epicene

epicœne (alternative obsolete)
epicoene (alternative obsolete)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-epicene.wav

From Late Middle English epicene, epicen, epicin, epcyn, episcen, epycen, epycene, epycyn, ypsen (“(grammar) having only one form for masculine and feminine gender, common”), from Late Latin epicoenos, epicoenus (“of a noun: applicable to either males or females”), Latin epicoenon (“noun applicable to either males or females; grammatical gender of such nouns”), from Ancient Greek ἐπίκοινος (epíkoinos, “common to many people, things, etc.; promiscuous, sluttish”) (compare γένος ἐπίκοινον (génos epíkoinon, “common gender”)), from ἐπι- (epi-, prefix meaning ‘on, upon; on top of; all over’) + κοινός (koinós, “common; general, public”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by, near, with”) + *-yós (suffix forming adjectives from noun stems)).

refn

From the collection of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany.

der

Five High School boys came down the road abreast. Ellis saw them coming, a row of yellow, malicious faces—epicene faces, horribly smooth and young, grinning at him with deliberate insolence.

1934 October, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Burmese Days, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, →OCLC; republished as chapter 22, in Burmese Days (ebook no. 0200051h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, November 2015:

The 1960's may well be remembered as the epicene era. Boys grew long hair and bangs; girls adopted trousers, vests and peaked caps – and with everyone wearing tight pants and boots, your guess is as good as ours whether that was a guy or a gal who just went by!

[1969], “Verbia” [pseudonym], with Miriam Berg, A Play on Words, [New York, N.Y.]: Macmillan, →OCLC, page 160:

There is a kind of aesthetic masturbation here akin to Elmer's love of impregnable, virginal epicene women.

1974, Thomas McHaney, “The Elmer Papers: [William] Faulkner’s Comic Portraits of the Artist”, in James B. Meriwether, editor, A Faulkner Miscellany, Jackson, Miss.: Published for the Mississippi Quarterly by the University of Mississippi Press, →ISBN, page 49; quoted in Panthea Reid Broughton, “The Economy of Desire: Faulkner’s Poetics, From Eroticism to Post-Impressionism”, in John T. Matthews and Judith Bryant Wittenberg, editor, The Faulkner Journal [Special Issue: Faulkner and Feminisms], volume 4, numbers 1 and 2, Akron, Oh.: University of Akron, fall 1988 – spring 1989, published fall 1991, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 167:

‘The actor was male. He wasn’t one of Jim’s regulars. But the character I recognize in the door is epicene.’

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 939:

A few boys still playing ringolievio, haphazard and half speed, the clumsy fatboy trapped in the den, always caught, always it, the slightly epicene butterfat bulk, the boy who's always reaching down to lift a droopy sock and getting swift-kicked by the witlings and sadists. Is that what being it means? Neutered, sexless, impersonalized.

1997, Don DeLillo, Underworld, New York, N.Y.: Scribner, →ISBN; 1st trade paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Scribner, 2003, →ISBN, part 6, page 675:

(biology and figuratively) Of indeterminate sex, whether asexual, androgynous, hermaphrodite, or intersex; of a human face, intermediate in form between a man's face and a woman's face.


epicene

Onely one Iſland they have, is call'd the Iſle of the Epecœnes, becauſe there under one Article both kindes are ſignified, for they are faſhioned alike, male and female the ſame, [...] you doe not know the delight of the Epicœnes in Moon-ſhine.

1620 January 17 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Benjamin Jonson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Newes from the New World Discover’d in the Moon. A Masque, […]”, in The Workes of Benjamin Jonson. The Second Volume. […] (Second Folio), London: […] Richard Meighen, published 1640–1641, →OCLC, page 44:

Again, the division of the higher forms of animal life into males and females—obnoxious as it is to the champions of the Woman's Rights Movement, and inconvenient as it proves to a certain class of world-betterers—can neither be abrogated nor explained away. There is, to be sure, a time in the life of hen pheasants, and other female gallinaceous birds, when they—in the magniloquent language of a weekly literary organ of epicœnes and garotters—"rise up and look their tyrant in the face," in the hope that, "ever after, he will sit uneasily on his" roost.

1875 January, “IV. The Boundary between Man and the Lower Animals.”, in William Crookes, editor, The Quarterly Journal of Science, and Annals of Mining, Metallurgy, Engineering, Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Technology, volume V (New Series; volume XII (Old Series)), London: Offices of the Quarterly Journal of Science, […], →OCLC, page 64:

(biology and figuratively) An epicene person, whether biologically asexual, androgynous, hermaphrodite, or intersex; an androgyne, a hermaphrodite.


lantern

lanterns (plural)
lanthorn (alternative archaic)

→ Bengali: লন্ঠন (lonṭhon)

Hindi: लालटेन (lālṭen)

→ Irish: laindéar

→ Malay: lentera

Indonesian: lentera

→ Telugu: లాంతరు (lāntaru)

From Middle English lanterne (13th century), via Old French lanterne from Latin lanterna (“lantern”), itself a corruption of Ancient Greek λαμπτήρ (lamptḗr, “torch”) (see lamp, λάμπω (lámpō)) by influence of Latin lucerna (“lamp”). The spelling lanthorn was current during the 16th to 19th centuries and originates with a folk etymology associating the word with the use of horn as translucent cover. For the verb, compare French lanterner to hang at the lamppost. Displaced native Old English lēohtfæt (literally “light-container”).


lactose

en-noun

lactose (countable and uncountable, plural lactoses)

Borrowed from French lactose, from Latin lac (“milk”) + -ose (derivation of glucose). Coined by French chemist Marcelin Berthelot.

(biochemistry) The disaccharide sugar of milk and dairy products, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, a product of glucose and galactose used as a food and in medicinal compounds.


disaccharide

(biochemistry) Any sugar, such as sucrose, maltose and lactose, consisting of two monosaccharides combined together.

disacàrid

a sugar consisting of two monosaccharides


monosaccharide

(biochemistry) A simple sugar such as glucose, fructose or deoxyribose that has a single ring

monosacàrid

a simple sugar, composed of a single ring


palingenesis

palingenesis (countable and uncountable, plural palingeneses)

/ˌpælɪnˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpælɪnˈd͡ʒɛnəsəs/

Probably a variant of palingenesia + -genesis (suffix meaning ‘origin; production’). Palingenesia is a learned borrowing from Late Latin palingenesia (“rebirth; regeneration”), from Koine Greek παλιγγενεσία (palingenesía, “rebirth”), from Ancient Greek πᾰ́λῐν (pắlĭn, “again, anew, once more”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn (end-over-end); to revolve around; to dwell, sojourn”)) + γένεσις (génesis, “creation; manner of birth; origin, source”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”)) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā, suffix forming feminine abstract nouns). By surface analysis, palin- + genesis.
Sense 2 (“apparent repetition, during the development of a single embryo, of changes that occurred previously in the evolution of its species”) is from German Palingenesis; while sense 3 (“regeneration of magma by the melting of metamorphic rocks”) is from Swedish palingenes. Both are derived from the Greek word: see above.
The plural form is probably from palingenesis + Latin genesēs (a plural form of genesis).

der

παλιγγενεσία

a plural form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">genesis</i>

[P]alingenesis is to be seen in the Ectoprocta, cœnogenesis in the Entoprocta.

1882 August, “Summary of Current Researches Relating to Zoology and Botany (Principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia), Microscopy, &c., Including Original Communications from Fellows and Others”, in Frank Crisp, editor, Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society; […], volume II, part 2 (series II), London, Edinburgh: [F]or the [Royal Microscopical] Society by Williams & Norgate, →OCLC, page 493:

Now that all mammals are led back to a distant diphyodont stem, it is also true that the further we go back both in palingenesis and embryogenesis, the more widespread heterodontism is—all modern homodontism proving to be secondary.

1894, Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Address by Henry Fairfield Osborn, Vice President, Section F [Zoölogy]. The Rise of the Mammalia in North America.”, in Frederic W[ard] Putnam, editor, Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for the Forty-second Meeting, Held at Madison, Wisconsin, August, 1893, volume XLII, Salem, Mass.: Permanent Secretary [American Association for the Advancement of Science], →OCLC, page 197:

Fortunately enough we find that recently zoologists have become more and more convinced that it is necessary to relinquish the erroneous "fundamental biogenetic law" which sees whole phylogenies repeated in the ontogenies, with a very small number of deviations ("Fälschungen") which cover 10–0 per cent only of the total number; all the rest are, according to this interpretation, palingeneses, i.e. recapitulations.

1963, Jovan Hadži, “The Consequences of the New Interpretation of Cnidaria”, in [Janez Stanonik], transl., edited by Gerald A[llan] Kerkut, The Evolution of the Metazoa (International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology; Division: Zoology; 16), Oxford, Oxfordshire, London: Pergamon Press, →OCLC, page 342:

It is not, as [Michel] Foucault asserts, that [Charles] Bonnet's palingenesis is absolutely opposed to evolutionism; it is that his model of is internalist rather than externalist: […] Bonnet's palingenesis, while not development according to the externalist, scientific model of evolution founded by [Charles] Darwin, ranks as a "classical internalist theory" of development: a program placed in the germs at the Creation unfolds in its divinely preordained pattern.

1998, Arthur McCalla, “Palingenesis”, in A Romantic Historiosophy: The Philosophy of History of Pierre-Simon Ballanche (Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History; 82), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 156:

caenogenesis

in the writings of [[w:Ernst Haeckel|Ernst Haeckel]]

(uncountable, biology, chiefly historical or obsolete) The apparent repetition, during the development of a single embryo, of changes that occurred previously in the evolution of its species.


osteocyte

(cytology) A mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone.


cephalo-

Meronym: encephalo-

(biology, medicine) Relating to the head; sometimes, particularly, the brain.


histo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἱστός (histós, “web, tissue”).

bor

hist- (alternative)
histio- (alternative)


cyto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “container, receptacle”).

cyto- + pathology → cytopathology


arthro-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “a joint”).

artro-

biology: referring to a joint or meaning articulation

(biology, medicine) articulation = joint (as for example in arthroplasty).

