mesotegmic

The mesotegmic construction is rare and found in conjunction with either an exotegmen or an endotegmen.

2003, Roger D. Smith, Seed Conservation: Turning Science Into Practice, →ISBN, page 263:

(botany) Pertaining to the middle of the integument as opposed to the outer or inner epidermis of the integument.


AGJ

annular gap junction
annular gap junction#English

(biochemistry, molecular biology) Abbreviation of annular gap junction.


connexosome

(molecular biology, biochemistry) a collection of connexins formed from internalized discarded hemijunction gap junctions awaiting disposal by lysosomes


emyde

(zoology, archaic) Synonym of emys (“type of tortoise”).


spermatozoic

/ˌspɜːmətə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɪk/

(cytology) Of or pertaining to spermatozoa; of the nature of spermatozoa.


ramuliferous

en-adj

ramuliferous (comparative more ramuliferous, superlative most ramuliferous)

more ramuliferous (comparative)
most ramuliferous (superlative)

(zoology) Bearing ramuli (small branches)


pandanaceous

(botany) Of or relating to the plant family Pandanaceae.


zoomorphosis

en-noun

zoomorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural zoomorphoses)

(botany) The formation of a plant structure (such as a gall) by means of animal activity


adlet

Adlets are wont to hunt on all fours, and so were born stories of giant black dogs that accost travelers.

2006, Aaron Rosenberg, Various, Chosen RPG, Impressions, →ISBN:

An adlet is part-human and part-canine, […]. They can be cannibals, eating other dogs. When they first hunt prey they go for the victim's throat and drink the fresh blood.

2012, Lisa Regan, Vampires, Werewolves and Zombies, Amber Books Ltd, →ISBN, page 71:

... that one of their ancestors has been married to a dog and that they have canine blood in their veins. This does not mean, of course, that they can transform themselves into an Adlet or that they enjoy any special protection from its attentions.

2016, Dr. Bob Curran, Andy Paciorek, The Carnival Of Dark Dreams, →ISBN, page 56:

"We could mate with humans, but then we'd have to expose our existence, and there's no guarantee that the baby will be an adlet." She cleared her throat. "Of course, I'd love a human baby just as much as an adlet, but we need more halflings […]"
[…]
The dogs mated with other dogs and stayed in their canine form, but the halflings mated with both humans and dogs and so the adlets continued to spread across the land, always evolving. Some adlet families are more human than dog, ...

2019, Laura Greenwood, Skye MacKinnon, Under the Ice, Peryton Press:

(cryptozoology, mythology) A cryptid in Inuit mythology and folklore in Canada and Greenland, a tall, dog-legged humanoid (sometimes identified with inland Native Americans).


unigene

(genetics) A cluster of genes that perform a particular function


transformationalism

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-transformationalism.wav

The main strength of the text, however, lies not so much with the reductio ad absurdum of the world soul hypotheses, but in its critical assessment of Leibniz's monadology and Robinet's biological transformationalism, on the one hand, and in Ploucquet's own theory of finite substances as 'real images', imagines reales, of the infinite divine force, on the other hand; in short, in his own alternative of natural philosophy.

2010, Miklós Vassányi, Anima Mundi: The Rise of the World Soul Theory in Modern German Philosophy, →ISBN, page 78:

In historical terms, Diderot's full-fledged, materialistic hylozoism apparently relies on Locke's hypothesis concerning thinking matter, on Toland's theory of essentially active matter, on Maupertuis's theory of the spontaneous creative degeneration of the embryo, and probably on Robinet's biological transformationalism as well.

2011, Michael Funk Deckard, PŽter Losonczi, Philosophy Begins in Wonder, →ISBN, page 129:

Transformationalism was a dominant theory of change before Darwin set the stage.

2013, G. Kampis, Self-Modifying Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science, →ISBN, page 16:

(biology, historical) A theory proposed by Robinet in the 18ᵗʰ century that posits a single, created prototype for all species of plants and animals.


suberize

en-verb

suberize (third-person singular simple present suberizes, present participle suberizing, simple past and past participle suberized)

suberizes (present singular third-person)
suberizing (participle present)
suberized (participle past)
suberized (past)

(botany, transitive) To effect suberization of.


interarea

The brachiophore or brachial process is a simple, somewhat flat blade located at the notothyrial margin and underlying the notothyrial edge of the interarea.

1938, Edward Oscar Ulrich, Gustav Arthur Cooper, Ozarkian and Canadian Brachiopoda, page 73:

In one sense the interareas, planareas, and palintropes are genetically the same in that they are all surfaces resulting from increment to the posterior margin.

1942, Preston E. Cloud, Jr., Terebratuloid Brachiopoda of the Sillurian and Devonian, →ISBN, page 21:

The posterio-lateral socket ridge lies between the socket and the interarea (pl. 2, figs. 9b, 13b, 16b). The posterio-lateral socket ridges are accommodated by grooves in the hinge teeth of concavo-convex species or pockets between the hinge teeth and the interarea of resupinate species.

1949, Geological Survey Professional Paper, page L-2:

Pedicle valve with well developed sulcus; height and concavity of interareas highly variable, apsacline to catacline, rarely slightly procline.

1995, Andrzej Baliński, Palaeontologia Polonica, number 54, page 60:

Spiriferides tend to have highly biconvex shells, with well-developed radial costae and a large interarea on the ventral valve.

2013, Donald R. Prothero, Bringing Fossils to Life: An Introduction to Paleobiology, →ISBN, page 334:

(zoology) A typically triangular shelf of shell on some brachiopods that serves as a weight-bearing surface to stabilize the valves.


nebenkern

German neben (“near”) and Kern (“nucleus”).

(biology) A mass or shred of chromatin-staining material outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm.


idant

(biology, archaic) One of the nuclear rods or chromosomes in a fertilized ovum, supposed to contain an aggregate of the ids, or all kinds of biophores of the organism.


idorgan

(biology, archaic) A plastid or unicellular organism, theoretically capable of development into a metazoan.


idiosome

(biology, dated) The attraction-sphere of a spermatid or of an oocyte.

(biology, dated) The indivisible element of living matter.


allotriploid

(genetics) Having three sets of chromosomes derived from different species


homoploid

(genetics) Involving no change in number of chromosomes


ooblast

(biology) A cell that develops into an ovum; a germinal epithelium giving rise to ova.


angle-shoot

angle-shoots (plural)
angle shoot (alternative)

The fact that for the greater part of its length the angle-shoot has the same structure as a normal stem is what would be expected; it does not, in my opinion, prove that the former is not a transformed rhizophore.

1934, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh:

(botany) A side shoot that grows from the main stem stem.


angle shoot

Removal of the young developing leaves below the apical bud on the main shoot, especially when done twice, has increased branching and produced wider angle shoots, and enhanced feathering for slender spindle trees

2013, C. J. Wright, Manipulation of Fruiting, →ISBN, page 346:

(botany) Alternative form of angle-shoot.


radiobe

Blend of radium + microbe. By surface analysis, radio- + -obe.

(biology, historical) A peculiar formation, possibly a crystal, formed in gelatin submitted to the action of radium, once thought to be a transitional form between a crystal and a living microbe.


RBD

receptor-binding domain
receptor-binding domain#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of receptor-binding domain.


necrophyte

(biology) Any plant or fungus that grows on dead plant material


bioapatite

en-noun

bioapatite (countable and uncountable, plural bioapatites)

(biochemistry, mineralogy) A form of calcium phosphate that is the major component in the mineralised part of vertebrate bone teeth, and in case of fish, scales.


hydroclimate

(ecology) The climate of an aquatic habitat


mycocerosate

From mycocerosic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

af

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of a mycocerosic acid.


mycocerosic acid

en-noun

mycocerosic acid (plural mycocerosic acids)

(biochemistry) Any of a family of highly methylated long-chain fatty acids present in mycobacteria


mycolipenate

From mycolipenic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

af

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of mycolipenic acid.


mycolipenic acid

(biochemistry) A methylated unsaturated long-chain fatty acid, 2,4,6-trimethyltetracos-2-enoic acid, found in some mycobacteria


trap-jaw ant

trap-jaw ants (plural)
trapjaw ant (alternative)
trap jaw ant (alternative)

From trap + jaw + ant, because the mandibles (jaws) snap shut forcefully like a trap.

(entomology, informal) Any of a group of carnivorous ants, of the genus Odontomachus, that have mandibles that can snap shut on prey


archoplasm

en-noun

archoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural archoplasms)

(cytology, dated) The substance from which attraction spheres develop in mitotic cell division, and of which they consist.

arcoplasma

the substance of cells’ attraction spheres


lolium

(botany) Any of the genus Lolium of ryegrasses.


pycnofibre

pycnofibres (plural)
pycnofiber (alternative)

From pycno- + fibre. Coined 2009 by Brazilian palaeontologist Alexander W. A. Kellner et al.

While the metal frames, styrofoam bulk and resin wings comprised the majority of the models, the details that would bring them to life – eyes, scars, pycnofibres, scales and colour – needed to be added before the models could really look vital.

2012, A. J. Veldmeijer, Mark Witton, Ilja Nieuwland, Pterosaurs: Flying Contemporaries of the Dinosaurs, Sidestone Press, page 119:

Many [pterosaurs] had furry coats made up of hair-like filaments known as pycnofibres, which covered their bodies and parts of their wings.

2014, Albert J. DeBenedictis, Evolution or Creation?: A Comparison of the Arguments, 3rd edition, Xlibris, page 254:

(paleontology) Any one of the hair-like filaments that comprised an integument of some pterosaurs.


actinofibril

(paleontology) One of the parallel actin filaments found in pterosaur wings.


flapling

The flaplings, with short faces and only very little teeth, must seek out their own food, and restrict themselves to land, agilely snapping at insects until they are old enough to venture out to the fishing waters with their relatives.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 148:

(paleontology, informal) A juvenile pterosaur.


