bullet ant

From bullet + ant.
From being an ant having a poisonous stinging bite, whose pain is described to be comparable to being hit by a bullet.

(entomology, informal) A stinging ant (Paraponera clavata) the toxin of which causes intense pain for about a day, native to Central and South America.


turgor

en-noun

turgor (countable and uncountable, plural turgors)

Learned borrowing from Latin turgor, from turgēre (“to be swollen”) + -or (forms a third-declension masculine abstract noun from a verb root).

suf

Cuttings in a vase lost their turgor, incapable of drawing up the water and nutrients that once kept them supple.

2024 May 10, Lily Stewart, “A love letter to lilacs and the joys of fleeting pleasure”, in The Christian Science Monitor:

(botany) Turgor pressure is the force or pressure within the cell exerted by fluid that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall.


mitochondrial DNA

en-noun

mitochondrial DNA (countable and uncountable, plural mitochondrial DNAs)

(genetics) The genetic material, typically inherited from one's mother, contained within the mitochondria of each of one's cells.


-biont

Probably from German, modification of Ancient Greek βῐούντ- (bĭoúnt-), βιῶν (biôn, “living”), present participle of βῐοῦν (bĭoûn, “to live”), from βῐ́ος (bĭ́os, “mode of life”).

(biology) a discrete living organism that has a specified mode of living


halobiont

(biology) an organism that lives in a salty environment


symbiont

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

It had been known that sponges somehow took in dissolved organic matter, but it remained unclear whether they could do it on their own or needed help from their bacterial symbionts.

2019 December 9, JoAnna Klein, “Seawater Is Filled With a Sugary Feast. Here’s How Sponges Eat It.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(ecology) An organism that lives in a symbiotic relationship.


-biosis

By back-formation from the earliest relevant terms such as symbiosis (which see).


polymorph

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(biology) Any organism that shows polymorphism.


blockage

blockage (countable and uncountable, plural blockages)

blockade

nearly synonymous, but not interchangeably; blockade usually denotes human agency

Blockage of circulation quickly leads to ischemia.

In selected cases, endovascular thrombectomy can quickly remove a blockage that pharmaceutical thrombolysis can't budge.

(biology, medicine) Occlusion of a lumen (especially that of a blood vessel or intestine), or the thing that is causing it; as:

Synonym of thrombosis, synonym of thromboembolism, or synonym of embolism.

Synonym of constipation (“impairment of feces passage”).


cilium

It is the deeper parts of such cells which give rise to delicate muscular fibres or networks of fibres, while the superficially placed body of the cell myoblast), the part which produces the above, performs other functions, and usually bears a cilium.

1892, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus, edited by F. G. Heathcote, Elementary Text-book of Zoology:

The clockwise beating of cilia results in a net flow of extraembryonic fluid leftwards […]

2006, Manfred Schliwa, Molecular Motors, page 359:

(cytology) A short microscopic hairlike organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell (such as a unicellular organism or one cell of a multicelled organism) which serve either for propulsion by causing currents in the surrounding fluid or as sensors.

ресна

hairlike organelle projecting from eukaryotic cell

(entomology) One of the fine hairs along an insect's wing.

(botany) Hairs or similar protrusions along the margin of an organ.


lectin

From Latin lēctus (“chosen”) + -in. Coined by W.C. Boyd in 1954.

The result proved less about the safety of genetic engineering than it did about the safety of lectins – known animal poisons.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 252:

Soybeans are another excellent source of plant proteins but they are also on the list of high lectin foods. They are very important to vegans and vegetarians as they make it easy for them to get adequate proteins in their diet.

2018, Stanley Adamson, Lectin Free Handbook: The Essential Guide To The Lectin Diet Plus A 7-Day Lectin Avoidance Meal Plan And Recipes, PublishDrive:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that bind specific carbohydrates.


adrenochrome

adrenochrome (countable and uncountable, plural adrenochromes)

Investigation of the chemical constitution showed that it has the properties of N-methyl-2:3-dihydro-3-hydroxyindole-5:6-quinone. The shorter name adrenochrome is proposed for this substance. […] Adrenochrome is a very unstable substance: it is completely destroyed in 4 min. by 1% hydrochloric acid, and in 40 sec. by 1% ammonia.

1937, David Ezra Green, “Adrenaline and Adrenochrome”, in The Biochemical Journal, volume 31, number 4, page 596:

(biochemistry) An oxidation product of adrenaline or epinephrine; its semicarbazone is used as a drug to reduce bleeding.


nucleation

nucleation (countable and uncountable, plural nucleations)


stimulation

stimulation (countable and uncountable, plural stimulations)

From Latin stimulātiō.
Morphologically stimulate + -ion

(biology) Any action or condition that creates a response; sensory input. [from 18th c.]

estimulació

biology: action or condition that creates a response


racemose

From Latin racēmōsus (“full of clusters”), from racēmus (“cluster, bunch”).

(botany) Having flowers arranged along a single central axis, as in a raceme, spike, or catkin.

klaseagtig

botany: having flowers arranged along a single central axis


raceme

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Borrowed from Latin racēmus (“cluster, bunch”). Doublet of raisin.

(botany) An indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are arranged along a single central axis.


downstream

en-adj

downstream (comparative farther or further downstream, superlative farthest or furthest downstream)

farther (comparative)
further downstream (comparative)
farthest (superlative)
furthest downstream (superlative)

en:figuratively, of base pairs in nucleic acid sequences

(figurative) Occurring later than something else; (also, usually, especially) influenced by something else; being a consequence of something else.

(biology) Towards the 3′ end of a DNA molecule.

en aval

biology: towards the 3' end of a DNA molecule


X-junction

Linear molecules containing the same sequences are not bound, and one X-junction successfully competes with another for binding whereas linear duplexes do not compete.

1998, Jac A. Nickoloff, Merl F. Hoekstra, DNA Damage and Repair: Volume I: DNA Repair in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes, page 197:

(genetics) A non-linear strand of DNA where certain cruciform binding proteins can compete for binding.


sinuate

sinuate (comparative more sinuate, superlative most sinuate)

more sinuate (comparative)
most sinuate (superlative)

From Latin sinuatus, past participle of sinuare (“to wind, bend”), from sinus (“a bend”). See also sine, from Latin sinus.

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is sinuate.

(mycology, of gills) Roughly the same height for most of its length, becoming much shallower and then curving back towards the stem before reaching the attachment point.

festoneado

roughly the same height for most of its length


apo-

From the Ancient Greek prefix ἀπό- (apó-), from the preposition ἀπό (apó, “from, away from”), from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“off, away”), whence the English words off and of, and ab- (via Latin). Doublet of ab- and off-.

der

aporeceptor is a receptor that targets apoproteins or apolipoproteins, apoflavoprotein is the apoprotein of a flavoprotein, apomucin is the apoprotein of a mucin

(biochemistry) An apoenzyme: an enzyme without its cofactor; associated apoproteins.

apoglobin is a form of a globin that lacks a heme unit, apomyoglobin is a form of myoglobin that lacks a heme unit, apometalloprotein is the form of a metalloprotein that lacks the coordinated metal atom

Lacking, without, scant.
(biochemistry) Lacking a metallic unit.

Lacking, without, scant.
Lacking a metallic unit.


arenicolous

From Latin arēna, harēna (“sand”) + -colous.


parvorder

(taxonomy) A specific taxonomic category above superfamily and below infraorder.


squirrel monkey

en-noun

squirrel monkey (plural squirrel monkeys)

(zoology, primatology) Any of several small New World monkeys, of the genus Saimiri, that live in Central and South America.


leprous

en-adj

leprous (comparative more leprous, superlative most leprous)

more leprous (comparative)
most leprous (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-leprous.wav

From Middle English leprous (“having leprosy or a skin disease with symptoms like leprosy; (alchemy) of metals or minerals: impure; a leper”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman leprous, lepros [and other forms], Middle French lepros, lepreux, and Old French leprous, lepros (“having leprosy; a leper”) (modern French lépreux), and from their etymon Late Latin leprosus (“having leprosy; (alchemy) of metals: impure; a leper”), from Latin lepra (“leprosy”) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of; overly; prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). Lepra is derived from Ancient Greek λέπρᾱ (léprā, “leprosy”), from λεπῐ́ς (lepĭ́s, “flake, scale; epithelial debris”) (perhaps from λέπω (lépō, “to peel, strip off a husk or rind”) + -ῐς (-ĭs, suffix forming feminine nouns)) + -ᾱ (-ā, suffix forming action nouns from verbs).

nb...

leperous, leperus, lepourous, lepres, lepris, lepros, leprose, leprouse, leprows, leprus, lepruse, leprys

leperous, leperus, leprus, lepuros, lieprous, lieprus

lepric

particularly with regard to the disease itself

(botany, archaic) Synonym of leprose (“covered with thin scurfy scales, scaly-looking”)


amygdalin

(biochemistry) A glycoside of benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide found in bitter almonds, and in the kernels of some other fruit.


anthocyanin

/ˌænθəˈsaɪənɪn/

(botany, organic chemistry) Any of many water-soluble red to violet plant pigments related to the flavonoids (more noticeable in autumn after the chlorophyll decomposes)

antocianina

any of many water-soluble red to violet plant pigments


-gnathous

From Ancient Greek γνάθος (gnáthos) + -ous.

(biology) having a specified type of jaw


catecholamine

Epinephrine and dopamine are two other catecholamine transmitters.

1988, Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 3rd edition, page 1025:

The catecholamines are used in several motivational and emotional systems of the brain, and their concentration is regulated by proteins that break them down or recycle them.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 746:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of aromatic amines derived from pyrocatechol that are hormones produced by the adrenal gland.


liposome

From lipo- (“fat”) + -some (“body”). From Ancient Greek λίπος (lípos, “fat”) and Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “soma”).

Albrecht applied the term "liposome" to small refractive droplets observed in freshly mounted sections of liver and other tissues.

1930 September, Ben Dawes, “The Absorption of Fats and Lipoids in the Plaice (P. platessa L.)”, in Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, volume 17, number 1, page 75:

(biochemistry) An aqueous compartment enclosed by a bimolecular membrane, typically of phospholipid; a lipid vesicle.


phosphatidylcholine

(biochemistry) The phospholipid phosphatidyl choline


phosphatidylglycerol

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any phospholipid in which the small organic molecule is glycerol


cephalin

In 1912 Howell reported the results of a study of the thromboplastic action of the tissues in which he showed that the active substance is a phosphatid having the general properties of cephalin.