(biology, medicine) articulation = speech (as for example in dysarthrophonia).


organelle

/ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/

Like organelles within a single cell, whole new specializations began to develop.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 161:

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

(cytology) A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles).

orgànul

a membrane bound compartment found within cells


monocyte

(immunology, cytology) A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that differentiates into a macrophage.


lymphocyte

(cytology, immunology) Any of several types of white blood cell with a spherical nucleus occurring in the lymphatic system, including B cells, T cells and natural killer cells.

leucocyte = leukocyte = white blood cell = WBC > agranulocyte


stifle

The noun is derived from Middle English stifle (“joint between the femur and tibia of a quadruped”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, probably derived from Anglo-Norman estive (“leg”), and Old French estive (“leg”) (compare Old French estival (“boot, shoe”)).
The verb is derived from the noun.

ref

From C[harles] J[ames] Korinek, A[lbie] W[illiam] Korinek (1915) “Diseases of the Horse: Cause, Symptoms and Treatment”, in Diseases of Domestic Animals and Poultry: Their Cause, Symptoms and Treatment, Portland, Or.: Korinek Remedy Company, →OCLC, page 10.

inh

(zootomy) The joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses, corresponding to the knee in humans.

polvi

(veterinary medicine) A bone disease of this region.


histology

en-noun

histology (countable and uncountable, plural histologies)

histologies (plural)
histiology (alternative)

Holonym: cytohistology

(biology) The study of the microscopic structure, chemical composition and function of the tissue or tissue systems of plants and animals.

Holonyms: cytohistology, cytohistopathology


cytology

Holonym: cytohistology

(biology) The study of cells.
(often in medicine) Cytopathology.


mitochondrion

mitochondrion (plural mitochondria or (rare, proscribed) mitochondrions)

mitochondria (plural)
mitochondrions (plural proscribed rare)

Coined in German by Carl Benda in 1898, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + χονδρίον (khondríon), diminutive of χόνδρος (khóndros, “grain, morsel”)

The consideration of the mitochondrion in the spermatocytes I shall pass over, as it is not within the bounds of this paper; yet I hope to study the earlier generations of my material, and shall then compare the results.

1902 February 7, W. J. Baumgartner, “Spermatid Transformations in Gryllus assimilis, with Special Reference to the Nebenkern”, in Kansas University Science Bulletin, volume 1, number 2:

(cytology) A spherical or ovoid organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and containing genetic material separate from that of the host; it is responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy in the form of ATP.


phagocytosis

phagocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural phagocytoses)

From German Phagocytosis; equivalent to phagocyte + -osis; compare French phagocytose.

On account of the possession of this property, Metschnikoff has suggested for these groups of cells the term phagocytes, as expressive of their most distinctive feature, and for the process in general the term phagocytosis.

1889 April 13, William Osler, “Original Lectures: On Phagocytes”, in Medical Record, volume 35, number 15, page 393:

(immunology, cytology) A form of endocytosis in which a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm.


vacuole

/ˈvækjʊˌəʊl/

From French vacuole, from Medieval Latin vacuola, formed as a diminutive of Latin vacuus (“empty”).

(cytology) A large membrane-bound vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm.


cytoplasm

cytoplasm (usually uncountable, plural cytoplasms)

cytoplasms (plural)
cytioplasm (alternative archaic)

Borrowed from German Zytoplasma, Cytoplasma. Equivalent to cyto- + -plasm.

(cytology) The contents of a cell except for the nucleus. It includes cytosol, organelles, vesicles, and the cytoskeleton.

citoplasma

contents of a cell excluding the nucleus


vesicle

From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula.

(cytology) A membrane-bound compartment found in a cell.

en:small bladder-like structure
en:compartment within fruit

A small bladder-like cell or cavity, as:

(botany) A small sac filled with juice, one of many constituting the pulp of a fruit such as an orange, lemon, or grapefruit.

(biology, medicine) A small sac or cyst or vacuole, especially one containing fluid. A blister formed in or beneath the skin, containing serum. A bleb.

en:small bladder-like structure
en:small blister
en:small blister less than 5 mm

(biology, medicine) (usually and especially) Such a blister that is less than 5 mm in diameter.


cytosol

(cytology) The aqueous solution of a cell's cytoplasm, consisting of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.


white blood cell

white blood cell (plural white blood cells)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-white blood cell.wav

(hematology, cytology, immunology) A type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response, or part of the immune system.

witbloedselle

cytology: a type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response


catabolism

catabolism (usually uncountable, plural catabolisms)

From Ancient Greek καταβολή (katabolḗ, “throwing down”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw”).

uder

(biochemistry) Destructive (lytic) metabolism or metabolization, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials.


ribosome

/ˈɹaɪbəˌsəʊm/

(biology, cytology) A small organelle found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA.


univalent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-univalent.wav

(genetics) Of, or relating to, a chromosome that is not paired with its homologous chromosome during synapsis.


mtRNA

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of mitochondrial RNA.


mRNA

en-noun

mRNA (countable and uncountable, plural mRNAs)

When a cell “expresses” a gene, it translates the DNA first into a signature messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and subsequently into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein.

2015 November 28, Ferris Jabr, “How Humans Ended Up With Freakishly Huge Brains”, in Wired:

Because of their fragility, the mRNA molecules will quickly fall apart at room temperature. Moderna’s vaccine will need to be refrigerated, and should be stable for up to six months when shipped and stored at –4°F (–20°C).

2020 December 5, Jonathan Corum, Carl Zimmer, “How Moderna’s Vaccine Works”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of messenger RNA.

(countable, biochemistry) A strand of messenger RNA.


tRNA

tRNA (countable and uncountable, plural tRNAs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of transfer RNA.


fatty acid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fatty acid.wav

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a class of aliphatic carboxylic acids, of general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH, that occur combined with glycerol as animal or vegetable oils and fats. Only those with an even number of carbon atoms are normally found in natural fats.


functional group

functional group (plural functional groups)

(ecology) A collection of organisms of specific morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical properties.


bivalent

en-adj

bivalent (comparative more bivalent, superlative most bivalent)

more bivalent (comparative)
most bivalent (superlative)

(genetics) Of, or relating to a pair of homologous synapsed chromosomes that occur during meiosis.


regenerate

en-verb

regenerate (third-person singular simple present regenerates, present participle regenerating, simple past and past participle regenerated)

regenerates (present singular third-person)
regenerating (participle present)
regenerated (participle past)
regenerated (past)
regen (alternative)

/ɹiːˈd͡ʒɛnəɹeɪt/

From Latin regenerātus, perfect passive participle of regenerō, from re- + generō, from genus, generis (“descent, origin, birth”) + -ō, equivalent to re- + generate.

af

(transitive, biology) To replace lost or damaged tissue.


limnology

en-noun

limnology (countable and uncountable, plural limnologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-limnology.wav

Although limnology is a young discipline, it has, over the past century, experienced marked growth. Its early descriptive period was a long one, given the enormous diversity of biota and environments in freshwater ecosystems.

1999, Michael T. Arts, Bruce C. Wainmann, editors, Foreword: Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems, page v:

The exercises in this book were set forth initially because of our frustrations in teaching such a complex, multifaceted discipline as limnology.

2000, Robert G. Wetzel, Gene E. Likens, Preface to the Third Edition: Limnological Analyses, page vii:

Reservoir limnology and water quality management are associated with functions such as flood control, hydropower generation, irrigation, and fishery.

2011, Bo-Ping Han, Zhengwen Liu, editors, Preface: Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China: Theory and Practice, page v:

(ecology) The science concerning the biological, physical and geological properties of fresh water bodies, especially lakes and ponds.

freshwater science

scientific study of bodies of fresh water


typical

en-adj

typical (comparative more typical, superlative most typical)

more typical (comparative)
most typical (superlative)
typicall (alternative)

From Late Latin typicalis, from Latin typicus (“typical”), from Ancient Greek τυπικός (tupikós, “of or pertaining to a type, conformable, typical”), from τύπος (túpos, “mark, impression, type”), equivalent to typic + -al and type + -ical.

der

Celticecis species are definitely known only from the typical subgenus of Celtis, distributed through much of the Holarctic Region.

2013 September 9, Raymond G. Gagné, John C. Moser, “The North American gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of hackberries (Cannabaceae: Celtis spp.)”, in Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, volume 49:

(taxonomy) Of a lower taxon, containing the type of the higher taxon.


trisomic

(genetics) Having three copies of a given chromosome in each somatic cell instead of the usual number of two


suture

From Middle English suture, from Latin sūtūra (“suture”), from suere (“sew, join or tack together”) + -tūra (forms action nouns).

af

It is also generally marked above by flexuose anastomosing black, indented lines, whence it appears as if insculpt with rivulose sutures.

1894, James M. Crombie, A Monograph of Lichens Found in Britain (page 329)

(botany) The seam at the union of two margins in a plant.


margin

→ Cantonese: 孖展 (maa¹ zin²)

→ Korean: 마진 (majin)

/ˈmɑːɹd͡ʒ(ə)n/

From Middle English margyn, from Latin marginem (possibly via Old French margin), accusative of margō (“edge, brink, border, margin”). Doublet of marge and margo.

Red Whortleberry leaves have a crenate margin.

1878, George Sampson V. Wills, A manual of vegetable materia medica - Issue 359, page 67:

(botany) The shape of the edge of a leaf.


deletion

en-noun

deletion (countable and uncountable, plural deletions)

From Latin dēlētiōnem (“destruction, effacement”), from the past-participle stem of dēlēre (“to blot out, destroy, efface”).

uder

(genetics) A mutation in which a gene, or other section of DNA, is removed from a chromosome.


extracellular

(biology) Occurring or found outside of a cell.


mimic

en-verb

mimic (third-person singular simple present mimics, present participle mimicking, simple past and past participle mimicked)

mimics (present singular third-person)
mimicking (participle present)
mimicked (participle past)
mimicked (past)
mimick (alternative)

From Latin mīmicus, from Ancient Greek μῑμικός (mīmikós, “belonging to mimes”), from μῖμος (mîmos, “imitator, actor”); see mime.

uder

(biology, transitive) To take on the appearance of another, for protection or camouflage.

мимикрирам

biology: to take on the appearance of another, for protection or camouflage


extinct

PIE word
 *h₁eǵʰs
From Late Middle English extinct (“eliminated, eradicated, extinguished”), from Latin extīnctus, exstīnctus (“extinguished, quenched; destroyed, killed; made extinct”), the perfect passive participles of extinguō, exstinguō (“to extinguish, put out, quench; (figurative) to abolish; to destroy, kill”), from ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’) + stinguō (“to extinguish, put out, quench”) (from Proto-Indo-European *stengʷ- (“to push”)). The Middle English word displaced Middle English aqueint, aquenched (“extinct; extinguished”). Doublet of extinguish.

der

Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.

