pedicel

From Late Latin pedīcellus, diminutive of pedīculus (“foot-stalk or pedicle of a fruit or leaf”), diminutive of pēs (“foot”).

Water flux through the pedicel could also be involved in tomato fruit CC.^([cuticle cracking])

2004, Martine Dorais, “5: Greenhouse Tomato Fruit Cuticle Cracking”, in Jules Janick, editor, Horticultural Reviews, Volume 30, Wiley, page 170:

(botany) A stalk of an individual flower (or fruit, e.g., once fertilised) or spore-producing body within a cluster.

(mycology) A stalk of a fungus fruiting body.

(zoology) A narrow stalk-like body part connecting specific segments in certain insects and some other arthropods.

A petiole; the connection between the thorax and abdomen of an insect of suborder Apocrita.

Spiders have the body clearly divided into two pieces which are joined by a narrow stalk, the pedicel.

1996, Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, page 10:

The connection between the cephalothorax and abdomen of a spider.

The second segment of the antenna of an insect, between the scape and the flagellum.

Table 5 lists 14 does with 1 or both antlers and 4 does and 1 doe fawn with incipient antler pedicels like those on male fawns.

1963, Journal of Mammalogy, American Society of Mammalogists, page 87:

(zoology) The segment of an antler that attaches to the head of a cervid.


torpedo

* Borrowed from Latin torpēdō (“a torpedo fish; numbness, torpidity, electric ray”), from torpeō (“I am stiff, numb, torpid; I am astounded; I am inactive”) + -ēdō (noun suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“stiff”). In the military sense coined by Robert Fulton in 1805. Cognate with Old English steorfan (“to die”), Ancient Greek στερεός (stereós, “solid”), Lithuanian tirpstu (“to become rigid”), Old Church Slavonic трупети (trupeti).
* (type of car): From 1908, after "the Torpedo", a car designed by Captain Theo Masui.

cog

Faire Queene, forbeare to angle for the fiſh, / Which being caught, ſtrikes him that takes it dead, / I meane that vile Torpedo, Gaueſton, / That now I hope flotes on the Iriſh Seas

1594, Christopher Marlow[e], The Troublesome Raigne and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England: […], London: […] [Eliot’s Court Press] for Henry Bell, […], published 1622, →OCLC, [Act I]:

The man has been changed into an artificial monster by the station in which he is born, and the consequent homage that benumbed his faculties like the torpedo's touch […].

1790, Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men:

"A childhood Misadventure with a Torpedo," Dixon, with a brief move of his head toward Mason, confides, "— thus his Sensitivity at all References to the,"— whispering,— "electrickal!"

1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon, New York: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 286:

(zoology) An electric ray of the genus Torpedo.


satellite

From Middle French satellite, from Latin satelles (“attendant”). Ultimately perhaps of Etruscan origin.

(genetics) A very large array of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA.


euthanasiate

That chemical methods of euthanasia (such as injectable euthanasiates such as barbituates) far outweighed all other methods used to perform euthanasia of laboratory animals.

1990, Gary Martinic, “euthanasia of laboratory animals”, in Animal Technology:

The Environmental Health Unit of Queensland Health has issued appropriately trained wildlife carers in two organisations with authority to hold and use a small selection of restricted (S4) veterinary drugs including: Pentabarbitone sodium (Valabarb, Lethabarb): a veterinary euthanasiate; Alfaxalone and Zoletil: anaesthetics; Diazepam (Pamlin): a sedative; Meloxicam: an antiinflammatory pain reliever.

2005, Jon Haner, Andrew Tribe, “Management of critically ill wildlife: the reality and practice of wildlife euthanasia”, in National Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference:

At all times the euthanasiates should be in a locked container/area when not in the possession of a veterinarian

2012, Australian Veternary Association, Indigenous Community Animal Health Program (ICAHP) Model and Guidelines:

(veterinary medicine) Any drug used to euthanize an animal.


euthanasiate

en-verb

euthanasiate (third-person singular simple present euthanasiates, present participle euthanasiating, simple past and past participle euthanasiated)

euthanasiates (present singular third-person)
euthanasiating (participle present)
euthanasiated (participle past)
euthanasiated (past)

The dog was euthanasiated 40 days after the MRI examination because its convulsions had worsened.

2000, Hiroshi Koie, Ester Norie Kurotobi, Takeo Sakai, “Double-chambered right ventricle in a dog”, in Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, volume 6:

The experiment was carried out 240 days long, on Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected once with aqueous asbestos suspension. In the end, animals were euthanasiated by prolonged narcosis.

2008, B. Sevastre, C. Cătoi, A.I. Marcus, “LESIONAL ASPECTS IN RAT EXPERIMENTAL ASBESTOSIS”, in Bulletin of University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania:

On a stork whit multiple fractures which was later euthanasiated, some anatomic and histology observation were made on the esophagus.

2009, V Rus, V Miclaus, GC Nadas, D Cadar, “STRUCTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE WHITE STORK (CICONIA CICONIA) ESOPHAGUS.”, in Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, volume 14, number 1:

(veterinary medicine) To kill in a humane manner.


piranha

piranhas (plural)
piranha (plural)
piraña (alternative)
pirana (alternative)
piraya (alternative obsolete)

⇒ Translingual: †Megapiranha

First attested in 1869. The term entered English either via Portuguese piranha or Spanish piraña, from Old Tupi pirãîa.

(ichthyology) Any of certain freshwater fish of the subfamily Serrasalminae, native to South America; they are characterised by razor-sharp teeth and a reputation of being ferocious predators (despite most species being omnivorous).


areolar

en-adj

areolar (comparative more areolar, superlative most areolar)

more areolar (comparative)
most areolar (superlative)


metamorphosis

en-noun

metamorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural metamorphoses)

/ˌmɛtəˈmɔːfəsɪs/

/ˌmɛtəmɔːˈfəʊsɪs/

/ˌmɛtəˈmɔɹfəsɪs/

First attested in 1533, from Latin metamorphōsis, from Ancient Greek μεταμόρφωσις (metamórphōsis), from μετά (metá, “change”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “form”). Analyzable as meta- + -morph + -osis

der

μεταμόρφωσις

(biology) A change in the form and often habits of an animal after the embryonic stage during normal development (e.g. the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly or a tadpole into a frog).


permease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that transport membrane proteins.

permeaasi

enzyme that transports membrane proteins


regulon

(genetics) A group of genes that are regulated by the same regulatory molecule. The genes of a regulon share a common regulatory element binding site or promoter. The genes comprising a regulon may be located non-contiguously in the genome


palustral

en-adj

palustral (comparative more palustral, superlative most palustral)

more palustral (comparative)
most palustral (superlative)

From Latin palustris, from palūs (“swamp”), -al.

Telebasis salva is found in shallow waters containing palustral vegetation.

1956, Robert Leslie Usinger, Aquatic Insects of California, page 145:

(botany, of a plant) That requires a marshy habitat.


variant

variants (plural)
variaunt (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-variant.wav

Recorded since c.1380, from Old French variant, from Latin variāns, the present active participle of variō (“to change”).

Most train operators have reduced services with emergency timetables, as they struggle to cope with a rapid increase in staff absences due to the Omicron variant of COVID.

2022 January 12, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Emergency timetables as absences surge due to COVID”, in RAIL, number 948, page 6:

(genetics) A different sequence of a gene (locus).


RIP

RIPs (plural)
R.I.P. (alternative)
rip (alternative)

ribosome-inactivating protein
w:ribosome-inactivating protein

(biology) Initialism of ribosome-inactivating protein.


bicaudal

From bi- + caudal, from Latin cauda (“tail”).


sink

a bathroom sink sink (canonical)
sinks (plural)

From Middle English synken, from Old English sincan, from Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to fall, sink”).
Compare West Frisian sinke, Low German sinken, Dutch zinken, German sinken, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål synke, Swedish sjunka. In the causative sense, it replaced Old English senċan (“make sink”) from Proto-Germanic *sankwijaną.

der

(ecology) A habitat that cannot support a population on its own but receives the excess of individuals from some other source.


policeman

→ French: policeman

→ Maori: pirihimana

→ Welsh: plismon

(entomology) Any skipper of the genus Coeliades.


sordid

en-adj

sordid (comparative sordider, superlative sordidest)

sordider (comparative)
sordidest (superlative)

From Middle English sordide, from Latin sordidus.

Leaves sordid-tomentulose beneath

1926, Paul Carpenter Standley, Trees and Shrubs of Mexico: Bignoniaceae-Asteraceae, page 1530:


ramification

en-noun

ramification (countable and uncountable, plural ramifications)

/ɹæmɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌɹæməfəˈkeɪʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ramification.wav

From Middle French ramification, or its source, Medieval Latin rāmificātiō.

The character of trees may be studied to advantage […] in winter, when the forms of the ramification can be seen in the naked boughs […]

1829, Lincoln Phelps, Familiar Lectures on Botany, page 179:

From the left chamber or ventricle of the strong muscular mass, the heart, a large tube arises, called the aorta; and by a continued division or ramification, opens a way for the bright scarlet blood to the very minutest part of the living frame […]

1856, Neil Arnott, Isaac Hayes, Elements of Physics, pages 414–5:

[…]we may be sure that Becky and Briggs looked out those august names in the Peerage, and followed the noble races up through all the ramifications of the family tree.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter XLVIII, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

“You live in a different world to me, Mr. Overton—a sweeter and healthier one. My ramifications stretch out into many sections of society, but never, I am happy to say, into amateur sport, which is the best and soundest thing in England.[…]

1904 August, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter”, in The Return of Sherlock Holmes, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., published February 1905, →OCLC:

Quite unexpectedly an idea popped into Tarzan's head. In following out the many ramifications of the dictionary definition of God he had come upon the word create—“to cause to come into existence; to form out of nothing.”

1919, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “The God of Tarzan”, in Jungle Tales of Tarzan, pages 92–93:

(botany, anatomy, also figurative) A branching-out, the act or result of developing branches; specifically the divergence of the stem and limbs of a plant into smaller ones, or of similar developments in blood vessels, anatomical structures etc.


locus

Holonyms: subband < band < region < replicon

Meronyms: sublocus; gene, cistron; pseudogene

(genetics) A fixed position on a string of DNA or RNA, especially a chromosome, that may be occupied by one or more genes.


plague

plague (countable and uncountable, plural plagues)

From Middle English plage, borrowed from Old French plage, from Latin plāga (“blow, wound”), from plangō (“to strike”). Cognate with Middle Dutch plāghe (> Dutch plaag), plāghen (> Dutch plagen); Middle Low German plāge; Middle High German plāge, pflāge (> German Plage); plāgen (> German plagen); Swedish plåga; French plaie, Occitan plaga. Doublet of plaga. Displaced native Old English wōl.