1916 June, Jay McLean, “The Thromboplastic Action of Cephalin”, in American Journal of Physiology, volume 41, pages 250–257:

(biochemistry) A phospholipid found particularly in the cells of nervous tissue; it is also the primary phospholipid in bacteria.


ergotamine

en-noun

ergotamine (countable and uncountable, plural ergotamines)

/ɜːˈɡɒtəmiːn/

Borrowed from German Ergotamin, corresponding to ergot + -amine.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) An alkaloid, extracted from ergot, that causes constriction of blood vessels and has been used to treat migraine; it is related to lysergic acid.


galactose

galactose (countable and uncountable, plural galactoses)

From Ancient Greek γάλακτος (gálaktos, “milk”) + -ose (“sugar”).

uder

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide found, along with lactose, in dairy products, and is synthesized by the body where it is found associated with glycolipids and glycoproteins.


glycolipid

(biochemistry) An association of a carbohydrate and a phospholipid, such as phosphatidylinositol, found in cell membranes

糖脂

an association of a carbohydrate and a phospholipid found in cell membranes

(biochemistry) A similar compound lacking a phosphate group


glucosamine

en-noun

glucosamine (countable and uncountable, plural glucosamines)

(biochemistry) An amino derivative of glucose that is a component of polysaccharides such as chitin; it is marketed as a dietary supplement supposedly to reduce the symptoms of arthritis.


raphide

raphides (plural)
raphis (alternative)
rhaphide (alternative)
rhaphis (alternative)

(botany) A crystal of calcium oxalate, shaped like a needle, which forms as a metabolic byproduct in some plant cells.


mutilate

From Latin mutilatus, the past participle of mutilo (“to mutilate”), itself from mutilus (“maimed”).

(zoology) Having fin-like appendages or flukes instead of legs, as a cetacean does.


lifer

I saw six species of honeyeaters new to me and went home with 16 lifers and some bad sandfly bites.

2013, Sue Taylor, Best 100 Birdwatching Sites in Australia:

(birdwatching) A bird species seen for the first time by a birder who is keeping a list of all the species he or she has ever seen.


hyoscyamine

From Latin hyoscyamus (“henbane”) + -ine.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A poisonous alkaloid present in henbane that is the stereoisomer of atropine, with similar properties to hyoscine, and used medicinally to treat abdominal pain and similar conditions.


monoamine

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-monoamine.wav

Dopamine and norepinephrine are so-called monoamines.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 167:

The first effective drugs used to treat clinical depression were compounds that act by enhancing the activity of chemicals known as monoamines in the brain.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 55:

(chemistry, biochemistry) Any compound having a single amino functional group, especially a neurotransmitter.


penicillamine

penicillamine (countable and uncountable, plural penicillamines)

rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline, sulfur-containing amino acid produced by the hydrolysis of penicillins, used pharmacologically as a chelating agent to remove heavy metals such as copper from the body, and as an anti-inflammatory agent, especially for rheumatoid arthritis; 2-amino-3-methyl-3-mercaptobutanoic acid, (CH₃)₂C(SH)CH(NH₂)COOH.


prolamine

(biochemistry) any of a class of proteins, high in proline, found in the seeds of cereals


protamine

(biochemistry) Any of various strongly basic proteins of relatively low molecular weight that are rich in arginine and are found associated especially with DNA in place of histone in the sperm cells of various animals (such as fish).


pyridoxamine

pyridoxamine (countable and uncountable, plural pyridoxamines)

(biochemistry) A constituent of vitamin B6, essential for the metabolism of starch and amino acids.


thiamine

thiamine (usually uncountable, plural thiamines)

(biochemistry) One of the constituents of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast and bran, that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates.


tryptamine

tryptamine (countable and uncountable, plural tryptamines)

By surface analysis, tryptophan + amine.

(uncountable, biochemistry) A heterocyclic amine found in both plant and animal tissue, where it is an intermediate in several metabolic schemes.


sympatry

From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with, in company with, together with”) + πᾰτρῐ́ς (pătrĭ́s, “fatherland”).

der

(biology) The use of the same (or overlapping) geographical areas, by populations of related species, without interbreeding.

共棲 /共栖

the use of the same geographical areas without interbreeding


silencer

(genetics) Something that prevents gene expression

Something that silences
Something that prevents gene expression


reniform

/ˈɹɛnəˌfɔɹm/

Learned borrowing from Latin rēnis (the genitive singular of rēn (“kidney”); see further at that entry) + English -form (suffix meaning ‘having the form or shape of’), modelled after New Latin rēnifōrmis (“of seeds: kidney-shaped”).

reniforme

synonym of kidney-shaped — see also kidney-shaped

intussusception with a reniform appearance

multiple reniform circumscribed fat-containing masses

The Bean […] is oval, and not at all reniform'd like the Kidney-Beans.

[1745, James Parsons, “Tab. V. Fig. 12. a. Cow-itch, Coughage, or Stinging-Beans.”, in The Microscopical Theatre of Seeds: […], volume I, London: […] F. Needham, […]; and sold by M. Cooper, […], →OCLC, page 201:

[T]he antheræ are reniform: the germen is oval, and obtuſely trigonal; […]

1751, John Hill, “Class the Sixth. Order the First. Division the First. Hexandria Monogynia, Having Corollæ Divided into Three Segments, and Cups to Them. [TRADESCANTIA.]”, in A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions of the Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals of the Different Parts of the World; […], volume II (A History of Plants), London: […] Thomas Osborne, […], →OCLC, part III (Plants Called the More Perfect Ones), page 364:

In one of the ſegments of the lovver portion of the kidney, there vvas a large reniform Papillæ, in the outer circumference of vvhich a ſmall part of the papillary fleſh vvas vvanting. […] In the oppoſite ſegment, there vvas a fourth reniform Papilla, reſembling the firſt; […]

1756, Albert Haller [i.e., Albrecht von Haller], “Observation LIX. A Coalition of the Kidnies.”, in Pathological Observations, Chiefly from Dissections of Morbid Bodies, London: […] D. Wilson and T. Durnam, […], →OCLC, page 178:

The oxyde of cobalt, […] is found either ſuperficial, interſperſed, or in lumps; ſometimes botryoidal or reniform or bearing particular impreſſions.

1799, William Babington, “[Class III. Metals. Order II. Fragile. Genus IV. Cobalt.] Species II. Native Oxyde of Cobalt.”, in A New System of Mineralogy, in the Form of a Catalogue, after the Manner of Baron Born’s Systematic Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils of Mlle. Élénore de Raab, London: […] T[homas] Bensley, […]; and sold by W. Phillips, […]; G. G. and J. Robinsons, […]; and T[homas] Cox, […], →OCLC, page 232:

Nothing could be more simple than the furniture. The chairs were either posts mounted on four legs spread out for a base, or three-legged stools with reniform seats.

1861, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “To Ruby Valley”, in The City of the Saints and across the Rocky Mountains to California, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, →OCLC, page 570:

(chiefly biology, mineralogy) Synonym of kidney-shaped (“having an approximately circular or elongated ovoid shape with an inward curve or indentation on one side”)

kidney-shaped

(botany) Of a leaf: kidney-shaped, with the petiole attached at the notch.

munuaismainen

of a leaf: kidney-shaped, with the petiole attached at the notch


refracted

en-adj

refracted (comparative more refracted, superlative most refracted)

more refracted (comparative)
most refracted (superlative)


homoblastic

(biology) Developing from a single type of tissue.

(botany) Having leaves whose shape changes very little with the plant's or shoot's age.


heteroblastic

(biology) Developing from more than a single type of tissue.

heteroblastika

developing from more than a single type of tissue

(botany) Growing several forms or type of leaves along a shoot depending on age or shoot length.


heterogenic

(genetics) Of or relating to the genes of different species.


holoblastic

holoblastic (comparative more holoblastic, superlative most holoblastic)

more holoblastic (comparative)
most holoblastic (superlative)

From holoblast + -ic or holo- + -blastic.

(biology, of an egg) Cleaving, and separating into separate blastomeres.

holoblástico

cleaving and separating into separate blastomeres


lysosome

(cytology) An organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules.


lysozyme

[Alexander Fleming] had in 1923 discovered lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme found in saliva, mucus and tears as part of the body’s first line of defence against invading pathogens.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), pages 47–48:

(biochemistry) A bacteriolytic (or antibiotic) enzyme found in many animal secretions, and in egg white.


macrocyclic

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Almost all the rusts occurring on the ferns are both heteroecious and macrocyclic; so also are most of those occurring on the conifers.

1965, C. G. Ainsworth, Frederick K[roeber] Sparrow, Alfred S. Sussman, editors, The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise, volume IVB (A Taxonomic Review with Keys: Basidomycetes and Lower Fungi), New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 259:

(mycology) Pertaining to a rust fungus whose life cycle includes all five spore stages: pycniospore (spermatium), aeciospore, urediniospore, teliospore, and basidiospore.


repeat unit

(genetics) A specific sequence of bases that repeats within a nucleic acid (or of amino acids within a protein)


acyclic

acyclic (comparative more acyclic, superlative most acyclic)

more acyclic (comparative)
most acyclic (superlative)

(botany) Of a flower, having its parts inserted spirally on the receptacle.


nisin

en-noun

nisin (countable and uncountable, plural nisins)

Blend of group N + streptococci + inhibitory substance.

blend

Lactococcus lactis
Lactococcus lactis#Translingual

(biochemistry) A polycyclic peptide produced by fermentation with the bacterium Lactococcus lactis; used as a preservative in processed cheese etc.


vagility

en-noun

vagility (countable and uncountable, plural vagilities)

(biology) The degree to which an organism or taxon can or does move or spread within an environment.


labellum

From Latin labellum (“small lip”), diminutive of labrum (“lip”).

(entomology) Part of the mouth of an insect, especially the sucking mouthparts of a fly.


assurgent

en-adj

assurgent (comparative more assurgent, superlative most assurgent)

more assurgent (comparative)
most assurgent (superlative)

From Latin assurgens, present participle of assurgo (“rise up”).


engager

To address this limitation, strategies for redirecting T cells to treat cancer are being intensively investigated, while the bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) therapy constitutes one of the most promising therapeutic approaches.

