hyperactivation

hyperactivation (countable and uncountable, plural hyperactivations)

(biology) A form of sperm motility associated with active beating of the flagellum.


myelomonocyte

(biology) A monocyte that is in the process of developing into a granulocyte.


neuroinformatics

(biology, computing) The science that studies the neural system by use of computational models


pentraxin

pentraxins (plural)
pentaxin (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins characterised by calcium-dependent ligand binding.


urolithiasis

en-noun

urolithiasis (countable and uncountable, plural urolithiases)

From international scientific vocabulary, using New Latin combining forms, from uro- + lithiasis = urolith + -iasis = uro- + lith + -iasis.

(biology, medicine) Formation of, and thus also presence of, calculi in the urinary tract.

nephrolithiasis

sensu stricto, coordinate, but in practice any stone passed in the urine may be called a kidney stone, as the locus of its formation may not yet be known; and thus many mentions of urolithiasis and nephrolithiasis are loosely synonymous, which is to say, not precisely differentiated


nephrolithiasis

From international scientific vocabulary, using New Latin combining forms, from nephro- + lithiasis = nephrolith + -iasis = nephro- + lith + -iasis.

(biology, medicine) Formation of, and thus also presence of, calculi in the kidneys (kidney stones).


nephrolith

(biology, medicine) Synonym of kidney stone


vagile

en-adj

vagile (comparative more vagile, superlative most vagile)

more vagile (comparative)
most vagile (superlative)

Borrowed from German vagil, from Latin vagus (“wandering”).


netrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins involved in axon guidance


submitochondrial

(biology) Describing any subunit of a mitochondrion


allozyme

Near-synonyms: isoenzyme, isozyme

[…] suggesting the two are different stages of the same species. The identity of the two species is further suggested by allozyme analysis […]

1997, “Hydrothermal Vent Fauna”, in Advances in Marine Biology: The Biogeography of the Oceans, page 111:

(genetics, biochemistry) Either form of an enzyme specified by an allelic gene.

allozima

either form of an enzyme specified by an allelic gene


gustducin

(biochemistry) A protein associated with the sensation of taste


transducin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins associated with the visual process


coral bleaching

en-noun

coral bleaching (usually uncountable, plural coral bleachings)

(ecology) The loss of colour in a coral reef due to the loss of symbiotic algae as a result of stress.


heterogametic

(biology) That produces different forms of the same gamete e.g. spermatozoa containing either an X- or a Y-chromosome


anteroposteriorly

The nonpregnant uterus has the shape of a pear, compressed anteroposteriorly and bent forward upon its neck.

1959, Fred Albert Mettler, The Medical Sourcebook, page 669:

The neural spine is about 120 mm long anteroposteriorly at the base, while it is only about 13 mm thick.

1997, University of Michigan. Museum of Paleontology, Contributions, volume 30, page 67:

(biology) Along the anteroposterior axis


archaebacterial

(bacteriology) Of or pertaining to bacteria of the domain Archaea, formerly classified as Archaebacteria


osmosensor

(biochemistry) Any of several classes of organic compound that undergo transitions between "off" and "on" conformations in response to changes in extracellular water activity (direct osmosensing) or resulting changes in cell structure (indirect osmosensing).


sporophyll

(botany) The equivalent to a leaf, in ferns and mosses, that bears the sporangia.

σποριόφυλλο

the equivalent to a leaf in ferns and mosses


biomineralize

en-verb

biomineralize (third-person singular simple present biomineralizes, present participle biomineralizing, simple past and past participle biomineralized)

biomineralizes (present singular third-person)
biomineralizing (participle present)
biomineralized (participle past)
biomineralized (past)

Instead, it seems more likely that this organism biomineralizes and arranges endogenous magnetite crystals in a highly controlled fashion within the cell where intracellular structural elements play a significant role in magnetosome, as has been shown for magnetotactic prokaryotes.

2011, Alexander Altenbach, Anoxia: Evidence for Eukaryote Survival and Paleontological Strategies:

(biology) To mineralize within a biological organism; e.g. to form bone (in vertebrates) or silica skeleton (in diatoms).


desmocyte

(biology) Any of several elongated interstitial cells, but especially the fibroblasts


ryanodine

en-noun

ryanodine (countable and uncountable, plural ryanodines)

(biochemistry, physiology) A poisonous alkaloid which occurs in the stems of the tropical American shrub Ryania speciosa (family Flacourtiaceae) and has been used as an insecticide and in experimental studies of calcium release within cells.


run year

(biology) A year in which salmon return to spawn in a particular river


wild type

wild types (plural)
wild-type (alternative)
wildtype (alternative)

(biology, ecology) The typical form of an organism, strain, gene or characteristic as it occurs in nature.

(biology, Mendelian) The phenotype of the dominant allele (heterozygous genotype or homozygous dominant genotype).


sinistrorse

en-adj

sinistrorse (comparative more sinistrorse, superlative most sinistrorse)

more sinistrorse (comparative)
most sinistrorse (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sinistrorse.wav

(botany) Turning to the left (of the observer) as it grows taller.


multitrophic

multitrophic (comparative more multitrophic, superlative most multitrophic)

more multitrophic (comparative)
most multitrophic (superlative)
multi-trophic (alternative)

(ecology) Involving species of different trophic levels of the same food chain


nematology

(biology) The branch of biology that studies nematode roundworms


replisome

(genetics) A matrix of enzymes that is the site of DNA replication in the nucleus of a cell.


impennate

impennate (comparative more impennate, superlative most impennate)

more impennate (comparative)
most impennate (superlative)

(zoology, archaic) Characterized by short wings unsuitable for flying, covered with feathers resembling scales, as in the penguins.


biocontainment

(biology) Any of several techniques used to ensure that biohazards are contained within a laboratory and not allowed to escape into the environment.

(genetics) The modification of an organism's genetic material in order to restrict its ability to reproduce outside of a laboratory.


triphosphatase

en-noun

triphosphatase (countable and uncountable, plural triphosphatases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of triphosphate into a phosphate and a diphosphate through the addition of a water molecule


thioglycollate

thioglycollates (plural)
thioglycolate (alternative)

cultured in thioglycollate broth

(microbiology) A growth medium containing sodium thioglycollate and other substances


coculture

cocultures (plural)
co-culture (alternative)

The cocultures of HeLa cells and lymphocytes were incubated for 24 hours.

(biology) A cell culture containing two (or sometimes more) different types of cells.


coculture

en-verb

coculture (third-person singular simple present cocultures, present participle coculturing, simple past and past participle cocultured)

cocultures (present singular third-person)
coculturing (participle present)
cocultured (participle past)
cocultured (past)
co-culture (alternative)

cells cocultured with macrophages

(biology) To culture together, usually with another type of cell


thigmotropism

(biology) Growth or motion in response to touch


splenocyte

(biology, immunology) A type of monocyte characteristically found in spleen tissue


coexpress

coexpress (third-person singular simple present coexpresses, present participle coexpressing, simple past and past participle coexpressed)

coexpresses (present singular third-person)
coexpressing (participle present)
coexpressed (participle past)
coexpressed (past)

(genetics) To express together with another gene


ingression

en-noun

ingression (countable and uncountable, plural ingressions)

Ingression of ectodermal cells from the area between the velar lobes establishes the cerebral ganglia and similar ingressions produce the other ganglia.

1940, Libbie Henrietta Hyman, The Invertebrates, page 496:

(biology) The inward migration of cells from the blastula during gastrulation.


gastrulation

From German Gastrulation, coined by Ernst Haeckel in his 1872 work "Biology of Calcareous Sponges" (see also gastrula).

The study of comparative embryology, nevertheless, would lead us to expect to find this germ layer arising by a process of gastrulation.

1909, John Thomas Patterson, Gastrulation in the Pigeon's Egg, University of Chicago, page 66:

1929, Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Sciences, Volumes 13-19, South Dakota Academy of Science, page 52,
In the instances described by various observers and in the quadruple one described herein, these gastrulations no doubt began at different times, since the embryos are of different sizes.

2020, Konner M. Winkley, et al., 8: Tunicate Gastrulation, Lilianna Solnica-Krezel (editor), Gastrulation, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 227,
Pharmacological inhibition of RhoA at later steps of gastrulation causes the apical constrictions to relax, indicating a persistent requirement for this pathway.

(embryology, biology) The stage of embryo development at which a gastrula is formed from the blastula by the inward migration of cells.


ichnogenus

(paleontology) Any genus known only from trace fossils, such as footprints, coprolites or nests.


postcranium

Upper half of postcranium with the cerebral plate concave in profile, inferior margin of cerebral plate raised and slightly prominent, lower part of postcranium more or less convex.

1878, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press, page 324:

In contrast, in Bronze Age samples cranial traumas are concentrated in males (with 5 of 6 cases in this sample; sexed postcrania are too sparse to analyze), and both cranial and postcranial traumas in the Iron Age are more frequent among males.

1997, Debra K. Martin, Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past, page 137:

However, King (1994) revealed four lead-shot balls with a skull with evidence of fracture from a post-Medieval cemetery at Glasgow Cathedral, Scotland, and Willey and Scott (1996) report six of ten skeletons from the Battle of the Little Bighorn with gunshot wounds to either the cranium or the postcranium.

2013, Charlotte A Roberts, The Archaeology of Disease:

(paleontology) The portion of a vertebrate skeleton located caudal to the cranium (that is, in bipeds, inferior to it).


proteasomal

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to a proteasome


melittin

melittin (countable and uncountable, plural melittins)

Borrowed from German Melittin, from Attic Greek μέλιττα (mélitta, “bee”) + -in, from German -in.

af

If enough bees sting an animal, the cardiotoxin component of melittin will work to arrest its heart.

2016 August 18, Avi Steinberg, “The Connoisseur of Pain”, in The New York Times Magazine:

(biochemistry) A peptide, containing 26 amino acids, which is present in bee venom and has been used experimentally as an antibacterial agent, especially against penicillin-resistant bacteria.


recombinase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that mediate recombination of DNA fragments among chromosomes


metallophilic

the metallophilic cytoplasm


introgression

(genetics) The movement of a gene from one species to another.


nontemplate

a nontemplate strand

nontemplate bases

(genetics) Not functioning as a template in DNA replication


ovalbumin

From Late Latin ovi albumen (“egg white”), + -in.

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein which is the primary constituent of egg white.


polypurine

(biochemistry) A continuous sequence of purines in a nucleic acid.

polypuriini

continuous sequence of purines in a protein


photoheterotrophic

(biology) Using light for energy, but requiring a source of carbon other than carbon dioxide.


barcoding

(taxonomy) A taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism's DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular species.


allopatry

From Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “different”) + πᾰτρῐ́ς (pătrĭ́s, “fatherland”).

der

(biology) The condition of being allopatric.


geometrid moth

(entomology) Any of the various moths of the family Geometridae.


geometer moth

(entomology) A geometrid moth of family Geometridae.


buchiid

Back-formation from Buchiidae, from the genus name Buchia.

