consensual

en-adj

consensual (comparative more consensual, superlative most consensual)

more consensual (comparative)
most consensual (superlative)
con-sensual (alternative)

consensual motions

(biology) Excited or caused by sensation, sympathy, or reflex action, and not by conscious volition.

direct and consensual pupillary reflexes produce bilateral constriction from a unilateral stimulus

Contralaterally corresponding rather than ipsilaterally induced.


colonizer

(ecology) A species that establishes itself in a new area.


dissected

(botany) Deeply divided; cut into many segments.


labeling

en-noun

labeling (countable and uncountable, plural labelings)

labelings (plural)
labelling (alternative)

There are two potential problems with this approach: first, the specificity of labeling depends on the purity of the LPS (if contaminants are present, they may be labeled also); second, removal of the label from the LPS in vivo might occur separately from processing of the LPS molecule itself.

1992, David C. Morrison, John Louis Ryan, Bacterial Endotoxic Lipopolysaccharides: Molecular biochemistry and cellular biology, →ISBN, page 407:

(biochemistry) The introduction of a traceable chemical group (e.g., containing an isotope or a fluorescent dye) into a protein or other biomolecule of interest so it can be tracked or quantified during experimental analysis.


immortalize

en-verb

immortalize (third-person singular simple present immortalizes, present participle immortalizing, simple past and past participle immortalized)

immortalizes (present singular third-person)
immortalizing (participle present)
immortalized (participle past)
immortalized (past)

(biology) To remove the effects of normal apoptosis.


communistic

en-adj

communistic (comparative more communistic, superlative most communistic)

more communistic (comparative)
most communistic (superlative)

communistic birds

(zoology) Living or having their nests in common.


compensatory

Borrowed from French compensatoire. By surface analysis, compensate + -ory.

(genetics) That compensates for a deleterious mutation


occipital

Borrowing from Middle French occipital, from Medieval Latin occipitālis, from occiput (“the back of the head, occiput”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), equivalent of occiput + -al. Doublet of occipitalis.

af

(zootomy) An occipital scale in reptiles.


reciliation

(cytology) The reformation of cilia in a damaged ciliate cell.


nonreproductive

In ant societies, the nonreproductives do particular tasks that benefit “the queens,” who reproduce.

2009 June 16, Claudia Dreifus, “Insects Succeeding Through Cooperation”, in New York Times:

(biology) Any creature that cannot reproduce.


gleaning

en-noun

gleaning (countable and uncountable, plural gleanings)

(ornithology) The catching of insects and other invertebrates by plucking them from within foliage, or sometimes from the ground. It may also be applied to where prey is picked off, or from within, natural and man-made surfaces such as rock faces and under the eaves of houses.


convolvulus

convolvulus (plural convolvuluses or convolvuli)

convolvuluses (plural)
convolvuli (plural)

From Latin convolvulus (“bindweed; caterpillar”), from convolvō (“convolve”).

bor

Toward it the torrent raced furiously, fed from above, where, down the left bank, transformed abruptly into a great wall of vegetation, water was spouting into the stream through thickets festooned with convolvuli on a higher level than the topmost trees of the jungle.

1947, Malcolm Lowry, Under the Volcano, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, page 318:

In this painting he uses the lovers for his narrative and makes his symbolic points with the convolvulus, signifying entanglements, climbing up the steps.

1994, Edmund Swinglehurst, The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites: A Compilation of Works from the Bridgeman Art Library, Parragon Book Service Limited, “Stages of Cruelty · 1856–90 · Ford Madox Brown”, page 38/2

(botany) Any of several plants, of the genus Convolvulus, found in temperate climates, having small trumpet-shaped flowers.

1922, Virginia Woolf, Jacob's Room, Vintage Classics, paperback edition, page 51,
Already the convolvulus moth was spinning over the flowers.

(zoology) A species of hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli.


anaphylatoxin

(biochemistry) Any of several toxic substances that trigger anaphylaxis

anafilatoxina

any of several toxic substances that trigger anaphylaxis


retrotransposition

en-noun

retrotransposition (countable and uncountable, plural retrotranspositions)

(genetics) The reverse transposition of an RNA intermediate.


retrotransposon

(genetics) A transposable fragment of a genome that can undergo retrotransposition.


transversion

transversion (countable and uncountable, plural transversions)

(genetics) A point mutation in which a purine is replaced with a pyrimidine, or vice versa


point mutation

(genetics) A mutation that involves the replacement, addition or deletion of a small number of bases (especially just one) at a specific site within a gene.

puntmutatie

mutation involving a small number of bases


holandric

(genetics, of a trait) Encoded by genes on the Y chromosome and thus transmitted from father to son.


obcordate

en-adj

obcordate (comparative more obcordate, superlative most obcordate)

more obcordate (comparative)
most obcordate (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Of a reversed cordate shape; heart-shaped but attached to the stalk by the pointed end.


obconic

obconic (comparative more obconic, superlative most obconic)

more obconic (comparative)
most obconic (superlative)

(botany) of a fruit, conical in shape and attached to the stalk by the pointed end.


homolactic fermentation

(biochemistry) Any form of fermentation that produces a single acid, but especially the anaerobic conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid with concomitant oxidation of NADH to NAD


recruitment

en-noun

recruitment (countable and uncountable, plural recruitments)

From recruit + -ment. French recrutement.

(biology, ecology) The addition of new adult or breeding-age individuals (recruits) to a population.


Shetland sheepdog

Shetland sheepdog (plural Shetland sheepdogs)

(zoology) A breed of small sheepdogs, originally from the Shetland Islands.


flabellum

flabellum (plural flabellums or flabella)

(botany, zoology) Any fan-shaped structure.


cross-pollinate

en-verb

cross-pollinate (third-person singular simple present cross-pollinates, present participle cross-pollinating, simple past and past participle cross-pollinated)

cross-pollinates (present singular third-person)
cross-pollinating (participle present)
cross-pollinated (participle past)
cross-pollinated (past)

(botany, transitive) To fertilize by the transfer of pollen from an anther of one plant to the stigma of another.


death factor

Pivotal Role of the Cell Death Factor BNIP3 in Ceramide-Induced Autophagic Cell Death in Malignant Glioma Cells

2004, American Association of Cancer Research:

The Fas ligand (FasL) is a key death factor of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.

2006, Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences:

(biochemistry) Any of various substances that cause apoptosis in cells


carpoid

(biology) Any of several classes of extinct echinoderm previously placed in the class †Carpoidea, now placed within the subphylum †Homalozoa.


Fyn

(biochemistry) A molecule, present in the signalling pathway of integrins, activating ras.


centrosome

(cytology) An organelle, near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most organisms, that controls the organization of its microtubules

中心體 /中心体

organelle that controls the organization of its microtubules


effuse

en-adj

effuse (comparative more effuse, superlative most effuse)

more effuse (comparative)
most effuse (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French effuser, from Latin effusus, past participle of effundere (“to pour out”).

an effuse inflorescence

(botany) Spreading loosely, especially on one side.

(zoology) Having the lips, or edges, of the aperture abruptly spreading, as in certain shells.


foxfire

fox fire (alternative)
fox-fire (alternative)

Possibly from fox + fire, though the semantic connection is unclear. Alternatively, the first element may be ultimately from Old French fols (“false”), or the term may derive by folk etymology from phosphor.

The foxfire,—as the country people call it,—glowed hideously from the cold and matted bosom of the marsh; and, far from us, in the depths of darkness, the screech-owl sat upon his perch, brooding over the slimy pool, and whooping out a dismal curfew, that fell upon the ear like the cries of a tortured ghost.

1832, Mark Littleton [pseudonym; John Pendleton Kennedy], “The Goblin Swamp”, in Swallow Barn, or A Sojourn in the Old Dominion. In Two Volumes, volume I, Philadelphia, Pa.: Carey & Lea, […], →OCLC, page 311:

Perhaps you've seen a foxfire in the woods. Well, in the dark, it looks like a live, burning coal; but when you go to it, and take it up, it's only a piece of rotten wood.

1874 June, Philip Quilibet, “Drift-wood. A Famous Evangelist.”, in The Galaxy. […], volume XVII, number 6, New York, N.Y.: Sheldon & Co., →OCLC, page 842, column 2:

[Nathaniel] Hawthorne in one of his books records a remarkable personal encounter with this weird fox-fire, and one which cost him dearly. He was on a journey by canal-boat, which had stopped en route for a brief period at midnight. During the interval he had stepped ashore, and was decoyed into a neighboring wood by the bright glow, which proved to be a fallen tree ablaze with phosphorescence. In his surprise and interest he lost all account of time, and thus missed his boat, [...] Almost any damp woods, especially after a rain, is likely to disclose its fox-fire, but it occasionally appears under circumstances where we little expect it.

1894 January 9, William Hamilton Gibson, “Foxfire”, in Harper’s Young People, volume XV, number 741, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 189, column 1:

People calls this "spunk," but it's foxfire. You see this hole in it? You see where I sawed it in two with the chain saw? See, this grows in hollow trees in a maple or a oak. No, it ain't mushroom; it's just really foxfire.

1911, Patsy Moore Ginns, quoting Stanley Hicks, “Ghosts, Haints, and Witches”, in Snowbird Gravy and Dishpan Pie: Mountain People Recall, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, published 1982, →ISBN, page 185:

The rain stopped falling. They passed, leaving a trail of foxfire shuffled up out of the wet leaves like stars plowed in a ship's wake.

1965, Cormac McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →OCLC; republished London: Picador, 2010, →ISBN, page 201:

Curiously enough, there were fluorescent displays underground that could be enjoyed without benefit of an ultraviolet lamp. One of these was fox fire, the spectral glow given off by fungi on decaying timber. In the damp darkness of the mine, pine planks 3 inches thick could become feather light and crumbly in a year.

1983, Manuel Robbins, “Collecting Fluorescent Minerals”, in The Collector’s Book of Fluorescent Minerals, New York, N.Y., London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, →DOI, →ISBN, page 50:

(mycology, chiefly US) Bioluminescence created by some types of fungus, particularly those growing on rotting wood.

فوكسفيري

bioluminescence created by some types of fungus


merodiploid

(genetics) Partially diploid (having a second copy of only part of its genome)


geometrid

(entomology) Any of the family Geometridae of moths


proleg

(entomology) An appendage of the abdomen of some insect larvae, such as caterpillars, which is used like a leg.


differentiated

differentiated (comparative more differentiated, superlative most differentiated)

more differentiated (comparative)
most differentiated (superlative)

(biology, of a cell or tissue) That has taken on a specialized form and function.

differenziato

that has taken on a specialized form and function


epiphyllospermous

/ˌɛpɪˌfɪləˈspɜː(ɹ)məs/

EPIPHYLLOSPERMOUS PLANTS, so called by the old botanists, because they bore their seed upon the back of their leaves. They are what have more recently been called dorsiferous ferns.