(ornithology) A group of common grackles.


isolate

en-verb

isolate (third-person singular simple present isolates, present participle isolating, simple past and past participle isolated)

isolates (present singular third-person)
isolating (participle present)
isolated (participle past)
isolated (past)

Back-formation from isolated, from French isolé, from Italian isolato, from Latin īnsulatus (whence also insulate).

(transitive, microbiology) To separate a pure strain of bacteria etc. from a mixed culture.

isoleren

transitive, microbiology: to separate a pure strain of bacteria etc. from a mixed culture


androgen

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-androgen.wav

It is known as Hatschek's pit and has been found to react positively to antibodies against substance P, met-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH), and the enzyme aromatase (P450ₐᵣₒ), which converts certain androgens into estrogens (see Chapter 3).

2013, David O. Norris, Vertebrate Endocrinology, page 151:

However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.

2015 August 17, Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al., “Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women”, in International Journal of Endocrinology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. A male sex hormone such as testosterone or anabolic steroids.


kinetic

From Ancient Greek κινητικός (kinētikós, “puts in motion”), from κινέω (kinéō, “I move, put in motion”).

der

(biology) Relating to the movement of an organism in response to an external stimulus.


amoeba

amoebae (plural)
amoebas (plural)
ameba (alternative US)
amœba (alternative)

From Ancient Greek ἀμοιβή (amoibḗ, “change”), referring to constantly changing shape of these organisms.

(biology) A member of the genus Amoeba of unicellular protozoa that moves by means of temporary projections called pseudopodia.

amebë

member of a genus of unicellular protozoa


throw up

en-verb

throw up (third-person singular simple present throws up, present participle throwing up, simple past threw up, past participle thrown up)

throws up (present singular third-person)
throwing up (participle present)
threw up (past)
thrown up (participle past)

The vomit sense is a clipping of throw up one's accounts (18th century), from earlier idiom cast up one's accounts (15th century).

The baby threw up all over my shirt.

That cat is always throwing up hairballs.

I wonder what happens if you throw up in zero gravity.

1988 September 19, Bill Watterson, Calvin & Hobbes (comic):

(intransitive, transitive, now informal, bacteriology) To vomit.


social

en-adj

social (comparative more social, superlative most social)

more social (comparative)
most social (superlative)

From Middle French social, from Latin sociālis (“of or belonging to a companion or companionship or association, social”), from socius (“a companion, fellow, partner, associate, ally”), from sequor (“follow”). Cognate with English seg (“man, companion, fellow”). More at seg.

der

a social insect

(biology) Cooperating or growing in groups.


motor

From Middle English motour (“controller, prime mover; God”), from Latin mōtor (“mover; that which moves something”), from mōtō (“I set in motion”).

der

She has excellent motor skills.

(biology) Relating to the ability to move.


podium

Borrowed from Latin podium, from Ancient Greek πόδιον (pódion, “base”), a diminutive of πούς (poús, “foot”). Doublet of pew.


ounce

From Middle French once, from Old French lonce (“lynx”), by false division (the l was thought to be the article), from Italian lonza, ultimately from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”). Doublet of onza and lynx.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ounce.wav

The ounce, a leopard-like creature, is dreaded for its depredations by the Indians of Brazil.

1911, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 8, page 235:

(cryptozoology) Synonym of onza, a particularly aggressive cougar or jaguarundi in Mexican folklore.


evert

en-verb

evert (third-person singular simple present everts, present participle everting, simple past and past participle everted)

everts (present singular third-person)
everting (participle present)
everted (participle past)
everted (past)

From Late Latin ēvertere (“to turn (an item of clothing) inside out”), Latin ēvertere, present active infinitive of ēvertō (“to turn upside down; to overturn; to reverse”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘out, away’)) + vertō (“to reverse; to revolve, turn; to turn around”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to rotate, turn”)).

der

But if the conjunctiva be not diseased or very firmly united to the tumour, we had better operate without everting the eyelid, and this is possible without leaving an observable scar on the eyelid.

1809, Charles Bell, “Of Tumours of the Eyelid”, in A System of Operative Surgery, Founded on the Basis of Anatomy, volume II, London: Printed [by C. Stower] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […]; and Cadell and Davies, […], →OCLC, page 84:

The brachial artery may be exposed and tied in any part of its course, the border of the biceps and coraco-brachialis serving as a guide to its situation. When the arm is drawn away from the side, and slightly everted, the hand being supinated, the seat of the operation is fairly brought into view.

1837, Jones Quain, “Fasciæ”, in Elements of Anatomy, 4th revised and enlarged edition, London: Printed for Taylor and Walton, […], →OCLC, paragraph 656, page 539:

One of the chief causes of flat foot is the natural defect of improper alignment of the leg and the foot, with the result that both muscle action and gravity act to evert and depress the foot.

1923 February, Herman W. Marshall, quoting E. A. Cayo, “A Compilation of Current Notions on Feet”, in Journal of the National Association of Chiropodists and Pedic Items, volume 13, number 2, New York, N.Y.: National Association of Chiropodists, →OCLC, page 16:

The older writers, like ourselves, were of course fascinated by the spectacle of a tiny fungus everting its inner peridium with lightning-like rapidity and casting away its ball of spores.

1958, A[rthur] H[enry] Reginald Buller, “The Sphaerobolus Gun and Its Range”, in Researches on Fungi, volumes V (Hyphal Fusions and Protoplasmic Streaming in the Higher Fungi, […]), New York, N.Y.: Hafner Publishing, →OCLC, page 280:

In addition to functioning as a dorsiflexor of the foot, the extensor digitorum longus also everts the foot and extends the toes.

2016, Kevin T. Patton, Gary A. Thibodeau, “Appendicular Muscles”, in Anatomy & Physiology, 9th edition, St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier, →ISBN, unit 2 (Support and Movement), page 356, column 2:

(transitive, often biology, physiology) To turn inside out (like a pocket being emptied) or outwards.


suine

en-noun

suine (countable and uncountable, plural suines)

Primitive suines appeared in the Eocene.

1983, The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, volume 7, page 574:

(zoology) (strictly) An even-toed ungulate belonging to the taxonomic subfamily Suinae, which is comprised of modern pigs (genus Sus) and their close relatives, both living and extinct.

(zoology) (loosely) An even-toed ungulate belonging to the suborder Suina.


viola

(botany) Any of several flowering plants, of the genus Viola, including the violets and pansies.


polyeidism

(zoology) The quality or state of being polyeidic.


ancipital

(botany) Two-edged instead of round; said of certain flattened stems, such as those of bluegrass, and rarely also of leaves.


efflorescence

efflorescence (countable and uncountable, plural efflorescences)

/ˌɛfləˈɹɛsəns/

Borrowed from French efflorescence, from Latin efflōrēscō (from ex- (“out”) + flōrēscō (“to blossom”)) + -ence. By surface analysis, effloresce + -ence.


organic

en-adj

organic (comparative more organic, superlative most organic)

more organic (comparative)
most organic (superlative)
organick (alternative)

From Middle English organic, organik, from Old French organique, from Latin organicus.

(biology) Pertaining to or derived from living organisms.

عُضْوِيّ

pertaining to, or derived from living organisms


amino acid

See amine and acid. Likely a calque of German Aminosäure, which is attested earlier.

(biochemistry) Any organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group.

حمض أميني

any organic compound containing amino and carboxylic acid

(biochemistry) Any of the twenty naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino, and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom), and a variety of side chains, that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins.


essential amino acid

en-noun

essential amino acid (plural essential amino acids)

(biochemistry) One of the nine naturally occurring amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize, and so must be provided by dietary protein.

aminoazido esentzial

amino acid which is a dietry requirement


nonessential amino acid

nonessential amino acid (plural nonessential amino acids)

(biochemistry) Those of the naturally occurring amino acids that the human body can synthesize for itself, and so need not be provided by dietary protein.

非必需氨基酸

amino acid that the human body can synthesize


depression

depression (countable and uncountable, plural depressions)

From Middle English depression, depressioun, from Old French depression, from Latin dēpressiō.

(biology, physiology) A lowering, in particular a reduction in a particular biological variable or the function of an organ, in contrast to elevation.


MIT

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of monoiodotyrosine.


larynx

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-larynx.wav

Borrowed from New Latin larynx, from Ancient Greek λᾰ́ρῠγξ (lắrŭnx, “larynx; windpipe; gullet, throat”).

bor

Meronyms: epilarynx, hypolarynx, orolarynx

There is one thing, among abundance of others, in Anatomy, which has always much affected me with Admiration, [...] It is the Situation and Elaſticity of the Epiglottis, a ſoft Cartilaginous Cover to the Larynx, or Orifice of the Wind-pipe; that this Epiglottis ſhould, all a Man's life, be drawn up, for the Benefit of Reſpiration, and fall down and ſhut, whilſt every bit we eat, and every drop we drink, paſſes over it into the Gullet and Stomach; and that we ſhould ſo ſeldom have Occaſion to cough up a crum, or drop, that may accidentaly ſlip into the Larynx; [...]

1727, Walter Harris, “Section II. Of the Wonderful Works of God.”, in The Great and Wonderful Works of God Humbly Represented: And the Just and Equal Distributions of Providence Demonstrated. […], London: James Roberts […], →OCLC, pages 29–30:

The larynx is the instrument of the voice, of which the rima glottidis is the immediate organ. [...] The change of the voice from acute to grave at the time of puberty, when the larynx undergoes a remarkable development, as well as its acuteness in females, whose glottis is less by one third than that of man, shew that the size of the aperture has a great influence.

1809, William Nicholson, “PHYSIOLOGY”, in The British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; […], volume V (N … R), London: Printed by C[harles] Whittingham, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], →OCLC:

The differences in the voices of man and woman cannot but have been always obſerved; and their larynxes exhibit, on a merely ſuperficial inſpection, a great diſproportion in ſize.

1819, Abraham Rees, “LARYNX”, in The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature. [...] In Thirty-nine Volumes, volume XX, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, […] [et al.], →OCLC, column 1:

I hope to be understood as not implying that there is no peculiarity of the larynges and tracheæ, except in some genera; for I believe all have the admirable mechanism of the organ of voice differently constructed, with corresponding muscles, and distribution of nerves, producing those various modulations of sound so familiar to us, and destined for the excitement of love, as well as for other purposes.

1830 March 16, Joshua Brookes, “XXIX. On the Remarkable Formation of the Trachea In the Egyptian Tantalus”, in The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, volume XVI, London: Richard Taylor, […]; Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, […]; William Wood, […], published 1833, →OCLC, page 502:

The work on larynx transplantation has been discussed in the previous paragraphs. Corollary to this is the possible development of an artificial larynx which can be implanted just as an artificial heart might be implanted. Design of such larynxes might permit a quick solution to the problem of tissue rejection.