The buchiids were certainly the most abundant bivalve group in the oceans of British Columbia during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.

1997, Rolf Ludvigsen, Life in Stone: A Natural History of British Columbia's Fossils, →ISBN, page 177:

(malacology, paleontology) A bivalve mollusc of the extinct family †Buchiidae.


snout moth

(entomology) An eggar (family Lasiocampidae).


trophont

(microbiology) The adult, motile life stage of certain ciliate protozoans.


ichthyophthiriasis

en-noun

ichthyophthiriasis (usually uncountable, plural ichthyophthiriases)

(ichthyology) A parasitic infection of freshwater fish caused by the ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.


dinospore

(microbiology) A spore produced through multiple fission of a dinomastigote


dinomastigote

From Dinomastigota, from dino- + mastigote.

(microbiology) A dinoflagellate of the phylum Dinomastigota.


bicistronic

bicistronic transcription

(genetics) Having or involving two cistrons, loci responsible for generating a protein


phenoloxidase

phenoloxidases (plural)
phenol oxidase (alternative)

In one widely accepted model, the oxidation of catechols (o-diphenols) to o-quinones by cuticular phenoloxidase takes place and then these quinones diffuse into the cuticle […]

1991, Gregory W. Narr, Nicholas Cohen, Phylogenesis of Immune Functions, →ISBN, page 48:

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyzes phenol oxidation, and which is often involved in melanization processes

fenoloxidase

an enzyme which catalyzes phenol oxidation


paleolatitude

paleolatitudes (plural)
palaeolatitude (alternative)

(geology, paleontology) The former latitude of a particular geologic formation at a time in the geologic past, often specifically the time of formation


intraclade

intraclade variation

(biology) Within a clade, or monophyletic taxon


isofemale

an isofemale strain

(genetics) Originating from a single wild female


melanization

melanizations (plural)
melanisation (alternative)

the melanization of larvae

(biochemistry) Conversion into melanin, or an increase in the concentration of melanin within (a tissue or organism)


allopolyploid

en-adj

allopolyploid (comparative more allopolyploid, superlative most allopolyploid)

more allopolyploid (comparative)
most allopolyploid (superlative)

(genetics) Having multiple complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species


allopolyploid

alopoliploide

organism having multiple complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species


allotetraploid

(genetics) Having four sets of chromosomes derived from different species


amphidiploid

(genetics) Having a diploid set of chromosomes from each of its parents


amphidiploid

amfidiploid

organism having a diploid set of chromosomes from each of its parents


hadrosaur

Back-formation from Hadrosauridae, from the type genus Hadrosaurus, which in turn was derived from Ancient Greek ἁδρός (hadrós, “strong”) + σαῦρος (saûros, “lizard”).

Bipedal hadrosaurs, great hulking lambeosaurs, certain rhino-like ceratopsians and relatives of the velociraptors - all large and probably able swimmers - had the greatest success.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 31:

(paleontology) Any ornithopod dinosaur of the family Hadrosauridae.


unphosphorylated

an unphosphorylated protein


thrombospondin

en-noun

thrombospondin (countable and uncountable, plural thrombospondins)

From thrombin + respond + -in, coined in a 1972 paper by Baenziger et al., named due to its sensitivity to thrombin.https://web.archive.org/web/20060223143336/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/247/9/2723

extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix

(biochemistry) Any of a family of glycoproteins secreted into the extracellular matrix by various types of cell, which play a role in cellular adhesion in processes including thrombocyte aggregation, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis.


supershift

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supershift.wav

In addition, a band supershift was observed when anti-c-Jun antibody was added.

2003, T. Shiozawa et al., “Involvement of Cell Cycle Regulators in Steroid Hormone-Induced Growth of Endometrial Carcinoma”, in Kuramoto & Nishida, editors, Cell and Molecular Biology of Endometrial Carcinoma, →ISBN, page 89:

(biochemistry, proteomics) A reduction in the mobility of a protein-DNA complex relative to unbound DNA, due to the binding of an antibody to that complex


supershift

en-verb

supershift (third-person singular simple present supershifts, present participle supershifting, simple past and past participle supershifted)

supershifts (present singular third-person)
supershifting (participle present)
supershifted (participle past)
supershifted (past)

(biochemistry, proteomics) To induce a supershift


symporter

integral membrane protein
integral membrane protein

(biochemistry) An integral membrane protein involved in the movement of different molecules or ions in the same direction across a phospholipid membrane.


thermoneutrality

the zone of thermoneutrality

(biology) The state of being neutral with regard to heat effects; the state of being thermoneutral

activity at thermoneutrality

(biology) The heat-neutral temperature for a given animal: the temperature at which it does not need to regulate its body temperature


thermotaxis

en-noun

thermotaxis (countable and uncountable, plural thermotaxes)

(biology) Movement in response to temperature


translocase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that assists in moving another molecule, usually across a membrane

(biochemistry) historical term for the protein now called elongation factor G


amphid

From Ancient Greek ἀμφιδέα (amphidéa, “anything that binds or is bound around”), from ἀμφιδέω (amphidéō, “to bind around”) + -ᾱ (-ā, action noun suffix).

af

(nematology) One of a pair of chemosensory sense organs positioned laterally on the head of a nematode.

anfídio

chemosensory organ positioned laterally on the head of nematodes


allantoin

en-noun

allantoin (countable and uncountable, plural allantoins)

From allant- + -in; this substance concentrates in the allantois during development in most mammals.

(biochemistry) A diureide of glyoxylic acid, used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products; or a derivative of this compound


athermotactic

If the major thermosensory neuron, AFD, is ablated, most animals become athermotactic, that is, they will move randomly on a temperature gradient […]

2004, Noelle L'Etoile, “Chemosensory Transduction in Caenorhabditis elegans”, in Frings & Bradley, editors, Transduction Channels in Sensory Cells, →ISBN, page 82:

(biology) Not moving in relation to heat; lacking thermotaxis


autofluorescence

autofluorescence (usually uncountable, plural autofluorescences)

(biology, microscopy) Self-induced fluorescence.

(biology, microscopy) The fluorescence of substances other than the fluorophore of interest.


autokinase

autokinases (plural)
auto-kinase (alternative)

Shortened from "autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase."

an autokinase domain

(biochemistry) A protein kinase or domain which promotes autophosphorylation


autophosphatase

autophosphatases (plural)
auto-phosphatase (alternative)

an autophosphatase reaction

In addition, KaiC, which can act both as an autokinase and an autophosphatase, undergoes robust daily phosphorylation cycles that depend on its physical interactions with KaiA and KaiB.

2006, U. Schibler, “Circadian time keeping”, in Kalsbeek et al., editors, Hypothalamic Integration of Energy Metabolism, →ISBN, page 273:

(biochemistry, noun adjunct) A phosphatase that dephosphorylates itself


malleate

en-adj

malleate (comparative more malleate, superlative most malleate)

more malleate (comparative)
most malleate (superlative)

From Latin malleātus, perfect passive participle of *malleō (“beat with a hammer”), related to malleus (“a hammer, mallet”).

Malleate trophi are present in such common rotifers as Brachionus, Keratella, and Lecane.

2009, James H. Thorp, Alan P. Covich, editors, Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, 3rd edition, page 181:

(zoology) Possessing or resembling a malleus, or another structure shaped like a hammer.

malleātus

(zoology) possessing or resembling a malleus

The spire has stronger rib-striæ than C. bequaerti; last whorl finely and closely malleate, with several weak spiral threads.

1919, Henry Augustus Pilsbry, “A Review of the Land Mollusks of the Belgian Congo”, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, number 40, page 313:

(malacology, of a shell) Having a surface with shallow round indentations, resembling copper that has been hammered.

malleātus

(malacology) having a surface with shallow round indentations


byssal

the byssal threads

(malacology) Of or pertaining to the byssi, filaments secreted by certain bivalves


cotransporter

(biochemistry) An integral membrane protein that actively transports molecules by using the concentration gradient of one molecule or ion concentration to force the other molecule or ion against its gradient.


coimmunoprecipitate

en-verb

coimmunoprecipitate (third-person singular simple present coimmunoprecipitates, present participle coimmunoprecipitating, simple past and past participle coimmunoprecipitated)

coimmunoprecipitates (present singular third-person)
coimmunoprecipitating (participle present)
coimmunoprecipitated (participle past)
coimmunoprecipitated (past)

These two proteins coimmunoprecipitate under certain conditions.

These antibodies coimmunoprecipitate the receptor protein.

(biochemistry, transitive and intransitive) To immunoprecipitate together (with another compound)


denitrifier

Most denitrifiers can live under anaerobic conditions.

(biology, soil science) An organism that engages in denitrification, the removal of nitrates from the environment


decompaction

en-noun

decompaction (countable and uncountable, plural decompactions)

As a result of decompaction, the permeability of low-porosity rocks may increase by several orders of magnitude.

1995, Georgiy P. Zaraisky, Victor N. Balashov, “Thermal Decompaction of Rocks”, in Shmulovich et al., editors, Fluids in the Crust, →ISBN, page 254:

(chiefly in geology, biochemistry) The act or process of making something less compact; often specifically the reversal of previous compaction

décompactage

the act of making something less compact


cryophilic

a cryophilic bacterium

(microbiology) growing best at low temperatures, typically below 10 degrees Celsius


stenothermal

a stenothermal organism

(biology) Able to tolerate only a narrow range of temperatures.


skeletogenesis

skeletogenesis in the vertebrate embryo

(biology) The process of skeleton formation


rephosphorylation

splicing and rephosphorylation

(biochemistry) Phosphorylation of a compound, such as a protein, which has previously been dephosphorylated


reexpress

en-verb

reexpress (third-person singular simple present reexpresses, present participle reexpressing, simple past and past participle reexpressed)

reexpresses (present singular third-person)
reexpressing (participle present)
reexpressed (participle past)
reexpressed (past)
re-express (alternative)
reëxpress (alternative)

The protein was not reexpressed after the treatment


acrophysalidic

(biology, mycology) Describes tissue that consists of connective hyphae and abundant, large, terminal, inflated cells.


adventive

en-adj

adventive (comparative more adventive, superlative most adventive)

more adventive (comparative)
most adventive (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin adventīvus, from adveniō (“to come (to)”) + -īvus (verbal-adjective suffix).

affix

(biology) Of a plant that is not native, but was introduced by humans to a place and has since become naturalized.


lambeosaur

From translingual Lambeosaurus, from Lambe + -saurus, named for Lawrence Lambe.

(paleontology) A crested duck-billed dinosaur of the family Hadrosauridae.


lambeosaurid

From Lambeosauridae, in turn from the type genus Lambeosaurus, after Lawrence Lambe.