1843, Charles Knight, George Long, The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge:

(obsolete, botany) That bears seeds on the backs of the leaves


heterochlamydeous

heterochlamydeous (comparative more heterochlamydeous, superlative most heterochlamydeous)

more heterochlamydeous (comparative)
most heterochlamydeous (superlative)

From hetero- + Ancient Greek χλαμύδος (khlamúdos, “mantle, cloak”) + -ous.

der

Flowers single or in cymes, regular, usually unisexual, enclosed in a spathe, mostly with petals and sepals clearly differentiated (heterochlamydeous) […]

1927, China Ling, Lingnan Science Journal:

(botany) Having a perianth in which the calyx and corolla are differentiated, usually by colour or texture.


placental

From post-classical Latin placentalis, corresponding to placenta + -al.

We do not know exactly how many placental lineages survived to leave descendants; most estimates are around ten.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 103:

(zoology) Pertaining to the Placentalia, comprising those mammals not marsupials or monotremes.


hybrid speciation

en-noun

hybrid speciation (usually uncountable, plural hybrid speciations)

(biology) The formation of a new species as the direct result of hybridization between members of two existing species.


faunistic

(biology) Relating to the distribution of animals


false dichotomy

false dichotomy (plural false dichotomies)

(botany) A branching in which the main axis appears to divide dichotomously at the apex but is in reality suppressed, the growth being continued by lateral branches (as in the dichasium).


calvous

en-adj

calvous (comparative more calvous, superlative most calvous)

more calvous (comparative)
most calvous (superlative)

67th Berlin International Film Festival
Elsevier
John Lindley
Patrick Stewart

Borrowed from Latin calvus (“bald, hairless”) (from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂wós, from *kalw- (“bald; naked”) + *-wós (suffix forming adjectives from verb stems)) + -ous (suffix forming adjectives from nouns, denoting possession or presence of a quality).

suffix

LXII. MORYSIA. Cass. / Achenium calvous, terete, furrowed, wingless. [...] Glabrous shrubs, with scattered oblong, dentate, or entire leaves, and corymbose yellow flowers: closely related to Athanasia, from which they differ in the calvous achenia.

1838, William Henry Harvey, The Genera of South African Plants, Arranged According to the Natural System, Cape Town: A. S. Robertson, […], →OCLC, order 62 (Compositæ), tribe 4 (Senecionideæ), sub tribe 4 (Anthemideæ), division 4 (Athanasieæ), page 183:

In almost every family enumerated, the per centage is in favour of naked or wingless seeds, remarkably so in Dipsaceæ, where 11 per cent. of species with calvous seeds are widely dispersed, while only 3 per cent. of those furnished with pappus enjoy as wide a range. Among the Compositæ the proportions are as 4·5 to 2·9 per cent. in favour of calvous seeds, by which it should follow that daisies were twice as diffusable as thistles or dandelion.

1857, W[illiam] H[enry] H[arvey], “Geographie Botanique raisonee ou Exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution geographique des plantes des l’époque actuelle. Par M. Alphonse De Candolle. 2 Vols. Paris. 1855. [book review]”, in A[lexander] H[enry] Halliday, W[illiam] H[enry] Harvey, S. Houghton, et al., editors, The Natural History Review: A Quarterly Journal of Zoology, Botany, Geology, and Palæontology, volume IV, London: Williams & Norgate, […]; Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co.; Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, […], →OCLC, page 52:

(botany, rare) Lacking bristles or pappuses.


vitellus

en-noun

vitellus (countable and uncountable, plural vitelli or vitelluses)

From Latin vitellus (“the yolk of an egg”). Doublet of veal.

In the sarcodo there takes place a process which may be in some measure compared with what occurs in the vitellus after the fecundation of an ovum. The granules becoming united together form groups, which soon divide and subdivide […]

1861, F. Rymer Jones, The General Structure of the Animal Kingdom, page 48:

(now rare, biology) The contents or substance of the ovum; egg yolk.

(botany) Perisperm in an early condition.

(botany) An oily substance adhering to the spores of Lycopodium.


predation

predation (countable and uncountable, plural predations)

Borrowed from Latin praedātiō, praedātiōnis, from praedor (“pillage, plunder”), from praeda (“plunder, spoils”).

(zoology) The preying of one animal on others.


haptotropism

(biology) The movement of parts of a plant (especially tendrils) in response to a touch stimulus

haptatrópacht

the movement of parts of a plant in response to a touch stimulus


junior synonym

(zoology) In zoological nomenclature, a name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name.


senior synonym

(zoology) In zoological nomenclature, a name which describes the same taxon as one or more subsequently published names.


preoccupied name

preoccupied name (plural preoccupied names)

(zoology) In zoological nomenclature, a name which is formally published, but which had already been used for another taxon; this second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced.


subdecurrent

en-adj

subdecurrent (comparative more subdecurrent, superlative most subdecurrent)

more subdecurrent (comparative)
most subdecurrent (superlative)

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is subdecurrent.

(botany, mycology) Attached to and running downward along a stem or stipe, but curving inward just before the attachment point.


emarginate

emarginate (comparative more emarginate, superlative most emarginate)

more emarginate (comparative)
most emarginate (superlative)

From Latin emarginare; e- (“out”) + marginare (“to furnish with a margin”), from margo (“margin”).

(botany, of leaves) With the outline of the margin more or less concave in places, usually at the apex.

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is emarginate.

(botany, mycology) Having roughly the same height or width for most of its length, becoming much shallower or narrower before reaching the attachment point.

1840 Georges Cuvier Cuvier's Animal kingdom (intranslation).
In the Haliotus, Lam, the shell is perforated along the side of the columella with a series of holes; and when the last hole remains incomplete, the shell has the appearance of beiing emarginate.

(zoology, anatomy) Having a margin that has concave edges as though with parts removed or notched.


hapalindole

(biochemistry) Any of a group of antibacterial, antimycotic and antialgal alkaloids isolated from the blue-green alga Hapalosiphon fontinalis.


fischerindole

(biochemistry) Any of several antimicrobial alkaloids, obtained from a blue-green alga of the genus Fischerella, having a structure similar to hapalindole.


petaled

The petaled rim of the sunflower glowed in the morning sunlight.


petalled

The petalled rim of the sunflower glowed in the morning sunlight.


welwitindolinone

(biochemistry) An alkaloid extracted from certain blue-green algae that may be active against drug resistance; it has a structure similar to that of hapalindole with a cyclobutane ring


ambiguine

(biochemistry) Any of a range of fungicidal alkaloids, having a structure similar to hapalindole, isolated from blue-green algae of the family Stigonemataceae


vigna

(botany) Any of the genus Vigna of fabaceous plants, including a number of cultivated legumes.


eosinophil

From German eosinophil, from eosin (“rose dye, from Ancient Greek ἠώς (ēṓs, “dawn”) + -in”) + -o- + -phile.

af

(cytology, immunology) A white blood cell responsible for combating infection by parasites in the body.


estradiol

en-noun

estradiol (countable and uncountable, plural estradiols)

estradiols (plural)
oestradiol (alternative UK)

/ˌɛs.tɹəˈdaɪˌɔl/

Gender-affirming hormone therapy may involve testosterone for trans people assigned female at birth (AFAB) and estradiol and anti-androgens for trans people AMAB.

2021, Jane Y. Xu, Michelle A. O’Connell, Lauren Notini, Ada S. Cheung, Sav Zwickl, Ken C. Pang, “Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: A Potential Option For Non-Binary Gender-Affirming Hormonal Care?”, in Front Endocrinol, →DOI:

(American spelling, biochemistry, pharmacology) A natural estrogenic hormone that is a phenolic alcohol estra-1,3,5-triene-3,17-diol (C₁₈H₂₄O₂) secreted chiefly by the ovaries of all vertebrates, that is a major and the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens; the semisynthetic esterified compound is used medicinally to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer.


luteinizing hormone

“Luteinizing” is derived from Latin luteus (“yellow”). The luteinizing hormone stimulates the development of the corpus luteum (literally “yellow body”), which is yellow in colour.

(biochemistry) A hormone, produced by anterior part of the pituitary gland, that stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in female mammals, and the production of androgens by male mammals.


LH

LH (countable and uncountable, plural LHs)

luteinizing hormone
luteinizing hormone#English

(biology) Initialism of luteinizing hormone.


follicle stimulating hormone

follicle stimulating hormone (plural follicle stimulating hormones)

follicle stimulating hormones (plural)
follicle-stimulating hormone (alternative)

(biochemistry) A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone, secreted in part of the pituitary gland, that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in female mammals, and induces spermatogenesis in male mammals.


batology

From Ancient Greek βάτος (bátos, “blackberry”) + -ology.

uder

[…]more than another that has always been clearly recognized by British botanists, it is R. leucostachys, in spite of the various forms, which, before they were detected as hybrids, were often a puzzle to our predecessors in British batology.

1905, Berthold Seemann, editor, Journal of Botany: British and Foreign, volume 43, page 202:

Further knowledge of Rubus plant geography is steadily emerging, particular[ly] as co-workers such as D. Grant and T. Schofield are also contributing substantially to Yorkshire batology.

1999, The Naturalist, volumes 124-127, page 112:

In Species Plantarum, in 1753, [Carl] Linnaeus identified two European species of Rubus within the large five-petaled family^([sic]) Rosa, thus beginning one of taxonomy’s largest studies—batology.

2003, the Office for Soft Architecture, “A Common Architectural Decorative Motif in the Temperate Mesophytic Region: Rubus Armeniacus”, in The Clear Cut Future, Astoria, Ore.: Clear Cut Press, →ISBN, page 83:

(botany) The scientific study of plants in the genus Rubus, commonly known as brambles.


cholecystokinin

(biochemistry) Any of several peptide hormones that stimulate the digestion of fat and protein; abbreviated to CCK.


erythropoietin

/ɪˌɹɪθɹəˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn/

From Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “red”) and ποιητής (poiētḗs, “creator, maker”) and -in.

Exogenous administration of erythropoietin can, theoretically, improve endurance exercise performance in the same way as conventional blood doping procedures.

1994, Herbert A. DeVries, Terry J. Housh, Physiology of Exercise for Physical Education, Athletics, and Exercise Science, WCB Brown & Benchmark, →ISBN, page 589:

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein hormone that functions as a cytokine for erythrocyte precursors in bone marrow.

continuous erythropoietin receptor activator


polyadenylation

en-noun

polyadenylation (countable and uncountable, plural polyadenylations)

(biochemistry) The formation of a polyadenylate, especially that of a nucleic acid.


deoxynucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide that contains a deoxy sugar


polydeoxynucleotide

(biochemistry) Any polymer of a deoxynucleotide.


deoxy sugar

(biochemistry) Any compound formally derived from a sugar by replacing a hydroxy group by a hydrogen atom


deoxyribonucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide containing deoxyribose.


polydeoxyribonucleotide

(biochemistry) Any polymer whose constituent monomer is a deoxyribonucleotide


polygalacturonase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of polymeric galacturonic acids and similar carbohydrates.


desoxycorticosterone

(biochemistry, steroids) US form of deoxycorticosterone.