Liassic

Liasic (alternative)
liassic (alternative)
liasic (alternative)

(paleontology, dated) Of or relating to the Lias or its fossils.


glucase

glucase (countable and uncountable, plural glucases)

(dated, biochemistry) Any enzyme that converts starch into glucose.


pectinibranchial

(zoology, archaic) Synonym of pectinibranchiate.


posteriad

(zoology) In a direction toward the posterior.


monimostyly

From Ancient Greek μόνιμος (mónimos, “fixed in place”) + Ancient Greek στῦλος (stûlos, “pillar”) + -y.

af

(zoology) union of the quadrate and squamosal, not permitting movement


pant-hoot

en-verb

pant-hoot (third-person singular simple present pant-hoots, present participle pant-hooting, simple past and past participle pant-hooted)

pant-hoots (present singular third-person)
pant-hooting (participle present)
pant-hooted (participle past)
pant-hooted (past)

(zoology, intransitive, of chimpanzees) To utter a complex vocalization that starts off quietly and builds up to a succession of hoots and screams.


distylous

(botany) Having two types of styles and/or stamens


phoenicoid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Phoenicoideae.


coryphoid

(botany) Any palm of the subfamily Coryphoideae


chamaedoroid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the genus Chamaedorea.


calamoid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Calamoideae.


arecoid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Arecoideae.


ceroxyloid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Ceroxyloideae.


nypoid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Nypoideae.


cocosoid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Cocosoideae, now mostly treated as the tribe Cocoseae in the subfamily Arecoideae.


cocosoid

(botany) Any palm tree in the subfamily Cocosoideae.


lepidocaryoid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Lepidocaryoideae.


borassoid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Borassoideae, now considered to be the tribe Borasseae.


sabaloid

(botany) Belonging or relating to the palms of the subfamily Sabaloideae, now considered to be the tribe Sabaleae.


verrucate

en-adj

verrucate (comparative more verrucate, superlative most verrucate)

more verrucate (comparative)
most verrucate (superlative)

(botany, of a pollen grain) having verrucae


normocalcemia

By surface analysis, normo- + calcemia, or, by surface analysis, normo- + calc- + -emia.

surf

(biology, medicine) The presence of a normal concentration of calcium in one's blood.


cyrillaceous

(botany, relational) Of or relating to the plant family Cyrillaceae.


zoomass

en-noun

zoomass (countable and uncountable, plural zoomasses)

(biology) The total mass of a living animal.


simarouba

(botany) Any plant of the genus Simarouba.


lepocyte

(biology, archaic) A cell with a distinct envelope.


haplodont

(zoology) Being or having molar teeth with simple crowns, without ridges or tubercles.


preformationist

Preformationists rejoined that Harveian epigenesis was unscientific, for such a virtue could not be observed.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 219:

(biology, historical) A proponent of the theory of preformationism.

preformista

a proponent of the theory of preformationism


vespoid

(zoology) Of or relating to the superfamily Vespoidea of wasps and ants.


paurometabolous

From Ancient Greek παῦρος (paûros, “small, little”) + metabolous (“undergoing metamorphosis”), modeled after ametabolous, hemimetabolous. See Translingual Paurometabola (from New Latin).

der

(entomology) Characterizing a group of insects whose metamorphosis from immaturity to maturity is gradual and without sudden radical physical change; characterized by hemimetabolism.


actaeonid

Ultimately from Latin Actæon, borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀκταίων (Aktaíōn) (Acteon).

(zoology) Any sea slug of the family Actaeonidae.


heterocoelous

From hetero- (“different”) + -coelous (“hollow”).

confix

(biology) Relating to, or characteristic of syconoid sponges of the taxonomic group Heterocoela.


neornithine

(zoology) Any of the feathered dinosaurs that evolved into modern birds


articulated skeleton

en-noun

articulated skeleton (plural articulated skeletons)

(paleontology) A fossil skeleton found all in one piece with the bones still arranged in the proper order.

esquelete articulado

skeleton found with the bones arranged in the proper order


macroconsumer

(biology) A relatively large heterotrophic consumer


microconsumer

(biology) A microscopic heterotrophic consumer (typically bacteria or fungi)


mesoconsumer

(biology) A mid-sized heterotrophic consumer


paleolongitude

paleolongitudes (plural)
palaeolongitude (alternative UK)

(geology, paleontology) The former longitude of a particular geologic formation at a time in the geologic past, often specifically the time of formation


cell nucleus

(cytology) A large membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells; a nucleus.


ornithophilic

en-adj

ornithophilic (comparative more ornithophilic, superlative most ornithophilic)

more ornithophilic (comparative)
most ornithophilic (superlative)

When the birds leave their breeding sites in the autumn the mosquito turns to humans. The London Underground molestus are not ornithophilic. We have nothing to fear from them.

2007, Hugh Pennington, ‘The Problem with Biodiversity’, London Review of Books, volume 29, number 9:

Unlike the alphaviruses that produce arthritis, human cases occur in an epizootic from an enzootic cycle involving passerine birds and ornithophilic mosquitoes.

2009, Encyclopedia of Microbioology, page 316:


aminomutase

(biochemistry) Any mutase that moves an amino group.


back-translation

en-noun

back-translation (countable and uncountable, plural back-translations)

back-translations (plural)
backtranslation (alternative)

(genetics) The translation of an amino acid sequence into genetic code.


ascogonium

(mycology) The spiral female organ of an ascomycetous fungus from which asci are produced

askogon

the female organ of an ascomycetous fungus


bilirubinoid

(biochemistry) Any intermediate in the enzymatic conversion of bilirubin to stercobilin in the gut


bisdigitoxoside

(biochemistry) A derivative of digoxin that contains only two (rather than three) glycoside units


bisindolylmaleimide

bisindolylmaleimide (countable and uncountable, plural bisindolylmaleimides)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A derivative of maleimide containing two indolyl sidechains; any derivative of this structure, many of which are biochemically active


bitunicate

(botany) Enclosed in two tunic-like layers


unitunicate

(botany) Enclosed in a single tunic-like layer


xerophytism

(botany) The adaptation of plants to habitats where water is scarce.


calcimedin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of calcium-dependent proteins that bind phospholipids.


calphobindin

From calcium, phospho-, bind, and + -in.

(biochemistry) A calcium-dependent protein that binds some phospholipids


carboxyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers a carboxyl group (one that carries out transcarboxylation).


transcarboxylase

(biochemistry) Synonym of carboxyltransferase.


chelatase

The properties of these zinc-protoporphyrin chelatases, particularly the one in R. spheroides, are described in detail and their possible metabolic functions discussed.

1964, A Neuberger, “Studies on the biosynthesis of porphyrin and bacteriochlorophyll by Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. 5. Zinc–protoporphyrin chelatase”, in Biochemical Journal:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes chelation, especially that of a specified metal ion


light-sensitive

en-adj

light-sensitive (comparative more light-sensitive, superlative most light-sensitive)

more light-sensitive (comparative)
most light-sensitive (superlative)

(biology, of cells, tissue or organs) Able to detect the presence (or intensity) of light.


chondroitinsulfatase

(biochemistry) Any sulfatase that sulfates chondroitin.


cobaltochelatase

(biochemistry) Any chelatase that chelates cobalt ions


cometabolite

(biochemistry) Any product of cometabolism


parataxon

(taxonomy) An artificial taxon used to describe a fossil based on morphology with no relation to genetic reality.


eutaxon

(taxonomy) A taxon that accurately refers to organisms or remains of organisms based on genetic affinities.


klendusic

klendusic (comparative more klendusic, superlative most klendusic)

more klendusic (comparative)
most klendusic (superlative)

klendusic seeds


klendusity

From Ancient Greek κλειδόω (kleidóō, “I lock up”) (see κλείς) + ἔνδυσις (éndusis, “entry”) (see ἐνδύω) + -ity, because the route of entry for pathogens is supposed to be locked up. The word is a clumsy coinage; a more systematic approach would have involved cleido-.


homodonty

(zoology) The condition of having teeth all of the same type.


cytosmear

(cytology) A sample of cells, in the form of a smear on a microscope slide, that has been stained ready for diagnostic examination


deoxyribosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers a deoxyribosyl moiety (between bases)


erabutoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of neurotoxic proteins found in venom of the sea snake of the genus Laticauda


fetoglobulin

(biochemistry) A plasma globulin that is present especially in the fetus


glucanohydrolase

(biochemistry) Any hydrolase that hydrolyses a glucan


glycanohydrolase

(biochemistry) Any hydrolase that hydrolyses a glycan


glyceridase

(biochemistry) Any hydrolase that hydrolyses glycerides


hexadecapeptide

(biochemistry) Any oligopeptide that has sixteen amino acid components


hyalogen

(biochemistry) Any of several complex mucoid polysaccharides, found in animal tissue, that are composed of hyalins


macroconidium

(mycology) A relatively large conidium, but especially the larger of a pair of conidia in the same organism


mannosylphosphoryltransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers mannosyl phosphate residues


melanotropin

melanocyte-stimulating hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone#English

(endocrinology, biochemistry) Synonym of melanocyte-stimulating hormone.


microconidium

(mycology) A relatively small conidium, but especially the smaller of a pair of conidia in the same organism


molybdoflavoprotein

(biochemistry) Any flavoprotein containing molybdenum


molybdoprotein

(biochemistry) Any metalloprotein containing molybdenum


monophosphokinase

(biochemistry) Any kinase that transfers a single phosphate group


nitrophenylphosphatase

(biochemistry) Any phosphatase that hydrolyses nitrophenyl phosphate


nucleosidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a nucleoside, separating the base and the sugar


ootaxon

(taxonomy) Any taxonomic classification of egg fossils


oospecies

(taxonomy) An ootaxon, equivalent to a species, used to classify fossilised dinosaur eggs


ovoglycoprotein

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein found in hen's egg white


ovomacroglobulin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of macroglobulins found in hen's eggs


ovostatin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteinase inhibitors found in hens' eggs.


peroxygenase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the formation of an alcohol by reaction with hydrogen peroxide


ektacytometry

(cytology) A method for measuring the deformability of cells, using shear stress


cytoadhere

en-verb

cytoadhere (third-person singular simple present cytoadheres, present participle cytoadhering, simple past and past participle cytoadhered)

cytoadheres (present singular third-person)
cytoadhering (participle present)
cytoadhered (participle past)
cytoadhered (past)


pleiochasium

(botany) An inflorescence in which several buds come out at the same time


prepilin peptidase

en-noun

prepilin peptidase (plural prepilin peptidases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that removes a signal peptide from maturing pilins


propionylcholinesterase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of propionylcholine


pseudoisoenzyme

pseudoisoenzymes (plural)
pseudo-isoenzyme (alternative)

(biochemistry) A variant conformation of an enzyme (that appears to be an isoenzyme)


pyroglobulin

(biochemistry) An immunoglobulin that coagulates when heated


pyrophosphokinase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that transfers pyrophosphate (diphosphate)


pyrophosphotransferase

(biochemistry) Synonym of pyrophosphokinase.


subalignment

(biochemistry) An internal segment of a protein (or corresponding DNA) alignment


transamidase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers an amide group.


uroporphyrin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of porphyrins excreted in the urine in some cases of porphyria.


morphogenetics

The pollen grains are usually very large and well suited for studies in morphogenetics, fine structure, etc.

1963, Advances in Botanical Research, →ISBN, page 182:

This process relies on the spatiotemporal aspects of morphogenesis, called morphogenetics (Horder and Martin 1978), for the assembly of most of the projection.

1990, Roger Wolcott Sperry, Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind, →ISBN, page 105:


mutein

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of the muteins under nondenaturing conditions confirmed this prediction (19).

All of the muteins exhibited the expected apparent molecular weight of around 25 kDa.

1996, Protein & Peptide Letters - Aug 1996, page 237:

(biochemistry) A protein with an altered amino acid sequence.


xylofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a xylose.


zymophore

(biochemistry) The active part of an enzyme that is responsible for its function.


eucryptodiran

Basal eucryptodiran xinjiangchelyids or macrobaenids―sinemydids are represented in the Phu Kradung Formation by a few fragmentary remains.

