mouthbrooder

However, [Franz] Steindachner (1875), in describing Arius planiceps, a catfish from Panama, found that at the breeding season the innermost edges of the ventral fins of the female are developed so as to form a kind of pocket. He conjectured that the eggs are extruded into this, fertilized by the male, and then taken into his mouth. He found a similar structure on the female of A. kessleri, the male of which is also a mouth brooder.

1918, E. W. Gudger, “Oral Gestation in the Gaff-Topsail Catfish, Felichthys felis”, in Papers from the Department of Marine Biology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, volume XII, number III, Washington, D.C.: Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, →OCLC, page 33:

Mozambique mouthbrooders are native to coastal streams of southeast Africa, especially the Zambesi River, Mozambique.

1976, Peter B. Moyle, “Cichlid Family, Cichlidae”, in Inland Fishes of California, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 330:

In almost all mouthbrooders, guarding the young is undertaken by the female (uniparental maternal family) though the male may participate exceptionally, notably in S. mossambicus [...] In S. galilaeus [...] and S. multifasciatus [...] the two sexes form a stable couple and both practice mouthbrooding. This seems, therefore, to be an intermediate stage between the biparental family of substrate-spawners and the uniparental family of mouthbrooders [...].

1982, J-Cl. Philippart, J-Cl. Ruwet, “Ecology and Distribution of Tilapias”, in R[oger] S. V. Pullin, R[osemary] H[elen] Lowe-McConnell, editors, The Biology and Culture of Tilapias: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Biology and Culture of Tilapias, 2–5 September 1980 […], Makati, Philippines: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, →ISBN, →ISSN, session 1 (Biology), page 48:

The very small Tanganicodus irsacae is a typical biparental mouthbrooder that collects eggs immediately upon deposition and retains them in the buccal cavity for about 14 days at which time fully formed young 11mm long are released and begin oral feeding.

1991, E[ugene] K[ornel] Balon, “Probable Evolution of the Coelacanths Reproductive Style: Lecithotrophy and Orally Feeding Embryos in Cichlid Fishes and in Latimeria chalumnae”, in John A. Musick, Michael N. Bruton, Eugene K. Balon, editors, The Biology of Latimeria chalumnae and Evolution of Coelacanths: […] (Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes; 12), Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 252–253:

[A]lmost all mouthbrooding species are found in Africa, and many are restricted to one of the African Great Lakes. Among the few exceptions are Sarotherodon melanotheron, a paternal mouthbrooder which is widely distributed in West African rivers and estuaries, and S. galilaeus, a biparental mouthbrooder with an even broader distribution across North-central Africa [...].

1991, M[iles] H. A. Keenleyside, “Parental Care”, in Miles H. A. Keenleyside, editor, Cichlid Fishes: Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution (Fish and Fisheries Series; 2), London, New York, N.Y.: Chapman & Hall, →ISBN, page 205:

The cardinalfishes are interesting in their reproductive biology. They are mouthbrooders, in that the eggs are held, usually in the mouth of the male, until hatching; this is one of the only marine fish families to reproduce in this way.

2000, Yvonne Sadovy, Andrew S. Cornish, “Cardinalfishes: Apogonidae”, in Reef Fishes of Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, page 93:

(zoology) Any animal that cares for its offspring, either eggs or juveniles, by holding them in its mouth for extended periods of time.

muilbroeder

animal that cares of its offspring by holding them in its mouth


caudal peduncle

en-noun

caudal peduncle (plural caudal peduncles)

(ichthyology) The narrow part of a fish's body to which the caudal or tail fin is attached. Its proportions, such as the length and breadth, and attached organs, such as spines of surgeonfishes or caudal keels and finlets of Scombridae often are important in descriptions of fish species.


ventral fin

(ichthyology) A fin, usually paired, located ventrally below the pectoral fins of a fish.


adipose fin

(ichthyology) A soft, fleshy fin located behind the dorsal fin and just forward of the caudal fin, found fish of certain families, believed to have some sensory function.

rasvaevä

a soft, fleshy fin found on the back of a fish


finlet

(ichthyology) Small non-retractable fins, generally on the caudal peduncle between the last dorsal or anal fin and the caudal fin of some fishes. In some groups, such as tuna, finlets are rayless.


cephalic fin

(ichthyology) One of a set of fins that look like horns on either side of the broad head of a manta ray.


caudal keel

(ichthyology) A lateral ridge found just anterior to each side of the tail fin on the caudal peduncle of some types of fast-swimming fish. The keels improve the stability of the fish's attitude at speed in the water, and strengthen the support of the caudal fin.


regular star macromolecule

regular star macromolecule (plural regular star macromolecules)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a star macromolecule having identical arms


variegated star macromolecule

variegated star macromolecule (plural variegated star macromolecules)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A star macromolecule having arms composed of different types or numbers of monomers.


subculture

(biology) A culture made by transferring microorganisms from a previous culture to a fresh growth medium


subculture

en-verb

subculture (third-person singular simple present subcultures, present participle subculturing, simple past and past participle subcultured)

subcultures (present singular third-person)
subculturing (participle present)
subcultured (participle past)
subcultured (past)

Cultures were subcultured by 20-fold dilution into fresh MS2D medium approximately every 7 d.

1990, Heidi F. Kaeppler et al., “Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells”, in Plant Cell Reports, volume 9, number 8:

(biology) To transfer (microorganisms) to a fresh growth medium in order to start a new culture


glycosphingolipid

(biochemistry) a lipid that contains at least one monosaccharide unit and either a sphingoid or a ceramide


ceramide

Blend of cerebroside + amide, or from Latin cēra (“wax”) + amide.

(biochemistry) Any of various lipids formed by linking a fatty acid to sphingosine and found widely but in small amounts in plant and animal tissue


pepsin

en-noun

pepsin (countable and uncountable, plural pepsins)

From German Pepsin, corresponding to Ancient Greek πέψις (pépsis, “digestion”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that chemically digests, or breaks down, proteins into shorter chains of amino acids.


native species

(biology) A species that normally lives and thrives in a particular ecosystem. This can include any species that developed with the surrounding habitat, and can be assisted by or affected by a new species.


byssus

en-noun

byssus (usually uncountable, plural byssi or byssuses)

From New Latin byssus (“sea silk”), from Latin byssus (“fine cotton or cotton stuff, silk”), from Ancient Greek βύσσος (bússos, “a very fine yellowish flax and the linen woven from it”), from Hebrew בּוּץ (búts), Aramaic בּוּצָא (būṣā).

der

Aramaic בּוּצָא (būṣā)

(mycology) The stipe or stem of some fungi which are particularly thin and thread-like.


tetrapyrrole

(biochemistry) any of several natural pigments having a structure of four pyrrole rings connected by a one-carbon unit

tetrapirrolo

any of several natural pigments with four pyrrole rings


familial

From French familial (“relating to a family; familial”), from Latin familia (“family (in the sense of the slaves working for a household); household”) (from famulus (“servant; slave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁-m-eló-, from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, place, put”)) + French -al (adjective-forming suffix) (from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Indo-European *-li-). Doublet of familiar.

Having milky latex is a familial characteristic of Apocynaceae.

(taxonomy) Pertaining to a taxon at the rank of family.


dominance

en-noun

dominance (countable and uncountable, plural dominances)

(biology, genetics) of an allele, the degree to which it expresses its phenotype when heterozygous, such as whether it is dominant or recessive.


bine

The tangled bine-stems scored the sky
Like strings of broken lyres,
And all mankind that haunted nigh
Had sought their household fires.

1900, Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush:

(botany) A climbing plant which climbs by its shoots growing in a helix around a support (distinct from a vine, which climbs using tendrils or suckers).


excavate

(zoology) Any member of a major grouping of unicellular eukaryotes, of the clade Excavata.


pyknotic

en-adj

pyknotic (comparative more pyknotic, superlative most pyknotic)

more pyknotic (comparative)
most pyknotic (superlative)
pycnotic (alternative)

From pyknosis. See Ancient Greek πυκνωτικός (puknōtikós, “serving to close the pores”).

uder

a pyknotic nucleus

Several intensely labeled pycnotic bodies point to the occurrence of cell death [...]

rectum of T. derasa showing one morphologically intact zooxanthella and two pycnotic algal cells


pyknosis

en-noun

pyknosis (usually uncountable, plural pyknoses)

pyknoses (plural)
pycnosis (alternative)

From Ancient Greek πύκνωσις (púknōsis, “thickening”), from πυκνός (puknós, “compact”).

uder

(biology) Shrinkage and condensing, such as that of a dying cell or the appearance of a cell's nucleus.


nymphaea

From Latin nymphaea, from Ancient Greek νυμφαῖα (numphaîa), feminine singular form of νυμφαῖος (numphaîos, “sacred to the nymphs”), from νύμφη (númphē, “nymph”).

Guianerius, cap. 8, tract. 15, would have them used twice a day, and when they come forth of the baths, their backbones to be anointed with oil of almonds, violets, nymphæa, fresh capon-grease, etc.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 5, member 1, subsection v:

(botany) Originally, the European white water lily; later also, a species of the genus Nymphaea.


SIV

en-noun

SIV (countable and uncountable, plural SIVs)

simian immunodeficiency virus
simian immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology) Initialism of simian immunodeficiency virus.

(virology) Initialism of swine influenza virus, usually Influenza A virus.


cere

From Middle English sere, from Old French cire, from Latin cera (“wax, cere”), or via Latin cero (“I smear or coat with wax”).

The cere is the fleshy spot just above the beak where the nostrils, or nares, are located. In some species, like the parakeet, the cere is prominent; in others, the cere is covered by feathers. Both the cere and the nares should be clean[…]

2021, Nikki Moustaki, Parrots For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 182:

(ornithology) A fleshy, waxy area at the base of the upper beak in certain birds.


LDA

LDA (countable and uncountable, plural LDAs)

(veterinary) Initialism of left-displaced abomasum.


orotic acid

/əˌɹɑt.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd/

From Ancient Greek ὀρός (orós, “whey”) + -ic acid.

(biochemistry) A crystalline acid which was discovered in milk and is a growth factor for various microorganisms (as Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis; uracil-6-carboxylic acid, C₅H₄N₂O₄.


susceptibility

susceptibility (countable and uncountable, plural susceptibilities)

en:vulnerability of a pathogen to treatment

(biology, medicine, of a pathogen) Being vulnerable to a treatment (usually an antibiotic or antifungal); also, the degree of such vulnerability (i.e., weak, moderate, or strong).


azoturia

azoturia (usually uncountable, plural azoturias)

(veterinary medicine) A condition that affects the muscles of horses, ranging from stiffness and mild cramps to the horse becoming unable to stand, with discoloured urine


oxidoreductase

From its morphology, oxido- + reductase.