I vvent dovvn aftervvards into Yorkſhire; but my Father vvas dead, and my Mother, and all the Family extinct, except that I found tvvo Siſters, and tvvo of the Children of one of my Brothers; […]

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, page 331:

[M]any breeds, now extinct or rare, both of quadrupeds and birds, were still common. The fox, whose life is, in many counties, held almost as sacred as that of a human being, was considered as a mere nuisance.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter III, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 312:

I am fully convinced that species are not immutable; but that those belonging to what are called the same genera are lineal descendants of some other and generally extinct species, in the same manner as the acknowledged varieties of any one species are the descendants of that species.

1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, “Introduction”, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 6:

Wrex: And before you die, I want you to know I'm calling off our support for Earth! If my people go extinct, so do yours!

2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3, Redwood City, Calif.: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, P.C., scene: Citadel:

Muksin specifically mentioned 11 extinct indigenous languages, such as Tandia and Mawes in West Papua and Papua, along with Kajeli, Piru, Moksela, Palumata, Ternateno, Hukumina, Hoti, Serua, and Nila in different areas of Maluku.

2024 March 8, Antara, “11 Indigenous Languages Declared Extinct: Education Ministry”, in Jakarta Globe:

The result is essentially a hybrid species similar in appearance to its extinct forerunner.

2025 April 7, Katie Hunt, “Scientists say they have resurrected the dire wolf”, in CNN:

(chiefly biology) Of an animal or plant species, a class of people, a family, etc.: having died out completely; no longer in existence.

مُنْقَرِض

of an animal or plant species, a class of people, a family, etc.: having died out completely; no longer in existence


extinct

en-verb

extinct (third-person singular simple present extincts, present participle extincting, simple past extincted, past participle extincted or (obsolete) extinct)

extincts (present singular third-person)
extincting (participle present)
extincted (past)
extincted (participle past)
extinct (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English extincten (“to extinguish or put out (a fire, light, etc.); to destroy, kill; (figurative) to suppress (an uprising); (law) to quash or stop (legal proceedings); to cancel (a privilege, title, etc.); (medicine) to eliminate or reduce (inflammation, an ulcer, etc.)”), from extinct (adjective) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs).

inh

Paleontologists determine which animal species were extincted, and geomorphologists can find cycles of soil erosion. […] The first settlers were living along the coast of this very large island off Africa [Madagascar], but in about seven hundred years they had spread across the entire island and in the process extincted almost all large game, including hippos, tortoises, giant lemurs—some two dozen species in all.

2003, Steven A. LeBlanc, Katherine E. Register, “Was there Ever an Eden?”, in Constant Battles: Why We Fight, 1st St. Martin’s Griffin edition, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, published August 2004, →ISBN, page 34:

(obsolete, figurative) To put an end to (something) completely; to annihilate, to destroy.

(specifically, biology) To cause (an animal or plant species) to die out completely or become extinct (adjective sense 2.3).

изтребвам

to cause (an animal or plant species) to die out completely or become extinct


collagen

en-noun

collagen (countable and uncountable, plural collagens)

/ˈkɒləd͡ʒən/

/ˈkɒləd͡ʒɪn/

From French collagène, coined from Ancient Greek κόλλα (kólla, “glue”) and -γενής (-genḗs, “-forming”) (see -gen); it is the main substance that animal glues are derived from. Doublet of collage, colloid, and protocol.

doublet

Science cannot yet account for the conversion of collagen into gelatin.

1843, R. F. Marchand, “On the Chemical Composition of the Bones”, in The Chemist, volume 4, page 57:

(biochemistry) The main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of the connective tissues of many animals.

كولاجين

glycoprotein that forms elongated fibers


glycoprotein

(biochemistry) A protein with covalently bonded carbohydrates.


hypermetamorphism

(zoology) An extreme form of metamorphosis occurring in certain insects (especially beetles of the family Meloidae) in which the animal passes through two or more different larval stages.


detritus

en-noun

detritus (usually uncountable, plural detritus or (rare, hypercorrect) detrita)

detritus (plural)
detrita (hypercorrect plural rare)

Learned borrowing from Latin dētrītus (“(that which is) rubbed away”), from dēterō (“rub away”).

lbor

Woody detritus is an important component of forested ecosystems. It can reduce erosion and affects soil development, stores nutrients and water, provides a major source of energy and nutrients, and serves as a seedbed for plants and as a major habitat for decomposers and hetereotrophs.

2009, Christian Wirth, Gerd Gleixner, Martin Heimann, Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 159:

(biology, ecology) Organic waste material from decomposing dead plants or animals.


peptide bond

(biochemistry) The primary linkage of amino acids in proteins.


saccharide

Holonyms: monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(biochemistry) The unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CₙH₂ₙOₙ. Either the simple sugars or polymers such as starch and cellulose. The saccharides exist in either a ring or short chain conformation, and typically contain five or six carbon atoms.

сахары́д

the unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CnH2nOn


cellulose

en-noun

cellulose (countable and uncountable, plural celluloses)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide containing many glucose units in parallel chains.


SAR

SAR (countable and uncountable, plural SARs)

(biology) Initialism of systemic acquired resistance.


scorch

scorch (countable and uncountable, plural scorches)

From Middle English scorchen, scorcnen (“to make dry; parch”), perhaps an alteration of earlier *scorpnen, from Old Norse skorpna (“to shrivel up”).

(phytopathology) Brown discoloration on the leaves of plants caused by heat, lack of water or by fungi.


auricle

/ˈɔː.ɹɪk.əl/

From Latin auricula (“the external ear”), diminutive of auris (“the ear”). Doublet of auricula.

(biology) Any appendage in the shape of an ear or earlobe.


triose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing three carbon atoms. Trioses are the smallest monosaccharides. Dihydroxyacetone and L-/D-glyceraldehyde are the only trioses.


tetrose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing four carbon atoms.


pentose

pentoses (plural)
pentaose (alternative)

Ribose, found in RNA, is a common pentose.

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing five carbon atoms.


hexose

Glucose is a common hexose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing six carbon atoms.


polysaccharide

Meronym: saccharide

Cellulose, starches, and complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen, are common polysaccharides in biology.

(biochemistry) A polymer made of many saccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.


ketose

(biochemistry) A saccharide containing a ketone functional group.


cloaca

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cloaca.wav

Borrowed from Latin cloāca (“sewer”), from cluō (“cleanse; purge”).

In birds the rectum, at the termination of its canal, forms an oval or elongated pouch […] and then expands into a cavity, which has been named cloaca.

1822, John Mason Good, The Study of Medicine, volume I, page 7:

(anatomy, zoology) The opening in reptiles, amphibians and birds, as well as elasmobranchians, lobe-finned fishes, marsupials and monotreme mammals, which serves as the common outlet for the urogenital ducts and rectum.

клоа́ка

anatomical feature of birds, reptiles, etc.

総排出腔

そうはいしゅつこう, sōhaishutsukō, そうはいしゅつくう, sōhaishutsukū

排出腔

はいしゅつこう, haishutsukō, はいしゅつくう, haishutsukū


floating

(veterinary medicine) A veterinary dental procedure involving the filing down of sharp surfaces on a horse's teeth.


consortium

consortium (plural consortia or consortiums)

Learned borrowing from Latin cōnsortium.

(biology) A group of symbiotic microbes.


polycyclic

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(botany) Having the members of a series, such as a calyx or corolla, in several circles.


tricyclic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-tricyclic.wav

(botany) Of a flower: composed of three whorls or organs.


CP

CP (countable and uncountable, plural CPs)

(virology) Initialism of capsid protein.


piping

piping (countable and uncountable, plural pipings)

(botany) A piece cut off to be set or planted; a cutting.


lactic

From Latin lactis (“of milk”), genitive form of lac (“milk”), with the suffix -ic.

lactic fermentation

In the morning the blood was crowded with commuters, the glucose peons, lactic and ureic sanitation workers, hemoglobinous deliverymen carrying loads of freshly brewed oxygen in their dented vans, […]

2001, Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections:

(biochemistry) Relating to, or producing, lactic acid.


territory

territory (countable and uncountable, plural territories)

/ˈtɛɹɪˌtɔɹi/

Inherited from Middle English territorie, from Latin territōrium.

inh+

(ecology) An area that an animal of a particular species consistently defends against its conspecifics.


cyclic

en-adj

cyclic (comparative more cyclic, superlative most cyclic)

more cyclic (comparative)
most cyclic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek κυκλικός (kuklikós). Possibly from cycle + -ic.

(botany) Having parts arranged in a whorl.


fusion

en-noun

fusion (countable and uncountable, plural fusions)

fission

antonym(s) of “nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine”

First appears c. 1555, in a translation by Richard Eden. From Middle French fusion, from Latin fūsiōnem (the accusative of fūsiō), from fusus, past participle of fundō (“I pour, I melt”) (see also found). Doublet of foison.

The act of merging separate things, or the result thereof.

(genetics) The result of the hybridation of two genes which originally coded for separate proteins.

(cytology) The process by which two distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic core, resulting in one interconnected structure.

fusion

lipid bilayers merging their hydrophobic core


spindle

spindles (plural)
spindel (alternative obsolete)
spinnel (alternative dialectal)

From Middle English spyndel, spindle, spyndylle, from Old English spindle, spindel, alteration of earlier spinel, spinil, spinl (“spindle”), from Proto-West Germanic *spinnilu (“spindle”), equivalent to spin + -le. Cognate with Scots spindil, spinnell (“spindle”), Dutch spindel ("spindle"; < Middle Dutch spille, spinle), German Spindel (“spindle”), Danish spindel (“spindle”), Swedish spindel (“spindle”).
The dragonfly sense (sense 13) is a calque of Swedish slända (dragonfly/spindle); this word was introduced by New Sweden settlers.

gloss

(biology) A cytoskeletal structure formed during mitosis.


wobble

wobbles (plural)
wabble (alternative archaic)

From earlier wabble (“wobble”), probably from Low German wabbeln (“to wobble”). Compare Dutch wiebelen and wobbelen (“to wobble”), German wabbeln (“to wobble”), Old Norse vafla (“to hover about, totter”).

cog

(genetics) A variation in the third nucleotide of a codon that codes for a specific aminoacid.


cytotoxin

(cytology) Any substance having a specific toxic effect on certain cells.

solumyrkky

substance having a toxic effect on cells


lanceolate

en-adj

lanceolate (comparative more lanceolate, superlative most lanceolate)

more lanceolate (comparative)
most lanceolate (superlative)
lanceolated (alternative)

(botany, mycology) Having the general shape of a lance; much longer than wide, with the widest part lower than the middle and a pointed apex.