2021 May 26, Shujie Zhou, Mingguo Liu, Fei Ren, Xiangjiao Meng, Jinming Yu, “The landscape of bispecific T cell engager in cancer treatment”, in Biomarker Research, volume 9, →DOI, article 38, page 1:

(biochemistry) A particle or compound which engages certain cells in a process.


aldosterone

/ælˈdɒstəɹəʊn/

From aldo- (“related to aldehydes”) + -sterone, modelled on German Aldosteron; coined in the 1950s.

af

(biochemistry, steroids) A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body.


corticosteroid

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in a large range of physiological systems.

Wúràọlá’s first patient was a man who had not noticed any significant improvement after a regimen of corticosteroids had been prescribed for his spondylosis.

2023, Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀, A Spell of Good Things, Canongate Books, page 209:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of several synthetic hormones of related structure.


androsterone

en-noun

androsterone (countable and uncountable, plural androsterones)

(biochemistry, steroids) An androgenic hormone, excreted in the urine, somewhat less active than testosterone.


androgenic

en-adj

androgenic (comparative more androgenic, superlative most androgenic)

more androgenic (comparative)
most androgenic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or being an androgen.


X-linked gene

(genetics) Any gene located on the sex chromosomes. Typically, these genes are found on the X chromosome and not on the Y chromosome.


insistent

insistent (comparative more insistent, superlative most insistent)

more insistent (comparative)
most insistent (superlative)

From Latin insistens, participle of insisto.

(ornithology) Standing on end: specifically said of the hind toe of a bird when its base is inserted so high on the shank that only its tip touches the ground: correlated with incumbent.


corticosterone

en-noun

corticosterone (countable and uncountable, plural corticosterones)

“The brain doesn’t get the rest it needs, resulting in a drop in executive function and accompanied by an increase in corticosterone levels.”

2022, Bonnie Garmus, Lessons in Chemistry, Penguin (2023), page 206:

(biochemistry, steroids) A corticosteroid hormone, produced in the adrenal glands, involved in metabolism.


cortisone

cortisone (countable and uncountable, plural cortisones)

(biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A corticosteroid hormone, closely related to corticosterone, produced by the adrenal cortex. One of the glucocorticoids, it is also made synthetically for use as an anti-inflammatory and antiallergy agent. 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone, with formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.


antiandrogen

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any substance that inhibits the release or the biological effects of an androgen.

抗雄激素

any substance that inhibits the release or biological effects of an androgen


deoxycorticosterone

deoxycorticosterone (countable and uncountable, plural deoxycorticosterones)

deoxycorticosterones (plural)
DOC (abbreviation)
desoxycorticosterone (alternative)
desoxycortone (alternative)
deoxycortone (alternative)

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone, produced in the adrenal cortex; sometimes manufactured synthetically for use in cases of adrenal insufficiency.


estrone

estrone (countable and uncountable, plural estrones)

estrones (plural)
oestrone (alternative)

(American spelling, biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A natural estrogenic hormone that is a ketone C₁₈H₂₂O₂ found in the body chiefly as a metabolite of and less potent than estradiol, that is also secreted especially by the ovaries, and that is used to treat various conditions (such as ovarian failure and menopausal symptoms) relating to estrogen deficiency.


theelin

The isolation of the crystalline hormone seems to justify the selection of a new name which should be reserved for the crystalline material and which in reality becomes the name of a new and probably hitherto unknown chemical substance. Accordingly, we suggest the term “theelin.“ This word is derived from the Greek word “theelus” used both adjectively and nominally to signify “female.”

1930 June, CD Veler, “The preparation of the crystalline follicular ovarian hormone: Theelin”, in Journal of Biological Chemistry, page 357:

(biochemistry, steroids) The steroid hormone estrone.


estrogenic

Assuming, for the moment, that one is of some definite genetic sex, at birth […] Suppose, in addition, I am born with a vagina and an estrogenic capability toward femininity.

1978 April 15, Sally Anne Douglas, “Who Am I?”, in Gay Community News, page 5:

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or acting like estrogen.

estrogeeni-

of, relating to, or acting like estrogen


gram-positive

From Gram (“a surname”) + positive, after Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who invented the Gram staining method.

(medicine, bacteriology, of a bacterium) That is stained violet by Gram's method


cortisol

cortisol (countable and uncountable, plural cortisols)

There is experimental evidence showing that cortisol restrains the intensity and duration of the emergency reaction to stress, and catecholamines have been shown to enhance emotional memory in the amygdala (see subsection on "Noradrenaline"). Thus, individuals lacking cortisol would overstore traumatic memories .

2006, Marcus Lira Brandão, Frederico Guilherme Graeff, Neurobiology of Mental Disorders, page 36:

“While chronic stress can lead to increased levels of cortisol in the body, those levels don’t usually rise high enough to create a moon face,” said dermatologist Dr. Rajani Katta, a clinical assistant professor at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.

2024 October 17, Sandee LaMotte, “Stress and ‘moon face’: What experts say about this TikTok trend”, in CNN:

(biochemistry, steroids) A glucocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that mediates various metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis), has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, and whose levels in the blood may become elevated in response to physical or psychological stress. When used medicinally it is known as hydrocortisone.


phytoestrogen

Furthermore, Kumar et al. investigated the synergistic effects of three phytoestrogens (genistein, quercetin and biochanin A) and found that these phytoestrogens in combination had a more potent inhibitory effect on androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell growth in vitro.

2015 July 25, “Divide and Conquer May Not Be the Optimal Approach to Retain the Desirable Estrogenic Attributes of the Cyclopia Nutraceutical Extract, SM6Met”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

“Overall, we did not find an association between phytoestrogens and night sweats,” Muka said, though a single experiment with red clover found a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. This is insufficient, though, to draw any firm conclusions.
“A main concern of our study was the length of follow-up,” Muka said. Since most of the research included just 12 to 16 weeks of follow-up, he and his colleagues cannot define the long-term effects of phytoestrogen and whether they might have adverse effects over time.

2016 June 21, Susan Scutti, “Herbal remedies improve early menopause symptoms”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) A substance found in certain plants (such as genistein) which can produce effects like that of the hormone estrogen when ingested into the body.


syrinx

/sɪˈɹɪnd͡ʒiːz/

Learned borrowing from Latin sȳrinx (“reed; reed pipe, panpipes”), from Ancient Greek σῦριγξ (sûrinx, “panpipes; pipe-shaped object”), from Pre-Greek. Doublet of syringe.
The plural form syringes is a learned borrowing from Latin sȳringes.

der

This tube is named the Windpipe, Trachea, or Aspera-arteria; […] its lower extremity, or the part at which it bifurcates, is the Lower Larynx, or the Syrinx. Besides acting as a pipe to the lungs, it is also the organ of the voice, the air in passing through it causing its membranes so to vibrate, and being so acted upon by the muscles attached to it, as to give rise to the various cries and notes emitted by birds, although the palate, the tongue, and the mandibles also operate in modifying the sounds thus produced.

1839, William MacGillivray, “Practical Ornithology. Fifth Lesson.”, in A History of British Birds, Indigenous and Migratory: […], volume II (Cantatores, Songsters), London: […] [W. Burness] for Scott, Webster, and Geary, […], →OCLC, page 19:

The role of the syrinx in psittacine sound production is still under examination, and probably differs from that of songbirds. […] For species with relatively simple syringes but complex vocal behavior (such as Grey parrots), these data imply that other structures must modify syringeal output.

1999, Irene Maxine Pepperberg, “How Does a Grey Parrot Produce Human Speech Sounds?”, in The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots, Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, published 2002, →ISBN, page 293:

The primary sound-producing organ in a bird is the syrinx and the secondary system aiding sound production consists of the larynx, mouth, tongue and laryngeal muscles. […] Birds vocalise by expelling air over the elastic membranes of the syrinx housed within the inter-clavicular sac, an air sac in the pleural cavity.

2007, Gisela Kaplan, “Emotions, Vocal Behaviour and Communication”, in Tawny Frogmouth (Australian Natural History Series), Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, page 121:

The organ responsible for producing sounds during song is the syrinx, located where the trachea joins the bronchi of the two lungs[…]. Four to six muscles on either side are attached to the syrinx, and sound is produced when air is expelled through it. The flow of air induces part of the syrinx wall to vibrate and generate sound, in a similar way to the operation of the human larynx.

2010, Peter Simmons, David Young, “Nerve Cells and Animal Signalling: Songs of Crickets, Electric Fish and Birds”, in Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour, 3rd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 247:

(ornithology, zootomy) The voice organ in birds, located at or near where the trachea and the bronchi join.


plastoquinone

en-noun

plastoquinone (countable and uncountable, plural plastoquinones)

(biochemistry) a quinone, related to the carotenoids, involved in the electron transport process of photosynthesis


glucocorticoid

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties.


ribonuclease

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid.

ribonucléase

enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid


midrib

(botany) The strengthened vein down the middle of a flower petal or simple leaf or leaflet.

gihoy

(botany) The continuation of the petiole of a pinnately compound leaf around which the leaflets attach.


miotic

Opium is a miotic drug.

(biology) Causing miosis (the constriction of the pupil of the eye).


monospecific

en-adj

monospecific (comparative more monospecific, superlative most monospecific)

more monospecific (comparative)
most monospecific (superlative)

(taxonomy, Of a genus) containing only one known species.

(microbiology, Of a group of antibodies) with affinity for the same antigen.


CSP

en-noun

CSP (countable and uncountable, plural CSPs)

CSPs (plural)
C.S.P. (alternative)
C. S. P. (alternative)
C S P (alternative)

circumsporozoite protein
circumsporozoite protein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of circumsporozoite protein.


inga

Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese ingá, borrowed from Old Tupi ingá, from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *iŋa.

etymon

Here are the mimosas, the ingas, the acacias, the maples, the beautiful ailantus, and the fine fruit tree, the mango.

1838, The British cyclopaedia, page 605:

Fruit trees such as ingas are underutilized in reforestation efforts.