It remains to be seen whether oxidoreductase deficiency is a significant cause of non-syndromic ambiguous genitalia in newborn females and undermasculinized males of unknown diagnosis as assessed by urinary steroid analyses.

2011, Charles G. D. Brook, Peter Clayton, Rosalind Brown, Brook's Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, page 196:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.


carbon-based

Coordinate term: silicon-based

carbon-based life


drench

From Middle English drench, drenche (“beverage, drink; cup of drink, specifically a poisoned drink; medicinal potion, specifically an emetic (?)”) [and other forms], from Old English drenċ (“drink; draft, potion; dose (of medicine, poison, etc.)”), from Proto-West Germanic *dranki, from Proto-Germanic *drankiz (“drink; potion; dose”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to draw, pull; to gulp; to sip”). Doublet of drink (noun).
Cognates
* Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌺 (draggk), 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺 (dragk, “beverage, drink”)
* Old Dutch *dranc, (Middle Dutch dranc, modern Dutch drank (“beverage, drink”))
* Old High German tranc, tranch (Middle High German tranc, modern German Trank (“drink; potion”))
* Old Saxon dranc

nb...

drænc, drænce, drenc, drencche, drence, dreinch, drenke, drunch

inh

O my ſvveet Harry ſaies ſhe! hovv manie haſt thou kild to day? Giue my roane horſe a drench (ſayes hee) and aunſvveres ſome foureteene, an houre after: a trifle, a trifle.

c. 1597 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The History of Henrie the Fourth; […], quarto edition, London: […] P[eter] S[hort] for Andrew Wise, […], published 1598, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv], signature D3, recto:

It [siler] ſtaieth the gurrie or running out of the belly in foure-footed beaſts, vvhether it bee given ſtamped by vvay of a drench and ſo injected, or chevved drie among their meat vvith ſalt.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XX.] Of the Serpentine Cucumber, Called otherwise the Wandering Cucumber: Also of the Garden Cucumbers, Melons or Pompions.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 2nd tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 41:

A Drench of VVine has vvith ſucceſs been us'd; / And through a Horn, the gen'rous Juice infus'd: / VVhich timely taken op'd his cloſing Javvs; / But, if too late, the Patient's [a horse's] death did cauſe.

1697, Virgil, “The Third Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 119:

(veterinary medicine) A dose or draught of liquid medicine administered to an animal.

annos

dose or draught of medicine administered to an animal


drench

en-verb

drench (third-person singular simple present drenches, present participle drenching, simple past and past participle drenched)

drenches (present singular third-person)
drenching (participle present)
drenched (participle past)
drenched (past)
drench (infinitive)

The verb is derived from Middle English drenchen, drench (“to drown; to flood, inundate; to consume (drink or food); to give (someone) a drink; to poison (someone) with a drink; to immerse, soak, drench; to descend, fall, sink; to penetrate, permeate; (figurative) to engulf, overwhelm”) [and other forms], from Old English drenċan (“to give (someone) a drink; to immerse, soak, drench”), from Proto-West Germanic *drankijan, from Proto-Germanic *drankijaną (“to cause (someone) to drink”), the causative of *drinkaną (“to drink”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to draw, pull; to gulp; to sip”). Doublet of drink (verb).
The noun is derived from the verb (sense 1.2).
Cognates
* Old High German trenchen (modern German tränken (“to give a drink; to water”))
* Old Norse drekkja, drenkja (Swedish dränka)
* Old Saxon dręnkian (Dutch drenke (“to get a drink”))

nb...

dreinche, dreinchen, drenche, drengen, drensche, drenshen, drinche, drynche

juottaa

to cause (someone) to drink; to provide (someone) with a drink; to administer a dose or draught of liquid medicine to (an animal), often by force

To cause (someone) to drink; to provide (someone) with a drink.

(specifically, veterinary medicine) To administer a dose or draught of liquid medicine to (an animal), often by force.


peroxisome

(cytology) An intracellular organelle found in all eukaryotes (except Archezoa) which is the source of the enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, and are responsible for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.


syntagma

en-noun

syntagma (plural syntagmata or syntagmas)

syntagmata (plural)
syntagmas (plural)
syntagm (alternative)

From Late Latin syntagma, from Ancient Greek σύνταγμα (súntagma, “orderly arrangement”), from συντάσσω (suntássō, “arrange together”, “to order”).

uder

(biology) An organized structural, functional unit of anatomical or chemical subunits: equivalent to "tagma", or a structure comprising several tagmata in various contexts.


dasyphyllous

From New Latin dasyphyllus (from Ancient Greek δασύς (dasús, “hairy, shaggy; dense”) + φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”)) + -ous.

der

dasyphyllous (Gr. dasus, hairy, rough; phullon, a leaf), woolly-leaved; syn. codio-, erio-phyllous.

[1899, R. L. Heinig, “dasyphyllous”, in Glossary of the Botanic Terms Used in Describing Flowering Plants, Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, →OCLC, page 26:

Therefore, the forest stands formed by the tree species that endure excessive moisture (the alder, dasyphyllous birch, and poplar) are dominant in the composition of forests.

2013 March, V. V. Furyaev, V. I. Zabolotskiy, S. D. Samsonenko, V. A. Chernykh, “Space-time Impact of Fire Events on Swamp-forest Ecosystems of the West Siberian Plain”, in Contemporary Problems of Ecology, volume 6, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 156–161:

However, compared to Masson pine needles, the waxy of camphor leaves showed thinner and more dasyphyllous.

2018 August, Jun Zhou, Zhangwei Wang, Xiaoshan Zhang, “Deposition and Fate of Mercury in Litterfall, Litter, and Soil in Coniferous and Broad‐Leaved Forests”, in Biogeosciences, volume 123, number 8, →DOI, pages 2590–2603:


parasitize

en-verb

parasitize (third-person singular simple present parasitizes, present participle parasitizing, simple past and past participle parasitized)

parasitizes (present singular third-person)
parasitizing (participle present)
parasitized (participle past)
parasitized (past)
parasitise (alternative)

(biology) To live on or in a host organism as a parasite.


nyctinasty

(botany) The movement of leaves or petals in response to darkness; the closing of a flower at night.

感受性

the movement of leaves or petals in response to darkness


recon

Contracted form of recombination + -on, coined by American molecular biologist Seymour Benzer in 1957 as " […] the smallest element in the one-dimensional array that is interchangeable (but not divisible) by genetic recombination."

coinage

(genetics) The smallest genetic unit that is capable of undergoing recombination.


PAH

phenylalanine hydroxylase
phenylalanine hydroxylase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of phenylalanine hydroxylase.


phoresy

phoresies (plural)
phoresis (alternative)

From French phorésie, from Ancient Greek φόρησις (phórēsis, “wearing, garment”), from φορέω (phoréō, “I wear, I bear”) + -σις (-sis, nominal suffix).

af

(zoology) An association between two organisms in which one (e.g. a mite) travels on the body of another, without being a parasite.


dinitrogenase

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dinitrogenase reductase

(biochemistry) One of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dinitrogen reductase

dinitrogenase reductase
dinitrogenase reductase


nitrogen fixer

(biochemistry) a plant or other organism which performs nitrogen fixation


centrifugal

From New Latin centrifugālis, coined by Christiaan Huygens from Latin centrum (“center”) + fugiō (“to flee”) + -al.

(botany) Expanding first at the summit, and later at the base, as a flower cluster.

(botany) Having the radicle turned toward the sides of the fruit, as some embryos.


nitrophilous

(botany, of a plant) Thriving in a habitat rich in nitrogen

(ecology, of a habitat) Rich in nitrogen


nitrous

From Middle French nitreux, and its source, Latin nitrōsus (“nitrose”). Doublet of nitroso. By surface analysis, nitro- + -ous.

(mycology, biology) Having a sharp odor like ammonia or nitric acid.


dioxygenase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dioxygenation reactions


photomorphogenesis

(biology) the regulatory effect of light on the growth, development and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs


photoperiodism

en-noun

photoperiodism (usually uncountable, plural photoperiodisms)

(biology) The growth, development and other responses of plants and animals according to the length of day and/or night.

fótathréimhseacht

biology: growth, development and other responses of plants and animals according to length of day and/or night


photoreception

photoreception (usually uncountable, plural photoreceptions)

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ɹɪˈsɛpʃn̩/

(biology) The absorption of light energy by plants and animals, and its utilization for biologically important purposes


photorespiration

(biology) The light-dependent release of carbon dioxide and uptake of oxygen in photosynthetic organisms as an unavoidable side reaction of photosynthesis.


phototropism

phototropism (countable and uncountable, plural phototropisms)

phototropisms (plural)
phototrophism (alternative)

(biology) The movement of a plant towards or away from light.

héliotropisme

biology: the movement of a plant towards or away from light


phycobilin

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting New Latin roots/stems referring to plants and bile. By surface analysis, phyco- + bilin = phyco- + bili- + -in, although according to American Heritage Dictionary, bilin was back-formed from phycobilin (as opposed to phycobilin being derived from bilin as surface analysis suggests).

(biochemistry) Any of a group of bilins (pigments derived from porphyrins) found in some photosynthetic algae; they are open-chain tetrapyrroles related to mammalian bile pigments.

international scientific vocabulary
phycobilin

ficobilina

highly coloured pigment found in photosynthetic algae


phytochrome

(biochemistry) Any of a class of pigments that control most photomorphogenic responses in higher plants


Bessie

(cryptozoology) Bessie, a lake monster supposed to exist in Lake Erie in the United States.


polygynandry

If you've never heard of polygynandry before, this isn't surprising because it is a very unusual mating system, found only in a tiny number of vertebrate species and in no other primates.

2016, David P. Barash, Out of Eden, Oxford, page 29:

(anthropology, zoology) A mating pattern involving multiple males and multiple females.


osteocalcin

osteocalcin (countable and uncountable, plural osteocalcins)

Comparison of the sequences of the various osteocalcins indicates that the central portion of the molecule is highly conserved.

1994, Hideaki Ogura, Pharmacological Approach to the Study of the Formation and the Resorption Mechanism of Hard Tissues, Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, page 134:

Osteocalcin has recently been identified as a bone-derived hormone with significant functional impacts on sex steroid production by the testis, completing the circle of mutual interdependence between the skeletal system and gonad (for reviews, see Refs 536–538).

2014, Lee B. Smith, William H. Walker, “16: Hormone Signaling in the Testis”, in Tony M. Plant, Anthony J. Zeleznik, editors, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 669:

Osteocalcin together with the other Gla-protein MGP belongs to a distinct subgroup of the larger vitamin K-dependent protein family, the constituents of which are primarily involved in blood coagulation.

