From Middle English trusse, from Old French trousse, torse. Doublet of torse and trousse.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-truss.wav

(botany) A tuft of flowers or cluster of fruits formed at the top of the main stem of certain plants.


ER

ER (countable and uncountable, plural ERs)

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum#English

(biology) Initialism of endoplasmic reticulum.

(biochemistry) Initialism of estrogen receptor.


RE

RE (countable and uncountable, plural REs)

response element
response element#English

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of response element.


attached

en-adj

attached (comparative more attached, superlative most attached)

more attached (comparative)
most attached (superlative)

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe ranges from attached to almost decurrent.

(botany, mycology) Broadly joined to a stem or stipe, but not decurrent.

kiintynyt

broadly joined to a stem or stipe, but not decurrent


areola

en-noun

areola (plural areolas or areolae or areolæ)

areolas (plural)
areolae (plural)
areolæ (plural)

/ˌæ.ɹiˈəʊ.lə/

Borrowed from Latin āreola (“small vacant space, garden”), diminutive of ārea. Doublet of areole.

bor

(botany) Any of the small spaces between fibres of the tissues of certain lichens.

Every pulvillus or areola is studded with from six to eight spines... From these pulvilli, also called spiniferous areola, or very close to it, burst the young bud or flower. If the latter, it is then called the floriferous areola, and the point where the epidermis bursts is of a deep pink tinge.

1876 Richard E. Kunzé Cereus bonplandii (Parmet). Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York p.129

(botany) Small patches, bearing the spines and glochids characteristic of the stems of cacti.


heterological

From Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros, “different”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”), by surface analysis, heterology + -ical.

der

The normally situated non-transplanted gonads have the best chance of being able to absorb these substances, for which reason heterological (perhaps also homological) gonads, transplanted on normal organisms, can not get enough of these substances and therefore perish.

Growth indices from density and extension of the zones of emigration in explants of rat bone-marrow on addition of various heterological tissue as against the controls.

1983, Franz Schmid, Cell Therapy: A New Dimension of Medicine, page 106:

(biology, of biomolecules, tissues, or body parts) Not of shared ancestral origin.

tissues; or body parts; tissues; or body parts


invertase

en-noun

invertase (usually uncountable, plural invertases)

The costs incurred for the processing of sucrose with invertase could be considerably reduced with the introduction of immobilised invertases, by adopting technology similar to that developed for glucose isomerase.

1995, L. F. J. Woods, S. J. Swinton, “8: Enzymes in the starch and sugar industries”, in Gregory A. Tucker, L.F.J. Woods, editors, Enzymes in Food Processing, page 257:

The disaccharide sucrose and the trisaccharide raffinose are both substrates of invertase. Invertase is encoded by the SUC genes from which six unlinked loci have been identified (SUC1-SUC5, SUC7), which are dipersed through the yeast genome (Lampen, 1968; Ouwehand and van Wijk, 1972; Ottolenghi, 1971).

1997, Karl-Dieter Entian, Hans-Joachim Schüller, “Chapter 13: Genetics of Di- and Trisaccharide Utilization”, in Friedrich K. Zimmermann, Karl-Dieter Entian, editors, Yeast Sugar Metabolism, page 226:

Up-regulation of these invertases is a common response to infection (Hall and Williams, 2000).

2004, J. S. C. Clark, P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, “The Compatible Interaction in Downy Mildew Infections”, in Peter Spencer-Phillips, Michael J. Jeger, editors, Advances in Downy Mildew Research, volume 2, page 18:

2013, Maria Kamiko Kadowaki, Rite de Cássia Garcia Simão, Jose Luís da Conceição Silva, Clarice Aoki Osaku, Luis Henrique Souza Guimarāes, 1: Biotechnical Advances in Fungal Invertases, Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli, Mahendra Rai (editors), Fungal Enzymes, page 14,
The methods used for the immobilization of fungal invertases include adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking and entrapment (Uzun et al. 2011).
Nelson and Griffin (1916) reported that invertase was the first enzyme to be immobilized, and it was bound on charcoal and aluminium hydroxide. Subsequently, mant fungal invertases have been immobilized onto a variety of media […] .

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose (invert sugar), used by bees to produce honey and in the food industry to soften chocolate.


tartaric acid

tartaric acid (countable and uncountable, plural tartaric acids)

From Medieval Latin tartarum (“tartar”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind; it is used as the salts cream of tartar and Rochelle salt.

àcid tartàric

the aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind


Sepharose

Trade name, from Separation-Pharmacia-Agarose.

(biochemistry) A cross-linked polysaccharide bead-formed gel based on agarose.


cross-link

(biochemistry) A similar bond between strands of nucleic acid


electrophoresis

electrophoresis (countable and uncountable, plural electrophoreses)

(analytical chemistry, biochemistry) The separation and analysis of large molecules (such as proteins) by migrating a colloidal solution of them through a gel; gel electrophoresis.

electroforesi

method for separation of large molecules


rupture

en-verb

rupture (third-person singular simple present ruptures, present participle rupturing, simple past and past participle ruptured)

ruptures (present singular third-person)
rupturing (participle present)
ruptured (participle past)
ruptured (past)

Borrowed from Middle French rupture, or its source, Latin ruptūra (“a breaking, rupture (of a limb or vein)”) and Medieval Latin ruptūra (“a road, a field, a form of feudal tenure, a tax, etc.”), from the participle stem of rumpere (“to break, burst”).

der

(botany, intransitive) To dehisce irregularly.


rhizome

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥίζωμα (rhízōma). As philosophical metaphor, used by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.