(paleontology, archaic) A member of the putative family of crested hadrosaurs, the Lambeosauridae.


deproteinize

en-verb

deproteinize (third-person singular simple present deproteinizes, present participle deproteinizing, simple past and past participle deproteinized)

deproteinizes (present singular third-person)
deproteinizing (participle present)
deproteinized (participle past)
deproteinized (past)
deproteinise (alternative)

(biochemistry) To remove protein from a substance or mixture


eurytherm

These and other differences between stenotherms and eurytherms suggest that the effects of global warming will not be uniform among ectothermic species.

1997, G.N. Somero, G.E. Hoffman, “Temperature thresholds for protein adaptation”, in Wood & McDonald, editors, Global Warming, →ISBN, page 20:

(biology) An organism, often specifically an ectotherm, that can function at a wide range of temperatures.


stenotherm

(biology) An organism, often specifically an ectotherm, that functions only within a narrow temperature range.


entrainable

en-adj

entrainable (comparative more entrainable, superlative most entrainable)

more entrainable (comparative)
most entrainable (superlative)

a food-entrainable oscillator

A number of other studies indicate that there are interactions between light-entrainable and food-entrainable circadian systems, ie, the period and phase of one has an effect on the other.

2000, Friedrich K. Stephan, “Food Shift Effect”, in George Fink, editor, Encyclopedia of Stress A-D, →ISBN, page 168:

(biology) Capable of being entrained, or brought into a specific rhythm


hyperphosphorylation

(biochemistry) The state of being fully phosphorylated, so that all potential phosphorylation sites are occupied


immunohistochemical

2015 January 7, “An immunohistochemical study of CD83- and CD1a-positive dendritic cells in the decidua of women with recurrent spontaneous abortion”, in European Journal of Medical Research, archived from the original on 2022-12-02:

(immunology, histology) Of, pertaining to, or by means of immunohistochemistry, the use of immunological techniques to study the chemistry of tissues.


immunohistochemical

(immunology, histology) Any immunological histochemical


immunoaffinity

an immunoaffinity column

The human endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) of t-PA was purified to homogeneity and partially sequenced directly from endothhelial ^([sic]) cells by Sanzo (39), using the immunoaffinity of a monoclonal antibody against human t-PA.

1994, Nikos K. Harakas, “Biospecific Affinity Chromatography”, in Roger G. Harrison, editor, Protein Purification Process Engineering, →ISBN, page 61:

(biochemistry, noun adjunct) The specific chemical affinity between an antibody, or antibody domain, and an antigen


intercellularly

Like rhizobia, Frankia strains can enter the roots of their host plants either intracellularly, via root hairs, or intercellularly, depending on the host plant species.

2005, J.K. Vessey et al., “Root-based N2-fixing symbioses”, in Lambers & Colmer, editors, Root Physiology, →ISBN, page 59:

(biology) Between cells; in an intercellular fashion


intercross

en-verb

intercross (third-person singular simple present intercrosses, present participle intercrossing, simple past and past participle intercrossed)

intercrosses (present singular third-person)
intercrossing (participle present)
intercrossed (participle past)
intercrossed (past)

A species varies occasionally in two directions, but owing to their free intercrossing they (the variations) never increase.

1916, Alfred Russel Wallace, Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 1:

(biology, genetics) To breed two strains having a common ancestry with one another


intercross

Intercrosses are particularly useful with recessive mutations maintained in a small colony.

2000, Xavier Montagutelli, “Determining the Genetic Basis of a New Trait”, in Sundberg & Boggess, editors, Systematic Approach to Evaluation of Mouse Mutations, →ISBN, page 20:

(biology, genetics) The act or product of intercrossing


intercrossing

(genetics) The interbreeding of two strains that have a common ancestry


intrasubunit

an intrasubunit bond


intraflagellar

an intraflagellar structure

(microbiology) Internal to a flagellum or cilium


intersubunit

an intersubunit disulfide bridge

(biochemistry) Occurring between protein subunits


karyotypically

a karyotypically normal cell line


megakaryoblastic

a megakaryoblastic leukemia

(cytology) Of or pertaining to a megakaryoblast


megakaryoblast

(cytology) A precursor cell in hematopoiesis which gives rise to the promegakaryocyte, which in turn gives rise to the megakaryocyte.


melastatin

(genetics, oncology) A gene expressed in melanocytes and involved in nevomelanocytic development; down-regulated in cases of melanoma


biotinylated

(biochemistry) Modified by reaction with a biotin group


melanophore

(biology) A cell containing melanin or other black pigment, such as are found in fish, amphibians, and reptiles


dectin

(biology) Any of several transmembrane signalling receptors (a form of lectin) that mediate various cellular functions


ferroportin

(biochemistry) A transmembrane protein that transports iron.


ferroxidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of iron ions


haptoglobin

(biochemistry) A protein in blood plasma that binds free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes and thereby inhibits its oxidative activity.


hemopexin

(biochemistry) A serum globulin that binds heme and porphyrins


neomycin

en-noun

neomycin (countable and uncountable, plural neomycins)

From neo- + -mycin (“antibiotic derived from Streptomyces”).

af

The bowel is prepared preoperatively with neomycin and sulfathalidine. A wide transverse lower abdominal incision is used.

1954 February 15, Oswald S. Lowsley, Thomas H. Johnson, Antonio E. Rueda, “Operation for Urinary Diversion”, in Modern Medicine, volume 22, number 4, Minneapolis, Minn.: Modern Medicine Publications, Inc., page 89:

Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces fradiae#Translingual

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic related to streptomycin that is produced by a streptomyces (Streptomyces fradiae) and used medically especially to treat local infections.


phagocytose

en-verb

phagocytose (third-person singular simple present phagocytoses, present participle phagocytosing, simple past and past participle phagocytosed)

phagocytoses (present singular third-person)
phagocytosing (participle present)
phagocytosed (participle past)
phagocytosed (past)

(immunology, cytology) To phagocytize; to ingest by phagocytosis.


streptavadin

(biology) A peptide used, along with biotin, in the sequencing of RNA.


nonfeeding

The organism passes through a nonfeeding pupal stage.

(biology, of an animal) Never consuming food


nondisjunction

Different exogenous agents may interfere with the normal disjunction of sister chromosomes during meiosis and increase the frequency of aneuploid sperm, as demonstrated in mice treated with aneugens and men treated with anticancer agents. Although not all germ cells achieve maturity, the close correlation of chromosome nondisjunction in spermatogenesis with genotoxic outcomes indicates that the investigation for aneuploidy in a large sample of aneugen-exposed workers is significant.

2004 December 22, Yankai Xia, Senping Cheng, Qian Bian, Lichun Xu, Michael D. Collins, Hebron C. Chang, Lin Song, Jiayin Liu, Shoulin Wang, Xinru Wang, “Genotoxic Effects on Spermatozoa of Carbaryl-Exposed Workers”, in Toxicological Sciences, volume 85, number 1, archived from the original on 2022-12-24:

(genetics) The failure of chromosome dyads or tetrads to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis.


nonphosphorylated

(biochemistry) Not having been phosphorylated


nonskeletal

A diagnosis may require nonskeletal imaging.

(biology) Of or pertaining to those parts of the body which are not skeletal


nucleoid

From nucleo- + -oid; thus "like a nucleus".

(microbiology) The irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized

擬核 /拟核

the irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized


odortaxis

We measured odortaxis to benzaldehyde.

(nematology) Movement of an organism with respect to, usually towards, a volatile airborne chemical

chemotaxis

used where the chemical is dissolved in water


oligocellular

a primitive, oligocellular organism


osmosensation

(nematology, neurology) The sensory perception of osmotic pressure


osmosensitivity

en-noun

osmosensitivity (usually uncountable, plural osmosensitivities)

The mutant strain exhibited reduced osmosensitivity.

(nematology, neurology) An organism's degree of sensitivity to osmotic gradients


penetrance

penetrance (countable and uncountable, plural penetrances)

(genetics) The proportion of individuals carrying a particular variation of a gene that also express an associated trait


perinucleolar

the perinucleolar chromatin

(cytology) Of or pertaining to the area within the nucleus and near the nucleolus


permeant

en-adj

permeant (comparative more permeant, superlative most permeant)

more permeant (comparative)
most permeant (superlative)

a permeant ion species

(biochemistry) Able to pass through or into a given semipermeable membrane or polymer.


permeant

The overall movement of permeants through a polymer is called permeation, which is a multistep process.

2004, Kirk et al., editors, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, volume 4, →ISBN, page 376:

(biochemistry) A substance which is able to pass through or into a membrane or polymer.


phosphotransfer

a phosphotransfer reaction

(biochemistry) A transfer of phosphate groups between two molecules


phycoerythrin

/ˌfaɪkəʊ.iˈɹɪθɹɪn/

(biochemistry) A red, light-harvesting protein found in cyanobacteria, red algae and cryptomonads.


photoreceptive

(biology) Absorbing and using light, especially for sensory purposes


pyridoxal

(biochemistry) One of the three natural forms of vitamin B6


proteoliposome

The loading of proteins into a proteoliposome is accomplished by adding the chemicals to the buffer at the time the protein is added.

2005, Larry Barton, Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes, page 76:

(medicine, biochemistry) A liposome into which one or more proteins have been inserted, usually by artificial means


tubulin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins used as the material for microtubules.

tubuliini

The protein tubulin is composed of dimers of 110000 to 120000 daltons.

1975, E. M. F. De Robertis et al., Cell Biology, →ISBN, page 690:

(biochemistry) Specifically, the dimer of α-tubulin and β-tubulin.


biogeophysical

the biogeophysical effects of land use

(ecology) Of or pertaining to the composite of biological, geological, and physical processes operating in an area


bisphosphatase

an inositol bisphosphatase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that converts a bisphosphate to a monophosphate compound by dephosphorylation


carboxykinase

a pyruvate carboxykinase

(biochemistry) A kinase that also catalyzes decarboxylation


coactivation

en-noun

coactivation (countable and uncountable, plural coactivations)

(genetics) A process wherein RNA transcription is increased by a coactivator protein.


condensin

(biochemistry) A large protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome assembly and segregation in eukaryotic cells.


coatomer

From coat + -o- + -mer. Coined in a 1991 paper in Nature by Waters, Serafini & Rothman. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v349/n6306/abs/349248a0.html

(biochemistry) A soluble seven-protein complex which is a precursor of coat protein I (COPI), which plays a key role in Golgi apparatus vesicle formation


counterdefense

viral counterdefense against host resistance

(biology) A defensive response to another organism's defense, such as of a parasite or pathogen


cosediment

en-verb

cosediment (third-person singular simple present cosediments, present participle cosedimenting, simple past and past participle cosedimented)

cosediments (present singular third-person)
cosedimenting (participle present)
cosedimented (participle past)
cosedimented (past)

This protein cosediments with polyribosomes.


cyanurate

melamine cyanurate

(biochemistry) A compound formed with cyanuric acid

sodium cyanurate

(biochemistry) The anion formed by the deprotonation of cyanuric acid


unbuttressed

an unbuttressed sapling

(botany, forestry) Not buttressed; having a trunk without a flared base


pome

en-noun

pome (plural pomes or (heraldry) pomeis)

From Middle English pome (“fruit, meatball”), from Old French pome (“apple”), from Latin pōmum. For the verb, compare French pommer. Doublet of pomme.