1989, “Lost crops of the Incas”, in U.S, National Research Council, page 279:

(botany) Any of the genus Inga of small tropical trees and shrubs.


acetylcholine

en-noun

acetylcholine (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholines)

Acetylcholine build-up in the body can be toxic.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 11:

(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter in humans and other animals. It is an ester of acetic acid and choline with chemical formula CH₃COOCH₂CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₃.


acetylcholinesterase

acetylcholinesterase (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholinesterases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.


abstract term

(taxonomy) A name for an order, genera, or species of things in which there is a combination of similar qualities.


stopper

Red Stopper. Leaves ovate-oblong, contracted at the apex into long points, coriaceous. Eugenia Garber

1890, Charles Sprague Sargent, The Silva of North America: A Description of the Trees which Grow Naturally in North America Exclusive of Mexico:

(botany) Any of several trees of the genus Eugenia, found in Florida and the West Indies.


-enchyma

From Ancient Greek ἔγχυμα (énkhuma, “infusion”).


-ergic

(chiefly biochemistry) Produced or activated by (the specified thing).


deliquescent

en-adj

deliquescent (comparative more deliquescent, superlative most deliquescent)

more deliquescent (comparative)
most deliquescent (superlative)

Latin deliquescens, present participle of deliquesco; de + liquesco (“I melt”): compare French déliquescent.

1850, Asa Gray, The Botanical Text-Book, New York: Putnam, 3rd edition, rewritten and enlarged, Chapter 4, p. 102,
In other cases, the main stem is arrested, sooner or later, either by flowering, by the failure of the terminal bud, or the more vigorous development of some of the lateral buds, and thus the trunk is lost in the branches, or is deliquescent, as in most of our deciduous-leaved trees.

(botany) Branching so that the stem is lost in branches, as in most deciduous trees.

The spores, so soon as they are ripe, either drop out of the sporiferous membrane (hymenium), or, as more frequently happens, are projected from it with an elastic jerk, or else, as is the case of Agarics of a deliquescent kind, return to the earth mixed up with the black liquid into which these ultimately resolve themselves.

1847, Charles David Badham, A Treatise on the Esculent Funguses of England, London: Reeve Brothers, page 51:

(mycology, of the fruiting body of a fungus) Becoming liquid as a phase of its life cycle.


delomorphous

(biology, of a cell, tissue culture etc) Having a precise and well-formed limit or boundary.


fauces

Borrowing from Latin faucēs (“the upper part of a throat”).

bor

(botany) The throat of a calyx, corolla, etc.

(zoology) That portion of the interior of a spiral shell which can be seen by looking into the aperture.


clypeus

Cuisinart stuck a human eyelash to his clypeus with saliva, twisted it into a handlebar mustache, and greeted citizens as they arrived at the rim of the sink.

1990, Daniel Evan Weiss, The Roaches Have No King (Serpent's Tail 2001, p.16)

When viewed from the front, the part of the carapace between the anterior eyes and the front edge of the carapace is called the clypeus.

1996, Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins 1996, p. 14)

(entomology) The shield-shaped front part of an insect's head or a spider's cephalothorax.


ascus

From New Latin ascus, from Ancient Greek ἀσκός (askós, “a sac”). Doublet of askos.

The one important character which distinguishes the Ascomycetes from all other fungi is the ascus (plural, asci). This is a sac-like structure in which ascospores are formed following karyogamy and meiosis.

1967, Constantine. J. Alexopoulos, Harold C. Bold, Algae and Fungi, page 101:

(mycology) A sac-shaped cell present in ascomycete fungi; it is a reproductive cell in which meiosis and an additional cell division produce eight spores.

itiökotelo

a sac-shaped cell present in ascomycete fungi


tocopherol

From Ancient Greek τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”) + φέρειν (phérein, “to bear or carry”) + -ol.

compound

(biochemistry) Any of several isomers of the principal component of vitamin E, each containing a chromanol ring and an isoprene side-chain.

E308 and E309 when used as an antioxidant


-gyny

From Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ, “woman, female”).

derived

(botany) a situation with respect to female plant organs

(botany) having a specified number or type of female plant organs


nasus

Borrowed from Latin nāsus (“the nose; the nozzle or spout”).

bor+

(entomology) A horn-like elongated rostrum on the head of soldier termites of the subfamily Nasutiterminae, capable of producing and spraying noxious secretions for defense.

(entomology) A prolongation on the front of the head of a cranefly.


gazania

(botany) Any flowering plant of the genus Gazania, native to southern Africa.


debark

en-verb

debark (third-person singular simple present debarks, present participle debarking, simple past and past participle debarked)

debarks (present singular third-person)
debarking (participle present)
debarked (participle past)
debarked (past)

From de- + bark (“(of a dog) make the noise”).

prefix

(transitive, veterinary medicine) To devocalize (a dog).


plumbago

en-noun

plumbago (countable and uncountable, plural plumbagos or plumbagoes)

Borrowed from Latin plumbāgō (“type of lead ore”), from plumbum (“lead”).

(botany) A plant of the genus Plumbago; leadwort.


plume moth

(zoology) Any one of numerous small, slender moths, belonging to the family Pterophoridae, most of which have wings deeply divided into two or more plumelike lobes, some species of which are injurious to the grapevine.


plumicorn

From Latin pluma (“feather”) + cornu (“horn”).

(zoology) An ear tuft of feathers, as in the horned owls.


plumiped

From Latin plumipes, plumipedis, from pluma (“feather”) + pes.

(zoology) Having feet covered with feathers.


metamorphism

metamorphism (countable and uncountable, plural metamorphisms)

From metamorphosis + -ism, after French métamorphisme.

(zoology) The process by which insects develop through life stages, for example, those of embryo, larva, pupa and imago. The life cycle of the butterfly is one of complete metamorphosis, in which the embryo grows within the egg, hatches into the larval stage caterpillar, enters the pupal stage within its chrysalis, and finally emerges as an adult butterfly imago.


plumule

From Latin plūmula, diminutive of plūma (“feather”); compare French plumule.

(botany) The first bud, or growing point, of a plant embryo, situated above the cotyledons.

кълн

(zoology) One of the featherlike scales of certain male butterflies.


plumularian

(zoology) Belonging or relating to the plumularia.


veronica

meadows full of wildflowers that seemed to Kit enormous, violets as big as your hand, yellow lilies and blue veronica you could shelter from the rain under

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 871:

There are also (placed there by man or nature?) quite a lot of skinny fuchsias and dense veronicas, all in flower, and some kind of rather attractive grey-leaved sage.

1978, Iris Murdoch, The Sea, The Sea, Vintage, published 1999, page 11:

(botany) A flower of the genus Veronica, usually having blue petals.


plumulaceous

en-adj

plumulaceous (comparative more plumulaceous, superlative most plumulaceous)

more plumulaceous (comparative)
most plumulaceous (superlative)

(zoology, ornithology) Downy; bearing down.


polleniferous

polleniferous (comparative more polleniferous, superlative most polleniferous)

more polleniferous (comparative)
most polleniferous (superlative)

(botany) Synonym of polliniferous (“producing pollen”)


polliniferous

From pollen + -i- + -ferous, or directly from New Latin pollinifer, polliniferus.


pollinium

(palynology) A coherent mass of pollen, as in the milkweed and most orchids, which is dispersed as a single unit during pollination.

polyad

any group of more than four pollen grains


pollinose

pollinose (comparative more pollinose, superlative most pollinose)

more pollinose (comparative)
most pollinose (superlative)

(zoology) Having the surface covered with a fine yellow dust, like pollen.


pervious

pervious (comparative more pervious, superlative most pervious)

more pervious (comparative)
most pervious (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin pervius (“having a passage through; passable, penetrable, traversable”) + English -ous (suffix denoting the presence of a quality in any degree (typically an abundance)). Pervius is derived from per- (prefix denoting doing something all the way through or entirely) + via (“road, street; method, way; (figurative) course, route”) + -us (suffix forming adjectives)

bor

The noſtrils are very large, and pervious: the vvhole plumage is duſky, daſhed vvith purple and green: legs of a dirty fleſh-color: clavvs black.

1785, Thomas Pennant, “Class II. Birds. Div[ision] I. Land Birds. Order I. Rapacious. I. Vulture, Gen. Birds I.”, in Arctic Zoology, volume II, London: […] Henry Hughs, →OCLC, page 191:

(botany, zoology) Of a body structure (especially the nostril of a bird): having a hole, perforate; also, wide open.


phyllomania

(botany) The over-production of leaves by a plant (usually a tree), at the expense of flowers, seeds, etc.


pathogenomics

(genetics, pathology) genomic research on pathogenic microorganisms


polyextremophile

Indeed, their ability to survive many different types of extreme qualify them as 'polyextremophiles'.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 95:

(biology) An organism which can tolerate two or more extreme environmental factors.


remotion

en-noun

remotion (countable and uncountable, plural remotions)

From Old French or directly from Latin remōtiō.

Coordinate term: promotion

By simple promotion and remotion, assisted by some flexure and extension, the distal spines of each would reach and scratch the substratum and, on remotion, sweep coarse particles posteriorly and dorsally.

1995, Cladocera as Model Organisms in Biology, →ISBN, page 63:

In other arthropods, promotion-remotion of the leg is accomplished at other joints. For example, in spiders promotion-remotion occurs at the coxa-trochanter joint, insects utilize the body-coxa joint, and […]

2008, John L. Capinera, Encyclopedia of Entomology, volume 4, →ISBN, page 3326:

(zoology, chiefly entomology) Backward motion.


germen

From Latin germen (“germ, seed”). Doublet of germ.

(biology) The basic form of an organism; the seed or germ.


mechanoreceptor

(biology) any receptor that provides an organism with information about mechanical changes in its environment, such as movement, tension and pressure


receptor

From Middle English receptour, from Old French receptour or Latin receptōrius, from recipiō (“receive”), from re- (“back”) + capiō (“I hold”).

continuous erythropoietin receptor activator

In the target organ, the drug is recognised by ‘receptors’. These are large molecules, usually proteins, to which the drug binds tightly and with a high degree of specificity.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 24:

White blood cells of the immune system, the gut and the spleen also have another type of cannabinoid receptor, known as CB2.

2019 May 14, Moises Velasquez-Manoff, “Can CBD Really Do All That?”, in The New York Times Magazine:

(biochemistry, medicine) A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions.

受體 /受体

a protein on a cell wall that responds to sensory stimuli

(biology) Any specialized cell or structure that responds to sensory stimuli.

reseptori

any specialized cell or structure that responds to sensory stimuli


polycotyledon

(botany) A plant that has many, or more than two, cotyledons in the seed.


polycarpic

polycarpic plant

polycarpic growth

(botany) Bearing fruit repeatedly, or year after year.

yl-vessagh

bearing fruit repeatedly, or year after year

(botany) Having several carpels in one flower.


polycarpellary

The orange is a polycarpellary fruit.

