tetragenous

The leaves are arranged in four longitudinal rows along the stem. There are two rows of smaller leaves attached to the upper side of stem and two rows of larger leaves attached laterally. The strobili are tetragenous (four-angled) […]

2006, Anil Kumar, Botany for Degree Pteridophyta, page 184:

Mussels that employ all four demibranchs for brooding are referred to as tetragenous.

2010, James H. Thorp, Alan P. Covich, Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates:

Eggs are incubated in all four gills (tetragenous). In the other groups the gill structure is stabilized by increasing the number of connectives and by organizing them into continuous walls (Kat 1984).

2012, G. Bauer, K. Wächtler, Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida, page 234:

(botany, zoology) Involving groups of four; arranged in fours.


superfertile

en-adj

superfertile (comparative more superfertile, superlative most superfertile)

more superfertile (comparative)
most superfertile (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superfertile.wav


superfertility

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superfertility.wav

(biology) The property of being superfertile.


rhachitome

The sequence of vertebral types led Watson to conclude that the primitive labyrinthodonts, embolomeres, had given rise to the rhachitomes and that these forms had eventually produced the ungainly, doomed stereospondyls.

2005, Dev Raj Khanna, Biology of Amphibia, page 56:

(zoology) Any amphibian of the clade Rhachitomi.


stereospondyl

(zoology) Any amphibian of the suborder Stereospondyli.


dissorophoid

This diet appears to have been diversified in two clades of relatively small largeheaded and shortbodied temnospondyls, the zatracheids and dissorophoids.

2014, Rainer R. Schoch, Amphibian Evolution: The Life of Early Land Vertebrates:

(zoology) Any amphibian of the clade Dissorophoidea.


plagiostomy

From its original subcerebral position (orthognathism) it shifts into a precerebral position (proguathism). That in connection with this rotation plagiostomy changes into teleostomy we will pass over in silence, although this phenomenon would give amble scope for interesting observations.

1922, Proceedings of the Section of Sciences - Volume 25, page 375:

They are comparatively large, without outgrowths, of a rounded shape, with a flattened ventral surface and cryptostomy or plagiostomy with a lip.

1991, Biology Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, page 279:

Two other morphological features, plagiostomy and cryptostomy, are considered to be adaptations to life in soil; both involve a reduction in the size of the pseudostome in proportion to the test and the formation of a vestibule (Fig. 11) and both tend, therefore, to protect the cell against dessicaation (Bonnet, 1961a, 1964).

2012, A Burgers, Soil Biology, page 170:

(biology) An adaptation in which the mouth is diminished, firmly closed, and located on the ventral side protected deeply within a carapace.


cryptostomy

The slit-like pseudostome is hidden by the dorsal lip and an extension of the ventral shell wall (cryptostomy).

2000, John J. Lee, Gordon F. Leedale, Phyllis Clarke Bradbury, An illustrated guide to the protozoa:

(biology) An adaptation in which the mouth is reduced to a slit and its location is concealed.


pleurembolic

From Ancient Greek πλευρά (pleurá, “a rib, a side of something”) + Ancient Greek ἔμβολος (émbolos, “peg, stopper”).

uder

Some scattered melanophores in fundus of atrium, a few pigment cells along seminal groove. Male atrium (a) narrow in front, wide behind. Its fundus forms a deep fold which receives seminal groove and functions as pleurembolic penis (p).

1970, Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and Other Caribbean Islands:

The proboscis wall itself is highly muscular and has longitudinal, circular and diagonal muscle layers. It is of the pleurembolic type characteristic of the Buccinacea.

2003, Harold Barnes, Oceanography and Marine Biology, →ISBN, page 373:

The acrembolic type has appeared independently several times in gastropods, including some heterobranchs, while the pleurembolic proboscis may have appeared only once.

2008, Winston Ponder, David R. Lindberg, Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca, →ISBN, page 346:

(biology) Capable of being withdrawn by a backward movement of the parts from which it protrudes so that it becomes engulfed.


polyembryo

But sour and swee oranges have a number of characters in common -- small-panicled inflorescences, tight peel, whitish polyembryo, etc.

1932, Taihoku Teikoku Daigaku. Ri-nogakubu, Memoirs, page 68:

A complicating feature of conifers, when estimating the number of lethals, is that polyembryos are common during seed development.

1977, M. Thompson Conkle, Knobcone Pine Self Compatibility and Isozyme Inheritance, page 61:

This method is effective because unlike other fructiferous plants, citrus possesses the polyembryo property, thus obtaining from a single seed more than one plant with identical properties to the parent plant.

2013, Giovanni Dugo, Ivana Bonaccorsi, Citrus bergamia: Bergamot and its Derivatives, →ISBN, page 26:

(botany) A single seed that contains multiple embryos.

Mitochondria, like the phospholipids, have been investigated when the polyembryo of Ageniaspis had the form of a tube (string).

1964, Kazimierz Sembrat, Zoologica Poloniae: Archivum Societatis Zoologorum Poloniae, page 264:

The phenomenon, nevertheless, is probably greatly underreported, because to my knowledge no one has searched methodically—using suitable nuclear genetic markers—for vertebrate polyembryos in nature.

Furthermore, in certain species having polyembryos development (e.g., armadillo), all the embryos that have develope from a single fertilized egg are of the same sex.

2010, Rehana Khan, A Textbook of Biotechnology Volume-I Genetics and Molecular Biology, →ISBN:

(biology) One of a set of genetically identical embryos that develop from a single fertilized egg.


strigilator

These little crickets belong to a group of Synoeketes which Wheeler has called Strigilators. They lick the surfaces of ants and seem to feed very largely, if not exclusively, on the cutaneous secretions and the thin coating of saliva with which ants cover one another.

1927, Horace St. John Kelly Donisthorpe, The guests of British ants: their habits and life-histories:

The Myrmecophila are true strigilators. They are perpetually licking the oily secretions on the bodies and limbs of their ants, which they caress the while with their antennæ.

1928, Auguste Henri Forel, The Social World of the Ants Compared with that of Man:

Synoëketes — guests unnoticed or tolerated because the ants are unable to deal effectively with them. They are mostly harmless scavengers or nuisances or strigilators and are classified by Wheeler as being: a. Neutrals — scavengers that are not mimetic: mites; collembolens; staphylinid, trichopterygid, chrysomelid, and scarabæid beetles; phorid and syrphid flies; and caterpillars of certain microlepidopterans.

1942, Edward Oliver Essig, College Entomology, page 672:

(zoology) Any of various myrmecophiles that feed on the oily secretions on the bodies of ants.


gasterosteiform

Dermal plates, which are composed exclusively of bone, are known for representatives of taxa like syngnathiforms, tetraodontiforms and gasterosteiforms.

2014, Hermann Ehrlich, Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates, page 230:

(zoology) Any fish of the order Gasterosteiformes.


syngnathiform

(zoology) Any fish of the order Syngnathiformes.


tetraodontiform

(zoology) Any fish of the order Tetraodontiformes.


coextinct

(biology, of two or more species) No longer in existence; having died out.


forestem

forestems (plural)
fore-stem (alternative)

Nearby, Marikosan picked the rising and curling forestems for later cooking.

2016, George C. Zidbeck, Observations and Reflections of a Country Squire:

(botany) The forward or projected-most part of a stem


bursicle

These are joined by slender stalks to sticky discs, the viscidia, which are protected from contact with the air by a membranous pouch called the bursicle. At a touch from a visiting bee the bursicle ruptures and the insect's head, probing towards the nectar, is bound to touch one or both viscidia which immediately stick to it and become detached from the flower.

1977, Michael Willmer Forbes Tweedie, Insect Life, page 106:

(botany) A sheath that covers the viscidium in some plants.


teleoconch

en-noun

teleoconch (plural teleoconchs or teleoconches)

teleoconchs (plural)
teleoconches (plural)

the shell produced after metamorphosis is referred to as adult shell or teleoconch.

1995, Haszprunar, G., Salvini-Plawen, L. von, & Rieger, R. M. (1995). Larval planktotrophy—a primative trait in the Bilateria? Acta Zoologica, 76(2), 141–154., page 143:

Teleoconch: The postlarval, postmetamorphic, or postnuclear whorls of the shell. Because Conus shells continue to grow throughout life, the number of teleoconch whorls varies considerably within as well as among species.

2014, Alan J. Kohn, "Conus" of the Southeastern United States and Caribbean, page 48:

(zoology) The portion of a shell of a conchiferan mollusc formed immediately after the larval stage of the life cycle of the organism.


symbiotroph

Although their life history is not fully known, observed behavior of one of the well-known species, Thalassomyces marsupii, a symbiotroph with the amphipod Parathemisto, is shown here.

1999, Lynn Margulis, Diversity of Life: The Illustrated Guide to the Five Kingdoms, page 104:

(zoology) An organism that derives nourishment through a symbiotic relationship with another organism.


symbiotrophy

(zoology) The state of being a symbiotroph


patellogastropod

Clipping of translingual Patellogastropoda, equivalent to patello- + gastropod

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Patellogastropoda</i>

However the prevailing opinion that the patellogastropods form the first offshoot of the gastropods is not supported by palaeontological data. The oldest indisputable evidence of the Patellogastropoda is from Late Triassic strata.

2012, John A. Talent, Earth and Life: Global Biodiversity, Extinction Intervals and Biogeographic Perturbations Through Time:

(zoology) Any gastropod of the clade Patellogastropoda.


polydesmid

(zoology) An millipede in order Polydesmida (flatbacked millipedes.

(zoology) An millipede in family Polydesmidae.


taenioglossan

(zoology) Any member of the Taenioglossa.


rachiglossan

(zoology, obsolete) Any member of the Rachiglossa, a former classification that included a number of carnivorous marine neogastropod families.


toxoglossan

(zoology) Any mollusk of the superfamily Toxoglossa.


ptenoglossan

(zoology) Any sea snail of the clade Ptenoglossa.


stenoglossan

In addition to the more highly developed siphon, stenoglossans usually have only three radular teeth in each transverse row.

1974, Alan Solem, The Shell Makers: Introducing Mollusks, page 107:

(zoology) Any marine snail of the suborder Stenoglossa.


cryptocaryosis

(ichthyology) A parasitic infection of marine fish caused by the ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans.


entelegyne

(zoology) Any spider of the clade Entelegynae.


haplogyne

(zoology) Any spider of the clade Haplogynae.


erigonine

(zoology) Any spider of the subfamily Erigoninae.


mynoglenine

(zoology) Any spider of the linyphiid subfamily Mynogleninae.


cymbium

Concocted from Latin cymbium, not used in such a meaning.

The tarsus consists of two parts, the cymbium and paracymbium. The cymbium is the spoon-shaped base of the tarsus. The paracymbium is only a prominent apophysis arising from the base of the cymbium and is articulated with the cymbium by a movable joint.

2009, P. A. Sebastian, Spiders of India:

(zoology) The tarsus of the copulatory pedipalp in certain spiders.


paracymbium

(entomology) In certain male spiders, an appendage extending from the cymbium.


cymbial

The male first inserted his cymbial hook into the laterally facing atrium on one side of the epigynum and then held it there while he inserted his conductor into the atrium on the opposite side.