The best-known example of a pome is the apple.

(botany) A type of fruit in which the often edible flesh arises from the swollen base of the flower and not from the carpels.


pomiferous

From Latin pōmifer (“fruit-bearing”) + -ous.

(botany) bearing pomes or pomelike fruit as opposed to berries.


daphniid

(zoology) Any water flea of the family Daphniidae


pulvinus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin pulvīnus. Doublet of pillow.

(botany) A joint on a plant leaf or petiole that may swell and cause movement of the leaf or leaflet.


dexamethasone

dexamethasone (countable and uncountable, plural dexamethasones)

From dex- + -a- + -methasone (“prednisone or prednisolone derivative”).

af

Many dexamethasones act as anti-inflammatory agents.

Lee showed her how to feed the baby with the dexamethasone syrup.

2019, Namwali Serpell, The Old Drift, Hogarth, page 245:

Dexamethasone, a widely available and affordable generic steroid, was shown to cut the risk of death by a third for Covid patients on ventilators, and by nearly a fifth for those on oxygen therapy.

2021 March 23, Natalie Grover, Denis Campbell, “Dexamethasone hailed as lifesaver for up to a million Covid patients worldwide”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(pharmacology, biochemistry) A synthetic member of the glucocorticoid-class of steroid hormones, having the chemical formula C₂₂H₂₉FO₅, and used especially as an anti-inflammatory agent.


chondrocyte

Ectopic chondrocyte hypertrophy has been demonstrated in OA, suggesting that the pathogenetical process involves a recapitulation of endochondral ossification [ 11 – 13 ].

2010 January 29, Anita Woods et al., “Control of chondrocyte gene expression by actin dynamics: a novel role of cholesterol/Ror-α signalling in endochondral bone growth”, in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, volume 13, →DOI:

The pinnacocytes of the outer surface and the adjacent chondrocytes contain pigment granules.

1888, Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger:

(biology) A cell that makes up the tissue of cartilage.


dimictic

From Ancient Greek δίς (dís, “twice”) + μίξις (míxis, “mixing, mingling”). By surface analysis, di- + -mictic.

(limnology, of a lake) Having two thermal overturns per year.

(mycology) Exhibiting dimixis, in which mating is governed by two idiomorphs.


forskolin

(biochemistry) A labdane diterpene produced by the plant Plectranthus barbatus or Coleus barbatus var. barbatus (syn. Coleus forskohlii), commonly used in the study and research of cell physiology.


transgenesis

en-noun

transgenesis (countable and uncountable, plural transgeneses)

(genetics) The process of introducing an exogenous gene into a living organism


transvection

transvection (countable and uncountable, plural transvections)

From transvect + -ion. Coined in the genetic sense by Edward B. Lewis in 1954.

Transvection effects include both activation and silencing.

(genetics) An epigenetic interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome


glycogenolysis

(biochemistry) The production of glucose-1-phosphate by splitting a glucose monomer from glycogen using inorganic phosphate


glycogenesis

glycogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural glycogeneses)

Blend of glycogen + genesis, or glyco- + -genesis

(biochemistry) The biosynthesis of a sugar

(biochemistry) The synthesis of glycogen from glucose


softwater

a softwater lake

(limnology) Having water with few electrolytes


subclone

During this process it is possible that additional mutations occur in one of the transformed cells, which then may result in a subclone of cells with a more aggressive behavior.

1997, Vinken & Bruyn, editors, Handbook of Clinical Neurology: Neuro-Oncology, →ISBN, page 17:

(genetics) A clone or descendant of a mutant occurring in a previous clone

While Shelly was away from the lab, Rene decided that it would be easier to divide the lengthy segment into smaller pieces, or subclones, and to insert each fraction into plasmids, little circles of DNA and protein.

1999, Natalie Angier, Natural Obsessions, →ISBN, page 192:

(genetics, molecular biology) A partial segment of DNA, cloven from a previously-cloned segment, which is then cloned into another vector


subclone

en-verb

subclone (third-person singular simple present subclones, present participle subcloning, simple past and past participle subcloned)

subclones (present singular third-person)
subcloning (participle present)
subcloned (participle past)
subcloned (past)

(1) from the genomic library a clone of interest is selected and a small fragment is subcloned from one end of the clone

2002, Gurbichan S. Miglani, Advanced Genetics, →ISBN, page 84:

(genetics) To reclone part of a previously-cloned DNA segment into a new vector


interchromosomal

an interchromosomal insertion

(genetics) Occurring between chromosomes, or from one chromosome to another


intrachromosomal

intrachromosomal recombination

(genetics) Occurring within a chromosome


macroinvertebrate

(zoology) An invertebrate that is large enough to be seen without the use of a microscope


plica

en-noun

plica (countable and uncountable, plural plicas or plicae)

From Medieval Latin, from Latin plicare (“to fold”).

(botany) A diseased state in plants in which there is an excessive development of small entangled twigs, instead of ordinary branches.

(zoology) The bend of the wing of a bird.


postgermination

There have been few studies of early postgermination growth in plants in relation to heterosis.

1950, J.W. Gowen, editor, Heterosis, page 105:


posttranslationally

The conversion occurred posttranslationally.


herptile

From herpetology (and similar words), by blending with reptile.

Of all the vertebrates, the herptiles (reptiles and amphibians), mammals and birds predominate in terrestrial grassland ecosystems.

1980, L. D. Harris, G. B. Bowman, “Vertebrate predator subsystem, chapter 6”, in Alicja I. Breymeyer, George M. Van Dyne, editors, Grasslands, systems analysis, and man, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 592:

Because of the higher primary and secondary productivity in treatment wetlands compared to natural wetlands, herptile populations and all other higher consumer groups are frequently abundant.

1996, Robert H. Kadlec, Robert Lee Knight, Treatment Wetlands: Theory and Implementation, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 169:

Forty vertebrates [=forty vertebrate species] of concern, including 13 mammals, 17 birds, and 10 herptiles, were selected for analysis (Table 19-3).

2008, Mary M. Rowland, Michael J. Wisdom, “Habitat Networks for Terrestrial Wildlife: Concepts and Case Studies, chapter 19”, in Joshua J. Millspaugh, Frank R. Thompson, III, editors, Models for Planning Wildlife Conservation in Large Landscapes, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 516:

(zoology, chiefly ecology) A reptile or amphibian.


polyasparagine

polyasparagine (usually uncountable, plural polyasparagines)

(biochemistry) A polymer formed from asparagine monomers, or a portion of a protein consisting solely of asparagine


zymogram

zone electrophoresis
zone electrophoresis

(biochemistry, genetics) A strip of electrophoretic material on which enzymes are visibly separated through histochemical methods (e.g. by zone electrophoresis).


metallothionein

(biochemistry) Any of a family of cysteine-rich proteins that bond to heavy metals


myostatin

myostatin (countable and uncountable, plural myostatins)

Perhaps from myo- (“muscle”) + Latin statos, status, sto (“remain, stand, fix, set"”) or Ancient Greek στάσις (stásis, “inactivity, a freezing, state of motionlessness, arrest, a standing”). myo- + -statin?

uder

(biochemistry) A protein that acts as an inhibitor to the growth of muscle tissue.


ESC

en-noun

ESC (countable and uncountable, plural ESCs)

(biology) Initialism of embryonic stem cell.


nitroreductase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nitro groups


nitrosylate

en-verb

nitrosylate (third-person singular simple present nitrosylates, present participle nitrosylating, simple past and past participle nitrosylated)

nitrosylates (present singular third-person)
nitrosylating (participle present)
nitrosylated (participle past)
nitrosylated (past)

From nitrosyl + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

NO nitrosylates cysteine residues in the catalytic domain of COX enzymes leading to the formation of nitrosothiols; […]

1999, Daniela Salvemini, “Cyclooxygenase”, in Gabor M. Rubanyi, editor, Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications of Nitric Oxide, →ISBN, page 160:

(biochemistry) To react a nitrosyl (NO) group with the sulfur-containing cysteines of a protein.


noncomplementing

a noncomplementing allele


ascospore

(biology) A sexually produced spore from the ascus of an Ascomycetes fungus

koteloitiö

a sexually produced spore from the ascus of an Ascomycetes fungus


dynein

From dyne + -in, from the Ancient Greek δῠ́νᾰμῐς (dŭ́nămĭs, “force”).

der

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that hydrolyze ATP and thus provide motive power for motile structures such as microtubules.


gigabase

(genetics) One billion bases (nucleotides) as a unit of length of a nucleic acid


teleomorph

(biology) The final, sexually reproductive form in the life cycle of any fungus of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.


anamorph

(biology) The asexual reproductive form in the life cycle of any fungus of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.

anamorf

asexual reproductive form of certain fungi


holomorph

(biology) All forms in the life cycle of any fungus of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota treated as a whole


nonreplicating

Near-synonym: attenuated

the live nonreplicating type of vaccines

These molecules are active not only against actively replicating bacteria, but also against bacteria that are nonreplicating by virtue of hypoxia (4).

2008, Ramandeep Singh et al., “PA-824 Kills Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Intracellular NO Release”, in Science, volume 322, number 5906:

(biology) Failing to replicate; incapable of replicating.


nonreplication

nonreplication of genes


elpistostegid

The recently discovered elpistostegid Tiktaalik probably already had a pair of fins, which could function like vertebrate limbs in shallow waters.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 64:

(paleontology) Any lobe-finned fish of the extinct family †Elpistostegidae, from the late Devonian period.


antiapoptotic

en-adj

antiapoptotic (comparative more antiapoptotic, superlative most antiapoptotic)

more antiapoptotic (comparative)
most antiapoptotic (superlative)


agrosystem

An agrosystem consists of plant roots, the soil microflora, the soil fauna and the abiotic geochemical soil matrix.

1994, G.J. Bethlenfalvay, H. Schuepp, “Arbuscular mycorrhizas and agrosystem stability”, in Gianninazzi & Schuepp, editors, Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems, →ISBN, page 117:


troponin

en-noun

troponin (countable and uncountable, plural troponins)

From tropomyosin. Coined by the Japanese researcher Setsuro Ebashi in 1963.http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol59/issue4/index.dtl

(biochemistry, medicine) A complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle, or any member of this complex. The level of troponin in the blood is often used as an indicator of heart damage.

troponina

regulatory protein of skeletal and cardiac muscle


antiglycolytic

The most common antiglycolytic agent is sodium fluoride.