копиевиден

botany, mycology: longer than wide, pointed apex


diastema

en-noun

diastema (plural diastemas or diastemata)

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma, “interval, space between”). Compare diastasis.

der

(zoology, anatomy) A gap between teeth of different types, e.g. incisors and molars, which is a feature of some rodents and ungulates.

(cytology) The modified protoplasm at the equator of a cell, existing before mitotic division.


heterocerc

(zoology) Any fish having a tail with unequal lobes.


heterochromatin

en-noun

heterochromatin (countable and uncountable, plural heterochromatins)

(cytology) Heterochromatic tightly coiled chromosome material; believed to be genetically inactive


heterochronic

en-adj

heterochronic (comparative more heterochronic, superlative most heterochronic)

more heterochronic (comparative)
most heterochronic (superlative)

(biology) Occurring at different times or intermittently.


heterochronous

heterochronous (comparative more heterochronous, superlative most heterochronous)

more heterochronous (comparative)
most heterochronous (superlative)

(paleontology) formed at different periods


heterodont

/ˈhɛtəɹəʊdɒnt/

/ˈhɛtəɹəˌdɑnt/

From hetero- (prefix meaning ‘different’) + -odont (suffix meaning ‘tooth; toothed’). Hetero- is derived from Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros, “one or the other of two; different”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together; one”); while -odont is from Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús, “tooth; tusk”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to bite”) + *-ónts (suffix forming nouns denoting body parts). By surface analysis, hetero- + -odont.

der

"On the Homologies and Notation of the Teeth of Mammalia," by W[illiam] H[enry] Flower, F.R.S. […] The classification and special homologies of the teeth of the heterodont mammals was next discussed.

1868, “Quarterly Chronicle of Microscopical Science”, in Edwin Lankester, George Busk, editors, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, volume VIII (New Series; volume XVI overall), London: John Churchill and Sons, […], →OCLC, pages 277–278:

The adaptation of the form of the teeth on both sides to this position, and the accurate adjustment of their contiguous surfaces, shows that it is a natural conformation. They are, moreover, of very nearly even height throughout the series, and in their configuration present a remarkable and gradual transition from the first incisor to the last molar, easily traced in both jaws, and more even and regular than in any other known heterodont mammal.

1873 June 19, William Henry Flower, “VI. On a Newly Discovered Extinct Ungulate Mammal from Patagonia, Homalodontotherium Cunninghami.”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, volume 164, London: […] Taylor and Francis, […], published 1874, →OCLC, page 175:

The few common characters by which the Edentata are associated are too well known to need repetition. The principal one is the abseance of any trace of the typical heterodont and diphyodont dentition, found in a more or less modified form in all other placental mammals.

1882 April 18, William Henry Flower, “On the Mutual Affinities of the Animals Composing the Order Edentata”, in Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, number XXV, London: […] [Zoological] Society [of London]; Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, […], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 359:

[I]n many heterodont forms the teeth at the anterior end of the series of premolars and molars are small teeth, standing to the teeth behind them as the first terms of a series more or less regularly progressing in size.

1894, William Bateson, “Linear Series—continued”, in Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species, London, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 269:

The process of evolution of the specialised heterodont dentition of the Mammalia, or of the Theriodontia, from the simple homodont and polyphyodont dentition of the lower Reptilia would, I think, necessarily cause a reduction in number of the successional sets of teeth, due to an enlargement of one set and a consequent abstraction of growth, energy and material from the underlying sets.

1894 August 1, M. F. Woodward, “On the Succession and Genesis of Mammalian Teeth”, in W. H. Dolamore, editor, The Dental Record: A Monthly Journal of Dental Science, Art, and Literature, Devoted to the Interests of the Profession, volume XIV, number 8, London, Manchester: Dental Manufacturing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 375:

Finally the structure of the palate in ?Acrodus (and to a lesser extent, Hybodus and Asteracanthus) shows certain general resemblances to that of modern heterodont sharks, particularly in the lower postorbital ramus, absence of an orbital process, well-developed ethmoidal articulations and absence of a basal angle.

1981 April 2, Keith Stewart Thomson, “An Early Triassic Hybodont Shark from Northern Madagascar”, in Postilla, number 186, New Haven, Conn.: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, published 15 February 1982, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 13, column 1:

Mammalian teeth are characteristically heterodont, i.e. teeth are dissimilar in shape and size.

2007 March, “Dentition in Mammals”, in Mahendra Jain, editor, Competition Science Vision: A Specialized Magazine for Medical Entrance & 10+2 Exams, volume 10, number 109, Agra, Uttar Pradesh: Mahendra Jain for Pratiyogita Darpan, →OCLC, page 76, column 2:

The first cetaceans were heterodont and had multicusped cheek teeth. […] The earliest odontocetes were heterodont, and the earliest mysticetes retained teeth[…], though vascular grooves on their palates suggest baleen too[…].

2010, Peter S. Ungar, “Cenozoic Mammalian Evolution”, in Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution, and Diversity, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Evolution of Mammal Teeth), page 120, column 1:

(zootomy) Having teeth of different types (like most mammals).

The heterodont arrangement is characteristic of the Venus clams and cockles.

In this sense all hinges are Heterodont, and the distinction drawn by [Melchior] Neumayr between Heterodont and Desmodont teeth, so far as their situation is concerned, resolves itself into a comparison between teeth originally laterals and both in one valve, with paired laminæ in the opposite valve, on the one side; and teeth originally cardinals, or, if laterals, then laterals of which one was in one valve and one in the other, with the clasping laminæ also alternated.

1895 March, William Healey Dall, “The Hinge Teeth”, in Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida, with Especial Reference to the Miocene Silex-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene Beds of the Caloosahatchie River (Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia; 3, part III), part III (A New Classification of the Pelecypoda), Philadelphia, Pa.: Wagner Free Institute of Science, […], →OCLC, page 491:

I wish, however, at once to say, that a satisfactory solution will only be arrived at by actual observation of the development of the hinge of heterodont bivalves.

1899, Palaeontologica Indica: Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, volume I, Calcutta, West Bengal: Geological Survey of India, →OCLC, page 7:

The palaeoheterodonts are an extant, Ordovician–Recent, group characterised by heterodont to schizodont dentition. They are freshwater to marine. Palaeoheterodonts are exemplified by the heterodont modiomorphioid Modiolopsis, the freshwater unionoid Unio, and the schizodont trigonoids Trigonia, Myophorella and Neotrigonia.

2006, Robert Wynn Jones, “Principal Fossil Groups”, in Applied Palaeontology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 124, column 2:

(malacology) Of bivalves or their hinge teeth: having two to three wedge-shaped cardinal teeth set in the centre near the umbones, generally also with elongated lateral teeth on the anterior and posterior margins.


heterodont

/ˈhɛtəɹəʊdɒnt/

/ˈhɛtəɹəˌdɑnt/

[A]mongst heterodonts there are several Rodents which have no deciduous teeth, e.g., the rat; […] Among Marsupials, which are true heterodonts, there is only one milk molar on each side in each jaw; […]

1876, Charles S[issmore] Tomes, “The Teeth of Mammals”, in A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative, London: J[ohn] & A[ugustus] Churchill, […], pages 276–277:

On the other hand, in the Mammalian orders with two sets of teeth, these organs are said to acquire fixed individual characters, to receive special denominations, and can be determined from species to species, being equivalent to the Heterodonts. The author [William Henry Flower] then showed that […] among the Heterodonts many were partially, and probably some completely, Monophyodonts.

We have Homodonts, or animals with teeth quite homogeneous in shape, and Heterodonts, those having teeth of dissimilar shapes, the large majority of mammals being Heterodonts.

1878 June, C. N. Peirce, “Proceedings of Dental Societies. Alumni Association of the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. [The Varieties of Teeth Found in Animals; Their Muco-dermal Origin, and How the Blending of Their Different Forms in the Class Mammalia Favors the Theory that They are but Modifications from Some Common Ancestral Type.]”, in James W. White, editor, The Dental Cosmos: A Monthly Record of Dental Science. […], volume XX, number 6, Philadelphia, Pa.: Samuel S. White, […], →OCLC, page 320:

In the aberrant Orycteropus (Aard-Vark), with ten adult teeth, [Oldfield] Thomas finds seven milk teeth behind the maxillary suture (thus taking us into the molar region of the typical heterodonts).

1894 January 4, “The Rise of the Mammalia in North America”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, volume XLIX, number 1262, London, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 238, column 2:

In the past, this would have been enough to allow one to suggest a close relationship between hybodonts and heterodonts. However, Campagno (1977) has recently attempted to show that hybodonts belong to a more derived position within the euselachians, specifically being allied with the galeoid oryctoloboids and lamnoids. If this is the case, the absence of the orbital process in heterodonts might be considered a highly derived condition and the overall close similarity of the palates of the two groups a convergence due perhaps to a common pattern of fore-and-aft jaw movements.

Ordovician actinodontoids are probably ancestral to the heterodonts, unionaceans, and trigoniaceans.

1971, Robert A[llen] Cadigan, “Moenkopi Formation and Related Strata”, in Robert A. Cadigan, J. H. Stewart, Petrology of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation and Related Strata in the Colorado Plateau Region: […] (Geological Survey Professional Paper; 692), Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 30, column 2:

Finally, Carditoidea is basal not only to all other sampled heterodonts but also to Anomalodesmata. This is unexpected; although they appear to be relatively primitive heterodonts, they are mophologically similar to other heterodonts exclusive of anomalodesmatans. More molecular data for other primitive heterodonts are needed to test this result, especially Crassatelloidea and Lucinoidea.

2000, D. C. Campbell, “Molecular Evidence on the Evolution of the Bivalvia”, in E[lizabeth] M. Harper, J[ohn] D[avid] Taylor, J. A. Crame, editors, The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia (Geological Society Special Publication; no. 177), London: Geological Society of London, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 44, column 1:

(zoology) A heterodont animal.
(malacology) A heterodont bivalve.

A heterodont animal.
A heterodont bivalve.


heterodromous

en-adj

heterodromous (comparative more heterodromous, superlative most heterodromous)

more heterodromous (comparative)
most heterodromous (superlative)

(botany) Spiralling in opposite directions on a stem or branch


heterogamous

(botany) in which the stamens and pistils are not present in every flower; i.e. there are male and female flowers

in the daisy family Asteraceae, having two types of flowers in a flower head (such as some sterile, some hermaphrodite, or some female, some hermaphrodite)

(biology) characterized by alternating generations of a parthenogenetic and sexual nature

(biology) involving heterogametes in the reproductive process


heterogenesis

en-noun

heterogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural heterogeneses)

(biology) The birth of a living being from a parent of a different kind; having two different forms in the life cycle.


heterogenetic

(biology) Of, or relating to heterogenesis.


heterokaryon

(biology) A cell having two or more genetically different nuclei


heterologous

en-adj

heterologous (comparative more heterologous, superlative most heterologous)

more heterologous (comparative)
most heterologous (superlative)

By surface analysis, heterologue + -ous, or, by surface analysis, heterology + -ous.