(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative form of deoxycorticosterone.


pregnenolone

pregnenolone (usually uncountable, plural pregnenolones)

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid prohormone involved in the steroidogenesis of progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.


prohormone

(biochemistry) A substance that is a precursor to a hormone, usually having minimal hormonal effect by itself


steroidogenesis

(biochemistry) The process of steroid (hormone) production in living organisms.


steroidogenic

(biochemistry) Of or relating to the process of steroidogenesis.

stéaróidigineach

of or relating to the process of steroidogenesis


boldenone undecylenate

(biochemistry, steroids) The undecylenate ester of the anabolic steroid boldenone, developed for veterinary use, mostly for treatment of horses.


boldenone

(biochemistry, steroids) An anabolic steroid, 1-dehydrotestosterone, developed for veterinary use


toxicogenomics

2008, C. Afshari, appearing in G. Dutton, "Achieving Success in Tox Studies", Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, Mary Ann Liebert, vol. 28, no. 20, 15 November 2008, pg. 1.
Toxicogenomics reflects an integration of genomics technologies and information into toxicology studies....

(genetics) The study of the toxic effects of substances on genetic material, with an attempt to use this information to predict its toxic effect on organisms


progestogen

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-progestogen.wav

(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative spelling of progestagen.


polymorphocellular

en-adj

polymorphocellular (comparative more polymorphocellular, superlative most polymorphocellular)

more polymorphocellular (comparative)
most polymorphocellular (superlative)

(biology) Consisting of cells of diverse form


polymorphonucleated

polymorphonucleated (comparative more polymorphonucleated, superlative most polymorphonucleated)

more polymorphonucleated (comparative)
most polymorphonucleated (superlative)


polypeptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of a polypeptide


polyphagy

From poly- (“many”) + -phagy (“to feed on”).

(biology) The ability of an animal to eat a variety of food (e.g. several different families of plants)


artificial insemination

(biology, medicine) The introduction of semen into the uterus or cervix of a female by a means other than copulation.

иску́сственное оплодотворе́ние n (iskússtvennoje oplodotvorénije, literally “artificial fertilization”)


botryoidal

botryoidal (comparative more botryoidal, superlative most botryoidal)

more botryoidal (comparative)
most botryoidal (superlative)

The oxyde of cobalt, […] is found either ſuperficial, interſperſed, or in lumps; ſometimes botryoidal or reniform or bearing particular impreſſions.

1799, William Babington, “[Class III. Metals. Order II. Fragile. Genus IV. Cobalt.] Species II. Native Oxyde of Cobalt.”, in A New System of Mineralogy, in the Form of a Catalogue, after the Manner of Baron Born’s Systematic Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils of Mlle. Élénore de Raab, London: […] T[homas] Bensley, […]; and sold by W. Phillips, […]; G. G. and J. Robinsons, […]; and T. Cox, […], →OCLC, page 232:

(botany, chiefly mineralogy) Having the form of a bunch of grapes.


systems biology

(biology) The systematic study of the complex interactions in biological systems, with integral help from computational and mathematical analysis and modeling.


nekton

en-noun

nekton (countable and uncountable, plural nektons)

From German Nekton which was coined in 1890 by Ernst Haeckel. By surface analysis, Ancient Greek νηκτός (nēktós, “swimming”) + -on.

surf

(zoology) All organisms in the ocean that are capable of swimming independently of currents.


metameric

(biology, anatomy) Exhibiting metamerism.


metamerism

en-noun

metamerism (usually uncountable, plural metamerisms)

From μετά (metá, “among”) + μερισμός (merismós, “rationing”) (< μέρος (méros, “part”) + -ισμός (-ismós, “-ism”)).

(biology) The segmentation of the body into similar discrete units.


epistasis

epistasis (countable and uncountable, plural epistases)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐπίστασις (epístasis, “stopping”), from ἐφίστημι (ephístēmi, “stop”), from ἐφ- (eph-) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “make to stand”). The use in genetics was coined by English biologist William Bateson in 1909 in his book Mendel's Principles of Heredity.

coin

(genetics) The modification of the expression of a gene by another unrelated one.


apetalousness

(botany) The state or quality of being apetalous.


ammonite

From French ammonite, from Latin Ammōnis (cornū) (“horn of Ammon”), as it was called by Pliny the Elder in reference to coiling ram horns used to symbolise the Egyptian god Amun. Equivalent to Ammon + -ite.

Ammonites floated through the world's shallow oceans for more than three hundred million years, and their fossilized shells turn up all around the world.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Picador, →ISBN, page 83:

(paleontology) Any of an extinct group of cephalopods of the subclass Ammonoidea; a fossil shell of such an animal.


pyknon

pyknons (plural)
pykna (plural)
pycnon (alternative)

From Ancient Greek πυκνόν (puknón), form of Ancient Greek πυκνός (puknós, “dense, compressed”).

der

(biology) A nonrandom pattern of repeated elements, which are found more frequently in the 3′ untranslated regions of genes than in other regions of the human genome. Although it is unclear how pyknons might have arisen, it is possible that they may be involved in a new form of gene regulation.


homeothermic

From homeo- + thermic, from the Ancient Greek ὅμοιος (hómoios, “of like kind, similar”) in conjunction with θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”).

homeothermal (alternative)
homoiothermic (alternative)
homothermal (alternative)
homœothermic (alternative)

(zoology) Capable of maintaining a relatively constant body temperature independent of the surrounding environment.


tergum

Borrowed from Latin tergum (“back, rear; surface”).

(entomology) The upper or dorsal surface of an articulated animal such as an arthropod.


sharklike

en-adj

sharklike (comparative more sharklike, superlative most sharklike)

more sharklike (comparative)
most sharklike (superlative)


linker

(genetics) A short oligonucleotide containing a recognition sequence for a restriction enzyme, used to blunt the ends of sticky DNA segments.


linker

en-verb

linker (third-person singular simple present linkers, present participle linkering, simple past and past participle linkered)

linkers (present singular third-person)
linkering (participle present)
linkered (participle past)
linkered (past)

38. The plasmid pRK252 Km is cut with ecoRI, blunt-ended using Klenow, and linkered with BgIII linkers (New England Biolabs).

1994, Ray Shillito et al., "Zea mays plants regenerated from protoplasts or protoplast-derived cells", US Patent 5770450, page 52

(genetics) To ligate a DNA segment using a linker.


polyhistidine

(biochemistry) Several histidine residues linked together (usually at least six).


polynucleotidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of polynucleotides to form oligonucleotides and eventually simple nucleotides.


polyproline

en-noun

polyproline (countable and uncountable, plural polyprolines)

(biochemistry) A sequence of several proline residues in a polypeptide or protein; tends to generate an anomalous left-handed helix conformation


multidentate

en-adj

multidentate (comparative more multidentate, superlative most multidentate)

more multidentate (comparative)
most multidentate (superlative)


polypyrimidine

(biochemistry) Any of many pyrimidine bases forming a sequence; especially a region of mRNA containing such a sequence which has a function in RNA splicing


phenethylamine

en-noun

phenethylamine (countable and uncountable, plural phenethylamines)

phenethylamines (plural)
phenylethylamine (alternative)

(uncountable, organic chemistry, biochemistry) An aromatically substituted aliphatic amine, C₆H₅C₂H₄NH₂, which is a neurotransmitter in the brain; it has pharmacological properties similar to amphetamine.


clastogenesis

From Ancient Greek κλαστός (klastós) + -genesis. See clastogen.

(cytology)The process resulting in additions, deletions, or rearrangements of parts of the chromosomes that are detectable by light microscopy.


haploinsufficiency

haploinsufficiency (countable and uncountable, plural haploinsufficiencies)

(genetics) The state of a diploid organism having only a single copy of a particular gene, the other copy being inactivated due to mutation


osculum

(chiefly zoology) A small opening or orifice.

(zoology, obsolete) One of the suckers on the head of a tapeworm.

I left them in that condition, and at 7 o'clock examined them again, when I found them still quiescent; but one of the two large groups of oscula and the new one were entirely closed, while the other osculum at the largest end of the sponge had opened to the extent of about one-third of its diameter, and the membrane presented the appearance of a series of lines or corrugations radiating from the centre to the circumference.

1857, J. S. Bowerbank, “On the Vital Powers of the Spongiadæ”, in Report of the 26th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, John Murray, page 444:

Waste water was expelled through a single osculum at about 8.5 cm per second – more than eight thousand times as fast as it circulated in the chambers and 85 times as fast as it entered the sponge in the first place.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 29:

2012, Sally P. Lees, April Hill, The Physiology and Molecular Biology of Sponge Tissues, Mikel A. Becerro, Maria J. Uriz, Manuel Maldonado, Xavier Turon (editors), Michael Lesser (series editor), Advances in Marine Biology 62: Advances in Sponge Science, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 30,
Oscula are also thought to arise initially from a single porocyte (Weissenfels, 1980), but how they coordinate with other porocytes to form a larger osculum is still unclear.

(zoology) The main opening in a sponge from which water is expelled.


vespertine

From Middle English vespertyne, from Latin vespertīnus (“evening”).

matutinal

of, related to, or occurring in the evening

In both forms of this interesting plant, the medium-sized spider-like flowers are closed from morning until late afternoon when they open to attract vespertine insects.

1949, John Thomas Howell, Marin Flora, page 103:

In research involving American black bears Ursus americanus, Bridges et al. (2004b) recorded activity patterns at bait sites in Virginia and found bear activity was generally vespertine but exhibited seasonal differences with bears becoming more nocturnal in the fall, possibly in response to hunting seasons and possible pursuit by bear-hounds.

2011, James D. Nichols, Camera Traps in Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses, page 59:

(zoology, of an animal) That is principally active at dusk.

Similarly, the flowers of the sphingophilous taxa correspond to the characteristics and habits of western American hawkmoths in many ways: in ... vespertine and nocturnal nectar production

1993, Verne Grant, Origin of floral isolation between ornithophilous and sphingophilous plant species, PNAS:

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, pinnatifid, asperate; flowers large, terminal and solitary, vespertine, (or expanding towards sun-set,) not deciduous or marcescent after closing, but re-opening at the usual time for several days in succession, when closed involute in a cone;[…].

1818, Thomas Nuttall, The Genera of North American Plants, and a Catalogue of the Species, to the Year 1817, volume 1, page 29:

It^([Mentzelia ornata]) belongs to the vespertine section, or those in which the flowers fully expand only towards evening.

1883, William Robinson, The English Flower Garden, published 2011, page 184:

I read of vespertine flowers, night bloomers like four o'clocks, opening like mouths in evening prayer.

