angiotensin converting enzyme

angiotensin converting enzyme (plural angiotensin converting enzymes)

angiotensin converting enzymes (plural)
angiotensin-converting enzyme (alternative)

2001: Angiotensin is generated in the blood from an inactive precursor called renin. The conversion requires an enzyme known as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 43)

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyzes the creation of angiotensin, and is a strong vasoconstrictor.

human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2


cyclo-oxygenase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cyclooxygenase.


peptidomimetic

(biochemistry) A small protein-like chain designed to mimic a peptide, but with altered chemical properties.


gamma-aminobutyric acid

(biochemistry) An amino acid found in the nervous systems of vertebrates and acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Abbreviated as GABA.


-logue

From French -logue, from Ancient Greek -λόγος (-lógos, “one who speaks (in a certain manner)”).

der

(chemistry, genetics) Used to denote correspondence (homology or analogy).


excurrent

This species of tree is recognized by the excurrent veins in its leaves.

(botany) Of a vein or costa, extending beyond the tip or the margin of a leaf.


drip tip

(botany) An elongated leaf tip from which excess water can drip harmlessly, as found in plants of the rainforest.

(entomology) An elongated extension to the wall of a structure, such that unwanted water drips off, as found in the nests of some species of rainforest paper wasps.


rhizodermis

(botany) The outermost primary cell layer of the root.


miRNA

From microRNA. The seminal article on microRNAs did not introduce the abbreviation miRNA nor the term microRNA, but rather referred to the entities as small RNAs.

There are ~80 genes in the C elegans genome coding for miRNAs that are twenty-one to twenty-four nucleotides long.

2007, Benjamin Lewin, Genes IX, →ISBN, page 343:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) finely regulate gene expression and play an important role in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.

2010, Dimond, Patricia F., "miRNAs' Therapeutic Potential" (original copy), Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, vol. 30, no. 6, page 1


pomology

en-noun

pomology (usually uncountable, plural pomologies)

(botany) The study of pome fruit and of the cultivation of such fruit.

(botany) The study of fruit in general and of the cultivation of fruit.


regrowing

(agriculture, ecology) The self-cultivation of vegetables by city dwellers, using flower pots and windowsills, growing them from roots, cuttings, and scraps, for recycling and sustainable living.


exoribonuclease

(biochemistry) A ribonuclease that catalyzes the exonucleolytic cleavage of nucleotides from a ribonucleotide chain.


transwell

From trans- + well, originally from the Transwell brand of inserts.

In one experiment, Pneumocystis was inoculated into transwells and treated according to the cultivation protocol for 56 days (Table 4).

2005, Melanie T. Cushion, Peter D. Walzer, Pneumocystis Pneumonia, page 655:

(medicine, microbiology) A membrane insert used for cell cultures, between agar wells.


farnesylate

en-verb

farnesylate (third-person singular simple present farnesylates, present participle farnesylating, simple past and past participle farnesylated)

farnesylates (present singular third-person)
farnesylating (participle present)
farnesylated (participle past)
farnesylated (past)

From farnesyl + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(biochemistry) To attach a farnesyl group to a protein.


farnesyl

From farnesol + -yl. Thus ultimately from Farnese via Vachellia farnesiana (sweet acacia tree) and its namesake Odoardo Cardinal Farnese.

(biochemistry) The univalent radical derived from farnesol.


biomarker

/ˈbaɪoʊˌmɑɹkɚ/

/ˈbaɪəʊˌmɑːkə/

(biology) Any measurable phenomenon that indicates the presence of life.


nucular

en-adj

nucular (comparative more nucular, superlative most nucular)

more nucular (comparative)
most nucular (superlative)

(botany) Nut-shaped; of or relating to a nucule — a section of a compound (usually hard) fruit.


chemoattractant

(biochemistry) A substance inducing positive chemotaxis in motile cells.


encephalomyocarditis

central nervous system
central nervous system

(veterinary medicine) A viral disease afflicting pigs and some non-human primates, attacking muscle tissue and the central nervous system.

Enzephalomyokarditis

viral disease affecting pigs and primates


antisense

(genetics) The strand of nucleic acid complementary to a strand which codes for an RNA or protein.

antisens

nucleic acid complementary to a coding strand


antisense

(genetics, of a strand of nucleic acid) Complementary to a strand coding for RNA or protein.


colocalize

en-verb

colocalize (third-person singular simple present colocalizes, present participle colocalizing, simple past and past participle colocalized)

colocalizes (present singular third-person)
colocalizing (participle present)
colocalized (participle past)
colocalized (past)
co-localize (alternative)

(biochemistry) To occur together in the same cell.


hemimethylated

en-adj

hemimethylated (comparative more hemimethylated, superlative most hemimethylated)

more hemimethylated (comparative)
most hemimethylated (superlative)
hemi-methylated (alternative)

(genetics, of a strand) Discordant in methylation; partially methylated.


copy number

"Reconstruction" or "titration" experiments consisting of amounts of the linear cloned cDNA equivalent to various gene copy numbers in the genomic DNA are run on the same gel.

1985, John H. Dodds, Plant Genetic Engineering, →ISBN, page 170:

(genetics) The number of copies of a gene or plasmid within a cell's genome.


kinome

(genetics) The set of all kinases expressed in a cell or contained in a genome.


phagotrophic

/ˌfeɪɡəˈtɹəʊfɪk/

(microbiology) Feeding by engulfing a food cell or particle and ingesting it in a phagocytic vacuole, in the manner of some flagellates.


disperser

Nesting data from dispersers and nondispersers came from the same set of colonies and were thus directly comparable.

1996, Charles R. Brown, Mary Bomberger Brown, Coloniality in the Cliff Swallow:

Ants are integral components of terrestrial ecosystems, owing to their manifold interactions with other organisms. They serve as seed dispersers for plants (myrmecochory), mutualists with sap-sucking insects (trophobionts), and hosts for a wide range of associate organisms (myrmecophiles) and act as both predator and prey.

2022 September 19, Schultheiss et al., “The abundance, biomass, and distribution of ants on Earth”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, page 1, column 1:

(ecology) An organism that disperses something, such as seeds, in the environment.


colocalization

/ˌkəʊləʊkəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

If such events take place, then the colocalization of two molecules may not necessarily mean mutual binding to each other and may simply suggest recruitment to the same site.

2005, Lukas K. Tamm, Protein-Lipid Interactions: From Membrane Domains to Cellular Networks, →ISBN, page 327:

(cytology) The state of colocalizing, occurring within the same cell or cellular region.


fluorophore

fluorophores (plural)
fluorophor (alternative)

The ideal fluorophore is a small, hydrophilic molecule with a long emission wavelength, large Stokes shift, high extinction coefficient, and high quantum efficiency.

2006, Christian M. Apfel, Thilo Enderle, “Assays for High-Throughput Screening in Drug Discovery,”, in Combinatorial Chemistry: From Theory to Application, →ISBN, page 629:

(biochemistry) A molecule or functional group which is capable of fluorescence.


glutamatergic

glutamatergic (comparative more glutamatergic, superlative most glutamatergic)

more glutamatergic (comparative)
most glutamatergic (superlative)

Unlike ketamine, esketamine, and nitrous oxide, scopolamine directly affects the cholinergic pathway but does not directly modulate the glutamatergic pathway.

2019, Madhukar H. Trivedi, editor, Depression, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 228:

(biochemistry, neurology) Of or pertaining to the neurotransmission of glutamate.


periplasm

en-noun

periplasm (countable and uncountable, plural periplasms)

/ˈpɛɹəˌplæzəm/

From peri- + -plasm. Coined by Peter D. Mitchell in 1961.

(cytology) The region between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane or cell wall.


dromaeosaurid

dromaeosaurids (plural)
dromæosaurid (alternative)

(paleontology) A bird-like theropod dinosaur of the family Dromaeosauridae.


lagerstätte

/ˈlɑːɡəʃtɛtə/

From German Lagerstätte (“storage place”).

A fossil lagerstätte bearing the "Guanling fauna" of Yin Gongzheng et al. (2000, p. 23) occurs 7 to 10 m above the base of the Wayao Formation...

2006, Paul Enos, Triassic Evolution of the Yangtze Platform in Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China, →ISBN, page 84:

The Cretaceous Lebanese Lagerstätten have been especially generous with coleoid fossils.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 121:

(paleontology) A sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossil richness or completeness.


protofeather

(paleontology) The hypothetical precursors of bird feathers, believed to have been grown by certain dinosaurs.


antifeedant

(ecology) That inhibits normal feeding behaviour.


antifeedant

(biochemistry) Any substance that inhibits normal feeding behaviour.


extrahelical

(genetics) Beyond, or temporarily removed from the double helix, of a nucleic acid molecule


base-pair breathing

Intercalation is an energetically favourable process, and thus relates to the dynamic base-pair breathing properties of DNA itself.

2013, Michael G. Simic, Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair: Implications for Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment:

(genetics) The transient, lateral opening of a base pair in a nucleic acid molecule as a result of thermal motion or the presence of a defect


hexaploidization

(biology) The replication of the genome of an organism to form a hexaploid.


cryoprotectant

(biology) Any substance (typically a polyhydric alcohol) that prevents cell damage on freezing

crioprotettore

substance that prevents cell damage on freezing


co-stimulation

co-stimulation (countable and uncountable, plural co-stimulations)

co-stimulations (plural)
costimulation (alternative)

(biology) The requirement of T cells for two signals in order to become fully activated.


ladder polyether

ladder polyether (plural ladder polyethers)

(biochemistry) Any of several naturally occurring organic compounds having a series of oxygen-containing heterocyclic rings arranged in the form of a ladder; most are poisonous


HSE

herpes simplex encephalitis
w:Herpesviral encephalitis

(virology, neurology) Initialism of herpes simplex encephalitis.


ranunculaceous

/ɹəˌnʌŋkjʊˈleɪʃəs/

The stomata are ranunculaceous (anomocytic) and confined to the lower leaflet surface.

1993, Klaus Kubitzki, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, page 349:


microhomology

microhomology (countable and uncountable, plural microhomologies)

(genetics) The presence of the same short sequence of bases in different genes


spliceosomal

The positions of some spliceosomal introns are conserved in orthologous genes from plants and animals.

1998, Roderick Page, Edward C. Holmes, Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach, →ISBN, page 53:


runcinate

From Latin runcinatus, from runcinare (“to plane off”).

(botany, of leaves) Having tooth-like projections pointing away from the apex.

(botany, of leaves) Having a lacerated aspect with the projection pointing away from the apex, like dandelion leaves.


hygrophilous

(botany, of a plant) adapted for growth in a damp or wet environment.


spliceosome

spliceosomes (plural)
splicosome (alternative)

→ Dutch: spliceosoom

→ Italian: spliceosoma

This complex, termed a "spliceosome," is thought to contain components necessary for mRNA splicing; its existence can explain how separated exons on pre-mRNA are brought into contact.