2015, Alfredo V Peretti, Anita Aisenberg, Cryptic Female Choice in Arthropods: Patterns, Mechanisms and Prospects:

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the cymbium.


palpimanoid

(zoology) Any spider of the superfamily Palpimanoidea.


araneofauna

Therefore, a Jurassic araneofauna existed of orb-web weavers (Orbiculariae) including both cribellate uloborids and ecribellate araneoids.

2007, David M. Martill, The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World:

(zoology) The population of spiders inhabiting a region.


spination

The internal defensive spicula are very numerous, and appear all to spring from the basal membrane, their diameter is nearly the same at the base, but they vary greatly in their length and also in the degree of their spinations; in some the spines are quite in an incipient state, while in others they are well and distinctly produced.

1866, J. S. Bowerbank, A Monograph of the British Spongiadae, page 150:

They share few characters: 25 vertebrae; compact, triangular gut; inconspicuous gas bladder; and some head spination.

2000, Jeffrey Martin Leis, The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes: An Identification Guide:

(zoology) The distribution of spines on an organism.


pseudocryptic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudocryptic.wav

pseudocryptic species

(biology) Morphologically recognized as cryptic only after other methods have unveiled their existence.


pre-mine

(ecology) Before the opening of a mine in a region.


orbicularian

The orbicularian common ancestor had perhaps seven different types of silk gland.

2010, Leslie Brunetta, Catherine L. Craig, Spider Silk: Evolution and 400 Million Years of Spinning, Waiting, Snagging:

(zoology) Any spider of the clade Orbiculariae.


deinopoid

Comparison between deinopoid and araneoid orb webs suggests that araneoid silks and webs are far superior with respect to functional capabilities.

2003, Catherine L. Craig, Spiderwebs and Silk: Tracing Evolution From Molecules to Genes to Phenotypes:

(zoology) Any spider of the superfamily Deinopoidea.


araneoid

(zoology) Any spider of the superfamily Araneoidea.


amaurobioid

Amaurobioids are characterized by slender unbranched tracheal tubes, while dictynoids should have at least the median tracheae strongly branched.

2001, Diana Silva, A phylogenetic approach to the classification and diversity of ctenid spiders (Araneae : Ctenidae) with a taxonomic revision of the Malagasy genera:

(zoology) Any spider of the superfamily Amaurobioidea.


dionychan

This is so even though the closest relatives of Anyphaenidae are not yet determined, as is true for most dionychan families (Coddington and Levi, 1991), because anyphaenids are quite uniform in some characters not commonly found on other spiders (the details of the claw tufts and the tracheal system).

2003, Martín J. Ramírez, The Spider Subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae): A Phylogenetic Revision at the Generic Level:

(zoology) Any spider of the clade Dionycha.


metaltelline

No one would claim that Chilean metaltellines are representative even of the Chilean biota in general, but consider the results of spider sampling in Bolivia (Coddington, personal communication; Colwell and Coddington 1994).

1999, Joel Cracraft, Francesca T. Grifo, The Living Planet in Crisis: Biodiversity Science and Policy, page 46:

(zoology) Any spider of the subfamily Metaltellinae.


clubionoid

(zoology) Any spider of the family Clubionidae.


entodiniomorphid

(zoology) Any member of the Entodiniomorphida.


retromargin

(zoology) The posterior margin of the fang furrow in the chelicera.


dictynoid

(zoology) Any member of the Dictynoidea, a group of araneomorph spiders that have been treated as a superfamily.


patelloid

(zoology) Any member of the gastropod superfamily Patelloidea.


bellerophontoid

(zoology) Any member of the superfamily Bellerophontoidea of extinct planospirally-coiled globose molluscs.


murchisoniacean

suf

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Murchisoniacea</i>

(zoology, obsolete) Any member of the Murchisoniacea, an extinct superfamily of gastropod molluscs.


rhynchonellid

However, it is the large-sized rhynchonellids that have been most readily identified to date as members of ancient hydrocarbon seep communities.

2010, Steffen Kiel, The Vent and Seep Biota: Aspects from Microbes to Ecosystems:

(zoology) Any brachiopod of the order Rhynchonellida.


subulitacean

Subulitaceans have spindle- or awl- shaped shells, commonly slender and pointed at the apex of the spire.

1982, Ida Thompson, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils, page 421:

(zoology) Any gastropod of the superfamily Subulitacea an obsolete form of Subulitoidea.


cyclostomatous

(zoology) Of or relating to the Cyclostomata, a group of agnathans that comprises the living jawless fishes: the lampreys and hagfishes.


delthyrium

In the present species the two plates are directed, not toward the margin of the delthyrium, from which at the hinge line the cardinal teeth presumably project, but to the oblique intersecting line.

1908, George Herbert Girty, The Guadalupian fauna, page 208:

(zoology) The opening between the beak and the hinge in certain brachiopods, through which the pedicle passes.


trepostomatous

(zoology) Of or relating to the Trepostomata, an extinct bryozoan order.


palintrope

Many hinged genera have a flat or curved shelf, called the palintrope, between the beak and the hinge line. The ventral palintrope is divided at the middle by the delthyrium, a triangular opening for the pedicle.

2010, John P. Rafferty, The Paleozoic Era: Diversification of Plant and Animal Life, page 71:

(zoology) A part of the ventral valve of some brachiopods between the beak and the hinge line.


delthyrial

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the delthyrium.


fenestellid

(zoology) Any member of the Fenestellidae, a family of bryozoans.


productoid

(zoology) Any member of the suborder Productoidea, a large group of Upper Paleozoic brachiopods.


billingsellacean

The Obolellida and the basic articulate stock, the billingsellaceans, appear later in the lower Cambrian. The orthide billingsellaceans with their strophic hinge lines, deltidiodont dentition and invariably calcareous shells, comprise two families which, although morphologically similar, have a fundamentally different style of shell secretion, reflected in their various descendants.

1979, Michael Robert House, The Origin of major invertebrate groups, page 235:

(zoology) Any brachiopod of the superfamily Billingsellacea.


euomphalacean

(zoology) Any member of the Euomphalacea (now Euomphaloidea), a former extinct superfamily of marine molluscs.


kutorginid

(zoology) Any brachiopod in the family Kutorginidae.

(zoology) Any brachiopod in the order Kutorginida.


stringocephalid

This environmental behaviour suggests that all of these thick-shelled groups (and possibly similar groups like the stringocephalids and rensselandids) may have become so modified during the process of natural selection as not to have been able to have moved from the positions into which they found themselves.

2011, A.J. Boucot, Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls, page 232:

(zoology) Any brachiopod of the family Stringocephalidae.


dielasmatid

(zoology) Any brachiopod in the family Dielasmatidae.


amplicant

(chemistry, biology) A factor that amplifies a response.


chilidium

From chil(o)-, alternative form of cheilo- + -idium.

The chilidium is a convex plate often covering the cardinal process of the dorsal valve in the Protremata.

1895, Charles Schuchert, A Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda Including Bibliography and Synonymy:

The chilidium is not often visible in the dorsal valve of Billingsella but when seen proves to be an arch with its piers built against the notothyrial edge.

1938, Edward Oscar Ulrich, Ozarkian and Canadian Brachiopoda, page 73:

(zoology) A plate covering a portion of the dorsal valve in certain brachiopods.


ex vitro

(botany) In an environment outside the artificial tissue culture, usually in soil or potting mixture.


spermatidogenesis

(cytology) The creation of spermatids from secondary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis.


hypogenous

(botany) Produced or growing on the undersurface.


crownshaft

(botany) A leafbase which forms on some palms above the trunk and below the crown and above the trunk.


synaptic cleft

(biochemistry) A small space, adjacent to a neuron, that receives neurotransmitter molecules from another neuron.


pruritogenesis

(biology) The development of pruritis (an itching sensation).


psammophobic

M . capensis is psammophilic and tolerant of extreme wave action, whereas A. orbitosa is psammophobic (Bolton and Levitt 1992, Bolton and Joska 1993).

1995, South African Journal of Marine Science - Volumes 15-16, page 57:


zoarcoid

en-adj

zoarcoid (comparative more zoarcoid, superlative most zoarcoid)

more zoarcoid (comparative)
most zoarcoid (superlative)

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the perciform suborder Zoarcoidei.


zoarcoid

(zoology) Any fish in the suborder Zoarcoidei.


pseudoproct

From pseudo- + Ancient Greek πρωκτός (prōktós, “anus”).

The pseudostome and pseudoproct become obscure and are shortly obliterated, the sarcoid forming a thick, smooth, uniform layer over the stem and over its terminal disk.

1865, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, page 524:

The pseudembryo moves rapidly in the water, rolling round and swinging from side to side ; as a rule, and especially when at rest, the surface bearing the pseudostome and pseudoproct is turned downwards.

1866, The Record of Zoological Literature, page 759:

The pseudembryo or echinopzrdium, at first cilisted and spheroidal, becomes after a time wedge-shaped; at its broad end appears the mouth or psaudostome, and at the other the anus or pseudoproct.

1878, Thomas Spencer Baynes, The Encyclopedia Britannica:

The larva now fixes itself by the 'pseudoproct.'

1888, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report, page 735:

(biology) The anal opening on the pseudembryo of an echinoderm.

(biology) A false osculum or secondary opening which replaces the original osculum of a sponge.


pseudostome

In all the cases which I have observed, the ciliated bands so characteristic of the pseudembryonic form have made their appearance before the rupture of the vitelline sac; and frequently the pseudembryo has become somewhat reniform, a depressed ciliated patch indicating the position of the pseudostome.

1865, Wyville Thomson, “On the Embryogeny of Antedon rosaceus, Linck (Comatula rosacea of Lamarck”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, page 521:

The sarcodic body of the pseudembryo begins to shrink, the pseudostome and the two lower bauds of cilia disappear, and afterwards the two upper bands, and the embryo then becomes fixed to a stone, seaweed, or some other object.

1903, Day Otis Kellogg, Thomas Spencer Baynes, William Robertson Smith, The Encyclopædia Britannica: A-ZYM, page 637:

On one side of the body it has formed an arch forwards, its apex nearly touching the second band; and in the wider space thus left between the third band and the fourth, the pseudostome forms a deep involution of the sarcode, keyhole-shaped, richly ciliated, shallow anteriorly and deepening posteriorly into the short curved pseudocele, which merely dips under the fourth band, breaking through immediately behind it as a small round anal aperture.

1954, The Record of Zoological Literature - Volume 2, page 759:

(biology) The oral opening on the pseudembryo of an echinoderm.


pseudoscule

Another characteristic is the presence of a 3-6 cm wide large pseudoscule with a transparent membrane.

2007, Naglaa M. Mohamed, Ecophysiology of Microbial Communities Associated with Marine Sponges (Ircinia Strobilina) and (Mycale Laxissima), →ISBN:

The height is 11 cm; the largest diameter, just below the pseudoscule, 4–6 by 9 cm; the thickness of the walls, 2–20 mm.