2008, Pat Mora, House of Houses, page 9:

(botany, of a plant) That opens or blooms in the evening.


chemiosmosis

chemiosmosis (countable and uncountable, plural chemiosmoses)

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) Any chemical reaction that occurs through an intervening semipermeable membrane, especially through a membrane in a biological cell


capacitation

capacitation (countable and uncountable, plural capacitations)

(zoology) The process of altering sperm to allow them to fertilize eggs.


adnexal

(botany) Having the property of being adnexed.


autarchic

en-adj

autarchic (comparative more autarchic, superlative most autarchic)

more autarchic (comparative)
most autarchic (superlative)

(genetics, of a gene) Not inhibited by neighbouring genetic material


untranslated

(biochemistry) Not converted from a processed mRNA sequence into a protein.

nem lefordított

not converted from a processed mRNA sequence into a protein


pubescence

en-noun

pubescence (countable and uncountable, plural pubescences)

(botany, zoology) A covering of fine, soft hairs.


pupal

(entomology) Of or pertaining to the pupa stage of insect metamorphosis.


disjunctor

(biology) A small, temporary body between the conidia of some fungi.


innervate

en-verb

innervate (third-person singular simple present innervates, present participle innervating, simple past and past participle innervated)

innervates (present singular third-person)
innervating (participle present)
innervated (participle past)
innervated (past)

From in- + nerve + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

af

(anatomy, zoology) To supply (an organ or part of the body) with nerves.


priming

(botany) A form of seed planting preparation in which the seeds are presoaked in a nanoparticle solution.

(microbiology) The effect that a nutrient has on the rate of organic matter decomposition


intraspecific competition

(ecology) Competition for resources between members of the same species.


interspecific competition

en-noun

interspecific competition (countable and uncountable, plural interspecific competitions)

(ecology) Competition for resources between species.


shagreen

shagreen (countable and uncountable, plural shagreens)

1677, Anglicized form of chagrin, from French chagrin, from Ottoman Turkish صاغری (modern Turkish sağrı).
However, the etymology of French chagrin is complex and disputed, likely of Germanic origin – whether there was any influence between an existing French word of Germanic origin and a Turkish loan is unclear.

If the shagreen dots be carefully observed they will be found to possess an annular arrangement.

1883 November 7, Edward B. Poulton, “Notes upon, or suggested hy, the colours, markings, and protective attitudes of certain lepidopterous larvæ and pupæ, and of a phytophagous hymenopterous larva”, in Transactions of the Entomological Society of London:

The shagreen of the abdominal tergites generally consists of small spinules, singly or in caudally convex arcs.

1985, “The Immature Chironomids of the Eastern United States VI. Pentaneurini-Genus Ablabesmyia”, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, volume 137, number 2, →JSTOR, pages 153–212:

(entomology) A rough or spiny surface of an insect's cuticle.


endpoint

endpoints (plural)
end point (alternative)

(biology, medicine) A defined occurrence during the observation period of an experiment or study.


diapause

diapause (countable and uncountable, plural diapauses)

From Ancient Greek διάπαυσις (diápausis, “pause, cessation”). By surface analysis, dia- + -pause.

der

(biology, entomology, ichthyology) A temporary pause in the growth and development of an organism due to adverse environmental conditions (especially in insects and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes)

diapaussi

a temporary pause in the growth and development of an organism


semaphorin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that assist growing axons to find an appropriate target and to form synapses


interspecific

Interspecific crossing in the wild appears to be limited as well, at least partly due to geographic isolation. However, I. wallerana and I. usambarensis are known to have naturally hybridized in the wild (Grey-Wilson, 1980a; Grey-Wilson, 1980b). With the wonderful horticulture discovery of the New Guinea group of impatiens in the early 1970's, there was significant interest in attempting controlled interspecific pollinations.

2007, Neil O. Anderson, Flower Breeding and Genetics: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 293:

(biology) Existing or occurring between different species


eusocial

(biology) Of or pertaining to certain social animals' societies (such as those of ants) in which sterile individuals work for reproductive individuals whose genetic endowment they share

eusocial

pertaining to societies in which sterile individuals work for reproductive individuals


sugar alcohol

(biochemistry) A hydrogenated form of carbohydrate, whose carbonyl group has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group; sugar alcohols are commonly used as sugar substitutes in food, often in combination with artificial sweeteners.


parrot fever

(pathology, veterinary medicine) An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci and contracted from many species of bird.


beauty spot

From beauty (noun) + spot (noun). Some uses of sense 1 (“thing which is beautiful”) are figurative uses of sense 1.2 (“patch on the face to heighten beauty”).

kauneuspilkku

(archaic) A thing (especially an aspect of something) which is beautiful.

(ornithology, archaic) Synonym of speculum (“a bright, lustrous patch of colour found on the wings of ducks and some other birds, usually situated on the distal portions of the secondary quills, and much more brilliant in the adult male than in the female”).


neurobiology

en-noun

neurobiology (countable and uncountable, plural neurobiologies)

(biology) The scientific study of nerve and brain function in people and animals.

neurobiologia

scientific study of nerve and brain fuction


cerrado

cerrado (countable and uncountable, plural cerrados)

From Portuguese cerrado (literally “shut, thick”), from cerrar (“to shut”).

bor

(biogeography, uncountable) A type of tropical savanna biome found in much of central Brazil and parts of Paraguay.

The biggest breakthrough on the horizon is coming on Latin America's vast cerrado, the seemingly endless grassy plains centered in Brazil. The cerrado covers more than 200 million hectares (500 million acres)—more than all the cultivated land that feeds India's more than 800 million people.

1993 July 15, Richard Critchfield, “For Green Revolutionaries, A Latin American Triumph”, in International Herald Tribune:

(biogeography, countable, often capitalized) A region with this biome.


nucellus

From French nucelle (“little nut”), from Latin nux (“nut”).

(botany) The tissue which surrounds and protects the embryo and lies inside of the integuments.


micropyle

From French, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + πύλη (púlē, “gate”).

(botany) In seed-bearing plants, a small opening in the integuments of the ovule through which sperm are able to access the ovum.

(zoology) The hilum of an ovum at the point of attachment to the ovary; any opening in the coverings of an ovum by which spermatozoa may find entrance.


turdiform

en-adj

turdiform (comparative more turdiform, superlative most turdiform)

more turdiform (comparative)
most turdiform (superlative)

(ornithology, rare) Of, relating to or resembling a thrush, or any other bird of the family Turdidae.


encasement

en-noun

encasement (countable and uncountable, plural encasements)

encasements (plural)
incasement (alternative)

(genetics) The early genetic theory of emboîtement.


polyparium

/ˌpɒlɪˈpɛəɹi.əm/

(biology) The stem, or supporting structure, of any colonial cnidarian such as coral


polypifer

(biology) Any colonial organism, such as coral, formed from polyps


bioplastic

Near-synonym: bioplasmic

The smooth or organic involuntary muscular fibres are single bioplastic elements, long so-called cells, each with a nucleus situated about the middle. They contain microsomata, and in disease deposits of degeneration resembling those of the striated muscle […] The smooth muscular fibres require yet to be studied more closely, which is a matter of some difficulty, as they cannot easily be isolated. ¶ CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE BLOOD (HEMOPLASM). The blood, like the brain and muscles, must be considered as a great aggregate of bioplastic centres, the corpuscles, and of bioplastic matter, the living serum; as such it is an organ, but unlike other organs, which are fixed, it is in a state of constant movement. Morphologically the walls of the blood-vessels are the limiting membrane of this aggregate hemoplasm, though when fully developed for their ubiquitous function they do not any longer stand in any chemical or histological relation to their contents. The living serum may therefore be considered only in a morphological sense as the enchylema of the blood-vessels considered as stroma. But the corpuscles fully preserve their bioplastic structure, such as we have defined it in the first chapter.

1884, Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum, Aids to Physiological Chemistry, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, pages 48-49:

Profounder yet is the characteristic of personality that is attributed to spiritualistic life. However defined the word, whether it is regarded as the sum of moral powers, or the equipment of conscious being, one thing is certain, it belongs not to bioplasm. The palm tree is not a person; the lizard wears not the sign of personality; the whale is not a person; the kangaroo claims not the lineage of a person. Personality marks the man; it makes man what he is. By this is he separated from the bioplastic realm and enters the divine. This is not fiction, or a term of flattery, or the exclamation of self-praise. Personality is man's inheritance from God, and he has the right to shout over it. A complete philosophy will not fail to attempt to account for soul-life as it has attempted to account for the non-living and the living worlds about us. Evidently the soul is not the product of an evolutionary force. As the living does not emerge from the non-living, so the spiritual does not issue from the bioplastic. Higher forms of life were never produced by lower, although chronologically the relation between them may be that of antecedent and consequent. The abyss between different kinds of life is not crossed by an evolutionary bridge. The chain of life does not extend from bioplasm to soul.

1886, James William Mendenhall, “Man's personality”, in Plato and Paul: Or, Philosophy and Christianity, an Examination of the Two Fundamental Forces of Cosmic and Human History, with Their Contents, Methods, Functions, Relations, and Results Compared, Cranston and Stowe, page 167:

But we make the distinction between what may be called direct assaults from outside, and the action of agents received into the bioplastic substance by its own ingesting action. ¶ Mechanical Injury.—By this is meant such an injury as a blow or a wound, which causes solution of continuity. In the case of an ordinary blow received on a muscular mass, the subsequent pain experienced on use is a true myalgia. It has caused loss of tonus in the bioplastic units which make up the muscle, and consequent painful or impaired contraction. ¶ Loss of Temperature.—Frost or any agency which reduces the bioplasm below the temperature required for its vitality, in the same way impairs the contractility by altering the tonus of the bioplastic units. The same remark applies, of course, to the application or incidence of too high a temperature. ¶ Microbic Parasitism.—The bioplastic units, corpuscles, or cells, are in perpetual danger from the assaults of these microbic foes. So long as the tonus of the bioplasm is good, that is, is well maintained, so long will it resist their entry or connection in the relation of host and parasite. But when from any cause the bioplasm suffers loss of vitality, or as we say impairment and diminution of tonus, its condition is such as to allow the establishment of this connection.

1906 May 5, M.G. Schlapp, “A case of syringomyelia with partial macrosomia”, in George F. Shrady, editor, Medical Record. A Weekly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, volume 69, number 18 (Whole No. 1852), page 705:

(biology, dated) Of or relating to bioplasts and bioplasm.


epiregulin

(biochemistry) A polypeptide that functions as a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is essential for the growth of several types of cancer


lymphoblastic

(US, cytology, immunology) Of or pertaining to a lymphoblast.


lymphoblast

lymphoblastic leukemia
lymphoblastic leukemia

(US, cytology, oncology) An immature lymphocyte; they proliferate uncontrollably in lymphoblastic leukemia


cyclooxygenase

cyclooxygenases (plural)
cyclo-oxygenase (alternative)
cycloxygenase (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze a cyclooxygenation reaction, but especially the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (prostanoids); their inhibition is the mode of action of the NSAIDs aspirin and ibuprofen.