1985 June 7, Edward Brody, “The "spliceosome": yeast pre-messenger RNA associates with 40S complex in a splicing-dependent reaction”, in Science, volume 228, number 4802, page 963:

(genetics) A dynamic complex of RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from precursor mRNA.


qPCR

Similar experiments in humans have been hampered because so far very few anti-human V_β (hV_β) monoclonal antibodies are available, although some important data have been generated with a labor-intensive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR).

1991 October 1, Yongwon Choi, “A Method for Production of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Receptor β-Chain Variable Regions”, in PNAS, volume 88, number 19, page 8357:

Quantitative or Real-Time PCR Real-time PCR, also called qPCR, is known as the second generation of PCR because it could be used to amplify and simultaneously quantify several target DNA molecules.

2014, Luis M. Botana, Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Third Edition:

This cheap and simple chemistry is optimal for single plex qPCRs. For multiplex qPCRs, specific chemistries which make use of probes are required.

2014, Harald Seitz, Molecular Diagnostics, page 61:

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(biochemistry, genetics) A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).


stereoelectronic

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to the dependence of certain molecular properties upon the relative nuclear geometry in a given electron state.


eusociality

(biology) Reproductive specialization, in which most individuals of a species are genetically infertile; the state of being eusocial.


agami

Psophia crepitans
Psophia crepitans#Translingual

(zoology) A South American bird, Psophia crepitans, allied to the cranes, and easily domesticated.

trubač agami

a South American bird, Psophia crepitans


biserrate

(botany, of leaves) Having serrations that are themselves serrate.


retroserrate

(botany, of leaves) Having tooth-like projections pointed away from the apex.


pinnatifid

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the midrib.

parihalkoinen

of leaves, having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the midrib


pinnatipartite

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend more than half-way toward the midrib.


pinnatisect

From New Latin pinnatisectus, from Latin pinnātus (“feathered”) + sectum, past participle of secō (“to cut”).

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend almost, or up to midrib.


palmatifid

en-adj

palmatifid (comparative more palmatifid, superlative most palmatifid)

more palmatifid (comparative)
most palmatifid (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend less than half-way toward the petiole.


palmatisect

palmatisect (comparative more palmatisect, superlative most palmatisect)

more palmatisect (comparative)
most palmatisect (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend almost up, but not quite to the petiole.


palmatipartite

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes with incisions that extend over half-way toward the petiole.


palmately compound

(botany, of leaves) Having more than three leaflets attached directly to the petiole


obdeltoid

(botany, of leaves) Triangular and attached to the stem via a tip.


lyrate

lyrate (comparative more lyrate, superlative most lyrate)

more lyrate (comparative)
most lyrate (superlative)

From New Latin lyrātus, from lyra (“lyre”).

1976, T. G. Tutin, Flora Europaea, Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae), page 72,
Basal leaves simple, lyrate or pinnatifid; cauline leaves 1- to 2-pinnatifid, pinnatisect or simple.

(botany, of leaves) Having a large terminal lobe and smaller rounded lobes toward its base.


oblyrate

(botany, of leaves) Having a reverse lyrate shape, with the lobes near the apex.


pandurate

pandurate (comparative more pandurate, superlative most pandurate)

more pandurate (comparative)
most pandurate (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Having a shape reminiscent of a fiddle; obovate with a pair of sinuous indentations near the base.


obpandurate

(botany, of leaves) Having a reverse pandurate shape, with the sinuosity toward the apex and the broadest part toward the base.


peltate

peltate (comparative more peltate, superlative most peltate)

more peltate (comparative)
most peltate (superlative)

From Ancient Greek πέλτη (péltē) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany, of leaves) Having the petiole attached to the lower surface instead of the margin.


obreniform

(botany, of leaves) Having a reverse reniform shape, with the petiole opposite the notch.


sagittate

(botany, of leaves) Shaped like an arrowhead, with two pointed lobes extending downward from the base.


obsagittate

(botany, of leaves) Of a reverse sagittate shape, with two pointed lobes extending at the apex.


subulate

en-adj

subulate (comparative more subulate, superlative most subulate)

more subulate (comparative)
most subulate (superlative)

(biology) Awl-shaped; tapering into a sharp point from a broader base.


crenate

crenate (comparative more crenate, superlative most crenate)

more crenate (comparative)
most crenate (superlative)

From New Latin crēnātus, probably Latinization of Middle French crené, past participle of crener (“to mark with a notch”), derivative of cren, cran (“notch”).

(botany) Having round or blunt teeth on its margin; scalloped.


bicrenate

bi-crenate (alternative)
double crenate (alternative)

(botany) Crenate, with the teeth themselves crenate; twice crenate.


bidentate

(botany) Having tooth-like projections that are themselves dentate.


deglaciation

(climatology, paleontology) The removal of all glacial land ice from a region, usually by melting.


resuspension

en-noun

resuspension (countable and uncountable, plural resuspensions)

/ˌɹiːsəˈspɛnʃən/

After seven centrifugings and resuspensions, the chloride is reduced to less than 5 mgm. per cent.

1938, American Journal of Physiology, volume 122, page 227:

As a Government Office for Science report says: "Non-exhaust particulate matter emissions (e.g. tyre wear, brake wear and road dust resuspension) account for approximately 50%-60% of the vehicle emissions that contribute to poor air quality."

2020 September 9, Anthony Lambert, “Winning passengers back: Getting the public on board...”, in Rail, page 43:

(ecology, chemistry, physics) The renewed suspension of a precipitated sediment, such as stirring up settled mud at the bottom of a body of water.


cryptomonad

(biology) A flagellate of the order Cryptomonadales; most have chloroplasts.


hydrogenosome

Hydrogenosomes, like almost all other organelles, always grow by proliferation of preexisting organelles. Thus, each daughter cell will receive a complete set of organelles during cell division. Morphological evidence was presented showing that trichomonad hydrogenosomes, like mitochondria, may divide by three distinct processes: (1) segmentation, (2) heart-form division, and (3) partition. In the segmentation process, the hydrogenosome grows, becoming elongated with the appearance of a constriction in the central portion[…]

2008, Marlene Benchimol, “Structure of the Hydrogenosome”, in Jan Tachezy, editor, Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, →ISBN, pages 75–96:

(cytology) A membrane-bound form of organelles that produce molecular hydrogen and ATP in some anerobic ciliates, trichomonads and fungi, remarkable in that most forms contain no DNA.


cathepsin

Borrowed from German Kathepsin, from Ancient Greek καθέψω (kathépsō), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἕψω (hépsō, “boil”).

affix

Grassmann and Dyckerhoff (1930) showed that cysteine and cyanide inhibited the action of ereptic aminopolyase, while they accelerated the action of proteases such as cathepsin.

1931, A Pirie, BE Holmes, “The cause of inactivation of the Rous sarcoma filtrate during incubation”, in British journal of experimental pathology:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteases primarily active within lysosomes.


mitosome

(cytology) An organelle found within certain unicellular eukaryotes which lack mitochondria.


prosoma

/pɹəʊˈsəʊmə/

From pro- (“front”) + soma (“body”), from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

The front part, called the cephalothorax (or prosoma), is enclosed within a relatively hard and unyielding chitinous shell.

1996, Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, published 1996, page 12:

(zoology) The front segment of a body which is divided into two or more segments, especially the cephalothorax of an arachnid or crustacean.


chelicera

From New Latin chēlicera, from Ancient Greek χηλή (khēlḗ, “jawbone”) + κέρας (kéras, “horn”).

(zoology) Either of the prehensile claws found on the proboscis of chelicerates (horseshoe crabs, sea spiders and arachnids).


ommatidium

/ɒməˈtɪdɪəm/

/ɑməˈtɪdɪəm/

From Ancient Greek ὀμματίδιον (ommatídion, “little eye”), equivalent to ὄμμα (ómma, stem ὄμματ-) + -idium.

der

The ‘compound’ eyes of insects [...] are made up of large numbers of facets or ommatidia, and in this sense, our own eyes are ‘simple’.

(zoology) One of the conical substructures which make up the eyes of invertebrates with compound eyes.


epigyne

/ˈɛpɪd͡ʒaɪn/

From modern Latin epigynum, from Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí) + γυνή (gunḗ, “female”).

1996: This [genital] area is inconspicuous in most adult males and in immature females, but in adult females of the majority of species it is modified into a variably shaped, more or less sclerotized structure called the epigyne. — Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins 1996, p. 16)

(zoology) The external female sex organ in arachnids.


book lung

book lungs (plural)
book-lung (alternative)

In addition to book lungs most spiders also have a second respiratory system in the form of paired tracheae; Atypus has none.

1996, Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe, page 16:

(arachnology) A lamellate respiratory organ found in arachnids.


cribellum

Borrowed from Late Latin cribellum, diminutive of Latin cribrum (“sieve”).

1996: some groups of spiders have a sieve-like plate, the cribellum, just in front of the spinners. — Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins 1996, p. 17)

(zoology) A spinning organ having many fine pores, situated in front of the spinners in some araneomorph spiders.


amplexicaul

(botany, of leaves) Having lobes (usually auriculate) that completely surround the stem.

sepivä

having lobes that completely surround the stem


perfoliate

Borrowed from New Latin perfoliāta, from Latin per- (“through”) + the feminine of Latin foliātus (“foliate”).

(botany, of leaves) Appearing to have the stem passing through the blade.

(botany, of leaves) Having the leaf round the stem at the base.

(zoology) Surrounded by a circle of hairs, etc.


aristate

Latin aristatus, from arista. See arista.

(botany) Having a long bristle at its apex.

(botany) Having a pointed, beard-like process, like those of the glumes of wheat; awned

(zoology) Having a slender, sharp, or spiny tip.


caudate

Borrowed from Medieval Latin caudātus, from Classical Latin cauda (“tail”) + -ātus; see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix).

(botany) Tapering into a long, tail-like extension at the apex.

lisäkkeellinen

botany: tapering into a long, tail-like extension at the apex

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the Caudata order of amphibians.

salamanteri-

zoology: of or pertaining to the Caudata


caudate

Some caudates show caudal autotomy, in that part or all of the tail can be shed and subsequently regenerated.

1992, Martin E. Feder, Warren W. Burggren, Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians, page 291:

(zoology) Any member of the Caudata order of amphibians.


cirrhose

(botany, of leaves) Ending in a tendril at the apex.


adventitia

en-noun

adventitia (countable and uncountable, plural adventitias)

From the Latin adventitius (“extraneous”).

(anatomy, histology) The outermost layer of epithelial tissue encasing a visceral organ.


planktivore

/ˈplæŋktɪˌvɔɹ/

/ˈplæŋktɪˌvɔː/

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

(biology) An animal feeding primarily on plankton, such as a blue whale.


gill raker

(ichthyology) A bony, finger-like projection of the gill arch filaments of fish, used for food retention in some species.


weigela

"It's wonderful. Those cinerarias are really show pieces. And what is that lovely tall flower - the rose-pink one?" "That's a Weigela, that is, Amabilis variegata."