2009, Eric Buffetaut, Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia:

(zoology) Any turtle of the suborder Eucryptodira.


photoadaptation

photoadaptation (countable and uncountable, plural photoadaptations)

(biology) adaptation of an organism to the changing amount of light in its environment


tracheosyringeal

(zoology) Relating to, or connecting, the trachea and the syrinx


ocelloid

(microbiology) a cellular structure found in unicellular microorganisms that is analogous in structure and function to eyes, which focus, process and detect light


vanessa

(zoology) Any butterfly of the genus Vanessa.


normomagnesemia

From normo- + magnesemia or normo- + magnes(ium) + -emia.

(biology, medicine) The normal level of magnesium ions in the blood.


mononucleolar

The karyotype was mononucleolar: one obligatory nucleolus (N) was well developed in sec. 3, near the centromere and the telomere in arm G.

2015, Ninel A. Petrova et al., “Karyotypical characteristics of two allopatric African populations of anhydrobiotic Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 (Diptera, Chironomidae) originating from Nigeria and Malawi”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume 9, →DOI:


multinucleolar

The karyotype of the population is multinucleolar, with two nucleoli (N).


acrosine

It is known that 1,25[OH]2D is responsible for increasing intracellular Ca+2 concentration and the activity of acrosine, which is accountable for acrosome reactions that are essential for the fertilization process.

2015, Filip A. Dabrowski, Barbara Grzechocinska, Miroslaw Wielgos, “The Role of Vitamin D in Reproductive Health—A Trojan Horse or the Golden Fleece?”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume 7, →DOI:


asynapsis

asynapsis (usually uncountable, plural asynapses)

For example in the AB chromosome (Fig. 6a, b), homologous sections near the centromere were often situated nearby each other, due to asynapsis, and thus the area near the centromere appeared as a thickening.

(biochemistry) The failure of synapsis during meiosis.


planktonophagous

The blue is stenophagous and planktonophagous, the North Atlantic minke largely ichthyophagous.

1982, David Edward Gaskin, The Ecology of Whales and Dolphins, page 69:

Finally, coral reef POM constitutes a source of OM for planktonic invertebrates and planktonophagous fish.

2015 July 2, Briand MJ, Bonnet X, Goiran C, Guillou G, Letourneur Y, “Major Sources of Organic Matter in a Complex Coral Reef Lagoon: Identification from Isotopic Signatures (δ 13 C and δ 15 N)”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:


Okazaki fragment

Okazaki fragment (plural Okazaki fragments)

Named after Japanese molecular biologist Reiji Okazaki (1930–1975), the leader of its discoverers in the 1960s.

named-after

(genetics, often in the plural) One of many short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging template strand (i.e. lagging strand) during DNA replication.

شَظَايَا أُوكَازَاكِي

one of many newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging template strand during replication

šaẓāyā ʔūkāzākī

قَطْع أُوكَازَاكِي

qaṭʕ ʔūkāzākī


golli

(biochemistry) A protein that regulates calcium influx in T cells


flagellomere

Stone (personal correspondence) has suggested the use of the term flagellomere, on morphological grounds, instead of the usual "segments" of the flagellum […]

1968, NM Jorgensen, MT James, “Evolution of the antenna in the Stratiomyidae (Diptera”, in Annals of the Entomological Society:

Dorsa and ventral lobes of flagellomeres not symmetrical: ventral lobe slightly longer than dorsal lobe.

1999, Judith E. Winston, Describing Species: Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists, A fossil insect, a new woodgnat, Valesguya disjuncta, page 221:

On various Anthemideae genera. 3 Antennae with 8, occasionally 9 flagellomeres.

2015 July 2, Dorchin N, Astrin JJ, Bodner L, Harris KM, “Morphological and Molecular Revision of the Genus Ozirhincus (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)—Long-Snouted Seed-Feeding Gall Midges on Asteraceae”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(zoology) A segment of the flagellum of the antenna of an insect or crustacean.


glycostructure

Intermediate glycostructures have different numbers of galactose, mannose, and sialic acid residues.

2015 July 2, Ligabue-Braun R, Sachett LG, Pol-Fachin L, Verli H, “The Calcium Goes Meow: Effects of Ions and Glycosylation on Fel d 1, the Major Cat Allergen”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(cytology) A structure of glycoproteins.


photoporation

Light: photoporation uses lasers to permeabilize cell membranes, with two principles described for gene therapy.

2015 July 2, Jumelle CMauclair CHouzet JBernard AHe ZForest Fet al., “Delivery of Molecules into Human Corneal Endothelial Cells by Carbon Nanoparticles Activated by Femtosecond Laser”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(cytology) The process of using light to create pores in a cell membrane


antibiofilm

The antibiofilm potential of PDT therapy can also be exploited in depletion of C.

2015 July 6, “Gold Nanoparticle-Photosensitizer Conjugate Based Photodynamic Inactivation of Biofilm Producing Cells: Potential for Treatment of C . albicans Infection in BALB/c Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


amplificon

(genetics) The result of gene amplification (by using LAMP)


callogenesis

Unlike seed plants, ferns propagate through haploid spores (Figure 1 a), thus requiring germination and growth of the gametophyte phase in sterile tissue culture to obtain sporophytes for callogenesis.

2015 July 3, Andrew R G Plackett, Ester H Rabbinowitsch, Jane A Langdale, “Protocol: genetic transformation of the fern Ceratopteris richardii through microparticle bombardment”, in Plant Methods, volume 11, →DOI:

(biology) The formation of calli in damaged plant tissue


deoxynucleotyl

Cell proliferation reagent WST-1 and the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling) assay were purchased from Roche (Mannhein, Germany).

2015 July 3, Juliane Rothe et al., “The flavonoid beverage Haelan 951 induces growth arrest and apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro”, in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, volume 15, →DOI:

(biochemistry, especially in combination) A univalent radical derived from a deoxynucleotide


ministack

The Golgi consists of a contiguous network of laterally linked ministacks positioned at the microtubule-organizing center.

2008, Timothy Feinstein, A New Model for Feedback Between Ribbon Structure of the Golgi Apparatus and Mitotic Cell Cycle Progression, →ISBN:

Here we show that Chlamydia infection in human epithelial cells induces Golgi fragmentation to generate Golgi ministacks surrounding the bacterial inclusion.

2008 December 7, Dagmar Heuer et al., “Chlamydia causes fragmentation of the Golgi compartment to ensure reproduction”, in Nature, volume 457, number 7230, →DOI, pages 731–735:

(biology) A component of the Golgi apparatus.


multiexon

Discrepancies in the metabolic response between the two strains may be attributed in part to the missense mutation (M35T) in exon 1 and a multiexon deletion of Nnt in the C57BL/6J mice.

2015 June 3, Elizabeth Rendina-Ruedy et al., “A Comparative Study of the Metabolic and Skeletal Response of C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N Mice in a Diet-Induced Model of Type 2 Diabetes”, in Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, volume 2015, →DOI:

(genetics) Relating to more than one exon.


nodulin

In rice lines containing the dominant (susceptibility) allele of the gene, the expression of the nodulin homolog is up regulated upon infection with Xoo .

2015 May 31, Sharat Kumar Pradhan et al., “Pyramiding of three bacterial blight resistance genes for broad-spectrum resistance in deepwater rice variety, Jalmagna”, in Rice, volume 8, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of plant proteins formed or enhanced during symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules


sauvagine

CRF and related peptides, such as sauvagine, bind to the extracellular regions of CRF 1 R and activate the receptor.

2014 May 16, Katerina Spyridaki et al., “Structural-Functional Analysis of the Third Transmembrane Domain of the Corticotropin-releasing Factor Type 1 Receptor”, in The Journal of Biological Chemistry, volume 289, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular oligopeptide that functions as a neuropeptide


podcase

In some species, this selective pressure was not local but species-wide; evolution in maize, for example, turned the hard podcase of teosinte into easily milled, but still glumed, pod-corns and then into naked-grained cobs 41, 42 .

2009 February 11, Dorian Q. Fuller Michael D. Purugganan, “The nature of selection during plant domestication”, in Nature, volume 457, number 7231, →DOI, pages 843–848:


coalify

en-verb

coalify (third-person singular simple present coalifies, present participle coalifying, simple past and past participle coalified)

coalifies (present singular third-person)
coalifying (participle present)
coalified (participle past)
coalified (past)

The fossils are produced from an approximately 40 cm thick, organic-fragment-rich clayey, sandy mudstone that is rich in coalified root traces, both horizontal and vertical, suggesting a saturated or water-logged anoxic deposit.

2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology, of a fossil) To change into coal.


antennation

en-noun

antennation (countable and uncountable, plural antennations)

Soldiers’ stridulations elicited a smaller amount of antennations, but not statistically different from those elicited by Paussus favieri single pulses or worker stridulations.

2015 July 9, “The Pied Piper: A Parasitic Beetle’s Melodies Modulate Ant Behaviours”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(entomology, of an insect) An act of antennating, or touching the antennae to another insect.

antenação

an act of touching the antennae to another insect


rewilder

In this way, the reintroduction of the black rat, as well as being justice for the rats and excellent for biodiversity, would, according to the thinking rewilder, symbolise a mystical reconnection with what is most verminous in ourselves.

2009 January 4, Catherine Bennett, “Catherine Bennett: After beavers and wolves, why not bring back the black rat?”, in The Observer:

His services are increasingly in demand from a new generation of rewilders, including wealthy landowners wanting to bring back beavers, as well as harvest mice, wildcats and white storks.

2020 October 13, Patrick Barkham, “How maverick rewilders are trying to turn back the tide of extinction”, in The Guardian, retrieved 2020-11-09:

(ecology) A person who advocates the reintroduction of animals into the wild as a means of conservation.


synganglion

It is thought that amitraz is a potential agonist of the octopaminergic system located in the tick synganglion.

2015 July 10, “SNP Analysis Infers that Recombination Is Involved in the Evolution of Amitraz Resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(acarology) A nerve mass located near the esophagus in certain ticks.


coronamic acid

It is composed of two components, the polyketide coronafacic acid (CFA) and coronamic acid (CMA).

2015 July 6, “Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Associated with Coronatine-Induced Laticifer Differentiation in the Rubber Tree by Subtractive Hybridization Suppression”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringae#Translingual

(biochemistry) A cyclopropyl amino acid component of the phytotoxin coronatine, a virulence factor of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.


virulome

To further assess the virulome, blast score ratio (BSR) analysis was used as previously described to query known virulence genes (S2 Table) and their homologs across all S.

2015 July 11, “Using Whole Genome Analysis to Examine Recombination across Diverse Sequence Types of Staphylococcus aureus”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(microbiology) The set of genes that contribute to the virulence of a bacterium.


genospecies

When their respective genotypes permit inter-bacterial genetic transfer and recombination, we may say that they belong to the same genospecies.