1968 April 25, John E. Bordley (witness), Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for 1969: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session: […], part 7 (Members of Congress, Interested Individuals and Organizations), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 259:

The ability of Red Deer stags to lower their larynx when roaring appears to be one of the exaggerators of formant dispersal, since the resting position of the male larynx is already lower than the typical mammalian position. [...] Size exaggeration provides an intriguing, non-linguistic explanation for the descent of the human larynx [...].

2003, John Maynard Smith, David Harper, “Indices of Quality”, in Animal Signals, Oxford, Oxforshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, published 2004, →ISBN, 4.2 Are Mammalian Sounds Reliable Indices of Size?, page 47:

Study of intubated larynges from infants of 22 to 40 weeks' gestation who survived a few hours to 300 days showed acute injury was almost invariable, and up to 100% of the subglottic epithelium was lost within a few hour of intubation, but progression of injury was relatively short-lived.

2015, George H. Zalzal, Robin Thomas Cotton, “Glottic and Subglottic Stenosis”, in Marci M. Lesperance, Paul W. Flint, Cummings Pediatric Otolaryngology, Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders, Elsevier, →ISBN, 6: Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, and Esophagus, page 350, column 2:

(anatomy, zootomy) A hollow muscular organ of the neck of mammals situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the oesophagus. It is involved in breath control and protection of the trachea, and, as it houses the vocal cords, sound production.

laring

organ involved in breath control, protection of the trachea, and sound production

បំពង់កក្នុង

bɑmpʊəŋ kɑɑ knoŋ


apposition

en-noun

apposition (countable and uncountable, plural appositions)

/ˌæpəˈzɪʃn̩/

From Middle English apposicioun, from Middle French apposition, from Latin appositiō, past participle of appōnere (“to put near”).

(biology) The growth of successive layers of a cell wall.

aposició

biology: growth of successive layers of cell wall


posterior

en-adj

posterior (comparative more posterior, superlative most posterior)

more posterior (comparative)
most posterior (superlative)
posteriour (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin posterior (“that comes or follows after; later, latter”).

bor

(anatomy) Nearer the rear or hind end; nearer the caudal end of the body in quadrupeds or the dorsal end in bipeds.

(botany) Next to, or facing the main stem or axis.


screen

screens (plural)
skreen (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English scren, screne (“windscreen, firescreen”), from Anglo-Norman escren (“firescreen, the tester of a bed”), Old French escren, escrein, escran (modern French écran (“screen”)), from Middle Dutch scherm, from Old Dutch *skirm, from Proto-West Germanic *skirmi, from Proto-Germanic *skirmiz (“fur, shelter, covering, screen”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).
Cognate with Dutch scherm (“screen”), German Schirm (“screen”). Doublet of scherm.
An alternative etymology derives Old French escren, escran from Old Dutch *scranc (“barrier”) (compare Middle Dutch schranc, schranke (“palisade, trellis, grid”), German Schrank (“cupboard, cabinet”), German Schranke (“fence”)), from Proto-West Germanic *skrank, from Proto-Germanic *skrankaz.

skerm

viewing area of electronic output device

(by analogy) Searching through a sample for a target; an act of screening, or the method for it.

(genetics) A technique used to identify genes so as to study gene functions.

seulonta

genetics: technique used to identify genes


selfish

en-adj

selfish (comparative more selfish or (proscribed) selfisher, superlative most selfish or (proscribed) selfishest)

more selfish (comparative)
selfisher (comparative proscribed)
most selfish (superlative)
selfishest (proscribed superlative)
selvish (alternative obsolete)

From self + -ish. Compare Danish selvisk (“selfish”), Swedish självisk (“selfish”).

Discoveries of selfish genetic elements often follow from the emergence of a selfish phenotype either in a cross between members of closely related species, or in crosses involving individuals from different isolated populations within a species.

2005, N.S. Sharma, Molecular Structure Of Genes And Chromosomes, Mittal Publications, →ISBN, page 215:

Through this hypothesized mechanism, a selfish virus would reduce the probability that other co-infecting genotypes contribute the expected share of their genes to the progeny.

2005 August 4, Robert Desharnais, Population Dynamics and Laboratory Ecology, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 321:

The "selfish meme" concept does not, of course, ascribe any consciousness or motivation to the meme; it simply means we can understand better by looking at evolution from the meme's point of view.

2011 February 15, Richard Brodie, Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme, Hay House, Inc, →ISBN, page 68:

(biology) Related to or equivalent to a selfish gene; best understood as existing to preserve and replicate itself in competition with other entities at the same level of existence, rather than at the level of the individual or population containing it.


dichotomic

dichotomic (comparative more dichotomic, superlative most dichotomic)

more dichotomic (comparative)
most dichotomic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dichotomic.wav

(botany) That system of classification which pertains to two opposite criteria.


archive

First appears c. 1603 in a translation by Philemon Holland. From French archive(s), from Latin archīvum, from Ancient Greek ἀρχεῖον (arkheîon, “town hall”).

der

ཡིག་རྙིང་ཕྱོགས་བསྡུས (yig rnying phyogs bsdus, literally “old document collection”)

soil archive

peat archive

(ecology) Natural deposits of material, regarded as a record of environmental changes over time.


metagenome

(genetics) All the genetic material present in an environmental sample, consisting of the genomes of many individual organisms.


albedo

en-noun

albedo (countable and uncountable, plural albedos or albedoes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-albedo.wav

Borrowed from Latin albēdō (“whiteness”).

bor+

(botany) The whitish inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits that is a source of pectin, commonly referred to as the pith.


interface

→ Armenian: միջերես (miǰeres) (calque)

→ Japanese: インターフェース (intāfēsu)

→ Korean: 인터페이스 (inteopeiseu)

desctree

→ Russian: интерфе́йс (interféjs)
→ Kazakh: интерфейс (interfeis)

→ Turkish: ayarüz (calque)

From inter- (“between”) + face (“shape, figure, form”).

تَعْشِيق

point of interconnection between entities

(biochemistry) The internal surface of a coiled protein (compare exoface).


wicket

From Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wiket, from Old Norse (specifically, Old East Norse) víkjas, diminutive of vík. Compare modern French guichet, ultimately from the same Old Norse source.

(veterinary) A device to measure the height of animals, usually dogs.


specific

en-adj

specific (comparative more specific, superlative most specific)

more specific (comparative)
most specific (superlative)
specifick (alternative obsolete)

From Old French specifique, from Late Latin specificus (“specific, particular”), from Latin speciēs (“kind”) + -ific.

der

Holonyms: generic, familial

Meronyms: infrasubspecific, infraspecific, subspecific

Science and literature, then, are the two achievements of Homo sapiens that most convincingly justify the specific name.

2008, Richard Dawkins, The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing, Oxford, published 2009, page 3:

(bioscience, taxonomy) Pertaining to a species, as a taxon or taxa at the rank of species.

específic

pertaining to a taxon at the rank of species


terminator

[ˈtɜː.mɪ.næɪ.ɾə]

* Partly from post-classical Latin terminator (5th century), from Latin terminō; partly from terminate + -or.
* (android that kills humans): After the 1984 film The Terminator.

(biochemistry) A DNA sequence that causes RNA transcription to cease and an mRNA transcript to break off.


frontal

Borrowed from New Latin frontālis, from frons (“the forehead, brow, front”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), equivalent to front + -al; cognate of French frontal. Doublet of frontalis.

af

(zootomy) Any of the scales of a reptile that lie in the general region of the forehead, more specifically between the eyes and to the anterior of this area.


modification

en-noun

modification (countable and uncountable, plural modifications)

/ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Middle French modification, from Latin modificātiō (“a measuring”), from modificāre (“to limit, control, modify”); see modify.

Due to his sunbathing, Jim's body experienced modifications: he got a tan.

(biology) A change to an organism as a result of its environment that is not transmissable to offspring.


obligate

en-adj

obligate (comparative more obligate, superlative most obligate)

more obligate (comparative)
most obligate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin obligātus, past participle of obligō. Doublet of oblige, taken through French.

obligat

Able to exist or survive only in a particular environment or by assuming a particular role

[A]nalysis of the chemical composition of their bones reveals that they were obligate carnivores.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 171:

(biology) Requiring a (specified) way of life, habitat, etc.


alopecoid

From Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx, “fox”) + -oid.

In the smaller Alopecoids, such as C. zerda, the temporal ridges remain permanently separate, and inclose a wide lyrate sagittal area, the ridges themselves not being very strongly marked; […]

1880, The Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, page 250:

(zoology) An animal that resembles a fox.


dorsal

dorsal (comparative more dorsal, superlative most dorsal)

more dorsal (comparative)
most dorsal (superlative)
dossal (alternative)

From Late Middle English dorsal/dorsale, borrowing from Medieval Latin dorsālis (“of or relating to the back”), from dorsum (“the back”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to dorsum + -al.

ظَهْرِيّ

relating to the side in which the backbone is located

(anatomy, zootomy) With respect to, or concerning the side in which the backbone is located, or the analogous side of an invertebrate.

(anatomy) Relating to the top surface of the foot or hand.

背側 /背侧

relating to the top surface of foot or hand

(linguistics, of a sound) Produced using the dorsum of the tongue.

(botany) Relating to the surface naturally inferior, as of a leaf.

(botany) Relating to the surface naturally superior, as of a creeping hepatic moss.


dorsal

(zootomy, in snakes) Any of the longitudinal series of plates that encircle the body, excluding the ventral scales.


blackleg

en-noun

blackleg (countable and uncountable, plural blacklegs)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blackleg.wav

(uncountable, agriculture, veterinary medicine) A fatal cattle disease caused by the soil-borne bacterium Clostridium chauvoei; symptomatic anthrax.


dip

dip (countable and uncountable, plural dips)

From Middle English dippen, from Old English dyppan, from Proto-West Germanic *duppjan, from Proto-Germanic *dupjaną; see *daupijaną (“to dip”). Related to deep.

I'd missed them by a couple of hours. This dip did not bode well for the Hudwit.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 124:

(birdwatching, colloquial) The act of missing out on seeing a sought after bird.


dip

en-verb

dip (third-person singular simple present dips, present participle dipping, simple past and past participle dipped)

dips (present singular third-person)
dipping (participle present)
dipped (participle past)
dipped (past)

dip me in chocolate and throw me to the lesbians

dip me in honey and throw me to the lesbians

I assured him that I'd been birding long enough to know that there were no guarantees with birds and I wouldn't have held it against him if I'd dipped.