2007, Ruth E. McCall, Cathee M. Tankersley, Phlebotomy Essentials, →ISBN, page 527:

(biochemistry) Acting to prevent glycolysis


artemin

Coined in a 1998 paper by R.H. Baloh et al., in the journal Neuron. http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(00)80649-2

(biochemistry) A neurotrophin, or nerve growth factor, in the GDNF family, bonding to the receptor GFRalpha3-RET.

artemina

a nerve growth factor in the GDNF family


biocytin

biocytin (usually uncountable, plural biocytins)

(biochemistry) An organic compound having the chemical formula C₁₆H₂₈N₄O₄S, formed by covalent bonding between biotin and a lysine residue


plication

plication (countable and uncountable, plural plications)

From Middle French plicacion, and its source, Latin plicatio.

(now chiefly biology, geology) An act of folding.

But the recognition of nappes set out the research project: you need not simply throw up your hands in despair at perverse plications and ceaseless crenelations in the Alps.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 96:

(now chiefly biology, geology) A fold or pleat.


bivium

From Latin bivium (“a place with two ways”).

(zoology) One side of an echinoderm, including a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra.


homoeotherm

(zoology) Alternative form of homoiotherm


hyperovulation

(biology) The release of multiple eggs during ovulation


totipotent

en-adj

totipotent (comparative more totipotent, superlative most totipotent)

more totipotent (comparative)
most totipotent (superlative)

Early 20th century: from Latin totus (“whole, entire”) + potent.


tandemly

a tandemly repeated DNA sequence


fimbriated

(biology) Having a fringe or border of hairlike or fingerlike projections.


PCC

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein-conducting channel.


ectomycorrhizal

An exogenous supply of glucose has been shown to support ectomycorrhizal infection in a range of species.

1997, Christine H Foyer, W Paul Quick, A Molecular Approach to Primary Metabolism in Higher Plants:

(ecology) Of or pertaining to ectomycorrhizae.


codifferentiation

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-codifferentiation.wav

From co- + differentiation or codifferentiate + -ion.

The codifferentiation of myoepithelium and its basement membrane is associated with changes in the surrounding stroma.

1983, J.M. Williams, C.W. Daniel, “Mammary ductal elongation”, in Developmental Biology, volume 97, number 2:

(biology) To differentiate in parallel, as in embryonic or evolutionary development


centralspindlin

From central spindle + -in. Coined by the Glotzer et al. research group at the University of Vienna no later than 2001.http://www.google.com/patents?id=CnaFAAAAEBAJ

(cytology, biochemistry) A protein complex associated with RacGAP (Rac GTPase activating protein, which shuts down nearby Rac) and RhoGEF (which activates nearby Rho) and a kinesin, playing a key role in the formation of the central spindle in mitosis


cotransfect

en-verb

cotransfect (third-person singular simple present cotransfects, present participle cotransfecting, simple past and past participle cotransfected)

cotransfects (present singular third-person)
cotransfecting (participle present)
cotransfected (participle past)
cotransfected (past)
co-transfect (alternative)

Always cotransfect it with the negative control plasmid.

2007, Christian Frezza et al., “Measuring Mitochondrial Shape Changes and Their Consequences on Mitochondrial Involvement During Apoptosis”, in Leister & Herrmann, editors, Mitochondria: Practical Protocols, →ISBN:

(biology) To transfect together with something else


cytogenetically

The fetus was cytogenetically normal.

(medicine, biology) By means or in terms of cytogenetics, the genetics of the cell


filopodium

From filum (“thread”) + -podium (“leg-like structure”).

af

(cytology) A slender cytoplasmic projection which extends from the leading edge of a migrating cell

filopode

a slender cytoplasmic projection which extends from the leading edge of a migrating cell


filopodial

a filopodial protrusion

(cytology) Of, in or pertaining to the filopodia of a cell


fetoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of several antigens produced in a developing embryo, of which the most common is alpha-fetoprotein.


hemichannel

(cytology) A connexin channel formed between two cells.


formin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins involved in the polymerization of actin which associate with the fast-growing barbed end of an actin filament


methylprednisolone

en-noun

methylprednisolone (countable and uncountable, plural methylprednisolones)

The patient was treated with methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine, as well as burn center protocol care with daily tankings.

1993, Virginia Medical Quarterly, volumes 120–121, page 44:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A synthetic glucocorticoid, C₂₂H₃₀O₅, used chiefly in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.


saccus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin saccus (“a sack, bag”), from Ancient Greek σᾰ́κκος (sắkkos, “coarse cloth of hair; sack, bag”), from Semitic. Doublet of sac, sack, saco, and sakkos.

der

(botany) A bladder or winglike structure found on the pollen grains of many species of conifer. The shape or number of the sacci on a pollen grain can help identify the species it came from.


cingulum

/ˈsɪŋɡjələm/

Borrowed from Latin cingulum (“girdle”), from cingō (“to gird”).

(zoology) A distinct girdle or band of color; a raised spiral line as seen on certain univalve shells.


inviability

en-noun

inviability (countable and uncountable, plural inviabilities)

The inviability of these hybrids has a genetic basis.

(biology) The state or quality of not being viable


megaspore

(botany) The larger spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producing a female gametophyte

isoitiö

botany: larger of the spores of a heterosporous plant


gelose

gelose (countable and uncountable, plural geloses)

(biochemistry) A gummy polysaccharide obtained from agar-agar and similar organisms.


multipotency

multipotency (countable and uncountable, plural multipotencies)

(cytology, developmental biology) The ability of a progenitor cell to develop into a limited number of cell types.


reannotate

en-verb

reannotate (third-person singular simple present reannotates, present participle reannotating, simple past and past participle reannotated)

reannotates (present singular third-person)
reannotating (participle present)
reannotated (participle past)
reannotated (past)

To alleviate the problem of naming genes, reannotation of genes and proteins using a set of common, controlled vocabulary to describe a gene or protein is necessary.

2006, Jin Xiong, Essential Bioinformatics, →ISBN, page 18:

(biochemistry) To revise a previous annotation of a gene or protein


pyrophosphatase

(biochemistry) An acid anhydride hydrolase that acts upon diphosphate bonds


nondistorter

(genetics) An allele that does not distort segregation ratios in its favor


noninherited

a noninherited maternal antigen

(genetics) Not inherited; not passed from parent to offspring.


pathfinding

en-noun

pathfinding (usually uncountable, plural pathfindings)

It comes as a shock to realize that Albert Einstein, whose theories still seem so futuristic and Star Trekky, did his first pathfinding work almost a century ago.

2002 November 29, Philip M. Boffey, “Editorial Notebook; The Incredible Mind of Einstein”, in The New York Times:

(biology) The finding of a path to a destination, such as by neuronal axons or developing cells.


pannexin

(biochemistry) Any member of a family of transmembrane proteins found in vertebrates, homologous to the invertebrate innexins


postmeiotic

postmeiotic segregation


preacclimation

We previously showed that the toxic effects of Fenton's reagent were sufficiently reduced by preacclimation of microorganisms to high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.

1999, Fatih Büyüksönmez et al., “Optimization of Simultaneous Chemical and Biological Mineralization of Perchloroethylene”, in Applied and Environmental Microbiology, volume 65, number 6:

(biology) Acclimation in advance of a particular stimulus or treatment


preculture

Second, some of the precultures used by Iglesias-Rodriguez et al., particularly those in high-CO₂ treatments, may have experienced nutrient limitation at the time of transfer to the experimental flasks.

2008 December 5, Ulf Riebesell et al., “Comment on "Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO₂ World"”, in Science, volume 322, number 5907:

(biology) A preliminary culture; a culture prepared in advance of the main experiment


preculture

en-verb

preculture (third-person singular simple present precultures, present participle preculturing, simple past and past participle precultured)

precultures (present singular third-person)
preculturing (participle present)
precultured (participle past)
precultured (past)

For fresh, nonfrozen hepatocytes precultured for 24 h prior to being plated on collagen, the albumin secretion rate was 0.88 ± 0.62 mg/ml/h.

2001, T.B. Darr, A. Hubel, “Postthaw Viability of Precultured Hepatocytes”, in Cryobiology, volume 42, number 1:

(biology) To culture in advance, such as before the main phase of an experiment


leucoplast

(biology) An organelle found in certain plant cells, a non-pigmented category of plastid with various biosynthetic functions.


amyloplast

(biology) A specialized leucoplast responsible for the storage of amylopectin through the polymerization of glucose.


elaioplast

Compound from Ancient Greek: ἔλαιον (élaion, “olive oil”) and πλαστός (plastós, “formed”).

(biology) A specialized leucoplast responsible for the storage of lipids.


proteinoplast

(biology) A specialized leucoplast containing protein in crystalline form for use in enzyme activity.


aleuroplast

From aleuro- (“wheat flour,meal”) + -plast (“plastic”).


adhesin

(biochemistry) Any of several factors that enable bacteria to adhere to epithelial surfaces as a step towards infection.

adhesiini

factor enabling bacteria to adhere to epithelial surfaces


endonucleolytic

(biochemistry) That cleaves nucleic acids in half by hydrolyzing the bonds between nucleotides


styleless

Short-styled and styleless flowers were sometimes mixed in these individuals.

1990, Nihon Shokubutsu Gakkai, The Botanical Magazine, Tokyo:

(botany) Lacking a style (stalk structure).


dithioerythritol

(biochemistry) A sulfur-containing sugar, an epimer of dithiothreitol, derived from erythrose.


aggregate fruit

en-noun

aggregate fruit (plural aggregate fruits)

(botany) A fruit that develops from the fusion of more than one carpel within a single flower, as for instance, a raspberry.

eteri

a fruit that develops from the fusion of more than one carpel within a single flower, as for instance, a raspberry


multiple fruit

(botany) A fruit that develops from the fusion of carpels from more than one flower, as for instance, a pineapple.

fruit composé

a fruit that develops from the fusion of carpels from more than one flower


gonocyte

(biology) A long-lived germ cell responsible for spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females


endoribonuclease

(biochemistry) Any ribonuclease that is an endonuclease


enterotoxin

An isolate from raw fish, serotype 0:6, unable to invade HeLa cells and negative for heat-stable enterotoxin, was clinically avirulent in this model and caused no lesions by histological examination.

2012, Gerald T. Keusch, “Invasive Bacterial Diarrheas”, in Lincoln Chen, editor, Diarrhea and Malnutrition, page 54:

A more complex mechanism is used by Vibrio cholerae toxin and by the homolog heat-labile enterotoxin secreted by ETEC strains.

2012, Phillip Smith, Thomas MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, page 407:

(biochemistry) Any of several toxins produced by intestinal bacteria


exosome

[ˈɛks.əʊ̯ˌsəʊ̯m]

(biology) An intracellular macromolecular protein complex involved in RNA degradation.

(biology) An extracellular vesicle released from the endosomal compartment of eukaryotic cells, responsible for the selective removal of plasma membrane protein.


flagellin

(biochemistry) The main protein in the flagella of bacteria.


phosphorylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the production of glucose phosphate from glycogen and inorganic phosphate


zyxin

Human zyxin is a 572 amino acid protein; sequence analysis suggests that its biochemical properties are similar to those of avian zyxin.