All these species are climbing, briery plants, having long slender roots, which proceed in all directions from a common rootstalk or rhizome.

1868, George Bacon Wood, A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology, Or Materia Medica, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, page 432:

(botany) A horizontal, underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots (scions) from its nodes.

kökümsov

horizontal underground stem of some plants


azan

(histology) A staining technique involving azocarmine and aniline dyes.


spontaneity

en-noun

spontaneity (countable and uncountable, plural spontaneities)

discipline

antonym(s) of “quality of being spontaneous”

From Latin spontaneus (“voluntary”). Compare French spontanéité.

(biology) The tendency to undergo change, characteristic of both animal and vegetable organisms, and not restrained or checked by the environment.

(biology) The tendency to activity of muscular tissue, including the voluntary muscles, when in a state of healthful vigour and refreshment.


headcase

headcase (countable and uncountable, plural headcases)

headcases (plural)
head-case (alternative)
head case (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-headcase.wav

Another gene downstream of EcR/Usp is headcase. Screening genes that show genetic interactions with EcR mutants, Loncle and Williams identified headcase as a regulator of dendrite pruning (Loncle and Williams 2012).

2016, Kazuo Emoto, Rachel Wong, Eric Huang, Casper Hoogenraad, editors, Dendrites: Development and Disease, Springer, →ISBN, page 280:

(genetics, uncountable) A genetic sequence that inhibits terminal branching of the trachea and regulates dendrite pruning.


systematic

en-adj

systematic (comparative more systematic, superlative most systematic)

more systematic (comparative)
most systematic (superlative)
systematick (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from Late Latin systēmaticus, from Koine Greek συστηματικός (sustēmatikós), from σύστημᾰ (sústēmă, “a composite; system”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, adjective suffix). Cognate with French systématique and Italian sistematico. By surface analysis, system + -atic.

der

συστηματικός

suffix

(taxonomy) Of or relating to taxonomic classification.

sistemàtic

of, or relating to taxonomic classification


ADR

en-noun

ADR (countable and uncountable, plural ADRs)

/eɪ diː ˈɑː/

Anytime you notice your horse is ADR instead of BAR, it's time to get on the phone to your vet.

2018, Kendra Gale, The Big Book of Miniature Horses, Trafalgar Square Books, →ISBN:

(veterinary medicine, slang, uncountable) Initialism of ain't doin' right (the situation where an animal appears unwell but has not yet been diagnosed with any specific illness).


BAC

BAC (countable and uncountable, plural BACs)

bacterial artificial chromosome
w:bacterial artificial chromosome

(biology) Initialism of bacterial artificial chromosome.


aerobiology

(biology) The study of the dispersion of airborne biological materials, as pollen, spores, microorganisms, or viruses.


saum

Borrowed from Arabic صَوْم (ṣawm, “fasting”).

(ecology) A herbaceous border found at the edge of a woodland patch. It is usually found below and farther out from the woodland than the woody shrub mantel and the tree canopy.


HR

HR (countable and uncountable, plural HRs)

/eɪt͡ʃ ɑː(ɹ)/

homologous recombination
w:homologous recombination

(genetics) Initialism of homologous recombination.


cosmopolite

Borrowed from French cosmopolite, from Latin cosmopolītēs, itself borrowed from Koine Greek κοσμοπολίτης (kosmopolítēs, “citizen of the world”), from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “world”) + πολίτης (polítēs, “citizen”).

der

κοσμοπολίτης

(botany) A plant found more or less everywhere in the world.


cosmopolite

en-adj

cosmopolite (comparative more cosmopolite, superlative most cosmopolite)

more cosmopolite (comparative)
most cosmopolite (superlative)

der

κοσμοπολίτης

If, however, we consider the Australian dingo as a native animal, we might class the genus Canis as cosmopolite, but the wild dogs of South America are now formed into separate genera by some naturalists.

1881, Alfred Russell Wallace, Island Life, or, the Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras, Including a Revision and Attempted Solution of the Problem of Geological Climates, New York: Harper & Brothers, Part I, Chapter II, p. 25:

1987, F. Infante, E. Ruiz de Clavijo, C. Galán and G. Gallego, "Occurrence of Alternaria Nees ex Fr. in indoor and outdoor habitats in Cordoba (Spain)" in G. Boehm and R.M. Leuschner (eds.), Advances in Aerobiology: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Aerobiology, August 6–9, 1986, Basel, Switzerland, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, p. 160, https://books.google.ca/books?id=3CHyBwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Both species could be labelled as the most cosmopolite as they appear in 100% of the sampling spots, both indoors and outdoors.

(biology) Distributed throughout the world; having a wide geographical distribution.


NCP

(biochemistry) Initialism of nucleosome core particle.


upstream

en-adj

upstream (comparative farther or further upstream, superlative farthest or furthest upstream)

farther (comparative)
further upstream (comparative)
farthest (superlative)
furthest upstream (superlative)

en:figuratively, of base pairs in nucleic acid sequences

(figurative) Occurring earlier than something else; (also, usually, especially) being an influence on something else; causing a consequence for something else.