(birdwatching, colloquial) To miss out on seeing a sought after bird.


multicellular

(biology, of an organism) That has many cells, often differentiated in function.


dysfunction

dysfunction (third-person singular simple present dysfunctions, present participle dysfunctioning, simple past and past participle dysfunctioned)

dysfunctions (present singular third-person)
dysfunctioning (participle present)
dysfunctioned (participle past)
dysfunctioned (past)
disfunction (alternative rare)

(nonstandard, intransitive, chiefly biology) To fail to function correctly; to malfunction.


protist

From translingual Protista, from Ancient Greek πρώτιστος (prṓtistos).

(microbiology) Any of the eukaryotic, usually unicellular organisms—including protozoans, slime molds and some algae—historically grouped into the kingdom Protista (or Protoctista), now distributed over several clades; any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal or fungus.

Any single-celled eukaryote, prokaryote or sponge .

Any single-celled eukaryote or prokaryote .

Besides the hundreds or thousands of metres of fungal mycelium in a teaspoon of healthy soil, there are more bacteria, protists, insects and arthropods than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 162:


protoplasm

en-noun

protoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural protoplasms)

From German Protoplasma, coined by Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + πλάσμα (plásma, “something molded”). By surface analysis, proto- + -plasm. Compare also protoplasma, used in Late Latin for the “first-created one” (i.e. Adam).

coin

(cytology) The entire contents of a cell comprising the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is a semi-fluid, transparent substance which is the living matter of plant and animal cells.


autophagy

en-noun

autophagy (countable and uncountable, plural autophagies)

Near-synonym: autocytolysis

(cytology) The process of self-digestion by a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell, and often a defensive or self-preservation measure.

(cytology) A type of programmed cell death accomplished through self-digestion.


transition

transition (countable and uncountable, plural transitions)

/tɹɑːnˈzɪ.ʃən/

Etymology tree
Middle French transitionbor.
English transition
From Middle French transition, from Latin transitio. By surface analysis, transit + -ion.

etymon

filtered-popping recursive transition network

(genetics) A point mutation in which one base is replaced by another of the same class (purine or pyrimidine); compare transversion.


denature

en-verb

denature (third-person singular simple present denatures, present participle denaturing, simple past and past participle denatured)

denatures (present singular third-person)
denaturing (participle present)
denatured (participle past)
denatured (past)
denaturise (alternative)

Sugars are wonderfully robust materials! Unlike proteins that easily denature and coagulate, unlike fats that are damaged by air and heat and go rancid, unlike starch chains that break apart into smaller chains of glucose molecules, sugars themselves are small and stable molecules.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 12, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

Because the activity of an enzyme depends on its structure, any change in that structure will destroy its effectiveness. So cooking foods sufficiently will denature and inactivate any enzymes they may contain.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 15, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(transitive, intransitive, biochemistry) To alter its original form or state, especially of a protein, by heat, acidity etc.

denaturoida

to subject a protein to conditions altering its original form


aril

1785. From New Latin arillus (compare modern French arille and the English doublet arillus), from Medieval Latin arilli.

(botany) A tissue surrounding the seed in certain fruits such as pomegranates.


associate

From Middle English associat(e) (used participially as well as adjectively up to Early Modern English), from Latin associātus, the perfect passive participle of associō (“to join, unite”), from ad- + sociō, from socius (“shared, common, kindred”) + -ō (first conjugation verb-forming suffix).

af

associate motions

motions that occur sympathetically, in consequence of preceding motions

These associate ideas are gradually formed into habits of acting together, by frequent repetition, while they are yet separately obedient to the will; as is evident from the difficulty we experience in gaining so exact an idea of the front of St. Paul's church, as to be able to delineate it with accuracy, or in recollecting a poem of a few pages.

1794, Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; Or, The Laws of Organic Life, page 36:

(biology, dated) Connected by habit or sympathy.


dichromatic

en-adj

dichromatic (comparative more dichromatic, superlative most dichromatic)

more dichromatic (comparative)
most dichromatic (superlative)

From di- + Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + -ic.

(zoology) having two independent channels for conveying color information in the eye.

(biology) occurring or existing in two different ornamentations or colors, typically as a form of sexual dimorphism.


promoter

(genetics) The section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription as a product of a gene.


sustained yield

en-noun

sustained yield (plural sustained yields)

(ecology) The continuing yield of a biological resource by controlled periodic harvesting


pelagic

en-adj

pelagic (comparative more pelagic, superlative most pelagic)

more pelagic (comparative)
most pelagic (superlative)

/pəˈlæd͡ʒɪk/

/pɛˈlæd͡ʒɪk/

From Latin pelagicus (and possibly pelagus); from Ancient Greek πελαγικός (pelagikós), from πέλαγος (pélagos, “sea”).

Besides, seeing a shark in an aquarium tank is not the same as seeing a shark in the wild, in its natural, pelagic habitat.

1983, Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, Knopf, →ISBN, page 13:

The main fish species in freshwater ponds in China are silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp, common carp, crucian carp, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), etc. According to their live habitat, they can be divided relatively into pelagic and benthic fish.

2023 April 4, Shuang-Lin Dong, Xiang-Li Tian, Qin-Feng Gao, Yun-Wei Dong, Aquaculture Ecology, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 342:

(biology) Living in the open sea rather than in coastal or inland waters.


pelagic

/pəˈlæd͡ʒɪk/

/pɛˈlæd͡ʒɪk/

(biology) Any organism that lives in the open sea rather than in coastal or inland waters.


clematis

en-noun

clematis (plural clematises or clematis)

From Latin clematis, from Ancient Greek κληματιτής (klēmatitḗs), κληματίς (klēmatís), from κλήμα (klḗma, “vine, branch with vines”).

He came slowly up to the open door, which was all hung round with clematis and roses; and then peeped in, half afraid.

1863, Charles Kingsley, The Water Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby:

Noiselessly she laid the clematis and wattle on her bed, then stood near the covered face, and, looking down at her untied bootlaces, sighed an impatient sigh always well known and understood by this now unresponsive father.

1907, Barbara Baynton, edited by Sally Krimmer and Alan Lawson, Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, published 1980, page 127:

Jim is a nurseryman, specialising in clematis, and he has built up a business exporting 150 varieties to countries all over the world.

1980, Robert Dougall, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 379:

(botany) Any plant of the genus Clematis, vigorous climbing lianas found throughout the temperate zones.


sucker

From Middle English souker, sokere, sukkere, soukere, equivalent to suck (verb) + -er. Compare Saterland Frisian Suuger, West Frisian sûker (“sucker”), Dutch zuiger (“sucker”), German Sauger (“dummy; vacuum”).

(ichthyology) Any fish in the family Catostomidae of North America and eastern Asia, which have mouths modified into downward-pointing, suckerlike structures for feeding in bottom sediments.


Jurassic

/d͡ʒʊˈɹæs.ɪk/

Borrowed from French Jurassique, named for the discovery and type location in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland.

[p 108] Like the Forest Marble Beds in the Middle Jurassic, the Purbeck Beds of the Upper Jurassic are deltaic or estuarine in origin, so as well as mammals they contain small, presumably freshwater, crocodiles and the first indisputable lizards.
[p 109] This is less surprising if it is recalled that in the Upper Jurassic, Europe and North America were joined to form Laurasia and the Atlantic Ocean still had to be formed …

D. M. Kermack, K. A. Kermack, The Evolution of Mammalian Characters

(geology, paleontology) The period from 201.3±0.2 to 145 million years ago, after the Triassic and before the Cretaceous; the geologic systems of this period.


cordon

From Middle English cordon, from Middle French cordon, from Old French cordon, diminutive of corde. More at cord.

(botany) A woody plant, such as a fruit tree, pruned and trained to grow as a single stem on a support. [from 19th c.]


radiant

en-adj

radiant (comparative more radiant, superlative most radiant)

more radiant (comparative)
most radiant (superlative)
radient (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English radyant, from Latin radiāns, radiantis, present participle of radiāre (“to emit rays or beams”).

(botany) Having a ray-like appearance, like the large marginal flowers of certain umbelliferous plants; said also of the cluster which has such marginal flowers.


climbing

From Middle English clymbyng; equivalent to climb + -ing.

(botany, of a plant) That climbs; that grows upwards by gripping onto a surface.


guild

From Middle English gilde, from Old Norse gildi (“payment, guild”). Related to geld, yield, yauld.

(ecology) A group of diverse species that share common characteristics or habits.


primula

The genus Primula was named by botanist Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778) after Latin primus (“first”) because it flowers early.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Primula; the primroses.


scarlet pimpernel

en-noun

scarlet pimpernel (plural scarlet pimpernels)

[T]ogether they went north and were at Silloth in August, where James picked a scarlet pimpernel to press for her album[.]

1977, K.M. Elizabeth Murray, Caught in the Web of Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 65:

Anagallis arvensis
Anagallis arvensis#Translingual

(botany) A flowering plant, Anagallis arvensis, of the Primulaceae family, having small orange flowers.


cul-de-sac

cul-de-sac (plural cul-de-sacs or culs-de-sac)

cul-de-sacs (plural)
culs-de-sac (plural)
culdesac (alternative)
cul de sac (alternative)

Borrowed from French cul-de-sac, from cul (“bottom”) + de (“of”) + sac (“bag, sack”).

(medicine, botany) A sack-like cavity, a tube open at one end only.


viviparousness

(biology) The quality of being viviparous; viviparity.


vigour

vigour (countable and uncountable, plural vigours)

vigours (plural)
vigor (alternative)
vygour (alternative)

From Middle English vigour, from Old French vigour, from vigor, from Latin vigor, from vigeō (“thrive, flourish”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be lively”).
Related to vigil, vegetable, vajra, and waker.

der

A plant grows with vigour.

(biology) Strength or force in animal or vegetable nature or action.

сила

strength or force in animal or force in animal or vegetable nature or action; as, a plant grows with vigor


silent

en-adj

silent (comparative silenter or more silent, superlative silentest or most silent)

silenter (comparative)
more silent (comparative)
silentest (superlative)
most silent (superlative)
scilent (alternative)

From Latin silēns (“silent”), present participle of sileō (“be silent”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyl- (“still, windless, quiet, slow”). Related to Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (anasilan, “to cease, grow still, be silent”), Old English sālnes (“silence”).

der

(genetics) Not implying significant modifications which would affect a peptide sequence.

hiljainen

not implying significant modifications which would affect a peptide sequence


woody

en-adj

woody (comparative woodier, superlative woodiest)

woodier (comparative)
woodiest (superlative)

From Middle English woodi, wody, wodi, equivalent to wood + -y.