1963 September, Arnold W. Ravin, “Experimental Approaches to the Study of Bacterial Phylogeny”, in The American Naturalist, volume 97, number 89, page 308:

The genospecies complex of B. burgdorferi sensu lato has been divided into more than 4 distinct genospecies: B.burgdorferi sensu stricto (most North American isolates), Borrella garinii, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia japonica, and other additional strains which do not fit into any of the specified genospecies.

1997, Carel J. van Oss, Immunological and Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Disease:

The last two genospecies are etiologic agents of almost all LB cases in Russia, which encompasses the greater part of the range of B.

2015 July 6, “C6 Peptide-Based Multiplex Phosphorescence Analysis (PHOSPHAN) for Serologic Confirmation of Lyme Borreliosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics, taxonomy) A species (group of organisms that can interbreed) identified and characterised by means of genetics.


globotriose

(biochemistry) A triose composed of two galactose residues and one glucose residue


globotriosyl

(biochemistry, especially in combination) A univalent radical derived from globotriose


caulescence

Meanwhile, their caulescence distribution falls above both axons and dendrites, similar to maximum branch order.

2015 July 10, Todd A Gillette, Giorgio A Ascoli, “Topological characterization of neuronal arbor morphology via sequence representation: I - motif analysis”, in BMC Bioinformatics, volume 16, →DOI:

(botany, neurology) The degree to which something, such as a plant or neuron, has a well-formed main stem.


monotopic

The fracture faces were free of particles, indicating that PDS-His 6 does not dip deeply into membranes, probably representing a monotopic membrane protein.

2015 July 6, “Phytoene Desaturase from Oryza sativa : Oligomeric Assembly, Membrane Association and Preliminary 3D-Analysis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, of a membrane protein) that interact with only one leaflet of the lipid bilayer


osteokine

osteokine (countable and uncountable, plural osteokines)

(biochemistry) A form of cytokine produced in bone cells.


otubain

CysP9 contains a single large ovarian tumor (OTU) domain suggesting it may belong to the otubain or peptidase_C65, and possibly possess functions similar to deubiquitinating enzymes of the peptidase_C65 family.

2015 July 6, “Identification, Characterization and Down-Regulation of Cysteine Protease Genes in Tobacco for Use in Recombinant Protein Production”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteases associated with ovarian tumours


cycas

(botany) Any member of the plant genus Cycas.


fibrocystin

ARPKD is a monogenetic disease resulting from mutations in PKHD1, which encodes the cilial protein fibrocystin.

2015 July 2, Kelly KJZhang JHan LKamocka MMiller CGattone VH IIet al., “Improved Structure and Function in Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Rat Kidneys with Renal Tubular Cell Therapy”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A large receptor-like protein, thought to be involved in the tubulogenesis and/or maintenance of duct-lumen architecture of epithelium.


preovulation

(biology) The period of time that precedes ovulation.


periovulation

They found that skin is redder at periovulation than during the luteal phase.

2015 July 2, Burriss RPTroscianko JLovell PGFulford AJCStevens MQuigley Ret al., “Changes in Women’s Facial Skin Color over the Ovulatory Cycle are Not Detectable by the Human Visual System”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(biology) The period of time around which ovulation occurs.


retrotranscribe

en-verb

retrotranscribe (third-person singular simple present retrotranscribes, present participle retrotranscribing, simple past and past participle retrotranscribed)

retrotranscribes (present singular third-person)
retrotranscribing (participle present)
retrotranscribed (participle past)
retrotranscribed (past)

One μg of total RNA was retrotranscribed to cDNA using Superscript II RNase H - (Invitrogen), following the manufacturer’s instructions, with random hexamers to prime the elongation reaction.

2015 July 11, “Growth Arrest Specific 1 ( Gas1 ) Gene Overexpression in Liver Reduces the In Vivo Progression of Murine Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Partially Restores Gene Expression Levels”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


shootward

In Arabidopsis roots, cold stress may reduce shootward auxin transport and alter the intracellular auxin gradient.

2015 July 2, Yang Y-W, Chen H-C, Jen W-F, Liu L-Y, Chang M-C, “Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shoots and Roots of TNG67 and TCN1 Rice Seedlings under Cold Stress and Following Subsequent Recovery: Insights into Metabolic Pathways, Phytohormones, and Transcription Factors”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:


adipolin

Other adipocytokines are: secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Sfrp-5) and adipolin.

2015 July 8, Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy, Bagher Larijani, Mohammad Abdollahi, “Targeting metabolic disorders by natural products”, in Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, volume 14, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular adipokine, encoded in humans by the FAM132A gene.


lumazine synthase

DNA vaccines encoding ribosomal L7/L12, lumazine synthase (BLS), P39 (a putative periplasmic binding protein), Omp16 (outer membrane protein) and BAB1_0278 genes have demonstrated to confer protection against B. abortus challenge in mice.

2015 July 8, Elaine MS Dorneles, Nammalwar Sriranganathan, Andrey P. Lage, “Recent advances in Brucella abortus vaccines”, in Veterinary Research, volume 46, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An enzyme, involved in riboflavin biosynthesis, that catalyzes the chemical reaction 1-deoxy-L-glycero-tetrulose 4-phosphate + 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil ⇌ 6,7-dimethyl-8-(D-ribityl)lumazine + 2 H₂O + phosphate.


sclerostin

AMG785 and AMG167 are humanized monoclonal antibodies against sclerostin that have not yet completed all phases of clinical trials.

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that has an antianabolic effect on bone formation.


caseinolytic

A recent study focused on the enzymatic and cytotoxic functions of jellyfish metalloproteases and identified diverse proteolytic effects including gelatinolytic, caseinolytic, and fibrinolytic activities.

2015 June 18, Mahdokht Jouiaei et al., “Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins”, in Toxins, volume 7, →DOI:


phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride

One hundred milligrams of frozen lung tissue was homogenized in buffer A (0.32 M sucrose, 5 m M Tris–HCl pH 7.5, 120 m M KCl, 1 m M EDTA, 0.2 m M phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 1 μg ml −1 leupeptin, 1 μg ml −1 pepstatin and 1 μg ml −1 aprotinin) and spun at 4 °C, 12 890 g for 10 min.

2015 June 5, Jun Chai et al., “Effects of sevoflurane on tight junction protein expression and PKC-α translocation after pulmonary ischemia–reperfusion injury”, in Experimental & Molecular Medicine, volume 47, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A serine protease inhibitor commonly used in the preparation of cell lysates.


equinatoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytotoxic proteins found in Actinia equina.


sticholysin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytotoxic proteins found in Stichodactyla helianthus.


magnificalysin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytotoxic proteins found in Heteractis magnifica.


tenebrosin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytotoxic proteins found in Actinia tenebrosa.


cladogenetic

As outlined above, a series of novel morphological traits are correlated with the cladogenetic events in Petrocosmea, all are first documented in present study.

2015 July 3, Zhi-Jing Qiu et al., “Origin and evolution of Petrocosmea (Gesneriaceae) inferred from both DNA sequence and novel findings in morphology with a test of morphology-based hypotheses”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) Alternative form of cladogenic.


dorvilleid

Seep sediments had higher densities of ampharetid, dorvilleid, hesionid, cirratulid and lacydoniid polychaetes, whereas carbonates had more gastropods, as well as syllid, chrysopetalid and polynoid polychaetes.

2015 July 10, “Biodiversity on the Rocks: Macrofauna Inhabiting Authigenic Carbonate at Costa Rica Methane Seeps”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the family Dorvilleidae of polychaete worms.


pertactin

Bpp5 has intact genes encoding known adherence factors, such as filamentous hemaglutinin (fhaB, fhaL, fhaC, fhaS), pertactin (prn) and fimbriae (fimD, fimC, fimB, fimA, fim2, fim3, fimN, fimX), and the sequence similarity was greater than 90% in comparison to B.

2015 July 10, “Host Specificity of Ovine Bordetella parapertussis and the Role of Complement”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A highly immunogenic virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, a bacterium that causes pertussis.


syllid

Borrowed from translingual Syllidae. By surface analysis, translingual Syllis + -id.

surface analysis

(zoology) Any polychaete worm of the family Syllidae.


pentasomic

The Esmeraldo strain has chromosome 3 as pentasomic; chromosomes 27, 31, 33 and 35 range from trisomic to tetrasomic; chromosomes 6, 19, 21 and 39 as trisomic; and chromosomes 1, 24, 25 and 41 range from disomic to trisomic.

2015 July 4, João Luís Reis-Cunha et al., “Chromosomal copy number variation reveals differential levels of genomic plasticity in distinct Trypanosoma cruzi strains”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:

(genetics) Having five copies of a particular chromosome.

Sex chromosome abnormalities occur in at least 1 in 400 births and include the well-described 47,XXX, 47,XXY, 47,XYY, and 45,X karyotypes. The addition of more than one extra X or Y chromosome occurs rarely, and little information is available in the medical literature. Individual case reports make up most of this body of knowledge, and all are based on subjects who identified themselves postnatally. Many were ascertained through screenings of institutions and hospitals; thus, there is no unbiased information on the natural history of poly X and Y karyotypes. A direct relationship between the number of additional sex chromosomes and the severity of the phenotype is generally assumed. The purpose of this article is to summarize what is known about these conditions and to present 10 additional cases. The karyotypes include, 48,XXXX, 49,XXXXX, 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY, 49,XXXXY, 49,XXXYY, 48,XYYY, 49,XYYYY, and 49,XXYYY.

2025 October 4, Linden, Mary G, Bender, Bruce G, Robinson, Arthur, “Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy”, in Pediatrics, volume 96, number 4, →DOI, pages 672-682:


tetrasomy

en-noun

tetrasomy (countable and uncountable, plural tetrasomies)

The representative of TcIII DTU, 231, has tetrasomy of chromosome 10; chromosomes 11 and 18 range from trisomic to tetrasomic; trisomy of chromosomes 6 and 19; and chromosomes 1, 13, 16, 21, 24 and 31 have a ploidy ranging from disomic to trisomic (Fig. 3).

(genetics) The condition of being tetrasomic


pentasomy

(genetics) The quality of being pentasomic.


exitron

Therefore, in what ways might the processing and regulation of exitron splicing differ from that of conventional introns?

2015 July 7, Dorothee Staiger, Gordon G. Simpson, “Enter exitrons”, in Genome Biology, volume 16, →DOI:

On the basis of their exonic and intronic nature, here we name them exitrons (exonic introns [EIs]) and define them as alternatively spliced internal regions of protein-coding exons

2015 May 1, Marquez Y, Höpfler M, Ayatollahi Z, Barta A, Kalyna M, “Unmasking alternative splicing inside protein-coding exons defines exitrons and their role in proteome plasticity”, in Genome Research, volume 25, number 7, →DOI, pages 995–1007:

(genetics) One of a set of alternatively spliced internal regions of protein-coding exons.


maxiprep

maxiprep (countable and uncountable, plural maxipreps)

Plasmids for transforming ET 138 and DSM 4216 T were extracted from DH5α via maxiprep isolation (Genomed Jetstar 2.0).