1950, Norman Lindsay, Dust or Polish?, Sydney: Angus and Robertson, page 14:

(botany) Any plant of the genus Weigela.


dendrobium

“I think there are a lot of people like me who would not have become a collector were it not for Chadwick’s,” says Sarah Ann Scott, who lives in Chesterfield County. She is dropping off two bloomed-out dendrobiums and a cattleya and picking up a perky slipper orchid.

2019 April 10, Adrian Higgins, “This florist started caring for ailing orchids on the side. He’s now babysitting 13,000.”, in The Washington Post:

(botany) Any plant of the genus Dendrobium.


palmar

en-adj

palmar (comparative more palmar, superlative most palmar)

more palmar (comparative)
most palmar (superlative)

dorsal

antonym(s) of “toward the palmar surface”

Borrowed from Latin palmaris. May be decomposed as palm + -ar.

(zoology) Of or relating to the underside of the wings of birds.


squilla

From Latin squilla, from Ancient Greek σκίλλα (skílla).

(botany, obsolete) A squill, a sea onion.

(zoology) A mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis) or other members of the genus Squilla.

(zoology, obsolete) An insect resembling a mantis shrimp.


hyaloplasm

en-noun

hyaloplasm (countable and uncountable, plural hyaloplasms)

(microbiology) A structureless fluid in cells; cytosol


shotgun sequencing

Formed through analogy with the effect of a shotgun blast, which contains many small pellets.

In shotgun sequencing of genomic DNA, fragments of a genome are sequenced and computationally reassembled to determine the genome of an organism

2005, Selene K Swanson with Michael P. Washburn, “The continuing evolution of shotgun proteomics”, in Drug Discovery Today, →DOI, page 719:

(genetics) A DNA sequencing technique in which a large number of small fragments of a long DNA strand are generated at random, sequenced, and reassembled to form a sequence of the original strand.


aDNA

aDNA (countable and uncountable, plural aDNAs)

(genetics) Any DNA sample recovered from biological samples not intended for DNA use, including historical and archeological samples.


posttranslational

(genetics, biochemistry) Of or pertaining to the period after a protein has been translated from mRNA.


intraresidue

/ɪntɹəˈɹɛzɪdu/

(biochemistry, spectroscopy) Occurring in or arising from the residue of an amino acid, the portion which has been incorporated into a protein's final structure.


ectodomain

(biochemistry) The portion of a polypeptide on a cell membrane that extends beyond the membrane into the extracellular space.


cosmid

(genetics) A type of plasmid (often used as a cloning vector) constructed by the insertion of cos sequences, which are DNA sequences of the lambda phage.


thermolabile

en-adj

thermolabile (comparative more thermolabile, superlative most thermolabile)

more thermolabile (comparative)
most thermolabile (superlative)

(biochemistry) Subject to destruction/decomposition or change in response to heat.


homomultimer

(biochemistry) A multimeric protein consisting of two or more identical components.


vestibulum

Unadapted borrowing from Latin vestibulum (“a forecourt, entrance court; an entrance”). Doublet of vestibule.

ubor

(zootomy) A cavity into which, in certain bryozoans, the esophagus and anus open.


amelogenin

en-noun

amelogenin (usually uncountable, plural amelogenins)

(biochemistry) A protein found in the enamel of teeth


allogamy

(biology) The fertilization of an ovum from one individual with the spermatozoa of another; cross-fertilization


occlusion body

occlusion body (plural occlusion bodies)

(virology) A crystalline protein matrix which occludes the nucleocapsid in some viruses.


cattleya

Named after William Cattley, English botanist.

The vegetation had again changed, and only the vegetable ivory tree remained, with a great profusion of wonderful orchids, among which I learned to recognize the rare Nuttonia Vexillaria and the glorious pink and scarlet blossoms of Cattleya and odontoglossum.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

A bell chimes as you open the door, and fans swirl below a pressed-tin ceiling. Cymbidiums, cattleyas and other flowering orchids are presented in decorative pots on round tables.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Cattleya, a species of orchid.


-mycete

From Ancient Greek μύκης (múkēs, “mushroom, fungus, mushroom-shaped objects”).

der

(biology, mycology) Used to form words used for categorising fungi based on their evolutionary origin, life history, growth form, or ecological preferences.

mycete

back-formed noun counterpart to the prefix


myco-

From Ancient Greek μύκης (múkēs, “mushroom or other fungus”) + -o-.

af

mycology, mycosis


-zoan

(zoology) Used to categorise animals based on their evolutionary origin, life history, growth-form or ecological preferences.


Tatzelwurm

Men had been known to quit work here, claiming that the Tatzelwurms were becoming enraged by all the drilling and explosions.

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 736:

(cryptozoology) A worm-like cryptid reported to live in the Alps.


trithorax

(biochemistry) A protein (or one of a larger group) whose function is to modify gene expression


polycomb

From poly- + comb, in reference to the sex comb.

(biochemistry) A protein (or one of a larger group) whose function is to modify gene expression via changes to chromatin


clonotype

(taxonomy) A herbarium specimen made from plants vegetatively propagated from (and thus clones of) the same plant from which a type specimen was made

(biology) The phenotype of a clone of a cell


clonotype

en-verb

clonotype (third-person singular simple present clonotypes, present participle clonotyping, simple past and past participle clonotyped)

clonotypes (present singular third-person)
clonotyping (participle present)
clonotyped (participle past)
clonotyped (past)


remiped

en-adj

remiped (comparative more remiped, superlative most remiped)

more remiped (comparative)
most remiped (superlative)

French rémipède from Latin rēmi (“oar”) + ped(em) (“foot”).


remiped

(zoology) Any small arthropod (usually crustacean or aquatic) with oar-shaped feet.


arista

From New Latin arista. Doublet of arête.

A very distinct species. Habit of Brachystephium scapigerum D. C.: but that ought to have no aristae to the achenium: here the awns are very stout in proportion to the size of the capitulum.

1848, Thomas Mitchell, Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia […] :

(biology) One of the fibrils found on grains or fishes.

aresta

one of the fibrils found on grains or fishes

The eyes of the male are separated by a distance equal to one-fourth of the diameter of the head, in the female by one-third. The frontal stripe is black, the cheeks and margins of the orbits silvery-white. The antennæ are black, the arista feathered on the upper side only.

1915, O. A. Johannsen, William A. Riley, Handbook of Medical Entomology:

(entomology) A bristle on the third segment of a fly's antenna.

Fühlerborste

a bristle on the third segment of a fly's antenna


clivia

(botany) Any plant of the genus Clivia, native to southern Africa.


adenylate

en-verb

adenylate (third-person singular simple present adenylates, present participle adenylating, simple past and past participle adenylated)

adenylates (present singular third-person)
adenylating (participle present)
adenylated (participle past)
adenylated (past)

(genetics) To carry out or induce an adenylation reaction.


processivity

(genetics) A measure of the average number of nucleotides added by a DNA polymerase enzyme per association/disassociation with the template.


vestiture

en-noun

vestiture (countable and uncountable, plural vestitures)

From Medieval Latin vestitura, from Latin vestire.

Phycosecids are small, ovate, convex beetles with a prognathous head, partly covered by a semicircular projection of the pronotum and a dorsal vestiture of whitish scales or scalelike setae.

2013, Adam Slipinski, Australian Beetles Volume 1: Morphology, Classification and Keys:

(biology) The hairs of plants, invertebrates and other non-mammalian organisms, taken as a whole.


neuropeptide

(biochemistry) Any of several peptides, such as endorphins, that function as neurotransmitters.

neuropèptid

peptide that function as a neurotransmitter


neurochemistry

neurochemistry (usually uncountable, plural neurochemistries)

(biochemistry) The branch of neuroscience concerned with the chemistry of the nervous system


orexin

From Ancient Greek ὄρεξις (órexis, “appetite”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) Either of two neuropeptide hormones found in vertebrates; the hypocretins.


upregulate

en-verb

upregulate (third-person singular simple present upregulates, present participle upregulating, simple past and past participle upregulated)

upregulates (present singular third-person)
upregulating (participle present)
upregulated (participle past)
upregulated (past)
up-regulate (alternative)

(biology) To increase the number of cell receptors by using upregulation


apomyxis

(botany) Alternative spelling of apomixis.


parthenocarpy

(botany) production of (seedless) fruit without fertilization of ovules.


PED

en-noun

PED (countable and uncountable, plural PEDs)

(veterinary) Initialism of porcine epidemic diarrhoea.


microbody

(cytology) A cellular organelle bound by a single membrane and containing enzymes.


helicase

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for DNA unwinding.


reprogenetics

(biology, genetics) The use of genetics in reproduction, especially in order to choose traits in an offspring or to minimize the risk of genetic disease.


resequencing

resequencing (countable and uncountable, plural resequencings)

(genetics) The sequencing of part of an individual's genome in order to detect sequence differences between the individual and the standard genome of the species.


falciparum

Contemporary Latin, from falx (“scythe”) + par (“equal to”) + -um

af

Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium falciparum#Translingual

(cytology) The parasitic protozoan Plasmodium falciparum that causes falciparum malaria


sequestrate

(mycology) Having enclosed underground or partially buried fruiting bodies, like a truffle.


ventricose

en-adj

ventricose (comparative more ventricose, superlative most ventricose)

more ventricose (comparative)
most ventricose (superlative)

(mycology) Broadest in the middle and tapering toward the ends


luteous

luteous (comparative more luteous, superlative most luteous)

more luteous (comparative)
most luteous (superlative)

And men wept sorely,—for his voice had smoothed / Life’s whirlpool, with its softly-echoing tones, / Filling their hearts with peace—but his glad soul / Flung off her luteous chains, and winged her way / Far, far above the pigmy lamentations / Or frivolous praise of men.

1856, [Thomas Brinsley Norton Grantley], “The Dead Priest”, in Pinocchi, London: John W[illiam] Parker and Son […], →OCLC, page 92:

[…] the hind tibiæ more luteous than in T. cordiger, but with the apical sixth more contrastedly black; […]

1909, G[eorge] H[enry] Verrall, Stratiomyidæ and Succeeding Families of the Diptera Brachycera of Great Britain, London: […] Gurney & Jackson, […], page 411:

The man who had been standing in the doorway stepped forward to greet them. No pheretrer he! His luteous face, scrobiculate by some unspeakable disease, was further disfigured by an anoopsia.

1958 May 9, Strix [pseudonym], “English Spoken Here”, in The Spectator, volume 200, number 6776, London, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 585, column 2:

The driver’s smile widened, showing his luteous tombstone teeth.

1990, Ronald Frame, “Un Homme et une Femme”, in Bluette, Sevenoaks, Kent: Sceptre, published 1991, →ISBN, part I (Aquae-Regis), page 76:

His lips still curled back from his luteous teeth like old cabbage leaves, his pointed snout tested the air like a trunk.