2013, F. Wiedenmayer, Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas, →ISBN, page 107:


lanthanosuchid

(zoology) Any member of the Lanthanosuchidae, an extinct family of procolophonomorph parareptiles.


parareptile

(zoology) Any member of subclass or clade †Parareptilia of extinct reptiles.


parareptilian

(zoology) Of or relating to the Parareptilia.


procolophonomorph

(zoology) Any member of the Procolophonomorpha, an order or clade of parareptiles that appeared during the Middle Permian.


protomorph

(genetics) Something that has the most primitive character; that which is in the earliest form.


pareiasaur

(paleontology) Any member of the Pareiasauridae, a family of large parareptiles from the Permian period.


mastofauna

Superficially masto- (“relating to mammary organs”) + fauna, though perhaps calquing or borrowed directly from a term like Spanish mastofauna.

affix

(rare, zoology) The mammals, or all kinds of mammals, inhabiting a region.


dvinosaur

(zoology) A member of the Dvinosauria, a clade of primitive semi-aquatic to completely aquatic amphibians.


canarium

(botany) Any of the genus Canarium of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical evergreen trees in the family Burseraceae.


defaunate

en-verb

defaunate (third-person singular simple present defaunates, present participle defaunating, simple past and past participle defaunated)

defaunates (present singular third-person)
defaunating (participle present)
defaunated (participle past)
defaunated (past)

From de- + fauna + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

af

(ecology, transitive) To remove the animals from.


anomodont

Anomodonts are a group of therapsids that evolved in the Late Permian. The dicynodonts are by far the most important anomodonts and were the dominant herbivores of the Late Permian: they were the first truly abundant worldwide herbivores.

(zoology) Any therapsid of the suborder Anomodontia.


batrachomorph

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Batrachomorpha</i>

Batrachomorphs comprise the stegocephalians more closely related to lissamphibians than are other stegocephalians, as well as the lissamphibians themselves.

2012, Sebastien Steyer, Earth Before the Dinosaurs, page 61:

(zoology) Any animal of the clade Batrachomorpha.


stegocephalian

(zoology) Any amphibian of the clade Stegocephalia.


biarmosuchian

There is a set of scleral ossicles around the eye that are also found in another biarmosuchian, Lemurosaurus, and certain other pelycosaurs and therapsids, indicating that it is probably a plesiomorphic therapsid character.

2011, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan, Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation • Histology • Biology, page 10:

(zoology) Any therapsid of the suborder Biarmosuchia.


bennettitalean

Most bennettitalean foliage shows xeromorphic features such as small, reflexed pinnae, sunken stomata, and papillae or hairs on the leaf surfaces.

1992, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals:

(zoology) Any of the extinct plants of the order Bennettitales.


cycadeoid

Like the cycads many cycadeoids have trunklike stems that are unbranched or sparsely branched and clothed in spirally arranged persistent leaf bases.

1993, Wilson Nichols Stewart, Gar W. Rothwell, Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, page 350:


ictidorhinid

Biarmosuchians include most of the ictidorhinids and the more derived burnetiamorphs.

2012, Paul Selden, John Nudds, Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems, Second Edition, page 117:

(zoology) Any therapsid of the genus Ictidorhinus.


burnetiamorph

(zoology) Any therapsid of the clade Burnetiamorpha.


sphenacodontian

The keel of the angular does have the deep form characteristic of the group, but it is not reflected laterally as occurs in other sphenacodontians.

2005, Thomas Stainforth Kemp, The Origin and Evolution of Mammals, page 26:

(zoology) Any synapsid of the clade Sphenacodontia.


nycteroleterid

Although Ivakhnenko (1987) suggests that nycteroleterids are closely related to pareiasaurs, a more recent analysis suggests that the two groups are only remotely related (Lee, 1995).

2003, Michael J. Benton, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, page 83:

(zoology) Any parareptile of the family Nycteroleteridae.


procolophonoid

The presence of an ossified extrastapes in Youngina, however, seems to support a less specialized hearing function than that of procolophonoids.

2016, Jennifer A. Clack, Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear: Evidence from the Fossil Record:

(zoology) Any parareptile of the superfamily Procolophonoidea.


eupelycosaur

Ophiacodontids were a comparatively more depauperate group of early eupelycosaurs typified by marked elongation of the rostrum […]

2011, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan, Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation • Histology • Biology, page 94:

(zoology) Any synapsid of the clade Eupelycosauria.


transmethylase

Although the dimethylthetin transmethylase can be prepared free from the betaine transmethylase by further alcohol fractionation, all active betaine transmethylase preparations have had dimethylthetin transmethylase activity.

1948, JW Dubnoff, H Borsook, “Dimethylthetin and dimethyl-β-propriothetin in methionine synthesis”, in Journal of Biological Chemistry:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses transmethylation.


crossandra

(botany) Any of the genus Crossandra of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae.


ANP

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (55) and insulin-like growth factor (56) have demonstrated no improvement in renal failure rates.

2011, Pauline K. Park, “Assessment of Noncardiac Perioperative Risk”, in Michael W. Mulholland, Gerard M. Doherty, editors, Complications in Surgery, 2nd edition, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 85:

atrial natriuretic peptide
atrial natriuretic peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of atrial natriuretic peptide.


testacid

This class include foraminiferans, radiolarians, acantharians, heliozoans and helioflage!- lates, most of the so-called proteomyxans, and the filose testacid amebas.

1965, The American Midland Naturalist - Volume 73, page 294:

Chardez (1957, 1960, 1965, 1967, and other papers) and with Krizelj (1970) has extensively catalogued the protozoan fauna (especially testacid amebas) of forest soils and of mosses (from sphagnum bogs, of forest floors, rocks and tree trunks).

1979, The University of Kansas Science Bulletin:

Subsequently, Wallich (1864) recorded 4 species of testacid rhizopods from Gangetic Sundarbans of Lower Bengal.

1991, Animal Resources of India: Protozoa to Mammalia : State of the Art:

Silicates and silica biopolymers are found in algae, e.g.: diatoms, chrysophytes, chrysomonads, and xanthophytes; sponge spicules; protozoans, e.g.: radiolarians, silicoflagellates, zoomastigophora, testacid sarcodina, siliceous foraminifera, and Rhizopod amebael and in nanoplankton like loricate choanoflagellates.

2005, Richard B. Hoover, Roland Paepe, Perspectives in Astrobiology - Volume 366, →ISBN, page 49:

(biology) Belonging to the protozoan order Arcellinida (formerly Testacida).


aphagy

(medicine, zoology) Inability to feed due to anatomical deficiencies.


pharyngostomy

(medicine, veterinary medicine) Creation of an artificial opening into the pharynx.


dumping ground

Several genera, e.g. Miltonia Lindl., Odontoglossum Kunth and Oncidium Sw., have historically been viewed as taxa of convenience and thus became dumping grounds for species of unclear relationships.

2008 December, Mark W. Chase et al., “Taxonomic transfers in Oncidiinae to accord with Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 5”, in Lindleyana:

(taxonomy) A presumably polyphyletic supraspecific taxon where species of unclear affinities are placed.


subendemic

In a few cases, this procedure had the effect that taxa changed their designation from endemic to subendemic because they have since been found in North African countries, such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunesia, or in parts of western Asia.

2013, Carsten Hobohm, Endemism in Vascular Plants, page 126:


sphenosuchian

(zoology) Any crocodylomorph of the Sphenosuchia.


urnigerate

en-adj

urnigerate (comparative more urnigerate, superlative most urnigerate)

more urnigerate (comparative)
most urnigerate (superlative)

From Latin urniger (“urn-bearing”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

Its urnigerate basidia are not found in any of the Exobasidiaceae, but they do occur in the related Brachybasidiaceae.

1975, RJ Bandoni, BN Johri, “Observations on the genus Exobasidiellum”, in Canadian Journal of Botany:

(mycology) Shaped like an urn with a stem.


axoplast

Centroaxoplastids have an axoplast at the centre of the cell, in a membrane-enclosed cavity within the nucleus, and radiating bundles of microtubules in a pin-wheel array (Fig. 6.13j), which is an extension of the cryptoaxoplastid pattern.

1991, Michael A. Sleigh, Protozoa and Other Protists, →ISBN, page 183:

According to the distributional pattern of the axopodia and the location and form of their intracapsular organizing center, the axoplast, Hollande and Enjumet identified the following taxa: (1) the anaxoplastidies lacking a well-defined axoplast -- the radial axopodia arise in the central capsule cytoplasm from isolated ponts, sometimes near the papillae of the nuclear memberanel (2) the periaxoplastidies possessing a distinct axoplast occurring outside the nucleus either in a juxtanuclear position or in a concavity formed by the slight invagination of the nuclear envelope, or variously embedded within the fold-like center of a capiform nucleus; and (3) the centroaxoplastidies, exhibiting a centronuclear axoplast. In the latter group, the axoplast is surrounded by the nucleus.

2012, O. Roger Anderson, Radiolaria, →ISBN, page 46:

All axopodia appear to arise either from the nuclear membrane or from an axoplast.

2012, Pierre Dustin -, Microtubules, →ISBN, page 155:

Large bundles of axopodia radiate from an axoplast granule at each smaller pore, and the large pore is said to act as a cytostome.

2013, P.C. Reid, Carol Turley, P.H. Burkill, Protozoa and Their Role in Marine Processes, →ISBN, page 27:

(biology) A dense structure, with no microtubules, located in the center or close to the nucleus of a cell, and from which radiate axopodia.


xylogalactan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide composed of xylose and galactose residues.


fructotransferase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that produce difructose anhydrides from fructans.


glucotransferase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that liberates glucose from amylose.


reineckeid

(zoology) Any member of the Reineckeidae.


zygozoospore

(botany) A spore formed by the union of several zoospores.


aulacopod

From Ancient Greek αὖλαξ (aûlax, “furrow”) + -pod.

It is only in the aulacopod land snails that there is a great diversity of shelled snails, slugs, and a wild variety of intermediates

1974, Alan Solem, The Shell Makers: Introducing Mollusks, page 212:

Webb (J 96l a) thought the aulacopod condition better adapted to burrowing in soil and the holopod condition, with less pronounced grooves, more dry-adapted.

1999, Fauna of New Zealand - Issue 38, page 21:

In an analysis of pallial and foot character evolution in Stylomatophora, Baker (1955) concluded that the ancestors of the Sigmurethra probably had, among other features, an aulacopod foot.

2001, G. M. Barker, The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, →ISBN, page 90:

(biology) Having a pair of parapodial grooves so that the ciliated sole extends above the foot margin.


acrembolic

In contrast to Archidoris, N. claurina has a swollen prostate, an acrembolic penis, a strange anastomosis of the vagina and the duct connecting the allosperm receptacles, and, most significantly, minute caryophyllid tubercles.

2003, Michael Schrödl, Sea slugs of southern South America:

The acrembolic type has appeared independently several times in gastropods, including some heterobranchs, while the pleurembolic proboscis may have appeared only once.

2008, Winston Ponder, David R. Lindberg -, Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca, →ISBN, page 346:

In the Pyramidellidae, attachment of the gastropod to its host is by way of a sucker situated at the tip of the long, acrembolic proboscis while the jaw, modified to form a buccal stylet, serves to pierce the integument of the host; there is no radula.