(botany) Composed of several or numerous carpels.


polyadelphous

From poly- + Ancient Greek ἀδελφός (adelphós) + -ous.

(botany) Having stamens combined in more than two groups.


auricularia

From Latin auriculāria (“ear-shaped things”).

(zoology) The larvae of the sea cucumber.


auriculars

The more inland, lighter race is distinguished from A. u. uropygialis in being much paler on the back, by the edgings of the forehead scallopings and auriculars being paler, and by having the brown of the forehead less deep and less rufescent.

1937, The Emu: Official Organ of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union:

(zoology) A circle of feathers surrounding the opening of the ear of birds.


auriculate

en-adj

auriculate (comparative more auriculate, superlative most auriculate)

more auriculate (comparative)
most auriculate (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Having two lobes, often curved, often near the base.


auriculated

(biology, rare) Having ears or appendages like ears; eared.

(botany, rare) Having lobes or appendages like the ear; shaped like the ear; auriculate.

(zoology, rare) Having an angular projection on one or both sides, as in certain bivalve shells, the foot of some gastropods, etc.


aurited

(zoology) Having lobes like the ear; auriculate.


aurochs

en-noun

aurochs (plural aurochs or aurochses or aurochsen)

aurochs (plural)
aurochses (plural)
aurochsen (plural)
auroch (alternative)
aurox (alternative)

Borrowed from German Aurochs, an early variant of Auerochse, from Middle High German ūrochse (“aurochs”), from Old High German ūrohso (“aurochs”), a compound consisting of ūro (“aurochs”) (from Proto-Germanic *ūraz, *ūrô (“aurochs”)) + ohso (“ox”). Akin to Old English ūr (“aurochs”), Old Norse úrr (“aurochs”), Middle Low German ūrosse (“aurochs”), Old English oxa (“ox”). More at ox.

Bison bonasus
Bison bonasus#Translingual

(zoology) The European bison (Bison bonasus, or Europæus).


gorget

/ˈɡoɹ.d͡ʒɪt/

/ˈɡoɹ.d͡ʒɛt/

/ˈɡoɹ.d͡ʒət/

From Middle English gorget, from Old French gorgete, from gorge (“throat”).

There was […] the golden-winged woodpecker, with his crimson crest, his broad black gorget, and splendid plumage […]

1917, Washington Irving, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow:

(zoology) A crescent-shaped coloured patch on the neck of a bird or mammal.


tegula

Borrowed from Latin tegula (“a tile”), from tegō (“to cover”). Doublet of tile.

(entomology) A small sclerite situated above the base of the costal vein in the wings of various insects, and attached to the anterolateral portion of the mesonotum.

tégula

sclerite in the wings of various insects

(malacology) Any sea snail in the genus Tegula.


hydrolase

→ Polish: hydrolaza

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a substrate.


gracile

en-adj

gracile (comparative more gracile, superlative most gracile)

more gracile (comparative)
most gracile (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gracile.wav

/ˈɡɹeɪˌsaɪl/

Borrowed from Middle French gracil, gracile (“slender, thin”) (modern French gracile (“gracile”)), or directly from its etymon Latin gracilis (“slender, slim, thin; lean, meagre, scanty; simple, unadorned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kerḱ- (“to become thin; to wane”). The sense “graceful or gracefully slender” was apparently influenced by the non-cognate word grace. The English word is cognate with Italian gracile (“delicate, frail; slender, thin”), Portuguese grácil, Spanish grácil (“graceful; delicate; slender”), and a doublet of gracilis.

cog

This tentative comparison, plus consideration of individual skulls, shows the Neolithic pre-Greeks more Mediterranean than the Greeks, with emphasis on intermediate or gracile Mediterranean rather more than on the rugged Basic White trend, [...]

1945, J. Lawrence Angel, “Neolithic Ancestors of the Greeks”, in American Journal of Archaeology, volume 49, number 3, →DOI, page 256:

Where stratified fossil sequences are known, "gracile" fossils precede robust ones. The extremely robust hominids do not appear on the scene until about 2 million years ago, followed shortly thereafter by an "advanced" gracile. Both the advanced gracile and robust forms probably evolved from earlier gracile australopithecines.

1981, Nancy Makepeace Turner, “Early Hominid Lifeways: The Critical Role of an Interpretive Framework”, in On Becoming Human, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 254:

At various times since Homo first appeared in Africa, it shared the continent with more robust hominids, perhaps several different species of them. [...] They seem to have evolved from more ‘gracile’ apes (gracile being the opposite of robust). The gracile apes are also placed in the genus Australopithecus, and we too almost certainly emerged from among gracile australopithecine ranks.

2004, Richard Dawkins, “Ape-men”, in The Ancestor’s Tale: The Dawn of Life, New York, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, pages 86–87:

We would also expect increasing home-range size in Neanderthals in 'edge' regions (bordering the MLB and the plains), such as south-west France, in response to habitat fragmentation during periods of expansion of open vegetation. A more gracile morphology would have been far more efficient over larger areas.

2004, Clive Finlayson, “Comparative Behaviour and Ecology of Neanderthals and Modern Humans”, in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 117:

(chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an animal or skeletal element: having a slender frame.


heterothallic

(botany, of some algae and fungi) Producing male and female reproductive structures in different plants


homogamy

(botany) Fertilization of a flower by pollen from the same plant.

(biology) Breeding between similar individuals.


baccivorous

baccivorous birds

(zoology) Eating, or having a diet based on, berries


orchidaceous

en-adj

orchidaceous (comparative more orchidaceous, superlative most orchidaceous)

more orchidaceous (comparative)
most orchidaceous (superlative)

From Orchidaceae; equivalent to orchid + -aceous.

In keeping with the orchidaceous theme of the wedding, the decorator draped the walls with lavenders and pinks.


saurian

saurian (comparative more saurian, superlative most saurian)

more saurian (comparative)
most saurian (superlative)

From Sauria (suborder of lizards) + -an (suffix forming adjectives), under influence from earlier French saurien.

compound

(zoology) Of or related to the members of the suborder Sauria.


IPTG

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside.


cell line

(genetics) A biological tissue or group of individual cells that are genetically identical as a result of dividing mitotically from a single progenitor cell.


reticulum

en-noun

reticulum (plural reticula or reticulums)

Borrowed from Latin rēticulum (“net”). Doublet of reticle, reticule, and Reticulum.

doublet

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biology) A network. For example, the endoplasmic reticulum forms a network of cellular components that functions as a transportation system within the cell.

As the young ruminant consumes forages, the reticulum, and particularly the rumen, develop rapidly.

2013 [1966], Robert E. Hungate, The Rumen and Its Microbes, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 162:

en:second compartment of stomach of ruminant

(zoology) The second compartment of the stomach of a cow or other ruminant.


crosier

From Middle English ; originally referring to the staff bearer, from a merger of Old French words crocier (“bearer of a cross”) and croisier (“one who bears or has to do with a cross”), ultimately from Latin crux (“cross”).

(botany) A young fern frond, before it has unrolled; fiddlehead


polyembryonate

(botany) Consisting of, or having, several embryos; polyembryonic.


polyembryonic

Polyembryony is common in mango cultivars that originated and are grown in the moist tropics. In Knight et al. (Chapter 3, this volume), there is a survey of the major polyembryonic and monoembryonic mango cultivars.

2009, Richard E. Litz, The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses, →ISBN, page 369:

However, the phenomenon of sporadic polyembryony might be underreported for many sexual species because, to my knowledge, no one has searched methodically- using suitable genetic markers- for polyembryonic (clonemate) progeny in nature.

2013, John Avise, Evolutionary Perspectives on Pregnancy, →ISBN, page 157:


polyembryony

By its nature, that is whether it develops with or without fertilization, simple polyembryony can be sexual or asexual.

2012, B. M. Johri, Embryology of Angiosperms, →ISBN, page 447:

Polyembryony was first reported by Leeuwenhoek in citrus as early as 1719 and the different cases of polyembryony were studied by Braun in 1859.

2014, Kishan Gopal Ramawat, Jean-Michel Mérillon, K. R. Shivanna, Reproductive Biology of Plants, →ISBN, page 356:

(botany) The production of two or more embryos in one seed, due either to the existence and fertilization of more than one embryonic sac or to the origination of embryos outside of the embryonic sac.

In all these groups cloning, where it occurs, must be through polyembryony or parthenogenesis.

1989, Roger Neville Hughes, Functional Biology of Clonal Animals, →ISBN, page 90:

Despite their utility in research, litters produced by polyembryony lack the advantages conferred by either asexual or sexual reproduction.

2005, Roger E. Stevenson, Judith G. Hall, Human Malformations and Related Anomalies, →ISBN, page 1381:

One form of clonal reproduction begins when a fertilized egg divides a few times in the womb before initiating embryonic development. In humans, this can lead nine months later to the birth of identical (monozygotic) twins. This phenomenon, known as polyembryony, occurs sporadically in many mammal species. However, only in armadillos does polyembryony happen consistently, in each and every pregnancy.

2014, John C. Avise, Genetics in the Wild, →ISBN:

(biology) The production of two or more embryos from a single fertilized egg.


polygastrian

(zoology, obsolete) One of the Polygastrica, an obsolete classification of microorganisms.


polygastric

(zoology) Pertaining to the Polygastrica.


polygenetic

(biology) Of or pertaining to polygenesis; polyphyletic.


polygynous

/pəˈlɪd͡ʒɪnəs/

(botany) Having many styles; belonging to the order Polygynia.


polymeniscous

(zoology) Having numerous facets; said of the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans.


polymerous

(biology) Having many parts or members in each set.


polymorphosis

(zoology) The assumption of several structural forms without a corresponding difference in function; said of sponges, etc.


polymorphous

en-adj

polymorphous (comparative more polymorphous, superlative most polymorphous)

more polymorphous (comparative)
most polymorphous (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-polymorphous.wav

From New Latin polymorphus, from Ancient Greek πολύμορφος (polúmorphos, “multiform, manifold”), from πολυ- (polu-, “many, much”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “form, shape”). By surface analysis, poly- + -morphous.

der

1913, R. Chodat in Popular Science Monthly Volume 82 Janauay 1913, A Grain of Wheat
In order to establish itself in any locality a plant must hold its own against competitors which, masters of the soil from time immemorial, have been selected to fit the soil and climate. Moreover, emmer is not cultivated anywhere in Palestine. This wild wheat is furthermore a different plant from any known in cultivation, a polymorphous race, no doubt, but a distinct one.