1990 October, Ned Wynn, chapter 1, in We Will Always Live in Beverly Hills: Growing Up Crazy in Hollywood, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow and Company, →ISBN, page 20:

Tepshen Lahl nodded, his luteous features grave.

1990 December, Angus Wells, chapter 6, in The Way Beneath (Kingdoms; 3), London: Orbit, →ISBN, page 122:

He put his hand on the door handle, but made no other move to leave. He turned his luteous smile on her. “I’m afraid you'll have to loan me some scratch.”

2000, Theresa Donovan Brown, “Sentinel”, in Summitville, Lincoln, Neb.: Writer’s Showcase, →ISBN, page 129:


antigene

(genetics) An oligonucleotide that attaches to a specific gene and suppresses its action.


hymenopterous

(entomology) Of the order Hymenoptera; hymenopteran.


stationary phase

en-noun

stationary phase (plural stationary phases)

(biology) A phase of bacterial growth in which there is net zero new bacteria ᵂᵖ


alloantigen

(genetics) Any antigen, present in only some individuals of a species, that stimulates the production of antibodies in those that lack it; an isoantigen

aloantígeno

antigen that stimulates the production of antibodies in other individuals of a species


basophil

(cytology) Any cell that has granules stained by basic stains.

(cytology, immunology) A white blood cell responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response.

One of the endocrine basophilic cells of the adenohypophysis, including gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs.


inflammasome

(biochemistry) A multi-protein complex that is responsible for inflammatory rheumatic diseases via activation of caspases.


caspase

Short for cysteine-aspartic acid protease.

(biochemistry) Any of several intracellular proteolytic enzymes that mediate apoptosis and pyroptosis.


rebutia

(botany) Any plant of the cactus genus Rebutia, the crown cactus.


parapodium

(zoology) Any of the paired unjointed lateral outgrowths used for locomotion by worms such as annelids.

(zoology) A lateral expansion on both sides of the foot in some gastropods, often used as a swimming organ.


venter

Borrowing from Latin venter (“the belly; the womb; a swelling”).

bor

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-venter.wav

(biology) A protuberant, usually hollow structure, notably:

(zootomy) The undersurface of the abdomen of an arthropod.

(botany) The swollen basal portion of an archegonium in which an egg develops.


limbus

From Middle English limbus, from Latin limbus (“edge, border”).

(medicine, biology) A border of an anatomical part, such as the edge of the cornea.


elastica

That the elastica interna becomes so modified in its staining properties, so swollen as to exceed ten times the original elastica in thickness, is a fact that cannot be doubted.

1901, Montréal (Québec). Royal Victoria Hospital, Studies from the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal:

(biology) Connective tissue that contains elastic fibers, such as that found in blood vessels or skin.


virogenesis

en-noun

virogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural virogeneses)

(virology) The production or formation of a virus


poikilohydric

(biology, of a plant) Having no mechanism to prevent desiccation


francoa

The genus Francoa was named by botanist Antonio José Cavanilles (1745-1804) after Spanish physician Francisco Franco who lived in 16th century.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Francoa, with white, pink or red flowers, native to Chile.


tepidarium

tepidarium (plural tepidariums or tepidaria)

/ˌtɛpɪˈdɛəɹi.əm/

There is a pretty large glass-house, one-half being a caldarium, the other a tepidarium

1851, The Floricultural Cabinet and Florist's Magazine (page 184)

(botany) A warm greenhouse typically used for plants from South Africa.


pallescent

en-adj

pallescent (comparative more pallescent, superlative most pallescent)

more pallescent (comparative)
most pallescent (superlative)

From (the present participle stem of) Latin pallēscere (“to become pale”).

[T]he spirit of black melancholy, began to set his seal on her pallescent countenance.

1818, Thomas Love Peacock, chapter 9, in Nightmare Abbey, Hookham, published 1818:

(now chiefly botany, zoology) Growing or becoming pale.


attenuated

attenuated (comparative more attenuated, superlative most attenuated)

more attenuated (comparative)
most attenuated (superlative)

Near-synonym: nonreplicating (often synonymous)

the live attenuated type of vaccines

Made, or become weak; subject to attenuation.

(biology, medicine, of pathogens) Weakened, usually in a way that includes nonreplicating status.

(botany) Long and tapering (especially of leaves)


karyology

en-noun

karyology (countable and uncountable, plural karyologies)

karyologies (plural)
caryology (alternative)

/ˌkæɹiˈɒləd͡ʒi/

From Ancient Greek κάρυον (káruon, “kernel, nucleus”) + -ology.

der

(biology, medicine) The study of the nuclei of cells, especially with regard to the chromosomes which they contain.

caryologie

The study of the nuclei of cells, - branch of cytology

(biology, medicine) The characteristics of a particular cellular nucleus or group of nuclei, or of the chromosomes therein.


squamulose

en-adj

squamulose (comparative more squamulose, superlative most squamulose)

more squamulose (comparative)
most squamulose (superlative)

From New Latin squāmulōsus (“squamulose”), from Latin squamula (“small scales”) (diminutive of squāma (“scale of a fish or reptile; item shaped like a scale, flake”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’). The English word is analysable as squamula + -ose.

The stem of the mushroom is squamulose.

Fruticose lichens drape and tuft; crustose and squamulose lichens creep and seep; foliose lichens layer and flake.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 84:

(botany, mycology, zoology) Having small scales.


chicken soup

en-noun

chicken soup (countable and uncountable, plural chicken soups)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chicken soup.wav

The figurative sense comes from the fact that a folk remedy for colds is serving such soup.

(biochemistry, slang, historical) The aqueous solution of nutrients used in the Viking lander biological experiments to detect microbial Martian life.


gynecogenic

en-adj

gynecogenic (comparative more gynecogenic, superlative most gynecogenic)

more gynecogenic (comparative)
most gynecogenic (superlative)

The gynecogenic hormone was responsible for the man's feminine voice.

(obsolete, biology) Causing female characteristics.


master gland

The pituitary is often called the master gland because it controls so much.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 167:

(informal, biology) The pituitary gland.


interactome

(biology) All the interactions between biological entities in cells and organisms considered as a whole.


glycome

(biochemistry) All the polysaccharides, glycosides and similar carbohydrate-related compounds in an organism considered as a whole.


expressome

(genetics) All the gene expressions in a cell or organism considered as a whole


ligandome

(biochemistry) All the molecular ligands for proteins in cells and organisms considered as a whole


metabonome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolically regulated elements in cells.


functome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of functional molecular units in biological cells.


functional genomics

(biochemistry, genetics) A genomics branch that measures expression levels of RNAs and proteins to understand biological functions of a set of genes in cells.


textome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of biological literature that contain useful information when combined to generate new information through bioinformatics.


bibliome

From bibliography and -ome, as in genome.

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of biological journal articles and associated information.


gene expression

en-noun

gene expression (plural gene expressions)

(genetics) The transcription and translation of a gene into messenger RNA and thus into a protein; it may be lesser or greater depending on many epigenetic factors.


harpin

(biochemistry) A protein produced by certain plant pathogens


tribosphenic

en-adj

tribosphenic (comparative more tribosphenic, superlative most tribosphenic)

more tribosphenic (comparative)
most tribosphenic (superlative)

Combining form from Ancient Greek τριβεo (tribeo, “rub, grind or pound”) and Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”).

der

(biology) Describing the original placental molars that have a talonid in the lower molar teeth, where the protocone of the upper teeth hits. Definied by George Gaylord Simpson in 1936.


oomycete

oomycetes (plural)
oömycete (alternative)

Chromistas are oomycetes whereas fungi includes chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and mitosporic fungi.

2001, Michael J Carlile, The Fungi, 2nd edition, publisher summary, page 11:

(biology) Any of a number of filamentous unicellular protists of the class Oomycetes; the water molds.


aulate

(rare, biology, of a coral) Having an aulos (annular wall) between one's axial and periaxial regions.


overexpress

en-verb

overexpress (third-person singular simple present overexpresses, present participle overexpressing, simple past and past participle overexpressed)

overexpresses (present singular third-person)
overexpressing (participle present)
overexpressed (participle past)
overexpressed (past)

(genetics, transitive) To artificially express (a gene) in increased quantity.


overexpression

en-noun

overexpression (countable and uncountable, plural overexpressions)

(genetics) The abnormal or artificial expression of a gene in increased quantity

بیشبیان

the artificial expression of a gene in increased quantity


autoreceptor

(biochemistry, medicine) A receptor, situated in the terminal of a presynaptic nerve cell, that is sensitive to neurotransmitters released by the neuron in whose membrane the autoreceptor sits.


epigenomic

(genetics) Describing a representation of the gene expression, DNA methylation and histone modification status of a particular genomic region.


xenization

A.xenization was accomplished by rinsing the worms 3 times in sterile distilled water, followed by their transfer to 10 ml. antibiotic solution (1,000 units potassium penicillin G and 100 y streptomycin sulphate per ml.);

1961, JD Costlow -, “Fluctuations in hormone activity in Brachyura larvae”, in Nature:

Another possible mechanism to explain the 'healthy carrier' state would be through a transient decrease in amebic virulence, and this possibility is suggested by the common observation of loss of virulence in prolonged axenic cultures of pathogenic strains of E. histolytica, which is reversible by different means (eg. xenization of the cultures, treatment with cholesterol, or with serum complement, and passage through liver).

1994 January, I Montfort, R Pérez-Tamayo, “Is phagocytosis related to virulence in Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903?”, in Parasitology Today, volume 10, number 7:

For re-xenization, the axenic cells were re-associated with the bacterial flora obtained from the original xenic cultures, and grown in LYSGM as above [18].

2008 August, Chandrama Mukherjee, C. Graham Clar, Anuradha Lohia, “Entamoeba Shows Reversible Variation in Ploidy under Different Growth Conditions and between Life Cycle Phases”, in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, volume 2, number 8, page 2:

(biology) The process of integrating an organism into an environment containing other types of organisms.


cucullated

en-adj

cucullated (comparative more cucullated, superlative most cucullated)

more cucullated (comparative)
most cucullated (superlative)

From Latin cucullatus, from cucullus (“hood”).

They are differently cucullated or capuched upon the head and back, and in the Cicada the eyes are more prominent

1646, Sir Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Folio Society, published 2007, page 429:

(zoology, botany) Having a hood-like covering or component; hood-shaped.

(botany) Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet.


hypoxic

hypoxic (comparative more hypoxic, superlative most hypoxic)

more hypoxic (comparative)
most hypoxic (superlative)

Dead zones are hypoxic areas in the world's oceans and large lakes.