2013, Karl M. Wilbur, C. M. Yonge, Physiology of Mollusca - Volume 2, →ISBN, page 15:

(biology) Able to be withdrawn by muscles that cause the tip to sink inwards.


superparasite

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(biology) Any species that parasitizes another in very large numbers.


parasitengone

Thus it is possible that mechanisms of distastefulness evolved independently in terrestrial and aquatic parasitengones.

2013, Heather Proctor, Aquatic Mites from Genes to Communities, page 143:

(zoology) Any mite of the clade Parasitengona.


water mite

Water mites are a dominant feature of the fauna of all freshwater ecosystems. Over 400 species in 87 genera and 22 families have been recorded in Australia.

1998, MS Harvey, The Australian Water Mites: A Guide to Families and Genera:

(zoology) Any mite of the clade Hydracarina (syn. Hydrachnidia).


allosperm

en-noun

allosperm (countable and uncountable, plural allosperms)

They seem to have mechanisms that favour fertilization by allosperm (donated by a partner) over autosperm (produced endogenously).

2000, Robert T. Dillon, The Ecology of Freshwater Molluscs, →ISBN, page 80:

The latter have a well-defined allosperm storage organ, called spermatheca, attached to their fertilization pouch (Baur, this book).

2010, Janet Leonard, Alex Cordoba-Aguilar, The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, →ISBN, page 176:

This is consistent with theory that predicts a preference for the female mating role after periods of sexual isolation because of allosperm depletion.

2010, Nils Anthes, Peter M. Kappeler, Ralph Bergmüller, Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms, →ISBN, page 340:

During copulation, the penis deposits the autosperm (which now become allosperm) into the vaginal channel of the distal hermaphroditic duct of another animal. The allosperm then travel to the spermatotheca.

2011, Gregory A. Lewbart, Invertebrate Medicine, →ISBN, page 101:

(biology) Sperm that has been received from another organism.


autosperm

autosperm (countable and uncountable, plural autosperms)

Mating events whereby autosperm are donated to one partner while receiving allosperm from a third individual are known from sea slugs (see Chapter 8) and a monogenean flatworm (MacDonald and Caley 1975).

1998, Tim R. Birkhead, Anders Pape Møller, Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection, →ISBN, page 237:

(biology) Sperm that has been produced endogenously.


diaulic

These glands may be associated with either three (the triaulic condition, Fig. 4C) or two separate ducts (the diaulic condition). Two variants of the diaulic condition are found. A separation of the male functions from the other functions gives the andro-diaulic condition (Fig. 4A), while the separation of the female from the other functions gives the oodiaulic condition (Fig. 4B).

1988, K. G. Adiyodi, Rita G. Adiyodi, Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Accessory Sex Glands, →ISBN:

(biology, of a hermaphroditic organism) Having two reproductive duct systems.


androdiaulic

In androdiaulic and triaulic forms the movement of sperm is largely by muscular action, but the function of congealing the sperm into a more or less unitary mass is retained by the prostate.

1964, Michael T. Ghiselin, Reproductive Function and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods:

Two other species of Ringicula have either an incomplete separation of the female and male ducts or a complete separation, becoming an androdiaulic system (see below).

2010, Janet Leonard, Alex Cordoba-Aguilar, The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, →ISBN, page 157:

All of the nudibranchs seem to be derived from notaspidean-like stock with androdiaulic reproductive systems.

2012, Arthur Giese, Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, →ISBN:

(biology) Having two reproductive duct systems, one for the delivery of sperm, and the other for receiving sperm and depositing eggs.


oodiaulic

(biology) Having two reproductive duct systems, a hermaphroditic one for copulation and one for depositing eggs.


monaulic

In R. buccinea the reproductive system appears monaulic with only partial separation of male and female ducts.

2013, A. S. Tompa, Reproduction, →ISBN, page 232:

(biology, of a hermaphroditic organism) Having a single reproductive opening.


introgressively

en-adv

introgressively (comparative more introgressively, superlative most introgressively)

more introgressively (comparative)
most introgressively (superlative)

(genetics) By the means of introgression.


preformationary

(biology, historical) Relating to the theory of preformation.


zoidogamy

(biology) A form of plant reproduction in which male gametes swim towards the female gametes in a pool of water


river dolphin

(zoology) Any dolphin that is found only in fresh or brackish water, now considered in one of three superfamilies Platanistoidea, †Lipotoidea, Inioidea, all in parvorder Odontoceti or in a grouping with hippopotamuses.

jokidelfiini

dolphin found only in fresh and brackish water


sobole

(botany, archaic) Alternative form of soboles


hymenopterist

suf

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Hymenoptera</i>

My collecting partner for this trip was long-time friend and hymenopterist Mike Arduser.

2022 May 14, Ted C. MacRae, Cupressaceae:

(entomology) An entomologist who studies hymenopterans.


hemobartonellosis

(veterinary science) An infectious disease found in cats, caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis.


holopod

The great majority of the holopod snails have a vegetarian diet.

At the same time a second way leading to the origin of the tripartite division of the sole is conceivable: namely as a consequence of the increase of weight on the central part of the holopod sole.

1985, A. A. Shileĭko, The system of the order Geophila (Helicida) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata):

Webb (196l a) thought the aulacopod condition better adapted to burrowing in soil and the holopod condition, with less pronounced grooves, more dry-adapted.

1999, Gary M. Barker, Naturalised Terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda):

In others, the holopod condition occurs, where the parapodial grooves may be fused and sited at the margin of the foot, such that the ciliated sole reaches to the lateral margin of the foot but not extending above.

2001, G. M. Barker, The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, →ISBN, page 90:

(biology) Having a longitudinally undivided sole.


apternodontid

Borrowed from translingual Apternodontidae.

(zoology) Any member of the Apternodontidae.


bioinventory

(ecology) An inventory of the plants and animals in a location


bioproductivity

(biology) The productivity of a biological process (at a specified organizational scale)


distiphallus

(entomology) The enlarged, apical part of the aedeagus in some insects


epandrium

(entomology) The dorsal saddle-shaped part of male terminalia in Diptera


phorocyte

(cytology) A mobile cell that transports the buds of doliolids


katepisternum

(entomology) The ventral part of the episternum of an insect.


oestroid

en-adj

oestroid (comparative more oestroid, superlative most oestroid)

more oestroid (comparative)
most oestroid (superlative)

(entomology) Of or pertaining to the superfamily Oestroidea


copynumber

(genetics) Alternative form of copy number


lamellipodin

(biochemistry) A protein that promotes the formation of lamellipodia


mannanoligosaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide derived from mannan


exomewide

Therefore, implementation for a larger number of assays for these genes is challenging for laboratories that seek to offer comprehensive exomewide sequencing, including genes with homology.

2014 November, Diana Mandelker, “Comprehensive Diagnostic Testing for Stereocilin: An Approach for Analyzing Medically Important Genes with High Homology”, in The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, volume 16, number 6, page 639:


protelean

(biology) Describes an organism that begins as a parasite but emerges as a free-living adult


neoepithelialization

(biology) The formation of new epithelial tissue


antitaxic

(biology) relating to movement away from a stimulus


eukaryvory

On the pattern of herbivory, carnivory, etc.

(ecology, rare) Feeding on eukaryotes (by other eukaryotes).


bipotent

(biology, of a stem cell) Having the ability to develop into two types of cell


NADS

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase.


Muller's morphs

Introduced by Hermann J. Muller (1890–1967).

(genetics) A set of terms used to classify genetic mutations: amorph, hypomorph, hypermorph, antimorph, and neomorph.


physogastry

From physo- + Ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastḗr, “belly”) + -y.

One of the most bizarre modifications of the beetle abdomen is known as physogastry. Physogastry is a condition in which the abdomen is enlarged. usually through increased growth of the connective membranes, expansion of the internal fat bodies, and subsequent secondary sclerotization of the abdominal sclerites.

2000, Arthur V. Evans, An Inordinate Fondness for Beetles, page 64:

The development of queen physogastry is considered to mark the end of the founding stage. It is often difficult to determine the time required for a queen to become physogastric in termite colonies.

2014, Y. Abe, Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology, page 337:

The most striking characteristic of many termitophiles is physogastry, or the excessive enlargement of the abdomen, which closely resembles that of the hosts and especially that of the old queens.

2015, William Morton Wheeler, The Social Insects: Their Origin and Evolution, page 266:

(entomology) An enlargement of the abdomen in certain insects, especially in termite queens.


urinatorial

urinatorial (comparative more urinatorial, superlative most urinatorial)

more urinatorial (comparative)
most urinatorial (superlative)


urosomite

(zoology) One of the somites of the urosome.


vibrogen

(botany) Active cellular tissue arranged in layers in the cortex of certain tendrils, causing circumnutation.


alcoholase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that converts glucose or lactic acid to alcohol


pseudoaerial

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(botany) aerial but with some connection to the ground


undercurved

undercurved (comparative more undercurved, superlative most undercurved)

more undercurved (comparative)
most undercurved (superlative)

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(zoology) Curved so as to pass below the body; said of parts of the upper surface of an insect.


scatophage

From New Latin scatophagus, from Ancient Greek σκατοφάγος (skatophágos), from σκατο- (skato-, “shit”) and φάγος (phágos, “eater; glutton”), from φᾰγεῖν (phăgeîn, “to eat”) + -ος (-os, “-er”, forming agent nouns). Equivalent to scato- + -phage. In particular reference to dungflies, an anglicization of their genus Scatophaga.

(usually zoology) A shiteater: a human or animal that consumes excrement.


butyrine

(biochemistry) The alpha-amino acid derived from butyric acid


camphorin

(biochemistry) A ribosome-inactivating protein found in camphor seeds


cartilagein

(biochemistry) A protein found in cartilage


archeopyle

archeopyles (plural)
archaeopyle (alternative)

(zoology) A distinctive opening in the test of fossil dinoflagellates.


gymnodinialean

(zoology) Of or relating to the Gymnodiniales, an order of dinoflagellates of the class Dinophyceae.


isobilateral

(botany) Having the flanks of the organ flattened surfaces.


rhabdosteid

(zoology) Any extinct cetacean in the family Rhabdosteidae.


nematocerous

(zoology) Having long thread-like antennae, like a dipterous insect.


synthesis phase

en-noun

synthesis phase (plural synthesis phases)

(biology, cytology) The part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between the G1 phase and G2 phase.


G1 phase

(biology, cytology) The first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division.


G2 phase

(biology, cytology) The second subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis.


lepralielliform

Moreover, the lepralielliform ovicell, in which the ectooecium is entirely calcified though perforated by numerous pseudopores, precludes these species from being affiliated with taxa having a microporelliform ovicell, in which the ectooecium is uncalcified.