2017, Olena V. Andrukhova, Reinhold G. Erben, “11: Kidney—Bone: Interaction”, in Susan Y. Smith, Aurore Varela, Rana Samadfam, editors, Bone Toxicology, Springer, page 349:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A protein, found in bone and dentin and manufactured by osteoblasts, that plays a role in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis.

ostéocalcine

protein found in bone and dentin, manufactured by osteoblasts


placentation

placentation (countable and uncountable, plural placentations)

Specialized hemophagous regions are a striking characteristic of some of these placentas yet absent in hyraxes, elephant shrews, and golden moles. It is possible that the common ancestor of the Afrotheria had an endotheliochorial placenta.

2004, “Placentation in species of phylogenetic importance: the Afrotheria”, in Animal Reproduction Science:

(biology) The local fusion of the embryonic stage of an animal to its parent for physiological exchange to promote the growth and development of the young; involves a placenta in non-egglaying mammals.

Parietal placentation occurs in the Brassicaceae family.

(botany) The manner in which the seeds are attached to the placenta within the ovary locules.


cline

John Ramsbottom (mycologist)
Julian Huxley
cline

From Ancient Greek κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to lean, incline”). Introduced by English evolutionary biologist and eugenicist Julian Huxley in 1938 after British mycologist John Ramsbottom suggested the term.

der

2000 Michael J. O'Brien and R. Lee Lyman: Applying Evolutionary Archaeology →ISBN
[A cline is a] character gradient, wherein a character such as length increases or decreases gradually and continuously. A cline distributed over geographic space is a "chorocline"; a cline distributed over time is a "chronocline." Compare with chorospecies and chronospecies. . .
Simpson termed the change through time a "chronocline", where a cline represents a character gradient. A chunk of a chronocline comprises a chronospecies. The difficulty with identifying a chronospecies resides, then, in first identifying a chronocline, or temporal gradient in a character or attribute. As pointed out by Kevin Padian, some characters "change more or less uniformly through time, but others change not at all, and still others vacillate with no clear trend. This is ... one reason to be suspicious of the evolutionary utility of clines: no criterion for identifying a cline seems to be in force. A cline is simply a gradient in character state along a continuum, and it may be broken, temporarily reversed, or stepped. Furthermore, there is no criterion for a cline's magnitude and no control on its probability."

2002 The Future of Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Recent studies have shown that invaders can rapidly adapt to the new environments in which they find themselves. Huey et al. demonstrated how an introduction of a new fruit fly into the west coast of North America resulted in the evolution, in only 20 years, of an apparently adaptive cline related to wing size, throughout the vast new latitudinal range extending from southern California to British Columbia. The cline that developed in North American female flies was similar to that found in the European native populations. Interestingly, the developmental basis for the cline of wing size was different in Europe than for the invader in North America, although the functional result was the same, providing additional evidence for the adaptive advantage of this set of traits.

2012 Donald W. Linzey. Vertebrate biology →ISBN
Subspecies of the song sparrow form a cline in body size, plumage coloration, and song characteristics. There is a dramatic difference in appearance between the small, pale Melospiza melodia saltonis subspecies of the southwestern desert region and the large, dark Aleutian subspecies, M. m. maxima. It seems unlikely that the desert-dwelling subspecies saltonis would easily breed with the large Alaskan subspecies maxima, even if the ranges of the two subspecies were to overlap in the future. If some catastrophe completely eliminated the central west coast populations of the song sparrow, the northern and southern ends of the cline would likely become two distinct species of sparrow.
Equus quagga is an extinct southern African mammal that resembled a zebra. . . Some observers considered it to be most closely related to the horse based on analyses of mainly cranial characters. Others thought it was a distinct species of zebra . . . Still others felt it was merely the southern end of a cline and a subspecies of the plains zebra. Both DNA and protein analyses of samples from quagga skin confirmed that it was, indeed, related to the plains zebra.
The deme is the ultimate systematic unit of species in nature. In some cases, a deme may correspond to a subspecies, but it is almost always a decidedly smaller group. Demes do not enter into classification, because they do not have long-continuing evolutionary roles and because adjacent demes often have no observable differentiation.
Demes often differ from one another in a geographic series of gradual changes. A gradual geographic shift in any one genetically controlled trait is known as a character cline. A series of samples from along a cline reveals a gradual shift in a particular character like body size, tail length, number of scales, or even intensity of coloration. Because such situations add to the difficulty of deciding the true phylogenetic relationships of populations, the experience and judgment of the systematist play an important role.

(systematics, evolution, biogeography) A gradation in a character or phenotype within a species, deme, or other systematic group.

systematics; evolution; systematics; evolution


anabolic steroid

en-noun

anabolic steroid (plural anabolic steroids)

(biochemistry, steroids) A class of steroid hormones that promote growth of tissue.

“anabole Steroide”)

anaboles Steroid n (often referred to in plural

anabol steroid

often referred to in plural: “anabola steroider”


oxyproline

oxyproline (countable and uncountable, plural oxyprolines)

(biochemistry) a lactam of glutamic acid


pinhead

pinheads (plural)
pin-head (alternative)
pin head (alternative)

(mycology) The immature juvenile fruiting body of a mushroom prior to its gills opening.


plasmon

(genetics) All the genetic material in an organism.


zoochore

(botany) A plant whose seeds, spores, or fruit are dispersed by animals.


pluripotent

As the embryo grows, ‘pluripotent’ stem cells appear, which are limited in their potency.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 99:

(biology) Able to develop into more than one mature cell or tissue type, but not all.


dimorphism

dimorphism (countable and uncountable, plural dimorphisms)

(biology) The occurrence within a plant of two distinct forms of any part.

dimorfisme

biology: occurrence of two distinct forms of any part

This is also done for Dizygopleura landesi Roth and Eukloedenella pontotocensis Lundin, new species, which illustrate domiciliar (kloedenellid) dimorphism.

1965, Robert F. Lundin, Bulletin - Issue 108, page 18:

(biology) The occurrence in an animal species of two distinct types of individual.

dimorfismus

biology: occurrence in an animal species of two distinct types of individual


activator

activators (plural)
activater (alternative)

continuous erythropoietin receptor activator

(biology) Any chemical or agent which regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription.

aktivator

that which speeds up enzyme transcription

(biology) A type of effector that increases the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions.


sodium pump

(biochemistry) The transport of sodium ions across biological membranes using the metabolic energy of ATP.

natriumpumppu

transport of sodium ions across membranes


caulescent

en-adj

caulescent (comparative more caulescent, superlative most caulescent)

more caulescent (comparative)
most caulescent (superlative)

(botany) having a well-developed stem above ground; with a trunk


trinucleotide

(genetics) a codon containing three nucleotides


en-noun

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (uncountable)

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(biochemistry) The phosphate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme important in fatty acid synthesis.


dinucleotide

(biochemistry) Any molecule consisting primarily of two nucleotide units


sustainability

sustainability (countable and uncountable, plural sustainabilities)

[səˌstæɪnəˈbɪlɪɾi]

(ecology) A means of configuring civilization and human activity so that society, its members and its economies are able to meet their needs and express their greatest potential in the present, while preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems, planning and acting for the ability to maintain these necessary resources for future generations.


phosphatase

phosphatase (countable and uncountable, plural phosphatases)

These results are in accordance with the observations of Pirani et al., who found that in normal pregnancy there was no correlation between serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase activity and crude baby weight or placental weight.

2018, A.S. Curry, Biochemistry of Women Methods, page 241:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze phosphate esters, and are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and phospholipids, and in the formation of bone.

磷酸酶

an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate esters


phospholipase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphate ester bonds of phospholipids.


commensal

From Middle English commensal, from Old French commensal, from Medieval Latin commensālis, from com- + mensa (“table”) + -ālis.

(ecology) Of a form of symbiosis in which one organism derives a benefit while the other is unaffected.


commensal

The tree did indeed grow right out of the algae, as I had seen from the lifeboat. There was not the least trace of soil. Either there was soil deeper down, or this species of tree was a remarkable instance of a commensal or a parasite.

2001, Yann Martel, Life of Pi, Canongate, published 2003, →ISBN, page 260:

(ecology) An organism partaking in a commensal relationship.


auxin

auxin (countable and uncountable, plural auxins)

From Ancient Greek αὐξάνειν (auxánein, “to grow”).

der

In Arabidopsis roots, cold stress may reduce shootward auxin transport and alter the intracellular auxin gradient.

2015 July 2, Yang Y-W, Chen H-C, Jen W-F, Liu L-Y, Chang M-C, “Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shoots and Roots of TNG67 and TCN1 Rice Seedlings under Cold Stress and Following Subsequent Recovery: Insights into Metabolic Pathways, Phytohormones, and Transcription Factors”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and cytokinins, during the proembryogenic early stages, and ethylene and gibberellic and abscisic acids later in the development of somatic embryos.

2015 August 18, Clelia De-la-Peña et al., “The role of chromatin modifications in somatic embryogenesis in plants”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

(botany, biochemistry) A class of plant growth substance (often called phytohormones or plant hormones) which play an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant life cycle.


constitutively

(biochemistry, of a metabolic process) at a constant rate regardless of physiological demand


scur

(veterinary) A distorted horn, regrown after the disbudding operation of a goat, sheep, or cow.


lignify

en-verb

lignify (third-person singular simple present lignifies, present participle lignifying, simple past and past participle lignified)

lignifies (present singular third-person)
lignifying (participle present)
lignified (participle past)
lignified (past)

(intransitive, botany) To develop woody tissue as a result of incrustation of lignin during secondary growth.


convolute

en-adj

convolute (comparative more convolute, superlative most convolute)

more convolute (comparative)
most convolute (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin convolūtum, past participle of convolvere (“to roll together”).

(botany, of a leaf) Coiled such that one edge is inside, and one outside the coil, giving a spiral effect in cross section.


papovavirus

(archaic, virology) Any of the former family Papovaviridae, now split into the Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae families, of viruses that cause papillomas or polyomas in animals.


diakinetic

(biology) of, relating to, or produced by diakinesis


dysgenic

dysgenic (comparative more dysgenic, superlative most dysgenic)

more dysgenic (comparative)
most dysgenic (superlative)

From dys- + -genic, produced from New Latin dys- from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) and γένος (génos, “offspring”).

(genetics, medicine) Of or relating to, or causing degeneration or deterioration in offspring.

(genetics, medicine) Of or relating to dysgenics.


protandry

(biology) The condition in which an organism begins life as a male and then changes into a female.