(ecology, especially bodies of water) Exhibiting hypoxia.


neurotrophy

(biology) The nutrition and metabolism of tissues regulated by nerves


selenoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of many proteins that include a selenocysteine or selenomethionine residue.


selenocysteine

en-noun

selenocysteine (countable and uncountable, plural selenocysteines)

(biochemistry) A naturally-occurring amino acid, present in several enzymes, whose structure is that of cysteine but with the sulfur atom replaced by one of selenium


demasculinization

(biology) The suppression of a male-orientated function by repressing male hormones


hygrosensation

(biology) The ability of some animals to detect variation in humidity


reciprocal altruism

reciprocal altruism (usually uncountable, plural reciprocal altruisms)

(biology) The phenomenon of two organisms acting in ways that mutually benefit one another.


caryopsis

caryopsis (plural caryopses or caryopsides)

The variation of caryopsis characters in species of Aegilops and wheat diploids is similar to that of wheat tetraploids .

1995, Romuald Kosina, Tetraploids of the Genus Triticum in the Light of Caryopsis Structure:

(botany) A type of fruit in which the fruit skin is stuck to the seed coat; especially the grain of a cereal.


colony counter

(microbiology) laboratory equipment used to count colonies of bacteria, or other microorganisms, growing on agar, usually in a Petri dish.


microplate reader

microplate reader (plural microplate readers)

(chemistry, biochemistry) A piece of laboratory equipment used to detect the changes that might occur in a microtiter plate.


virino

(biology) A hypothetical infectious particle, consisting of nucleic acids in a protective coat of host cell proteins, once theorized to be the cause of scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.


nonflowering

(biology) Of a plant, not flowering; reproducing by means other than pollination from flowers.


circannual

Formed as Latin circā (“about”) + annual, after circadian.

Light pollution can interfere with the circannual migration of birds.

[…] because morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease also reveal statistically significant circadian and circannual rhythms.

1956, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Report [80-114], [1956], page 11:

Circannual rhythms control reproductive function in seasonal breeders.

2000, Martin Hume Johnson, Barry J. Everitt, Essential Reproduction, page 110:

Seasonal variations in locomotor activity are generated by a circannual clock […].

2001, Joseph S. Takahashi, Fred W. Turek, Robert Y. Moore, Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology, page 523:

(biology) Of biological processes: having or occurring in annual cycles or periods


farctate

en-adj

farctate (comparative more farctate, superlative most farctate)

more farctate (comparative)
most farctate (superlative)

Latin farctus, past participle of farciō. See farce.

Stem stout and farctate.

1917, South African Journal of Science - Volume 13, page 100:

In species such as P. lejolisii, the young tetrasporangia are pigmented and the sporangium remains farctate throughout development, with the eventual septa appearing as thin lines in side view.

1984, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History).: Botany, page 328:

a farctate leaf, stem, or pericarp

Its surface is possessed of a mild satin glow, an encircling gestalt which seems independent of stock solar light. It is otherwise farctate.

2021, Donald Wesling, Internal Resistances: The Poetry of Edward Dorn, page 63:

(botany, obsolete) Stuffed; filled solid.


dhole

Unknown, possibly from Kannada ತೋಳ (tōḷa, “wolf”).

Mowgli's wanderings had taken him to the edge of the high grassy downs of the Dekkan, and he had seen the fearless dholes sleeping and playing and scratching themselves in the little hollows and tussocks that they use for lairs.

This whistling, a means of communication for a pack of dhole regrouping after an unsuccessful hunt, inspired the other common name of this species—the whistling dog.

2001, “Dhole”, in Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, page 451:

(zoology) An Asian wild dog, Cuon alpinus.


coronilla

/ˌkɔɹəˈnɪlə/

(botany) Any of the genus Coronilla of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets.


transgene

It has created a biotechnology centred on genetic engineering that has introduced transgenes, transmitted through natural interspecies crosses, which, in turn, have allowed emergence of resistant superweeds and superpests, which, in their turn, demand the application of further chemical poisons […]

2007, Will Barnes, “Climate Change and Capital”, in Mute, volume 2, number 5, →ISSN:

(genetics, biotechnology) A gene from one species introduced into the genome of another by transgenesis.


blister blight

(phytopathology) An infection of tea plants, caused by the fungus Exobasidium vexans, characterized by blister-like lesions on the leaves.

(phytopathology) A similar disease of some pines caused by Cronartium asclepiadeum.


ahemeral

ahemeral (comparative more ahemeral, superlative most ahemeral)

more ahemeral (comparative)
most ahemeral (superlative)

/eɪˈhɛməɹəl/

Photostimulation at 22 weeks of age was done with either a normal, hemeral day (14 hours of light; 10 hours of darkness) or a long ahemeral day (14 hours of light; 14 hours of darkness).

2003, Frank Edwin Robinson, Gaylene Marie Fasenko, Robert Allen Renema, New Developments in Reproduction and Incubation of Broiler Chickens, page 116:

(biology) Cyclical, with a period not equal to 24 hours


meristic

meristic (comparative more meristic, superlative most meristic)

more meristic (comparative)
most meristic (superlative)


meristic

(ichthyology) A quantitative property of a fish, as studied in meristics.


meristics

From Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) + -ist + -ics.

(ichthyology) The counting of quantitative features of a fish, such as its number of fins or of scales.


vallecula

en-noun

vallecula (plural valleculae or valleculas)

1859 borrowing from Late Latin vallecula (“a little valley, glen, dell”), diminutive of vallēs (“a valley, vale”).

bor

(anatomy, botany) A depression, channel, or groove.


iridocyte

(histology) A cell, found in some animals, that is filled with iridescent crystals of guanine


leucophore

From Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -φόρος (-phóros, “bearing”), a derivative of φέρειν (phérein, “to bear, to carry”).

When the overlying chromatophores are fully contracted, the underlying leucophores reflect the light making the papillae appear “chalky white”.

2006, Luciana Borrelli, Francesca Gherardi, Graziano Fiorito, A Catalogue of Body Patterning in Cephalopoda, page 216:

Leucophores contain purine in leucosomes and are responsible for white pigmentation in adult medaka.

2009, Masato Kinoshita, Kenji Murata, Kiyoshi Naruse, Minoru Tanaka, Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols, page 121:

Iridophores, formerly known also as guanophores (appearing blue, silver, or gold), and leucophores (white or cream) are non-dendritic cells that contain organelles termed reflective platelets, composed of crystallized guanine.

2013, Alberto Lapedriza, Kleio Petratou, Robet N. Kelsh, “14: Neural Crest Cells and Pigmentation”, in Paul Trainor, editor, Neural Crest Cells: Evolution, Development and Disease, page 289:

(histology) Any chromatophore that shows white in reflected light.


methyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes transmethylation


transmethylation

It was realized that direct proof of the transfer of the methyl group (transmethylation) was highly desirable.

1940 July 7, V Du Vigneaud, “The transfer of the methyl group from methionine to choline and creatine”, in The Journal of Biological Chemistry, page 787:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) The transfer of a methyl group between molecules, especially between biological compounds such as amino acids or the components of nucleic acids.


lask

en-noun

lask (countable and uncountable, plural lasks)

Pannick ſtoppeth the laske as Millet doth, being boiled (as Plinie reporteth) in Goates milk and drunke twiſe in a day.

1597, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], “Of Panick”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant, for Bonham and Iohn Norton, →OCLC, book I, page 79:

A graue & learned Miniſter, and an ordinary Preacher at Alcmar in Holland, was one day (as hee was walking in the fields for his recreation) ſuddenly taken with a laske or looſeneſſe, and therevpon compelled to retire to the next ditch; but being ſurpriſed at vnawares, by ſome Gentlewomen of his Pariſh wandering that way; was ſo abaſhed, that hee did neuer after ſhew his head in publike, or come into the Pulpit, but pined away with melancholy: […]

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Shame and Disgrace, Causes”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 2, member 3, subsection 6, page 88:

The Emulſion or Decoction of the Seed ſtaieth Lasks and continual Fluxes, eaſeth the Chollick, and allayeth the troubleſom Humors in the Bowels, […]

1652, Nich[olas] Culpeper, “Hemp”, in The English Physitian: Or An Astrologo-physical Discourse of the Vulgar Herbs of This Nation. […], London: […] Peter Cole, […], →OCLC, page 64, column 1:

(uncountable, chiefly veterinary medicine) Originally of both persons and animals, now only of animals: looseness of the bowels; diarrhoea; (countable) a bout of this ailment.


reprogramming

reprogramming (countable and uncountable, plural reprogrammings)

(biochemistry) The erasure and reestablishment of DNA methylation during mammalian development


tridentate

(botany) Having tooth-like projections that are themselves bidentate.


venin

From French venin (“venom”), from Latin venēnum (“juice; venom”). Doublet of venene and venom.

(biochemistry) A toxic substance found in the venom of poisonous snakes.

(biochemistry) A supposedly identical toxic substance obtained by cleavage of an albumose.


neuromodulation

(biology) The regulation of neurons by neurotransmitters.


optogenetic

/ˌɑptoʊd͡ʒɪˈnɛtɪk/

/ˌɒptəʊd͡ʒɪˈnɛtɪk/

(genetics) Describing any of several techniques in which optical technology is used to form images of genetically targeted proteins or neurons


glossohyal

From glosso- + -hyal, from Ancient Greek ὖ (û, “the letter upsilon”).

uder

the letter <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">upsilon</i>

(zoology anatomy) The tongue bone, specifically the lingual plate, which is a dermal toothed bone that covers or fuses with the basihyal.


serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

en-noun

serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (uncountable)

(biochemistry) An enzyme found in heart and liver tissues.


aspartate transaminase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino groups between biologically active compounds, especially between aspartic acid and glutamic acid


ustav

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic оуставъ (ustavŭ). Cognate of устав in modern Bulgarian and modern Russian.

The handsomely fashioned writing is of the type described as polu-ustav (semi-uncial), which is midway between the stately ustav and the cursive, . . . —A. Aronson, Rabindranath Through Western Eyes

(palaeography) The earliest style of Cyrillic writing developed from Greek uncial in the late 9th century, predominant in the 11th–14th centuries.


gamo-

Combining form of Ancient Greek γάμος (gámos).

e.g. gamodeme, gamogenesis, gamophyte

e.g. gamopetalous, gamosepalous, gamophyllous


solanum

(botany) Any plant in the genus Solanum.


underpart

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buffy underparts

This bird species has tan underparts. Try to catch a glimpse when the bird takes off.

(ornithology, usually plural) Such a part of a bird.

A lower or underneath part.
Such a part of a bird.


cornicle

From Latin corniculum, diminutive of cornū.

(entomology) one of a pair of small upright backward-pointing tubes found on the dorsal side of the 5th or 6th abdominal segments of aphids


cornicular

The cornicular secretions of the aphids Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon Pisum were analyzed by Strong (1967) and shown to consist almost exclusively of triglycerides.

1981, Murray S. Blum, Chemical Defenses of Arthropods, page 11:

Nanocthulhu possesses a cornicular knob on the corniculum, distinguishing this genus from Stentorceps, which has a circular or ovoid corniculum[…]

2012, Matthew L. Buffington, “Description of Nanocthulhu lovecrafti, a Preternatural New Genus and Species of Trichoplastini (Figitidae: Eucoilinae)”, in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, volume 114, page 6:

The cornicular secretions act in two ways: they can trap the parasitoid as well as function as alarm pheromones that alert their nearby conspecific individuals. The following behaviours of the aphids were recorded: […]cornicular secretions (0, 1 side or 2 sides).