2015 October 22, “Diversity and Systematics of Schizomavella Species (Bryozoa: Bitectiporidae) from the Bathyal NE Atlantic”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Having the form of a bryozoan of the superfamily Lepralielloidea.


isandrous

(botany) Having the stamens similar and equal in number to the divisions of the corolla.


rhipidopterous

(zoology) Of or relating to the Rhipidoptera.


deutoplasmic

(biology) Pertaining to, or composed of, deutoplasm.


ecblastesis

From Ancient Greek ἐκβλάστησις (ekblástēsis, “budding”).

der

(botany) The production of buds within flowers.


opisthobranchism

(zoology, rare) The property of being an opisthobranch.


nitratation

en-noun

nitratation (countable and uncountable, plural nitratations)

nitrite oxidoreductase
nitrite oxidoreductase

(biochemistry) The conversion of nitrite into nitrate, typically be means of the enzyme nitrite oxidoreductase


latifolious

en-adj

latifolious (comparative more latifolious, superlative most latifolious)

more latifolious (comparative)
most latifolious (superlative)


holochoanitic

Other Early Paleozoic cephalopods have holochoanitic siphuncles

1942, Ozarkian and Canadian Cephalopods: Part III: Longicones and Summary, →ISBN:

He accepted the Plectronoceratidae as primitive, and the Ellesmeroceratidae as the derived next step, one characterized by holochoanitic structure and diaphragms, and leading to a group of endoceroids;

1964, Memoir - New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, page 11:

However, over a short period of time (less than 10 Ma) during the late Devonian, the Clymeniida developed a dorsal (or internal) holochoanitic siphon.

2012, Raymond Enay, Palaeontology of Invertebrates, →ISBN:

(paleontology) Long, cylindrical, and reaching between adjacent septums.


organotrophy

The ability of many freshwater algae to grow under controlled laboratory conditions in the dark in the presence of a carbon source provides strong experimental evidence for the wide occurrence of organotrophy.

2005, David Sigee, Freshwater Microbiology:

(biology) The condition of an organism obtaining its energy from organic compounds.


wheel animal

(zoology) Any one of numerous species of rotifers having a ciliated disk at the anterior end.


BDNF

brain-derived neurotrophic factor
w:brain-derived neurotrophic factor

(biochemistry) Initialism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.


phenogam

phenogams (plural)
phaenogam (alternative)

From Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “I shine”) + γαμέω (gaméō, “to marry”).

(botany, now rare) Phanerogam; spermatophyte.


opisthognathous

(zoology) Having retreating jaws or teeth.


INM

(cytology) Acronym of inner nuclear membrane.


ONM

(cytology) Acronym of outer nuclear membrane.


nodiferous

nodiferous (comparative more nodiferous, superlative most nodiferous)

more nodiferous (comparative)
most nodiferous (superlative)


colporate

colporate (comparative more colporate, superlative most colporate)

more colporate (comparative)
most colporate (superlative)

From colpus + pore + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

Durio graveolens pollen is colporate

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having apertures which combine a rounded pore and a colpus, or groove.


prosopon

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρόσωπον (prósōpon, “face, mask, person”).

bor+

(zoology) A variety of small-scale structures in trilobites, such as ribbing, domes, and perforations.


corculum

(botany, obsolete) The central part of a seed, from which the new plant develops.


detrivory

(biology) The condition of being a detrivore


eleocyte

(cytology) A coelomocyte that contains many fat globules


macrophagy

(zoology) The condition of being macrophagous.


methylmannoside

(biochemistry) Any methyl glycoside / ether of mannose


pecoran

(zoology) Any ungulate of the infraorder Pecora


sivathere

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Sivatherium</i>

The sivatheres became extinct about two million years ago, but other giraffes, including the ancestors of the living giraffe species and the okapi, thrived.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 103:

Shins coated in mud, the sivathere strides out onto more solid ground, towards the shade to browse.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 28:

(paleontology) An extinct giraffid of the genus Sivatherium.


zonotreme

(palynology) Having apertures on the equator of the grain.


bacteriocecidium

(biology) A gall produced by a bacterium


barophily

(biology) The condition of being barophilic


Signor-Lipps effect

Named after American paleontologists Philip Signor and Jere Lipps, who formally proposed it in 1982.

(paleontology) The principle that due to the incompleteness of the fossil record, the earliest and latest known occurrences of a taxon will almost never represent the ages of the actual earliest and latest organisms belonging to it.


chondriome

From chondrio- (Clipping of mitochondrion) + -ome.

af

Clipping of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">mitochondrion</i>

In one of his 1913 papers Guillermond discusses the function of the chondriome (collective term for the chondriosomes of the cell or the plant) in Fungi.

1914 April - May, F. Cavers, “Chondriosomes (Mitochondria) and their Significance”, in The New Phytologist, volume 13, number 4/5:

Several characteristics of the chondriome require investigation. What is the biological significance of base sequence homology between parts of mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) and nuclear DNA in eukaryotes?

1986, S. H Mantell, The Chondriome: chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes:

(biology) The set of intracellular organelles contained in the cytosol.


cornein

(biochemistry) A protein-like material found in corals


burr cell

(biology, medicine) A red blood cell with abnormal appearance characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections.


dielytra

In spring, what a place it was for wild flowers!―as Lucy Raymond and her brothers well knew, having often brought home thence great bunches of dielytras and convallarias and orchises; and at any time some bright blossoms were generally to be found gleaming through the shade.

1871, Agnes Maule Machar, Lucy Raymond Or, The Children's Watchword, page 25:

(botany) Any member of the plant genus Dielytra.


epitype

It is clear, therefore, where any epitype, selected as an interpretive type, should be sought. The selection of an epitype, in the absence of type or authentic material, would be important, for any further molecular work will need to have available a culture of the type species of the genus which has some nomenclatural standing, i.e. a culture derived from the epitype.

2000, G.-S. Seo, P. M. Kirk, “1: Ganodermataceae: Nomenclature and Classification”, in J. Flood, P. D. Bridge, M. Holderness, editors, Ganoderma Diseases of Perennial Crops, CABI Publishing, page 4:

The epitype does not displace the primary type it is to interpret, but rather supplements it.

2010, Philippe Bouchet, Ellen E. Strong, “Chapter 6: Historical Name-Bearing Types in Marine Molluscs: An Impediment to Biodiversity Studies?”, in Andrew Polaszek, editor, Systema Naturae 250: The Linnaean Ark, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 72:

In cases where a name-bearing type exists but does not show features needed for conclusive identification with a particular species circumscription, for example, one lacking spores, an interpretative type, an epitype, can be designated to supplement information evident in the name-bearing type. Epitypes are increasingly being designated in mycology today for sequenced material where DNA has not or cannot be recovered from the name-bearing type.

2016, David L. Hawksworth, “Chapter 2: Mycotoxin-Producing and Clinically Important Fungi: Their Classification and Naming”, in R. Russell M. Paterson, Nelson Lima, editors, Molecular Biology of Food and Water Borne Mycotoxigenic and Mycotic Fungi, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 9:

(taxonomy) An additional, clarifying type (specimen or illustration) of a species or lower-order taxon, provided when the holotype and paratypes from the original classification are demonstrably ambiguous or insufficient.

To test this hypothesis our discussion is focused on finding evidence for gene-specific epitypes that supports or rejects cause-and-effect relationships between genotype, epitype and phenotype.[…]The first approach (A) examines the penetrance of transgenerationally inherited epitypes that are known to activate or silence the expression of disease related gene(s), which in turn correlate with onset of the "aberrant" disease phenotypes.[…]The second and less direct approach (B) searches out epitypes that are duplicated, as DNA sequences are duplicated, and examines multiple copies of DNA sequence and epitype that have been evolutionarily co-conserved.

2013, Kasirajan Ayyanathan, Epigenetics and Pathology: Exploring Connections Between Genetic Mechanisms, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 284:

(genetics, epigenetics) An epigenetic alteration in a gene.


Mad

mothers against decapentaplegic
w:mothers against decapentaplegic

(genetics) Acronym of mothers against decapentaplegic.


nealogy

(zoology) The description of the morphological correlations of the early adolescent stages of an animal.


monorhinal

(zoology) Having a single nasal passage.


notodontiform

en-adj

notodontiform (comparative more notodontiform, superlative most notodontiform)

more notodontiform (comparative)
most notodontiform (superlative)

(zoology) Resembling a moth of the family Notodontidae.


recombineer

en-verb

recombineer (third-person singular simple present recombineers, present participle recombineering, simple past and past participle recombineered)

recombineers (present singular third-person)
recombineering (participle present)
recombineered (participle past)
recombineered (past)

(genetics, transitive) To modify by the recombineering technique.


deaf waddler

(genetics) A mutation in mice that causes hearing loss and a waddling gait.


stegognathous

From Ancient Greek στέγω (stégō) + γνάθος (gnáthos) + -ous.

(zoology) Having a jaw composed of imbricated plates.


spizelline

(zoology) Of or relating to the Spizella.


subfloral

DeCandolle (1830) divided the family into two groups based on the presence or absence of a subfloral bract or calyculus.

1961, Lake S. Gill, Frank G. Hawksworth, The Mistletoes: A Literature Review, page 3:

Gynoecial plants somewhat more robust, bracts to 1050- 1350 mu wide (leaves near gynoecia with disk often 4-5 cells high and 12 cells wide at base); bracts and subfloral leaves grading into each other, maximally variable with vigor;

1966, Candollea - Volume 21, Issue 1, page 88:

The stems in this family often bear subfloral innovations below the gametangia.

2014, Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico: Bryophyta - Part 2, →ISBN, page 191:


name-bearing type

en-noun

name-bearing type (plural name-bearing types)

A nominal species and its nominotypical subspecies have the same name-bearing type [Arts. 47a, 61b].

1995, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: Draft, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, page 72:

Lectotype designation is justified under article 74.1.1 of the ICZN (1999) in order to fix the status of this specimen as the sole name-bearing type of this species.

2000, Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, page 27:

In principle, the answer should be straightforward: examine the name-bearing type, and confirm its protoconch type.

2010, Philippe Bouchet, Ellen E. Strong, “Chapter 6: Historical Name-Bearing Types in Marine Molluscs: An Impediment to Biodiversity Studies?”, in Andrew Polaszek, editor, Systema Naturae 250 - The Linnaean Ark, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 65:

Principle III: The application of names of taxa is determined by means of name-bearing types (hereafter referred to as types), although this principle does not apply to certain names at suprafamilial ranks.

2012, Bharati Bhattacharyya, “2: Plant Nomenclature: an Overview”, in Rajni Gupta, editor, Plant Taxonomy: Past, Present, and Future: Dr Prithipalsingh Festschrift, TERI, page 51:

(taxonomy, of a taxon) For a species or lower-order taxon, a type (specimen or illustration) that determines the application of the species name; for a genus, the type species; for a family, the type genus.


euryxenous

(biology, of a parasite) Having a broad range of hosts


scolopale

scolopale (plural scolopalae or scolopales)

The organ is composed of a somewhat restricted number of scolopalae, which are connected with sense cells that are also few in number.

1948, Kjell Ehnbom, Studies on the Central and Sympathetic Nervous System and Some Sense Organs in the Head of Neuropteroid Insects:

These scolopidia respond only to extreme depression of the tarsus and thus length differences of the scolopales can account for their angular sensitivity.

1976, Peter John Mill, Structure and Function of Proprioceptors in the Invertebrates, page 348:

This ciliary portion of the dendrite runs through a fluid-filled extracellular space, surrounded by the scolopale cell, and then the dendrite expands into the ciliary dilatation before entering the cap.

1989, Franz Huber, Thomas Edwin Moore, Werner Loher, Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology, →ISBN, page 400:

The side of the scolopale facing the cilium is smooth, whereas the side facing the cytoplasm of the scolopale cell is irregular. Proximal to the cilium, the scolopale divides into short columns which fit into invaginations of the dendrite.