2015 July 7, Elleke F Bosma et al., “Establishment of markerless gene deletion tools in thermophilic Bacillus smithii and construction of multiple mutant strains”, in Microbial Cell Factories, volume 14, →DOI:


misannotated

This small amount of sequenced tags only mapping to the genome may correspond to potential novel unsequenced transcripts, alternative 3’-UTR exons of splicing isoforms, misannotated or alternative poly-adenylation sites, or even to non-coding RNAs not represented yet in the present transcriptome sets.

2015 May 8, Gustavo Rodríguez-Esteban et al., “Digital gene expression approach over multiple RNA-Seq data sets to detect neoblast transcriptional changes in Schmidtea mediterranea”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:


plakin

(biochemistry) Any protein that associates with junctional complexes and the cytoskeleton


phosphate acetyltransferase

(biochemistry) A transferase enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + phosphate ⇌ CoA + acetyl phosphate.


equisetin

(biochemistry) A particular Fusarium toxin.


fusarin

fusarin (countable and uncountable, plural fusarins)

(biochemistry) A particular Fusarium toxin


phosphomonoester

Kinetic analysis of the interaction between PAB-TP and the membranes containing 10 mol% of PA showed that PAB-TP associated with PA with a low dissociation constant of K D = 38 ± 5 nM. Coexistence of cholesterol or PE with PA in the membrane enhanced the PAB-TP binding to PA by increasing the ionization of the phosphomonoester head group as well as by changing the microenvironment of PA molecules in the membrane.

2015 July 6, “Development of a Novel Tetravalent Synthetic Peptide That Binds to Phosphatidic Acid”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A monoester of phosphoric acid


rhizodeposition

rhizodeposition (countable and uncountable, plural rhizodepositions)

Third, plants exposed to elevated CO 2 can produce larger amounts of organic compounds that enter the soil via rhizodeposition and litterfall [16 ].

2015 July 6, “Effects of Long-Term CO 2 Enrichment on Soil-Atmosphere CH 4 Fluxes and the Spatial Micro-Distribution of Methanotrophic Bacteria”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) The release of organic compounds from plant roots into the surrounding environment


acylphosphatase

This is the case of acylphosphatase from Drosophila melanogaster (AcPDro2).

2015 April 16, Rafael Zambrano et al., “AGGRESCAN3D (A3D): server for prediction of aggregation properties of protein structures”, in Nucleic Acids Research, volume 43, →DOI:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The enzyme acylphosphate phosphohydrolase.


diosmetin

(biochemistry) An O-methylated flavone found in the Caucasian vetch.


pratol

Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense#Translingual

(biochemistry) An O-methylated flavone found in Trifolium pratense.


volkensin

(biochemistry) A toxic ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from the roots of Adenia volkensii


efferocytosis

(biology) The process by which dead or dying cells are removed by phagocytic cells.


mannooligosaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide composed of mannose units


efferosome

(biology) A fluid-filled vesicle containing a dead cell, formed during efferocytosis.


hypoproduction

These include hemolysis of peripheral erythrocytes, iron deficiency through inefficient duodenal iron absorption leading to inhibition of heme synthesis, and renal anemia characterized by hypoproduction of erythropoietin.

2015 July 11, “Preferential Elimination of Older Erythrocytes in Circulation and Depressed Bone Marrow Erythropoietic Activity Contribute to Cadmium Induced Anemia in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Unusually low production of some substance in an organism


opiorphin

opiorphin (countable and uncountable, plural opiorphins)

Our saliva contains one painkiller that is stronger than morphine. It is called opiorphin, and was only discovered in 2006.

2015, Giulia Enders, translated by David Shaw, Gut, Scribe, published 2016, page 21:

(biochemistry) A painkilling chemical compound first isolated from human saliva.


stiped

(botany) Having a stipe (of a specified kind).


stokesia

(botany) Any of the plants in the genus Stokesia.


cytohelicase

The root tips were digested in a pectolytic enzyme mixture [0.1% (w/v) pectolyase Y23 (Duchefa, Haarlem, the Netherlands), 0.1% (w/v) cellulase onozuka RS (Duchefa, Haarlem, the Netherlands) and 0.1% (w/v) cytohelicase (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany)] in 10 mM citrate buffer (10mM tri sodium citrate + 10 mM citrate, pH 4.5) at 37 °C for 1 h.

2015, Prabhu Shankar Lakshmanan et al., “Karyotype analysis and visualization of 45S rRNA genes using fluorescence in situ hybridization in aroids (Araceae)”, in Comparative Cytogenetics, volume 9, →DOI:

Helix pomatia
Helix pomatia#Translingual

(biochemistry) A form of glucanase isolated from Helix pomatia


dysploidy

Of course the inference that polyploidy underpins the dominance of even over odd chromosome numbers must be approached cautiously because of the confounding effects of dysploidy (a change in chromosome number resulting from the breakage and fusion of chromosomes without net gene loss or gain).

1997, Karl J. Niklas, The Evolutionary Biology of Plants, page 29:

FISH with rRNA genes can also help to detect recent polyploidization (duplication or dysploidy), since the number of 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA sites sometimes doubles with polyploidization (Souza et al. 2010).

(genetics) Variation in the chromosome number in a population by less than a whole set of chromosomes, typically because of chromosomal rearrangements.


latherin

From lather + -in from the ability of the protein to produce a frothy lather of sweat on equines.

(biochemistry) A surfactant protein, found in the sweat of equines, which allows sweat to penetrate the waterproof coat and there evaporate and cool the animal.


hemicordate

Lateral leaves imbricate or distant, spreading, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, 2.5–4.0 × 1.3–2.3 mm; bases rounded or hemicordate, acroscopic bases strongly overlapping stems, basiscopic bases free from stems; acroscopic margins greenish or hyaline in band 2–4 cells wide, the cells elongate and papillate parallel to margins, papillae in 1 row over each cell lumen, long-ciliate along proximal ½–⅔ and serrulate to entire distally, basiscopic margins greenish or narrowly hyaline in a band 1 or 2 cells wide, the cells as along acroscopic margins, entire or entire along proximal ¾ and serrulate along distal ¼, apices mucronate or obtuse, tipped by 2 or 3 teeth; upper surfaces comprising rounded to quadrangular, sinuate-walled cells, most of these covered by 5–10 papillae, without idioblasts or stomata, lower surfaces comprising elongate, sinuate-walled cells, few of these papillate and idioblast-like, papillae in 1 row over each cell lumen, with stomata in 2 or 3 rows along midribs.

2015, Iván A. Valdespino et al., “Seven new species of Selaginella subg. Stachygynandrum (Selaginellaceae) from Brazil and new synonyms for the genus”, in PhytoKeys, volume 9, →DOI:


hemiorbicular

Flowers solitary, arising from main trunks and older branches, pendent; pedicels 19–25 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts 3–4, very broadly triangular to hemiorbicular, ca. 1.6 mm long, brownish pubescent outside, glabrous inside, margin sometimes ciliate.

2015, Shuichiro Tagane et al., “Goniothalamus flagellistylus Tagane & V. S. Dang (Annonaceae), a new species from Mt. Hon Ba, Vietnam”, in PhytoKeys, volume 1, →DOI:


homoeologous

homeologous (alternative)
homœologous (alternative)

By using blocking DNA and pre-annealing to block homoeologous sequences, labeled genomic DNA probes from one parent could not hybridize to chromosomes from the other one.

2015, Xiaoting Huang et al., “Genomic in situ hybridization identifies parental chromosomes in hybrid scallop (Bivalvia, Pectinoida, Pectinidae) between female Chlamys farreri and male Argopecten irradians irradians”, in Comparative Cytogenetics, volume 9, →DOI:

(genetics) (of a chromosome) Similar in genetic makeup, especially that were homologous in an ancestral form.


kmer

BioVelocity could not run on normal cluster architectures with limited memory, or would take orders of magnitude longer if secondary storage were used for the kmer hash tables.

2015, Shanmuga Sozhamannan et al., “Evaluation of Signature Erosion in Ebola Virus Due to Genomic Drift and Its Impact on the Performance of Diagnostic Assays”, in Viruses, volume 7, →DOI:


pseudostyle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudostyle.wav

(botany) The hidden part of the stigmatic crest


psilate

Microsporangia in 2 dorsal rows; microspores orange, psilate marginally to rugulate towards the center with granulate microstructure on proximal faces, rugulate-cristate or cristate with broad baculate-like projections and granulate microstructure on distal faces, 28–40 µm.

(botany, of a pollen grain wall) Lacking ornamentation; having very small scabrae.


subdimorphic

Selaginella saltuicola is unique among other species here described by its apparent adaptation to very wet areas near waterfalls and perhaps even partially submerged in water along creek banks in Cerrado vegetation.

(botany) Normally monomorphic but sometimes dimorphic


subentire

Leaves in a basal rosette and cauline, 0.5–7.5 (-9.5) × 0.1–2.2 cm; subsessile; blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, margin subentire to shallowly sinuate-dentate.

2015, Warren L. Wagner, Peter C. Hoch, James L. Zarucchi, “The correct name in Oenothera for Gaura drummondii (Onagraceae)”, in PhytoKeys, volume 64, →DOI:

(botany) Almost entire (having just a few indentations)


suberect

Heringer & Salino sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77147604-1 Figures 14, 15 Selaginella sematophylla differs chiefly from Selaginella vestiens in having (vs. lacking) idioblasts on upper surfaces of median leaves and dorsal sporophylls and on lower surfaces of lateral leaves, and by its acute (vs. acuminate to aristate, 0.4–0.7 mm) median leaves, and creeping (vs. ascending to suberect) habit.


sulfurylase

The mechanism underlying the enhanced S assimilation may be upregulated expression of genes involved in S/Se assimilation, particularly ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase [33,180].

2015, Lenny H.E. Winkel et al., “Selenium Cycling Across Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Interfaces: A Critical Review”, in Nutrients, volume 7, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of sulfate, typically to a form of ATP


superclade

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superclade.wav

This latter superclade was strongly supported clade by BI analysis (PP = 1.00), while the clade (clades 13 + P. axillaris + clade 3) was strongly supported by the total (1.00/70) and plastid (1.00/89) datasets.

2015 July 11, Wen-Bin Yu et al., “Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of the large temperate genus Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae), with an emphasis on species from the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(taxonomy) A clade that includes other clades.


fibrofatty

CT occasionally can help distinguish these disorders by showing differences in wall thickness, wall density, distribution of colonic involvement, and the presence or absence of small-bowel disease, abscesses, fistulas, and mesentenic fibrofatty proliferation (Table 1).

1996 July, Richard M. Gore, Emil J. Balthazar, Gary G. Ghahremani, Frank H. Miller, “CT Features of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease”, in American Journal of Roentgenology, volume 167, number 1, →DOI, page 11:

In the initial proliferative phase, angiogenesis in hemangiomas is excessive but is followed by spontaneous regression, and the cellular parenchyma is gradually replaced with fibrofatty tissue.