2014, Cecile Le Lann et al., “Thermal change alters the outcome of behavioural interactions between antagonistic partners”, in Ecological Entomology, volume 39, →DOI:

(biology, rare) Of or pertaining to cornicles.


aptotic

en-adj

aptotic (comparative more aptotic, superlative most aptotic)

more aptotic (comparative)
most aptotic (superlative)

(biology, rare) Misspelling of apoptotic.


clathrin

en-noun

clathrin (countable and uncountable, plural clathrins)

(biochemistry) A fibrous protein that forms a polyhedral coat on the surface of the coated pits and vesicles of cells during endocytosis.


electrofusion

(biology) the fusion of plant protoplasts by electrical stimulation


mesofossil

mesofossils (plural)
meso-fossil (alternative)

The mesofossils are small, three-dimensional and charcoalified or lignitized and yield exquisite structural details when studied with scanning electron microscopy.

1999, XVI International Botanical Congress, Abstracts, International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies, page 180:

The present study, based on the morphology of leaves and reproductive organs, reveals much more diversified mesofossil plant assemblages.

2012, Bernard Gomez et al., “10: Mesofossil Plant Remains from the Barremian of Hautrage (Mons Basin, Belgium), with Taphonomy, Paleoecology, and Paleoenvironment Insights”, in Pascal Godefroit, editor, Bernissart Dinosaurs and Early Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems, Indiana University Press, page 105:

Currently, seeds assignable to Nitaspermum are recorded only from the early to mid-Albian mesofossil floras at Puddledock and Kenilworth localities, eastern North America.

2018, Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane, Kaj R. Pedersen, “17: Fossil Seeds with Affinities to Austrobaileyales and Nymphaeales From the Early Cretaceous (Early to Middle Albian) of Virginia and Maryland, USA”, in Michael Krings, Carla J. Harper, Néstor Rubén Cúneo, Gar W. Rothwell, editors, Transformative Paleobotany, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 432:

(paleontology, paleobotany) A fossil of a small part of a plant, such as a fruit, leaf or seed.


luciferin

From Latin lūcifer (“light bringer”) + -in.

Aptly enough, glowworms light up their underworld with a pair of chemicals that have a satanic etymology—luciferins and luciferases, after the Latin for “light bringer.”

2017 October 6, Ed Yong, “The Most Beautiful Death Trap”, in The Atlantic:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of polycyclic heterocycles that are responsible for the bioluminescence of fireflies, being converted to oxyluciferin by luciferase in the process.

luciferino

biochemistry: any of a class of polycyclic heterocycles


oxyluciferin

oxyluciferin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyluciferins)

(biochemistry) The luminescent product of the oxidation of luciferin by luciferase


octopamine

From oct(opus) + -opamine (“dopaminergic agent, dopamine derivative”), because it was isolated from an octopus's salivary gland.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An aromatic amine, 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)phenol, related to noradrenaline, having similar characteristics to dopamine.


photoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins that generate light when oxidized, normally without the aid of an enzyme catalyst


sclerenchyma

en-noun

sclerenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural sclerenchymas or sclerenchymata)

sclerenchymas (plural)
sclerenchymata (plural)

/sklɪəɹˈɛŋkɪmə/

/skləɹˈɛŋkəmə/

(botany) A mechanical ground tissue, impermeable to water, which consists of cells having narrow lumen and thick, mineralized walls of lignin; present in stems, vascular bundles (of monocots), seed coverings, and vein and tips of leaves.

sklerenkima

a mechanical, supportive ground tissue in plants consisting of aggregates of cells having thick, often mineralized walls

(zoology) The hard calcareous deposit in the tissues of the stony corals (Anthozoa).


thermal cycler

(genetics) A laboratory device in which a polymerase chain reaction is carried out repeatedly in cycles which in turn amplifies the sample DNA segments. The instrument contains a thermal block which contains the DNA samples and can precisely control the internal temperature.


enation

enation (countable and uncountable, plural enations)

From Latin enatus (ēnātus) (from ēnāscor (“spring forth”)) + English + -ion.

In field infections, the enations are very small and appear as gray streaks on the backs of the leaves. However, conspicuous enations appear on plants inoculated and reared in the glasshouse (Lindsten, 1961a; Catherall, 1970).

1977, Robert G. Milne, Osvaldo Lovisolo, “Maize Rough Dwarf and Related Viruses”, in Karl Maramonosch, Max A Lauffer, editors, Advances in Virus Research, volume 21, page 282:

Irrespective of how the terminal position of sporangia on short lateral branches evolved, we should keep in mind that it was an important step in positioning the developing sporangia so that they could be protected by enations and microphylls.

1993, Wilson Nichols Stewart, Gar W. Rothwell, Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, page 113:

Infected trees are stunted, with narrow leaves, often with large enations on their underside.

1996, M. Diekmann, C. A. J. Putter, Stone Fruits, page 20:

(botany) A small outgrowth on the surface of a plant organ.

Enation is characterized by the formation of very small, leaflike outgrowths — enations — from the lower surface of leaves, usually along the larger veins (fig. 116).

1965, Albert Julius Winkler, General Viticulture, page 416:

Wallace and Drake (1960, 1961) reported that the woody-gall problem found in Peru, South Africa and Australia was related to vein enation.

1991, Chester N. Roistacher, Graft-Transmissible Diseases of Citrus: Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis, page 145:

Choose varieties resistant to the pea enation virus for summer crops.

2011, Linda Gilkeson, Backyard Bounty: The Complete Guide to Year-Round Organic Gardening in the Pacific Northwest, page 244:

(botany, uncountable) The generation of such an outgrowth.


supersister

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(biology) Any of a set of sisters of a haplodiploid species (e.g. honeybee, or any Hymenoptera) who are daughters of the same queen that was inseminated by a single male (drone). By contrast, full sisters of a diploid species (e.g. humans) share a genetic coefficient of relatedness of 0.5. Supersisters share 0.75 relatedness.


haplodiploid

Curiously, female sweat bees, are are most others bees, wasps, and ants in the order Hymenoptera, are haplodiploid organisms, in which fertilized eggs become female young and unfertilized eggs become males.

2016, Justin O. Schmidt, The Sting of the Wild, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page 60:

(biology, of a species) In which members of one sex are haploid and members of the other are diploid; found especially in the Hymenoptera

haplodiploïde

in which members of one sex are haploid and members of the other are diploid


trisomy

trisomy (countable and uncountable, plural trisomies)

(cytology) The presence of three copies, instead of the normal two, of a particular chromosome of an organism.


regenerated

en-adj

regenerated (comparative more regenerated, superlative most regenerated)

more regenerated (comparative)
most regenerated (superlative)

/ɹiːˈd͡ʒɛnəɹeɪtɪd/

The little bud of regenerated tissue which would normally have grown into a new tail had been removed.

1928, Aldous Huxley, Point Counter Point, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(biology, medicine) Formed by regeneration.


sandersonia

(botany) A plant of the genus Sandersonia, with yellow or orange flowers, Sandersonia aurantiaca.


esquamulose

From e- (prefix forming adjectives with the sense of lacking something) + squamulose; squamulose is derived from New Latin squāmulōsus (“squamulose”), from Latin squamula (“small scales”) (diminutive of squāma (“scale of a fish or reptile; item shaped like a scale, flake”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’). The English word is analysable as e- + squamula + -ose.

prefix

D[umortiera] hirsuta Nees. Diœcious; thallus 5–15 cm. long, 1.3–2 cm. wide, thin, deep-green, becoming blackish, plane and entire on the margins, exareolate and naked, or sometimes with a delicate, coarsely reticulated, closely appressed, cobweb-like pubescence above, hirsute and esquamulose beneath; [...]

1884, Lucien M[arcus] Underwood, “Article I.—Descriptive Catalogue of the North American Hepaticæ, North of Mexico”, in Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Normal, Illinois, volume II, Peoria, Ill.: J. W. Franks & Sons, printers and binders, →OCLC, order II (Marchantiaceæ Corda.), section VII (Dumortiera Nees.), paragraph 1, page 38:

Saurauja nudiflora, [...]. A tree 20 to 30 feet high; youngest branchlets dark-coloured, squamulose towards the apex; the older esquamulose, pale, faintly striate.

1890 February 5, George King, “VIII.—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.”, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume LIX, part II (Natural Science), number 2, Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist Mission Press, →OCLC, order XV (Ternstrœmiaceæ), section 6 (Saurauja, Willd.), page 198:

Hookeri [...] In the only British specimen seen these are about 1 in. high, robust, entirely esquamulose, with the apothecia somewhat large, conglomerate, and having a few minute squamules intermixed.

1894, James M[orrison] Crombie, A Monograph of Lichens Found in Britain: Being a Descriptive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum, London: Printed by order of the Trustees [of the British Museum] […], →OCLC, page 164:

Cladonia multiformis. [...] Podetia irregularly sub-cylindrical at the base, commonly entire but sometimes fissured and gaping, slender or stout, simple or pseudo-branched by obliteration of an early scyphus, esquamulose or more or less leafy throughout, [...]

1909 January, G. K. Merrill, “Lichen Notes No. 7. Cladonia multiformis (nom. nov.) Bry. 6: 1908.”, in Annie Morrill Smith, editor, The Bryologist: An Illustrated Bimonthly Devoted to North American Mosses, Hepatics and Lichens, volume XII, number 1, New York, N.Y.: Published by the editor, […], →OCLC, page 4:

Both subspecies may superficially resemble C. furcata var. furcata, but can be distinguished by the imperforate axils and esquamulose podetia.

1974, D. C. Lindsay, “Systematic Account”, in The Macrolichens of South Georgia (British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports; no. 89), London: British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-19, section 14 (Descriptions of Genera and Species), page 22:

(botany, mycology) Not covered in scales or scale-like objects; having a smooth skin or outer covering.

schuppenlos

not covered in scales or scale-like objects


thermotropic

en-adj

thermotropic (comparative more thermotropic, superlative most thermotropic)

more thermotropic (comparative)
most thermotropic (superlative)

(biology, of a plant) Tending to move towards or away from a source of heat


keratohyalin

(biology) A protein structure found in granules in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis, which may be involved in keratinization, and in Hassall corpuscles in the thymus.


swainsonine

(chemistry, biochemistry) An indolizidine alkaloid, found in various Swainsona and other species (including locoweed), which disrupts the nervous system.


biofix

(biology, pest management) A biological event or indicator of a developmental event, usually in the life of an insect pest, that initiates the beginning of growing-degree-day calculations.


alloimmunity

en-noun

alloimmunity (countable and uncountable, plural alloimmunities)

From allo- + immunity or allo- + immune + -ity or alloimmune + -ity.