2012, A. B. Borkovec, Edward P. Masler, Insect Neurochemistry and Neurophysiology, →ISBN, page 434:

(entomology) A tube-like structure on the chordotonal organ of an insect.


sub-floral

In some flowers, such as Convolvulus, Anemone, &c., the exact nature of the sub-floral leaves is uncertain, 110. it is open to doubt whether the organs in question are bracts or leaves pertaining to the inflorescence, or whether they are really parts of the flower.

1869, Maxwell Tylden Masters, Vegetable Teratology:

In Malope Irifida, for example, the three parts of the epicalyx represent a sub-floral bract with its two stipules ; in Kitaibelia viti/olia, the six-parted epicalyx consists (according to Payer) of two such sub-floral leaves with their four stipules.

1882, Julius Sachs, Sydney Howard Vines, Text-book of Botany, Morphological and Physical, page 540:

Pax (1385) had considered Ascolepis as possessing a pair of sub-floral bractlets fused dorsally.

1940, Henry Weston Blaser, The Morphology of the Flowers and the Inflorescences of the Cyperaceae:

A combination of the 'agroinfection' maize streak construct and their sub-floral injection technique might enable one to take the transformation to seed.

1988, CIBA Foundation Symposium, Plant Resistance to Viruses, →ISBN, page 193:


hologamous

(biology) Relating to, or exhibiting hologamy


holomorphosis

(biology) The regeneration of a lost limb, tail or other part


holoparasitism

(biology) The condition of being holoparasitic or of being a holoparasite


leptocephalic

en-adj

leptocephalic (comparative more leptocephalic, superlative most leptocephalic)

more leptocephalic (comparative)
most leptocephalic (superlative)

(zoology) Having a narrow skull, as certain flatfishes do.


marsipobranchiate

Lampreys and hagfish are marsipobranchiate.


totipalmation

(zoology) The quality of being totipalmate.


monocotic

This phenomenon was also found in other monocotic plants, such as wheat and barley […]

2011, Parvaiz Ahmad, M.N.V. Prasad, Environmental Adaptations and Stress Tolerance of Plants in the Era of Climate Change, page 284:

(botany, rare) Of or pertaining to plants belonging to the taxonomic monocots (monocotyledons).


poriferal

(zoology) Of or relating to the phylum Porifera of sponges.


scaritid

(zoology) Any of the beetles in the carabid subfamily Scaritinae, which were formerly considered to be the family Scaritidae.


macrokinesis

(biology, physiology) The relatively large-scale movement of nutrients around an organism


limnoterrestrial

(biology, ecology) Experiencing periods of immersion and of desiccation; inhabiting such an environment


suiform

suiform (comparative more suiform, superlative most suiform)

more suiform (comparative)
most suiform (superlative)

(zoology) Resembling a pig (of the family Suidae)


regmacarp

/ˈɹɛɡməkɑːp/

/ˈɹɛɡməkɑɹp/

From Ancient Greek ῥῆγμα (rhêgma, “something broken or rent asunder; a breach, cleft, fracture”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break”)) + English -carp (suffix meaning ‘part of a fruit or fruiting body’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kerp- (“to harvest; to pluck”)), modelled after schizocarp. The word was probably coined by the Scottish physician and botanist William Ramsay McNab (1844–1889): see the 1871 article from the journal Nature quoted below.

coinage

Taking the word Schizocarp as a type, I venture to suggest the term Achænocarp for the group of Achænes as used by Dr. [Alexander] Dickson, thus avoiding all confusion, and allowing the term Achæne to remain in its restricted sense. Regmacarp I would apply to the group of capsules, using the term capsule for one division of the group. […] The derivation of these terms at once explains their application. […] Regmacarp from regma, a rupture, in allusion to the dehiscence. […] In using these terms I would employ them in the following manner:— […] II. Dry Dehiscent Fruits. 3. Regmacarps. A. Follicle. Simple, dehisces by one suture. […]

1871 October 12, W[illiam] R[amsay] McNab, “Remarks on the Classification of Fruits”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, volume IV, London, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 475, column 2:

The truth is, that it is impossible to find a classification of fruits which is founded on strictly scientific principles—the forms merging into each other; […] Accordingly, in the following classification, in which we have mainly followed Dr [Maxwell Tylden] Masters, all the less easily defined forms are omitted, and the list reduced as much as possible, without at all destroying its usefulness. […] monothalmic fruits. A. Ripe pericarp uniform. […] Fruits dehiscent.—II. Pods, or Regmacarps—viz., Follicle, Legume, Siliqua, Capsule, Pyxis.

1874, Robert Brown, “The Fruit”, in A Manual of Botany: Anatomical and Physiological: For the Use of Students, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, pages 482–483:

Dr. Master's [i.e., Maxwell T. Masters'] modification of [Alexander] Dickson's and [William Ramsay] McNab's classification of simple fruits, as to primary kinds, is into 1. Nuts, or Achænocarps, dry and indehiscent; 2. Pods, or Regmacarps, dry, dehiscent; 3. Stone-fruits, or Pyrenocarps, fleshy without, indurated within, indehiscent; 4. Berries, or Sarcocarps, fleshy throughout, indehiscent.

1879, Asa Gray, “The Fruit”, in The Botanical Text-book. Part I. Structural Botany or Organography on the Basis of Morphology. […], 6th edition, London: Macmillan and Company, →OCLC, section II (The Kinds of Fruit), paragraph 555, footnote 1, page 292:

(botany, obsolete, rare) A fruit which, when mature, splits open to release its seeds; a dehiscent fruit.


mycocecidium

(biology) A gall caused by a parasitic fungus


nictitant

This position of the pyramidalis is perhaps rendered necessary by the great extent of the movement of the nictitant membrane, the tendon of which, unless curved, would be too long to be conveniently disposed of.

1852, William MacGillivray, A History of British Birds, Indigenous and Migratory:


neocyte

(biology) A cell newly released by bone marrow


oligotrichous

(biology) Relating to, or characteristic of, an oligotrich


paratomy

en-noun

paratomy (countable and uncountable, plural paratomies)

(biology) A form of asexual reproduction in which new organs develop before the organism splits


pejvakin

(biochemistry) A protein that regulates the function of hair cells


phagotrophy

(biology) The condition of being phagotrophic


photophile

(biology) Any organism that thrives in bright sunlight.


phytodiversity

phytodiversity (countable and uncountable, plural phytodiversities)

(ecology) The diversity of plant species in an area


plagiotropism

(biology) The growth of a plant at an orientation to the angle of a stimulus


potamoplankton

potamoplankton (countable and uncountable, plural potamoplanktons)


mimulus

From the genus name, translingual Mimulus.

(botany) Any of the genus Mimulus of flowering plants.


prebuccal

(anatomy, zoology) Situated in front of the mouth


oviparousness

(biology) The quality of being oviparous; oviparity.


trochiform

en-adj

trochiform (comparative more trochiform, superlative most trochiform)

more trochiform (comparative)
most trochiform (superlative)

(zoology) Shaped like a top shell (family Trochidae).


pseudoparasitism

(biology) parasitism by a pseudoparasite


tryma

From Ancient Greek τρῆμα (trêma, “hole”).

(botany) A drupe with fleshy exocarp, dehiscent.


prosthenic

The body of Man has retrograded also in being merosthenic in limbs, instead of prosthenic, the hinder limbs being the stronger as well as longer, and the fore limbs comparatively weak.

1896, James Dwight Dana, Manual of Geology: Treating of the Principles of the Science with Special Reference to American Geological History:

(zoology, obsolete) Having strong foreparts.


schizogamy

(biology) reproduction involving the splitting of an organism into a sexual and an asexual individual


serriform

(biology) notched, as the blade of a saw


somatogenesis

(biology) The development of an embryo into a mature organism


sudanophilic

(cytology) Exhibiting or relating to sudanophilia.


stenothermy

(biology) The condition of being stenothermal.


synanthrope

(biology) An animal that lives near, and benefits from human habitation


non-shedding

The farmer wants non-shedding heads of a cereal which can be gathered without shedding their grain.

(botany) Indehiscent, not shedding seeds or fruit.


thigmomorphogenesis

Some of these, such as thigmomorphogenesis, are quite well defined, but the basis of perception and response is poorly understood although some advances are being made at the molecular level.

1991, J. A. Callow, editor, Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 18, Academic Press, page vii:

This effect, called thigmomorphogenesis (see chap. 3), involves the motion-induced inhibition of growth. Thigmomorphogenesis can be expressed in plant organs either exhibiting or lacking secondary growth, as well as in organs that have indeterminate or determinate growth.

1992, Karl J. Niklas, Plant Biomechanics: An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function, University of Chicago Press, page 322:

Thigmomorphogenesis was first demonstrated by submitting plants to (artificial) mechanical bending.

2011, B. Moulia et al., “Integrative Mechanobiology of Growth and Architectural Development in Changing Mechanical Environments”, in Przemyslaw Wojtaszek, editor, Mechanical Integration of Plant Cells and Plants, Springer, page 272:

(botany) The response of a plant to touch or other mechanical sensation.


trephone

(biochemistry) Any hormone that stimulates growth and division of cultured cells


cone of confusion

en-noun

cone of confusion (plural cones of confusion)

From cone + confusion. From being a cone-shaped region where confusion about the direction to a source occurs.

(biology) A cone-shaped region originating midway between an organism's two ears, and radiating outwards, where a sound's location is indeterminate.


funnel trap

(ornithology, hunting) A large funnel-shaped trap constructed of netting or wire mesh and intended to trap ducks, geese, etc.


suprafamilial

A suprafamilial name revised from its previously published rank with accompanying change of termination (which may or may not be intended to signalize the change of rank) is recorded as nom. transl et correct.

1981, Raymond Cecil Moore, Curt Teichert, editors, Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, volumes 1-2, Geological Society of America, page xxiii:

In the final version of this classification (Cushman, 1948), the number of families (without any suprafamilial groupings) was 50.

2002, Barun K. Sen Gupta, “2: Systematics of modern Foraminifera”, in Barun K. Sen Gupta, editor, Modern Foraminifera, Springer (Kluwer Academic), page 11:

While the Code does not apply to taxa above the family level, Corliss (1962a) argued that it is common sense to apply these principles at the suprafamilial level, and we have followed this recommendation. When a suprafamilial taxon has been simply transferred within a higher taxon or between higher taxa, even if it has changed its rank, we have retained the priority date from the original publication along with the original authorship. This promotes stability and recognizes priority.

2010, Denis Lynn, The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature, Springer, page 86:

(taxonomy) Whose taxonomic level is higher than family.


crocidurate

(zoology) Any shrew of the genus Crocidura.


malectin

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biochemistry) A membrane-anchored protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that recognises and binds glycans


miniexon

miniexons (plural)
mini-exon (alternative)


thyrodoxin

(biochemistry) A selenium-dependent peroxidase present in the thyroid


laminately

(zoology) In a laminate manner; with thin plates, scales, or layers.


oogenotop

Following the inclusion of vitelline cells, the oocyte then continues along the egg-forming apparatus, or oogenotop, to another chamber termed the ootype.