(botany) The condition of flowers whose male parts mature before the female ones.

(ecology) The emergence of males before females from dormancy, or more rapid development of male brood leading to their appearance earlier in a season.


protogyny

(biology) The condition in which an organism begins life as a female and then changes into a male.

(botany) The condition of flowers whose female parts mature before the male ones.

(ecology) The emergence of females before males from dormancy, or more rapid development of female brood leading to their appearance earlier in a season.


crampon

(botany) An aerial rootlet for support in climbing, as of ivy.


congenic

(genetics) (of different strains of an organism) That are genetically identical except for a variation in a limited genetic region or locus


DNA sequence

(genetics) The string of base pairs (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) which, when arranged in triplets to form codons, create a DNA string which encodes polypeptides.


buttress

buttresses (plural)
buttrice (alternative)

From Old French ars bouterez (noun, literally “supporting arcs”), from bouterez (adj), oblique plural of bouteret (rare in the singular), from Frankish *bôtan, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną (“to push”). Ultimately cognate with beat.


fragmentation

en-noun

fragmentation (countable and uncountable, plural fragmentations)

asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction

(biology) A form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism splits into one or more pieces. Those pieces then become new individuals.


doodlebug

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-doodlebug.wav

(entomology) An antlion larva (Myrmeleontidae).

(entomology, UK) A cockchafer (genus Melolontha).

Common names for woodlice vary throughout the English-speaking world. They include roly-poly, pill bug (usually applied only to the genus Armadillidium), sow bug, doodle bug, carpenter (Newfoundland),[…] cheesybug (Kent), and cheeselog.

2018 June 25, “Pillbugs”, in Niles Biological, Inc.:


baldie

The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States. Plus the bird is endangered. So, yeah, I'd probably have a problem with sitting down to a plate of baldie for dinner.

1999 August 15, Staca Hiatt, “Re: Anyone ever tried emu?”, in alt.support.diet.low-fat (Usenet):

They are almost always accompanied by immature bald eagles that, although about the same size as a mature baldie, have a darkened head and mottled feathers.

2010, Bruce Squiers, “Winter's Majesty”, in Marty Becker, Gina Spadafori, Mikkel Becker Shannon, editors, The Ultimate Bird Lover: Stories and Advice on Our Feathered Friends at Home and in the Wild, Health Communications, Inc., →ISBN, page 161:

Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Haliaeetus leucocephalus#Translingual

(birdwatching, slang) A bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).


hot-blooded

en-adj

hot-blooded (comparative more hot-blooded or hotter-blooded, superlative most hot-blooded or hottest-blooded)

more hot-blooded (comparative)
hotter-blooded (comparative)
most hot-blooded (superlative)
hottest-blooded (superlative)
hotblooded (alternative)

For my own part, judging from experiments ranging from the cold-blooded to the hottest-blooded animals—from the alligator to the common fowl—I am constrained to say, that after decapitation, the sensational phenomena and voluntary motion are far more strongly indicated in the headless body, than in the separated head.

1851 June, Bennet Dowler, Experimental Researches, Illustrative of the Functional Oneness, Unity, and Diffusion, of Nervous Action; in Opposition to the Anatomical Assumption, of Four Sets of Nerves, and a Fourfold Set of Functions, and Transmitted Impressions; […], New Orleans, La.: […] Joseph Cohn, […], pages 16–17:

By taking little or no exercise, in passing most of the time in sleep, and residing in a tropical climate, or in a temperate one during the hottest summer months, while the experiment lasts, it will be found that the system needs but little food, the waste of the tissues being reduced to a minimum, and there being but little need for the heat produced on account of the high temperature of the surroundings. By living in this way, man can transform himself almost into a cold-blooded or hot-blooded hibernating animal.

1887, Henry C[adwalader] Chapman, “Food”, in Treatise on Human Physiology. For the Use of Students and Practitioners of Medicine., Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea Brothers & Co., page 85:

Most hot-blooded animals cannot sweat as we do to get rid of excess body heat, so big “radiator” ears are a common desert adaptation.

1992, Diana Kappel-Smith, Desert Time: A Journey Through the American Southwest, Tucson, Ariz.: The University of Arizona Press, →ISBN, page 109:


chlorosis

en-noun

chlorosis (countable and uncountable, plural chloroses)

From international scientific vocabulary, from New Latin; by surface analysis, chlor- + -osis, where chlor- in this instance refers to pale yellow-green colorations and not to chlorine.

Chlorosis (medicine)
Chlorosis (plant disorder)

jaundice

also involves pale and yellowish complexions

en:yellowing of plants from chlorophyll disturbances

(botany, phytopathology, uncountable) A yellowing of plant tissue due to loss or absence of chlorophyll.


heteronomous

en-adj

heteronomous (comparative more heteronomous, superlative most heteronomous)

more heteronomous (comparative)
most heteronomous (superlative)

/ˌhɛtəˈɹɒnəməs/

(biology, of parts of an organism) Differing in development or in specialization.


aphyllous

19th century, from New Latin aphyllus, from Ancient Greek ἄφυλλος (áphullos, “leafless”) (ἀ- (a-) + φύλλον (phúllon)).


guanylic acid

guanosine monophosphate
guanosine monophosphate

(biochemistry) the nucleotide guanosine monophosphate formed during protein synthesis


guanylate

From guanylic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of guanylic acid; the salts are used as flavour enhancers.


inosinic acid

(biochemistry) a nucleotide, inosine phosphate, found in muscle tissue


ching

en-noun

ching (countable and uncountable, plural chings)

(zoology) A high-pitched mating call made by the male kakapo.


ching

en-verb

ching (third-person singular simple present chings, present participle chinging, simple past and past participle chinged)

chings (present singular third-person)
chinging (participle present)
chinged (participle past)
chinged (past)

(zoology, intransitive) Of the male kakapo: to make its high-pitched mating call.


globose

en-adj

globose (comparative more globose, superlative most globose)

more globose (comparative)
most globose (superlative)
globous (alternative)

From Latin globosus (“round as a ball, spherical, globular”).

uder

(anatomy or botany) Having a globular form.


specific epithet

en-noun

specific epithet (plural specific epithets)

Holonyms: species name (the binomial unit), binominal name, binomial name

(taxonomy) The second (uncapitalized) word in the scientific name of a species, following the name of the genus.

種名 /种名

(taxonomy) second word in the scientific name of a species


TR

thioredoxin reductase
w:thioredoxin reductase

(biochemistry) Initialism of thioredoxin reductase.


parvclass

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below infraclass and above order.


regulator

(genetics) A gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.


LAMP

LAMP (countable and uncountable, plural LAMPs)

(genetics) Acronym of loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

(cytology) Acronym of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein.


papain

papain (countable and uncountable, plural papains)

Attested since the late 1800s. From papaya + -in.

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme in papaya fruit which can be used to tenderize meat.


whorl

(botany) A circle of three or more leaves, flowers, or other organs, about the same part or joint of a stem.

венче

circle of three or more leaves, flowers, or other organs.

(zoology) A volution, or turn, of the spire of a univalve shell.


ALP

alkaline phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of alkaline phosphatase.


dehiscent

en-adj

dehiscent (comparative more dehiscent, superlative most dehiscent)

more dehiscent (comparative)
most dehiscent (superlative)

From Latin dehiscentem, present participle of dehiscō (“I divide, split open, gape”), from hiscō (“I yawn, gape”).

(botany) Which dehisces or presents dehiscence


decussate

decussate (comparative more decussate, superlative most decussate)

more decussate (comparative)
most decussate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin decussātus from decussāre (“to divide crosswise, arrange crosswise or mark with a cross”), from decussis (“a 10 asses coin”), from decem (“ten”) + as (“a Roman coin”). Based on the cross marking on the decussis coin.

(zoology) Having anatomical structures or markings crossing each other, typically in an X shape or at right angles.

Juniperites, ju-ne-per-i′tis, s[ubstantive]. A genus of fossil plants, in which the branches are ranged irregularly; leaves short, obtuse, inserted by a broad base, opposite, decussate, and arranged in four rows.

1849, John Craig, “Juniperites”, in A New Universal Etymological, Technological, and Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, Embracing All the Terms Used in Art, Science, and Literature, volumes II (Jac–Zyt), London: Published (for the proprietors,) by Henry George Collins, 22 Paternoster Row, →OCLC, page 15:

(botany) Having opposite leaves arranged alternately at right angles.


biogeography

en-noun

biogeography (countable and uncountable, plural biogeographies)

(biology, geography, uncountable) The study of the geographical distribution of living things.

biogeografie

study of geographical distribution of living things

First, any international traveler knows that many pathogenic microbes, both viral and bacterial, have distinct biogeographies.

2004, Brian P. Hedlund, James T. Staley, “Microbial Endemism and Biogeography”, in Alan T. Bull, editor, Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting, →ISBN, page 225:

(biology, geography, countable) The geographical distribution of a particular living thing.


pachysandra

From the New Latin genus name, equivalent to English pachy-, from Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús) [Term?].

(botany) A genus, Pachysandra, of four or five species of evergreen shrubs or subshrubs, belonging to the boxwood family, Buxaceae, used ornamentally as groundcover.


hygroscopic

en-adj

hygroscopic (comparative more hygroscopic, superlative most hygroscopic)

more hygroscopic (comparative)
most hygroscopic (superlative)

The tissues of Ralfsia are dense and the cells are extremely hygroscopic. The plants may become almost crisp dry in the sun, yet remain alive and continue growth with the first splash of the incoming tide.

1966, E. Yale Dawson, Seashore Plants of Southern Califonria, 3rd printing, Berkley: University of California Press, published 1975, →ISBN, →LCCN, pages 23–24:

All fertilizers tested are drillable at relative humidities below 50 per cent, but no fertilizer remains drillable when exposed to a humidity above its hygroscopic point.

1930, Experiment Station Record - Volume 63, page 582:

(physical chemistry, botany) Readily taking up and retaining water, especially from the atmosphere.


invaginate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-invaginate.wav

From Medieval Latin invāgīnātus, past participle of Medieval Latin invāgīnāre, from in- + vāgīna (“sheath”).

(biology) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion.


autotroph

/ˈɔːtə(ʊ)tɹəʊf/

/ˈɔtəˌtɹoʊf/

From auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 27, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(ecology) Any organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy.

独立栄養生物

どくりつえいようせいぶつ


aptamer

From Latin aptus (“apt, proper”) + -mer (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part, portion”); compare mero-).

uder

Aptamers are oligomers of RNA or DNA that spontaneously fold into specific three-dimensional shapes that can bind defined targets. The specificity of the shape of the binding site arises from the base sequence of the aptamer, which determines the base-pairing pattern of the oligomer.