(biology) Of, or relating to different species


heterolysin

(biology) A haemolysin produced in the bloodstream when blood cells of a different species are introduced


heterolysis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-heterolysis.wav

(biology) The disruption of blood cells by a heterolysin, or by enzymes from another species


heteromorphic

heteromorphic (comparative more heteromorphic, superlative most heteromorphic)

more heteromorphic (comparative)
most heteromorphic (superlative)

(biology) Having different forms in different stages of the life cycle

heitreamorfach

biology: having different forms in different stages of the life cycle


torpor

en-noun

torpor (countable and uncountable, plural torpors)

From Latin torpor (“numbness”), from torpeō (“I am numb”).

(biology) A state similar to hibernation characterised by energy-conserving, very deep sleep.

летаргия

(biology) a state similar to hibernation characterised by energy-conserving, very deep sleep


heterophyllous

(botany) Having leaves of different types upon the same plant


heteroplastic

en-adj

heteroplastic (comparative more heteroplastic, superlative most heteroplastic)

more heteroplastic (comparative)
most heteroplastic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-heteroplastic.wav

(botany) Of cells possessing plastids from two or more parent cells or organisms.


heteroplastide

(biology) An organism composed of different types of tissue (as most animals and plants)


heteroploid

heteroploid (comparative more heteroploid, superlative most heteroploid)

more heteroploid (comparative)
most heteroploid (superlative)

(biology) Having a chromosome number that is neither the haploid nor the diploid number normal in the species.

mislitna

having a chromosome number that is neither the haploid nor the diploid number normal in the species


heteroploid

(biology) An organism having a chromosome number that is neither the haploid nor the diploid number normal in the species.


heterosis

en-noun

heterosis (countable and uncountable, plural heteroses)

Hybridisation can also result in heterosis - the scientific term for the production of ʽsuper fit’ hybrid individuals - many examples of which come from agriculture. Heterosis can be thought of as the opposite of inbreeding depression, the phenomenon whereby the offspring of individuals that are genetically too similar - for example, brother and sister - can suffer from debilitating maladies.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 159:

(genetics) The tendency of cross-breeding to produce an animal or plant with a greater hardiness than its parents; hybrid vigour.


heterotopic

en-adj

heterotopic (comparative more heterotopic, superlative most heterotopic)

more heterotopic (comparative)
most heterotopic (superlative)

(ecology) Occurring in different habitats.


heterotroph

/ˈhɛtəɹəˌtɹoʊf/

From hetero- (“other”) + -troph (“nutrition”).

af

Woody detritus is an important component of forested ecosystems. It can reduce erosion and affects soil development, stores nutrients and water, provides a major source of energy and nutrients, and serves as a seedbed for plants and as a major habitat for decomposers and heterotrophs.

2009, Christian Wirth, Gerd Gleixner, Martin Heimann, Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 159:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 7, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(ecology) An organism which requires an external supply of energy and nutrients under the form of food containing organic carbon as it cannot synthesize its own.

従属栄養生物

じゅうぞくえいようせいぶつ


heterozygote

From hetero- + zygote. Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

(genetics) A diploid individual that has different alleles at one or more genetic loci.

хетерозигот

a diploid individual that has different alleles at one or more genetic loci

(biology) A bacteriophage that has two different copies of its genetic material and so produces two types of offspring.


heterozygosis

(genetics) The fusion of two genetically different gametes


gill

From Middle English gille, gylle (“gill”), of North Germanic origin, akin to Danish gælle, Swedish gäl, Norwegian gjelle, and further to Old Norse gjǫlnar (“lips”), which also may have had the meaning of "gills" (based on Old Danish fiskegæln (“gills”)). The Old Norse word has been suggested as deriving from Proto-Germanic *gelunō (“jaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-, which would make it root-cognate to Ancient Greek χελύνη (khelúnē, “lip, jaw”), χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip”).
Displaced native Old English ċīe.

cog

Fishes […] perform their respiration under water by the gills.

1691, John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation. […], London: […] Samuel Smith, […], →OCLC:

(zootomy) A breathing organ of fish and other aquatic animals.

(mycology) One of the radial folds on the underside of the cap of a mushroom, the surface of which bears the spore-producing organs.


baleen

en-noun

baleen (countable and uncountable, plural baleens)

From Middle English baleyne, from Old French baleine (“whale, whalebone”), from Latin balaena (“whale”), from Ancient Greek φάλαινα (phálaina, “whale”).

uder

Scammon estimates the number of baleens killed in the years 1835-72 at 131,000; once again, his figure needs to be adjusted.

2007, Lance E. Davis, In Pursuit of Leviathan: Technology, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits:

(zoology, countable) A baleen whale (Mysticeti).


petal

From Ancient Greek πέταλον (pétalon), from πέταλος (pétalos, “broad, flat”), from Proto-Hellenic *pétalos, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out”), whence Latin pandō and Proto-Germanic *faþmaz (“embrace”) (English fathom).

der

(botany) One of the component parts of the corolla of a flower. It applies particularly, but not necessarily only, when the corolla consists of separate parts, that is when the petals are not connately fused. Petals are often brightly colored.

kroonblaar

one of the component parts of the corolla of a flower


critical

en-adj

critical (comparative more critical, superlative most critical)

more critical (comparative)
most critical (superlative)

From Latin criticus + -al, from Ancient Greek κριτικός (kritikós, “of or for judging, able to discern”), from
κρίνω (krínō, “I separate, judge”); also the root of crisis.

der

critical plants

(botany) Needing great discrimination to be correctly classified; easily confused.


attenuate

en-adj

attenuate (comparative more attenuate, superlative most attenuate)

more attenuate (comparative)
most attenuate (superlative)

The verb if first attested in 1530, the adjective in 1626; borrowed from Latin attenuātus, the perfect passive participle of attenuō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from ad- (“to, towards, at”) + tenuo (“to make thin”), itsef from tenuis (“thin”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).

(botany, of leaves) Gradually tapering into a petiole-like extension toward the base.


pseudopod

en-noun

pseudopod (plural pseudopods or pseudopodia)

pseudopods (plural)
pseudopodia (plural)

(cytology) A temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells, such as phagocytes, or of certain unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, that serves in locomotion.

(zoology) A projection acting as a foot in certain insect larvae.


phagocyte

From the German Phagocyt, modified on the pattern of -cyte; phago- + -cyte.

(cytology) A cell of the immune system, such as a neutrophil, macrophage or dendritic cell, that engulfs and destroys viruses, bacteria and waste materials, or in the case of mature dendritic cells; displays antigens from invading pathogens to cells of the lymphoid lineage.


binomial name

(taxonomy) A scientific name at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.

kaksiosainen nimi

a scientific name at the rank of species


binomial nomenclature

(taxonomy) The scientific system of naming each species of organism with a Latinized name in two parts; the first is the genus, and is written with an initial capital letter; the second is some specific epithet that distinguishes the species within the genus. By convention, the whole name is typeset in italics. The genus part is often abbreviated to its initial letter e.g. H. sapiens for Homo sapiens

ระบบการเรียกชื่อสิ่งมีชีวิตแบบทวินาม

rábòp gaan rîak chêu sìng mee cheewít bàep táwí naam


ESA

Ecological Society of America
w:Ecological Society of America

(US, ecology) Initialism of Ecological Society of America.


vegetative

en-adj

vegetative (comparative more vegetative, superlative most vegetative)

more vegetative (comparative)
most vegetative (superlative)

From Middle French végétatif, from Medieval Latin vegetativus, from past participle stem of vegetare.

In Lejeuneaceae vegetative branches normally originate from the basiscopic basal portion of a lateral segment half, as in the Radulaceae, and the associated leaves, therefore, are quite unmodified.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction

(biology) Of or relating to functions such as growth, nutrition and asexual reproduction rather than sexual reproduction.


persistent

persistent (comparative more persistent, superlative most persistent)

more persistent (comparative)
most persistent (superlative)

From Latin persistentem, present participle of persistō (“continue steadfastly”). By surface analysis, persist + -ent.

Pine cones have persistent scales.

The Jubulaceae have a leaf whose lobule, usually transformed into a water-sac, is normally very narrowly attached to the stem and to the dorsal lobe; indeed some Frullania taxa reproduce vegetatively by dropping the dorsal lobes, but not the lobules, and Neohattoria has caducous lobules but persistent lobes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) Lasting past maturity without falling off.

неопадащ

botany: lasting past maturity without falling off


perpetual

/pəˈpɛtʃʊəl/

From Middle English perpetuel, from Old French perpetuel, from Latin perpetuālis (“universal”), from perpetuus, from petō.

perpetual motion machine of the first kind

perpetual motion machine of the second kind

By means of artificial hybridization, practised for a series of years, he has succeeded in producing a race of carnations which are perpetual bloomers.

The hybrid perpetual roses as a rule require to be pruned to within 4 to 6 inches of the ground.

(botany) Flowering throughout the growing season.

stedsegrøn (used with green plants; literally "ever green")


ampelography

From French ampélographie, from ampelo- (“vine”) + -graphy.

She is the American apostle of Pierre Galet, a Frenchman whose internationally recognized contribution to ampelography, or the science of classifying grape vines, rests on identifying leaf design and the appearance of a vine's growing tips.

1986 August 6, Howard G. Goldberg, “Wine Talk”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, page C18:

Scientists are just now devising a genetic test to distinguish one rootstock from another. Until they do, the only recourse is the arcane art of ampelography, in which the vines are identified by physical appearance. Like art authenticators, ampelographers practice a craft that they would have others think is a science.

1993 October 17, Arthur Lubow, “What's Killing the Grapevines of Napa?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The mainstay of grapevine identification is the science of ampelography, and manuals of ampelography (Galet 1971) are the major resource for grapevine identification.

1993, Proceedings of the Eighth Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference, Volume 8, Australian Wine Research Institute, page 78:

(botany, oenology) The discipline within botany concerned with the taxonomy of cultivars in the grapevine genus, Vitis.


covert

From Middle English covert, from Old French covert, past participle of covrir (“to cover”) (corresponding to Latin coopertus); cognate to cover. Unrelated to overt, despite what the most common pronunciation would suggest.