Subshrubs, shrubs, trees and lianas are all woody plants.

the woody parts of a plant


shank

From Middle English schanke, from Old English sċanca (“leg”), from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô (compare West Frisian skonk, Dutch schenkel, Low German Schanke, German Schenkel (“shank, leg”), Danish skank, Norwegian skank, Swedish skänkel), from *skankaz (compare Old Norse skakkr (“wry, crooked”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (compare Middle Irish scingim (“I spring”), Ancient Greek σκάζω (skázō, “to limp”).

(ornithology, colloquial) A redshank or greenshank, various species of Old World wading birds in the genus Tringa having distinctly colored legs.


tertiary

/ˈtɜː.ʃə.ɹiː/

/ˈtɜː.ʃə.ɹiː/

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
Peterhouse, Cambridge
University of Cambridge

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from the Latin tertiārius (“of the third part or rank”), from tertius (“third”) (from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós, whence English third) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French tertiaire.

bor

The primary, secondary, and tertiary wing feathers (remiges) of adult mourning doves are shed and replaced yearly in an orderly sequence, so flight is possible during molt. […] Little is known about the shedding sequence of the secondary or tertiary feathers or the related coverts. If it is similar to that of passerines, however, loss of the outermost tertiary feather occurs coincident with loss of the fifth or sixth primary[…]. The molt then would continue sequentially until the last or innermost tertiary was shed and replaced.

1993, Ralph E. Mirarchi, “Growth, Maturation, and Molt”, in Thomas S. Baskett, Mark W. Sayre, Roy E. Tomlinson, Ralph E. Mirarchi, editors, Ecology and Management of the Mourning Dove (Wildlife Management Institute Book), Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, →ISBN, page 141:

(ornithology) Of quills: growing on the innermost joint of a bird's wing; tertial.


tertiary

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
Lay Carmelites
Peterhouse, Cambridge
Saint-Étienne Cathedral
University of Cambridge

/ˈtɜː.ʃə.ɹiː/

/ˈtɜː.ʃə.ɹiː/

The feathers [of the least sandpiper (Calidris minutilla)], black centrally, are margined with bright rufous, especially on the back, scapulars, and tertiaries, and with white tips on the latter; the stripes on the middle of the throat and chest are indistinct or almost absent, more evident on sides of breast.

1955, Thomas S. Roberts, “Key to Shore Birds”, in Manual for the Identification of the Birds of Minnesota and Neighboring States, rev. edition, Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, published 1980, →OCLC, page 583:

Coincident with the dropping out of the fifth or sixth primary is the molt of the outermost tertiary, followed by the adjoining tertiary, and then the third tertiary, which in most passerine birds is the last or innermost.

1956, Olin Sewall Pettingill, [Jr.], A Laboratory and Field Manual of Ornithology, 3rd rev. edition, Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 142:

(ornithology) A tertiary feather; a tertial.


nominal

→ Afrikaans: nominaal

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From the Middle English nominalle (“of nouns”), borrowed from Latin nōminālis (“of names”), from nōmen (“name”).

Since then, a good deal of research has documented and concluded that the nominal species A. fraterculus actually comprises an unresolved complex of cryptic species.

2015 November 26, Mosè Manni et al., “Relevant genetic differentiation among Brazilian populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)”, in ZooKeys, volume 540, →DOI:

(taxonomy) Of a species, the species name without consideration of whether it is a junior synonym or in reality consists of more than one biological species.


adnate

en-adj

adnate (comparative more adnate, superlative most adnate)

more adnate (comparative)
most adnate (superlative)

From Latin adnatus, past participle of variant form of agnascor (“born or growing at or upon”).

Adnate mushroom gills are broadly attached to the stalk slightly above the bottom of the gill, with most of the gill fused to the stem.

An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament.

The ovary is more adnate to the calyx than in any other species of the genus.

1889, John Gilbert Baker, Handbook of the Bromeliaceae, page 116:

Morphologically and chemically X. isidiigera is also similar to X. australasica, but the isidia are typically thinner and more coralloid branched and the thallus more adnate in the latter species.

1995, Thomas H. Nash, Corinna Gries, J. A. Elix, A Revision of the Lichen Genus Xanthoparmelia in South America, page 61:

Morphologically, Hypotrachyna kriegeri closely resembles more adnate morphotypes of H. imbricatula.

2009, Flora Neotropica, number 104, page 88:

(botany, mycology) Linked or fused to a structure of a type different from itself; for example, attachment of a stamen to a petal is adnate, while attachment of a stamen to another stamen is connate.

It differs from N. eleutherus by possessing a more adnate adipose fin and more prominent saddles and from N. albater by having 8 soft pectoral rays, a submarginal adipose bar, and no prominent basicaudal bar (Douglas 1972).

1988, Henry W. Robison, Thomas M Buchanan, Fishes of Arkansas, page 312:

(zoology) Growing with one side adherent to a stem; applied to the lateral zooids of corals and other compound animals. in fish, having the eyes fused and unable to rotate independently


spotless

spotless (comparative more spotless, superlative most spotless)

more spotless (comparative)
most spotless (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-spotless.wav

From Middle English spotles, equivalent to spot + -less.


illegitimate

illegitimate (comparative more illegitimate, superlative most illegitimate)

more illegitimate (comparative)
most illegitimate (superlative)

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmət/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmɨt]

/ɘlɘˈdʒɘtɘmɘt/

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmeɪt/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmeɪt]

First attested in 1536, from Latin illēgitimus, most likely an adapted borrowing of Middle French illegitime, equivalent to il- + legitimate, see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3).

adapted borrowing

illegitimate union; illegitimate fertilization

[…] the legitimate unions between the two forms of the above nine species of Primula are much more fertile than the illegitimate unions; although in the latter case pollen was always taken from a distinct plant of the same form.

1877, Charles Darwin, chapter 1, in The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species:

(botany) Involving the fertilization of pistils by stamens not of their own length, in heterogonously dimorphic and trimorphic flowers.


derived

(comparable, archaic, taxonomy) Possessing features believed to be more advanced or improved than those other organisms.


sloth

en-noun

sloth (countable and uncountable, plural sloths)

sloths (plural)
sleuth (alternative)
sloath (alternative)
slowth (alternative)

From Middle English slouthe, slewthe (“laziness”), from Old English slǣwþ (“sloth, indolence, laziness, inertness, torpor”), from Proto-West Germanic *slaiwiþu, from Proto-Germanic *slaiwiþō (“slowness, lateness”), equivalent to slow + -th (abstract nominal suffix). Cognate with Scots sleuth (“sloth, slowness”).

inh

(countable) Any animal in the suborder Folivora.

(paleontology) Any of the extinct group of ground sloths.


excision

en-noun

excision (countable and uncountable, plural excisions)

From Middle French excision, from Latin excīsiō.

(genetics) The removal of a gene from a section of genetic material.


gula

Learned borrowing from Latin gula (“throat, gullet”).

lbor

(zoology) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum.


proto-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).

prot- (alternative)
Proto- (alternative)

All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.

(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of.

վաղնջա-

(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages


substrate

(biochemistry) A substance acted upon, as by an enzyme.

substrat

the material or substance on which an enzyme acts

The rock surface of a rockpool is the substrate for a sessile organism such as a limpet.

This definition [of "tool"] is not simple, but contains several elements. The tool must not be part of the animal's body (a beak is not a tool); the user must manipulate the tool in some way for it to realise its function; and, finally, a tool cannot be attached to the substrate. This is a fairly clear definition, but does seem to produce some rather arbitrary distinctions (Hansell 1987b). The spider Dinopis, for example, makes a small web which it holds in its legs, thrusting it down on passing ants. This is a tool, but all other webs, however complex, are not since they are anchored to the substrate. The woodpecker finch […] that uses a fine stick held in the beak to extract insect prey from wood, is a tool user, but a shrike […] that impales an insect on a thorn still attached to the bush is not.

2000, Mike Hansell, Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour, →ISBN, page 90:

Detach/subtract [tasks involve] Severing a fixed attachment between environmental objects (or the substrate) or removing object(s) from another unattached object, so the latter is a more useful tool.

2006, Edward A. Wasserman, Thomas R. Zentall, Comparative Cognition: Experimental Explorations of Animal Intelligence, →ISBN, page 520:

Amphisteginids and peneroplids were among the few taxa found in the bay environments, probably due to their preferences for phytal substrates and tolerance to moderate levels of eutrophication.

2015 December 29, “Spatial Patterns in the Distribution, Diversity and Abundance of Benthic Foraminifera around Moorea (Society Archipelago, French Polynesia)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A surface on which an organism grows, or to which an organism or an item is attached.

substrat

a surface on which an organism grows or is attached


optimum

From New Latin, neuter of Latin optimus (“best, very good”), from the root or in ops (“work”), omnis (“all”).

(geology, paleontology, climatology) Any long period of time marked by a persistently warm climate; a climatic optimum.


coherent

en-adj

coherent (comparative more coherent, superlative most coherent)

more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)
cohærent (alternative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

From Middle French coherent, from Latin cohaērēns, from co- + haereō. By surface analysis, cohere + -ent.

(botany) Attaching or pressing against an organ of the same nature.


fringe

From Middle English frenge, from Old French frenge, from Vulgar Latin *frimbia, a metathesis of Latin fimbriae (“fibers, threads, fringe”, plural), of uncertain origin. Compare German Franse and Danish frynse. Eclipsed native Middle English fnæd (“fringe”), Middle English byrd (“fringe”), Middle English fasel (“fringe”) from Old English fæs (“fringe”), and Old English fnæs (“fringe”). Doublet of fimbria.

der

(botany) The peristome or fringe-like appendage of the capsules of most mosses.


construct

Borrowed from Latin cōnstrūctus, from cōnstruō (“to heap together”), from com- (“together”) + struō (“I heap up, pile”). Doublet of construe.

(genetics) A segment of nucleic acid, created artificially, for transplantation into a target cell or tissue.


escapee

(botany) A plant that has escaped from cultivation.


tamarind

en-noun

tamarind (countable and uncountable, plural tamarinds)

From Late Middle English thamarynde, from Old French tamarinde, from Medieval Latin tamarindus, from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, literally “Indian date”).

der

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ

Tamarindus indica
Tamarindus indica#Translingual

(botany) A tropical tree, Tamarindus indica.


preantepenultimate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-preantepenultimate.wav

Nominal sense attested since 1746; adjectival sense attested since 1791: pre- + antepenultimate.

First or Preantepenultimate Milk-molar; Second or Ante- penultimate Milk-molar.

1874, Andrew Leith Adams, On the Dentition and Osteology of the Maltese Fossil Elephants, Zoological Society of London, page 10:

In the tautala leaga [colloquial Samoan] the shortening of normal vowels in the antepenultimate and preantepenultimate syllables is very common.