2005, (US) National Research Council, Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks, page 117:

2009, Corinne Ravelet, Eric Peyrin, Chapter 10: Aptamers in Affinity Separations: Stationary Separation, Yingfu Li, Yi Lu (editors), Functional Nucleic Acids for Analytical Applications, page 271,
The use of DNA or RNA aptamers as tools in analytical chemistry is a very promising field of research because of their capabilities to bind specifically the target molecules with an affinity similar to that of antibodies.

The field of aptamer research is also more targeted, with many more catalytic aptamers being examined rather than for binding alone.

2010, Dabid Loakes, “Nucleotides an Nucleic Acids; Oligo- and Polynucleotides”, in D. W. Allen, J. C. Tebby, John C. Tebby, David Loakes, editors, Organophosphorus Chemistry, page 144:

2015, Caroli J et al, "APTANI: a computational tool to select aptamers through sequence-structure motif analysis of HT-SELEX data", Bioinformatics, 32 (2): 161-164, "3 Results".
To test APTANI performances and validate its findings, we analyzed a sequence library corresponding to an HT-SELEX experiment designed to isolate aptamers specific for murine IL4Ra (Roth et al., 2012).

(biochemistry, genetics) Any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein, selected from a large random sequence-pool, used to bind to a specific target molecule.

aptameeri

any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein used to bind to a specific target molecule


cornstalk

Holonym: cornfield

Comeronyms: corncob, cornhusk, ear, kernel

As we all know, witches ride through the air on a broom, but sometimes their means of locomotion was a bulrush, a branch of thorn, mullein stalks, cornstalk, or ragweed, called fairies' horse in Ireland.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 267:

(botany) The tough, fibrous stalk of a corn (maize) plant, often ground for silage after harvest.

tarmu

the tough, fibrous stalk of a corn (maize) plant

(botany) A single specimen of a corn plant once past the seedling stage and which may, at maturity, bear multiple ears of corn.


aad

alloxazine adenine dinucleotide
alloxazine adenine dinucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of alloxazine adenine dinucleotide.


prickle

(botany) On various plants, such as roses and Vachellia, sharp, hard extensions of the cortex and epidermis, informally called "thorns" in colloquial speech.


frameshift mutation

en-noun

frameshift mutation (countable and uncountable, plural frameshift mutations)

(genetics) A genetic mutation that either inserts or deletes a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three (i.e., a non-integer number of codons), altering the reading frame of the portion of the gene downstream of the mutation and causing it to code for a completely different protein sequence.


acoel

From group name Acoela, from Ancient Greek ἄκοιλος (ákoilos, “not hollow”).

der

Acoels have no brain or ganglia but a network of nerves beneath the skin that is slightly more concentrated towards the front end.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 89:

(zoology) A member of the Acoela group of marine flatworms, which lack a digestive cavity with definite walls.


paedophage

(zoology) An organism that eats or consumes the young of other species.


parallelism

en-noun

parallelism (countable and uncountable, plural parallelisms)

From parallel + -ism and from Late Latin parallelismus.

(biology) Similarity of features between two species resulting from their having taken similar evolutionary paths following their initial divergence from a common ancestor.


subsection

(taxonomy, zoology) An informal taxonomic category below section and above family.

(taxonomy, botany) A taxonomic rank below section and above species.


flagellum

flagellum (plural flagella or flagellums or (proscribed) flagellae)

flagella (plural)
flagellums (plural)
flagellae (plural proscribed)

From Latin flagellum (“whip”), diminutive of flagrum, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlag- (“to strike”).

der

(biology) In protists, a long, whiplike membrane-enclosed organelle used for locomotion or feeding.

(biology) In bacteria, a long, whiplike proteinaceous appendage, used for locomotion.


GHB

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) Initialism of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, often used as a date rape drug.


ramus

(biology) A branching, as of nerves or blood vessels.

(ornithology) The stem of a barb of a feather, from which the barbules extend.


honey plant

honey plants (plural)
honey-plant (alternative)

HOYA CORIACEA. Thick leaved Hoya. […] Those of our readers unacquainted with the genus will, perhaps, understand us better by saying, that this is a kind of honey plant, familiar to most persons, with its waxy white flowers, and often grown in windows. The Hoya coriacea appears to be a thicker foliaged plant, stronger in its stem, and perhaps less inclined to become a twiner or creeper than the common honey plant.

1839 May, “Notices of New Plants”, in Robert Marnock, editor, The Floricultural Magazine, and Miscellany of Gardening, volume III, number XXXVI, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., […]; Sheffield, South Yorkshire: G. Ridge, page 286:

Hoya carnosa (Thick-leaved).—Foliage large, flowers in large drooping corymbs; they are of a pinkish-white colour, and contain, or rather yield, drops of pure sweet honey; hence this fine old plant is known as the Honey plant.

1855 June 5, T. Appleby, “Plants for Baskets”, in George W. Johnson, Robert Hogg, editors, The Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman’s Companion: A Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany, and Natural History, volume XIV, number CCCXLIX, London: Published for the proprietors, […], →OCLC, page 161, column 2:

The flowers [of the Hoya carnosa] are produced in umbels on short stems sometimes as many as a dozen on a stem; in the centre of each flower there is, as it were, a drop of thick liquid distilled, which if tasted has the luscious flavor of honey; hence the plant in England and Scotland goes under the name of Honey Plant; but quite the reverse in this country, where it is called Wax Plant.

1875 August, Roderick Campbell, “Hoya”, in Thomas Meehan, editor, The Gardener’s Monthly: Devoted to Horticulture, Arboriculture & Rural Affairs, volume XVII (Old Series; volume VIII (New Series)), number 8, Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, publisher, […], page 234, column 1:

Hoya carnosa (honey-plant). Although this is a hot-house plant it can be grown in the window of the sitting-room, and I have grown and flowered it exceedingly well in an ordinary greenhouse; […]

1876, Samuel Wood, “Division III. The Flower Garden.”, in A Plain Guide to Good Gardening: Or How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers: […], 2nd edition, London: Crosby Lockwood & Co., […], →OCLC, book I (Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower Gardens), section 6 (Window Gardening), page 130:

Hoya imperialis […] Honey plant.

2006, “House Plants”, in Dennis R. Pittenger, editor, Retail Garden Center Manual (University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication; 3492), Oakland, Calif.: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services, →ISBN, table 4.3 (Plants for Specific Indoor Gardening Uses), page 66:

(botany) The name of a number of not closely related plants.

A plant of the genus Hoya, especially the porcelainflower or waxplant (Hoya carnosa) from the tendency for excess nectar to drip from its flowers.

Honey-plant [Melissa officinalis L[innaeus] [i.e., Carl Linnaeus] (family Lamiaceae)] contains a very low concentration of essential oil in leaves (0.02–0.2 vol%).

2003, Stjepan Pepeljnjak, Ivan Kosalec, Zdenka Kalodera, Danica Kuštrak, “Natural Antimycotics from Croatian Plants”, in Mahendra Rai, Donatella Mares, editors, Plant-derived Antimycotics: Current Trends and Future Prospects, Binghamton, N.Y.: Food Products Press, The Haworth Press, →ISBN, page 66:

Honey plant [Honey-plant] – Melissa officinalis L., […]

2015, “H”, in Elaine Nowick, compiler, Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants, with Scientific Names Index, volume 1 (Common Names), Lincoln, Neb.: Zea Books, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries, →ISBN, page 195:

Melissa officinalis
Melissa officinalis#Translingual

A plant of the genus Melissa, especially lemon balm (Melissa officinalis).

English name: Honey Plant […] Species and varieties: Ammi majus L. […]

2004, Azhar Ali Farooqi, B. S. Sreeramu, “Medicinal Crops [Honey Plant]”, in Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, revised edition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India: Universities Press (India), →ISBN, page 156:

Ammi majus Linnaeus […] in English: bishop's flower, bishop's weed, bullwort, crow's foot, devil's carrot, false Queen Anne's lace, greater ammi, herb william, honey plant, lace flower, large bulwort, mayweed, Queen Anne's lace, toothpick ammi

2012, Umberto Quattrocchi, “Ammi L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)”, in CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: […], Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 244, column 2:

false Queen Anne's lace
false Queen Anne's lace

Bishop's weed or false Queen Anne's lace (Ammi majus).

isosudenporkkana

Ammi majus — see also false Queen Anne's lace


radiation biology

(physics, biology) The study of the effect of ionizing and nonionizing radiation on biological systems.


cryptozoologist

From crypto- + zoologist or cryptozoology + -ist.

(cryptozoology) One who studies cryptozoology.


cystine

en-noun

cystine (countable and uncountable, plural cystines)

From Ancient Greek κύστις (kústis, “bladder”), where it was found.

uder

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine; it contains two cysteine residues linked by a disulfide bond.


papilla

Borrowed from Latin papilla (“a nipple, teat”).

(botany) A small fleshy projection on a plant.


internode

(botany) A section of stem between two stem nodes.


sweating

en-noun

sweating (countable and uncountable, plural sweatings)

From Middle English sweting, swetynge, equivalent to sweat + -ing (gerund ending).


volute

From French volute, from Italian voluta, from Latin volūta, from the feminine of volūtus, perfect passive participle of volvō. Doublet of vault.

(zoology) The spirals or whorls on a gastropod's shell.

Common shells include frog-shells, distorsios, volutes, tulips, murex, cones, olives, marginellas, cowries, augers and the Florida horse conch, the state's official shell, which can grow up to 24in (6 1 cm) long.

2002, Don Philpott, Florida: Gulf Coast, page 16:

(zoology) Any marine gastropod of the family Volutidae.


murine

From Latin stem, mur-, of mus (“mouse”) + -ine.


AMP

AMP (countable and uncountable, plural AMPs)

adenosine monophosphate
adenosine monophosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosine monophosphate.

antimicrobial peptide
antimicrobial peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of antimicrobial peptide.


adenosine monophosphate

adenosine monophosphate (plural adenosine monophosphates)

adenosine monophosphates (plural)
AMP (abbreviation)

adenosine diphosphate
adenosine diphosphate

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide, found in all animal muscle cells, reversibly convertible to adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate.


vitamin A

(biochemistry) Any of several closely related fat-soluble vitamins that are essential for normal vision; retinol.