(biology) Having, or occurring in, several distinct forms


schizophyte

From schizo- (“split, cleft”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

Of 100 flagellates observed, stained so as to demonstrate Fusiformis unmistakably, 22 had an abundance of the schizophyte, 78 had none or very few. Many flagellates had a few forms identical in appearance with Fusiformis hilli adherent by one end to the posterior end of the body.

1940, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, volume 81, page 14:

(dated, biology) Any of a class of primitive organisms that reproduce solely by fission.


serotinous

/sɪˈɹɒtɪnəs/

/səˈɹɑtɪnəs/

Borrowed from Latin sērōtinus (“late (in ripening, etc.); relating to the evening”) (see further at serotine) + English -ous (suffix forming adjectives denoting pertinence or relation to something).

bor

serotine

(biology) Synonym of serotine (“developing at a later time or later in a season, especially than is customary with allied species; specifically (botany), of a plant: flowering late in a season”)

(botany) Of conifer cones: requiring the heat of a wildfire to open, in order to disperse its seed.


postsynaptic

(cytology) In a synapse, of or pertaining to the neuron that bears receptors for neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic neuron.


regnum

From Latin rēgnum (“kingdom”). Doublet of reign.

(biology, taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below dominium and above divisio.


pyridoxine

en-noun

pyridoxine (countable and uncountable, plural pyridoxines)

/ˌpɪɹɪˈdɒksɪn/

(biochemistry) A derivative of pyridine, 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, found in fish, liver, cereals and yeast, and essential for the metabolism of amino acids and starch.


exothermic

en-adj

exothermic (comparative more exothermic, superlative most exothermic)

more exothermic (comparative)
most exothermic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-exothermic.wav

From French exothermique, from exo- (“outside”) + thermique (“of heat”), both ultimately from Ancient Greek. By surface analysis, exo- + -thermic.

(zoology) Of an animal: whose body temperature is regulated by external factors; cold-blooded.


endothermic

endothermic (comparative more endothermic, superlative most endothermic)

more endothermic (comparative)
most endothermic (superlative)

/ˌɛndəʊˈθəːmɪk/

Borrowed from French endothermique, from endo- (“inside”) + thermique (“of heat”), both ultimately from Ancient Greek. By surface analysis, endo- + -thermic.

(zoology) Of an animal whose body temperature is regulated by internal factors.

эндатэрмічны

zoology: of animal with regulated temperature


apo

In this scenario, unbound proteins are predominantly in the ligand-free ("apo") structure.

2009 January 30, Robert B. Best, Gerhard Hummer, “BIOCHEMISTRY: Unfolding the Secrets of Calmodulin”, in Science:

(biochemistry, of a protein) In an inactive, unbound state


apo

(biochemistry) Short for apolipoprotein.


monoamine oxidase

en-noun

monoamine oxidase (plural monoamine oxidases)

monoamine oxidases (plural)
as MAO (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes, found in the outer membrane of mitochondria, that degrade biogenic amines and are thus responsible for the destruction of transmitter substances at neuronal synapses.

monoaminooxidasa

biochemistry: enzyme that degrades biogenic amines


oxidase

From oxide + -ase introduced by Gabriel Bertrand.

The effects of hemoglobin in anemia and chlorosis, and even in tuberculosis, are due to its triple action; it acts opotherapeutically, through the blood oxydases, which it contains when properly prepared.

1915, “Hemoglobin in Anemia”, in American Medicine, volume 21, page 22:

(biochemistry) Any of many enzymes which catalyze oxidation reactions, especially ones using molecular oxygen.


pyrrolysine

(biochemistry) An amino acid found in methanogenic bacteria.


rostrum

Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”), from rōd(ō) (“gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- + *-trom. The pulpit sense is a back-formation from the name of the Roman Rōstra, the platforms in the Forum where politicians made speeches. The Rōstra were decorated with (and named for) the beaks (prows) of ships from naval victories.

lbor

(zoology) The beak-shaped projection on the head of insects such as weevils.

rostrum

beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects


revertant

en-adj

revertant (comparative more revertant, superlative most revertant)

more revertant (comparative)
most revertant (superlative)

(genetics) That has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype by means of a subsequent mutation.

revertente

that has reverted to its former genotype


zoonosis

zoonoses (plural)
zoönosis (alternative)

From zoo- + (itself from Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion, “animal”)) + Ancient Greek νόσος (nósos, “disease”) (compare also nosology); the surface analysis is almost, although not quite, zoo- + -osis; compare also anthroponosis.

1982 February 11, A.L. Ritterson, “Valentine's day: is love really a zoonosis?”, in New England Journal of Medicine, volume 306, archived from the original on 2023-10-04, pages 372-373:

In his first book since the 2008 essay collection Natural Acts: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature, David Quammen looks at the natural world from yet another angle: the search for the next human pandemic, what epidemiologists call “the next big one.” His quest leads him around the world to study a variety of suspect zoonoses—animal-hosted pathogens that infect humans.

2013 January 27, Katie L. Burke, “Ecological Dependency”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 1, archived from the original on 2017-02-09, page 64:

(biology, microbiology) An animal disease, such as rabies or anthrax, that can be transmitted to humans.

zoonoz

animal disease that can be transmitted to humans


organogenesis

en-noun

organogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural organogeneses)

(biology) the formation and development of the organs of an organism from embryonic cells

organogenèse

formation and development of the organs from embryonic cells


pullus

(ornithology) A chick; a young bird in the downy stage.


mosaicism

mosaicism (countable and uncountable, plural mosaicisms)

Some but not all of the cells that made up the fetus […] had an extra chromosome on the twentieth pair. A mosaicism, it was called.

2007, Michael Chabon, The Yiddish Policemen’s Union, 4th Estate (2010), page 14:

(genetics) The condition in which more than one genetically distinct population of cells coexist within one individual.


tornus

(entomology) The bottom corner of a wing.


tonus

tonus (countable and uncountable, plural tonuses or toni)

Borrowed from Latin tonus (“strain, tension”). Doublet of tone.

muscular tonus

The amount of stretch possible increases with the range in the joint and decreases with the cross section of the muscle and the amount of tonus or contraction in these antagonists .

1942, Myrtle Gladys Scott, Analysis of Human Motion: A Textbook in Kinesiology, page 51:

Dr. H. S. Sullivan, for example, is known to many for his acute understanding of the postural tonuses of his patients.

1956, Personal character and cultural milieu: a collection of readings:

At the same time, from the vasomotor point of view the artrioles are an extremely active part of the vascular bed , and every important change in the peripheral resistance is traceable to a corresponding change in the tonus of the arterioles .

1964, Vasillĭ Vasilʹevich Parin, F. Z. Myerson, An Outline of the Clinical Physiology of the Circulation, page 210:


coelacanthine

en-adj

coelacanthine (comparative more coelacanthine, superlative most coelacanthine)

more coelacanthine (comparative)
most coelacanthine (superlative)

(ichthyology) Pertaining to, or having the properties of, a coelacanth (fish).


flavoprotein

(biochemistry) any of a group of enzymes, containing flavin, that act as dehydrogenases


pinus

I have been invited to see the garden of Baron Zanoli, situated on the high road from Monza to Milan, in which I am told there are fine exotic trees and shrubs, and especially a rich collection of pinuses.

1839, J. C. Loudon, The Gardener's Magazine, page 420:

As the generality of pinuses grow by nature into magnificent and gigantic forest-trees, they should, I think, be planted in our parks as well as in our flower-gardens, shrubberies, and lawns.

1853, George Greenwood, The tree-lifter, page 265:

(botany) Any member of the genus Pinus; a pine.


calico

en-noun

calico (countable and uncountable, plural calicos or calicoes)

calicos (plural)
calicoes (plural)
callico (alternative)

From Calicut, from where the cloth was originally exported, from Malayalam കോഴിക്കോട് (kōḻikkōṭŭ, “Kozhikode”), from കോഴി (kōḻi, “palace”) + കോട് (kōṭŭ, “fortified palace”).

af

Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus#Translingual

(uncountable, botany) The plant disease caused by Tobacco mosaic virus.


cuneus

Borrowed from Latin cuneus. Doublet of coign and coin.

(entomology) A wedge-shaped section of the forewing of certain heteropteran bugs.


sere

From Latin serere, present active infinitive of serō (“to entwine, interlace, link together; to join in a series, string together”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, tie together; to thread”).

der

We examined one of several seres found in the middle Rocky Mountains that progress from a subalpine or montane forb-dominated meadow to a climax forest dominated by Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii).

1980 August, Douglas C. Andersen, James A. MacMahon, Michael L. Wolfe, “Herbivorous Mammals along a Montane Sere: Community Structure and Energetics”, in Journal of Mammology, volume 61, number 3, Baltimore, Md.: American Society of Mammalogists, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-07-21, page 501:

[C]ommunity types may represent either climax plant associations or successional communities within a sere.

1988 December, Walter F. Mueggler, “Approach”, in Aspen Community Types of the Intermountain Region (General Technical Report; INT-250), Ogden, Ut.: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 5, column 1:

[S]ome communities persisted as repeating early successional seres ("disclimaxes"), while climax communities could contain small areas of different sere communities.

2007, Thomas J. Stohlgren, “History and Background, Baggage and Direction”, in Measuring Plant Diversity: Lessons from the Field, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part I (The Past and Present), page 31:

(ecology) A natural succession of animal or plant communities in an ecosystem, especially a series of communities succeeding one another from the time a habitat is unoccupied to the point when a climax community is achieved.


pecten

(zoology) One of the genus Pecten of scallops.


ketoacidosis

en-noun

ketoacidosis (countable and uncountable, plural ketoacidoses)

(biology, medicine) A severe form of ketosis, most commonly seen in diabetics, in which so much ketone is produced that acidosis occurs.


fettered

en-adj

fettered (comparative more fettered, superlative most fettered)

more fettered (comparative)
most fettered (superlative)

(zoology) Of the feet: bent backward and apparently unfit for walking.


hydrogen cycle

(biochemistry) the transmission of hydrogen from water to carbohydrates etc and back to water by living organisms


guttate

en-verb

guttate (third-person singular simple present guttates, present participle guttating, simple past and past participle guttated)

guttates (present singular third-person)
guttating (participle present)
guttated (participle past)
guttated (past)

Recovery from this extreme wilt began only in the early evening, but by dawn all plants were fully turgid and guttating.