1992, Ulrike Mosel, Even Hovdhaugen, “Phonology and orthography”, in Samoan Reference Grammar, Oslo: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture; Scandinavian University Press, via National Library of Norway, →ISBN, page 27:

…PWs with preantepenultimate and even fifth-but-last stress occur,…

2010, Editors Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith, Adam Ledgeway, The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 1, Structures, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 82:

(chiefly phonetics and biology) Three before the end; fourth to last.


vagrant

From Late Middle English vagraunt (“person without proper employment; person without a fixed abode, tramp, vagabond”) [and other forms], probably from Anglo-Norman vagarant, wakerant, waucrant (“vagrant”) [and other forms] and Old French walcrant, waucrant (“roaming, wandering”) [and other forms], perhaps influenced by Latin vagārī, the present active infinitive of vagor (“to ramble, stroll about; to roam, rove, wander”). Old French walcrant is the present participle of vagrer, wacrer, walcrer (“to wander, wander about as a vagabond”) [and other forms], from Frankish *walkrōn (“to wander about”), the frequentative form of *walkōn (“to walk; to wander; to stomp, trample; to full (make cloth denser and firmer by soaking, beating and pressing)”), from Proto-Germanic *walkōną (“to roll about, wallow; to full”), *walkaną (“to turn, wind; to toss; to roll, roll about; to wend; to walk; to wander; to trample; to full”),
from Proto-Indo-European *walg-, *walk-, *welgʰ-, *welk-, *wolg- (“to turn, twist; to move”), ultimately from *welH- (“to turn; to wind”).
The English word is cognate with Latin valgus (“bandy-legged, bow-legged”), Middle Dutch walken (“to knead; to full”), Old English wealcan (“to roll”), ġewealcan (“to go; to walk about”), Old High German walchan, walkan (“to move up and down; to press together; to full; to walk; to wander”), Old Norse valka (“to wander”). See further at walk.

cog

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-vagrant.wav

(biology, especially ornithology) An animal, typically a bird, found outside its species' usual range.

迷鳥 /迷鸟

animal found outside its species’ usual range


anatine

en-adj

anatine (comparative more anatine, superlative most anatine)

more anatine (comparative)
most anatine (superlative)

From Latin anatīnus, from anas, anatis (“a duck”) + -inus (“-ine”).

(zoology) Being of the family Anatidae, comprising the swans, geese, and ducks.


mutant

From Latin mūtāns, present participle of mūtō. By surface analysis, muta- + -ant.

Furthermore, it is possible that there occasionally arises what may be called a mutant of very desirable character from a eugenic point of view.

1918, Paul Popenoe, Roswell Hill Johnson, Applied Eugenics:

There does seem to have been some mutation among plants[…]but in animal life where are the mutants? When or where has a new species originated in this way?

"How did I ever get such ability?" he wondered. "No one else in our family has it. Am I some sort of a mutant? But if so, how or why? I never heard Dad or Mother mention it."

1953, E. Everett Evans, Man of Many Minds:

(genetics) That which has mutated, with one or more new characteristics from a mutation.


mutant

mutant DNA

Scientists have created a mutant enzyme that breaks down plastic drinks bottles—by accident.

2018 April 16, Damian Carrington, “Scientists accidentally create mutant enzyme that eats plastic bottles”, in The Guardian:

Researchers at the SSI found that antibodies from people who recovered from coronavirus were less effective at neutralising the mutant strain, but have not made details of their experiments public.

2020 November 8, Ian Sample, “UK scientists seek mutant Covid samples from Danish mink farms”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) Of, relating to, undergoing (i.e. mutating), or resulting from change or mutation; that has undergone mutation.


mens

(Philippines, biology, colloquial) Clipping of menstruation.


pectus

(anatomy, zoology) The breast, especially of a bird.


promotion

en-noun

promotion (countable and uncountable, plural promotions)

/pɹəˈmoʊʃən/

/pɹəˈməʊʃən/

Late Middle English, from Old French promocion, from Late Latin promotio, from Latin promoveo (“I move forward”).

By simple promotion and remotion, assisted by some flexure and extension, the distal spines of each would reach and scratch the substratum and, on remotion, sweep coarse particles posteriorly and dorsally.

1995, Cladocera as Model Organisms in Biology, →ISBN, page 63:

In other arthropods, promotion-remotion of the leg is accomplished at other joints. For example, in spiders promotion-remotion occurs at the coxa-trochanter joint, insects utilize the body-coxa joint, and […]

2008, John L. Capinera, Encyclopedia of Entomology, volume 4, →ISBN, page 3326:

(zoology, chiefly entomology) Forward motion. (Contrast remotion.)


radiate

en-verb

radiate (third-person singular simple present radiates, present participle radiating, simple past and past participle radiated)

radiates (present singular third-person)
radiating (participle present)
radiated (participle past)
radiated (past)

Learned borrowing from Latin radiātus, perfect passive participle of radiō (“to radiate, furnish with spokes, give out rays, radiate, shine”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from radius (“a spoke, ray”).

(ecology, intransitive) To spread into new habitats, migrate.


radiate

en-adj

radiate (comparative more radiate, superlative most radiate)

more radiate (comparative)
most radiate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin radiātus (see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more).

(botany) Having parts radiating from the center, like the petals in many flowers.

(botany) Consisting of a disc in which the florets are tubular.

(biology) Having radial symmetry, like a sea star.


radiate

From a substantivation of the above adjective through the associated taxon's name (Radiata), see -ate (noun-forming suffix).


pupil

From Middle English pupille, from Old French pupille, from Latin pūpilla (“pupil; little girl, doll”), named because of the small reflected image seen when looking into someone's eye.

der

(zoology) The central dark part of an ocellated spot.


locomotion

en-noun

locomotion (usually uncountable, plural locomotions)

/ləʊ.kəˈməʊ.ʃən/

/ləʉ.kəˈməʉ.ʃən/

From French locomotion, from Latin locō (literally “from a place”) (ablative of locus (“place”)) + mōtiōnem (“motion, a moving”) (nominative mōtio), from Latin movēre (“move; change, exchange, go in or out, quit”), from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move, drive”).

der

So it is that one of the characteristics that the sperm whale shares with all cetaceans is that it swims by flexing its tail flukes dorso-ventrally, a less efficient way of swimming than that of its distant piscine ancestors, but a mode of locomotion that derives directly from the galloping of its more recent terrestrial ones.

2011 September 22, Richard Shelton, “Sheep, pig, whale”, in Times Literary Supplement:

(biology, uncountable) Self-powered motion by which a whole organism changes its location through walking, running, jumping, crawling, swimming, brachiating or flying.


running

a running vine

(botany) Extending by a slender climbing or trailing stem.


scrotal

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-scrotal.wav

Learned borrowing from New Latin scrōtālis. Equivalent to scrotum + -al.

lbor

Male maturity is evident from descent of the testes; adult males are scrotal year-round, whereas subadult males are partially or nonscrotal.

2008, Melissa A. Hillegass et al., “The influence of sex and sociality on parasite loads in an African ground squirrel”, in Behavioral Ecology, volume 19, number 5, →DOI, pages 1006–1011:


scrotum

labioscrotal swelling - embryological precursor

(mycology) The pouch or volva of certain fungi.


align

en-verb

align (third-person singular simple present aligns, present participle aligning, simple past and past participle aligned)

aligns (present singular third-person)
aligning (participle present)
aligned (participle past)
aligned (past)
aline (alternative)

From Middle English alynen, alinen (“copulate”), from Middle French aligner, from Old French alignier, from a- + lignier, from Latin lineare (“make straight or perpendicular”), from the noun linea (“line”), from līneus (“flaxen; flaxen [thing]”), from līnum (“flax”), likely ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *līnom (compare linen).

der

(transitive, bioinformatics) To organize a linear arrangement of DNA, RNA, or protein sequences which have regions of similarity.


spatula

en-noun

spatula (plural spatulas or spatulae or spatulæ)

spatulas (plural)
spatulae (plural)
spatulæ (plural)

/ˈspæt͡ʃʊlə/

/ˈspæt͡ʃələ/

Borrowed from Latin spatula (“a flat piece”), the diminutive form of spatha (“broad or flat tool”), from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “a broad wood or metal blade”). Doublet of spauld; compare spatha and spathe.

der

The third instars are similar to other members of the genus except for a three-pronged spatula (typically two-pronged) and five lateral papillae (typically four) and with a nonbristled first instar.

2015 November 2, Donald B. Thomas, John A. Goolsby, “Morphology of the Preimaginal Stages of Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Candidate Biocontrol Agent for Giant Arundo Cane”, in Psyche, →DOI:

(entomology) A sclerotized, T-shaped plate in the prothorax of larvae of flies belonging to family Cecidomyiidae, the gall midges.


artifact

artifacts (plural)
artefact (alternative)

Alteration of artefact, from Italian artefatto, from Latin arte (“by skill”) (ablative of ars (“art”)) + factum (“thing made”) (from facio (“to make, do”)).

(biology) An appearance or structure in protoplasm due to death, the method of preparation of specimens, or the use of reagents, and not present during life.


blotto

Acronym of bovine lacto transfer technique optimizer.

acronym

Secondary goat anti-rabbit antiserum coupled to horseradish peroxidase at a dilution of 1:500 in blotto was then incubated with the blot for 1 hour. Again the unbound antibodies were removed by three rinses in 10% blotto for 15 minutes.

2006, Kimberly Kay Kutz-Naber, Mass Spectral Characterization of Neuropeptides in Cancer Crabs: Method Development and Biological Application (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation), [Madison, Wis.]: University of Wisconsin–Madison, →OCLC, page 236:

Generalized background staining of colostral cell preparations was blocked most effectively with Blotto + 10% FBS.

2007, Anna Levitt Smith, Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Density-separated Bovine Colostral Cells (unpublished M.S. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 40:

Following transfer, the PVDF membrane was removed from the transfer cassette and placed in a sandwich tray and incubated in 20ml blotto (1×tBST, 7% nonfat dry milk and 0.1% Tween-20 pH 7.4) for 1 h while rocking.

2007, Jeffery Ray Williams, Alternate Substrates and Phosphorylation in the Function and Regulation of the Neuronal K-C1 Cotransporter, KCC2 (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 69:

Membranes were blocked at RT for 2 h with blotto [50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.185 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20, 3% nonfat dry milk]. Ape1 monoclonal antibody developed in our laboratory (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA) was diluted in blotto and incubated with the membrane overnight at 4°C (1:1000).