1999, Beth E. Drees, Mary C. Beckerle, “Zyxin”, in Thomas Kreis, Ronald Vale, editors, Guidebook to the Extracellular Matrix, Anchor, and Adhesion Proteins, →ISBN, page 96:

(biochemistry) A certain zinc-binding phosphoprotein, or the gene which produces it


vinculin

focal adhesion plaque
focal adhesion plaque

(biochemistry) A membrane-cytoskeletal protein in focal adhesion plaques, involved in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton


antiphosphorylated

The phosphorylation levels were detected with antiphosphorylated antibodies by Western blot analysis.

2005, W. Zhang, “Leukotriene B4 receptor inhibitor LY293111 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells via JNK phosphorylation”, in Leukemia, volume 19, →DOI:

(molecular biology, immunochemistry) Bonding specifically to a phosphorylated antigen


underexpressed

en-adj

underexpressed (comparative more underexpressed, superlative most underexpressed)

more underexpressed (comparative)
most underexpressed (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-underexpressed.wav

These genes may be overexpressed and underexpressed with respect to the other genes and with respect to a particular condition.

2005, Francesca Ruffino et al., “Biological Specifications for a Synthetic Gene Expression Data Generation Model”, in Bloch et al., editors, Fuzzy Logic and Applications, →ISBN, page 281:

(genetics) Not expressed to the usual or expected degree


unfoldase

Hsp70 is also known to have a protein unfoldase activity that is important for translocation of proteins across the membranes of organelles; […]

1993, Malcolm G. Parker, Steroid Hormone Action, →ISBN, page 71:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes protein unfolding


gnotobiotic

/ˌnəʊtəbaɪˈɒtɪk/

From Ancient Greek γνωτός (gnōtós, “known”) + -biotic.

af

immunological naivete
immunologically naive

(biology, of organisms or of specimens containing them) Known with good certainty to be free of contaminating species, and thus offering such qualities as immunological naivete.


mechanosensitive

a mechanosensitive ion channel

(biology) Sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as pressure


mechanosensing

Mechanosensing is probably the least understood aspect of the whole process of mechanotransduction.

2005, S.R.K. Vedula et al., “Role of external physical forces in cell signal transduction”, in Hiroshi Wada, editor, Biomechanics at micro- and nanoscale levels, →ISBN, page 83:

(biology) Responsivity to mechanical stimuli, especially at the cellular level or below


macropinocytosis

en-noun

macropinocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural macropinocytoses)

(cytology) A form of endocytosis in which a large fluid-filled vesicle, or macropinosome, is pinched off from the cell membrane and brought into the interior of the cell


macropinosome

(cytology) A large vesicle filled with extracellular fluid and formed through macropinocytosis


pinosome

(cytology) A vesicle filled with extracellular fluid, formed by pinching the cell membrane inward through pinocytosis


indument

indument (countable and uncountable, plural induments)

Latin indumentum (“a covering”). See indue, and compare induement.

The leaf indument of a number of North American, Macaronesian and European Dryopteris taxa is described.

1986, “Taxonomical significance of the leaf indument in Dryopteris (Pteridophyta): I. Some North American, Macaronesian and European taxa”, in Plant Systematics and Evolution, volume 153, →DOI, page 77:


stipular

(botany) Of, relating to, or constituting a stipule.


snottite

Blend of snot (“mucus, especially nasal mucus”) + stalactite, possibly coined by James A. Pisarowicz in unpublished field notes of an exploration of the Villa Luz Cave in Tabasco, Mexico, in 1988.

blend

We worked our way past the gypsum bank to a small, snottite-laden room around a corner from it. A few days earlier, Martin and his crew had filmed Diana sampling a snottite here as she discussed the strangeness of multiple life forms adapting to such an extremely acidic microenvironment. The snottites held perhaps hundreds of strange microbial species wrapped in gypsum crystals, and also small spiders and gnats that ranged freely up and down them, appearing wholly unperturbed by the acid.

1999, Michael Ray Taylor, “April 18, 1998”, in Dark Life: Martian Nanobacteria, Rock-eating Cave Bugs, and Other Extreme Organisms of Inner Earth and Outer Space, New York, N.Y.: Scribner, →ISBN, pages 252–253:

[Page 14, column 1] This expedition also began investigating the acidity of drips from snottites in the cave. […] [Page 15, column 2] Inspection revealed that the "snottites" are communities of microbes similar to microbial mats commonly associated with sulfur-rich surface springs, but these colonies are suspended vertically.

1999 April, Louise D. Hose, James A. Pisarowicz, “Cueva de Villa Luz, Tabasco, Mexico: Reconnaissance Study of an Active Sulfur Spring Cave and Ecosystem”, in Louise D. Hose, editor, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies: The National Speleological Society Bulletin, volume 61, number 1, Huntsville, Ala.: National Speleological Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-03-02, pages 14 and 15:

Highly acidic (pH 0–1) biofilms, known as ‘snottites’, form on the walls and ceilings of hydrogen sulfide-rich caves. […] Snottites from the Frasassi cave system (Italy) are dominated (>70% of cells) by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, with smaller populations including an archaeon in the uncultivated ‘G-plasma’ clade of Thermoplasmatales (>15%) and a bacterium in the Acidimicrobiaceae family (>5%). […] Based on combined metagenomic, molecular and geochemical evidence, we suggest that Acidithiobacillus is the snottite architect and main primary producer, and that snottite morphology and distributions in the cave environment are directly related to the supply of C, N and energy substrates from the cave atmosphere.

2011 June 30, Daniel S. Jones [et al.], “Community Genomic Analysis of an Extremely Acidophilic Sulfur-oxidizing Biofilm”, in The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology, volume 6, number 1, London: Nature Publishing Group, published January 2012, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-05-11, abstract, page 158:

(bacteriology) A colony of single-celled extremophilic bacteria that hangs in a sheet (having the consistency of snot or nasal mucus) from the ceilings of some caves like stalactites.

snottite

colony of bacteria that hangs in a sheet from the ceilings of some caves


Palearctic

Coined by English zoologist, ornithologist, and lawyer Philip Sclater in 1858 as one of six general groupings of fauna, based on shared bio-geography and large-scale geographic barriers to migration.
Derived from paleo- + Arctic in contrast to neo- + Arctic (Nearctic), in reference to the Northern ("Arctic") portions of the Old World and the New World respectively.

coin

(geography, biogeography) One of the major ecozones of the world, covering Europe, the old USSR territories, part of North Africa, and North Asia including the Himalaya foothills.


Nearctic

(zoology) One of the major ecozones of the world, covering most of the North American continent.

nearktinen

ecozone covering most of the North American continent


Nearctic

(zoology) Relating to the Nearctic ecozone.


Neotropic

(biogeography) One of the major ecozones of the world, covering South America, Central America and the Caribbean

Neotrópico

ecozone covering South America, Central America and the Caribbean


blebbistatin

(biochemistry) A small-molecule inhibitor which is highly specific for non-muscle myosin


allosauroid

From the clade name Allosauroidea, first proposed by Currie & Zhao in 1993.

(paleontology) Any member of a superfamily clade of dinosaurs including the sinoraptorids, carcharodontosaurids and allosaurids.


arcopallium

(ornithology) A region in the brains of birds that has functions in learning

arquiestriado

region in the brain of birds that has functions in learning


biostudies

(biology) An academic field of biological studies


micrococcus

(biology) Any of a group of spherical, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria, of the genus Micrococcus, that are wide-ranging and harmless.


postreplication

(genetics, biology) Used, attributively, to describe the period following replication of nucleic acid


nematophagous

/nɛməˈtɒfəɡəs/


paranuclear

(cytology) Near and outside of the nucleus.


abattage

abattages (plural)
abatage (alternative)

(veterinary medicine) The slaughter of animals, especially diseased ones to limit the spread of the disease.


saccate

en-adj

saccate (comparative more saccate, superlative most saccate)

more saccate (comparative)
most saccate (superlative)

(botany) Of a pollen grain: having one or more sacci.


biophotonics

(biochemistry, physics) The study of the interaction of individual photons with biological structures


nanobiophotonics

(biology, physics) The application of nanotechnology to biological research; especially the development of advanced imaging systems


nanoscopy

en-noun

nanoscopy (countable and uncountable, plural nanoscopies)

(optics, biology) The application of nanotechnology to the imaging of objects at nanoscale.

nanoscopie

the application of nanotechnology to the imaging of objects at nanoscale


amphistomatic

(botany, of a leaf) Having stomata on both sides


astomatic

(botany, of a leaf) Having no, or very few, stomata


taxonomize

en-verb

taxonomize (third-person singular simple present taxonomizes, present participle taxonomizing, simple past and past participle taxonomized)

taxonomizes (present singular third-person)
taxonomizing (participle present)
taxonomized (participle past)
taxonomized (past)
taxonomise (alternative)

(biology) To assign a taxonomic classification to a particular species.


cuspidate

en-adj

cuspidate (comparative more cuspidate, superlative most cuspidate)

more cuspidate (comparative)
most cuspidate (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Tapering to a sharp, firm point


bipennate

It then follows that bipennate muscles generate even more force than unipennate ones of similar volume, and the force increases with the angle of pennation.

1999, Christopher McGowan, A Practical Guide to Vertebrate Mechanics:

Beneath the deltoid lies the external rotators of the shoulders, including the bipennate infraspinatus and the teres minor (Fig. 5-20B).

2007, Neal S. Elattrache, Christopher D. Harner, Raffy Mirzayan, Jon K. Sekiya, editors, Surgical Techniques in Sports Medicine, page 50:

Bipennate muscles have a central tendon with oblique insertion fibers on both sides, eg, the rectus femoris (Figure 1.3c).

2008, John O'Neill, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Anatomy and Technique, page 4:

(medicine, anatomy, zoology) Of, pertaining to, or having the nature of a muscle, the fibres of which attach to a tendon on two sides (as a feather barbed on both sides).

Its bipennate leaves are composed of a slightly straightened general petiole, of four partial petioles, situated, two at the extremity of the proceeding, and convergent, two a little lower, and growing almost at right angles; each of them bearing more than twenty pairs of small horizontal petioles.

1849, Adrien de Jussieu, James Hewetson Wilson, The Elements of Botany, page 501:

But this Burnet Pimpinella is of a different (Umbelliferous) order, though similarly styled because its leaves are likewise bipennate.

1897, William Thomas Fernie, Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure, 2006 Gutenberg eBook edition:

(botany, of leaves) Bipinnate (pinnate and having a pinnate leaflet).


physostigmine

en-noun

physostigmine (countable and uncountable, plural physostigmines)

From translingual Physostigma venenosum (“the Calabar bean”) + -ine.

af

The substance is physostigmine, a drug first isolated from the Calabar bean (Physostigmine venenosum), a climbing liana that grows in swampy coastal areas of West Africa from Sierra Leone south and east as far as the Cameroons.