1999, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology:

(botany) To exude drops of xylem sap on the edges of leaves.


respire

respire (third-person singular simple present respires, present participle respiring, simple past and past participle respired)

respires (present singular third-person)
respiring (participle present)
respired (participle past)
respired (past)

From Middle English respiren, borrowed from Old French respirer or Latin respīrō (“to blow back, breathe out”), from re- (“back”) + spīrō (“to breathe, blow”).

af

All living things respire or breathe. To many of us this means that they take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.

1964, H. Webb, M. A. Grigg, Modern Science, Book 3, page 155:

(cytology, intransitive) To take up oxygen and produce carbon dioxide through oxidation.

tukupūngao

to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide and produce energy in the process


adaptability

en-noun

adaptability (countable and uncountable, plural adaptabilities)

(biology) Variability in respect to, or under the influence of, external conditions; susceptibility of an organism to that variation whereby it becomes suited to or fitted for its conditions of environment; the capacity of an organism to be modified by circumstances.

изменчи́вост

variability in respect to, or under the influence of, external conditions


adaptational

(biology) Applied to physiological or functional modifications of parts or organs, as distinguished from morphological or structural changes.


adaptional

en-adj

adaptional (comparative more adaptional, superlative most adaptional)

more adaptional (comparative)
most adaptional (superlative)

adaptional swellings

(biology) Applied to the process by which an organism is fitted or adapted to its environment

адапти́вен

relating to an organism's process of adaptation to its environment


photohydrogen

(biochemistry) hydrogen produced (along with oxygen) by the photolytic decomposition of water in certain anaerobic algae etc


linkage

en-noun

linkage (countable and uncountable, plural linkages)

Genetic linkage
Linkage (linguistics)
Linkage (mechanical)
Linkage (policy)
linkage

(genetics) The property of genes of being inherited together.


mycotoxin

They damaged his nervous system with a wartime Russian mycotoxin.

1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 6:

(biochemistry) Any substance, produced by a mold or fungus, that is injurious to vertebrates upon ingestion, inhalation or skin contact.


reclining

(botany) Bending away from the perpendicular; recumbent.


prepotency

prepotency (countable and uncountable, plural prepotencies)

(biology) The capacity, on the part of one of the parents, as compared with the other, to transmit more than his or her own share of characteristics to their offspring.


prepotent

When one parent alone displays some of the newly-acquired and generally inheritable character, and the offspring do not inherit it, the cause may lie in the other parent having the power of prepotent transmission.

1868, Charles Darwin, chapter 13, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, volume 2, London: John Murray, page 28:

[…] the mother strain, if not prepotent in the sense of science, seems to me to have outweighed that of any other relative of whom we have record.

1916, C. Alphonso Smith, O. Henry Biography, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, Chapter 3, p. 45:


solen

(zoology) Any marine bivalve mollusk belonging to Solen; a razor clam.


amniotic fluid

amniotic fluid (countable and uncountable, plural amniotic fluids)

(zoology) In placental mammals, a fluid contained within the amnion membrane that surrounds a developing embryo or fetus.

سُخْد

fluid that surrounds a developing embryo or fetus


CHE

Carnian humid episode
Carnian humid episode#English

(paleontology, geology) Initialism of Carnian humid episode.


ascendant

en-adj

ascendant (comparative more ascendant, superlative most ascendant)

more ascendant (comparative)
most ascendant (superlative)
ascendent (alternative)

PIE word
 *h₂éd
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English ascendent (“ascending, rising; increasing in quantity; (astronomy) rising above the horizon”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French ascendant, from Latin ascendentem, the accusative singular of ascendēns (“ascending, rising”), the present participle of ascendō, adscendō (“to climb up, go up, move upwards; to rise; to spring up”), from ad- (prefix meaning ‘(up) to’) + scandō (“to ascend, climb, mount; to clamber”) (from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to climb, scale; to dart; to jump; to scan (poetry)”)). The English word is analysable as ascend (verb) + -ant (suffix forming adjectives from verbs with the sense of ‘doing [the verbal actions]’).
The noun is probably derived from the adjective, though it is attested earlier than the latter.

suffix

suffix forming adjectives from verbs with the sense of ‘doing 􂀿the verbal actions􂁀’

Artere ſouſclaviere. The aſcendant branch of the great Arterie.

1611, Randle Cotgrave, compiler, “Sousclavier”, in A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, signature Eeee iij, recto:

(botany, physiology) Of a part of an organism: synonym of ascending (“leading or sloping upwards”)


UNA

unlocked nucleic acid
unlocked nucleic acid#English

(genetics) Initialism of unlocked nucleic acid.


cappa

Learned borrowing from Late Latin cappa. Doublet of capa and cape.

(palynology) The thick wall on the proximal side of the corpus of a pollen grain.


chaperone

/ˈʃæ.pəˌɹoʊn/

/ˈʃæ.pəˌɹəʊn/

(biochemistry) A protein that assists the non-covalent folding/unfolding and the assembly/disassembly of other macromolecular structures, but does not occur in these structures when the latter are performing their normal biological functions.

protein that aids in folding other proteins

分子伴侣 (fēnzǐ bànlǚ, literally “molecular companion”)


pilocarpine

en-noun

pilocarpine (countable and uncountable, plural pilocarpines)

From translingual Pilocarpus (“genus name”) + -ine.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A miotic alkaloid C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₂ obtained from jaborandi that is used chiefly in the form of its hydrochloride or nitrate especially in the treatment of glaucoma.


muscarine

en-noun

muscarine (countable and uncountable, plural muscarines)

From the fungus Amanita muscaria, from Latin musca (“fly”).

(biochemistry) An extremely poisonous alkaloid, obtained from fly agaric, that disrupts the action of acetylcholine neurotransmitter.


false fruit

(botany) A fruit which includes tissue not derived from the ovary but some adjacent tissue.

falsk frukt

A fruit with tissue not derived from ovary


accessory fruit

accessory fruit (plural accessory fruits)

(botany) A fruit which includes tissue not derived from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue, as for instance, a strawberry.


funicular

en-adj

funicular (comparative more funicular, superlative most funicular)

more funicular (comparative)
most funicular (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-funicular.wav

From Latin fūniculus (“cord”), diminutive from fūnis (“cord”) + -culus.

(botany) Having a fleshy covering of the seed formed from the funiculus, the attachment point of the seed.


nicotinamide

en-noun

nicotinamide (countable and uncountable, plural nicotinamides)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The amide of nicotinic acid (or niacin).

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


ketoaldose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide which contains both an aldehyde and a ketone functional group in equilibrium with one or more hemiacetal forms.


aldose

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a class of monosaccharides having an aldehyde or hemiacetal functional group.


allo-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-allo-.wav

From Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”), from Proto-Hellenic *áľľos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (English else).

alloresponse is an alloimmune response, alloreaction is an immune response to an alloantigen, alloresponsive is that generates an alloresponse

(biology, medicine) Nonself; nonself but of the same species.

(immunology) Alloimmunity; (biology, medicine, transplantation) transplantation of cells or tissues from one person to another.

alloalbumin is any of a group of genetically-related albumins found in blood serum, allomorph is any of the different crystalline forms of a substance, alloidentical is being of the identical allotype

(chemistry, biology) An arbitrary member of a heterogenous-but-interrelated group.

allogeneous is from a nonself donor of the same species, allorecognition is the ability of an individual organism to distinguish its own tissues from those of another, alloimmunity is immunity against cells from another organism

allohaploid is having a single set of unpaired chromosomes derived from two different species, allopolyploid is having multiple complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species, allohexaploid is having six complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species

External, outside, or from a separate location.

(genetics) Hybridization of multiple species.


metallicolous

(biology, of a plant species) adapted to grow preferentially in soils containing a higher than normal concentration of a particular metal (such as zinc or copper)


neurohypophysis hormone

neurohypophysis hormone (plural neurohypophysis hormones)

(biochemistry) either of two peptide hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis


virescence

virescence (countable and uncountable, plural virescences)

Late 19th century. From Latin virescens, present participle of virescō.

(biology) The abnormal development of green pigmentation in plants that are not normally green, like flowers and shoots. It may indicate phytoplasma infection.


bilateran

Humans are bilateran organisms.

(biology) Having bilateral symmetry, i.e. an axis of symmetry that goes down from the top to the bottom.


checkpoint

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-checkpoint.wav

(biology) A biological control mechanism ensuring correct progression through the cell cycle.


canaliculate

en-adj

canaliculate (comparative more canaliculate, superlative most canaliculate)

more canaliculate (comparative)
most canaliculate (superlative)

From Latin canāliculātus (“channelled”).

The leafstalks of most palms are canaliculate.


co-agonist

(biochemistry) A drug or other chemical that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiologic reaction typical of a naturally occurring substance. Co-agonist implies it is one of other agonists working in conjunction.


kenning

From ken (“to beget, bring forth”), from Middle English kennen (“to beget, conceive (offspring); to give birth to”), from Old English cennan, gecennan (“to beget (offspring); to give birth to; to bring forth, produce”); see further at etymology 1.

inh

The ſtreine or kenning of the egge.

1585, “Oui vmbilicus”, in Iohn Higins, transl., The Nomenclator, or Remembrancer of Adrianus Iunius, London: Ralph Newberie and Henrie Denham, page 54:

(zoology, obsolete, rare) A chalaza or tread of an egg (a spiral band attaching the yolk of the egg to the eggshell); a cicatricula.


NAD

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.


NADP

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

en-noun

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (uncountable)

The treatment in mice involved boosting their levels of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) – a natural protein that already controls DNA repair in our body.

2017 March 24, Tom Bawden, Not getting any older may be possibility after key discovery, in the i, № 1,975, page 15/5:

(biochemistry) An organic coenzyme involved in biological oxidation and reduction reactions.


nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide

nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide (uncountable)


TPN

triphosphopyridine nucleotide
triphosphopyridine nucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of triphosphopyridine nucleotide.