2009 April, Christopher N. Batuello, Mark R. Kelley, Joseph R. Dynlacht, “Role of Ape1 and Base Excision Repair in the Radiation Response and Heat-radiosensitization of HeLa Cells”, in Anticancer Research, volume 29, number 4, →ISSN, →PMID, page 1320, column 1:

(biochemistry) A reagent made from non-fat dry milk, phosphate buffered saline, and sodium azide, which is used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques such as blots and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

بلوتو

reagent used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques


verge

Borrowed from Middle French verge (“rod or wand of office”), hence "scope, territory dominated", from Latin virga (“shoot, rod stick”), of unknown origin. Earliest attested sense in English is now-obsolete meaning "male member, penis" (c.1400). Modern sense is from the notion of 'within the verge' (1509, also as Anglo-Norman dedeinz la verge), i.e. "subject to the Lord High Steward's authority" (as symbolized by the rod of office), originally a 12-mile radius round the royal court, which sense shifted to "the outermost edge of an expanse or area." Doublet of virga.

bor

(zoology) The external male organ of certain mollusks, worms, etc.


neophyte

Borrowed from Latin neophytus, from Ancient Greek νεόφυτος (neóphutos, “newly planted”), from νέος (néos, “new”) + φυτόν (phutón, “plant, child”). By surface analysis, neo- + -phyte.

der

(botany) A plant species recently introduced to an area (in contrast to archaeophyte, a long-established introduced species).


farcical

(veterinary medicine, obsolete, rare) Pertaining to farcy.


sextant

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(botany) A radial cell division of segments in three series, a sixth part of the original.


restriction

en-noun

restriction (countable and uncountable, plural restrictions)

/ɹɪˈstɹɪkʃən/

From Middle English restriccioun, from Anglo-Norman restriction, Middle French restriction, and their source, Late Latin restrictiō, from Latin restringō.
Morphologically restrict + -ion.

Echinorhagata is likewise supported by typical echinoderid autapomorphies, inclusive the number of trichoscalids that is reduced from 14 to 6; restriction of lateral accessory spines to females only; and an apparent restriction of the middorsal spines to appear only on segments 4 to 8.

2015 July 23, “Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha Based on Morphology and Two Molecular Loci”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The mechanism by which a cell degrades foreign DNA material.


morphine

morphine (countable and uncountable, plural morphines)

morphines (plural)
morphin (alternative obsolete)
morphina (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from French morphine or German Morphin, from Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús, “the god and personification of dreams”).

der

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline alkaloid (4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-7,8-didehydromorphinan-3,6-diol), extracted from opium, the salts of which are soluble in water and are used as analgesics, anaesthetics and sedatives; it is one of a group of morphine alkaloids.


vasodilator

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, pharmacology) A drug or chemical agent that causes dilation of the blood vessels thereby reducing blood pressure.


pulsation

en-noun

pulsation (countable and uncountable, plural pulsations)

Borrowed from Middle French pulsacion, and its source, Latin pulsātiō (“a beating or striking”).

bor

(botany) The rhythmic increase and decrease of size in naked zoospores and plasmodia.


mutualism

en-noun

mutualism (countable and uncountable, plural mutualisms)

From mutual + -ism. Compare French mutualisme and Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish mutualismo.

(ecology) Any interaction between two species that benefits both; typically involves the exchange of substances or services.


fissiparous

en-adj

fissiparous (comparative more fissiparous, superlative most fissiparous)

more fissiparous (comparative)
most fissiparous (superlative)

/fɪˈsɪpəɹəs/

An adaptation of New Latin fissiparus, from fissus (“split, cleft”) + pariō (“I bring forth”) by analogy with vīviparus.

Reproduction may be divided into two main classes, namely, sexual and asexual. The latter is effected in many ways—by the formation of buds of various kinds, and by fissiparous generation, that is by spontaneous or artificial division.

1868, Charles Darwin, “Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis”, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. […], volume II, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, part I, page 358:

(cytology) Of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two.

zich door celdeling voortplantend

of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two


production

en-noun

production (countable and uncountable, plural productions)

→ Japanese: プロダクション (purodakushon)

/pɹəˈdʌkʃən/

From Middle English produccioun, from Old French production, from Latin prōductiō, prōductiōnem (“a lengthening, prolonging”). See produce.


sebaceous

Borrowed from Latin sebaceus, from Latin sebum, from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out”), which Proto-Germanic *saipǭ ("soap") is also derived from.

a sebaceous plant secretion


xenobiotic

en-adj

xenobiotic (comparative more xenobiotic, superlative most xenobiotic)

more xenobiotic (comparative)
most xenobiotic (superlative)

en:foreign to the body of the referent organism

(biology) Relating to a substance foreign to the body or ecological system.


xenobiotic

This enzyme is characteristic of harmful bacteria species, and it has deconjugative properties that support the transformation of xenobiotics into more toxic substances.

2016 February 17, “Anthocyanins in Strawberry Polyphenolic Extract Enhance the Beneficial Effects of Diets with Fructooligosaccharides in the Rat Cecal Environment”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any foreign compound not produced by an organism's metabolism.


African hunting dog

en-noun

African hunting dog (plural African hunting dogs)

Lycaon pictus
Lycaon pictus#Translingual

(zoology) A wild canid, Lycaon pictus, typically black, white and tan, found in Tanzania, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa.

Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ łééchąąʼí ałchiní


cross-pollination

cross-pollination (countable and uncountable, plural cross-pollinations)

cross-pollinations (plural)
crosspollination (alternative)

(botany) Fertilization by the transfer of pollen from an anther of one plant to a stigma of another.


pollination

pollination (countable and uncountable, plural pollinations)

pollinations (plural)
pollenation (alternative)

/ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən/

/ˌpɑləˈneɪʃən/

/ˌpɔləˈnæɪʃən/

/ˌpɒləˈnæɪʃən/

(botany) The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma; effected by insects, birds, bats and the wind etc.


anther

From French anthère, from Ancient Greek ἀνθηρός (anthērós, “flowery, blooming”), from ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).

der

(botany) The pollen-bearing part of the stamen of a flower.


stigma

stigmata (plural)
stigmas (plural)
stigmat (alternative)
stigmate (alternative)
stigme (alternative)

From Latin stigma, from Ancient Greek στίγμα (stígma, “brand”), from στίζω (stízō, “I mark”). Distantly related to stick.

Black crowberry. Empetrum nigrum. Crowberry Family. Fruit. — The black drupe is berrylike, globular, and incloses six to nine seedlike nutlets with a seed in each. The calyx is at the base and the stigma is at the apex. The drupes are solitary in the leaf axils. They are juicy, acid, edible, and serve as food for the Arctic birds.

1905, Maude Gridley Peterson, How to Know Wild Fruits: A Guide to Plants When Not in Flower by Means of Fruit and Leaf, Macmillan, page 202:

Now you see just how the stamen gets its lusty dust onto the stigma / And why this frenzied chlorophyllous orgy starts in spring is no enigma!

1982, Dennis Linde, “Reproduction”, in Grease 2:

(botany) The sticky part of a flower that receives pollen during pollination.


lipo-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Greek combining form, from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lĭ́pos, “animal fat”).

bor

(biology, medicine, usually) lipids: oils, cholesterols, fat/lard, tallow, and so on.


isthmus

Borrowing from Latin isthmus (“a strip of land between two seas”), from Ancient Greek ῐ̓σθμός (ĭsthmós, “neck, narrow passage”), possibly from εἶμῐ (eîmĭ, “to go”). Cognate to Old Norse eið (“isthmus”).

(anatomy, botany) Any such narrow part connecting two larger structures.

峽 /峡

part connecting two anatomical structures


stoma

From New Latin stoma, from Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

(botany) One of the tiny pores in the epidermis of a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor pass.

estoma

botany: tiny pore in the epidermis of a leaf

(zoology) A mouthlike opening, such as the oral cavity of a nematode.


symbiosis

en-noun

symbiosis (countable and uncountable, plural symbioses)

From Ancient Greek συμβίωσις (sumbíōsis, “living together”). By surface analysis, sym- + -biosis.

der

A relationship of mutual benefit, especially among different species.

(ecology) A close, prolonged association between two or more organisms of different species that normally benefits both members. An interspecies cooperation.

(biology) A close, prolonged association between two or more organisms of different species, regardless of benefit to the members.


didymous

en-adj

didymous (comparative more didymous, superlative most didymous)

more didymous (comparative)
most didymous (superlative)

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek δίδυμος (dídumos, “twin”).

(botany, zoology) Twin, twinned; growing or occurring in pairs.


edema

edemas (plural)
edemata (plural)
oedema (alternative UK)
œdema (alternative UK nonstandard)

From New Latin edema, from Ancient Greek οἴδημα (oídēma, “swelling”), from οἰδέω (oidéō, “I swell”).

der

(botany) A similar swelling in plants caused by excessive accumulation of water.


epithet

From Middle French épithète, from Latin epithetum, epitheton, from Ancient Greek ἐπίθετον (epítheton, “epithet, adjective”), the neuter of ἐπίθετος (epíthetos, “additional”), from ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi, “to add on”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “in addition”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “to put”) (suf. possibly related to title in the sense of "ascribed appellation") (from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, to do”)).

der

(taxonomy) A word in the scientific name of a taxon following the name of the genus or species. This applies only to formal names of plants, fungi and bacteria. In formal names of animals the corresponding term is the specific name.


heliotrope

en-noun

heliotrope (countable and uncountable, plural heliotropes)

PIE word
 *sóh₂wl̥
The noun is borrowed from French héliotrope, from Latin hēliotropium (“plant which turns to face the sun; bloodstone”), from Ancient Greek ἡλῐοτρόπῐον (hēlĭotrópĭon, “European heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum); bloodstone; solar clock, sundial”), from ἥλῐος (hḗlĭos, “the sun”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“the sun”)) + τρόπος (trópos, “a turn”) (from τρέπω (trépō, “to rotate; to turn”) (from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns from verbs)) + -ῐον (-ĭon, diminutive suffix forming nouns).
The French-derived spelling displaced Middle English elitrope, eliotropius, elitropium (“plant which turns to face the sun; bloodstone”) [and other forms], from Old English eliotropus, from Latin hēliotropium (see above); and Old English siġelhweorfa, sōlsece, and sunnfolgend (“heliotrope flower”).
Sense 6 (“synonym of bloodstone”) is from the fact that a piece of the mineral placed in water is said to change the sun’s rays to a blood-red colour: see the 1601 quotation.
The adjective is probably derived from the noun.

ref

From the B. A. Colonna collection, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A.

nb...

eliscrope, eliotropia, elitrepie, elitropius

رَقِيب الشَّمْسِ

plant of the genus Heliotropium; any of various plants resembling those of the genus Heliotropium

garden heliotrope

Heliotropium arborescens or Valeriana officinalis

As they entered now, it seemed a blaze of roses and carnations, though one recognised in a moment the presence of the lily, the heliotrope, and the stock.