(biology) Towards the leading end (5′ end) of a DNA molecule.

opstrøms

Biology : towards the 5' end of a DNA molecule


uric acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) a bicyclic heterocyclic phenolic compound, formed in the body by the metabolism of protein and excreted in the urine (or in faeces, as in birds and insects)

urate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


symbiotic

From symbiosis + -tic, from Ancient Greek συμβίωσις (sumbíōsis), from σύν (sún, “with”) + βίος (bíos, “life”).

A lichen is a fungus with symbiotic algae among its cells.

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014 April 5, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend), page W22:

(ecology) Of, or relating to symbiosis; living together.


uridine

en-noun

uridine (countable and uncountable, plural uridines)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A nucleoside formed from uracil and ribose.


UTP

uridine triphosphate
uridine triphosphate

(biochemistry) uridine triphosphate — a biomolecule.


residue

residue (countable and uncountable, plural residues)

From Middle English residue, from Old French residu, from Latin residuum, neuter of residuus (“remaining”), from resideō (“I remain behind”). Doublet of residuum.

(biochemistry) A molecule that is released from a polymer after bonds between neighbouring monomers are broken, such as an amino acid in a polypeptide chain.


ruffle

From Middle English ruffelen, perhaps from Old Norse hrufla (“to graze, scratch”) or Middle Low German ruffelen (“to wrinkle, curl”). Further origin unknown. Related to Middle Dutch ruyffelen, German Low German ruffeln. See English ruff.

unk

unknown

(zoology) The connected series of large egg capsules, or oothecae, of several species of American marine gastropods of the genus Fulgur.


disjunction

en-noun

disjunction (countable and uncountable, plural disjunctions)

From Old French disjunction, from Latin disjunctio.

(biology) During meiosis, the separation of chromosomes (homologous in meiosis I, and sister chromatids in meiosis II).


urochord

urochords (plural)
urocord (alternative)

(zoology) A notochord that is limited to the caudal region; especially in the Urochordata


TGIF

w:transforming growth interacting factor

(biochemistry) Initialism of transforming growth interacting factor.


ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone#English

(endocrinology, biochemistry) Initialism of adrenocorticotropic hormone.


BP

BP (countable and uncountable, plural BPs)


BST

BST (countable and uncountable, plural BSTs)

(paleontology) Initialism of Burgess Shale Type.


VIP

VIP (countable and uncountable, plural VIPs)

vasoactive intestinal peptide
vasoactive intestinal peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of vasoactive intestinal peptide.


urokinase

urokinase (countable and uncountable, plural urokinases)

deep vein thrombosis
deep vein thrombosis

(biochemistry) A protease, found in the urine, which converts plasminogen to plasmin, and is used in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.


diagnostic

en-adj

diagnostic (comparative more diagnostic, superlative most diagnostic)

more diagnostic (comparative)
most diagnostic (superlative)
diagnostick (alternative)

From Ancient Greek διαγνωστικός (diagnōstikós), adjective from διαγιγνώσκειν (diagignṓskein, “to distinguish, diagnose”).

bor

διαγνωστικός

(biology) (of a skeletal or genetic feature) Characteristic of a particular taxon or clade.


reporter

reporters (plural)
reportor (alternative)
reportour (alternative)

→ Catalan: repòrter

→ Greek: ρεπόρτερ (repórter)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English reportour, from Old French reporteur; equivalent to report + -er.

(biology) A gene attached by a researcher to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest, typically used as an indication of whether a certain gene has been taken up by or expressed in the cell or organism population.


LHRH

luteinizing hormone
luteinizing hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.


CAM

crassulacean acid metabolism
w:crassulacean acid metabolism

(botany, biochemistry) Initialism of crassulacean acid metabolism.


MAD

en-noun

MAD (countable and uncountable, plural MADs)

mothers against decapentaplegic
w:mothers against decapentaplegic

(genetics) Initialism of mothers against decapentaplegic.


HSV

HSV (countable and uncountable, plural HSVs)

BHV

bovine herpes virus or bovine herpesvirus

CeHV

cercopithecine herpes virus or cercopithecine herpesvirus

EHV

equine herpes virus or equine herpesvirus

FHV

feline herpes virus or feline herpesvirus

KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

MaHV

macropodid herpes virus or macropodid herpesvirus

OsHV

oyster herpes virus or oyster herpesvirus

herpes simplex virus
herpes simplex virus#English

(virology) Initialism of herpes simplex virus.


HDL

high-density lipoprotein
high-density lipoprotein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of high-density lipoprotein.


LDL

High saturated fat intake has been tied to increased levels of LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol, which raises the risk of heart disease.

2017 December 22, Sophie Egan, “Is It Better to Cook With Coconut Oil or Olive Oil?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In rare instances, however, high blood levels of the so-called bad cholesterol, LDL, result from a genetic defect called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

2018, American Heart Association, “Multi-gene Test Predicts Early Heart Disease Risk”, in Drug Discovery & Development:

low-density lipoprotein
low-density lipoprotein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of low-density lipoprotein.


MVP

MVP (countable and uncountable, plural MVPs)

(biology, ecology) Initialism of minimum viable population.


ACE

ACE (countable and uncountable, plural ACEs)

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

angiotensin converting enzyme
angiotensin converting enzyme#English

(biochemistry, medicine) Initialism of angiotensin converting enzyme.