DPN

DPN (countable and uncountable, plural DPNs)

diphosphopyridine nucleotide
diphosphopyridine nucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of diphosphopyridine nucleotide.


tetraploidy

tetraploidy (countable and uncountable, plural tetraploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being tetraploid, having four sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being tetraploid.


diphosphopyridine nucleotide

diphosphopyridine nucleotide (plural diphosphopyridine nucleotides)

diphosphopyridine nucleotides (plural)
as DPN (abbreviation)

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide


triphosphopyridine nucleotide

triphosphopyridine nucleotide (plural triphosphopyridine nucleotides)

triphosphopyridine nucleotides (plural)
as TPN (abbreviation)

nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide


ELL

ELL (countable and uncountable, plural ELLs)

RNA polymerase II elongation factor
w:ELL (gene)

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of RNA polymerase II elongation factor: an enzyme found in Cajal bodies.


spatulate

en-adj

spatulate (comparative more spatulate, superlative most spatulate)

more spatulate (comparative)
most spatulate (superlative)
spathulate (alternative)

(botany) Of a leaf: having a broad, flat end and tapering into a narrower base.


cuticula

From Latin cutīcula (“skin, cuticle”). Doublet of cuticle.

(zoology, botany) A tough protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants; cuticle.


decumbent

From the present participle of Latin dēcumbō.

(botany) Of a plant, which lies on the ground with tips turned upwards.


clonal

(biology) That lives with others of the same kind

(cytology) Related to the descendants through cell division of a single identifiable cell, either in vitro or in vivo


cardo

Borrowed from Latin cardō (“hinge”). Doublet of kern.

(zoology) The basal joint of the maxilla in insects


self pollination

(botany) the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a plant of the same species


self-splicing

(genetics, of an intron) Able to splice without the addition of any protein factors.


enose

(biochemistry) any monosaccharide having a carbon-carbon double bond


faeder

Learned borrowing from Old English fæder (“father”). Doublet of ayr, father, padre, pater, and père.

doublet

Here, we describe a rare female-like morph of ruffs: the ‘missing’ third alternative mating strategy, which we have called ‘faeder’. Faeders are slightly larger than females and in late April have testes 2.5 time the size of testes of normal males.

2006 June 22, Joop Jukema, “Permanent female mimics in a lekking shorebird”, in Biology Letters:

Faeders, male ruffs that mimic females in plumage and "sneak" copulations at leks, secrete monoesters like other males.

2007, Jeroen Willem Hendrik Reneerkens, Functional aspects of seasonal variation in preen wax composition of sandpipers (Scolopacidae), page 49:

It has recently been discovered that a third mating strategy exists for males - the 'faeder' or 'sneaker', which number only about 1% of the Ruff population.

2009, Richard J. Chandler, Shorebirds of North America, Europe, and Asia: A Photographic Guide:

These “faeder” males, as they are called, were found to have testes 2.5 times larger than those of normal males during the peak breeding time of late April and are delightfully termed “sneakers.”

2016, Clifford B. Frith, Charles Darwin's Life With Birds: His Complete Ornithology:

Philomachus pugnax
Philomachus pugnax#Translingual

(ornithology) A male ruff (bird, Philomachus pugnax, syn. Calidris pugnax) that permanently mimics a female so as to gain access to mating territories and "steal" matings.


aggregation number

en-noun

aggregation number (plural aggregation numbers)

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) the number of molecules that are associated together to form a micelle


exfiltration

exfiltration (countable and uncountable, plural exfiltrations)

(biology) A gradual movement of a substance to exterior (as through cell membrane to extracellular fluid or medium).


explant

(biology) Any portion taken from a plant or an animal that will be used to initiate a culture. It can be a portion of the shoot, or of the leaves, or even just some cells.


flexure

flexure (countable and uncountable, plural flexures)

(zoology) The last joint, or bend, of the wing of a bird.


patently

en-adv

patently (comparative more patently, superlative most patently)

more patently (comparative)
most patently (superlative)

abaxial surface patently pilose-puberulous

(botany) Outspread, or spreading at right angles to the axis.


cell theory

(biology) The scientific theory that all living organisms are made of cells as the smallest functional unit.


oncogene

It was obvious from the start what kinds of genes oncogenes would turn out to be – genes that encourage cells to grow.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 234:

(oncology, genetics) Any gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels.


glycopeptide

(biochemistry) any compound of a carbohydrate and a peptide


glycosaminoglycan

From glycosamino- (“combining form of glycosamine”) + glycan (“polysaccharide”); compare aminoglycan.

prefix

Subcellular fractionation techniques have indicated that the greatest percentage of these glycosaminoglycans that is not extracted with water is contained within the microsomal fraction (36-60%).

1982, Stanislav Reinis, Jerome Goldman, The Chemistry of Behavior: A Molecular Approach to Neuronal Plasticity, page 229:

1998, Christopher C. Rider, 9: Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans, Elizabeth F. Hounsell (editor), Glycoanalysis Protocols, 2nd Edition, page 131,
The biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans appears to be a ubiquitous function in mammalian cells.

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of inherited disorders caused by specific enzyme deficiencies in the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides).

2008, Reuben Matalon, Kimberlee Michals Matalon, Gita Bhatia, “Chapter 22: The Mucopolysaccharidoses and the Mucolipidoses”, in Roger N. Rosenberg, editor, The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disease, 4th edition, page 245:

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide that is a polymer of amino sugars; they are the carbohydrate units of proteoglycans.


glycose

Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + -ose


glyco-amino-acid

(biochemistry) any glycoside of an amino acid (linked via O-, N- or S-)


heteropolysaccharide

(biochemistry) any polysaccharide formed from two or more different kinds of monosaccharide


xeromorphic

en-adj

xeromorphic (comparative more xeromorphic, superlative most xeromorphic)

more xeromorphic (comparative)
most xeromorphic (superlative)

/zɪəɹəˈmɔɹfɪk/

(biology) Of, relating to, or characteristic of the xerophytes, especially having the ability to store water in leaves and stems.

xéromorphe

biology: of, relating to, or characteristic of the xerophytes, especially having the ability to store water in leaves and stems


histography

(biology) The process of describing or creating pictures of biological tissues and cells.


planula

Borrowed from Latin plānula, diminutive of plāna (“plane”).

(biology) In embryonic development, a vesicle filled with fluid, formed from the morula by the divergence of its cells in such a manner as to give rise to a central space, around which the cells arrange themselves as an envelope; an embryonic form intermediate between the morula and gastrula.

(zoology) The larva of a hydrozoan, which is free-swimming and covered in cilia.


frill

A large admiral lizard leapt up on a rail, stood on hind legs with fore legs raised like hands and watched for a moment […], then loped down the cess-path with arms swinging and iridescent frill flying out like a cape […]

1943, Xavier Herbert, chapter 14, in Capricornia, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton-Century, page 227:

She reminded Bojan of a desert lizard throwing up its frill to frighten predators.

1997, Richard Flanagan, chapter 54, in The Sound of One Hand Clapping, New York: Grove Press:

(zoology) The relatively extensive margin seen on the back of the heads of reptiles, with either a bony support or a cartilaginous one.


cirrus

(zoology) A thin tendril-like appendage.


iron-sulfur cluster

en-noun

iron-sulfur cluster (plural iron-sulfur clusters)

iron-sulfur clusters (plural)
iron-sulphur cluster (alternative)

(biochemistry) A unit comprising two or more iron atoms and bridging sulfur ligands in an iron-sulfur protein.


iron-sulfur protein

iron-sulfur protein (plural iron-sulfur proteins)

iron-sulfur proteins (plural)
iron-sulphur protein (alternative)

(biochemistry) any protein in which iron is coordinated with cysteine sulfur and sometimes also with inorganic sulfur; they have electron transfer and enzymatic function


isozyme

(biology, medicine) Synonym of isoenzyme.


isoenzyme

Near-synonym: allozyme

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have structures that are (minorly or substantially) different and have physical, biochemical, and immunological properties that are (minorly or substantially) different.


metalloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that contains a metal atom which is essential for its biological activity


phosphorylation

phosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural phosphorylations)

Src worked by unleashing an indiscriminate volley of phosphorylation—throwing “on” dozens of molecular switches.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 359:

(biochemistry) the process of transferring a phosphate group from a donor to an acceptor; often catalysed by enzymes.


prostaglandin

From German Prostaglandin. Equivalent to prosta(te) + gland + -in. So called because it was originally believed to be secreted by the prostate.

This enzyme generates an inflammatory mediator known as prostaglandin, which triggers pain and other aspects of inflammation.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 51:

Indeed, it’s possible to create the full storm of cold symptoms with no cold virus at all, but only a potent cocktail of the so-called inflammatory mediators that the body makes itself[,] among them, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins and interleukins, powerful little chemical messengers that cause the blood vessels in the nose to dilate and leak, stimulate the secretion of mucus, activate sneeze and cough reflexes and set off pain in our nerve fibers.

2010 October 4, Jennifer Ackerman, “How Not to Fight Colds”, in The New York Times:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of naturally occurring lipids derived from the C₂₀ acid prostanoic acid; they have a number of physiological functions and may be considered to be hormones.


invasive species

invasive species (plural invasive species)

Grey squirrels are an invasive species in the UK, introduced from North America in the 1870s. They pose a problem for wildlife including endangered red squirrels, which they outcompete.

2022 July 11, Helena Horton, “Oral contraceptives could help reduce grey squirrel numbers, research finds”, in The Guardian:

(biology) Any species that has been introduced to an environment where it is not native, and that has since become a nuisance through rapid spread and increase in numbers, often to the detriment of native species.

نَوْعٌ مُجْتَاحٍ

species that has been introduced to an environment where it is not native and is a nuisance


proteome

/ˈpɹəʊtɪəʊm/

Blend of protein + genome or proteo- + -ome.

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis allows the separation of thousands of proteins, and provides the means for separating the proteome (the PROTEin complement expressed by a genOME) of a simple species, or the protein component of a complex tissue.

1996 January 27, Marc R. Wilkins, “From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Amino Acid Analysis”, in Nature Biotechnology, volume 14, page 61:

So now the quest is to crack the human proteome – a concept so novel that the term proteome didn't even exist a decade ago.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 367:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome.


chlorophyllous

(botany) having chlorophyll and, hence, able to engage in photosynthesis


achlorophyllous

(botany) not having chlorophyll and, hence, unable to engage in photosynthesis