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 40:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A parasympathomimetic, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor alkaloid of the Calabar bean, used to treat certain medical conditions.


restio

Restios can be found in virtually all habitats of the fynbos, from sandy plains to mountain summits and from very dry places to seasonally wet or to permanent marshes.

2012, Els Dorrat-Haaksma, H. Peter Linder, Restios of the Fynbos, →ISBN, page 14:

(botany) Any member of the family Restionaceae of perennial, evergreen, rush-like flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere.

(botany) In particular, any member of the genus Restio of the family Restionaceae


epistomatic

(botany, of a leaf) Having stomata on the upper surface only


equifacial

(botany, of a leaf) Having both sides the same.


infructescence

(botany) The fruiting stage of an inflorescence.

(botany) A group of fruits arranged on a stem in a characteristic pattern.


hypostomatic

en-adj

hypostomatic (comparative more hypostomatic, superlative most hypostomatic)

more hypostomatic (comparative)
most hypostomatic (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having stomata (mostly) on the underneath (foliar abaxial surface)


tridactyl

From tri- + Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”).

der

(biology) Composed of three movable parts attached to a common base.


palminerved

(botany, of a leaf) Having the venation arranged like the fingers of an open hand.


parallelinerved

en-adj

parallelinerved (comparative more parallelinerved, superlative most parallelinerved)

more parallelinerved (comparative)
most parallelinerved (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having the venation arranged in parallel lines of veins


peltinerved

peltinerved (comparative more peltinerved, superlative most peltinerved)

more peltinerved (comparative)
most peltinerved (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having the veins radiating from the centre

peltinervio

having the veins radiating from the centre


penninerved

penninerved (comparative more penninerved, superlative most penninerved)

more penninerved (comparative)
most penninerved (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having the nerves arranged on each side of the midriff like the barbs of a feather


plagiotropic

plagiotropic (comparative more plagiotropic, superlative most plagiotropic)

more plagiotropic (comparative)
most plagiotropic (superlative)

(botany) Growing at an oblique or almost horizontal angle


ascomycete

From the taxonomic name Ascomycetes (“older synonym of Ascomycota”) reanalyzed as a plural common noun; by surface analysis, asco- + -mycete.

Chromistas are oomycetes whereas fungi includes chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and mitosporic fungi.

2001, Michael J Carlile, The Fungi, 2nd edition, publisher summary, page 11:

(mycology) Any fungus of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by the production of a sac, or ascus, which contains non-motile spores.


obligate carrier

en-noun

obligate carrier (plural obligate carriers)

(genetics) An individual who may be clinically unaffected but who must carry a gene mutation based on analysis of the family history; this usually applies to disorders inherited in an autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive manner.


spinoreticular tract

spinoreticular tract (plural spinoreticular tracts)

(biology) Ascending pathway in the white matter of the spinal cord, positioned closely to the lateral spinothalamic tract.


saccharoid

/ˈsækəˌɹɔɪd/

A sweet taste is possessed by nearly all sugars, to a greater or less extent, though in some of the rarer saccharoids the character is very feebly marked.

1898, Alfred Henry Allen, Henry Leffmann, Joseph Merritt Matthews, Commercial Organic Analysis:

While the errors of the indirect procedure are chiefly manifested at high blood sugar levels, still we feel that in any critical study of the saccharoids the direct yeast procedure is the method of choice.

1938, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, volume 125, page 467:

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide that resembles a sugar, often insoluble and not sweet.


temporin

temporin (countable and uncountable, plural temporins)

Rana temporaria
Rana temporaria#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of a family of peptides isolated originally from the skin secretion of the European red frog, Rana temporaria.


polydomous

en-adj

polydomous (comparative more polydomous, superlative most polydomous)

more polydomous (comparative)
most polydomous (superlative)

Dinoponera gigantea is, at least in some cases, polydomous.

(biology) Occupying and maintaining multiple nests.


unijugate

(botany, of a pinnate leaf) Having only one pair of leaflets.


fagaceous

(botany) Of the family Fagaceae of beeches and similar trees.


angiopoietin

(biology) A protein growth factor that promotes angiogenesis.


lepidosaur

(zoology) A member of the Lepidosauria, reptiles with overlapping scales


prenucleation

(cytology) Occurring before nucleation; occurring before the formation of a nucleus.


oviraptorid

(zoology) A member of the Oviraptoridae, birdlike maniraptoran dinosaurs.


pseudoreplication

en-noun

pseudoreplication (countable and uncountable, plural pseudoreplications)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoreplication.wav

There are two kinds of pseudoreplication: / temporal pseudoreplication, involving repeated measurements from the same individual, and / spatial pseudoreplicaiton, involving several measurements taken from the same vicinity.

2005, Michael J. Crawley, Statistics: an introduction using R, page 13:

(statistics, especially in, biology, ecology) The exaggeration of the statistical significance of a set of measurements resulting from treating the data as independent observations when they are in fact interdependent.


microdeletion

microdeletion (countable and uncountable, plural microdeletions)

(genetics) A genetic mutation resulting from the deletion of a small part of a chromosome, usually involving many genes.


ankyrin

(biology) Any of a family of adaptor proteins that mediate the attachment of integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-actin based membrane skeleton.


annexin

(biology) Any of a group of cellular proteins found in all kingdoms (animal, plant and fungi) with the exception of the bacteria.

anexina

cellular protein found in eukaryotic organisms


avidin

avidin (countable and uncountable, plural avidins)

From Latin avidus (“hungry”) + -in, based on its "hunger" for biotin.

(biology) A tetrameric protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs.


bacteriochlorophyll

anoxygenic photosynthesis
anoxygenic photosynthesis

(biology) A photosynthetic pigment related to the chlorophylls, occurring in various bacteria doing anoxygenic photosynthesis.


transcytosis

transcytosis (countable and uncountable, plural transcytoses)

(biology) The process whereby macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell via vesicles.


syntaxin

(biology) Any of various proteins participating in exocytosis.


synaptotagmin

(biology) Any of a family of membrane-trafficking proteins characterised by an N-terminal transmembrane region, a variable linker, and two C-terminal C2 domains (C2A and C2B).


importin

(biology) Any of various karyopherins that move other protein molecules into the cell nucleus by binding to a specific recognition sequence.


karyopherin

(biology) Any of a group of proteins, classified as importins and exportins, involved in transporting molecules through the pores of the nuclear envelope.


synaptobrevin

(biology) A small integral membrane protein of secretory vesicles.


grex

Learned borrowing from Latin grex (“flock”).

lbor

(biology) A multicellular aggregate of amoeba.


acetylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes acetylation or deacetylation


adipogenesis

en-noun

adipogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural adipogeneses)

(biochemistry) The formation of fatty tissue; lipogenesis


angioblast

(biology) A cell that differentiates into blood cells and endothelium within an embryo.


bacteriopheophytin

(biochemistry) Any pheophytin of bacterial origin


pheophytin

(biochemistry) A chlorophyll from which the central magnesium atom has been removed


bioclimate

(biology, meteorology) A climate, as it influences, and is influenced by, biological organisms


posttranscriptional

(genetics) Subsequent to the transcription of RNA.


monogonont

(biology) Any rotifer of the subclass Monogononta.


thelytoky

From Ancient Greek θηλυτοκίᾱ (thēlutokíā), from θῆλυς (thêlus, “female”) + τόκος (tókos, “birth”).

(biology) A form of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs.


mycorrhized

(botany) That has a mycorrhiza (symbiotic relationship with a fungus)


bryalean

en-adj

bryalean (comparative more bryalean, superlative most bryalean)

more bryalean (comparative)
most bryalean (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to mosses of the subclass Bryales.


plastoglobule

(biology) A globular mass of lipoprotein within a chloroplast.


eyespot

The eyespot is a complex sandwich of membranes with rows of granules that contain around 200 different proteins, including the same rhodopsins found in the retina of our own eye.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 12:

(biology) Any of various primitive light-sensitive organs or regions in many diverse organisms.

(botany) Any of a group of fungal infections of grasses that are characterized by oval spots; strawbreaker


basal body

(biology) A cellular organelle, similar to a centriole, associated with the formation of cilia and flagella.


fosmid

(biology) A cosmid related to a bacterial fertility factor


F-box

(biology) A structural motif, and associated protein, first identified in cyclin-F.


carbon sequestration

(biochemistry) The natural removal of carbon from the atmosphere by the soil and plants


DNA snippet

(informal, genetics) A small portion of DNA associated with one or more genes or attributes


knockout mouse

genetically engineered
genetically engineered

(biology, genetics) Any of several forms of mice that have been genetically engineered by inactivating specific genes


splice variant

(genetics) A variant form of an mRNA produced by RNA splicing.


gene splicing

en-noun

gene splicing (usually uncountable, plural gene splicings)

The feat was accomplished using the gene-splicing techniques known as recombinant DNA technology.

1980 January 19, “The Promise of Gene-Splicing”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(genetics) A technique in which fragments of DNA (often from different individuals or species) are combined to form recombinant DNA, especially as a part of genetic engineering.


morpholino

(genetics) A structural analog of natural nucleic acid used to modify gene expression, in which the ribose or deoxyribose rings of nucleic acids are replaced with morpholine rings and the phosphodiester intersubunit linkages of nucleic acids are replaced with phosphorodiamidate linkages.


DNA ladder

(genetics) A reagent consisting of a solution of DNA of specified length; used in gel electrophoresis as a standard.


coleoptile

A classical compound of the Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath”) + the English -ptile (“leaf”) – the suffix representing the Ancient Greek πτῐ́λον (ptĭ́lon) – probably after the French coléoptile.

This kinetic scheme was proposed to account for the observed responses of Avena coleoptiles, and it was thought that it could also be applied to the phototropic responses of corn coleoptiles.

1965, Barbara Ann Koch, Phototropic responses of corn coleoptiles:

(botany) A pointed sheath that protects the emerging shoot in monocotyledons such as oats and grasses.


blackback

The author worked with two main study groups of gorilla in that region. Each contained a fully mature male (silverback), who was the obvious leader of the group, and a younger male of around 9 years of age (blackback), who had not yet assumed full adult morphology.

1979, A. H. Harcourt, “Contrasts between Male Relationships in Wild Gorilla Groups,”, in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, volume 5, number 1, page 40:

The second-ranking silverback is also a possible sire in the sixth case, although three other lower-ranking blackback males were also not excluded.

2005, B. J. Bradley et al., “Mountain Gorilla Tug-of-War,”, in PNAS, volume 102, number 26, page 9421:

(zoology) An adolescent male gorilla or chimpanzee.


sacrocaudal

(anatomy, zoology) Of or pertaining to the sacrum and the tail


erythrism

erythrism (countable and uncountable, plural erythrisms)


arenophile

It seems to be a characteristic arenophile. Not common in Holderness except on the morainic gravels, being the chief plant on Coneygarth Hill, near Brandesburton.