2015 June 4, Devandir Antonio de Souza Junior et al., “The Role of Mast Cell Specific Chymases and Tryptases in Tumor Angiogenesis”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biology) Relating to fibrous tissue and adipose tissue; fibrous and fatty.


salidroside

salidroside (countable and uncountable, plural salidrosides)

(biochemistry) A glycoside that yields glucose after hydrolysis.


wogonin

Heat-processed Scutellariae Radix leads to an increase in the contents of major flavonoids such as baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin.

2015 June 18, Yu Ock Shin et al., “Heat-Processed Scutellariae Radix Enhances Anti-Inflammatory Effect against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice via NF-κB Signaling”, in Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, volume 2015, →DOI:

(botany, organic chemistry) An O-methylated flavone found in Scutellaria baicalensis, and used in treating certain medical conditions.


multispacer

More recently, a multilocus sequence analysis targeting 8 housekeeping genes and a multispacer sequence analysis were reported [ 13, 14 ].

2015 June 1, Wenjuan Nie et al., “Species Identification and Clarithromycin Susceptibility Testing of 278 Clinical Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria Isolates”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(genetics) Involving multiple spaces between gene sequences


photobiosynthesis

To channel metabolic flux generated in photobiosynthesis into lipid biosynthesis, implementation of some PGRs, vitamins, and lipid precursors could lead to an increase in total catabolism activation and lipid accumulation.

2015 June 3, Ahmad Farhad Talebi et al., “Biochemical Modulation of Lipid Pathway in Microalgae Dunaliella sp. for Biodiesel Production”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) biosynthesis that is induced or regulated by light


prochymase

Both transfection of human prochymase cDNA and injections of purified chymase into implanted sponges demonstrated that chymase was a powerful angiogenic factor.

(biochemistry) Any compound that develops into a chymase


tetraploidization

It has been shown, however, that triploid forms producing diploid gametes in one sex and haploid ones in the other sex can act as a stepping stone towards tetraploidization (triploid bridge; [ 93 – 95 ]).

2015 July 4, Heinz-Ulrich Reyer, Christian Arioli-Jakob, Martina Arioli, “Post-zygotic selection against parental genotypes during larval development maintains all-hybrid populations of the frog Pelophylax esculentus”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) The doubling of chromosomes to produce tetraploidy


archaerhodopsin

Bilateral inactivation of cholinergic BF neurons genetically targeted with archaerhodopsin prolonged SWS and decreased the probability of awakening from SWS in mice.

2015 July 8, “Silencing of Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons Using Archaerhodopsin Prolongs Slow-Wave Sleep in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins, isolated from halobacteria, that are light-driven proton pumps


knockin

knockins (plural)
knock-in (alternative)

The advantage of this design is that the targeted knockin retains the intact endogenous aggrecan locus and expresses the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 protein from a second IRES-driven open reading frame.

2015 July 8, “Non-Invasive Quantification of Cartilage Using a Novel In Vivo Bioluminescent Reporter Mouse”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The insertion of a cDNA sequence at a particular locus in an organism's chromosome


lithopanspermia

This experimental evidence supports the possibility of interplanetary transport of lifeforms and makes the lithopanspermia hypothesis more realistic.

2015 July 8, “Spore-Forming Thermophilic Bacterium within Artificial Meteorite Survives Entry into the Earth's Atmosphere on FOTON-M4 Satellite Landing Module”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The transfer of life-bearing rocks, ejected from one planet, onto the surface of another.


trophocyte

(biology) Any cell that provides nutrition


heterodisomy

heterodisomy (countable and uncountable, plural heterodisomies)

Both of isodisomy and heterodisomy can cause genome imprinting disorders, but only uniparental isodisomy can cause recessive disorders if the chromosome harbors a disease-causing mutation.

2015 July 9, “Detection of Hereditary 1,25-Hydroxyvitamin D-Resistant Rickets Caused by Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 12 Using Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The inheritance of a pair of non-identical chromosomes from one parent


metabarcoding

We developed and tested a DNA metabarcoding protocol that utilises the standard cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding fragment to detect freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa.

2015 July 9, “Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A method of DNA barcoding that uses universal PCR primers to identify DNA from a mixture of organisms


neofunctionalization

Therefore, BcMF26a/b may be the result of neofunctionalization during evolution.

2015 July 9, “BcMF26a and BcMF26b Are Duplicated Polygalacturonase Genes with Divergent Expression Patterns and Functions in Pollen Development and Pollen Tube Formation in Brassica campestris”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The development of a new function of an existing group of genes by means of mutation


postpetiole

Moreover, the beetle uses a row of scrapers (placed on the proximal abdominal segment) (Fig 1, 1B3 and 1B4 ) rather than the single scraper (placed on the postpetiole, i.e. the third abdominal tergite) used by the ant (Fig 1, 1A3 and 1A4 ).

2015 July 9, “The Pied Piper: A Parasitic Beetle’s Melodies Modulate Ant Behaviours”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy, entomology) The second segment of the pedicel of some ants.


endotransglucosylase

The expression of genes encoding a pectinesterase, a pectate lyase and a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase hydrolase (Solyc12g008530)

2015 July 2, Ye JHu TYang CLi HYang MIjaz Ret al., “Transcriptome Profiling of Tomato Fruit Development Reveals Transcription Factors Associated with Ascorbic Acid, Carotenoid and Flavonoid Biosynthesis”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An endocytic transglucosylase.


transglucosylase

(biochemistry) A transglycosylase that transfers glucosyl groups


phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride

(biochemistry) A serine protease inhibitor commonly used in the preparation of cell lysates.


MAFP

Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate
w:Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate

(biochemistry) Initialism of Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate.


hamartin

Notably, in breast cancer, relative low expression of hamartin and tuberin (TSC1 and TSC2 products, respectively) is associated with poor clinical outcome, and depletion of tuberin promotes metastasis.

2015 July 14, “Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Biomarkers Linked to Lung Metastatic Potential and Cell Stemness”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A peripheral membrane protein encoded in humans by the TSC1 gene, and implicated as a tumor suppressor.


endofauna

We set out to study these ecosystems at methane seeps with the hypothesis that diverse epi- and endofauna may rely on AOM for substrate settlement, refuge and nutrition.

2015 July 10, “Biodiversity on the Rocks: Macrofauna Inhabiting Authigenic Carbonate at Costa Rica Methane Seeps”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) animals from outside of an organism's immediate environment.


corelease

en-verb

corelease (third-person singular simple present coreleases, present participle coreleasing, simple past and past participle coreleased)

coreleases (present singular third-person)
coreleasing (participle present)
coreleased (participle past)
coreleased (past)


angiomotin

en-noun

angiomotin (countable and uncountable, plural angiomotins)

Therefore, the adhesive role of type XIV collagen may interact with type I collagen, PRELP and angiomotin.

2015 July 16, “Quantitative LC-MS/MS Analysis of Proteins Involved in Metastasis of Breast Cancer”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A protein that increases the random migration of endothelial cells as well as the migration of endothelial cells toward growth factors


cimolodontan

(zoology) Any of the suborder †Cimolodonta of extinct mammals that lived from the Cretaceous to the Eocene.


hepatically

However, besides the significant decrease in F12 mRNA (LFD: 1 (0.93–1.07), HFD: 0.72 (0.69–0.76); p = 0.001), long-term HFD-feeding also did not result in significant changes in relative mRNA levels of hepatically expressed coagulation factors (S1 Table).

2015 July 16, “Changes in Dietary Fat Content Rapidly Alters the Mouse Plasma Coagulation Profile without Affecting Relative Transcript Levels of Coagulation Factors”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) In terms of or by means of the liver.


pentanucleotide

Additional diversity was recovered within the rbc spacer, where variations in the repeat number of a pentanucleotide microsatellite distinguished the haplotypes B1, B2 and B5 (Fig 3b ).

2015 July 16, “Genes Left Behind: Climate Change Threatens Cryptic Genetic Diversity in the Canopy-Forming Seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A codon containing five nucleotides.


xenohormesis

(biology) A hypothetical process by which an animal consuming a plant may respond to signalling molecules in the plant and exhibit a corresponding protective response, as in times of famine.


ramularia

/ˌɹæm.jʊˈlɛəɹi.ə/

/ˌɹæm.jəˈlɛɹi.ə/

" For instance, breeding barley that resists ramularia, a disease that emerged in 1998, "will take at least 10 years.

2009 January 23, Sara Coelho, “AGRICULTURE: European Pesticide Rules Promote Resistance, Researchers Warn”, in Science, volume 323, number 5913, →DOI:

(phytopathology) A disease of barley, more fully ramularia leaf spot, caused by fungi of the genus Ramularia


macrohabitat

3) Stages of radiation: All else being equal, the following sequence of the diversification events is expected: (i) divergence with respect to macrohabitat; (ii) evolution of microhabitat choice and divergence with respect to microhabitat; (iii) divergence with respect to traits that simultaneously control the degree of local adaptation and nonrandom mating; and (iv) divergence with respect to other traits controlling survival and reproduction.

2009 February 6, Sergey Gavrilets, Jonathan B. Losos, “Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 732–737:

(ecology) A relatively large habitat, that contains multiple environments and multiple types of organism


semideciduous

Whereas H. albomarginatus and H. semilineatus occur in low and mid altitudes and are mostly restricted to the evergreen or semideciduous components of the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil, H. faber has a broader altitudinal range and also inhabits mixed and deciduous areas, occupying interior and coastal sites in the Atlantic Forest south to Paraguay and Argentina (figs. S1 and S2) ( 13 ).

2009 February 6, Ana Carolina Carnaval et al., “Stability Predicts Genetic Diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Hotspot”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 785–789:

(botany) Describing plants that lose their leaves for a short time (as new leaves begin to grow)


diguanylate

The wspR gene encodes a diguanylate cyclase probably involved in the regulation of flagella rotation and is not implicated in the regulation of flagella synthesis [24 ].

2015 July 11, “Chemotactic Motility of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 under Aerobic and Denitrification Conditions”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any ester of (cyclic) diguanylic acid


rhamnolipid

From translingual Rhamnus (“genus of buckthorn”) + lipid.

uder

Briefly, the rhamnolipid extract of each sample was dissolved in 4 mL of chloroform and put in contact with a freshly prepared methylene blue solution (200 μL of a 1 g l -1 methylene blue and 4.9 mL of distilled water).

2015 July 18, “Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation and Persistence, along with the Production of Quorum Sensing-Dependent Virulence Factors, Are Disrupted by a Triterpenoid Coumarate Ester Isolated from Dalbergia trichocarpa, a Tropical Legume”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of a class of glycolipid surfactants, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other species, that has one or more rhamnose groups


autotransporter

(biochemistry) A structural domain found in some bacterial outer membrane proteins.


epipod

(zoology) A small projection arising from the thoracic legs of a crustacean.


ferrireductase

Furthermore, Fe 3+ is reduced to Fe 2+ by a ferrireductase in the endosomal membrane, the six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 3 [9, 10 ].