PPI

proton-pump inhibitor
w:proton-pump inhibitor

(biochemistry) Initialism of proton-pump inhibitor.

2010, Kodama and Hu, "An improved biomolecular flourescence complementation assay with a high signal-to-noise ratio", BioTechniques, vol 49, no 5, pg. 793.
in abstract This improved Venus-based BiFC system will facilitate PPI studies in various biological research fields.

protein–protein interaction
w:protein–protein interaction

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein–protein interaction.


DHT

DHT (countable and uncountable, plural DHTs)

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of dihydrotestosterone.


PL

(biochemistry) Initialism of proximity labeling.


adaptive enzyme

adaptive enzyme (plural adaptive enzymes)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is present in the cell only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value.


senescence

senescence (usually uncountable, plural senescences)

Organized shuffleboard has always filled me with dread. Everything about it suggests infirm senescence and death: it’s like it’s a game played on the skin of a void and the rasp of the sliding puck is the sound of that skin getting abraded away bit by bit.

1997, David Foster Wallace, “A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again”, in A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again, Kindle edition, Little, Brown Book Group:

Over the next 150 years the known age of the Earth expanded a millionfold and lost worlds of the past were found to have overflowed with species now gone. The chain stretched, aged, and eventually succumbed to senescence.

2012, Lydia Pyne, Stephen J. Pyne, chapter 6, in The Last Lost World, Penguin, →ISBN:

(biology) The state or process of ageing, especially in humans; old age.

2018, University of Edinburgh, "Liver Study Offers Insights into Hard-to-treat Diseases" (9 March 2018), Drug Discovery & Development.
Tests in mice found that inducing senescence in bile duct cells - mimicking the process seen in human bile duct disease - led to liver scarring and damage of liver function.

(cytology) Ceasing to divide by mitosis because of shortening of telomeres or excessive DNA damage.

vanheneminen

cell biology: ceasing to divide by mitosis

(botany) Fruit senescence, leading to ripening of fruit.

kypsyminen

botany: fruit senescence, leading to ripening of fruit

(cytology, of a cell) Condition when the cell ceases to divide.


senescent

en-adj

senescent (comparative more senescent, superlative most senescent)

more senescent (comparative)
most senescent (superlative)

From Latin senescens, present participle of senescere (“to grow old”), from senere (“to be old”), from senex (“old”).

When such lines and forms of organic development prevail, the individual, as the cell of the body, becomes soon senescent, drifting inevitably into age, decay, and death.

1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress:

(cytology, of a cell) That ceases to divide.


packet

packets (plural)
pacquet (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English pacquet; either from Middle French pacquet, or formed independently from pak and -et.

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…].

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

(botany) A specimen envelope containing small, dried plants or containing parts of plants when attached to a larger sheet.


marcescent

From Latin marcescens, present participle of marcescere.

How often is the flower of human life marcescent, tenacious of its old estate when the blooming-time is past.

a. 1893, Edith M. Thomas, The Undertime of the Year, published in The Atlantic Monthly, volume 72 (October 1893), page 452

“But,” she answered, “granting that Mon Cul is a remarkable creature, that he is the elder statesman among monkeys, that his marcescent eyelids have opened upon sights and splendors about which the most romantic among us only dream,[…]”

1990, Tom Robbins, Another Roadside Attraction, page 75:

(botany, of an organ such as a leaf or blossom; rarely also figurative) Withered, but still attached.

(mycology) Able to revive when moistened.


serotonin

en-noun

serotonin (countable and uncountable, plural serotonins)

/ˌsɛɹəˈtəʊnɪn/

/ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/

Notably, mouse lines targeting genes codifying for serotonin receptors, for enzymes involved in 5-HT synthesis as Tph1 and Tph2, in its metabolism as monoaminoxidase A (MAOA) or in its re-uptake as serotonin transporter (SERT), have been generated.

2015 August 21, “Generation of a Tph2 Conditional Knockout Mouse Line for Time- and Tissue-Specific Depletion of Brain Serotonin”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

The class of antidepressants most commonly associated with sexual dysfunction is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which treat depression by ultimately increasing levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.

2024 March 21, Kristen Rogers, “If antidepressants are killing your sex life, here’s what you can do”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) An indoleamine neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine, that is involved in depression, appetite, etc., and is crucial in maintaining a sense of well-being, security, etc.


neurotransmitter

Together with this is the influence of an infinite number of neurotransmitters, neurohormones, environmental hazards, and accidental programmings.

2016, David R. Hawkins, The Eye of the I: From Which Nothing is Hidden, page 142:

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons.

نَاقِل عَصَبِيّ

substance responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons

神経伝達物質

しんけいでんたつぶっしつ

нейромедіа́тор m (nejromediátor, literally “neuromediator”)


ESP

ESP (countable and uncountable, plural ESPs)

Environmental Sample Processor
w:Environmental Sample Processor

(ecology) Initialism of Environmental Sample Processor.


EPS

extracellular polymeric substance
w:extracellular polymeric substance

(microbiology) Initialism of extracellular polymeric substance high-molecular weight compounds secreted by microorganisms.


mtDNA

mtDNA (countable and uncountable, plural mtDNAs)

mtDNAs (plural)
mDNA (alternative)
MDNA (alternative)
mitoDNA (alternative)
mtdna (alternative)

There is a large infographic on mtDNA types and population sampling.