MR

MR (countable and uncountable, plural MRs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of mineralocorticoid receptor.


homeobox

When he looked in mice, there it was again: almost exactly the same 180-letter string – the homeobox.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 176:

(genetics) A short sequence of DNA that is shared by several genes involved in the morphogenesis of many organisms.


homeobox gene

(genetics) Any of several genes that share a common sequence of DNA and are involved in the regulation of morphogenesis.


clutch initiation

clutch initiation (plural clutch initiations)


chimeric

en-adj

chimeric (comparative more chimeric, superlative most chimeric)

more chimeric (comparative)
most chimeric (superlative)
chimaeric (alternative)
chimæric (alternative)

Application of the technology for producing chimeric mice has given considerable insight into the way intestinal crypts are organized.

1997, Nicholas A. Wright, “Stem cell repertoire in the intestine”, in C. S. Potten, editor, Stem cells, →ISBN, page 322:

Chimeric embryos are made by injecting cells or genetic material from one species into the embryo of another.

(genetics) Pertaining to a genetic chimera.


chemostat

(biochemistry) An apparatus for the continuous culture of microorganisms in a steady state.


trace element

Compound of trace (“very small amount”) + element (“chemical element”).

com+

(biochemistry, nutrition) A chemical element in an organism’s diet that is required in very small amounts in order to maintain proper biochemical function.


crista

en-noun

crista (plural cristae or (obsolete) cristæ)

cristae (plural)
cristæ (obsolete plural)

(cytology) Any of the internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, where many chemical reactions take place.

[…] a crista of fine hairs, between the two reddish, rounded knobs or stigmas […]

1805, Charles Dietrich Eberhard König, John Sims (joint ed.), Annals of Botany (volume 1, page 292)


dactyly

From Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”), equivalent to dactyl- + -y.

bor

(biology) The number and arrangement of digits (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or (sometimes) wings, of a tetrapod animal.


tridactyly

From tri- + dactyly, or directly from the etymons of these.

(biology, rare) The property of being tridactyl; having three digits (fingers or toes) on a limb.


exploitative

en-adj

exploitative (comparative more exploitative, superlative most exploitative)

more exploitative (comparative)
most exploitative (superlative)

From exploit + -ative. Compare exploitive.

The ways in which tadpoles inhibit each other’s growth have been of particular interest since Richards (1958) and Rose (1960) first indicated that interference as well as exploitative mechanisms may be involved.

1996, Trevor John Clark Beebee, Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians, Chapman & Hall, published 1997, →ISBN, page 111:

This competition may be intra- or interspecific and may take the form of exploitative or interference competition. In exploitative competition, the consumption of a prey item by one individual removes it from possible consumption by another.

2004, Michael R. Heithaus, “Predator–Prey Interactions”, chapter 17 of Jeffrey C. Carrier et al. (editors), Biology of Sharks and their Relatives, CRC Press, page 501

In this model, because competition among consumers is merely exploitative, the consumer species do not directly influence each other's fitness. […] only through their effect on resource abundance, y.

2005, Thomas L. Vincent, Joel Steven Brown, Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 98:

(ecology, of competition) Wherein one organism reduces a resource to the point of affecting other organisms.


impunctate

impunctate (comparative more impunctate, superlative most impunctate)

more impunctate (comparative)
most impunctate (superlative)


infrakingdom

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category sometimes inserted below subkingdom.


asconoid

(biology, of a sponge) Having the form of a simple ascon


consorte

Consortism is classified into four types according to the benefit derived by the consortes: 1. If it is voluntary with mutual benefit but not asymmetrical or damaging to either consorte, it is mutualism. 2. Commensalism is a voluntary asymmetrical consortism in which one organism is benefited with no appreciable benefit or damage to the partner. 3. Parasitism is an involuntary consortism with progressive asymmetrical damage to one for the benefit of the other. 4. Predation is a nonsymbiotic consortism with damage to one for the benefit of the other.

2017, V.K. Agarwal, Zoology for Degree Students, →ISBN:

(biology) One of the organisms that associates with another species in consortism.


digitate

From Latin digitātus for the adjective and digitāre for the verb.

(botany, anatomy) Having parts that spread out from a common point in a finger-like manner.

إِصْبَعِيّ

botany: having leaves divided in finger-like parts


digitate

en-verb

digitate (third-person singular simple present digitates, present participle digitating, simple past and past participle digitated)

digitates (present singular third-person)
digitating (participle present)
digitated (participle past)
digitated (past)

But what is most worthy of notice is, that the greater number of muscular fibres arising from the coracoid and radio-ulnar bones form a pectoral muscle, superficial to the other fibres of the great lateral, and digitating with them along the side of the fish opposite the extremities of the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth ribs.

1857 December 23, John Cleland, “On the Skeleton, Muscles, and Viscera of Malapterurus Beninensis”, in Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, volume 1, Edinburgh, published 1858, page 393:

(botany, anatomy) To spread out from a common point in a finger-like manner.


cobalmin

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cobalamin.


cyanocobalmin

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cyanocobalamin.


pygidium

Borrowed from New Latin pygidium, By surface analysis, pygo- + -idium.

(zoology) The caudal plate of trilobites, crustacea, and certain insects.

peräkilpi

The posteriormost portion of certain arthropods


cephalon

From Ancient Greek κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). Probably influenced by compounds like encephalon.


coccolith

Derived from coccolithophore. By surface analysis, Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos, “grain, seed”) + Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos, “stone”), due to the shape of the organism's exoskeleton.

surf

(biology) A microscopic skeletal plate of calcite on the surface of certain marine phytoplankton; it forms chalk and limestone when fossilized


tectiform

en-adj

tectiform (comparative more tectiform, superlative most tectiform)

more tectiform (comparative)
most tectiform (superlative)

From New Latin tēctiformis (“roof-shaped”), from tēctum (“roof”) + -ifōrmis.

(biology, anthropology) Roof-shaped; sloping downwards on two sides from a raised central ridge.


columella

en-noun

columella (plural columellas or columellae)

/ˌkɒləˈmɛlə/

(biology) Any of various small structures in plants or animals that are columnar in shape.

kolumella

any of various small structures in plants or animals

(malacology) In gastropods, the structure that extends down the middle of the whorls of the shell.

(mycology) The central sterile portion of the sporangium in various fungi.

keskipatsas

(palynology) A rod-shaped reinforcing element of the sexine layer of a pollen grain.


pyriform

en-adj

pyriform (comparative more pyriform, superlative most pyriform)

more pyriform (comparative)
most pyriform (superlative)
piriform (alternative)

/ˈpɪɹ.əˌfɔɹm/

Borrowing from New Latin pyrifōrmis, from pyrum (“a pear”) + -fōrmis (“-form, -shaped”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of pyriformis.

af

The chief difference between this brain and that of the Turtle obtains in the large size of the optic lobe and cerebrum as compared with the cerebellum, in the more pyriform figure of the cerebral hemispheres, and in the transverse fissure of the cerebellum.

1835, Richard Owen, Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological Series of Comparative Anatomy Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, Volume III Part I: Nervous System and Organs of Sense, pages 25–26:

Most small worms have a pyriform shape. Larger worms living in unconsolidated sediments are cylindrical and elongate. Those in rock fissures or coral crevices have stouter and more pyriform bodies.

1992, Edward Bayler Cutler, The Sipuncula: Their Systematics, Biology, and Evolution, page 145:

In fact, Clavigula is very similar to Glochidorella, differing from this mainly in the absence of perioral disc (vs. presence), shape of pharyngeal bulb (more cylindrical vs. more pyriform) and more robust spicules.

2006, Reyes Peña-Santiago, “Dorylaimida Part I: Superfamilies Belondiroidea, Nygolaimoidea and Tylencholaimoidea”, in Eyualem Abebe, István Andrássy, Walter Traunspurger, editors, Freshwater Nematodes: Ecology and Taxonomy, page 358:


sharpie

It is harder to gauge the shorter tail of sharpies, but on sitting birds the tail shape is a more useful character than it is on flying birds. Sharpies of all ages and sexes almost always show a notched tail when they are sitting.

2005, Bill Thompson, Eirik A. T. Blom, Jeffrey A. Gordon, Identify Yourself: The 50 Most Common Birding Identification Challenges, page 93:

My mother had lost a considerable number of spring chicks to a raiding sharpie.

2010, Era S. VanDenburg, The Natural World of Ivy Lane, page 48:

sharp-shinned hawk
sharp-shinned hawk#English

(birdwatching, US) Clipping of sharp-shinned hawk.

The bird looked of a similar character to a knot/pec sandpiper/sharpie, but the exact size was difficult to judge[.]

2009 August 26, Rewi, “Help me Identify a Wader please”, in Birding NZ, archived from the original on 2025-01-01:

I went back into my photos, and yes, on 13 Nov, I photographed both Sharpie and the Pec.

2019 November 21, Stan Jarzynski, “Possible Pectoral Sandpiper”, in canberrabirds mailing list:

sharp-tailed sandpiper
sharp-tailed sandpiper#English

(birdwatching, Australia, New Zealand) Clipping of sharp-tailed sandpiper.


coenurus

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós, “common”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”) + -ος (-os, nominal suffix).

(zoology) A complex tapeworm larva growing interstitially in vertebrate tissues and consisting of a large fluid-filled sac from the inner wall of which numerous scolices develop.


hibernaculum

From Latin hībernāculum (“winter quarters”).

Aeolus Cave, which is set into a wooded hillside in Dorset, Vermont, is believed to be the largest bat hibernaculum in New England; it is estimated that before white-nose hit, nearly three hundred thousand bats—some from as far away as Ontario and Rhode Island—came there to spend the winter.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, chapter 10, in The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Henry Holt and Company:

In winter, NLEBs use caves and mines as hibernacula.⁹⁴ Suitable habitat for the NLEB is present within the Proposed Route.

2024 August 19, “LAKETOWN 115-kV TRANSMISSION LINE PROJECT IN CARVER COUNTY, MN”, in Great River Energy, page 98:

(zoology) The place where a hibernating animal shelters for the winter.

(botany) A bud, case, or protective covering that a plant uses to survive the challenging environmental conditions during a dormancy period.


ternary name

Homo sapiens sapiens
Homo sapiens sapiens#Translingual

(taxonomy, zoology) A scientific name at the rank of subspecies: an expansion of a binomial name (a genus and a species) combined with the name of the subspecies; for example Homo sapiens sapiens.


binominal name

See species name for usage and example.