فِيتَامِين أَلِف

any fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision


vitamin A acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) Synonym of retinoic acid


vitamin B

(biochemistry) Any member of the vitamin B complex.


retinol

retinol (countable and uncountable, plural retinols)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A fat-soluble carotenoid vitamin (vitamin A), present in fish oils and green vegetables, essential to normal vision and to bone development.


stigmatic

en-adj

stigmatic (comparative more stigmatic, superlative most stigmatic)

more stigmatic (comparative)
most stigmatic (superlative)

(botany, anatomy) Having a stigma or stigmata.


tibiiform

(mycology) Of a cystidium: almost ventricose and having a long narrow neck with an apex that is swollen into a knob, like a tibia bone.


vitamin B3

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) niacin


vitamin B12

(biochemistry) The compound cobalamin or cyanocobalamin.


biotin

en-noun

biotin (countable and uncountable, plural biotins)

Borrowed from German Biotin, from Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos, “life”) + the suffix -in.

(biochemistry) A sulfur-containing member of the vitamin B complex, 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid, found in liver, egg yolk, milk, and yeast, essential to the activity of multiple enzyme systems.


cyanocobalamin

cyanocobalamin (usually uncountable, plural cyanocobalamins)

The cyanocobalamin molecule contains the element cobalt (Co). Cattle and sheep grazing areas deficient in this element develop vitamin B12 deficiency, as the rumen microorganisms are then unable to manufacture the vitamin.

2013, David Frape, Equine Nutrition and Feeding, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A synthetic form of vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).


vitamin D

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-vitamin D.wav

From vitamin + D (“4th letter”). From being the fourth vitamin discovered. Coined in 1922 by Elmer McCollum, who discovered the vitamin.

(biochemistry) Any of a number of fat-soluble vitamins, required for normal bone development and that prevents rickets; can be manufactured in the skin on exposure to sunlight.


vitamin D1

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol and lumisterol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D2

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol or calciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D3

(biochemistry) Cholecalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D4

(biochemistry) Dihydroergocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D5

(biochemistry) Sitocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


heterogenous

(genetics) derived from a different individual or species


norovirus

/ˈnɒɹə(ʊ)vaɪɹəs/

The norovirus causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramping.

(virology) Norovirus, the genus of Norwalk virus, which causes gastric distress in humans.


laccase

Higushi (54) reported on mushroom phenol oxidase prepared by the method of Freudenberg and its use for oxidation of coniferyl alcohol and related compounds and demonstrated that the enzyme product was a mixture of tyrosinase and laccase.

1962, Forest Products Journal, volume 12, page 142:

(biochemistry) Any of several copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in plants and microorganisms.


dehiscence

dehiscence (countable and uncountable, plural dehiscences)

From New Latin dehiscentia (in Linnaeus), from Latin dehiscentem, present participle of dehiscō. By surface analysis, dehisce + -ence.

(botany) Opening of an organ by its own means (such as an anther or a seed pod) to release its contents.

dehiszentzia

(botany) opening of an organ by its own means


lignum

(botany) Dead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens.


loculus

(zoology) One of the spaces between the septa in the Anthozoa.

(botany) One of the compartments of a several-celled ovary; loculament.


allometry

/ˈæləˌmɛtɹɪ/

Some organs may grow faster than the rest of the body so that their size increases not only in absolute terms, but also relatively to the rest of the body, which is positive allometry; or they may grow more slowly than the rest of the body, and so decrease in relative size, which is negative allometry.

1983 May 5, Paul Harvey, Tim Clutton-Brock, “The Survival of the Theory”, in New Scientist, volume 98, number 1356, London: New Science Publications, →ISSN, page 313:

(biology) Disproportionate growth of a part of a living organism in relation to the whole.

alometria

disproportionate growth of a part of a living organism in relation to the whole

(biology) The science studying the differential growth rates of the parts of a living organism.

异速生长

the science studying the differential growth rates of body parts


silverback

(mammalogy) A mature male gorilla, so named from the silver streaking on its back.


multiple allelism

(genetics) The state of having three or more alleles, or distinctive forms of a gene.


protease

/ˈpɹəʊtɪeɪz/

As a matter of fact the casein protease digests boiled and coagulated serum far more easily than unboiled serum, as set forth by the following experiments.

1903 November 2, S. G. Hedin, “On the presence of a proteolytic enzyme in the normal serum of the ox”, in The Journal of Physiology, volume 30, number 2, page 195:

All were tested for their ability to clot milk and to hydrolyze denatured hemoglobin, egg albumin, protamine (salmon), histone (calf thymus), and benzoyl-l-arginineamide. In no case was any trace of protease activity detected.

1948 September 20, Margaret R. McDonald, “A method for the preparation of "protease-free" crystalline ribonuclease”, in Journal of General Physiology, volume 32, number 1, page 39:

For our purposes, it is sufficient to note that dysregulation of desquamatory protease activity in the SC is often involved in conditions of compromised skin barrier.

2015, Raja Sivamani, Jared R. Jagdeo, Peter Elsner, Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that cuts or cleaves proteins.

蛋白質分解酵素

たんぱくしつぶんかいこうそ


exaptation

exaptation (countable and uncountable, plural exaptations)

Elisabeth Vrba
Stephen Jay Gould
exaptation

Blend of ex- + adaptation. Coined 1982 by palaeontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Elisabeth Vrba to avoid the perceived teleological baggage of the existing term preadaptation.

Birds initially developed wings and feathers as a means of heat regulation. The use of wings for flight is an example of exaptation.

I believe that Stephen Gould and Elizabeth Vrba were correct in proposing exaptation as a missing term in evolutionary biology. I want to make a distinction between adaptation and exaptation here. Again it is about mechanistic differences. An exaptation can be viewed as the acquisition of a new and useful function once the novelty has spread and once the environment has changed.

2000, Gabriel A. Dover, Dear Mr. Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature, University of California Press, page 226:

These presumed exaptations can be assigned to major categories associated with theories of movement (Nathan et al. 2008). In table 1.2, we list five categories of exaptations that we believe make resident birds possessing them preadapted for migration.

2013, John H. Rappole, The Avian Migrant: The Biology of Bird Migration, Columbia University Press, page 22:

An interesting consequence of this way of characterizing exaptations is that whether or not a trait counts as an exaptation depends upon how we describe it. Human legs are adaptations for locomotion, but exaptations for walking.

2013, Heather Dyke, James MacLaurin, “30: Evolutionary Explanations of Temporal Experience”, in Adrian Bardon, Heather Dyke, editors, A Companion to the Philosophy of Time, Paperback edition, Wiley, published 2016, page 522:

(biology, evolutionary theory) The use of a biological structure or function for a purpose other than that for which it initially evolved.


receptive

en-adj

receptive (comparative more receptive, superlative most receptive)

more receptive (comparative)
most receptive (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-receptive.wav

From Late Middle English receptive, receptyue (“capable of receiving something; acting as a receptacle”), borrowed from Medieval Latin receptivus (“capable of receiving something”), from Latin receptus (“retaken, having been retaken; received, having been received”) + -īvus (suffix added to the perfect passive participial stems of verbs, forming a deverbal adjective meaning ‘doing; related to doing’). Receptus is the perfect passive participle of recipiō (“to regain possession, take back; to recapture; to receive; to accept, undertake”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards; again’) + capiō (“to capture, catch, take; to take hold, take possession; to take on; to contain, hold; to occupy; to possess; to receive, take in; to comprehend, understand; to captivate, charm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-, *keh₂p- (“to hold; to seize”)).

der

(botany) Of a female flower or gynoecium: ready for reproduction; fertile.

(zoology) Of a female animal (especially a mammal): prepared to mate; in heat, in oestrus.

разгонена

of a female animal: prepared to mate — see also in heat


mesoblastic

en-adj

mesoblastic (comparative more mesoblastic, superlative most mesoblastic)

more mesoblastic (comparative)
most mesoblastic (superlative)

(biology) of, relating to, or resembling the mesoblast


mesoblast

(biology) the middle, germinal layer of undifferentiated cells of an early embryo; it becomes the mesoderm


metagenesis

en-noun

metagenesis (usually uncountable, plural metageneses)

/ˌmɛtəˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

(biology) The production of sexual and asexual organisms in alternate generations.


metaplasia

metaplasia (countable and uncountable, plural metaplasias)

(biology) The conversion of one type of tissue into another.


scabrous

en-adj

scabrous (comparative more scabrous, superlative most scabrous)

more scabrous (comparative)
most scabrous (superlative)

From Latin scaber (“scabrous, rough; scabby, mangy, itchy”) (from scabō (“to scratch, scrape, abrade”), from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to scratch”)) + English -ous; compare French scabreux, Late Latin scabrōsus.


coxy

Phonetic respelling of a clipping of coccidiosis.

Now your laying birds, too, can have protection against cecal coccidiosis. AMPROL* SOLUTION can be safely given to all chickens at the first sign of coxy or when a diagnosis of coccidiosis has been made.

1967, Canadian Poultry Review, volume 91, page 6:

(veterinary medicine, informal) Coccidiosis.


polarity

en-noun

polarity (countable and uncountable, plural polarities)

polaritat

chemistry: dipole-dipole intermolecular force

(microbiology) Spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. ᵂᵖ


mirabilis

From the genus name, from Latin mīrābilis. Doublet of mirable.

(botany) Any of the plant genus Mirabilis; a four-o'clock.


mobilization

mobilization (countable and uncountable, plural mobilizations)

mobilizations (plural)
mobilisation (alternative)

From French mobilisation or mobilize + -ation.

(genetics) The transport of a copy of a gene from one chromosome, or one organism to another.


monadic

From Ancient Greek μοναδικός (monadikós, “single”), from μονάς (monás, “a unit”); see monad. By surface analysis, monad + -ic.

uder

(biology) of or relating to the Monas genus of microorganisms


monomorphism

(biology) the absence of sexual dimorphism


mushroom body

From mushroom + body, after German pilzhutförmiger Körper.

In fruit flies the cyclic AMP system seems to be especially active in brain regions called mushroom bodies, toadstool-shaped extrusions of neurons in the fruit fly brain.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 226:

(entomology) Either of a pair of structures in the brains of insects and some other arthropods thought to be involved in learning and memory.


myo-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “mouse; muscle”).

der

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary


virginal

en-adj

virginal (comparative more virginal, superlative most virginal)

more virginal (comparative)
most virginal (superlative)

/ˈvɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒɪnəl/

From Middle English virginal, from Middle French virginal, from Latin virginālis. The musical instrument is probably so called from being played by young girls.


endorphin

Borrowed from French endorphine, from endo(gène) (“endogenous, produced within”) and morphine.

The explanation for the depression-reducing effects of exercise that clearly has been the most popular with the media is the endorphin hypothesis (see Hoffmann, 1997), which has also been discussed as a possible explanation in nearly every exercise-depression literature review.