2014, Rafael Toledo, Digenetic Trematodes, page 14:

(zoology) The egg-forming apparatus in trematodes.


wideleaf

(botany) Having wide leaves; used in the names of plants.


pharmacophagy

(biology) The consumption of plants etc. to acquire beneficial chemicals, rather than for nutrition.


multiovulate

(botany) Containing, or bearing, many ovules.


functional necrophilia

From sexual mating with a corpse (ie. necrophilia), resulting in viable offspring (ie. functional).

(biology) A reproductive strategy in some amphibians wherein the male will inseminate a fresh newly-dead female corpse, fertilizing the still viable eggs, and then squeezing the corpse to eject the newly fertilized eggs into the water.


traumatic insemination

traumatic insemination (usually uncountable, plural traumatic inseminations)

From traumatic + insemination, because of the traumatic injury to the female.

(biology) A method of insemination in some invertebrates, whereby the male stabs the body of the female in random locations to inject the sperm, thereby causing trauma to the female.


euphorine

euphorine (countable and uncountable, plural euphorines)

Euphorines are rather unusual hymenopterans in attacking the adult stage of various insects.

1997, Robert Alan Wharton, Paul M. Marsh, Michael J. Sharkey, Manual of the New World genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera):

The life cycles of these euphorine parasitoids are synchronized with those of their hosts.

2001, Alfred George Wheeler, Biology of the Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), →ISBN:

Although euphorines usually oviposit between abdominal sclerites, often near the anus, some species exhibit a well-pronounced preference for different sites such as the mouth (Wylie, 1985), whilst others are evidently more plastic in their behaviour (Wylie & Loan, 1984). It is usual for the euphorines that attack beetles to have two, or sometimes more, annual generations on a single generation of their univoltine hosts.

2012, Pierre H. Jolivet, M.L. Cox, E. Petitpierre, Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae, →ISBN, page 435:

(taxonomy, countable) A parasitic wasp of the subfamily Euphorinae (a subfamily of Braconidae), characterized by two submarginal cells in the forewing and, usually, a petiolate first gastral tergite.


embryony

embryony (countable and uncountable, plural embryonies)

Whether flowers were pollinated or not, autonomous egg and antipodal embryonies occurred at nearly equal frequencies and progressed almost synchronously for several days.

1992 March, A. Kojima, Y. Nagato, “Pseudogamous embryogenesis and the degree of parthenogenesis in Allium tuberosum”, in Sexual Plant Reproduction, volume 5, number 1:

Nucellar embryony allows citrus rootstock breeders to produce F1 hybrids that are highly heterozygous, but produce seedlings that are genetically uniform and identical to the mother tree.

2007, Iqrar A. Khan, Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, →ISBN, page 142:

Besides, according to the logic of Nogler's reasoning, the phenomenon of monozygotic cleavage embryony (formation of twins, triplets and so on), as well as of integumental embryony should be included in apomixis.

2009, T B Batygina, Embryology of Flowering Plants:

Since dermatoglyphic traits are also set in early embryony it was considered logical to look for dermatoglyphic deviations which may have occurred as a result of the rubella infection.

2012, N.M. Durham, C.C. Plato, Trends in Dermatoglyphic Research, →ISBN, page 125:

(biology) The formation of an embryo; embryogenesis.


apopetalous

(botany) Having distinct or free petals.


micropod

From New Latin Micropoda, from micro- + -poda.

(zoology, obsolete, rare) A member of the superseded taxonomic order Micropoda, which possess a diminutive foot or lack one, such as oysters.


gastraea

(biology, obsolete) A hypothetical animal form assumed by Ernst Haeckel as the ancestor of all metazoic animals.


encrinitic

(paleontology) Relating to, or containing, encrinites.


subtribus

From New Latin subtribus. By surface analysis, sub- + tribus.

Fries devided^([sic]) this tribus into two subtribus, viz. Rhodopolii and Plutei. In accordance with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (I.C.B.N.) art. 22.4 these subtribus are to be typified with Agaricus rhodopolius and A. pluteus respectively.

It might therefore be justified to separate them from the remaining genera of the subfamily Lithosinae as a tribus with two subtribus, or as two tribus.

1965, A Revision of the West African Eilemic Moths, Based on the Male Genitalia, page 9:

The differences in the constituents in the two subtribus are not very clear.

1973, F. Bohlmann, T. Burkhardt, C. Zdero, Naturally Occurring Acetylenes, Academic Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 378:


pseudosucker

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudosucker.wav

(zoology) Any body part that is not a sucker but is used like one.


zooplanktivore

(biology) Any organism that consumes zooplankton


sebific

(entomology) relating to the fatty fluid secreted by insects from the colleterium in order to cement eggs together


amphixenosis

Several of the agents on the list are the result of human beings' sharing parasites with other species (i.e., amphixenosis) because the parasite is not that finicky about its final host. Schistosoma japonicum is a fairly straightforward case of amphixenosis; the schistosome would be just as happy in a cow or in a cat, so is Trypenosoma cruzi.

2014, Dwight D. Bowman, Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians, →ISBN, page 10:

The preparation and maintenance/control of the desired animals and the control of the propagation of amphixenoses derived from the animals are issues specific to these products.

2016, Mariko Morishita, Kinam Park, Biodrug Delivery Systems, →ISBN:

(biology, microbiology) A zoonosis that can be passed from humans to other species as well as being passed from another species to a human.


kleptopredation

(biology, ecology) A feeding strategy where a predator hunts other predators who have recently fed on prey, thus eating both the prey animal and the prey's own undigested prey/food. The predator chooses prey who have fed recently, and ignores those who have not fed recently.


rhizopodal

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the rhizopods.


amensal

From a- + mensal, from Latin mensa (“table, food”).

Descriptions of the plight of sea turtles in the modern world focus principally on sea turtle–human associations that are either predator and prey or amensal (where one associate is harmed and the other receives no effect).

2002, Peter L. Lutz, The Biology of Sea Turtles, volume 2, page 356:


leptospermum

(botany) A tea tree of the genus Leptospermum.


amnicolous

From French amnicole, from Latin amnicola + -ous.


ampelophagous

These two vectors have different lifestyles–the former strictly ampelophagous and the latter polyphagous, only occasionally feeding on grapevine – and dissimilar biological features, which may reflect diversely affiliated microbial communities.

2010, Phyllis G. Weintraub, Phytoplasmas: Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors, page 282:


amphihaline

(biology, of a fish) Capable of living in both fresh water and sea water; having a life cycle partly in fresh water and partly in sea water


pelorian

en-adj

pelorian (comparative more pelorian, superlative most pelorian)

more pelorian (comparative)
most pelorian (superlative)

I am indebted to a friend for the sight of a pelorian variety of a species of Tropæolum, and have also much pleasure in showing the Society an imperfectly developed pelorian variety of the pretty Pinguicula vulgaris, which I gathered on Roydon Fen, near Diss in Norfolk, in the summer of 1835.

1840, Mr. Adam White, “Note on Peloria”, in Annals of Natural History, volume 4:

In some gamopetalous corollas with a single spur, it happens occasionally, that what are called Pelorian varieties occur in which five spurs are produced.

1852, John Hutton Balfour, Class Book of Botany:

In this note the author adverted to bo much of the normal structure of Orchids in general, and of Cypripedium in particular, as is necessary for the elucidation of his subject, and proceeded to describe a case of regular peloria in Cypripedium caudatum, which shows a reversion to the typical form of Orchids, and goes to prove that the so-called genus Uropedium was only a pelorian form of Cypripedium.

1887, Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, volume 56:

(botany) Exhibiting peloria (abnormal regularity).


androdynamic

(botany) Having larger than normal stamens


anemogamy

(botany) The dispersal of pollen by the wind.


ricinuleid

A ricinuleid grabs its prey with the relatively small pincers of its pedipalps, lifts its hood, and then passes the prey to its jaws. The hood is lowered as the ricinuleid chews away.

2009, James B. Nardi, Life in the Soil: A Guide for Naturalists and Gardeners, page 113:

(zoology) Any member of the Ricinulei (hooded tickspiders).


anisotomous

From an- + isotomous or aniso- + -tomous.

The simplest leaf, as in Diellia, has a single unbranched trace, but the more fully developed early fronds are markedly anisotomous or pinnate in venation plan, with a definite central vein giving rise to two to four or more lateral veins, which arise at a very acute angle.

1952, Warren Herbert Wagner, The Fern Genus Diellia: Its Structure, Affinities and Taxonomy:

(botany) Having unequal or irregular divisions.


heterosomatous

(zoology) Belonging to the Heterosomata.


scavengerous

scavengerous (comparative more scavengerous, superlative most scavengerous)

more scavengerous (comparative)
most scavengerous (superlative)

The non-phytophagous minority of the caterpillars exemplifies three somewhat distinct food habits,- entomophagous, homophonous and scavengerous.

1939, Walter Valentine Balduf, The bionomics of entomophagous insects (part 2, page 1)

They eat not only some vegetable material in the form of algae, grasses, and some mosses, but also insects, salamanders, fishes, little molluscs, and bits of dead animal flesh which they find on the bottom. They are therefore partly scavengerous in their habits.

1954, Leon Augustus Hausman, Guide to birds and animal life, page 105:


saccopharyngiform

(ichthyology) Any fish in the order Saccopharyngiformes, the gulper eels.


motatorious

(zoology, archaic) In perpetual vibratory motion; said of the legs of some spiders and crane-flies, etc.


hymenomycetous

(mycology, obsolete) Of or relating to the Hymenomycetes, a former class of fungi within the division Basidiomycota.


arenophilic

(botany) That grows in sand (or very sandy soil).


auriculiform

(botany) obovate with rounded basal lobes

Having the form of a small ear
obovate with rounded basal lobes


memory cell

(immunology, cytology) A type of lymphocyte that is capable of responding to an antigen long after the initial exposure.


endoevaporite

(biology) An organism (typically unicellular) that lives in an evaporite


macroinvertivore

(biology) Any organism that feeds on macroinvertebrates


bathyplankton

(biology) plankton living in the bathyal zone


cycliophoran

(zoology) A member of the phylum Cycliophora, rare aquatic invertebrates living in the mouths of lobsters.


nanoaerobic

(biology) Living in environments having nanomolar concentrations of oxygen


metapneustic

(zootomy) Having the respiratory apparatus in the anus.


ovovitellin

en-noun

ovovitellin (countable and uncountable, plural ovovitellins)

(biochemistry) A form of casein found in egg yolk


phosvette

(biochemistry) Any of a class of polypeptides related to the phosvitins


calfluxin

calfluxin (countable and uncountable, plural calfluxins)

(biochemistry) A gonadotropic neuropeptide that is involved in calcium influx in some snails


phenol oxidase

(biochemistry) Alternative form of phenoloxidase


symphynote

Possibly from Ancient Greek συμφύω (sumphúō, “grow together”) + -ote.

af

(biology) Soldered together at the hinge, like the valves of some unios.


cyclohydrolase

(biochemistry) Any hydrolase that also catalyses a cyclization


MMP

en-noun

MMP (countable and uncountable, plural MMPs)

Proteinases such as the plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are believed to play a role in these developmental changes.