2020, Raven Leilani, Luster, Picador (2021), pages 145–146:

mitochondrial DNA
mitochondrial DNA#English

(genetics) Abbreviation of mitochondrial DNA.


STA

(biology) Initialism of Spike-Triggered Average, a tool for characterizing the response properties of a neuron.


SAN

SAN (countable and uncountable, plural SANs)


syllepsis

syllepsis (countable and uncountable, plural syllepses)

From Latin syllepsis, from Ancient Greek σύλληψις (súllēpsis), from συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō).

(botany) Growth in which lateral branches develop from a lateral meristem, without the formation of a bud or period of dormancy, when the lateral meristem is split from a terminal meristem.


PGF

PGF (countable and uncountable, plural PGFs)

placental growth factor
placental growth factor#English

(genetics) Abbreviation of placental growth factor gene, the gene encoding for the biomolecule placental growth factor (“PlGF”).


SIR

SIR (countable and uncountable, plural SIRs)

(biochemistry, genetics) Abbreviation of silent information regulator.


opisthosoma

opisthosoma (plural opisthosomas or opisthosomata)

opisthosomas (plural)
opisthosomata (plural)

(zoology) The posterior segment of the two-part body structure of chelicerates. Often used interchangeably with abdomen.


sinus

Learned borrowing from Latin sinus (“a bent surface, curve, hollow”). Doublet of sine.

lbor

(anatomy, zootomy) A pouch or cavity in a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities (the paranasal sinus).

sinus

(botany) A rounded notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of a leaf or petal.


PNA

peptide nucleic acid
peptide nucleic acid#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of peptide nucleic acid.


MRO

en-noun

MRO (countable and uncountable, plural MROs)

mitochondria-related organelle
mitochondria-related organelle#English

(biology) Abbreviation of mitochondria-related organelle.


hESC

(biology) Initialism of human embryonic stem cell.


ATP

ATP (countable and uncountable, plural ATPs)

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosine triphosphate.


talon

From Middle English talon, taloun, from Old French talon (“heel, spur”), from Medieval Latin tālōnem, from Vulgar Latin *tālōnis, from Latin tālus (“ankle”).

(zoology) One of certain small prominences on the hind part of the face of an elephant's tooth.


protoplasmic

(cytology) Of or relating to protoplasm.


scurvy

scurvy (usually uncountable, plural scurvies)

The adjective is derived from Late Middle English scurvi, scurvy, variants of scurfi (“having scurf, scabby”), from scurf (“skin disease causing scabs or scales; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease, etc.”) + -i (suffix forming adjectives). Scurf is derived from Old English scurf, from Proto-Germanic *skurf- (“to gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever; to divide, separate”). By surface analysis, scurf (“skin disease; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease; crust-like formations on the skin”) + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives).
The noun is derived from the adjective. It was used to translate the similar-sounding Dutch scheurbuik, French scorbut, Middle Low German schorbūk (“scurvy (disease)”), etc.

cog

(uncountable, by extension, veterinary medicine, obsolete) A cattle disease, perhaps affecting the skin.


DOM

(biochemistry) Initialism of dissolved organic matter.


agonistic

en-adj

agonistic (comparative more agonistic, superlative most agonistic)

more agonistic (comparative)
most agonistic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστικός (agōnistikós).

Although most agonistic interactions consist of signals of threat and submission, symbolic aggression is effective only because the possibility of escalation exists […]

1978, Donald Symons, “The Question of Function: Dominance and Play”, in Euclid O. Smith, editor, Social Play in Primates, New York: Academic Press, page 207:

This was clearly such an event, but like the ancient religion of Israel, it was also deeply agonistic.

2006, Karen Armstrong, The Great Transformation, Atlantic Books, published 2007, page 66:

Sociality swung wildly between extremes of collective affiliation and agonistic striving for dominance.

2014, Lucas Bessire, Behold the Black Caiman: A Chronicle of Ayoreo Life, The University of Chicago Press, Introduction, p. 8:

(zoology, anthropology) Characterised by conflict or hostility.

(pharmacology, biochemistry) Pertaining to an agonist.


cosmopolitan

cosmopolitan (comparative more cosmopolitan, superlative most cosmopolitan)

more cosmopolitan (comparative)
most cosmopolitan (superlative)

From cosmopolit(e) + -an. Compare metropolitan and megalopolitan.

Domestication and the evolution of anthrophilic traits in houseflies and some drosophilids have allowed certain species to attain cosmopolitan status.

2005, David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann, The Evolutionary Biology of Flies, page 372:

(biology, ecology) Growing or living in many parts of the world; widely distributed.