2019, Curt L. Lox, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, Heather L. Gainforth, Steven J. Petruzzello, The Psychology of Exercise: Integrating Theory and Practice, Routledge, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of peptide hormones found in the mammalian brain that act as neurotransmitters and have properties similar to morphine.


protoplast

From Middle French prothoplaste, and its source Late Latin protoplastus, from Hellenistic Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos, “first-formed”), from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-) + πλαστός (plastós, “formed, moulded”).

uder

πρωτόπλαστος


panne

en-noun

panne (countable and uncountable, plural pannes)

Borrowed from French panne. Doublet of pen, penna, and pinna.

(ecology) A wetland consisting of a small depression, with or without standing water, often in a salt marsh or other coastal wetland.


paralogue

paralogues (plural)
paralog (alternative)

(genetics) A pair of genes that derives from the same ancestral gene and now reside at different locations within the same genome.


dry rot

dryrot (alternative)
dry-rot (alternative)

(phytopathology) A fungal infection which affects plants, in particular potatoes.


pennaceous

en-adj

pennaceous (comparative more pennaceous, superlative most pennaceous)

more pennaceous (comparative)
most pennaceous (superlative)

(ornithology) having the structure of a normal feather


phytology

en-noun

phytology (usually uncountable, plural phytologies)


polygenic

A risk score based on multiple genetic differences, or polygenic risk score, predicted significantly more cases of early-onset heart disease than standard tests for single genetic defects, according to new research in the American Heart Association’s journal Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine.

2018, American Heart Association, “Multi-gene Test Predicts Early Heart Disease Risk”, in Drug Discovery & Development:

(genetics) controlled by the interaction of more than one gene


proteolytic

desc

протеоли́тик

→ Russian: протеоли́тик (proteolítik)

A recent study focused on the enzymatic and cytotoxic functions of jellyfish metalloproteases and identified diverse proteolytic effects including gelatinolytic, caseinolytic, and fibrinolytic activities.

2015 June 18, Mahdokht Jouiaei et al., “Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins”, in Toxins, volume 7, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or promoting proteolysis.

protéolytique

of, relating to, or promoting proteolysis


proteolysis

en-noun

proteolysis (countable and uncountable, plural proteolyses)

(biochemistry) The hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids, especially as part of the digestion of food.


pseudogamy

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudogamy.wav

(botany) any reproductive process that requires pollination but does not involve male inheritance.

(botany) a type of agamospermy in which the endosperm is fertilized but the embryo is not.


anthropomorphology

(biology) The study of human morphology.


recombine

en-verb

recombine (third-person singular simple present recombines, present participle recombining, simple past and past participle recombined)

recombines (present singular third-person)
recombining (participle present)
recombined (participle past)
recombined (past)

(genetics, ambitransitive) To combine again, especially to reassemble the parts of something previously taken apart in a different manner.

(genetics, intransitive) To undergo recombination.


trematode

From translingual Trematoda, from Ancient Greek τρημᾰτώδης (trēmătṓdēs, “having a vent to the intestinal canal”), from τρῆμᾰ (trêmă, “perforation, aperture”) + -ώδης (-ṓdēs, “full of, -like”).

af

He passed under the last of the bridges and around the bend in the river, through peaceful farmland, high fields tilted on the slopes and rich turned earth in patches of black corrugation among the greening purlieus and small cultivated orchards like scenes of plenitude from picturebooks suddenly pasted over the waste he was a familiar of, the river like a giant trematode curling down out of the city, welling heavy and septic past these fine homes on the north shore.

1979, Cormac McCarthy, Suttree, Random House, page 119:

(zoology) a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda


reduviid

Borrowed from translingual Reduviidae, from Reduvius (genus name) + -idae (taxonomic suffix), from Latin reduvia (“a remainder, remnant, fragment”), describing the habit of the nymph of Reduvius personatus camouflaging itself with small pieces of debris.

der

(entomology) of, relating to, or characteristic of the family Reduviidae


reduviid

(entomology) any member of the Reduviidae family of insects, which comprises predatory and blood-sucking bugs, including the vectors of Chagas disease


coriaceous

en-adj

coriaceous (comparative more coriaceous, superlative most coriaceous)

more coriaceous (comparative)
most coriaceous (superlative)

From Latin corium (“skin, leather”) + -aceous.

1997, JinShuang Ma, "New Species of Euonymus (Celastraceae) from East and South Asia", Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 93-111, Abstract.
This species is similar to E. vagans Wallich in the texture of the leaves, which are more thickly coriaceous and have fewer crenulations on margin; the large globose capsules are white spotted.


cornuate

cornuate (comparative more cornuate, superlative most cornuate)

more cornuate (comparative)
most cornuate (superlative)

From Latin cornuātus (“horn-shaped”), from cornū (“horn”) + -ātus.

[…] that in the higher apes, Troglodytes, Pithecus, the posterior cavity of the tricornate ventricle becomes of larger dimensions than in Cercopithecus, although far inferior in size and diverse in shape, from the much deeper, and more incurved cornuate bay which forms the digital cavity of man.

1863, Thomas Henry Huxley, “Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature”, in The Edinburgh Review: Or Critical Journal, volume 117, page 557:

Five species of cornuate osteostracans have been discovered at Devils Hole, and a further three or four species are probably represented by indeterminate fragmentary material.

1999, David L. Dineley, Fossil fishes of Great Britain, page 121:

Surgical treatment consisted of excision of the accessory tarsal navicular or medial protuberance of a prominent cornuate-shaped navicular combined with simple replication of the tibialis posterior tendon without altering its course.

1990 July 27, Bennett GL, Weiner DS, Leighley B., “Surgical treatment of symptomatic accessory tarsal navicular”, in Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, volume 10, number 4, pages 445–9:

(medicine, zoology) Horn-shaped, as with a bicornuate uterus.


root rot

en-noun

root rot (countable and uncountable, plural root rots)

root rots (plural)
rootrot (alternative)

(phytopathology) Any of several plant fungal diseases caused by having overwet roots.


cincinnus

cincinni (plural)
cicinnus (alternative)

From Latin cincinnus (“a lock of hair”).

(botany) A type of monochasium on which the successive axes arise alternately in respect to the preceding one; a scorpioid cyme.


snowshoe hare

Lepus americanus
Lepus americanus#Translingual

(zoology) A North American hare (Lepus americanus) that has large, furry feet; its fur is white in winter and brown in summer.


respiratory pigment

respiratory pigment (plural respiratory pigments)

(biochemistry) any of several coloured metal-containing protein pigments which combine reversibly with oxygen and which are found in the tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates and whose role is to transport oxygen


chlorocruorin

From chloro- + cruor + -in (see also cruorin). Named by British zoologist Ray Lankester in 1868.

Later it was shown that the α-bands of the pyridine haemochromogens of both cytochrome a and chlorocruorin resemble each other closely (Keilin, 1933 a).

1966, David Keilin, edited by Joan Keilin, The History of Cell Respiration and Cytochrome, University of Cambridge, page 174:

The affinity of chlorocruorin for oxygen is equivalent to the haemoglobin. It is interesting that within the same family of worms like [S]abellidae, [S]erpulidae and [A]mphotritidae same^([sic]) species have chlorocruorin while others have haemoglobin.

2003, Ashok Kumar, Animal Physiology, Discovery Publishing House, page 192:

1992, N. B. Terwilliger, Chapter 8: Molecular Structure of the Extracellular Heme Proteins, Ch. P. Mangum (editor), Advances in Comparative & Environmental Physiology 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers, Springer-Verlag, 1992 softcover reprint, page 203,
It was earlier thought that chlorocruorin was very different from hemoglobin based on a subunit structure with a mass of 34-35 kDa (Antonini et al. 1962; Guerratore and Zito 1977). […] Some writers have questioned the value of drawing a distinction between the chlorocruorins and hemoglobins, especially from an evolutionary point of view (Mangum 1985; see also Toulson, Chap. 9, this Vol.). The visual phenomenon of green blood has perhaps led to a stronger distinction between chlorocruorin and hemoglobin than warranted.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A green respiratory pigment found in many annelids.

chlorocruorine

respiratory pigment found in some annelids


hemerythrin

hemerythrin (countable and uncountable, plural hemerythrins)

hemerythrins (plural)
haemerythrin (alternative)
hæmerythrin (alternative)

(biochemistry) A respiratory pigment found in sipunculids, priapulids and brachiopods.


hemocyanin

hemocyanin (countable and uncountable, plural hemocyanins)

hemocyanins (plural)
haemocyanin (alternative)

(biochemistry) a blue copper-containing respiratory pigment (a metalloprotein) found in most molluscs, and some arthropods


restriction enzyme

restriction enzyme (plural restriction enzymes)

We now know of 400 different kinds of restriction enzymes, each of which recognises a different sequence of DNA letters and cuts there, like a pair of scissors that cuts the paper only where it finds the word ‘restriction’.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 244:

(genetics) An endonuclease that catalyzes double-strand cleavage of DNA containing a specific sequence.


striga

(botany) A sharp bristle or hair-like scale.


unfed

The captured mosquitos were divided into feds and unfeds.

(biology) A mosquito that has not had a blood meal.


splint

From Middle English splint, splent, splente, from Middle Low German splinte, splente or Middle Dutch splint, splinte. Cognate with Old High German splinza (“bar, bolt, latch”). All ultimately from Proto-Germanic *splintǭ, *splintō (“piece of wood, splinter”), from Proto-Germanic *splint-, *splind- (“to split”), from a nasalized form of *splītaną (“to split”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pley- (“to split, splice”).

der

(zootomy) A bone found on either side of a horse's cannon bone; the second or fourth metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bone.

(zootomy, veterinary medicine) A disease affecting the splint bones, as a callosity or hard excrescence.


viroid

A short section of RNA but without the protein coat typical of viruses, that are plant pathogens

Any of certain defective viruses, such as hepatitis D, a human pathogen.


scaled

(zoology) Covered with scales or scale-like structures.


immersed

en-adj

immersed (comparative more immersed, superlative most immersed)

more immersed (comparative)
most immersed (superlative)

Sori in the axils of lamina branches, partly immersed; involucre bell- or trumpet-shaped, or obconical, usually 2-lipped; receptacle generally exserted.

(botany) Lowered or sunken relative to a reference surface.


indented

indented (comparative more indented, superlative most indented)

more indented (comparative)
most indented (superlative)

(zoology) Notched along the margin with a different colour, like the feathers of some birds.


dipping

en-noun

dipping (countable and uncountable, plural dippings)

That same trip would have to go down as the greatest dipping fest in Australian birding history. I had five target species and never saw one, despite spending a week looking for them.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 35:

(birdwatching) The act or fact of missing out on seeing a bird.


hitchhiking

hitchhiking (usually uncountable, plural hitchhikings)

(genetics) A form of evolution caused by genetic drift.


hatching

hatching (countable and uncountable, plural hatchings)

We got a good hatching from the swallowtail eggs.