1902, James Fraser Robinson, The Flora of the East Riding of Yorkshire, page 161:

(botany) A plant that thrives in or requires a sandy environment to grow.


psammophile

(botany) An arenophile, a sand-loving organism.


microsite

Near-synonyms: microhabitat, microenvironment

This species was found only in the microsite at the foot of the bluff.

(ecology) A small area with distinctive ecological characteristics.


saintpaulia

(botany) Any of the perennial flowering plants of the genus Saintpaulia, the African violets, especially Saintpaulia ionantha.


androstenedione

androstenedione (countable and uncountable, plural androstenediones)

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid sex hormone C₁₉H₂₆O₂ that is secreted by the testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of testosterone and estrogen.


dauer

Borrowed from German Dauer (“duration”).

When Caenorhabditis elegans larvae enter dauer they arrest feeding but remain active and motile, yet become stress-resistant, extremely long-lived and non-ageing.

2008 December 3, Patrick Narbonne, Richard Roy, “Caenorhabditis elegans dauers need LKB1/AMPK to ration lipid reserves and ensure long-term survival”, in Nature:

(nematology) A developmental stage of certain nematode larvae in which they exhibit increased durability.


paracaspase

(biochemistry) Any of a family of caspases found in animals and slime moulds


manicate

en-adj

manicate (comparative more manicate, superlative most manicate)

more manicate (comparative)
most manicate (superlative)

From Latin manicatus (“sleeved”), from manica (“a sleeve”).

(botany) Covered with hairs or pubescence so interwoven as to form a mass easily removed.


osteoprotegerin

From osteo- (“bone”) + Latin prōtegere (“to cover, to protect”) + -in.

confix

(biochemistry) A cytokine that can inhibit the production of osteoclasts.


biotinylation

en-noun

biotinylation (countable and uncountable, plural biotinylations)

(biochemistry) The attachment of a biotin residue to a biological macromolecule in order to label it.


calcineurin

calcineurin (countable and uncountable, plural calcineurins)

… the European Dermatology Forum consensus group has recently published guidelines favoring the use of topical calcineurin inhibitors as a first-line option for face and neck on a bidaily [twice-daily] basis …

2016 June 27, Khaled Ezzedine, Nanette Silverberg, “A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitiligo in Children”, in Pediatrics, volume 138, number 1, →DOI, page e20154126:

(biochemistry) A protein phosphatase that stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells


chlorophyllide

(biochemistry) Any water-soluble breakdown product of chlorophyll formed by hydrolysis or enzyme action


chronometabolism

(biochemistry) Any metabolism that is time-dependent, especially because of circadian rhythms


confluency

From Medieval Latin cōnfluentia. Doublet of confluence.

(biology) The percentage of the surface of a culture dish that is covered by adherent cells


cryoprotect

en-verb

cryoprotect (third-person singular simple present cryoprotects, present participle cryoprotecting, simple past and past participle cryoprotected)

cryoprotects (present singular third-person)
cryoprotecting (participle present)
cryoprotected (participle past)
cryoprotected (past)

(biology) To protect biological tissue from the effects of cold by use of a cryoprotectant.


cryosection

cryosection (third-person singular simple present cryosections, present participle cryosectioning, simple past and past participle cryosectioned)

cryosections (present singular third-person)
cryosectioning (participle present)
cryosectioned (participle past)
cryosectioned (past)

(biology) To section biological tissue using a cryostat.


superantigen

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superantigen.wav

(biology) An antigen, which has a powerful interaction with T lymphocytes


degradosome

(biochemistry) A multi-protein complex, present in most bacteria, that is involved in the degradation of mRNA


depalmitoylation

(biochemistry) The removal of palmitate esters bound to a protein


derepressed

en-adj

derepressed (comparative more derepressed, superlative most derepressed)

more derepressed (comparative)
most derepressed (superlative)

(genetics, of a gene) activated by the removal of a repressor


acrophore

(botany) A stem or stalk that is apical.


acrophyll

(botany) In a climbing plant, a leaf produced by the mature plant, which is physically distinct from the leaves produced by the immature plant.


bathyphyll

(botany) In a climbing plant, a leaf produced by the immature plant, which is physically distinct from the leaves produced by the mature plant.


acrostichoid

(botany, of a fern) Whose sori densely cover the underside of the frond like a felt, without visible gaps between them.


actinostele

(botany) A type of protostele, in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem extends outward in lobes.

actinostelo

protostele in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem extends outward


haplostele

(botany) A type of protostele, in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem is smooth, without lobes or mixing of the tissues.


plectostele

(botany) A type of protostele in which the two types of vascular tissue in the stem are intermingled.


protostele

(botany) A type of stele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a solid core, with no central pith or leaf gaps.


siphonostele

(botany) A type of stele in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a cylinder surrounding a central pith and possessing leaf gaps.


solenostele

(botany) A type of siphonostele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a central cylinder around a pith, with widely spaced leaf gaps.


dictyostele

(botany) A type of siphonostele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a central cylinder around a pith, but with closely spaced leaf gaps.


eustele

(botany) A type of siphonostele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a central ring of bundles around a pith.


atactostele

(botany) A type of eustele, found in monocots, in which the vascular tissue in the stem exists as scattered bundles.


leaf gap

(botany) A gap or break in the central cylinder of vascular tissue within a plant's stem, caused by the extension of the tissue as a leaf trace.


leaf trace

(botany) An extension of vascular tissue from a plant's stem into a nearby leaf, resulting in a leaf gap in the plant's stele.


ectophloic

(botany) Of stems in which the phloem is external to the xylem.


amphiphloic

(botany) Of stems in which the phloem is both external and internal to the xylem.


vascular bundle

en-noun

vascular bundle (plural vascular bundles)

(botany) A strand of xylem, phloem, and their associated tissues within a eustele or atactostele.

維管束 /维管束

botany: part of transport system in vascular plants


etioplast

(biology) A chloroplast that has never been exposed to light; a prolamellar body


eubacterial

en-adj

eubacterial (comparative more eubacterial, superlative most eubacterial)

more eubacterial (comparative)
most eubacterial (superlative)

(biology) Of or pertaining to the Eubacteria


roed

roed fish


anthracnose

en-noun

anthracnose (countable and uncountable, plural anthracnoses)

(phytopathology) Any of several fungal diseases that affect many plants and trees.

caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides


filipodium

(biology) A hairlike projection, especially in parts of the brain, or as used for locomotion by some amoebas


gephyrin

From Ancient Greek γέφυρα (géphura, “bridge”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) A protein associated with synapses.


hantavirus

From the name of the Hantan River in South Korea, via the genus name Hantavirus.

To reveal the molecular epidemiology of hantaviruses in this region, a total of 374 small mammals (eight species of rodents and one species of shrew) were captured in the Chinese part of the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heilongjiang Province).[…] Overall, these results suggest that Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island harbors considerable hantavirus diversity.

2014, Cai-QiaoWang et al., “Co-circulation of Hantaan, Kenkeme, and Khabarovsk Hantaviruses in Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, China”, in Virus Research, volume 191, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(virology) Any virus of the genus Hantavirus, transmitted by aerosolized rodent excreta or rodent bites, especially the deer mouse. Hantaviruses cause Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): incubation lasts for 1–5 weeks, sickness begins with fever and muscle aches, followed by shortness of breath and coughing.


alternan

(biochemistry) The glucan produced by the enzyme alternansucrase.


hemicomplex

(biochemistry) Either of a pair of subunits of a complex


heteroallele

(genetics) Any of several alternative forms of a gene that differ at different mutation sites.


hydroxytamoxifen

en-noun

hydroxytamoxifen (countable and uncountable, plural hydroxytamoxifens)

(biochemistry) A metabolite of tamoxifen; it is being considered as a therapy for breast cancer.


immunophenotyping

(biochemistry) A technique that uses antibodies to study the expression of proteins by cells.


intersectin

(biochemistry) An adaptor protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis


isoprenylated

en-adj

isoprenylated (comparative more isoprenylated, superlative most isoprenylated)

more isoprenylated (comparative)
most isoprenylated (superlative)

(biochemistry) Modified by isoprenylation


isoprenylation

en-noun

isoprenylation (countable and uncountable, plural isoprenylations)

(biochemistry) The addition of a hydrophobic isoprenoid group to a protein to facilitate attachment to cell membranes.


honey guide

(botany) Colorful spots or stripes on a flower that indicate to insects where the nectar is produced.


acanthodian

acanthodians (plural)
acanthodean (alternative)

The emerging picture of acanthodian (and perhaps placoderm) paraphyly does not overturn a general consensus about gnathostome interrelationships.

2009 January 15, Martin D. Brazeau, “The braincase and jaws of a Devonian 'acanthodian' and modern gnathostome origins”, Nature Volume 457 No. 7227, doi:10.1038/nature07436

(zoology) A member of a group of extinct fish (Acanthodii) that existed from the Silurian to the Permian period.


allopolyploidy

Several important crops such as wheat, cotton and canola are of allopolyploidy that contains two or more divergent genomes, and some plants and animals exist as interspecific hybrids.

2008 November 23, Zhongfu Ni, et al., “Altered circadian rhythms regulate growth vigour in hybrids and allopolyploids”, Nature Volume 457 No. 7227, doi:10.1038/nature07523

(genetics) A form of polyploidy (having more than the usual number of chromosomes) that results from the interbreeding of different species.

alopoliploidia

polyploidy that results from the interbreeding of different species


arthrodire

The basicranial circulation of Ptomacanthus resembles that in arthrodire placoderms.

(zoology) Any member of the extinct order Arthrodira, armored jawed fishes that flourished in the Devonian period.


gnathostome

/ˈnæθəstəʊm/

Current conceptions of gnathostome phylogeny depict a rather simplistic arrangement of nominally monophyletic and, apparently, morphologically disparate groups.

(zoology) Any vertebrate with jaws, including amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and most modern fish, in contrast with the Agnatha


overdeveloped

Excessively developed, as:
(biology, medicine) Overgrown.


indel

The observation that indels are enriched in linker relative to core sequence is also difficult to reconcile with a model of linker sequence conservation, because sites that are constrained for substitutions are also likely to be constrained for indel events.

2009 January 16, Colin A M Semple, Martin S Taylor, “MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: The Structure of Change”, in Science, volume 323, number 5912:

(genetics) Either an insertion or deletion mutation in the genetic code.


deoxyuridine

deoxyuridine (countable and uncountable, plural deoxyuridines)

A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that cells receiving HDAC4 shRNA died from apoptosis […]

2009 January 9, Bo Chen, Constance L. Cepko, “HDAC4 Regulates Neuronal Survival in Normal and Diseased Retinas”, in Science, volume 323, number 5911:

(biochemistry) A deoxyribonucleoside related to uridine