2015 July 11, “Fe(III) Is Essential for Porcine Embryonic Development via Mitochondrial Function Maintenance”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that reduces ferric iron to ferrous, often as a byproduct of another operation


metallohydrolase

The catalytic role of metal ions in metallohydrolases, such as carboxypeptidase, can be explained in two alternative ways […]

1977, “Intramolecular catalysis of ester hydrolysis by metal complexed hydroxide ion. Acyl oxygen bond scission in cobalt (2+) and nickel (2+) carboxylic acid complexes”, in Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 99, number 16, page 5341:

Such metallohydrolases are thought to critically alter mucus properties.

2015 July 11, “The Goblet Cell Protein Clca1 (Alias mClca3 or Gob-5) Is Not Required for Intestinal Mucus Synthesis, Structure and Barrier Function in Naive or DSS-Challenged Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any metalloenzyme that is a hydrolase.


microbiotope

A shorter unarmed rostrum along with reduced spines reduces impact of strong turbulent water fluxes, which are common in the microbiotopes where the shrimps thrive [51 ].

2015 July 11, “Phylogeny and New Classification of Hydrothermal Vent and Seep Shrimps of the Family Alvinocarididae (Decapoda)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


nacrein

For example, nacrein has a carbonic anhydrase domain and a Gly-X-Asn repeat domain.

2015 July 11, “Dual Roles of the Lysine-Rich Matrix Protein (KRMP)-3 in Shell Formation of Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A matrix protein that is involved in the formation of nacre in molluscs


ohnologue

ohnologues (plural)
ohnolog (alternative)

According to P. P. Singh and colleagues, this term was coined as an eponymous tribute to Susumo Ohno (1928-2000), who first proposed that whole genome duplication may play a crucial role in evolution.

In the regions surrounding the TRE genes on scaffolds av458 and av6, synteny was well preserved (Fig 1B ), suggesting that AvTreA-A’ and AvTreC-C’ were ohnologues and form a quartet of four homologous regions (as in Hur et al and Van Doninck et al).

2015 July 11, “Against All Odds: Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase and Trehalase Genes in the Bdelloid Rotifer Adineta vaga Were Acquired by Horizontal Gene Transfer and Are Upregulated during Desiccation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) One of a pair of paralogous sequences that result from complete genome duplication.


oncometabolite

Due to this pleiotropic function for dysregulating biological events, 2-HG is regarded as an oncometabolite that exerts tumor-inducing actions, and searches for IDH gene mutations have been performed in various types of malignancies [1 ,2 ].

2015 July 11, “Mutant IDH1 Dysregulates the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Association with Gene-Specific Histone Modifications to Cartilage- and Bone-Related Genes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, pathology) Any metabolite that is associated with a cancer


pappalysin

The other was Pappa2 (pappalysin2; pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2) gene which encodes for a member of the pappalysin family of metzincin metalloproteinases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/364027 ).

2015 July 11, “Unraveling the Rat Intestine, Spleen and Liver Genome-Wide Transcriptome after the Oral Administration of Lavender Oil by a Two-Color Dye-Swap DNA Microarray Approach”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of peptidases associated with pregnancy


progenome

In HIV-1 and foamy viruses, the polyadenylation signal (poly(A) signal) is found at both extremities of the viral progenome, in the redundant 5’ and 3’ long terminal repeats (LTRs).

2015 July 11, “Cauliflower mosaic virus Transcriptome Reveals a Complex Alternative Splicing Pattern”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) An RNA transcript of a genome


pseudogenization

The presence of stop codons at two different positions in ΨAvTpsB and ΨAvTpsB’ suggests that pseudogenization happened after their acquisition.

(genetics) The conversion of a gene into a pseudogene.


reticulocalbin

Fibulin-1C interacts with calumenin and reticulocalbin with an estimated dissociation constant around 50-60 nM. The interaction, at least for reticulocalbin, was not dependent upon the presence of Ca 2+ .

2015 July 11, “Fibulin-1C, C1 Esterase Inhibitor and Glucose Regulated Protein 75 Interact with the CREC Proteins, Calumenin and Reticulocalbin”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biochemistry) A calcium-binding protein from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum


shematrin

Furthermore, the KRMP mRNA expression level was found to be significantly higher than other genes, except for the shematrin matrix protein family, which indicated that KRMPs may play important roles in shell formation.

(biochemistry) Any of a family of structural proteins found in the shells of some oysters.


zincin

Also bacteria belonging to Vibrio parahaemolyticus are known to produce several proteases and collagenases including metalloproteases of the zincins superfamily and serine proteases.

2015 July 11, “Comprehensive Analysis of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain Extracellular Serine Protease VpSP37”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of metalloproteases containing a zinc atom.


brownify

en-verb

brownify (third-person singular simple present brownifies, present participle brownifying, simple past and past participle brownified)

brownifies (present singular third-person)
brownifying (participle present)
brownified (participle past)
brownified (past)

(in particular, ecology, of a lake or stream) To become brown due to increased levels of humic material.


gastrotropin

One more of them, gastrotropin from various species, is reported to crystallize with 2 molecules of other natural ligands per protein molecule.

2015 July 14, “All-Purpose Containers? Lipid-Binding Protein – Drug Interactions”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A cytoplasmic, hydrophobic ligand-binding protein which stimulates gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion


secretagogin

A third protein, secretagogin shares significant homology to these buffers, but has only been characterized as a calcium sensor.

2015 July 14, “Drosophila Cbp53E Regulates Axon Growth at the Neuromuscular Junction”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A secreted calcium-binding protein found in the cytoplasm


superoxidase

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

superoxide dismutase
superoxide dismutase#English

(biochemistry) Synonym of superoxide dismutase.


drosha

Most miRNAs arise from very long transcripts known as primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) by drosha and its cofactor DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8) in nucleus converting it to ~70-100 bp precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA).

2015 July 8, Hamid Ali Khan et al., “Identification of miRNAs during mouse postnatal ovarian development and superovulation”, in Journal of Ovarian Research, volume 8, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An RNA-specific endoribonuclease


deimmortalize

deimmortalize (third-person singular simple present deimmortalizes, present participle deimmortalizing, simple past and past participle deimmortalized)

deimmortalizes (present singular third-person)
deimmortalizing (participle present)
deimmortalized (participle past)
deimmortalized (past)

After SV40 T-Ag was removed to deimmortalize the cells, telomerase activity was reduced to its original level before immortalization and decreased with passages just the same as primary DFCs. These results suggest that piggyBac immortalization system could be a potential strategy to amplify primary cells, which is critical for regenerative research and further clinical application.

2015 July 15, “TrAmplification of Human Dental Follicle Cells by piggyBac Transposon - Mediated Reversible Immortalization System”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) To make a cell subject to normal apoptosis


denitrosylation

The reverse process of S-nitrosylation is called denitrosylation, which can occur spontaneously in the presence of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) [10 ].

2015 July 15, “Voluntary Exercise Can Ameliorate Insulin Resistance by Reducing iNOS-Mediated S-Nitrosylation of Akt in the Liver in Obese Rats”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) The removal of a nitrosyl group (or the elements of nitric oxide) from a molecule


endonexin

The overall tertiary structures, which were defined by four endonexin domains containing calcium binding sites, were well preserved […]

2015 July 15, “Potato Annexin STANN1 Promotes Drought Tolerance and Mitigates Light Stress in Transgenic Solanum tuberosum L. Plants”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a particular group of integrin-binding proteins.


enzymolysis

en-noun

enzymolysis (countable and uncountable, plural enzymolyses)

Through destaining, reduction, enzymolysis and ultrasonication, the protein sample was then dissolved in solution A (98% ddH 2 O+2% CH3CN+0.1% Formic Acid) and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) (Agilent, 7890A-5975C, USA).

2015 July 15, “Foxp1 Regulates the Proliferation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Response to Oxidative Stress during Hair Cycling”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Decomposition catalyzed by an enzyme.


interpain

Val-Leu-Lys is a substrate for interpain, however, the measured activity was not blocked by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (data not shown), suggesting that serine proteases, even including host proteases such as plasmin may be responsible for this activity.

2015 July 15, “Early Cytokine Response to Infection with Pathogenic vs Non-Pathogenic Organisms in a Mouse Model of Endodontic Infection”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A cysteine proteinase obtained from Prevotella intermedia


prolipoprotein

(biochemistry) The protein part of a lipoprotein, before lipid attachment


sclerophylly

The morphological differences to sclerophylly are relatively few and mainly found in the amounts of sclerenchyma, leaf shape, and margins.

2015 July 15, “Biogeography of Mediterranean Hotspot Biodiversity: Re-Evaluating the 'Tertiary Relict' Hypothesis of Macaronesian Laurel Forests”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) The condition of being sclerophyllous


zeamatin

Unlike other pathogenesis-related group 5 proteins, zeamatin inhibits insect α-amylase and mammalian trypsin activities [75 ].

2015 July 15, “Proteome Analysis of Poplar Seed Vigor”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An antifungal protein found in Zea mays


shiverer

These iOPCs had the ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in vitro and to myelinate host axons after transplantation into the demyelinated shiverer mouse brain.

2014 December 29, Mohamad Khazaei et al., “The Potential for iPS-Derived Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Spinal Cord Injury: Opportunities and Challenges”, in Journal of Clinical Medicine, volume 4, →DOI:

(genetics) A mouse mutation characterised by tremors.


shmoose

(biology) A microprotein involved in engergy metabolism in the brain, possibly linked to Alzheimer's disease.


allotherian

The gondwanatherian Vintana showing a combination of primitive and highly derived features recently described from the Maastrichtian of Madagascar [75 ] is another example of insular mosaicism in an allotherian mammal but from Southern Hemisphere.

2015 July 16, “Red Iron-Pigmented Tooth Enamel in a Multituberculate Mammal from the Late Cretaceous Transylvanian “Haţeg Island””, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the infraclass †Allotheria of extinct mammals.


antioxidase

Activities of antioxidase were also altered after cold stress treatment, precisely, SOD and APX activities were elevated under cold stress in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

2015 July 16, “Physiological and Molecular Mechanism of Nitric Oxide (NO) Involved in Bermudagrass Response to Cold Stress”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that reduces the effects of an oxidase and counters oxidative stress


chimerization

chimerization (countable and uncountable, plural chimerizations)

Since EpCAM RNA aptamer was shown to get internalized by endocytosis, it would be capable of delivering siRNA into the cell upon chimerization.

2015 July 16, “EpCAM Aptamer-siRNA Chimera Targets and Regress Epithelial Cancer”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The formation of a chimeric gene


concatemerization

(genetics) The formation of DNA concatemers


podoplanin

NS–nonspecific band ( D ) Flow cytometry analysis of the LEC markers, CD31 and podoplanin, in M and S1.