касмапаліты́чны

growing in many parts of the world; widely distributed


amphora

en-noun

amphora (plural amphoras or amphorae or amphorai)

amphoras (plural)
amphorae (plural)
amphorai (plural)

/æmˈfɔ(ː)ɹə/

From Latin amphora (“large wine vessel, Roman unit of liquid measure”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, Greek units of liquid measure”), ultimately from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸 (a-pi-po-re-we, “carried on both sides”).

der

(botany) A lower valve of a fruit that opens transversely.


antechamber

(botany) The space immediately below the guard cells of a stoma.


alpha female

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-alpha female.wav

(zoology, ethology) The dominant female in a social or group hierarchy.


reproductive

/ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌktɪv/

(biology) A reproductive organism (especially such as in an insect).


rudimentary

/ˌɹuːdɪˈmɛntəɹi/

/ˌɹuːdɪˈmɛnt͡ʃɹi/

(zoology, usually in the plural) One of the rudimentary mammae of boars.


diuresis

en-noun

diuresis (countable and uncountable, plural diureses)

From New Latin diūrēsis, from Ancient Greek διουρέω (diouréō, “to urinate”) + -σις (-sis).
Morphologically, δῐουρέω (dĭouréō) can be analysed as δι- (di-) + οὐρέω (ouréō).

der

(biology, medicine) Excessive production of urine; polyuria.

diuresi

excessive production of urine — see also polyuria

(biology, medicine) (more often) The physiologic process that produces such an increase.

(biology, medicine) (most often) The administration of medications to encourage that process.


dihydrotestosterone

en-noun

dihydrotestosterone (countable and uncountable, plural dihydrotestosterones)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-dihydrotestosterone.wav

By surface analysis, di- + hydro- + testosterone.

surf

However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.

2015 August 17, Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al., “Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women”, in International Journal of Endocrinology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An androgenic metabolite of testosterone; used to treat certain breast cancers.


testosterone

en-noun

testosterone (countable and uncountable, plural testosterones)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-testosterone.wav

From test(is) + -o- + -sterone (“steroid hormone”).

af

Mammalian testes contain almost no testosterone because it is sent out into the body as quickly as it is made.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 168:

The text recounts a 2011 experiment: Researchers tested 136 healthy young men’s testosterone levels, asked them about their political party affiliations, then gave them either a placebo or ten grams of AndroGel one percent, a high-end dose of a common form of testosterone often used in hormone replacement therapies.

2023 April 5, Mark Hay, “Does Testosterone Affect Your Politics?”, in VICE:

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.


embolus

The term was coined in 1848 by Rudolf Virchow From Latin embolus (“piston”), from Ancient Greek ἔμβολος (émbolos, “peg, stopper”).

der

Those spiders with a simple bulb insert most of this; those with a complex palp insert only the embolus, which in some species is very long […]

1996, Michael J Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, published 1996, page 22:

(zoology) The structure on the end of the palp of male arachnids which contains the opening to the ejaculatory duct.


apomixis

en-noun

apomixis (countable and uncountable, plural apomixes)

From German Apomixis, from apo- + mixis.

(botany) Plant reproduction without fertilization.

(botany) Plant reproduction without fertilization, meiosis, or the production of gametes.

apomixie

plant reproduction without fertilization, meiosis, or the production of gametes

(zoology) Animal reproduction in which the egg cell does not undergo meiosis or fertilization.

apomiksja

animal reproduction in which the egg cell does not undergo meiosis or fertilization


eavesdrop

en-verb

eavesdrop (third-person singular simple present eavesdrops, present participle eavesdropping, simple past and past participle eavesdropped)

eavesdrops (present singular third-person)
eavesdropping (participle present)
eavesdropped (participle past)
eavesdropped (past)

From eaves + drop; the "listening" sense derives from the notion of the listener standing in the area denoted by the physical sense.

[…] Eastern Red Bat will eavesdrop on the sonar calls of other red bats to locate potential insect prey.

1993, David W. Nagorsen, Robert Mark Brigham, Royal British Columbia Museum, Bats of British Columbia, page 109:

Frog-biting midges also depend on eavesdropping for reproduction, and one would predict similarly strong selection to evolve auditory adaptations for hearing and localizing calls of their hosts.

2014, Ken Yasukawa, Animal Behavior: How and Why Animals Do the Things They Do:

(zoology) To listen for another organism's calls, so as to exploit them.


tubercle

tubercles (plural)
tubercule (alternative)
tuberculum (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tubercle.wav

(botany) A small rounded wartlike protuberance of the roots of some leguminous plants; the lip of certain orchids, cacti.

tubercle

wartlike protuberance on the roots of some plants


pitcher

From Middle English picher, from Old French pichier, pechier (“small jug”), bichier (compare modern French pichet), from Late Latin or Medieval Latin pīcārium, alteration of bīcārium, itself possibly from bacarium, bacar or from Ancient Greek βῖκος (bîkos). Doublet of beaker.

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

(botany) A tubular or cuplike appendage or expansion of the leaves of certain plants. See pitcher plant.


heparin

en-noun

heparin (countable and uncountable, plural heparins)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A compound occurring in the liver and other tissues which inhibits blood coagulation. A sulfur-containing polysaccharide, it is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis.


phylogenetics

Thereupon he went to Leipzig, and during the winter of 1880–81 and the following summer semester studied comparative anatomy with Leuckart, geology with Credner, and phylogenetics with Carus.

c. 1899, William Morton Wheeler, “George Baur’s Life and Writings”, in The American Naturalist, volume 33, page 16:

An especially concise introduction to molecular phylogenetics is provided by Hillis et al. (1993).
The danger of generating incorrect results is inherently greater in computational phylogenetics than in many other fields of science.

2005, Stephen Bryant, Gerard Bouffard, Bioinformatics, Wiley, page 366:

A difficult task was to review the development of the many new packages contributing to phylogenetics and evolutionary biology.