When he felt the trappings being taken off him, so that he was in hunting order, Cully did make some movements as if to rouse. He raised his crest, his shoulder coverts and the soft feathers of his thighs.

1958, T[erence] H[anbury] White, chapter I, in The Once and Future King, New York, N.Y.: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, book I (The Sword in the Stone):

(ornithology) A feather that covers the bases of flight feathers.


apophysis

From Ancient Greek ἀπόφυσις (apóphusis, “offshoot”), from ἀπό (apó) + φύω (phúō, “to bring forth”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to exist, to grow”). Equivalent to apo- + -physis.

der

(botany) The external part of a cone scale.


overlap

en-verb

overlap (third-person singular simple present overlaps, present participle overlapping, simple past and past participle overlapped)

overlaps (present singular third-person)
overlapping (participle present)
overlapped (participle past)
overlapped (past)

From over- + lap.
Cognate with Dutch overlap.

(genetics) To have some similar nucleotide sequences.


subfamily

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-subfamily.wav

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category ranking between a family and a genus; formerly called a tribe.


turner

From Middle English turner, torner, tornere, turnere, turnare, equivalent to turn + -er. Also from Middle English turnour, tornour, tournour, turnoure, from Old French tornour, tourneour, tourneur, tornëor (“one who fashions something by turning”).

(zoology) A variety of pigeon; a tumbler.


rudiment

From Old French, from Latin rudimentum (“a first attempt, a beginning”), plural rudimenta (“the elements”), from rudis (“rude”); see rude.

der

(biology) A body part that no longer has a function

рудиментарен орган

biology: body part that has no function left


gens

Bilecik Province
Marcus Aurelius
Roman emperor

Borrowed from Latin gēns (“gens; people, tribe”), from Proto-Italic *gentis, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis (“birth; production”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”) + *-tis (suffix forming abstract or action nouns from verb roots). Doublet of kind, genesis, and jati. See also gender, generate, gentile, genus; also Latin gigno (“I bring forth”).

gentile

of or pertaining to a gens or several gentes

(zoology) A host-specific lineage of a brood parasite species.^([W])


oxygenase

From German Oxygenase, corresponding to oxygen + -ase.

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyses biochemical reactions with oxygen.


oxyhaemoglobin

en-noun

oxyhaemoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyhaemoglobins)

oxyhaemoglobins (plural)
oxyhæmoglobin (alternative)
oxyhemoglobin (alternative)

(biochemistry) The form of haemoglobin, loosely combined with oxygen, present in arterial and capillary blood.


oxytocin

oxytocin (countable and uncountable, plural oxytocins)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-oxytocin.wav

From oxytocic, from Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús, “swift”) + τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”, from τίκτω (tíktō, “I give birth”)).

af

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τίκτω</i> (tíktō, “I give birth”)

Some women describe episodes of intense pleasure akin to orgasm during nursing. It would be interesting to know whether the release of oxytocin during suckling plays a role in this subjective feeling, as it may do in actual orgasm.

1994, Simon LeVay, The Sexual Brain, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 67:

MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, greatly increases feelings of empathy (and perhaps the actual capacity to perceive the emotions of others); one of the mechanisms (oxytocin release) is now becoming understood, […]

2011, Mark A.R. Kleiman et al., Drugs and Drug Policy, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

When human beings bond—by hugging, kissing, touching, having sex, eating together, giving massages, or even when singing together or speaking reassuring words—oxytocin brings us “in from the cold,” warming us—quite literally—as it redirects blood flow into hands, feet, chests and cheeks.

2012, Giles Slade, “World without oxytocin”, in Big Disconnect, Prometheus Books, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A hormone that stimulates contractions during labor, and then the production of milk; also plays a role in social bonding.


herald

From Latin heraldus, from Middle English herald, herauld, heraud, from Anglo-Norman heraud, from Old French heraut, hiraut (modern French héraut), from Frankish *heriwald, from Proto-Germanic *harjawaldaz, a compound consisting of Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“army”) + *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong”). Doublet of Harold and Harald; compare Walter, which has these elements reversed.

(entomology) A moth of the species Scoliopteryx libatrix.


urochrome

en-noun

urochrome (countable and uncountable, plural urochromes)

(biochemistry) A pigment that causes the yellow color in urine. It is a breakdown product of the blood's haemoglobin and is removed by the kidneys.


partial

en-adj

partial (comparative more partial, superlative most partial)

more partial (comparative)
most partial (superlative)

From Middle English partiall, parcial, from Old French parcial (“biased or particular”), from Late Latin partiālis (“of or pertaining to a part”), from Latin pars (“part”).


subspecies

I believe it [the trilobite Calymene blumenbachii] has been divided into several forms, which cannot claim more than the rank of subspecies, as they pass by slight gradations into forms which no author has yet thought it right to separate from the type species.

1866, A[ndrew] C[rombie] Ramsay, “Trilobita”, in The Geology of North Wales (Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and of the Museum of Practical Geology; [III]), London: Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office; published by Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, →OCLC, page 325:

Ant taxonomists have decided that anything that's worth separating should be separated at the species level, and have no truck with subspecies at all. Butterfly taxonomists, however, like the triple-barrelled name approach and dote on subspecies. As a result, the numbers of ant species and butterfly species are not directly comparable.

2007 March 14, Emma Marris, “The Species and the Specious”, in Nature, number 446:

(taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below species.

көрүҥ үөдүҥэ

körüñ üödüñe

But these slight differences will not justify us in considering the West African chiquera as a true species distinct from the Indian true chiquera; it is only a subspecies of the latter true species.

1851, [Johann Jakob] Kaup, “Descriptions of Some New Birds in the Museum of the Earl of Derby”, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, part XIX, London: Printed for the Society; sold at their house in Hanover Square, and by Messrs. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster Row, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 42:

(taxonomy) A taxon at that rank, often indicated with trinomial nomenclature (such as Felis silvestris silvestris in zoology and Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii in botany).


orthology

(genetics) Homologous sequences descended from the same ancestral sequence for which function of the gene or sequence has been conserved across evolutionary time.


heteronomy

en-noun

heteronomy (usually uncountable, plural heteronomies)

(biology) The condition of being heteronomous.


homogenate

(biology) The slurry of tissues and cells which results when cell structure has been mechanically disrupted.


nervous

en-adj

nervous (comparative more nervous or (nonstandard) nervouser, superlative most nervous or (nonstandard) nervousest)

more nervous (comparative)
nervouser (comparative nonstandard)
most nervous (superlative)
nervousest (nonstandard superlative)

Baths of Caracalla
Farnese Hercules
National Archaeological Museum, Naples

From Middle English nervous (“composed of or incorporating nerves”), from Latin nervōsus (“nervous; sinewy; energetic, vigorous”), from nervus (“nerve; muscle; sinew, tendon; (figuratively) energy, power; nerve; force, strength, vigour”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). The English word is analysable as nerve + -ous.

refn

From R. Lawton Roberts (1888) “Lecture I”, in Illustrated Lectures on Ambulance Work, 3rd edition, London: H. K. Lewis, […], →OCLC, figure 3, page 20.

From the collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Naples in Italy.

der

nervous as a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs

CANNACORUS, […] It hath a knobbed tuberoſe Root: The Leaves are long and nervous: […]

1733, Philip Miller, “CANNACORUS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:


orthotropic

(botany) Growing vertically, either upwards or downwards.


obelisk

Hippodrome of Constantinople
Obelisk of Theodosius
Theodosius I
Thutmose III

From Middle French obelisque, from Latin obeliscus (“obelisk”), from Ancient Greek ὀβελίσκος (obelískos), diminutive of ὀβελός (obelós, “needle”). Compare obelus.

(virology) An RNA structure similar to a viroid, with a rod-like secondary structure, which comprises its own phylogenetic group.


obelisk

en-verb

obelisk (third-person singular simple present obelisks, present participle obelisking, simple past and past participle obelisked)

obelisks (present singular third-person)
obelisking (participle present)
obelisked (participle past)
obelisked (past)

Dragonflies that spend the day in full sun may obelisk to minimize the sunlight striking the body. An obelisking dragonfly looks like it's doing a headstand[…]

(entomology, of a dragonfly) To adopt the obelisk posture; to point the tip of the abdomen towards the sun.


NAT

en-noun

NAT (countable and uncountable, plural NATs)

(genetics) Initialism of nucleic acid test.


subclass

subclasses (plural)
sub-class (alternative)


taxon

taxon (plural taxa or (proscribed) taxons)

taxa (plural)
taxons (plural proscribed)

Back-formation from taxonomy. By surface analysis, taxo- + -on.

(taxonomy) A group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.


superfamily

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superfamily.wav

There is no reason to deny a natural sequence or to split off genera only to have to attempt later to re-insert them into the whole by means of subordos and superfamilies.

1967, Zoologische Verhandelingen, page 32:

The genus Saipanetta has been suggested to be a surviving relict of the metacopidan superfamily Healdiacea because of its muscle scar pattern and narrow duplicature; nevertheless, it differs from the Metacopida in its more complex hingement, lack of a distinct contact groove, exaggerated domiciliar asymmetry, and lack of posterior ridges or angulations.

1978, Philip D. Gingerich, New Condylarthra (Mammalia) from the Paleocene and Early Eocene of North America, page 289:

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category above family and below order (and its subdivisions).


transmission

transmission (countable and uncountable, plural transmissions)

transmissions (plural)
trans (alternative)
xmission (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin transmissionem (accusative of transmissio), from transmittere.

monochromated scanning transmission electron microscope

(biology) The passage of a nerve impulse across synapses.

(medicine, biology) The passing of a pathogen or communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group.


twitch

twitch (countable and uncountable, plural twitches)

From Middle English twicchen, from Old English *twiċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *twikkijan (“to nail, pin, fasten, clasp, pinch”).
Cognate with English tweak, Low German twikken, German Low German twicken (“to pinch, pinch off”), zweckōn and gizwickan (> German zwicken (“to pinch”)).

cog

(birdwatching) A trip taken in order to observe a rare bird.


subphylum

en-noun

subphylum (plural subphylums or subphyla)

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below phylum and above class


cactus

cactus (plural cacti or cactuses or cactusses or cactus)

cacti (plural)
cactuses (plural)
cactusses (plural)
cactus (plural)

→ Welsh: cactws

From taxonomic name Cactus, a name given in 1752 by Linnaeus for a genus of cacti (now superseded by the genus name Mammillaria), from Latin cactus, from Ancient Greek κάκτος (káktos, “cardoon”), possibly of Pre-Greek origin.

fishhook cactus

Mammillaria, Echinomastus, and Sclerocactus spp.

hedgehog cactus

Pediocactus, Echinocereus, and Echinopsis spp.

ladyfinger cactus (Mammillaria elongata,

pitahaya cactus Acanthocereus tetragonus

Steinbach's crown cactus (Rebutia steinbachii

On the mountains a few junipers and piñons are found, and cactuses, agave, and yuccas, low, fleshy plants with bayonets and thorns.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

This was another experimental garden started under Dr. Berry as a ‘Nopalry’ or place for the rearing of the cochineal insect on cacti, which however, became a sort of experimental garden where exotic plants were received as they arrived in the Port of Madras and were nursed and looked after until they could be despatched to the interior stations.