(taxonomy) A scientific name at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.


exopodite

(zoology) The external part of the uropod.


collenchyma

en-noun

collenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural collenchymas or collenchymata)

collenchymas (plural)
collenchymata (plural)

/kəˈlɛŋkəmə/

Ancient Greek κολλα (kolla, “glue”) + -enchyma (“tissue”)

(biology) A living, elongated, mechanical and flexible ground tissue with angular pectin depositions; present just under leaves, tendrils and stems of climbers; formed before vascular differentiation.

kolenchyma

a supporting ground tissue just under the surface of various leaf structures formed before vascular differentiation


cloning

cloning (countable and uncountable, plural clonings)

(biology) The production of a cloned embryo by transplanting the nucleus of a somatic cell into an ovum.


stolon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-stolon.wav

(botany) A shoot that grows along the ground and produces roots at its nodes; a runner.

(zoology) A structure formed by some colonial organisms from which offspring are produced by budding, found in bryozoans, pterobranchs, some corals, and other invertebrates.

(mycology) A hypha that acts as a runner, connecting sporangiophores.


submerse

From Latin submersus, past participle of submergo.


glycobiology

(biochemistry) The study of the biological role of carbohydrates (especially oligosaccharides) and glycosides


glycoconjugate

(biochemistry) Any carbohydrate that is chemically linked (e.g. as a glycoside) to another compound.


phytoplankton bloom

phytoplankton bloom (plural phytoplankton blooms)

(ecology) A large, temporary colony of phytoplankton floating in the sea; they are important in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere


biogeochemistry

The material deposited as biosediment is important part of biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems.

2006, Richard F. Dame, Sergej Olenin, The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems, →ISBN:

(biology, geology, chemistry, ecology) The scientific study of biological, geological and chemical processes in the natural environment and especially of their mutual relationships.

biogeokemia

the scientific study of biological, geological and chemical processes in the natural environment


sialylated

(biochemistry) Having been reacted with sialic acid or its derivatives; used especially with oligosaccharides.


sialic acid

sialic acid (countable and uncountable, plural sialic acids)

1987, The FASEB Journal, Volume 1, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, page 231,
We have previously shown that the study of O-acetyl esters on the sialic acids is fraught with difficulties.

Intralysosomal accumulation of free sialic acid both in vivo and in vitro in Salla disease is due to a defect of the transport mechanism of sialic acid in lysosomal membranes [Renlund et al, 1983b, 1986a, b; Mancini et al 1986].

1987, American Journal of Medical Genetics, Volume 28, page 383:

1997, International Journal of Oncology, Volume 10, Issue 4, Lychnia, page 761,
Figure 3. Relationship between the disease-free survival rate and sialic acid expression in 100 breast cancer patients following curative surgery.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a group of amino carbohydrates that are substituted forms of neuraminic acid and can be components of glycoproteins and mucoproteins.


amino carbohydrate

amino carbohydrate (plural amino carbohydrates)

(biochemistry) Any of many naturally-occurring compounds formally derived from a carbohydrate by replacing one or more hydroxyl group with a simple or substituted amino group


mucoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of a group of widely-distributed natural compounds that exist as complexes of proteins with mucopolysaccharides


glycodiversification

(biochemistry) The study of the function of the diversity of carbohydrates found in nature


glycosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups between biological molecules, especially during the biosynthesis of glycoproteins


glycosyl

(biochemistry) Any functional group derived from a sugar (especially from a monosaccharide) by removal of the hemiacetal hydroxy group.


mutasynthesis

(biochemistry) The synthesis of analogues of natural products by intercepting the biosynthesis with structural analogs of the natural product's precursors.


natural product

natural product (plural natural products)

(biochemistry) Any compound produced naturally by a living organism; especially those compounds that are useful commercially


nucleocytoplasmic

(biology) Relating to the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell


naked protein

(informal, biochemistry) Any protein that normally exists combined with another entity (metal, carbohydrate or lipid etc), free from its normal attachment.


heparan

heparan (countable and uncountable, plural heparans)

Perhaps from Latin hepar (“liver”) + -an.

(biochemistry) A biologically active polysaccharide that exists only as the sulfate


heparan sulfate

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide found, associated with protein, in all animal tissue; it has a regulatory function in several biological activities


proteoglycan

(biochemistry) Any of many glycoproteins that have heteropolysaccharide side chains


microglia

(biology) The glial cells of the immune system; they can function as phagocytes


kainic acid

Borrowed from Japanese 海人草 (kainin-sou).

(biochemistry) A heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid isolated from certain red algae; used as an anthelmintic in Japan.


kainate

From kainic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of kainic acid.


gamma-hydroxybutyric acid

gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (plural gamma-hydroxybutyric acids)

gamma-hydroxybutyric acids (plural)
as: GHB (abbreviation)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) A naturally-occurring biochemical of uncertain function; sometimes used as a recreational drug


genomics

(genetics) The study of the complete genome of an organism.


fingerling

/ˈfɪŋɡəɹlɪŋ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fingerling.wav

From Middle English fyngyrlynge, equivalent to finger + -ling, from having the size of a human finger.

(zoology) A juvenile fish that has developed scales and working fins.


complementation

complementation (countable and uncountable, plural complementations)

(genetics) The interaction between two genetic units such that an organism can function normally if either one is defective


mandibular

The head produces a mandibular gland pheromone composed of ketones, the thorax lacks large glands, and the abdomen contains the venom and the Nasonov gland that produces lemon oil compounds.

2016, Justin O. Schmidt, The Sting of the Wild, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page 28:

(anatomy, zootomy) Of or pertaining to the mandible.


mandibulate

From a substantivation of the above adjective or from Late Latin mandibula + -ate (noun-forming suffix). See also translingual Mandibulata.


amylose

en-noun

amylose (countable and uncountable, plural amyloses)

(biochemistry) The soluble form of starch (the insoluble form being amylopectin) that is a linear polymer of glucose.


floristics

(botany) The scientific study of the distribution of plants, especially on the regional level.


trophic level

(ecology) A particular position occupied by a group of organisms in a food chain.

trofisch niveau

position of a group of organisms in a food chain


trophic

From Ancient Greek τροφικός (trophikós, “pertaining to food or nourishment”), from τροφή (trophḗ, “food”).

bor

(ecology) Describing the relationships between the feeding habits of organisms in a food chain.

trofikus

describing the relationships between the feeding habits of organisms in a food chain


hypercalcemia

en-noun

hypercalcemia (countable and uncountable, plural hypercalcemias)

hypercalcemias (plural)
hypercalcaemia (alternative)

From hyper- + calcemia or hyper- + calc- + -emia.

(biology, medicine) The presence of an unusually high concentration of calcium in the blood.


supercomplex

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercomplex.wav

(biochemistry) A stable association of two or more complexes of biological molecules that occur separately elsewhere.


nonsense mutation

nonsense mutation (plural nonsense mutations)

(genetics) A point mutation that generates either a premature stop codon, or a codon that does not specify any amino acid.


caruncle

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kəl/

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kl̩/

/ˈkɛɹˌʌŋ.kəl/

/ˈkæˌɹʌŋ.kəl/

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kəl/

Borrowed from Middle French caruncule, from Latin caruncula (“a little piece of flesh”), diminutive of carō (“flesh”). Doublet of caruncula.

der

(anatomy, zootomy) A small, fleshy excrescence that is a normal part of an animal's anatomy.

lihake

small, fleshy excrescence on an animal — see also wattle

(botany) A colored waxy or oily outgrowth near the micropyle of some seeds, attractive to ants which aid the seed's dispersal.


quenching

en-noun

quenching (countable and uncountable, plural quenchings)

From Middle English quenchinge, equivalent to quench + -ing.

2022 August 27, Michael Le Page, Genetic tweaking increases soy yield by upgrading photosynthesis, New Scientist, Issue 3401, page 16,
When a leaf is in full sunshine, it absorbs more light energy than its photosynthetic machinery can handle. This damages cells unless they turn on a mechanism known as quenching to dissipate the excess energy.
When a leaf is shaded, however, quenching has to be turned off to avoid dissipating energy that could be used.

(botany) The dissipation of energy from light in excess of what can be used for photosynthesis.


pegylate

en-verb

pegylate (third-person singular simple present pegylates, present participle pegylating, simple past and past participle pegylated)

pegylates (present singular third-person)
pegylating (participle present)
pegylated (participle past)
pegylated (past)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of PEGylate.


proband

From international scientific vocabulary, from New Latin, from Latin probandus (“the one to be tested”) (denoting, in this application, the first one tested); By surface analysis, probe + -and.

der

The proband was 8 years old and had a dyseidetic pattern, as did his father, who was also tested.

1992, Helene V. Fatt, Genetics for Primary Eye Care Practitioners, page 82:

(genetics, medicine) An individual who presents with a genetic disorder or other specific characteristic, when this leads to the genetic investigation of the individual's family.


phytometrics

From Ancient Greek (phyto) "plant" + (metron) "measure".

(ecology) The study of methods for uniquely recognizing or predicting physiological processes in plants based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits


luciferase

Aptly enough, glowworms light up their underworld with a pair of chemicals that have a satanic etymology—luciferins and luciferases, after the Latin for “light bringer.”

2017 October 6, Ed Yong, “The Most Beautiful Death Trap”, in The Atlantic:

The novel coronavirus vaccine manufactured by Moderna does not contain luciferin, an organic compound involved in bioluminescence, or the enzyme luciferase, contrary to claims on social media.

2021 May 6, “Fact Check-Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine does not contain luciferin or luciferase”, in Reuters:

(biochemistry) Any one of a group of enzymes that produce bioluminescence by oxidizing luciferin.

luciferazo

biochemistry: any one of a group of enzymes that produce bioluminescence by oxidizing luciferin


bioluminescent

en-adj

bioluminescent (comparative more bioluminescent, superlative most bioluminescent)

more bioluminescent (comparative)
most bioluminescent (superlative)

(biology, biochemistry) Exhibiting bioluminescence.


streptavidin

en-noun

streptavidin (countable and uncountable, plural streptavidins)

(biochemistry) A tetrameric protein purified from Streptomyces avidinii that binds very tightly to the vitamin biotin


histone deacetylase

histone deacetylase (plural histone deacetylases)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from lysine amino acids in proteins, especially the histone proteins of the nucleus


deacetylase

(biochemistry) Any of several classes of enzyme that remove acetyl groups from proteins


metatherian

en-adj

metatherian (comparative more metatherian, superlative most metatherian)

more metatherian (comparative)
most metatherian (superlative)

(zoology) Belonging or pertaining to the infraclass Metatheria of marsupials.


metatherian

The pouched metatherians, the progenitors of marsupials, used to be common all over North America.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 102:

(zoology) A member of the infraclass Metatheria.


ligase

The glue is an enzyme called ligase, which stitches together loose sentences of DNA whenever it comes across them.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 244:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the binding of two molecules; synthetase.


fasciation

en-noun

fasciation (countable and uncountable, plural fasciations)

/fæsɪˈeɪʃən/

These odd-looking shoots are not diseased but are the result of a fairly common condition known as "fasciation" that affects shoots on all sorts of plants quite randomly and for no apparent reason, but presumed by plant experts to be the result of damage to buds just as the shoots were starting to form. There is therefore nothing to be alarmed about and you should simply cut off the shoots that are unsightly. […] Fasciation can also affect, with somewhat more visually catastrophic results, various spire-forming herbaceous plants such as delphiniums and hollyhocks.