2011, Emmanuel Paradis, Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R, Springer, page vii:

(biology, systematics) The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms, through computational methods that focus on observed heritable traits.


TI

TI (countable and uncountable, plural TIs)

tonic immobility
tonic immobility#English

(zoology) Initialism of tonic immobility.


peritoneum

peritoneum (plural peritoneums or peritonea)

peritoneums (plural)
peritonea (plural)
peritonaeum (alternative)
peritonæum (alternative dated)

From Latin peritonaeum, from Ancient Greek περιτόναιον (peritónaion), from περιτόναιος (peritónaios, “stretched or strained over”).

(zoology) In animals, the membrane lining the coelom cavity.


incisor

Borrowing from New Latin incīsor, from incīdō (“to cut into, cut through”) + -tor (“-er, -or”, agent noun suffix).

af

(anatomy, zootomy) A narrow-edged tooth at the front of the mouth of mammals, between the canines and adapted for cutting; in humans there are four in each jaw.


thyroid

Borrowed from New Latin thyreoīdēs, from Ancient Greek θῠρεοειδής (thŭreoeidḗs, “shield-shaped”), from θῠρεός (thŭreós, “oblong shield”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-form, -like”).


sensitivity

en-noun

sensitivity (countable and uncountable, plural sensitivities)

чуллі́васць

the ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

(biology) The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli.

(biology, medicine, of a pathogen) Vulnerability to medical treatment: Synonym of susceptibility.

en:vulnerability of a pathogen to treatment


AAS

(arachnology) Initialism of American Arachnological Society, a society of amateur and professional arachnologists.


AAS

AAS (countable and uncountable, plural AASs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of anabolic–androgenic steroid.


MAO

monoamine oxidase
monoamine oxidase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of monoamine oxidase.


involucre

Borrowed from French involucre, from Latin involūcrum (“wrapper”). Doublet of involucrum.

(botany) Conspicuous bract, bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence.


glume

From Latin gluma (“husk of grain”). The root can also be seen in glubere (“to peel”).

[T]he glume in some alpine grasses, and the scales of the ament in the salix rosea, rose-willow, grow into leaves; and produce other kinds of monsters.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

(botany) A basal, membranous, outer sterile husk or bract in the flowers of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae).


perianth

From French périanthe, from New Latin perianthium.

(botany) The sterile parts of a flower; collectively, the sepals and petals (or tepals).

Archegonia are surrounded early in their development by the juvenile perianth, through the slender beak of which the elongated neck of the fertilized archegonium protrudes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany, bryology) The sterile, tubelike tissue that surrounds the female reproductive structure in a leafy liverwort.


stipule

From French, from Latin stipula (“stalk (of hay), straw”).

(botany) A basal appendage of a typical leaf of a flowering plant, usually appearing paired beside the petiole although sometimes absent or highly modified.


trypsin

trypsin (countable and uncountable, plural trypsins)

From Ancient Greek τρῖψις (trîpsis, “rubbing”) + -in, since the substance was first found on rubbing down the pancreas with glycerine.

af

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds (a serine protease)


RNAi

RNA interference
RNA interference#English

(genetics) Initialism of RNA interference.


pinna

From Latin pinna (“dorsal fin; wing, feather”). Doublet of pen, penna, and panne.

der

Meronyms: antihelix, antitragus, concha, helix, tragus

(anatomy, zoology) The visible part of the ear in most therians that resides outside of the head, the auricle; outer ear excluding the ear canal.

(botany) A leaflet or primary segment of a pinnate compound leaf.

Fiederblatt

(zoology) A feather, wing, fin, or other similar appendage.


ectoplasm

en-noun

ectoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural ectoplasms)

From ecto- (“outside”) + plasm or -plasm, referring to the fact that ectoplasm is believed to emanate from and materialize outside of the medium's body.

ecto-

ghost-related; only in this specific sense

(cytology) The outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm.

ectoplasma

cytology: the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm


granule

Borrowed from French granule or directly from Late Latin grānulum, diminutive of Latin grānum (“grain”); for more, see grain. By surface analysis, grain + -ule.


antimitotic

(pharmacology, cytology) Preventing or disrupting mitosis.


mitosis

mitosis (countable and uncountable, plural mitoses)

From German Mitose, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + -osis, probably in reference to the thread-like chromatin seen during mitosis.

Meronyms: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

en:division of nucleus and often of cell, with euploid results

(cytology) The division of a cell nucleus in which the genome is copied and separated into two identical halves. It is normally followed by cell division.


junk DNA

junk DNA (usually uncountable, plural junk DNAs)

(genetics) Any portion of the DNA sequence of a chromosome or a genome with no apparent function identified by science to date.