1870, B[enjamin] Disraeli, chapter XXIX, in Lothair. […], volume III, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 326:

Here's newyearspray, the posquiflor, a windaborne and heliotrope; there miriamsweet and amaranth and marygold to crown.

1939 May 4, James Joyce, Finnegans Wake, London: Faber and Faber Limited, →OCLC; republished London: Faber & Faber Limited, 1960, →OCLC, part III, page 561:

(countable, botany, also figuratively) A plant with flowers which turn to face and follow the sun, such as (archaic) marigolds and sunflowers.

(specifically) A plant of the genus Heliotropium, especially the common heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens) which has clusters of purple flowers with a strong fragrance.

With a qualifying word: any of various plants resembling those of the genus Heliotropium.

In the Opale, there be obſerved alſo divers blemiſhes and imperfections as vvell as in other ſtones; namely, if the colour reſemble the floure of that hearbe vvhich is called Heliotropium, id eſt, Turneſole:[…]

[1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XXXVII.] Of the Pretious Stone Opalus, and All the Sundrie Kinds. The Faults in Them and the Means to Trie which be Good. Also Divers Sorts of Other Gems and Pretious Stones.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 2nd tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 614:

Lac[o]. Theſe forked tricks, I vnderſtand 'hem not. / VVould he vvould tell vs vvhome he loues, or hates, / That vve might follovv, vvithout feare, or doubt. / Arr[untius]. Good Heliotrope! Is this your honeſt man? / Let him be yours ſo ſtill. He is my knaue.

1603 (first performance), Ben[jamin] Jonson, Seianus His Fall, London: […] G[eorge] Elld, for Thomas Thorpe, published 1605, →OCLC, Act IV, signature [I4], verso:

AGRYPNIA, or Vigilance, […] her chaplet of Heliotropium, or turneſole; in her one hand a lampe, or creſſet, in her other a bell. The lampe ſignified ſearch and ſight, the bell vvarning. The Heliotropium care; and reſpecting her obiect.

[1604 March 25 (first performance; Gregorian calendar; published 1604), Beniamin Ionson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Part of the Kings Entertainment in Passing to His Coronation [The Coronation Triumph]”, in The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, →OCLC, pages 846–847:

Cordials. […] Flovvers of Heliotrope, […]

a. 1627 (date written), Francis Bacon, edited by [Thomas Tenison], Baconiana. Or Certain Genuine Remains of Sr. Francis Bacon, […], London: […] J. D. for Richard Chiswell, […], published 1679, →OCLC, page 166:

Flovvers in Prime, or yet laſting. […] Star-vvort, Heliotrop, French Mary-gold, […]

1664, J[ohn] E[velyn], “Kalendarium Hortense: Or, The Gard’ners Almanac; […] [August.]”, in Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions. […], London: […] Jo[hn] Martyn, and Ja[mes] Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 73:

[S]till as on the night before, slouched Ahab stood fixed within his scuttle; his hid, heliotrope glance anticipatingly gone backward on its dial; sat due eastward for the earliest sun.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “The Chase—Second Day”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 621:


hypnotic

en-adj

hypnotic (comparative more hypnotic, superlative most hypnotic)

more hypnotic (comparative)
most hypnotic (superlative)
hypnotick (alternative obsolete)

[hɪp̚ˈnɑ.ɾɪk̚]

From French hypnotique (“inclined to sleep, soporific”), from Late Latin hypnoticus, from Ancient Greek ὑπνωτικός (hupnōtikós, “inclined to sleep, putting to sleep, sleepy”), from ὑπνῶ (hupnô, “I put to sleep”), from ὕπνος (húpnos, “sleep”).

der

hypnotic seeds


calyx

calyces (plural)
calyxes (plural)
calix (alternative)

From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch.

Meronym: sepal

(botany) The outermost whorl of flower parts, comprising the sepals, which covers and protects the petals as they develop.

(zoology, anatomy) Any of various cup-like structures.

A chamber in the mammalian kidney through which urine passes.

The crown containing the viscera of crinoids and similar echinoderms, entoprocts, and the polyps of some cnidarians.

A funnel-shaped expansion of the vas deferens or oviduct of insects.

A flattened cap of neuropil in the brain of insects.


chlorophyll

en-noun

chlorophyll (usually uncountable, plural chlorophylls)

chlorophylls (plural)
chlorophyl (alternative dated)

Borrowed from French chlorophylle, from Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”) and φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”).

(biochemistry) Any of a group of green pigments that are found in the chloroplasts of plants and in other photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria.


climax

climax (countable and uncountable, plural climaxes or (rare) climaces)

climaxes (plural)
climaces (plural rare)

From Latin clīmax, from Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder, staircase, [rhetorical] climax”), from κλίνω (klínō, “I lean, slant”).

bor

The succession of associations leading to a climax represents the process of adjustment to the conditions of stress, and the climax represents a condition of relative equilibrium. Climax associations[…] are the resultants of certain climatic, geological[…] conditions.

1915 July 17, Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory:

(now often) A culmination or acme: the last term in an ascending series, particularly:

(ecology) The culmination of ecological development, whereby species are in equilibrium with their environment.

климакс

ecology: stage in ecological development


crypt

Learned borrowing from Latin crypta (“vault”), from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”). Doublet of grotto.

der

(botany) Any of the genus Cryptocoryne of aquatic plants of southern and southeastern Asia.

(botany) Any of the genus Cryptopus of orchids of Madagascar and Mauritius.


mimesis

en-noun

mimesis (countable and uncountable, plural mimeses)

From Ancient Greek μῑ́μησις (mī́mēsis), from μιμεῖσθαι (mimeîsthai, “to imitate”), from μῖμος (mîmos, “a mime”).


gallery

From Middle English galery, gallerye, from Middle French galerie, gallerie, from Old French galerie, gallerie (“a long portico, a gallery”), from Medieval Latin galeria (“gallery”), of unknown origin. Perhaps an alteration of Latin galilea (“church porch”), probably from Latin Galilaea, Galilee, region of Israel. More at Galilee.

unk

unknown origin

beetle gallery

en:boring trails produced by an insect in wood

(entomology) The boring trails produced by an insect in wood.


pharynx

Borrowing from New Latin pharynx, from Ancient Greek φᾰ́ρῠγξ (phắrŭnx, “throat”).

der

(zootomy) The part of the alimentary canal immediately behind the mouth in invertebrates that may be thickened and muscular, eversible and toothed, or adapted as a suctorial organ.


pneumatic

en-adj

pneumatic (comparative more pneumatic, superlative most pneumatic)

more pneumatic (comparative)
most pneumatic (superlative)
pneumatick (alternative obsolete)

From Latin pneumaticus, from Ancient Greek πνευματικός (pneumatikós, “relating to wind or air”), from πνεῦμα (pneûma, “wind, air, breath, spirit”), from πνέω (pnéō, “I blow, breath”).

der

pneumatic cells or bones

(zoology) Having cavities filled with air

hol-

zoology: having cavities filled with air


cow-tree

cow-trees (plural)
cow tree (alternative)

(botany) Any of various South American trees which, when wounded, exude a rich milky liquid.

(botany) Brosimum utile, native to Brazil and Venezuela

(botany) Couma macrocarpa of the family Apocynaceae, a tropical rain forest tree native to Colombia.

(botany) Gymnema lactiferum, native to Ceylon.

Manilkara bidentata
Manilkara bidentata#Translingual

(botany) Manilkara bidentata, native to Brazil


molid

(zoology) Any fish in the family Molidae.


bundle

From Middle English bundel, from Middle Dutch bondel or Old English byndele, byndelle (“a binding; tying; fastening with bands”); both from Proto-Germanic *bundil-, derivative of *bundą (“bundle”). Compare also bindle, Dutch bundel, German Bündel.

(biology) A cluster of closely bound muscle or nerve fibres.

сноп

biology: cluster of closely bound muscle or nerve fibres


measles

Either from Middle Dutch masels (“blood blisters, measels”) or Middle Low German maselen (“red blemishes, measels”), both from Old High German masala (“blood blister, phlegmon”). Doublet of measlings. Cognate with mazer & mase and Middle Low German masele & māsel. Influenced in pronunciation and some senses by mesel (“leprous, leper”).

measle (alternative)
the measles (alternative)
measels (alternative)

The Swyne dyed of the Measils.

Porcine measles, thought by classical writers to be leprosy, is actually the result of tapeworm cysts which cause ulcerations of the pig's tongue.

1992, Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, translated by Anthea Bell, The History of Food, page 416:

(veterinary medicine) Synonym of cysticercosis: A disease of livestock or meat caused by the presence of tapeworm larvae.

cysticercosis

Their fruit-trees are subject to two diseases, the Meazels... and lowsiness.

1674, John Josselyn, An Account of Two Voyages to New-England, page 190:

(botany, obsolete) Any disease causing a tree's bark to become rough and irregular.


virulent

en-adj

virulent (comparative more virulent, superlative most virulent)

more virulent (comparative)
most virulent (superlative)

PIE word
 *wisós
From Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).
Sense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.

nb...

éditeurs, Libraris de l’Académie de Médecine, 120, Boulevard Saint-Germain

(microbiology) Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis.


scope

en-verb

scope (third-person singular simple present scopes, present participle scoping, simple past and past participle scoped)

scopes (present singular third-person)
scoping (participle present)
scoped (participle past)
scoped (past)

From Italian scopo (“purpose”), from Latin scopus (“target”), from Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-. Etymologically related to skeptic and spectrum.

`Maybe there was another darker bird and it had flown away before we could scope it?' `Yes there must have been,' came the grim-faced reply.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 199:

(birdwatching, informal) To observe a bird using a spotting scope.


plumage

en-noun

plumage (countable and uncountable, plural plumages)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-plumage.wav

From Old French plumage (14c.), itself from plume (“feather”) (from Latin plūma (“feather, down”), from a Proto-Indo-European base *plews- (“to pluck, a feather, fleece”) + -age.

Somewhat like a heron she was, but stouter, and shorter of leg, and her beak shorter and thicker than the heron’s; and so long and delicate was her pale gray plumage that hard it was to say whether it were hair or feathers.

1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros: A Romance, London: Jonathan Cape […], →OCLC, page 33:

[Owner]: No no he's not dead, he's, he's restin'! Remarkable bird, the Norwegian Blue, idn'it, ay? Beautiful plumage!
[Mr. Praline]: The plumage don't enter into it. It's stone dead.

1969, Monty Python, “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”, in Dead Parrot sketch:

(ornithology, collective noun) Layer or collection of feathers covering a bird’s body; feathers used ornamentally; feathering.