2015 March 28, Helen Yemm, “Thorny problems: what should I do about the invasion of the spanish slug?”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), page G9:

The process or state of being fasciated.

(botany) Abnormal growth in vascular plants in which the apical meristem (growing tip) becomes elongated perpendicularly to the direction of growth, thus producing flattened, ribbon-like, crested, or elaborately contorted tissue.


epigeal

From Ancient Greek ἐπίγειος (epígeios, “on the earth”) + -al.

der

(biology) Living near the surface of the ground

(botany, of a cotyledon) Emerging above the surface of the ground after being germinated

epigeo

emerging above the surface of the ground after being germinated


excentric

en-adj

excentric (comparative more excentric, superlative most excentric)

more excentric (comparative)
most excentric (superlative)

excentric nucleus

excentric stalk

excentric extremities

(botany) One-sided; having the normally central portion not in the true center.


piratical

piratical (comparative more piratical, superlative most piratical)

more piratical (comparative)
most piratical (superlative)
piratic (alternative)

From Latin pīrāticus + -al, from Ancient Greek πειρᾱτικός (peirātikós); equivalent to pirate + -ical.

(ornithology) Of a bird, practising kleptoparasitism.


incrassate

incrassate (comparative more incrassate, superlative most incrassate)

more incrassate (comparative)
most incrassate (superlative)

From the participle stem of Latin incrassare, from in- + crassare ‘make thick’, from crassus.

(botany, zoology) Made thick or thicker; swelled out at some particular part, like the antennae of certain insects, or the leaves of the house-leek.


hydropic

hydropic (comparative more hydropic, superlative most hydropic)

more hydropic (comparative)
most hydropic (superlative)
hydroptic (alternative)
hydroptique (alternative)

From Middle English ydropik, ydropyk, from Old French ydropique, from Latin hydropicus, from Ancient Greek ὑδρωπικός (hudrōpikós), from ὕδρωψ (húdrōps).

(biology, of an egg) Having a yolk deficiency.


berberine

en-noun

berberine (countable and uncountable, plural berberines)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of a class of alkaloid C₂₀H₁₉NO₅ originally obtained, as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the barberry, goldthread, and other plants. It is used in medicine especially for its antimicrobial properties.


felid

From feline + -id. From New Latin Felidae, from felis (“cat, feline”).

(zoology) Any member of the cat family (Felidae).


mammal-like reptile

mammal-like reptile (plural mammal-like reptiles)

The mammal-like reptiles, constituting the subclass Synapsida, were among the earliest to appear of known reptilian groups and had passed the peak of their career before the first dinosaur appeared on the earth.

1966 — Alfred S. Romer, Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed.; ch 14, p 173

Synapsida: amniotes with one lower temporal fenestra, surrounded by the postorbital, jugal and squamosal. Includes the extinct mammal-like reptiles and the mammals.

1997 — Michael J. Benton, Vertebrate Paleontology, 2nd ed.; ch 5, p 109

(paleontology, dated) Any basal member of the Synapsida, related to the mammals but superficially resembling reptiles.


ichnotaxon

Ichnotaxa are names used to identify and distinguish morphologically distinctive ichnofossils, more commonly known as trace fossils. The binomial names of ichnospecies and their genera are to be written in italics.

It is important to note here that exactly the same ichnotaxon co-occurs with phosphatized soft-tissues in schizodont bivalves of the same age (Klug et al., 2005).

2007, Christian Klug et al., “10: Soft-tissue Attachment of Middle Triassic Ceratitida from Germany”, in Neil H. Landman, Richard Arnold Davis, Royal H. Mapes, editors, Cephalopods Present and Past, Springer, page 208:

Parallel to the osteological record of phytosaurs, the ichnotaxon Apatopus lineatus reflects a widespread group of archosaurs living in habitats that only randomly overlapped those of fully terrestrial chirotherian trackmakers.

2013, Hendrik Klein, Spencer G. Lucas, “The Late Triassic tetrapod ichnotaxon Apatopus lineatus (Bock 1952) and its distribution”, in Lawrence H. Tanner, Justin A. Spielmann, Spencer G. Lucas, editors, The Triassic System, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, page 313:

In a note, Donovan (2015) cast doubt on the establishment of the ichnotaxon K. crusta by Klompmaker et al. (2014) for the branchial swellings exemplified in Figure 1.

2015, Adiël A. Klompmaker, Geoff A. Boxshall, “6: Fossil Crustaceans as Parasites and Hosts”, in Tim Littlewood, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Fossil Parasites, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 242:

(taxonomy) A grouping, analogous to a biological taxon, used to classify footprints, burrows or other trace fossils, and hence, indirectly, the organisms that might have produced them.


spray

en-verb

spray (third-person singular simple present sprays, present participle spraying, simple past and past participle sprayed)

sprays (present singular third-person)
spraying (participle present)
sprayed (participle past)
sprayed (past)

From Middle Dutch sprāien, sprayen, spraeyen (“to spray, sprinkle, spread”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *sprēwijaną (“to spray, sprinkle”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per- (“to sow, scatter”).
Cognate with Middle High German spræjen, spræwen (“to squirt, spray, dust, splash, straw”), Danish dialectal språe (“to open up, burst forth”), Swedish dialectal språ (“to sprout, shoot forth, burst”), Norwegian dialectal spra, spræ (“to splash, splatter, spout, burst forth”), Dutch sproeien (“to spray, sprinkle”), German sprühen (“to spray, sparkle”).

der

(intransitive, zoology) To urinate in order to mark territory.


SUMO

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of small ubiquitin-related modifier.


SUMO protein

(biochemistry) Any of a family of small proteins that attach themselves to other proteins within cells and modify their function


SUMOylation

(biochemistry) The process whereby SUMO proteins attach themselves to other proteins within cells and modify their function.


calcar

... a calcar, the apical spine of the inner series must in many of the species be also considered as such, since the appearance of both, and their position as regards the calcaria, are precisely similar. This apical spine of the inner[…]

1913, David Sharp, Fauna Hawaiiensis: Being the Land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands, page 23:

... The calcaria are frequently specified in the taxonomy of insects and are [...] a calcar is known as a strigilis. [...] A calcar and sometimes some of the adjacent setae are used for closing the[…]

1923, Alexander Dyer MacGillivray, External Insect-anatomy: A Guide to the Study of Insect Anatomy and an Introduction to Systematic Entomology, page 245:

... calcars. When the tail is long (equal to or longer than the length of the hind legs) and calcars are present [...] calcar is absent in all known specimens[…]

2023 November 21, Danilo Russo, Brock Fenton, A Natural History of Bat Foraging: Evolution, Physiology, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 19:

(botany, anatomy) A spur-like projection.


anestrus

en-noun

anestrus (countable and uncountable, plural anestri)

anestri (plural)
anoestrus (alternative)
anœstrus (alternative)

1993, R. E. Larsen, S. C. Denham, J. F. Boucher, E. L. Adams, Chapter 13: Breeding Season Length Versus Calving Percentage in Beef Cattle Herds, Michael J. Fields, Robert S. Sand (editors), Factors Affecting Calf Crop, CRC Press, page 191,
Duration of postpartum anestrus is the period from calving to the first estrus. This anestrus period is recognized as being a major factor in controlling the proportion of cows conceiving each breeding season (Wiltbank et al., 1961).

During anestrus the size range and numbers of ovarian antral follicles were similar to those seen during the breeding season.

2008, Sabine Meinecke-Tillmann, Burkhard Meinecke, “Chapter 14: Ultrasonography in Small Ruminant Reproduction”, in Heide Schatten, Gheorghe M. Constantinescu, editors, Comparative Reproductive Biology, Blackwell Publishing, page 352:

2011, Carole C. Miller, Carla L. Carleton (consulting editor), Anestrus, Jean-Pierre Lavoie, Kenneth William Hinchcliff (editors), Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine, 2nd Edition, Wiley, page 75,
Treating a mare with progesterone while she is in anestrus/early vernal transition will suppress ovarian activity.

(zoology) In female placental mammals—excluding humans and great apes—a phase of the estrous cycle during which the sexual cycle rests.


postoral

en-adj

postoral (comparative more postoral, superlative most postoral)

more postoral (comparative)
most postoral (superlative)
post-oral (alternative)

(anatomy, zoology) Situated behind, or posterior to, the mouth


arthropodan

(zoology) Of, or relating to, arthropods.


protaspis

From prot- + aspis (from Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”)).

(paleontology) A stage in the development of a trilobite where the creature has not yet developed articulated segments.


holaspis

A similar situation may also characterize S. wenlockiana, a species with six segments in holaspis, the smallest holaspids of which have similar glabellar lengths to those of the sixth degree meraspis of A. konincki.

2001, Jonathan M. Adrain, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Bruce S. Lieberman, editors, Fossils, Phylogeny, and Form: An Analytical Approach, page 46:

The pygidial spines are stout and direct outward in the early holaspis (Fig. 2, A-B, F), but become slender and direct inward in the late holaspis (Fig. 2, D, E).

2008, Xuejian Zhu, Shanchi Peng, Jingxun Zuo, “Revision an Ventral Structure of Guangxiaspis guangxiensis Zhou, 1977 (Trilobita)”, in Isabel Rábano, Rodolfo Gozalo, Diego García-Bellido Capdevila, editors, Advances in Trilobite Research, page 444:

The holaspis stage has a full complement of thoracic segments for the species but growth continues through further molts and maturity may not be reached until some time after the holaspis stage was reached.

2009, Michael J. Benton, David A. T. Harper, Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record, page 366:

(paleontology, zoology) A stage in the development of a trilobite at which the creature has gained its adult segmentation, but continues to molt and grow.


glabella

en-noun

glabella (plural glabellas or glabellae)

From Latin glaber (“smooth, hairless, bald”).

(zoology) The axial protuberance on the cephalon of certain arthropods (especially trilobites).


CSF

CSF (countable and uncountable, plural CSFs)

classical swine fever
classical swine fever#English

(virology) Initialism of classical swine fever, caused by Pestivirus C (CSFV).


apocrine

From apo- (“away from”) + Ancient Greek κρῑ́νω (krī́nō, “to separate”).

uder

They observed that apocrine metaplasia often was present in breasts with other "noncancerous proliferative lesions," but they found no significant difference in the frequency of apocrine metaplasia between "cancerous and noncancerous breasts."