ADN poubelle

portion of DNA that has no identified function


receptacle

From Middle English receptacle, from Anglo-Norman receptacle and Middle French receptacle (“organ containing a fluid; gathering place; water basin”) (modern French réceptacle), from Latin receptāculum (“animal enclosure, container, place of refuge, receptacle, repository, reservoir, shelter”), from receptāre (“to harbour, to receive, to shelter”) or receptō (“I receive back or again, I recover”), frequentative of recipiō (“I receive; I hold back, I reserve”) (from re- (“back, again”) + capiō (“I hold”)) + -culum (suffix forming nouns from verbs, particularly nouns representing tools and instruments); cognate with Italian recettaculo, ricettaculo, Portuguese receptáculo, Spanish receptáculo.

der

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

The form of the flower is highly dependent on the structure of the receptacle, even though this may not always be obvious externally. The receptacle is also called the floral axis, or it is sometimes called the torus, which may be translated as "swelling". These expressions per se imply that, although in the majority of cases the receptacle is greatly reduced, it is frequently thickened in a capitate form or broadened into a definitely disc-like shape.

1992, F[ocko] Weberling, “Morphology of Flowers”, in R. J. Pankhurst, transl., Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences, 1st paperback edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 19:

A basic flower […] has four series of parts arranged in concentric whorls (or rings) on the receptacle, which is the name given to the expanded end of the pedicel (flower stalk).

2003, Ian Clarke, Helen Lee, “The Structure of Flowers”, in Name that Flower: The Identification of Flowering Plants, 2nd edition, Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, Melbourne University Publishing, →ISBN, page 7:

(botany) The part of the flower stalk (peduncle or pedicel) to which the floral parts are attached; a thalamus, a torus.

All flowers in a head share a common receptacle. The receptacle may be flat or convex. It may bear tiny scales called paleae. The paleae of a receptacle are referred to as chaff. Receptacles without paleae are said to be epaleate or naked. When the paleae are shed, they may leave either a smooth or a pitted receptacle. Occasionally, hairs, scales, or bristles may also be present on the receptacle.

2015, Robert H. Mohlenbrock, “Descriptions and Illustrations”, in Flowering Plants: Asteraceae, Part I (The Illustrated Flora of Illinois), Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, →ISBN, page 7:

A condensed rachis of a capitate or umbellate inflorescence at the end of the peduncle, to which all of the florets or pedicels are attached.

Plants all marine, of an olive-brown or olive-green colour, becoming black on exposure to air; […] Frutification, tubercles contained in distinct receptacles, or embedded in the frond, and containing dark-coloured seeds surrounded with a pellucid limbus, which escape by a terminal pore.

1830, Robert Kaye Greville, “Order I.—FUCOIDEÆ.”, in Algæ Britannicæ, or Descriptions of the Marine and Other Inarticulated Plants of the British Islands, Belonging to the Order Algæ; with Plates Illustrative of the Genera, Edinburgh: Maclachlan & Stewart, Edinburgh; and Baldwin & Cradock, London, →OCLC, page 1:

In addition to gas bladders, the thallus of reproductive rockweed, Fucus, has inflated tips called receptacles. The small bumps on the surface of each receptacle are conceptacles, chambers within which the gametangia grow.

2013, George Karleskint, Jr., Richard Turner, James W. Small, Jr., “Multicellular Primary Producers”, in Introduction to Marine Biology, 4th edition, Belmont, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, figure 7-12 caption, page 170:

(phycology) A structure at the end of a branch of an alga containing conceptacles (reproductive organs).

(zoology) An organ that receives and holds a secretion.


apetalous

From New Latin āpetalus. By surface analysis, a- + petal + -ous.


spherocyte

(cytology) A red blood cell that is spherical rather than biconcave, as occurs in spherocytosis


parted

a parted leaf


saddle

→ Japanese: サドル (sadoru)

Homer Tunnel
Milford Sound
Oxford English Dictionary

From Middle English sadel, from Old English sadol, from Proto-West Germanic *sadul, from Proto-Germanic *sadulaz (“saddle”). Further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sod-dʰlo-, from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-dʰlom (a variant of *-trom (suffix forming nouns denoting instruments or tools)), though the Oxford English Dictionary says this “presents formal difficulties”.
Cognates
* Danish sadel
* Dutch zadel
* German Sattel
* Icelandic söðull
* Low German Sadel
* Russian седло́ (sedló)
* Saterland Frisian Soadel
* Scots sadil
* Swedish sadel
* West Frisian seal

saal

seat for a rider placed on the back of a horse or other animal

satula

something resembling a saddle in appearance or shape

satula

depression located along the axial trend of an anticline

Something resembling a saddle (sense 1) in appearance or shape.

The clitellum of an earthworm (family Lumbricidae).

The lower part of the back of a domestic fowl, especially a male bird, bearing the saddle feathers or saddle hackles.

alaselkä

Pagophilus groenlandicus
Pagophilus groenlandicus#Translingual

Boa constrictor
Boa constrictor#Translingual

In full saddle marking or saddle patch: a saddle-like marking on an animal, such as one on the back of an adult harp seal or saddleback seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), or any of numerous such markings on a boa constrictor (Boa constrictor).


paries

Borrowed from Latin pariēs (“wall of a house or room”). Compare French paroi (“wall”), Italian parete (“wall”), Portuguese parede (“wall”) Spanish pared (“wall”) and Romanian perete (“wall”).

bor

(anatomy, botany) The wall of any cavity or organ.

(zoology) The triangular middle part of each segment of the shell of a barnacle.


conifer

From Latin cōnifer (“bearing cones”), by surface analysis, Latin cōnus (“cone”) + -fer.

surf

(botany) A plant belonging to the order Coniferales; a cone-bearing seed plant with vascular tissue, usually a tree.

хво́йні pl (xvójni, literally “conifers”)