2005, G. S. Gupta, Proteomics of Spermatogenesis, →ISBN, page 655:

A typical MMP consists of a propeptide of about 80 amino acids, a catalytic metalloproteinase domain of about 170 amino acids, a linker peptide of variable length (also called the hinge region), and a hemopexin (Hpx)-like domain of about 200 amino acids.

2007, Paolo Gresele, Valentin Fuster, Jose A. Lopez, Platelets in Hematologic and Cardiovascular Disorders, →ISBN:

In general, MMP expression can be downregulated through a TGF-β-inhibitory element (TIE), which is present in the promoters of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13.

2008, Sonia B. Jakowlew, Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Cancer Therapy, Volume I, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Initialism of matrix metalloproteinase.


placo-

From (combining form of) Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx, “plate, tablet”).

uder

(chiefly paleontology) Provided with or relating to a flat plate or plates.


malonylesterase

(biochemistry) Any esterase that catalyses the hydrolysis of malonates


heptaose

(biochemistry) Alternative form of heptose


hexaose

(biochemistry) Alternative form of hexose


pentaose

(biochemistry) Alternative form of pentose


anatropy

(botany) The condition of being anatropous


crassinucellate

The Latin word "crassi" means thick and "nucellate" refers to the nucellus of the ovule.

(botany, of an ovule) Having many parietal cells and a large nucellus


exotegmen

(botany) The part of the seed coat that develops from the outer surface of the inner integument


palisade cell

(botany) Any of a layer of elongated cells, near the surface of leaves, that have chloroplasts that absorb a major portion of the light energy used by the leaf


postchalazal

(botany) Beyond the chalaza (in the outer integument)


testcross

testcrosses (plural)
test cross (alternative)

The inbreds of groups 3 and 4 have a distinct difference in plant height, except for a few selections, presumably because of some difference in selection pressure at low- and high-stand densities. Group means for testcross performance showed more progress in group 4 than in group 3 because of a difference in the number of low-yielding genotypes in the two groups.

1967, W. A. Russell, A. H. Teich, Selection in Zea Mays L. by Inbred Line Appearance and Testcross Performance in Low and High Plant Densities:

You could determine its genotype by performing a testcross. If the plant were homozygous (TT), a testcross would produce all tall progeny (TT × tt → all Tt); if the plant were heterozygous (Tt), half of the progeny would be tall and half would be short (Tt × tt → 1/2 Tt and 1/2 tt). When a testcross is performed, any recessive allele in the unknown genotype is expressed in the progeny, because it will be paired with a recessive allele from the homozygous recessive parent.

2012, Benjamin A. Pierce, Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, Macmillan, →ISBN, page 55:

(genetics) The breeding of an individual with a phenotypically recessive individual, in order to determine the zygosity of the former by analysing proportions of offspring phenotypes.


testcross

en-verb

testcross (third-person singular simple present testcrosses, present participle testcrossing, simple past and past participle testcrossed)

testcrosses (present singular third-person)
testcrossing (participle present)
testcrossed (participle past)
testcrossed (past)
test cross (alternative)

(genetics) To breed an individual in this manner.


cycadophytinous

(botany) Relating to, or characteristic of the cycadophytes


isotomic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-isotomic.wav

From iso- (“same”) + -tome (“cutting, section”) + -ic (“adjectival suffix”), ultimately from Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō, “I cut”).

affix

(botany) Having branches of equal diameter.


Sibe

(birdwatching, colloquial) A Siberian crane.


phyllopodiform

en-adj

phyllopodiform (comparative more phyllopodiform, superlative most phyllopodiform)

more phyllopodiform (comparative)
most phyllopodiform (superlative)


woodmarch

From Middle English wodemarch, wudemerch, from Old English wudemerċe, wudumerċe, from wude, wudu (“wood”) + merċe, mereċe (a type of aquatic plant), from Proto-Germanic *marikiz (“waterplant, celery, parsley”).

inh

Let the man who hath ill humours on his neck take halswort and woodmarch and wild chervil and strawberry plants and everthroat, and garclife, and ironhard gathered without use of any iron, and stitchwort, and knee holly and broad bishopwort and brownwort, […]

1866, Thomas Oswald Cockayne, Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England:

(botany) An umbelliferous plant, a species of sanicle (Sanicula europaea).


wood-thistle

wood-thistles (plural)
woodthistle (alternative)
wood thistle (alternative)

From Middle English wodethystyll, wodþistel, from Old English wuduþistel, equivalent to wood + thistle.

Within seconds the whole lot had taken on the appearance of a woodthistle's fluffy seedhead.

2005, Paul Stewart, Chris Riddell, The Curse of the Gloamglozer, page 62:

(botany) Synonym of tall thistle (Carduus altissimus, a.k.a. Cirsium altissimus)


melliphagoid

(ornithology) A bird of the passerine superfamily Meliphagoidea, a diverse group native to Australia and elsewhere in the South Pacific.


molendinaceous

From Latin molendīna, from molendīnum (“mill, mill-house”) + -aceous.


systylous

(botany) Having the styles united into a single body.


necrophorous

A thorough examination of the existing literature revealed that only a very few anecdotal publications exist on necrophorous feeding habits of termites.

2007, BP Freymann, “Termites of the genus Odontotermes are optionally keratophagous”, in Ecotropica, volume 13, page 143:

(zoology) Carrying away and burying dead bodies, like the beetles of the genus Necrophorus.


nyctophilic

For quotations using this term, see Citations:nyctophilic.

(rare, especially biology) (Tending to be) active at night.


alticine

(taxonomy) Relating to the Alticini tribe of flea beetles


brachelytrous

From Ancient Greek βρᾰχῠ́ς (brăkhŭ́s) + ἔλυτρον (élutron) + -ous.

(entomology, of a beetle) That has short elytrons


brachelytry

(entomology) The condition of being brachelytrous


corotocine

(entomology) Any rove beetle of the subtribe Corotocina


egg burster

(entomology) The toothlike projection that an insect embryo uses to break the egg membrane when hatching


galerucine

(entomology) Any leaf beetle of the subfamily Galerucinae


symphile

(entomology) Any myrmecophilous insect that interacts with the host insects


synoekete

From syn- (compare symbiosis) + Ancient Greek οἰκητής (oikētḗs, “inhabitant”), from οἰκέω (oikéō).

af

(entomology) Any myrmecophilous insect that does not interact with the host insects


termitophilous

(entomology) That has a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship with termites, and typically lives in a termite nest


lophocyte

(cytology) A type of large cell found in the mesohyl of sponges which produces fibrillar collagen.


somatomammotroph

anterior pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland

(biology) A type of cell in the anterior pituitary gland that produces both somatotropin and prolactin.


ovococcus

From ovo- + -coccus; cf. ovoid (“oval; egg-shaped”).

The architecture in Gram-positive cocci and ovococci is largely uncharacterised, In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) of purified sacculi of three species of ovococcus was combined with biochemical analysis and super resolution fluorescence microscopy.

2012, Richard Wheeler, Peptidoglycan architecture and dynamics in Gram-positive bacteria (thesis, University of Sheffield):

According to the authors of recent research from Bloomington, Indiana, “The connection between peptidoglycan remodeling and cell division is poorly understood in ellipsoid-shaped ovococcus bacteria, such as the human respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae.

2012, Streptococcal Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment, →ISBN:

This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms and regulation of peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis that result in ellipsoid-shaped, ovococcus Streptococcus cells.

2013, Mucoproteins—Advances in Research and Application, →ISBN:

(microbiology) An ellipsoid-shaped bacterium


atrypoid

(biology) relating to, or characteristic of brachiopods of the genus Atrypa.


exmedial

(botany, geology) away from the midline of the lamina


exmedially

(botany, geology) In an exmedial direction


hypomorphosis

en-noun

hypomorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural hypomorphoses)

(biology) The inhibition of differentiation in a developing embryo


microcyclicity

(mycology) The condition of being microcyclic


microcyclic

(mycology) Having a life cycle in which only teliospores and basidiospores are produced


keratinolytic

(biochemistry) Relating to keratinolysis


keratinolytic

Treatment with emollients and mild keratinolytics, such as urea cream and lactic acid lotion resulted in the soothing of the affected skin.

2016, Pollozhani Nora et al., “Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: clue for diagnosis”, in Global Dermatology, volume 4, number 1, →DOI, page 1:


polyplicate

(biology, of spores) Having many folds in the exine.


sickle cell

(cytology) An abnormal erythrocyte (red blood cell) that has a crescent shape, characteristic of sickle-cell anemia.


haemohistioblast

haemohistioblasts (plural)
hemohistioblast (alternative)

(cytology) The presumed reticuloendothelial cell that differentiates to form all blood cells


microcinematography

Microcinematography can reveal wonders and horrors in the universe of tiny things living around us. […] The most recent natural phenomenon brought to light by microcinematography is both wonder and horror and involves one of humanity’s greatest foes: the mosquito.

2022 October 4, Oliver Whang, “‘Our Jaws Dropped’: Mosquito Larvae’s Killer Harpoon Heads Revealed.”, in The New York Times:

(biology, photography) The making of films by using a microscope, especially of biological specimens, by means of time-lapse photography


spurge-laurel

(botany) A flowering plant of species Daphne laureola.


promesonotum

(zoology) The front part of the mesonotum of ants and similar insects


abcauline

(biology, of cnidarian polyps) that extend outwards from the common stem


acrodrome

acro- + Ancient Greek δρόμος (drómos, “course”)

(botany, of the veins of a leaf) That run parallel to the edges of the leaf and meet at the tip


acrostichal

(entomology, of bristles) Situated on the mesothorax of some dipteran flies


aditicule

(zoology) The larger of the shell perforations of plaesiomyid brachiopods


epipuncta

(zoology) The smaller of the shell perforations of plaesiomyid brachiopods


acidobiont

(biology) Any organism that lives in an acidic environment


acidobiontic

(biology) Relating to, or characteristic of acidobionts


adcauline

(biology, of polyps) that bend towards a common stem


admesial

(biology) Near, or moving towards the midline


aerobiont

(biology) Any organism that needs air (oxygen) to survive


aerophilous

(biology, of unicellular organisms) Living in an aerobic environment


agamospermic

(biology) Relating to, or characteristic of agamospermy


aggenital

(biology) Positioned near, or on both sides of, the genital area.


alivincular

(biology, of bivalves) Having the longer axis transverse to the hinge line


alkalibiontic

(biology) Relating to, or characteristic of alkalibionts


alkalibiont

(biology) Any organism that lives in an alkaline environment


allogenetic

(biology) foreign (originating elsewhere)


amastigophore

(biology) Any nematocyst that does not have a tube beyond the hempe


amphidetic

From Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “around”) + δέω (déō, “tie”) + -ic.

(biology, of the ligament of some bivalves) That extends in front of, and behind, the beak


amphiequatorial

(biology) That lives on either side of the equator


amphitropical

(biology) That lives north or south of the equator, but not in the tropics


amplexoid

(biology) Relating to, or characteristic of corals of the family Amplexidae


anacline

(biology, of brachiopods) The part of a shell in which the interarea is at an angle of less than 90° to the plane of commissure


apsacline

(biology, of brachiopods) The part of a shell in which the interarea is at an angle of between 90° and 180° to the plane of commissure