2015 July 16, “ADAM17 Promotes Motility, Invasion, and Sprouting of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular glycoprotein


pulsotype

Isolates with indistinguishable profiles were attributed with a pulsotype named by a capital letter (A to H).

2015 July 16, “An Update of the Evolving Epidemic of bla KPC Carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae in Sicily, Italy, 2014: Emergence of Multiple Non-ST258 Clones”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any distinct strain of bacteria separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis


sulfonase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses a sulfonation reaction


triallelic

We excluded sites where the outgroup reference was in disagreement with both the D. yakuba reference and D. yakuba SNPs, as well as triallelic SNPs, sites with reference sequence of ‘N’, or SNPs identified in the VCF for the reference, suggesting inaccuracies in reference assembly or residual heterozygosity in the reference.

2015 July 16, “Tandem Duplications and the Limits of Natural Selection in Drosophila yakuba and Drosophila simulans”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Having three different alleles at the same locus


vasorin

ADAM17 is known to down-regulate TGFβ signaling by shedding the extracellular domain of TGFβ-RI [60 ], as well as that of vasorin, a protein that, in its soluble form, binds to and neutralizes TGFβ [61 ].

(biochemistry) A protein that modulates the arterial response to injury


anemotaxis

(biology) Movement of an organism in response to air currents.


acetylcholinergic

To elucidate the molecular basis of the acetylcholinergic signaling system, we identified acetylcholine-related genes involved in biosynthesis, signal transduction, and reuptake in C. suppressalis central nervous system transcriptome.

2015 July 15, Gang Xu et al., “De novo assembly and characterization of central nervous system transcriptome reveals neurotransmitter signaling systems in the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Relating to the neurotransmissive action of acetylcholine in metabolism


anthracoptilid

Given the controversial nature of anthracoptilids around both their taxonomic affinity and their possession of raptorial forelegs, we cannot confirm whether raptorial legs were already present in stem-mantis lineages or if it is a crown-mantis apomorphy that would have been a key acquisition for their diversification, after competitors had disappeared.

2015 July 23, “Phylogeny of Dictyoptera: Dating the Origin of Cockroaches, Praying Mantises and Termites with Molecular Data and Controlled Fossil Evidence”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the extinct insect family Anthracoptilidae.


cyclorhagid

Analysis of the combined molecular and morphological data furthermore supported a cyclorhagid clade which included all traditional cyclorhagid taxa, except Dracoderes that no longer should be considered a cyclorhagid genus.

2015 July 23, “Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha Based on Morphology and Two Molecular Loci”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any invertebrate in the kinorhynch order Cyclorhagida.


nonsilencing

Since inhibition of IDE also accelerates hIAPP amyloid formation in insulinoma cells, we used an shRNA specific to rat IDE (IDEi) as a positive control and a nonsilencing shRNA (NSi) as a negative control.

2015 July 21, “The Mitochondrial Peptidase Pitrilysin Degrades Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Beta-Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


ribosilation

(biology) The addition of one or more ribose molecules to a protein.


shortnose

Most of them — both Atlantic sturgeons and the smaller shortnose sturgeons, also endangered but more plentiful — have been found dead along the shore, with injuries like long gashes and severed heads, suggesting impacts from boat propellers.

2015 July 21, Lisa W. Foderaro, “Group Petitions to Save a Prehistoric Fish From Modern Construction”, in New York Times:


megalin

However, megalin may also play a partial role in these responses to ANG II.

2014 April 16, Xiao C. Li, Jia L. Zhuo, “Mechanisms of AT1a receptor-mediated uptake of angiotensin II by proximal tubule cells: a novel role of the multiligand endocytic receptor megalin”, in American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology, volume 307, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular low-density transmembrane lipoprotein


plastosemiquinone

Also, DFT calculations on the plastosemiquinone anion radical in PSII found the histidine N δ to be the stronger of the two H-bond donors. 47 Therefore, the previous assignments of the hydrogen bond proton couplings for SQ A in PSII are not unambiguous. 46 From a comparative analysis of available nqi data for several semiquinone species and for copper complexes, 17 we find that the protonated imidazole nitrogens of these systems share similar valence orbital occupancies.

2014 July 15, Patrick J. O’Malley, Colin A. Wraight, Sergei A. Dikanov, “Hyperfine and Nuclear Quadrupole Tensors of Nitrogen Donors in the QA Site of Bacterial Reaction Centers: Correlation of the Histidine Nδ Tensors with Hydrogen Bond Strength”, in The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, volume 118, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any semiquinone derived from a plastoquinone


sigmodontine

These are not minor issues because the regional extinctions of small mammals are a widespread phenomenon in southern South America and have involved several sigmodontine and caviomorph rodent species.

2015 July 24, “Regional Extinctions and Quaternary Shifts in the Geographic Range of Lestodelphys halli, the Southernmost Living Marsupial: Clues for Its Conservation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any rodent of the subfamily Sigmodontinae


akinete

(biology) A thick-walled, dormant cell found in cyanobacteria and green algae

acinet

a thick-walled, dormant cell found in cyanobacteria and green algae


allodiploid

(genetics) Having two complete sets of chromosomes derived from two different species


attacin

attacin (countable and uncountable, plural attacins)

Whereas sexual dimorphism was observed in relation to attacin only between males and females of the Pr group (LSD Post hoc, P ; Table 2 ), significant gender differences were found for defensin in both the UnPr and Pr groups (LSD Post-Hoc, P = 0.03 and P ).

2015 July 17, “Bacterial Exposure at the Larval Stage Induced Sexual Immune Dimorphism and Priming in Adult Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An antibacterial protein originally found in the immune haemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia


cyanobiont

(biology) A symbiont of a cyanobacterium and a eukaryote


electromorph

(biochemistry) A mutant form of a protein identified by electrophoresis


endoreplication

A recent study suggested that enhanced induction of endoreplication after the second exposure could be responsible for the priming effect in mosquitoes [70 ].

(genetics) replication of the nuclear genome without cell division


polyachene

(botany) A fruit containing multiple achenes


dromaeosaurine

Liaoning dromaeosaurids may simply be a grade on the line to velociraptorines and dromaeosaurines, and short arms may have evolved multiple times in this grade.

2015 July 16, Junchang Lü, Stephen L. Brusatte, “A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution”, in Scientific Reports, volume 5, →DOI:

(paleontology) A bird-like theropod dinosaur of the subfamily Dromaeosaurinae.


softleaf

(botany) Having soft leaves (in the names of various plants).


choisya

I use roses and grasses such as stipa, sweet william and tulips, with structural stuff such as the evergreen shrubs choisya and danae.

2015 July 25, Naomi Slade, “How does your garden grow? Kevin Martin, Glyndebourne, East Sussex”, in The Guardian:

(botany) Any of the genus Choisya of aromatic evergreen shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae.


athanogene

See Ancient Greek ᾱ̓θᾰ́νᾰτος (āthắnătos, “immortal”) + -gene.

der

Indeed, the long isoform of the cochaperone BCL2-associated athanogene (Bag-1L) was recently demonstrated to regulate AR through the BF3 surface and further studies are needed to understand how regulation by Bag-1L is related, if at all, to FKBP52/β-catenin co-regulation.

2015 July 25, “The FKBP52 Cochaperone Acts in Synergy with β-Catenin to Potentiate Androgen Receptor Signaling”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A protein that makes cells resistant to apoptosis.


cnidome

(biology) The specific representation of cnidae for a given species.


bioreduction

en-noun

bioreduction (countable and uncountable, plural bioreductions)

(biochemistry) biological / biochemical reduction


hybridogenous

en-adj

hybridogenous (comparative more hybridogenous, superlative most hybridogenous)

more hybridogenous (comparative)
most hybridogenous (superlative)

Specifically, genome size may help resolve conflicting hypotheses about the origin of polyploids (auto- vs. allopolyploidy) and identify putative parental combinations in hybridogenous species.

2015 July 25, “Evolutionary and Taxonomic Implications of Variation in Nuclear Genome Size: Lesson from the Grass Genus Anthoxanthum (Poaceae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

The discussions concerned the interpretation of the morphological variation and its taxonomic significance, especially the use of single characters and of the assumptions of hybridogenous origins of taxa with intermediate features.

2016 April 17, S.G. Aiken, M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, C.L. McJannet, R.L. Boles, G.W. Argus, J.M. Gillett, P.J. Scott, R. Elven, M.C. LeBlanc, L.J. Gillespie, A.K. Brysting, H. Solstad, J.G. Harris, “Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - Dryas integrifolia Vahl”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):


cotranslation

en-noun

cotranslation (countable and uncountable, plural cotranslations)

Immunoprecipitation then indicated that cotranslation resulted in stable complex formation of Kox1/TIF1B and Kox1KL/TIF1B (Fig. 18.2A, lane 4 and Fig. 18.2B, lane 11).

2012, James R. Swartz, Cell-Free Protein Expression, →ISBN, page 156:

(genetics) The process by which multiple ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule into multiple copies of the same protein.


(biochemistry) An enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation.


keratocan

(biochemistry) A protein that is important to the transparency of the cornea.


mesor

Initialism of midline estimating statistic of rhythm.

(biology) A mean value based on the distribution of values across the cycles of the circadian rhythm, computed using a cosine function.


coenoecium

(zoology) A polypary; a chitinous investment or covering of a coenosarc in hydroid hydrozoans.


aphercotropism

Aphercotropism.— “Turning away from an obstruction” is a peculiarity discovered by Darwin. His experiment was as follows:— after allowing a radicle to be well developed in peas, beans, &c, the seed is suspended in the air. A tiny piece of card is attached to one side of the tip by a little gum; the tip will now move away from the vertical position, on the opposite side to the card. The tip may make one or more complete circles in a vertical plane; and it has been known to pass through the first loop so as to tie itself into a knot.

1899, The Selborne Magazine, volume 10, Selborne Society, page 14:

(obsolete, biology) The movement or growth of an organism away from an obstruction.


tactoid

Because immunotactoids may be composed of either immune complexes or monoclonal proteins, which are capable of forming tactoids or microtubules, the variability in the size and the orientation of the tactoids from one patient to another may be a result of concentration or biochemical composition of the protein similar to that described in cryoglobulinemia.

2006, Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ, “Immunotactoid glomerulopathy (fibrillary glomerulonephritis)”, in Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, volume 1, number 6, →DOI, →PMID, pages 1351–1356:

Minute quantities of chiral molecules such as amino acid L-alanine and limonene transform the racemic array of left- and right-twisted tactoids into a homochiral set.

2015, Chenhui Peng, Oleg D. Lavrentovich, “Chirality Amplification and Detection by Tactoids of Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals”, in arXiv:

(biology) An elongated particle, particularly a cell


cornulitid

A single eroded cornulitid was found cemented to the hardground.

2015 July 29, “Bioerosion of Inorganic Hard Substrates in the Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the extinct order Cornulitida of encrusting animals in the class Tentaculita.