2001, Paul Peter Rosen, Rosen's Breast Pathology, page 97:

Lobular cysts as well as micro- and macrocysts are very often lined to a variable extent by apocrine epithelium. Pathologists call this condition apocrine metaplasia, meaning a transformation of the normal epithelial cells into sweat-gland-like cells similar to those found in the apocrine glands of the vulva, eyelid, and external auditory canal.

2003, Marton Lanyi, Mammography: Diagnosis and Morphological Analysis, page 64:

Apocrine glands are distributed throughout the body but are present in greatest abundance in the axilla, followed by the anogenital region.

2011, Jivko A. Kamarashev, “3.2.1: Tumours with Apocrine and Eccrine Differentiation”, in Reinhard Dummer, Mark R. Pittelkow, Keiji Iwatsuki, Adèle Green, Nagwa M. Elwan, editors, Skin Cancer - A World-Wide Perspective, page 128:

Two appreciate what happened, note that sweat glands come in two varieties, apocrine and eccrine.

2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 5, in The Secret of Our Success […] , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

(anatomy, biology, histology) Of or pertaining to an apocrine gland or to its mode of secretion, which involves the budding of portions of the secreting cells.

apokriininen

of or pertaining to an apocrine gland or to its mode of secretion


crown gall

(phytopathology) A disease of plants caused by infection of soil bacteria of the genus Agrobacterium


cryobiological

(biology) Of or pertaining to cryobiology


cryptobiosis

(biology) A state of life, entered by some organisms, in which all metabolic activity is temporarily halted


polyadelph

(obsolete, botany) Any plant of the class Polyadelphia, having the stamens united in three or more bundles by the filament.


clitellum

From New Latin clitellum, from Latin clītella (singular noun), clītellae (“packsaddle”, plurale tantum).

(biology) A glandular swelling in the epidermis of some annelid worms; it secretes a viscous fluid in which the eggs are deposited.


metacentric

(genetics) Of a chromosome: having the centromere approximately in the middle, such that the two arms are of similar length.


ghost band

Ghost bands are a common problem in western blot analysis.

(biology) A large band or stripe that appears on a developed gel as a wide halo with no specific, distinguishable signal.


septal

(anatomy, biology, relational) Of or pertaining to a septum.


mesopredator

Raccoons, skunks, snakes, cats, and foxes are mesopredators.

Large predators are equally important as keystone species; their removal can allow predators in the next size class down to proliferate. This phenomenon, known as meso-predator release, can have a huge impact on ecosystems.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 227:

(ecology) A medium-sized predator which often increases in abundance when larger predators are eliminated.


karyotype

Borrowed from Russian кариотип (kariotip), equivalent to karyo- + -type.

bor+

(genetics) The observed characteristics (number, type, shape, etc) of the chromosomes of an individual or species.

(genetics) A record of such characteristics, usually photographic.

(obsolete, genetics) A group of individuals or species that have the same chromosomal characteristics.


karyotypic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to karyotypes.


epigenome

/ˌɛpɪˈd͡ʒiːnoʊm/

It is now possible to define whole epigenomes, representing the totality of epigenetic marks in a given cell type. Epigenetic processes are essential for packaging and interpreting the genome, are fundamental to normal development and are increasingly recognized as being involved in human disease.

2008 August 7, The American Association for Cancer Research Human Epigenome Task Force, European Union, Network of Excellence, Scientific Advisory Board, “Moving AHEAD with an international human epigenome project”, in Nature, volume 454, →DOI, page 711:

(genetics) The total epigenetic state of a cell.

(genetics) A chemical responsible for the activation of a particular gene.


NURF

(genetics) Abbreviation of nucleosome remodeling factor: one of several ISWI-containing protein complexes that catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitate transcription of chromatin in vitro.


nucleosome

From nucleo- + -some, and to evoke the older name nu body. Coined by P. Oudet et al. in 1975 (see quotation below).

We have termed these particles “nucleosomes,” to evoke their nuclear origin and their resemblance to the “nu” (ν) bodies described by Olins and Olins (1974).

1975, P. Oudet, M. Gross-Bellard, P.Champon, “Electron Microscopic and Biochemical Evidence that Chromosome Structure Is a Repeating Unit”, in Cell, →PMID, page 9:

(genetics) Any of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a core of eight histones.


ORF

open reading frame
open reading frame#English

(genetics) Initialism of open reading frame.


open reading frame

en-noun

open reading frame (plural open reading frames)

open reading frames (plural)
as: ORF (abbreviation)

(genetics) A sequence of DNA triplets, between the initiator and terminator codons, that can be transcribed into mRNA and later translated into protein.

开放阅读框

a span of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons


paramutation

paramutation (countable and uncountable, plural paramutations)

(genetics) A mutation in which a heritable change in one allele is induced by another in the same locus


actinopterygian

[…] actinopterygians have 'ray fins' which are supported by a series of narrow cartilaginous or bony rods called radials, while sarcopterygians have 'lobe fins' supported by a single basal bone and with muscles that can modify the posture of the fin.

1997, Michael J. Benton, Vertebrate Palaeontology, 2nd edition, Chapman & Hall, →ISBN, page 64:

The ear of all nonteleostean actinopterygian fishes (Grande and Bemis 1996) does not differ much from that of ratfish (considered by most an ancient line of cartilaginous fish), with the notable exception of the position of the ultricular macula.

1999, Bernd Fritzsch, “2: Hearing in Two Worlds”, in Richard R. Fay, Arthur N. Popper, editors, Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians, page 19:

The otico-orbitotemporal region is formed by a single ossification in primitive actinopterygians but by many separate ossifications in advanced actinopterygians, expecially teleosts.

2004, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook, page 108:

2004, M. L. J. Stiassny, E. O, Wiley, G. D. Johnson, M. R, de Carvalho, 24: Gnathostome Fishes, Joel Cracraft, Michael J. Donoghue (editors), Assembling the Tree of Life, page 416,
The most basal of living actinopterygians are the bichirs (Polypteridae), a small group (11 spp.) of African fishes previously thought to be related to the lobefin fishes (sarcopterygians), or to form a third group.

(zoology) Any of the ray-finned fish of the taxonomic class Actinopterygii.

actinopterígio

any of the ray-finned fish of the class Actinopterygii


base pair

base pairs (plural)
basepair (alternative)

(biology) In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected with hydrogen bonds.

鹼基對 /碱基对

molecular biology: two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands


syconium

From New Latin sȳconium, from Ancient Greek σῦκον (sûkon, “fig”) + -ium.

(botany) A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig; a hollow ball with a stalk at one end and an opening (ostiole) at the other, with flowers or fruits on the inside


anthesis

anthesis (countable and uncountable, plural antheses)

Ancient Greek ἄνθησις (ánthēsis, “flowering”), from ἀνθέω (anthéō), from ἄνθος (ánthos).


sensu

The Testudinoidea contains two well supported groups: a restricted Emydidae (sensu Gaffney, 1975), and the currently unnamed group that includes the Bataguridae and Testudinidae for which Shaffer et al. (1997) propose the name Testudinoidae.

2001, Peter A. Meylan and H. Bradley Shaffer, “Molecular Evidence for Higher Relationships Among Turtles”, in Tree of Life Web Project:

The Halictini includes 23 genera sensu Michener (2000), of which Patellapis Friese is one of the least known genera.

2008 October 1, Kim Timmermann, Michael Kuhlmann, “Redefinition of the Southern African Bee Subgenera Patellapis (s. str.), P. (Chaetalictus) and P. (Lomatalictus) (hymenoptera: Halictidae, Genus Patellapis Friese, 1909)”, in Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, volume 81, number 4, →DOI, page 355:


declinate

en-adj

declinate (comparative more declinate, superlative most declinate)

more declinate (comparative)
most declinate (superlative)

Latin dēclīnātus, past participle of dēclīnō (“I decline”).

(botany) Bending downward in a curve; declined.


scopate

scopate (comparative more scopate, superlative most scopate)

more scopate (comparative)
most scopate (superlative)

(zoology) Having the surface closely covered with hairs, like a brush.


cancellate

cancellate (comparative more cancellate, superlative most cancellate)

more cancellate (comparative)
most cancellate (superlative)

From Latin cancellatus, past participle of cancellare.

cancellate leaves

(botany) Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma; lattice-like.

(zoology) Having the surface covered with raised lines, crossing at right angles.


Ogopogo

The ogopogo made no attempt to devour the sailboat crew, as he is reported to have done some years ago in the case of some Indians.

1930 July 19, “Mysterious Ogopogo Is Accused of Capsizing a Canadian Boat”, in The New York Times, page 17:

(Canada, cryptozoology) A large serpentlike aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which is said to live in Lake Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada.


Igopogo

The story of Lake Simcoe's monster started 11 years ago, when Wellington Charles, a fishing guide on the lake for many years, first sighted a mysterious marine animal. He described it as having a neck like a stovepipe with a face like a boxer dog. At the time, he named the thing Igopogo.

1963 July 1, “Igopogo, Simcoe Monster, Reported Sighted Again”, in The Globe and Mail, page 1:

(Canada, cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada.


nahuelito

(in Argentina, cryptozoology, mythology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Nahuel Huapi Lake, Argentina.


Manipogo

The creature was dubbed Manipogo in 1957, from a blend of Manitoba + Ogopogo.

(Canada, cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Manitoba, Canada.


coli

Ellipsis of Bacterium coli or Bacillus coli, obsolete taxonomic names of the species (now called Escherichia coli). The word itself derives from Latin colī, genitive of colon (“colon, large intestine”).

Five of the strains of E. coli are related to only one of the S. dysenteriae strains. Three of the coli are related to two of the strains of S. dysenteriae, four are related to three of the S. dysenteriae strains, and one, A-H6, is related to all.

1939 January, Thomas T. Mackie, “The Specificity of the Agglutinin Reaction for Shigella dysenteriae: II. Agglutinin Absorption Relationships between Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli”, in Journal of Bacteriology, volume 37, number 1, →PMID, archived from the original on 2020-06-10, page 47:

Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli#Translingual

(often attributive, bacteriology) Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.


Memphre

While there have been more than 100 reported sightings of a Lake Memphremagog creature called Memphre, a photograph submitted by two unnamed Quebec residents will not be recorded among them.

1986 October 11, “Photo of monster exposed as hoax”, in The Gazette, Montreal, Que., page F12:

(Canada, cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec, Canada.


coprophage

Borrowed from Latin coprophagus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek κοπροφάγος (koprophágos), from κόπρος (kópros, “dung”) + -φάγος (-phágos, “eater; glutton”). Equivalent to copro- + -phage.

(zoology) A living organism that feeds on feces or fecal matter.


problematica

From Latin problēmatica (“problematic things”).

bor

(paleontology) Fossil specimens or elements that cannot be identified or assigned to a taxon.