(biology, immunology, medicine) Immunity, obtained from another, against one's own cells.

Alloimmunität

immune response to foreign antigens from members of the same species


nuclear pore complex

nuclear pore complex (plural nuclear pore complexes)

(biology) A proteinaceous assembly that selectively transports cargoes across the nuclear envelope


homotrimer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A trimer, especially a biologically active one, derived from three identical monomers.


homotetramer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A tetramer, especially a biologically active one, derived from four identical monomers


homopentamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A pentamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from five identical monomers


homohexamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A hexamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from six identical monomers


homoheptamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A heptamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from seven identical monomers.


homooctamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) An octamer derived from eight identical monomers


heterodimer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A dimer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different monomers.


heterotrimer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A trimer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers.


heterotetramer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A tetramer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but often similar) monomers


heteropentamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A pentamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers


heterohexamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A hexamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers.


heteroheptamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) A heptamer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but similar) monomers


heterooctamer

(chemistry, biochemistry) An octamer which contains two or more different monomer species.


xenologous

(genetics) homologous due to horizontal gene flow


gena

Borrowed from Latin gena (“cheek”). Doublet of chin.

(zoology) The cheek; the feathered side of the under mandible of a bird.

(entomology) The part of the head to which the jaws of an insect are attached.

(entomology) The part of the head below the compound eyes of Diptera, or an analogous part of the head of larvae without compound eyes.


subconical

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(geometry, mycology) Shaped somewhat like a cone.


ergotoxine

/ɜːɡəˈtɒksiːn/

(biochemistry) A mixture of alkaloids (ergocristine, ergocornine and ergocryptine) identified in ergot, formerly believed to be a single compound.


muscimol

From German Muscimol, formed from Latin muscarius (in Amanita muscaria) + imine + -ol.

The organopsychedelic muscimole, an isoxazole-alkaloid derived from Amanita muscaria, a.k.a. the fly agaric mushroom […].

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 66:

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic alkaloid present in the fly agaric and other related fungi; 3-hydroxy-5-aminomethylisoxazole.


ibotenic acid

(biochemistry) An isoxazole present in Amanita fungi, used as an insecticide.


ibotenic

From Japanese イボテングタケ (ibotengutake, “Amanita ibotengutake (syn. Amanita strobiliformis)”), from which it was first isolated.

der

(biochemistry) Relating to ibotenic acid and its derivatives


solanaceous

en-adj

solanaceous (comparative more solanaceous, superlative most solanaceous)

more solanaceous (comparative)
most solanaceous (superlative)

From modern Latin Solanaceae, from Latin solanum (“nightshade”).

(botany) Pertaining to the family Solanaceae, which includes the nightshades.


lampyrid

(zoology) Any member of the family Lampyridae; a firefly or lightning bug


squama

Borrowed from Latin squāma (“scale”). Doublet of squame.

(botany) The bract of a deciduous spike.


struthious

struthious (comparative more struthious, superlative most struthious)

more struthious (comparative)
most struthious (superlative)

From Latin strūthiō (“ostrich”) + -ous (“relating to”).

af

1931, Percy R. Lowe, Struthious Remains from Northern China and Mongolia with Descriptions of Struthio Wimani, Struthio Anderssoni and Struthio Mongolicus, Spp. Nov, Geological Survey of China:

(ornithology) like an ostrich or other ratite


squame

(zoology) The scale, or exopodite, of an antenna of a crustacean.


termen

(entomology) The outer edge of the wing of a butterfly or moth, joining the apex to the tornus.


denaturation

en-noun

denaturation (countable and uncountable, plural denaturations)

/diːˌnætʃəˈɹeɪʃən/

(biochemistry) The change of folding structure of a protein (and thus of physical properties) caused by heating, changes in pH, or exposure to certain chemicals.


tingible

en-adj

tingible (comparative more tingible, superlative most tingible)

more tingible (comparative)
most tingible (superlative)


connexin

From Latin connexus (“connected”) + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins that assemble to form gap junctions in vertebrates.


lentiviral

(virology) Of or relating to a lentivirus


autoinducer

(biochemistry) Any of several compounds, synthesized by bacteria, that have signalling functions in quorum sensing


cadherin

/kædˈhɪəɹɪn/

From calcium-dependent adhesion molecules + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of transmembrane proteins important in maintaining tissue structure.


desmosome

(biology) A structural unit that functions in the adhesion of cells to form tissue

desmosome

a structural unit that functions in the adhesion of cells to form tissue


oogenesis

en-noun

oogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural oogeneses)

oogeneses (plural)
oögenesis (alternative)

(biology) The formation and development of an oocyte or ovum


spitter

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(herpetology, slang) Synonym of spitting cobra.


oligopeptide

(biochemistry) A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids


panicle

Borrowed from Latin pānicula, diminutive of pānus (“ear of millet, literally 'thread wound on a bobbin'”), from Ancient Greek πῆνος (pênos, “web”), πηνίον (pēníon, “bobbin”). Doublet of panocha.

Inflorescence a large terminal, leafy, cross-armed panicle, composed of small, 5-flowered, terminal umbellets.

1838, George Don, A General System of Gardening and Botany (page 64)


thermotropism

thermotropism (countable and uncountable, plural thermotropisms)

(botany) Thermotropic movement of a plant or plant part in response to changes in temperature.

thermotropisme

thermotropic movement of a plant or plant part


haberlea

(botany) Any plant of the genus Haberlea, perennials native to Bulgaria and Greece.


capacitate

en-verb

capacitate (third-person singular simple present capacitates, present participle capacitating, simple past and past participle capacitated)

capacitates (present singular third-person)
capacitating (participle present)
capacitated (participle past)
capacitated (past)

(transitive, zoology) To alter sperm to allow it to fertilize eggs.


polyadenous

en-adj

polyadenous (comparative more polyadenous, superlative most polyadenous)

more polyadenous (comparative)
most polyadenous (superlative)

(botany, zoology, rare) Having many glands.


amphiphilic

amphiphilic (comparative more amphiphilic, superlative most amphiphilic)

more amphiphilic (comparative)
most amphiphilic (superlative)

(biochemistry, of a protein, especially an alpha helix) Having one surface consisting of hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface consisting of hydrophobic (or lipophilic) ones.

amfifiilinen

having one surface consisting of hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface consisting of hydrophobic (or lipophilic) ones


slimeball

slimeballs (plural)
slime ball (alternative)
slime-ball (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sley-
Proto-Germanic *slīmą
Old English slīm
English slime
Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-
Proto-Germanic *balluz
Old English *beall
Middle English bal
English ball
English slimeball
From slime + ball. Sense 1 (“a round lump made up of or coated with slime or a slime-like substance”) is a calque of German Schleimkugel, from Schleim (“mucus, slime”) + Kugel (“ball”), while sense 1.1 (“a mucus-coated lump containing the cercariae of a liver fluke”) may be a calque of German Schleimball (from Schleim (“slime”) + Ball (“ball”)).

Schleimkugel

round lump made up of or coated with slime or a slime-like substance which came from outer space

(biology) A round lump made up of or coated with slime or a slime-like substance such as mucus.

The eggs [of a lancet fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum)] that pass out with the manure of an infested sheep do not hatch in the open. When eaten by the snail, they hatch and finally give rise to larvae that pass out of the snail's body in gelatinous "slime[-]balls."

1957 May, J[ohn] T. Lucker, A. O. Foster, “Adult Tapeworms”, in Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Sheep (Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 1330), Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 38:

The cercariae contain massive glands, formerly considered to be penetration glands, but now believed to produce the slime responsible for the formation of these balls. It is likely that the slime produced by the snail itself may contribute, at least partly, to the formation of a slimeball.

1976, J[ames] D[esmond] Smyth, “Digenea: Bucephalidae, Fasciolidae, Opisthorchiidae, Dicrocoeliidae”, in Introduction to Animal Parasitology (Biological Science Texts), 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 181, column 2; 3rd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1994, →ISBN, page 215, column 2:

These flukes have three hosts. [...] As the infected snail crawls along it leaves slime balls containing cercaria on grass. An ant, Formica fusca, the arthropod host for D. dendriticum in the United States, is infected when it ingests the slime balls. Mammals are infected by consuming ants containing encysted metacercaria.

1995, A. M. Marty, E. M. Andersen, “Helminthology”, in Wilhelm Doerr, Gerhard Seifert, Erwin Uehlinger, editors, Tropical Pathology (Spezielle pathologische Anatomie: Ein Lehr- und Nachschlagewerk [Special Pathological Anatomy: A Teaching and Reference Work]; 8), 2nd edition, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, page 827:

(helminthology, specifically) A mucus-coated lump containing the cercariae (“parasitic larvae”) of a liver fluke (of the phylum Platyhelminthes).

Schleimball

mucus-coated lump of the parasitic larvae of a liver fluke


polyantha

Rosa multiflora
Rosa multiflora#Translingual

(botany) Any of several hybrids of Rosa multiflora that have clusters of small flowers; a polyantha rose; Rosa polyantha.


polyanthous

en-adj

polyanthous (comparative more polyanthous, superlative most polyanthous)

more polyanthous (comparative)
most polyanthous (superlative)

(rare, botany) Having many flowers, particularly if within the same involucre.


common name

Near-synonym: trivial name

From the point of view of biology, a bird has both a scientific name and a common name.

2016, James Lambert, “Ornithonymy and Lexicographical Selection Criteria”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 30, number 1, pages 39–62:

(taxonomy) The name by which an organism or group of organisms is known to the general public.

俗名

a name by which an organism is known to the general public


budburst

(botany) The emergence of new leaves on a plant at the beginning of each growing season


exchanger

A person or thing that exchanges one thing for another.


microcompartment

(biology) Any of many small enclosures within most cells having a shell of protein; an organelle


salinosporamide

(cytology) A highly cytotoxic proteasome inhibitor obtained from a marine bacterium


urogenital papilla

(anatomy, zoology) A tubular ending of the urogenital ducts behind the anus in teleost fish.

(zoology) A structure that is located ventral to the anus in female pigs.


Siberian crane

Baby Siberian cranes learning to fly rose briefly against the sky.

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 870:

Grus leucogeranus
Grus leucogeranus#Translingual

(ornithology) A large white crane, Grus leucogeranus, which breeds in Arctic Russia and western Siberia.


acidophyte

(botany) Any plant that thrives in an acidic environment


acrophyte

From acro- (“sharp; peak”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(botany) Any plant, such as an Alpine, that grows at a high altitude


aerophyte

/ˈɛː.ɹə(ʊ).fʌɪt/

/ˈɛ.ɹəˌfaɪt/


amphiphyte

From amphi- (“near”) + -phyte (“flower”).