1960, A. K. Yegna Narayan Aiyer, P. Abraham, Cultivation of Cloves in India (I.C.A.R. Bulletin), New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, →OCLC, page 5:

Three years later, the unwatered cactus was still about two feet tall, a dark green color. The watered cactus was a paler green, its trunk visibly swollen with moisture. It had grown to be over five feet tall.

2013, Leslie Morgan Steiner, The Baby Chase:

(botany) Any member of the family Cactaceae, a family of flowering New World succulent plants suited to a hot, semi-desert climate.


superphylum

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superphylum.wav

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category above phylum and below subkingdom


subkingdom

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below kingdom and above superphylum.


suborder

→ Dutch: suborde

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-suborder.wav

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below order and above infraorder.


obverse

an obverse leaf

(botany) Having the base, or end next to the attachment, narrower than the top.


angiosperm

From Ancient Greek ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “receptacle”) + σπέρμα (spérma, “seed”), equivalent to angio- + sperm.

As with the Lejeuneaceae, this pattern of massive speciation appears to be correlated with the Cretaceous explosion of the angiosperms and the simultaneous creation of a host of new microenvironments, differing in humidity, light intensity, texture, etc.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 3-4:

The notion of magnoliaceans as the most primitive living angiosperms, justified or not, does not mean that all their characters, including multilacunar nodal anatomy and the lack of tannins, are primary.

1997, Valentin A. Krassilov, Angiosperm Origins: Morphological and Ecological Aspects, page 134:

2009, Xin Wang, 3: New Fossils and New Hope for the Origin of Angiosperms, Pierre Pontarotti, Evolutionary Biology: Concept, Modeling, and Application, page 55,
With all these features, it is pretty easy for one to identify an angiosperm. This is a very normal and common practice for neobotanists. However, the situation becomes complicated when you go back to the early history of angiosperms.

The palynoassemblage is rich in angiosperm taxa (45.63%) followed by gymnosperms (0.45%), pteridophytes (18.49%) and fungal remains (23.88%).

2016 March 2, “Depositional Environment of Mio-Pliocene Siwalik Sedimentary Strata from the Darjeeling Himalayan Foothills, India: A Palynological Approach”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) Any plant of the clade Angiosperms, characterized by having ovules enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant.


gymnosperm

from Ancient Greek γυμνός (gumnós, “naked”) + σπέρμα (spérma, “seed”). By surface analysis, gymno- + sperm.

Like cycads — their gymnosperm relatives — and ferns, the ginkgo produces motile sperm.

2015 October 29, Dave Taft, “The Female Ginkgo Tree’s Acrid Smell of Success”, in The New York Times:

(botany) Any plant such as a conifer whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.


hermaphroditism

en-noun

hermaphroditism (countable and uncountable, plural hermaphroditisms)

Among other organisms, alternative methods of reproduction include budding, hermaphroditism (one individual carrying both kinds of sex organs) and isogamy (two individuals, not distinguished as male and female, combining their genes).

2018 April 24, John Launer, “Do We Even Need Men?”, in Literary Hub:

(biology) The condition of an organism that is able to reproduce as both male and female, either simultaneously (simultaneous hermaphroditism or cosexuality) or sequentially (sequential hermaphroditism or dichogamy).

hermafroditisme

state of having both male and female sexual organs


cryptic

en-adj

cryptic (comparative more cryptic, superlative most cryptic)

more cryptic (comparative)
most cryptic (superlative)
cryptick (alternative)

From Late Latin crypticus, from Ancient Greek κρυπτικός (kruptikós), from κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”), from κρύπτω (krúptō, “to hide”). Doublet of kryptic.

Lonomia caterpillars are extremely cryptic.

(zoology) Well camouflaged; having good camouflage.

cryptic colouring

Episematic characters are far less common than aposematic, and these than cryptic; although, as regards the latter comparison, the opposite impression is generally produced from the fact that concealment is so successfully attained.

1911, “Colours of Animals”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, volume V, page 732:

cryptic species

(biology, not comparable) Apparently identical, but actually genetically distinct.

Much of the Permian Capitan reef was strongly differentiated into open surface and cryptic communities.

1999, Rachel Wood, Reef Evolution, page 95:

(zoology) Living in a cavity or small cave.


nominate

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
The adjective is first attested in 1450, in Middle English, the verb in 1545; partly from Middle English nominat(e) (“named, designated”), from Latin nōminātus, perfect passive participle of nōminō (“to name”) (see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3)), from nōmen (“a name”). Participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.

inh

the nominate subspecies


seminiferous

en-adj

seminiferous (comparative more seminiferous, superlative most seminiferous)

more seminiferous (comparative)
most seminiferous (superlative)

From Late Latin sēminifer (“carrying semen”).


omnipotent

omnipotent (comparative more omnipotent, superlative most omnipotent)

more omnipotent (comparative)
most omnipotent (superlative)

Inherited from Middle English omnipotent(e), from Old French omnipotent, from Latin omnipotēns, omnipotentem.

inh+

(biology) Describing a cell (especially a stem cell) that is capable of developing into any type of cell or forming any type of tissue (also called a totipotent cell).


chemoautotrophic

en-adj

chemoautotrophic (comparative more chemoautotrophic, superlative most chemoautotrophic)

more chemoautotrophic (comparative)
most chemoautotrophic (superlative)
chemautotrophic (alternative)
chemo-autotrophic (alternative)

(biology, of an organism) obtaining its nutrition through the oxidation of non-organic compounds (or other chemical processes); as opposed to the process of photosynthesis.


superorder

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superorder.wav

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below subclass and above order.


macaroni

en-noun

macaroni (countable and uncountable, plural macaronis or macaronies)

macaronis (plural)
macaronies (plural)
maccaroni (alternative)
maccheroni (alternative)
mac (alternative)

→ Japanese: マカロニ (makaroni)

→ Korean: 마카로니 (makaroni)

→ Malay:

Arabic script: ماكاروني

Latin script: makaroni

→ Scottish Gaelic: macaroni

From Italian maccaroni, plural of maccarone, obsolete variant of maccheroni (“macaroni, fool”), of uncertain origin. Variously derived from late Byzantine Greek μακαρία (makaría, “food made from barley”), from Ancient Greek μακάριος (makários, “blessed, favored by the gods”), and from maccare (“to bruise, to crush”), archaic variant of ammaccare, from Latin maccāre (“to bruise, to crush”). Compare Sicilian maccarruni (“a single piece of macaroni”). As a fop, apparently from the British Macaroni Club rather than from Italian use of maccarone for fools and bumpkins. As a former form of currency, used to calque Spanish macuquino, 18th-century colonial Spanish slang for a similarly clipped coin.

cog

15 penguins were hatched and reared in the Edinburgh Zoo—seven kings, four gentoos, three maccaronis, and one ringed.

macaroni penguin
macaroni penguin#English

Eudyptes chrysolophus
Eudyptes chrysolophus#Translingual

(countable, zoology) Ellipsis of macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus).

Lizards are known among Scotchmen as ‘macaronies’.

1876, Robert Linlithgow Wallace, The Canary Book, page 165:

(countable, Scotland, zoology, obsolete) Synonym of lizard canary.


multiplex

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-multiplex.wav

From multi- + -plex or multi- + complex.

(botany) Having petals lying in folds over each other.


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).

noncog

(botany and zoology) Later or subsequent.

(obsolete, architecture and zoology) Situated between two segments.


one-sided

en-adj

one-sided (comparative more one-sided, superlative most one-sided)

more one-sided (comparative)
most one-sided (superlative)


bloat

en-verb

bloat (third-person singular simple present bloats, present participle bloating, simple past and past participle bloated)

bloats (present singular third-person)
bloating (participle present)
bloated (participle past)
bloated (past)

Perhaps from Middle English blot, blout (“soft; flexible; pliable”), from Old Norse blautr (“soft”). Akin to Danish blød, Dutch bloot (“nude”) and German bloß (“nude”).

(intransitive, veterinary medicine) To get an overdistended rumen, talking of a ruminant.


bloat

en-noun

bloat (countable and uncountable, plural bloats)

(veterinary medicine) Pathological overdistention of rumen with gas in a ruminant.


gravitropism

(biology, botany) a plant's ability to change its growth in response to gravity


ricin

It had to be one of three things: A hoax. Or anthrax, which meant I’d have to go on Cipro for a month. Or if it was ricin, I was dead, so bye-bye.

2021 January 24, Donald G. McNeil Jr, “Fauci on What Working for Trump Was Really Like”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, toxicology) An extremely toxic lectin extracted from the castor bean.


infraclass

(taxonomy) A zoological classification sometimes inserted below subclass and above subterclass (rarely used) and superorder.


systole

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-systole.wav

Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek συστολή (sustolḗ), from συστέλλω (sustéllō, “to contract”), from σύν (sún, “together”) + στέλλω (stéllō, “to send”).

(biology) The contraction of the contractile vesicles in certain algae, plasmodia, and zoospores.


supernumerary

From Late Latin supernumerarius (“extra soldier added to a legion; supernumerary”), from super (“above; beyond”) + numerus (“number; collection, quantity”) + -ārius (suffix forming adjectives from nouns or numerals). The word is analysable as super- + numeral + -ary.

refn

From Joseph C. Hughes (1897 September) “Supernumerary Finger Growing from First Metacarpal Bone”, in James Moores Ball, editor, Tri-State Medical Journal and Practitioner, volume IV, number 9, St. Louis, Mo.: [s.n.] 3509 Franklin Avenue, →OCLC, figure 2, page 436.

bor

The best evidence so far that social supernumeraries are physically capable of bettering their lot concerns not rodents but birds.

1996–2005, W[illiam] D[onald] Hamilton, “Sorority Avenue: Altruism and Related Phenomena, Mainly in Social Insects”, in Narrow Roads of Gene Land: The Collected Papers of W. D. Hamilton, volume 1 (Evolution of Social Behaviour), Houndmills, Basingstoke, New York, N.Y.: W. H. Freeman and Company, →ISBN, page 278:

There are differences in the composition of the social group [of certain birds] such as whether one or more sex provides help, and the stability of the associations between supernumeraries and the dominant breeders.

2004, Andrew Cockburn, “Mating Systems and Sexual Conflict”, in Walter D. Koenig, Janis L. Dickinson, editors, Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 88, column 1:

(zoology) An animal which has not formed a pair bond and is therefore single.


supernumerary

ylimääräinen

beyond the prescribed or standard amount

a supernumerary nipple; a supernumerary tooth

It [the term disk] means a supernumerary organ, different from the stamens or petals, and originating at the base of one or other of them. Nothing can well be more variable in its nature than this disk; in the Mignonette it is, as you see, a one-sided, hairy lobe; […]

1865, John Lindley, “Letter XXIX. The Mignonette Tribe—Disk—The Caper Tribe.”, in Ladies’ Botany: Or A Familiar Introduction to the Study of the Natural System of Botany. … In Two Volumes, 6th edition, volume II, London: Henry G[eorge] Bohn, […], →OCLC, page 38:

The Camera pulls back for a longer shot. Forty or fifty women, half of them with shaven heads, are sitting on the stairs, among the refuse on the floor, on the tattered remains of ancient beds and sofas. Each of them is nursing a baby, all the babies are ten weeks old, and all those belonging to shaven mothers are deformed. Over close-ups of little faces with hare lips, little trunks with stumps instead of legs and arms, little hands with clusters of supernumerary fingers, little bodies adorned with a double row of nipples, we hear the voice of the Narrator.

1948 August, Aldous Huxley, “The Script”, in Ape and Essence, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC:

There are two types of pulmonary arteries: conventional arteries that accompany airways and branch with them, and supernumerary arteries, which branch off the conventional ones at right angles and supply airspaces immediately adjacent to the bronchovascular tree.

1995, William M. Thurlbeck, “Lung Growth and Development”, in William M. Thurlbeck, Andrew M. Churg, editors, Pathology of the Lung, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: Thieme Medical Publishers; Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, →ISBN, page 45:

“Their aesthetic, if you haven't noticed, is about benign skin cancers, supernumerary nipples. Conventional tattoos belong firmly among the iconics of the hegemon. […]”

2014, William Gibson, “Death Cookie”, in The Peripheral, G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, page 6:

Beyond the prescribed or standard amount or number; excess, extra.

(biology, specifically) Of an organ or structure: additional to what is normally present.


actinidin

en-noun

actinidin (countable and uncountable, plural actinidins)

(biochemistry) A protein-digesting enzyme present in kiwi fruit. It is also an allergen.


monogenesis

monogenesis (usually uncountable, plural monogeneses)

/mɒnəˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

(biology, medicine) Development of the ovum from a parent like itself.

(biology, medicine) Asexual/nonsexual reproduction, which involves only one parent.


carnivorous

en-adj

carnivorous (comparative more carnivorous, superlative most carnivorous)

more carnivorous (comparative)
most carnivorous (superlative)

(botany) Insectivorous: capable of trapping insects and absorbing nutrient from them.


ovary

From New Latin ovarium, from Medieval Latin ovaria (“bird ovary”), from Latin ovum (“egg”). Doublet of ovarium.

(botany) The lower part of a pistil or carpel that bears ovules and ripens into fruit.


ovum

Borrowed from Latin ōvum (“egg”). Doublet of egg, ey, huevo, and oeuf.

Coordinate term: spermatozoon

(cytology) The female gamete in animals; the egg cell.


ovation

From Late Latin ovatio (“egg-laying”) + English -ion (suffix indicating an action or process, or the result of an action or process). Ovatio is derived from ovāre (“to lay eggs”), from Latin ōvum (“egg”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- (“dress; to be dressed, clothe oneself”)) + -āre.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ovation.wav

/əʉˈvæɪ.ʃn̩/

[The ichneumon wasp] drops an egg. She next seeks out a small green caterpillar inhabiting the leaves of the cabbage-plant, which she punctures with her sting, yet so slightly and delicately as not to kill it; she then rolls it up into a circle, and places it in the sandy nest, immediately over the egg. She continues the same labour till she has counted twelve, and deposited twelve caterpillars, one over another; and thus repeats the process of ovation and supply, till she has exhausted herself of her entire stock of eggs.

1825 November, John Mason Good, “Art. I.—On Instinct.”, in Roderick MacLeod, John Bacot, editors, The London Medical and Physical Journal. […], volume LIV, number 4, London: Printed for the proprietors, by J. and C. Adlard, […]; published by J. Souter, […], →OCLC, page 363:

Having considered their animal nature, and their primary formation, as involving the question of spontaneous generation, he described generally the methods of reproduction adopted in this class of animals, and adduced the explanations and opinions offered by the best authorities on the subject, but particularly those of Bremner, [René] Lænnec, and Owen, by which acephalocystic reproduction is referred to imperfect ovation or generation.

1842 February 28, Evory Kennedy, “February 28, Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D., Vice-President, in the Chair. [Paper by Evory Kennedy on the system of generation and habits of certain Acephalocysts.]”, in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume II, number 33, Dublin: Printed by M[ichael] H[enry] Gill, printer to the [Royal Irish] Academy, published 1844, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 221–222:

Parthenogenetic reproduction, as a rule, takes place in the summer months, as seen in the Aphides, Crustacea (Daphnia), and Cecidomyiæ, where we see the asexual reproduction taking place during the summer, and at the approach of cold weather the process of ovation taking its place.

1892, Fred[erick] V[incent] Theobald, “The Chironomidæ, or Midges”, in An Account of British Flies (Diptera), volume I, London: Elliot Stock, […], →OCLC, page 203:

(zoology, obsolete, rare) The act of laying eggs.


ovulate

From ovul(e) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

Ovulate flowers are usually isolated by enclosing them individually or in clusters in pollenproof bags […]

1948, W. C. Cumming, Francis Irving Righter, Methods Used to Control Pollination of Pines in the Sierra Nevada of California, page 3:

(botany) Containing, or bearing, an ovule.


ovule

Borrowed from French ovule (“ovum”), from Latin ōvum (“egg”). Doublet of ovolo.

(botany) The structure in a plant that develops into a seed after fertilization; the megasporangium of a seed plant with its enclosing integuments.

ডিম্বক

botany: structure that develops into a seed


prehensile

Borrowed from French préhensile, from Latin perfect passive participle prehēnsus, from prehendō (“grasp, seize”) + adjective suffix -ile, from Latin -ilis.

Some monkeys have prehensile tails which they use to pick things up.

(zoology) Able to take hold of and clasp objects; adapted for grasping especially by wrapping around an object.


tassel

tassels (plural)
tossel (alternative archaic)

From Middle English tassel, from Old French tassel, from Latin taxillus (“small cube”), from tālus (“ankle”).

(botany) The panicle on a male plant of maize, which consists of loose threads with anthers on them.


tassel

en-verb

tassel (third-person singular simple present tassels, present participle tasselling or tasseling, simple past and past participle tasselled or tasseled)

tassels (present singular third-person)
tasselling (participle present)
tasseling (participle present)
tasselled (participle past)
tasselled (past)
tasseled (participle past)
tasseled (past)
tossel (alternative archaic)

Maize is a crop that tassels.

(intransitive, botany) To put forth a tassel or flower.


squalid

Numerous diet studies on squalids have shown that members of this family tend to feed mainly on teleosts and cephalopods[…]

2008, David A. Ebert, James A. Sulikowski, Biology of Skates, page 126:

(zoology) Any member of the family Squalidae of dogfish sharks.


wilt

en-noun

wilt (countable and uncountable, plural wilts)

Recorded since 1691, probably an alteration of welk, itself from Middle English welken, presumed from Middle Dutch (preserved in modern inchoative verwelken) or Middle Low German welken (“to wither”), cognate with Old High German irwelhen (“to become soft”).

cog

(phytopathology) Any of various plant diseases characterized by wilting.


knockdown

en-noun

knockdown (countable and uncountable, plural knockdowns)

(genetics) A genetically modified organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that have been made less active or had their expression reduced.

(genetics) The use of a reagent such as an oligonucleotide with sequence complementary to an active gene or its mRNA transcript, to interfere with the expression of said gene.


knockdown

en-verb

knockdown (third-person singular simple present knockdowns, present participle knockdowning, simple past and past participle knockdowned)

knockdowns (present singular third-person)
knockdowning (participle present)
knockdowned (participle past)
knockdowned (past)

(genetics) To employ the knockdown technique


convergence

en-noun

convergence (countable and uncountable, plural convergences)

From converge + -ence (after Latin convergentia).

convergent evolution
convergent evolution

(biology) The evolution of similar structures or traits in unrelated species in similar environments; convergent evolution.


perforate

The adjective is first attested in 1425, in Middle English, the verb in 1538; from Middle English perforat(e) (“perforated, pierced”), borrowed from Latin perforātus, the perfect
passive participle of perforō (“to bore or pierce through, to perforate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from per- (“through, thorough”) + forō (“to bore, pierce”). Participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.

inh

A species of remarkable appearance with mature leaf laminae often so profoundly perforate as to resemble a fragile net of tissue.

1999, Nguyen Van Dzu, Peter C. Boyce, Kew Bulletin, 54(2):379-393:


trivial

en-adj

trivial (comparative more trivial, superlative most trivial)

more trivial (comparative)
most trivial (superlative)
triviall (alternative obsolete)

PIE word
 *tréyes
* From Latin triviālis (“appropriate to the street-corner, commonplace, vulgar”), from trivium (“place where three roads meet”). Compare trivium, trivia.
* From the distinction between trivium (“the lower division of the liberal arts; grammar, logic and rhetoric”) and quadrivium (“the higher division of the seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages, composed of geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, and music”).

трывія́льны

(mathematics) of being the simplest possible case

(taxonomy) Relating to or designating the name of a species; specific as opposed to generic.

druhový

(biology) relating to, or designating a species


quiescence

en-noun

quiescence (countable and uncountable, plural quiescences)

From quiescent + -ence, or borrowed from Latin quiescentia, from quiescens, present participle of quiesco, from quies.

(microbiology) The period when a cell is in a term of no growth and no division.

(entomology) In insects, a temporary slowing down of metabolism and development in response to adverse environmental conditions, which, unlike diapause, does not involve physiological changes.


mixed inhibition

mixed inhibition (countable and uncountable, plural mixed inhibitions)

(biochemistry) A mode of enzyme inhibition that includes components of both competitive and uncompetitive inhibition.