(zoology) A group of birds, reptiles, fish, insects, etc., which emerge from their eggs at the same time.

люпило

group which emerge from eggs at the same time

(zoology) The act of an egg hatching, eclosion.


beardless

en-adj

beardless (comparative more beardless, superlative most beardless)

more beardless (comparative)
most beardless (superlative)

From Middle English bērdlēs, from Old English beardlēas (“beardless”), from Proto-West Germanic *bardalaus (“beardless”), equivalent to beard + -less. Cognate with Scots berdles (“beardless”), Saterland Frisian boartloos (“beardless”), West Frisian burdleas (“beardless”), Dutch baardeloos (“beardless”), German Low German baartlos (“beardless”), German bartlos (“beardless”).

cog

(ornithology) Lacking a beard (a defined patch of feathers below the beak).


aphtha

en-noun

aphtha (countable and uncountable, plural aphthae)

From Ancient Greek ἄφθα (áphtha, “mouth ulcer”).

der

Foot-and-mouth disease
foot-and-mouth disease

(veterinary medicine) Foot-and-mouth disease.


tethered

(veterinary medicine) Tied, strapped, especially with tethers or hobbles.


ferine

en-adj

ferine (comparative more ferine, superlative most ferine)

more ferine (comparative)
most ferine (superlative)

From Latin ferīnus, from fera (“wild animal”). The zoological sense was coined by William Whewell in 1840.

(zoology, obsolete) Belonging to the proposed taxon of bats, carnivorans, and insectivorans.


ferine

(zoology, obsolete) A member of the proposed taxon of bats, carnivorans, and insectivorans.


rhamnose

From translingual Rhamnus "genus of buckthorns" + -ose (“used to form names of sugars”).

(biochemistry) A methyl-pentose, 6-deoxy-L-mannose, which occurs in the leaves and flowers of poison ivy and is a constituent of many plant glycosides.


ribulose

en-noun

ribulose (countable and uncountable, plural ribuloses)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a ketopentose whose phosphate derivatives participate in photosynthesis

ribulosa

ketopentose whose derivatives participate in photosynthesis


ketopentose

(biochemistry) A pentose that is also a ketose.


aldopentose

(biochemistry) A pentose that is also an aldose.


tectonic

1650s, in sense of building, from Late Latin tectonicus, from Ancient Greek τεκτονικός (tektonikós, “pertaining to building”), from Ancient Greek τέκτων (téktōn, “carpenter, joiner, maker”), from Proto-Indo-European *teḱ- (“to make”) (from which also texture). In sense of geology, attested 1894. By surface analysis, Ancient Greek τέκτων (téktōn) + -ic (“pertaining to”).


black spot

en-noun

black spot (countable and uncountable, plural black spots)

black spots (plural)
blackspot (alternative)

In areas where black spot is only a problem after heavy rain or later in the season, restrict spraying to these times, or if yellowing or spotted foliage is detected.

2006, Mary Moody, Mary Moody's Roses, Allen & Unwin, →ISBN, page 20:

(phytopathology, uncountable) A fungal disease among plants, particularly roses, that results in black spots on the leaves.


life history

life history (countable and uncountable, plural life histories)

(biology) The set of stages that an organism, or a species, experiences over its lifetime, from conception to death.


palmated

From Latin palmātus (“embroidered with palms”).

der

(ornithology, zoology) Having digits connected by a thin membrane; webbed.

räpylä-

having digits connected by thin membrane

(zoology) Having broad, flattened parts with short extensions similar to a webbed appendage.


anamorphosis

en-noun

anamorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural anamorphoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀναμόρφωσις (anamórphōsis).

der

(biology) A form of limited metamorphosis in some arthropods.

(mycology, lichenology) An abnormal form of some lichens or fungi that gives the appearance of a different species.


clipper

Dutch: (nautical) klipper, klipperaak m or f

From Middle English clipper, equivalent to clip (“cut, shorten”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns). The type of sailing ship is probably also from clip, in the sense of “move or run rapidly”. Perhaps influenced by Middle Dutch klepper (“swift horse”), from kleppen (“to clap”), which is onomatopoeic.

suffix

er<id:agent noun><pos:suffix forming agent nouns>

(entomology) An Asian butterfly of species Parthenos sylvia, family Nymphalidae.


allelomorph

→ German: Allel

→ English: allele

From allelo- (“other”) + -morph (“shape”), from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”). Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

In such cases each member acts as the allelomorph of any other member, and only two can occur in any one female, and only one in any male.

1916, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila, page 11:


NASBA

(microbiology, biochemistry) Initialism of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification: a transcription-based isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique.


cloudless sulfur

en-noun

cloudless sulfur (plural cloudless sulfurs)

(entomology) A yellow pierid butterfly, Phoebis sennae, found in the Americas.


sulfur cycle

(chemistry, biochemistry) the natural cycle which includes the mineralization of organic sulfur to sulfide, oxidation of this to sulfate, and reduction of this to sulfide followed by microbial incorporation of this into organic compounds


tenderizer

(biochemistry) Any substance added to meat, especially papain, before cooking in order to make it more tender.


recurrent

From Latin recurrens, present participle of recurrere. Morphologically recur + -ent.

(entomology) Turned back toward the base.


sulphur tree

(botany) Alternative spelling of sulfur tree


sulfur tree

(botany) Any tree whose branches are covered with yellow club moss spores


lycopod

From lyco- + -pod. Calque of English wolf's-foot.

(botany) Any member of the Lycopodiophyta.


acarid

Circa 19th century; from New Latin Acaridae (“biological family”), from Acarus (“genus”), from acarus (“mite”), from Ancient Greek ἄκαρι (ákari, “mite”). By surface analysis, acar- + -id

(zoology) Any parasitic arachnid, such as mites and ticks, of the subclass Acarina.

acarídeo

any parasitic arachnid of the subclass Acarina


sulphatase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of sulfatase


sulfatase

sulfatases (plural)
sulphatase (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes, in animals and bacteria, which catalyze the hydrolysis of organic sulfates


fenestrated

en-adj

fenestrated (comparative more fenestrated, superlative most fenestrated)

more fenestrated (comparative)
most fenestrated (superlative)

Latin fenestro, from the noun fenestra (“window”).

(botany) Having perforations through the leaves or fistulate/hollow/tubular stems/trunks.


nodus

Borrowed from Latin nōdus (“a knot”). Doublet of knot, knout, and node.

(zoology) In the Odonata, a prominent crossvein near the centre of the leading edge of a wing.


taxonomist

Hepaticology, outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, still lies deep in the shadow cast by that ultimate "closet taxonomist," Franz Stephani—a ghost whose shadow falls over us all.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

Ant taxonomists have decided that anything that's worth separating should be separated at the species level, and have no truck with subspecies at all. Butterfly taxonomists, however, like the triple-barrelled name approach and dote on subspecies. As a result, the numbers of ant species and butterfly species are not directly comparable.

2007 March 14, Emma Marris, “The Species and the Specious”, in Nature, number 446:

“People have biases towards species that are glamorous,” said Dr. Ernie Small, author of the study and taxonomist for Agriculture Canada.

2012 May 6, Eoghan Macguire, “Beauty trumps beast in conservation efforts”, in CNN:

Dr. Michela Mitchell, a taxonomist at the Queensland Museum Network, said in a statement released by Ocean Census it could be a type of deep-sea coral called octocoral.

2024 March 11, Katie Hunt, “Scientists discover 100 potential new deep-sea species, including mystery creature”, in CNN:

(taxonomy) Someone whose profession is taxonomy, or who performs taxonomy at a professional level.


raphe

raphae (plural)
raphes (plural)
rhaphe (alternative)

Borrowed from New Latin raphē, from Ancient Greek ῥᾰφή (rhăphḗ, “seam; suture”).

bor

The vast majority of the raphes do not bifurcate (123 genera), but the raphes of 7 genera do.

2003, Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., Charles R. Gunn, Anna L. Weitzman, Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae), page 24:

(botany) The part of the stalk of an anatropous ovary that is united in growth to the outside covering and forms a ridge along the body of the ovule.

The invariant occurrence of adhesive EPS at both the driving and the non-driving raphes supports a model for constitutive, rather than induced, secretion of the raphe adhesive.

2007, Andrew M. Smith, James A. Callow, Biological Adhesives, page 87:

(botany) A longitudinal median groove in the valve of many diatoms.


osteohistology

(biology) The study of the microscopic structure, chemical composition and function of bone


suspensor

(biology) The cord which suspends the embryo, and which is attached to the radicle in the young state; the proembryo.


second messenger

en-noun

second messenger (plural second messengers)

(biochemistry) Any substance used to transmit a signal within a cell, especially one which triggers a cascade of events by activating cellular components


anisogamy

(cytology) Sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes.

heterogàmia

sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes


exocarp

exo- + Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”); exo- + -carp.

(biology) The outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits; the skin or epicarp


exocytosis

exocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural exocytoses)

(biology) The secretion of substances through cellular membranes, either to excrete waste products or as a regulatory function.


foliate

en-adj

foliate (comparative more foliate, superlative most foliate)

more foliate (comparative)
most foliate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin foliātus (“having leaves, leafy, leaved”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), a participial adjective derived from folium (“leaf; (Late Latin) leaf or sheet of paper”) + -ātus (participial adjective-forming suffix) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“blossom, flower”) or *dʰelh₁- (“to be green”)).

der

Of a leaf: having a (certain number of) leaflets.

-lehdykkäinen

of a leaf: having a (certain number of) leaflets


foliate

en-verb

foliate (third-person singular simple present foliates, present participle foliating, simple past and past participle foliated)

foliates (present singular third-person)
foliating (participle present)
foliated (participle past)
foliated (past)

From Latin folium (“leaf”) + -ate (verb-forming suffix) (more at etymology 1)

af

(intransitive)
(botany) Of a plant: to produce leaves.


sedoheptulose

en-noun

sedoheptulose (countable and uncountable, plural sedoheptuloses)

(biochemistry) A heptose ketose widely distributed in plants of the family Crassulaceae especially in the leaves of the sedum; it plays a part in the fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis


exoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, generated by a cell, that functions outside of that cell.


endoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was generated.


exon

Combination of the prefix ex of the term expressed (region) and the term intron.

(genetics) A region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule.


exonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of enzymes which cleave single nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) chain.


exopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes which catalyze the removal of a single amino acid from the end of a polypeptide chain