(botany) Any plant that grows on the edges of water or wetlands, and is sometimes submerged.


anthophyte

From antho- (“flower”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any flowering plant, or extinct close relative of the flowering plants.

antófita

any angiosperm or related extinct plants


anthropophyte

From anthropo- (“human”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(ecology) A plant introduced into a new habitat by humans


apophyte

From apo- (“away from; lacking”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(ecology, botany) Any native plant growing in disturbed land, such as in an abandoned field


archaeophyte

archaeophytes (plural)
archæophyte (alternative)
archeophyte (alternative)

From archaeo- (“ancient; early”) + -phyte (“a plant that grows in a specified habitat”). Archaeo- is derived from Ancient Greek ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos, “ancient, primeval”), from ᾰ̓ρχή (ărkhḗ, “beginning, origin”) (from ἄρχω (árkhō, “to begin; to command, rule”) + -ῐος (-ĭos, “suffix forming adjectives”); while -phyte is from Ancient Greek φῠτόν (phŭtón, “plant; tree”), from φῠ́ω (phŭ́ō, “to arise, grow, spring up”) + -ον (-on, “suffix forming nouns”).

der

[page 126] Archæophytes (Rikli), plants which have occurred constantly with us since pre-historic times, originally, however, growing wild nowhere in the country, field and garden weeds, […] [page 127] Further, the flora of the cultivated areas consists of a very heterogeneous element, e.g., the field weed flora is composed of at least two groups, the true Archæophytes […] and the spontaneous Apophytes […]

1906 April, T[homas] W[illiam] Woodhead, “Classification of Alien Plants according to Origin”, in Thomas Sheppard, Thomas William Woodhead, editors, The Naturalist: A Monthly Illustrated Journal of Natural History for the North of England, number 369 (number 591 overall), London, Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire: A. Brown & Sons, […], →OCLC, pages 126–127:

Anthropochorous plants are divided into (a) those introduced unintentionally, including ephemerophytes (casuals), epoikophytes (colonists, aliens) and archaeophytes (naturalised plants), and (b) those introduced intentionally, including ergasiphytes (foreign cultivated plants) and ergasiphygophytes (escapes from cultivation).

1913 March, “Swedish Lapland: Simmons, H. G. ‘Die Flora und Vegetation von Kiruna im schwedischen Lappland.’ Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., 48, 1912, pp. 1–86, 6 plates.”, in The Journal of Ecology, volume I, number 1, London: Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 65:

It may be doubtful whether the three species first mentioned should more properly be regarded as archæophytes, since they also occur outside the actually cultivated soil; […]

1931, C[arl] H[ansen] Ostenfeld, The Distribution within Denmark of the Higher Plants: Results of the Topographic-botanical Investigation: 1: A Brief Historical Survey of the Investigation (Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling [Publications of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Department of Natural Science and Mathematics]; vol. 9, number 3(1)), Copenhagen: Andr[eas] Fred[erik] Høst & Søn, […], →OCLC:

N. Eur. an archæophyte, following the cereals, Færoes one place, but here noticed with an interval of 30 years.

1934, Meddelelser om Grønland [Monographs on Greenland], volume 92, Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels Forlag, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 18:

Carduus acanthoides […] In Central Bohemia an archeophyte growing in a variety of ruderal habitats (dumps, railroads, construction areas, waste places), in pastures, and abandoned fields.

1990, J. Osbornová, “Abandoned Fields in the Region”, in J. Osbornová, M. Kovářová, J. Lepš, and J, Prach, editors, Succession in Abandoned Fields: Studies in Central Bohemia, Czechoslovakia (Geobotany; 15), Dordrecht, Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISBN, page 19, column 1:

[A]rcheophytes are adapted to habitat types created early in history, including pastures, fields, and their edges; many of the neophytes, on the other hand, occur predominantly in ruderal, industrial, and urban habitats. […] [T]he proportion of neophytes is much higher in the flora of Berlin than in adjacent non-urban areas, but no difference was found for archeophytes.

1999, H[erbert] Sukopp, U[we] Starfinger, “Disturbance in Urban Ecosystems”, in Lawrence R. Walker, editor, Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground (Ecosystems of the World; 16), Amsterdam, Lausanne: Elsevier, →ISBN, page 405, column 1:

The separation between natives and archeophytes relies on a combination of paleobotanical, archeological, ecological, and historical evidence (archeophytes and neophytes are absent from the fossil record in the last glacial period, the late glacial, and the early post-glacial). Archeophytes are often known from archeological evidence to have been present in prehistoric times.

2009, P. Pyšek, D. M. Richardson, “Invasive Plants”, in Sven Erik Jørgensen, editor, Applications in Ecological Engineering, Amsterdam, Boston, Mass.: Elsevier, →ISBN, page 291, column 3:

Archaeophytes, or aliens that arrived through man's cultural activity and applied for a residency permit more than 500 years ago, can be accepted but are apologised for. Neophytes, aliens that have had an assisted passage since 1500, are beyond the pale, and never protected. Nevertheless, some of these may be of both cultural value and international conservation concern, like Lady Amherst's pheasant in Bedfordshire, just as much as those threatened archaeophyte weeds.

2009, T[homas] C[hristopher] Smout, “History, Nature and Culture in British Nature Conservation”, in Exploring Environmental History: Selected Essays, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, page 213:

Many taxa that are rare as natives are much commoner than aliens; only the native (or archaeophyte) distribution is considered for present purposes.

2010, Clive Stace, “Introduction”, in New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page xxiv:

Of the 1,459 total number of species inventoried, 13.6% were archaeophytes (introduced before 1500), 15.4% neophytes (introduced after 1500), and 71.0% native species.

2013, Norbert Müller, Maria Ignatieva, Charles H. Nilon, Peter Werner, Wayne C. Zipperer, “Patterns and Trends in Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Design”, in Thomas Elmqvist et al., editors, Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment […], Dordrecht, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 130–131:

In the past, species now considered to be archaeophytes have been variously treated as native or alien, but in the twentieth century in Britain they were most often considered as mainly native, e.g. by Clapham et al. (1952), Dandy (1958).

2015, Clive A[nthony] Stace, Michael J[ohn] Crawley, Alien Plants (Collins New Naturalist Library; 129), London: William Collins, →ISBN:

Archaeophytes were introduced before modern times – that is, before the year of 1492 (≈1500 AD), when Christopher Columbus reached the coasts of the American continent. Archaeophyte tree or shrub species were introduced, for instance, by the Romans or the ancient Greeks from Central Asia or Persia.

2016, Matthias Meyer, “Invasive Species, Indigenous vs. Alien Dendroflora”, in Andreas Roloff, editor, Urban Tree Management for the Sustainable Development of Green Cities, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section 14.2.1 (“Indigenous” vs. “Alien”), page 187:

As a consequence of the human displacements which occurred in Southern Europe from the East to the West, archeophytes (i.e. the exotic species that were introduced before 1500) were established in Western European territories such as the Iberian peninsula.

2017 November, Irene Martín-Forés, “Exotic Plant Species in the Mediterranean Biome: A Reflection of Cultural and Historic Relationships”, in Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš, editor, Mediterranean Identities: Environment, Society, Culture, Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, →DOI, →ISBN, page 180:

Habitats affected (or degraded) and fragmented by man's activity were, beginning with the Neolithic, often invaded by apophytes and archeophytes and over the past 500 years also by neophytes.

2018, Alexander Fehér, “Case Studies”, in Vegetation History and Cultural Landscapes: Case Studies from South-west Slovakia (Springer Geography), Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 3.5 (Historical Reconstruction of Expansion of Alien Plants in the Nitra River Basin), page 248:

(botany) A plant which was introduced to an area by humans (or arrived naturally, but from an area in which it was present as a human introduction) and became naturalized before 1500 C.E. (but especially in prehistoric times).

arxeofit

plant introduced to an area by humans (or arrived naturally, but from an area in which it was present as a human introduction) and became naturalized before 1500 C.E.


arthrophyte

From arthro- (“joint”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant belonging to the former class Arthrophyta (now Equisetopsida); the horsetails


involucrum

Borrowed from Latin involūcrum. Doublet of involucre.


neurogeneticist

/ˌnjʊəɹəʊd͡ʒəˈnɛtɪsɪst/

/ˌnʊɹoʊd͡ʒəˈnɛtɪsɪst/

From neuro- + geneticist, on the pattern of neurogenetics.

(biology and medicine) A specialist or expert in neurogenetics.


neurogenetics

(medicine, genetics) The study of the role of genetics in the development of neurological disorders


cepheid

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the family Cepheidae


cepheid

(zoology) Any jellyfish in the family Cepheidae


vectorial

electron transport chain
electron transport chain

(biochemistry) In the electron transport chain, being or relating to a type of enzyme-mediated reaction that moves protons in a specific direction (from the matrix into the inter-membrane space in this example).


cyanobacterial

(biology) Of or pertaining to the cyanobacteria.


homeodomain

(biochemistry, genetics) A folded protein domain that binds to DNA and has a function in transcription


segrosome

(biochemistry) A protein complex that functions during the segregation of plasmids or chromosomes during bacterial cell division


pyrophyte

/ˈpʌɪɹəˌfʌɪt/

(biology) Any plant that is resistant to fire, or that needs fire to propagate


quasispecies

(taxonomy) A group of organisms once (but no longer) thought to be a separate species (and sometimes given such a name)

(genetics) A group of similar nucleic acid molecules; a group of organisms (especially viruses) having such similar genomes.


anal pore

(biology) A structure in single-celled animals, and in some simple multicellular animals, through which waste is eliminated.


LOS

en-noun

LOS (countable and uncountable, plural LOSs)

LOSs (plural)
L.O.S. (alternative)
L. O. S. (alternative)

(biochemistry) Initialism of lipooligosaccharide.


norrin

(biochemistry) A protein that in humans is encoded by the NDP gene, mutations in which are associated with Norrie disease.


alula

On the wing, even the tiny “thumb feather” or alula can be seen.

2017 June 28, Hanneke Meijer, The Guardian:

(ornithology) A small projection of three or four feathers on the first digit of the wing on some birds.


achordate

(biology) Not having a proto-spinal chord at any stage of development.


quinarian

(taxonomy) Describing a system of classification based on the quinary system


quinarianism

(taxonomy) The quinary system of classification, which states that each taxon comprises exactly five subtaxa.


quinovose

(biochemistry) A deoxy sugar, 6-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, that is widespread in plants, often as a sulfate


nerved

en-adj

nerved (comparative more nerved, superlative most nerved)

more nerved (comparative)
most nerved (superlative)

The leaf was palmately nerved.

(botany, often in combination) Having one or more principal veins, especially of a leaf.

-ruotinen

botany: having one or more principal veins


nerving

(botany) An arrangement of nerves or veins in a plant.


sexuale

Incidentally, it may be stated that beside the sexuale mentioned above, no other sexuale of any aphid species had been known to occur in Bihar.

1976, The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, page 417:

Early mating individuals in a population producing sexuales late are more likely to mate with members of a population producing sexuales early and vice versa.

2012, A. F. G. Dixon, Aphid Ecology: An optimization approach, page 56: