autotrophic

(biology) Relating to the production of organic compounds from carbon dioxide as a carbon source, using either light or reactions of inorganic chemical compounds, as a source of energy.


multivalent

en-adj

multivalent (comparative more multivalent, superlative most multivalent)

more multivalent (comparative)
most multivalent (superlative)

(genetics) Having three or more homologous chromosomes during the first division of meiosis.


CAG

en-noun

CAG (countable and uncountable, plural CAGs)

(genetics, biochemistry) The nucleobase coding triplet cytosine (C), adenine (A), guanine (G).


gynoid

The work intensity and duration was identical in android and gynoid obese women in this study, making it unlikely that energy expenditure in the training program was different in these two groups.

1987, Richard J. Wurtman, Judith J. Wurtman, Human Obesity, New York Academy of Sciences, page 71:

2008, Sharon Plowman, Denise Smith, Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance, Benjamin Cummings, Wolters Kluwer, 2nd Edition, page 219,
Alpha-receptors predominate in the lower body and are thus more abundant in the gynoid pattern.

As a result, measured ratios of estrogen to testosterone in women predict their ratios of gynoid fat to android fat (Singh, 1993, 1995, 2002a,b; Kirchengast et al., 1997). As should also be expected, women with higher ratios of gynoid to android fat are more fertile than their counterparts with lower ratios (Kirchengast et al., 1997; Singh, 1993, 1995, 2002a,b).

2008, Randy Thornhill, Steven W. Gangestad, The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality, Oxford University Press, page 114:

(biology, anatomy) Of, pertaining to or following the distribution pattern of the type of body fat, more prevalent in women, that forms around the hips, breasts and thighs and is relatively rich in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which are important in the development of foetuses.


suppressor

(genetics) A gene that suppresses the effect of another through epistasis.


cytokinesis

cytokinesis (usually uncountable, plural cytokineses)

(biology) The process in which the cytoplasm of a cell divides following the division of the nucleus.


glossa

From the Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssă, “tongue”). Doublet of gloss.

They wished to see what Holy would do with the glossa. “The innocent will tell no lies.” The organ eventually had been divided into nineteen sections, distributed, and ingested. “We swallow your lies and cause them to build our powers.”

2016, Dr. Jol, Suburban Brand, Charlotte Publishing Press, →ISBN:

Her swollen “button” hitting his glossa tip provided wave after wave of full body pleasure.

2016, Dr. JD Philip, “The Wedding”, in Victoria: A Pirate Romance, Charlotte Publishing Press, →ISBN, page 230:

It was his glossa, strange that; when dead men had no need to verbalize.

2018, Gloria Trubbshore, Băṭluptă, Xlibris, →ISBN:

In the Paragiina, the proximal region of the glossa is elongated, and the paraglossae are long and reach the bifid apex of the glossa.

2019, Harald W. Krenn, Insect Mouthparts: Form, Function, Development and Performance, page 452:

(zoology) The tongue, or lingua, especially of an insect.


glycosidic bond

glycosidic bond (plural glycosidic bonds)

(biochemistry) Any bond by reaction of the hemiacetal part of a saccharide and the hydroxyl group of another saccharide or an alcohol


actin

actin (countable and uncountable, plural actins)

→ Spanish: actina

From Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktís, “ray”), based on the shape of the filament formed, + -in.

2012, Elaine N. Marieb & Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th ed., chapter 9 "Muscles and Muscle Tissue", page 281.
Actin has kidney-shaped polypeptide subunits, called globular actin or G actin, which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction.

(biochemistry, uncountable) A globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament).

(biochemistry, countable) One of the six isoforms of actin.


AVM

AVM (countable and uncountable, plural AVMs)

avian vacuolar myelinopathy
avian vacuolar myelinopathy#English

(pathology, ornithology) Initialism of avian vacuolar myelinopathy.


trochophore

(biology) The free-swimming larva of some invertebrates that have a circlet of cilia


tulip tree

tulip trees (plural)
tuliptree (alternative)
tulip-tree (alternative)

Liriodendron tulipifera
Liriodendron tulipifera#Translingual

(botany) A North American tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, that has squarish leaves, cone-shaped fruit and an aromatic odor, of the family Magnoliaceae.

(botany) Indian tulip tree, a tropical tree (Thespesia populnea, family Malvaceae).

(botany) Nile tulip tree (Markhamia lutea, family Bignoniaceae).

(botany) African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata, of family Bignoniaceae).


tung tree

/ˈtʊŋ ˌtɹiː/

/ˈtʌŋ ˌtɹiː/

(botany) A candlenut tree, of either of the two species of the genus Aleurites, which also yield such oil.


homology

homology (countable and uncountable, plural homologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homology.wav

Henri Poincaré
Homology
MathWorld
singular homology

From Latin homologia, from Ancient Greek ὁμολογία (homología, “agreement, assent”); compare French homologie. By surface analysis, homo- + -logy.
In topology, first used by French polymath Henri Poincaré, in the sense (close to what is now called a bordism) of a relation between manifolds mapped into a reference manifold: that is, the property of such manifolds that they form the boundary of a higher-dimensional manifold inside the reference manifold. Poincaré's version was eventually replaced by the more general singular homology, which is what mathematicians now mean by homology.

homologia

biology, psychology: relationship of having a common evolutionary or developmental origin

2000, Julie A. Hawkins, Chapter 2: A survey of primary homology assessment, Robert Scotland, R. Toby Pennington (editors), Homology and Systematics, Taylor & Francis, The Systematics Association, page 22,
The objective of this study is to classify approaches to primary homology assessment, and to quantify the extent to which different approaches are found in the literature by examining variation in the ways characters are defined and coded in a data matrix.

The relationship of being homologous; a homologous relationship.

(biology, psychology) The relationship, between characteristics or behaviours, of having a shared evolutionary or developmental origin;

The relationship, between characteristics or behaviours, of having a shared evolutionary or developmental origin;
(evolutionary theory) specifically, a correspondence between structures in separate life forms having a common evolutionary origin, such as that between mammalian flippers and hands.

(genetics) The presence of the same series of bases in different but related genes.

homologia

genetics: presence of the same series of bases in related genes


HIV virus

human immunodeficiency virus
human immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology, pleonastic) Synonym of HIV (“human immunodeficiency virus”).


human immunodeficiency virus

en-noun

human immunodeficiency virus (plural human immunodeficiency viruses)

human immunodeficiency virus 1
human immunodeficiency virus 1

human immunodeficiency virus 2
human immunodeficiency virus 2

(virology) Either of the two related viruses, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-2) that progressively destroy the body's immune system and can potentially lead to AIDS.

atsʼíís yichʼą́ą́h naabaah bąąh dahooʼaʼ


uropygial

/jʊəɹə(ʊ)ˈpɪd͡ʒɪəl/

[…] [Aderyn the Bird Queen], on whose face a kind of agitated oil or sweat was spreading thinly, an uropygial secretion.

1971, Anthony Burgess, M/F, Penguin, published 2004, page 158:

(ornithology) Of or pertaining to the uropygium; on the rump.


gradualist

Word has it that the DfT and Treasury are considering gradualist tinkering.

2022 November 30, Anthony Lambert, “Rail fares fit for the 21st century”, in RAIL, number 971, page 41:

(biology, politics) One who believes in gradualism.


gradualism

gradualism (countable and uncountable, plural gradualisms)

(biology) The belief that evolution proceeds at a steady pace, without the sudden development of new species or biological features from one generation to the next.

ātawhanaketanga

The concept of evolution proceeding at a steady and continuous rate.


bioactivity

bioactivity (countable and uncountable, plural bioactivities)

(biology, medicine) Biologic activity, such as biochemical or immunologic reactivity: the biologic effect (function or dysfunction, benefit or toxicity) of a substance.


conidium

From Ancient Greek κόνις (kónis, “dust”) + -idium.

(mycology) A fungal spore produced asexually in a conidiophore.


hypha

From New Latin hypha, from Ancient Greek ὑφή (huphḗ, “web”).

She lays out how fungal hyphae—countless miles of filaments folded up in every spoon of soil—coax open tree roots and tap into them.

2018, Richard Powers, The Overstory, Vintage (2019), page 272:

(mycology) Any of the long, threadlike filaments that form the mycelium of a fungus.

hifa

filament that forms the mycelium of a fungus


conidiogenous

en-adj

conidiogenous (comparative more conidiogenous, superlative most conidiogenous)

more conidiogenous (comparative)
most conidiogenous (superlative)

(cytology) That promotes conidiogenesis in fungi.


frons

Borrowed from Latin frōns (“the forehead, brow, front”). Doublet of front.

bor

In a generalized insect the frons extends from the vertex to the frontoclypeal (epistomal) suture, between the two anterior tentorial pits.

1981, J. F. McAlpine, Manual of Nearctic Diptera, volume 1, →ISBN, page 14:

(entomology) The front part of the epicranium or head capsule of many insects; generally speaking, the area below or between the antennae and above the clypeus. Typically it lies between the genal or "cheek" areas on either side of the head.

In most blondeliines (and in most Tachinidae in general), males have a narrower frons than conspecific females […]

1985, D. M. Wood, “A taxonomic conspectus of the Blondeliini of North and Central America and the West Indies (Diptera: Tachinidae)”, in Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, volume 117, →DOI, page 9:

(entomology) (of Diptera) The postfrons.


diel

(biology) Having a 24-hour period regardless of day or night.

diel

having a 24-hour period regardless of day or night


speciation event

en-noun

speciation event (plural speciation events)

(taxonomy) a moment when the evolutional lineage splits, starting history of a new species.


polyketide

(biochemistry) Any of many biochemical intermediates, having such a structure, that have a role in biosynthesis and metabolism.


biosynthesis

biosynthesis (countable and uncountable, plural biosyntheses)

The rate-limiting step for cytokinin biosynthesis involves a group of isopentenyltransferase (IPT) enzymes.

2015 April 23, Simon Moore et al., “Spatiotemporal modelling of hormonal crosstalk explains the level and patterning of hormones and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutant roots”, in The New Phytologist, volume 207, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The synthesis of organic compounds within a living organism, especially the synthesis of large compounds from small ones.


tricarboxylic acid cycle

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

trikarboksyylihappokierto

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle


polylectic

en-adj

polylectic (comparative more polylectic, superlative most polylectic)

more polylectic (comparative)
most polylectic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “a lot of, much”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús (“many, much”), from the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”)) + λέγειν (légein), from λέγω (légō, “to arrange, choose, gather; to count, reckon”) (from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather”)) + -ic.

der

(entomology) Of or relating to an insect (especially a bee) which collects pollen from the flowers of a variety of unrelated plants.


cytohesin

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of a family of proteins, abundant in cells of the immune system, that are regulatory factors in lymphocytes.


azaspiracid

Mytilus edulis
Mytilus edulis#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of several organic compounds with a complex polycyclic structure, that is responsible for the toxicity of some mussels (Mytilus edulis)


biocoenosis

biocoenoses (plural)
biocenosis (alternative)

From bio- + Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós, “common”) + -osis.

af

(biology) A community of interacting organisms that form a natural ecological unit.

ائتلاف أحيائي

iʔtilāf ʔaḥyāʔī


non-esterified fatty acid

en-noun

non-esterified fatty acid (plural non-esterified fatty acids)

non-esterified fatty acids (plural)
as NEFA (abbreviation)
nonesterified fatty acid (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any fatty acid which occurs free, rather than esterified with glycerol to form a glyceride or other lipid; usually as the result of hydrolysis


adiponectin

adiponectin (countable and uncountable, plural adiponectins)

(biochemistry) A protein hormone that modulates glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.


oxyntomodulin

oxyntomodulin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyntomodulins)

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone found to suppress appetite.


sirtuin

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that act as regulatory factors that mediate the life-extending effects of a low-calorie diet.


land bridge

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-land bridge.wav

(biogeography) An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses.


abstriction

abstriction (countable and uncountable, plural abstrictions)

From Latin ab- (“from, away, outside”) + strictio (“act of pressing together”), from strictus (“tightened”). Equivalent to abstrict + -ion.

(biology, mycology) A method of spore formation in fungi in which successive portions of the sporophore are cut off through the growth of septa; abjunction.


abjunction

abjunction (countable and uncountable, plural abjunctions)

/æbˈd͡ʒʌŋk.ʃən/

From ab- (“away”) + junction (“to join”).

(mycology, biology) The creation of spores by cutting off portions of the sporophore by the growth of septa; abstriction.


cladogram

Hard though it may seem to associate avian elegance with cumbersome and ferocious behemoths this was the story told by the cladograms, revealed by interpreting the bones of the famous old bird Archaeopteryx unfettered by preconceived notions.

2000, Richard Fortey, “No Such Thing as a Fish”, in London Review of Books, volume 22, number 13:

(taxonomy) A branching treelike graphical representation of the phylogenetic relationships between organisms showing which taxa have branched from common ancestors.


protein subunit

protein subunit (plural protein subunits)

(biochemistry) Any protein that forms assemblies with others, especially those that form multimers or oligomers.


arbuscular

(botany) Similar to a small tree; shrublike.


mycorrhiza

mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizas or mycorrhizae)

mycorrhizas (plural)
mycorrhizae (plural)

From myco- + Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “root”).

prefix

Alternatively, inoculations of a disturbed site with native or exotic fungi facilitate formation of mycorrhizae in a shorter period, given certain circumstances.

2004, Season R. Snyder, Michael F. Allen, Restoration of Micorrhizae in Arid Environments, Dilip K. Arora (editor), Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Applications, Marce Dekker, Inc., page 481

This has been associated with advances in different research disciplines such as genetics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and physiology, advances which have generated better insight into topics of mycorrhizal biology, including the mechanisms of host-mycorrhiza interactions pre- and post-penetration, the influence of the symbiosis on the host and its surroundings, and the evolution and diversity of mycorrhization.

2010, Hinanit Koltai, Yoram Kapulnik, editors, Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function, 2nd edition, Springer, page v:

In total, mycorrhizae are responsible for helping source the nutrients for about 80 per cent of all modern plant species.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 210:

(ecology, botany, mycology) A plant root formed in symbiosis with a fungus; the symbiosis between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant.

грыбакорань

symbiotic relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant


circumsporozoite

(biology, of a protein) Located on the surface of a sporozoite (and involved in host cell recognition and invasion); abbreviated as CS.


sporozoite

/spɒɹəˈzəʊʌɪt/

Ross […] was then able to outline its history within the mosquito: first, as a zygote in the stomach; then as an oocyst in the stomach wall; and finally as a mature sporozoite that reaches first the proboscis and then a human host when the insect bites and squirts its saliva prior to sucking blood.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 453:

(cytology) Any of the minute active bodies into which a sporozoan divides just before it infects a new host cell.


MCP

(biology) Initialism of membrane cofactor protein.


enterics

(biology) Gram-negative eubacteria that inhabit intestines.


violacein

en-noun

violacein (countable and uncountable, plural violaceins)

(biology) A violet pigment produced by certain bacteria.


prodigiosin

(microbiology) A red pigment produced by certain bacteria.


microsporogenesis

(botany) The formation of four haploid microspores by meiosis.

(botany) In angiosperms, the formation of pollen and thus the production of the male gametophyte.


didine

(ornithology, obsolete) A bird of the columbid subfamily Raphinae.


tunicate

Borrowed from Latin tunicātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

This tunicate withered hag the Señora had my financial number.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 404:

(anatomy, botany) Enclosed in a tunic or mantle; covered or coated with layers.

(zoology) Having each joint buried in the preceding funnel-shaped one, as in certain antennae of insects.


initiation codon

initiation codon (plural initiation codons)

(genetics) A codon that signals the first amino acid to be used in the synthesis of the polypeptide chain of a protein; either AUG or GUG


microbiome

From micro- + biome or blend of microbiota + genome.

The human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut; the human microbiome consists of the genes these cells harbor.

2012 August 7, “Defining the Human Microbiome”, in Nutrition Reviews, volume 70, number Suppl. 1, pages S38–S44:

Your body’s microbiome is all the genes your microbiota contains, however colloquially the two terms are often used interchangeably.

2018 March 26, Nicola Davis, “The human microbiome: why our microbes could be key to our health”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) The genetic information (genomes) of a microbiota.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:

The microbiome creates the immediate environment for our genes as they play out their part in disease mechanisms.

2014 June 30, Wayne Koberstein, “Second Genome”, in Life Science Leader, volume 6, number 7, page 14:

Yes, there are microbes everywhere and most are just fine for us, perhaps even beneficial to our microbiomes and immune systems. We don’t care about those.

2019 October 7, Sandee LaMotte, “The germiest place in your home and the best way to combat those microbes”, in CNN:

For your community of microbes— your 'microbiome' — your body is a planet.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 18:

(biology) A microbial biome, such as the community of microbes within the human gut.


angiogenesis

Some of the most promising new cancer drugs block this process of ‘angiogenesis’, or blood-vessel formation.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 238:

(medicine, zoology) The formation and development of new blood vessels.


vascular endothelial growth factor

vascular endothelial growth factor (plural vascular endothelial growth factors)

vascular endothelial growth factors (plural)
as: VEGF (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) A signalling protein that regulates vasculogenesis.


somatotropin

somatotropin (countable and uncountable, plural somatotropins)

somatotropins (plural)
somatotrophin (alternative)
somatotropine (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-somatotropin.wav

(biology, medicine) Synonym of growth hormone.


GH

(medicine, biochemistry) Initialism of growth hormone.


phylloquinone

phylloquinone (countable and uncountable, plural phylloquinones)

From phyllo- (“leaf”) + (naphtho)quinone.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Synonym of phytomenadione.


collectrin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that has a regulatory function in kidney development.

(genetics) The gene that codes for this protein.


phytonadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Alternative form of phytomenadione.


phytomenadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A yellow oily naphthoquinone C₃₁H₄₆O₂ that is obtained especially from alfalfa, cabbage, spinach, and other leafy green vegetables or made synthetically and that has a fast, potent, and prolonged biological effect. It is essential for the blood-clotting process, effective orally, and useful especially in treating hypoprothrombinemia induced by anticoagulant drugs (trademark Mephyton).


angiotensin

/ænd͡ʒɪəʊˈtɛnsɪn/

From angio- + (hyper)tens(ion) + -in. Compare also the morphologic parallels of vasopressin.

2001: In addition to stimulating the srteries to constrict, angiotensin also acts on the kidneys to suppress urine production, and acts on the brain to stimulate thirst and drinking behaviour. — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 43)

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptides that narrow blood vessels and thus regulate arterial pressure.

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2


menaquinone

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A pale yellow crystalline naphthoquinone C₄₁H₅₆O₂ that is obtained especially from putrefied fish meal and produced by bacteria in the large intestine and essential for the blood-clotting process. It is much more unsaturated than vitamin K₁ and slightly less active biologically, and is an isoprenoid derivative of menadione.


pharmacogenomics

In addition to the results of the cancer studies described above, studies of a large research cohort exposed to many kinds of therapies may provide early insights into pharmacogenomics — enabling the provision of the right drug at the right dose to the right patient.

2015 February 26, Francis S. Collins, Harold Varmus, “A New Initiative on Precision Medicine”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 372, number 9, →DOI, page 795:

(pharmacology, genetics) The study of genes that code for enzymes that metabolize drugs, and the design of tailor-made drugs adapted to an individual's genetic make-up.


enucleate

en-verb

enucleate (third-person singular simple present enucleates, present participle enucleating, simple past and past participle enucleated)

enucleates (present singular third-person)
enucleating (participle present)
enucleated (participle past)
enucleated (past)

Borrowed from Latin ēnucleātus, from ēnucleō (“to remove the kernel from”), from ē- + nucleus (“kernel”).

(transitive, biology) To remove the nucleus from (a cell).


enucleate

By 12 hours after enucleation, the rate of incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids is severely reduced, and by 18 hours many enucleates no longer show detectable incorporation.

1973, D.M. Prescott, J.B. Kirkpatrick, “Mass Enucleation of Captured Animal Cells”, in David M. Prescott, editors, Methods in Cell Biology, Volume VII, →ISBN, page 197:

(biology) A cell which has been enucleated


pharmacogenetics

(pharmacology, genetics) The study of genetic variation that gives rise to differing responses to drugs.


dead-in-shell

(biology, of the embryo in an egg) That has partially developed but died without hatching.


shrink-wrap

shrink-wrap (third-person singular simple present shrink-wraps, present participle shrink-wrapping, simple past and past participle shrink-wrapped)

shrink-wraps (present singular third-person)
shrink-wrapping (participle present)
shrink-wrapped (participle past)
shrink-wrapped (past)

Such shrink-wrapped models gave generations of schoolchildren mental images of dinosaurs that are probably much uglier and scrawnier than the creatures were in reality.

(paleontology, derogatory) To reconstruct an extinct creature known from its fossils by depicting it with minimal soft tissue, yielding a thinner and less accurate representation of the creature.


lenticular

en-adj

lenticular (comparative more lenticular, superlative most lenticular)

more lenticular (comparative)
most lenticular (superlative)

Inherited from Middle English lenticular, lenticuler, borrowed from Medieval Latin lenticulāris (“lentil-shaped”), ultimately from Latin lēns (“lentil”).


virion

From French virion. By surface analysis, virus + -on.

(virology) A single individual particle of a virus (the viral equivalent of a cell).


reassortment

en-noun

reassortment (countable and uncountable, plural reassortments)

reassortments (plural)
re-assortment (alternative)

(biology) The mixing of genetic material of two competing viruses infecting the same cell.


intersexual

(biology) Having both male and female characteristics, or characteristics intermediate between the sexes.

intersexual

biology: having both male and female characteristics


skimmer

(entomology) Any of the dragonflies in the family Libellulidae.


paracme

From Ancient Greek παρακμή (parakmḗ), corresponding to para- + acme.

(biology) The decadence of an evolutionary series of organisms after reaching its highest point of development.


cortical

From Latin cortex (“bark”); Effectively cortex + -ical.

(botany) Pertaining to the cortex of a stem or root—the tissue that lies inward from the epidermis, but exterior to the vascular tissue.

cortical

botany: pertaining to the cortex of a stem or root


psilocybin

psilocybin (countable and uncountable, plural psilocybins)

Borrowed from German Psilocybin (coined by Albert Hofmann), from translingual Psilocybe (“genus of mushroom”) + -in.

af

The problem of the mushroom supply was solved straight away when Leary learned from a graduate student named George Litwin that a chemist at the Sandoz Corporation, Dr. Albert Hofmann, had recently synthesized the psychoactive molecule of the mushroom, calling it psilocybin.

2004, Martin Torgoff, “Psychedelic Spring”, in Can’t Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age, 1945–2000, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 70:

It’s no stretch to posit that because human neurotransmitters respond to the platform’s iconic use of a certain shade of blue, and spark with dopamine upon receiving a “like” or “tag” notification, desperate children are now living in cages and a raving madman occupies the Oval Office. Not even Orwell, after a feast of psilocybin, could have predicted this dystopia.

2019 January 29, Tom Bissell, “An Anti-Facebook Manifesto”, in New York Times:

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic alkaloid, C₁₂H₁₅N₂O·H₂PO₃, present in several species of Central American mushroom and producing effects similar to LSD. The prodrug of psilocin.


epiphytic

(biology, botany) Of or pertaining to an epiphyte.


epiphyte

From Ancient Greek ἐπιφύτον (epiphúton, “one [plant] that grows upon another plant”), from ἐπί (epí, “on top of”) + φυτόν (phutón, “plant”), via epi- (“above, over”) + -phyte (“plant”).

der

one 􂀿plant􂁀 that grows upon another plant

It has been suggested to me that these fine plants will not prove cultivable, because they are epiphytes.[…]The probability however is, that they do not require to be treated as epiphytes, and that, like orchids, they will grow better if committed judiciously to the earth.

1848, John Lindley, A notice of some species of Rhododendron inhabiting Borneo: Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, volume 3, page 88:

The nature of the surface of a plant also determines the number and sort of Epiphytes which lodge on it.

1893, Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress, volume 3, page 185:

(botany) A plant that grows on another, using it for physical support but obtaining no nutrients from it and neither causing damage nor offering benefit; an air plant.

(biology) A fungus that grows on a plant but does not feed upon it saprotrophically (an epiphytic fungus). (The science of detecting and studying any such symbiosis as may be involved in this relationship is still developing.)


peduncle

From Late Latin pedunculus, from pedis, genitive of pēs (“foot”).

(botany) The stalk supporting an inflorescence or a solitary flower/fruit.

سُوَيْق

botany: axis or supporting stalk of inflorescence

On fertilization, the archegonia form obyriform calyptrae that are distinctly narrowed at base to form a stalk or peduncle; this does not occur in other Hepaticae.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany) A short stalk at the base of a reproductive structure of a non-flowering plant.

سُوَيْق

botany: short stalk at the base of a leaf or reproductive structure

(zoology) A collection of nerves in the appendage of an animal (such as the tip of a dolphin's tail).

hermokimppu

zoology: collection of nerves in the appendage of an animal


glycoform

(biochemistry) Any of several different forms of a glycoprotein (or other biological glycoside) having different saccharides attached, or having a different structure.


isoform

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

This can be demonstrated in NOD mice in which a point mutation in the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene results in the reduced expression of P0 in the thymus and a concomitant increase of P0 specific T cells in the periphery. 107 Similarly, autoimmunity is shifted towards the peripheral nerve in another NOD model deficient for isoforms of ICAM-1. 108 Altered expression of ICAM-1 on thymic epithelial cells transforms selection of T cells from a diabetogenic into a neuritogenic repertoire. 108 Studies such as these highlight the critical role of regulatory mechanisms in maintaining immune homeostasis and the impact that changes to regulation can have on the development of disease.

2015 February 12, Emily K Mathey et al., “Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: from pathology to phenotype”, in Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, volume 86, →DOI:

single nucleotide polymorphism
single nucleotide polymorphism

(biochemistry) Any of several different forms of the same protein, arising from either single nucleotide polymorphisms, differential splicing of mRNA, or post-translational modifications (e.g. sulfation, glycosylation, etc.)


heterotrimeric

(biochemistry, of a protein) Containing three different subunits.


G protein

G proteins (plural)
G-protein (alternative)

From guanine nucleotide-binding protein.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins, found in cell membranes, that pass signals between hormone receptors and effector enzymes


haloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that is activated by a cofactor.


apoenzyme

(biochemistry) An inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor.

apoentsyymi

an inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor


carnivoran

...the earliest carnivoran diversity appears in the early Miocene rift sediments of East Africa...

1996, John L. Gittleman, Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution Vol.2, page 486:

These creatures are so anatomically similar it’s proven hard to figure out their relationships, both with one another and with later carnivoran groups.

2016 November 26, Elsa Panciroli, “Rifling through the 'wastebaskets' of palaeontology reveals surprises”, in The Guardian:

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the order Carnivora.


carnivoran

(zoology) Any member of the order Carnivora.


potassium channel

en-noun

potassium channel (plural potassium channels)

(biology) A small pore in a cell membrane that is selective to potassium ions and has several regulatory functions.


VOC

(virology) Abbreviation of variant of concern.


megrims

(veterinary medicine) Any of various diseases of animals, especially horses, marked by a disturbance of equilibrium and abnormal gait and behaviour such as staggers or a sudden vertigo, sometimes followed by unconsciousness; the staggers.


phagocytise

en-verb

phagocytise (third-person singular simple present phagocytises, present participle phagocytising, simple past and past participle phagocytised)

phagocytises (present singular third-person)
phagocytising (participle present)
phagocytised (participle past)
phagocytised (past)
phagocytize (alternative)

(immunology, cytology, British) To ingest (something) by phagocytosis.


varix

Via Middle English varix from Latin varix, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wers-. See also Old Church Slavonic врьхъ (vrĭxŭ, “top, peak”), Ancient Greek ἕρμα (hérma, “reef, rock, hill”), Lithuanian viršus (“top”).

cog

In the personid genus Distorsio, varix formation is accompanied by a reorientation of the aperture.

1995, Geerat J. Vermeij, A Natural History of Shells, page 31:

(zoology) In mollusks, a particular ridge on the shell, corresponding to a former position of the aperture.


cutan

en-noun

cutan (countable and uncountable, plural cutans)

(biochemistry) A hydrocarbon polymer, of uncertain structure but thought to be similar to kerogen, found in some plants.


phosphoglycolipid

(biochemistry) Any phospholipid glycoside.


endoperoxide

(chemistry, biochemistry) Any heterocycle containing a peroxide -O-O- residue in the ring; found especially in certain intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis.


nullomer

(genetics) A sequence of bases (in a nucleic acid) that is absent in one species (especially human) but may be present in others.


peptoprime

(biochemistry, very rare) A sequence of amino acids that has never been found in any protein in any species; some of these sequences may be incompatible with life.


proteorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins, found in marine bacteria, that are light-dependent proton pumps.


proton pump

proton pumps (plural)
proton-pump (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any protein in the membrane of a cell or mitochondrion whose function is to move protons across the membrane and thus establish an electrochemical potential.


bacteriorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several related purple photosynthetic proteins, found in halobacteria, that act as proton pumps


marine biology

(biology) The branch of biology dealing with organisms that live in the sea.


abscisic acid

(biochemistry) A terpenoid best known as a plant hormone that inhibits seed germination and was once thought to be important in abscission.


plant hormone

(biochemistry) Any of many substances, produced by plants, that control or regulate their germination, growth, metabolism etc.


micromorphology

(biology, mineralogy, soil science) The fine-level structures or morphology of an organism, mineral, or soil component visible through microscopy.


macromorphology

(biology, mineralogy, soil science) The gross structures or morphology of an organism, mineral, or soil component visible with the unaided eye or at very low levels of magnification.


adnexed

From Latin adnexus (“annexed, attached”).

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is adnexed.

(botany, mycology) Narrowly attached to a stem or stipe.


reduplicate

en-adj

reduplicate (comparative more reduplicate, superlative most reduplicate)

more reduplicate (comparative)
most reduplicate (superlative)

From Medieval Latin reduplicātus, from reduplicāre, from re- with duplicāre.

EtymOnLine

Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “reduplicate”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

(botany) valvate with the margins curved outwardly

(botany) folded, with the abaxial surfaces facing one another


dichotomous key

en-noun

dichotomous key (plural dichotomous keys)

(biology) A written tool for identification of plants and animals. It is written as a sequence of paired questions, the choice of which determines the next pair of questions until a name or identification is reached.


bioreactor

First, there will be little reaction in the settler so that the concentrations of soluble constituents in the recycle stream are the same as those in the bioreactor.

2011, C. P. Leslie Grady, Jr., Glen T. Daigger, Nancy G. Love, Biological Wastewater Treatment, Third Edition, page 189:

(biochemistry) A vat or pressure vessel, containing microorganisms or biochemically active substances, used for biotechnological processes such as fermentation, waste recycling, or making drugs.

bioreaktori

A fermentation vat containing microorganisms


form class

All fungi for which sexual reproduction is unknown are assigned to the form class Deuteromycota until such reproduction is discovered in that species.

(taxonomy) A collection of organisms that is given formal recognition at the rank of class with a taxonomic name, but which is known to be an artificial group rather than a natural one.


form taxon

All fossilized roots of scale trees are assigned to the form taxon 'Stigmaria'.

(taxonomy) A collection of organisms that is given formal recognition at some rank with a taxonomic name, but which is known to be a grouping based on similar morphological characteristics, rather than more extensive biological similarity.


form genus

All fossilized roots of scale trees are assigned to the form genus 'Stigmaria'.

(taxonomy) A collection of organisms that is given formal recognition at the rank of genus with a taxonomic name, but which is known to be an artificial group rather than a natural one.


chorology

chorology (countable and uncountable, plural chorologies)

(biology) The study of the spatial distribution of organisms.


alginate

From alginic acid + -ate (“salt, ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of alginic acid.


karyokinesis

karyokinesis (countable and uncountable, plural karyokineses)

karyokineses (plural)
caryocinesis (alternative)
caryokinesis (alternative)

(biology) The process of change that takes place during the division of a cell nucleus at mitosis or meiosis.

karyokineesi

the process of change that takes place during the division of a cell nucleus at mitosis or meiosis


valvule

From Latin valvula (“valve, little valve”) either directly or via French valvule, from Latin valva (“double door, valve”) + -ula (“-ule, -ling: forming diminutives”). Doublet of valvula.


syndactyly

syndactyly (countable and uncountable, plural syndactylies)

From syn- + Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”) + -y.

der

(biology) The normal condition, in some animals and birds, of having fused digits.


Anamnia

(biology) All the vertebrates, fish and amphibians, which lack an amnion during development.


stinkbug

stinkbugs (plural)
stink bug (alternative)
stink-bug (alternative)

(entomology) Any of various insects of the order Hemiptera (the "true bugs"), in the suborder Heteroptera, principally in the superfamily Pentatomoidea or Coreoidea.


chrysomelid

Borrowed from translingual Chrysomelidae, from the type genus of Chrysomela, from the root word of Ancient Greek χρῡσόμηλον (khrūsómēlon).

There was a paucity of chrysomelids at Greek sites and a distinctively northern faunal composition at sites north of Poland.

2016 September 28, Roy Canty, Enrico Ruzzier, Quentin Cronk, Diana Percy, “Salix transect of Europe: patterns in the most abundant chrysomelid beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) herbivores of willow from Greece to Arctic Norway”, in Biodiversity Data Journal:

Working the low areas around the parking lot, I beat a fair number and diversity of beetles and hemipterans—mostly chrysomelids—but only a single Agrilus sp. off of Prosopis glandulosa.

2022 May 14, Ted C. MacRae, Cupressaceae:

Chrysomelids use their faeces as a biomaterial for constructions and self-decoration behaviours that serve as defensive coats, mobile debris shields, and protective domiciles.

2023 August 30, Caroline Simmrita Chaboo, Sally Adam, Kenji Nishida, Luke Schletzbaum, “Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini)”, in Zookeys:

(entomology) Any leaf beetle of the family Chrysomelidae.


chrysomelid

en-adj

chrysomelid (comparative more chrysomelid, superlative most chrysomelid)

more chrysomelid (comparative)
most chrysomelid (superlative)

In all, 34 willow-associated chrysomelid species were encountered, of which eight were very abundant.

Defensive shields and domiciles may help explain the uneven radiation of chrysomelid subfamilial and tribal clades.

(entomology) Belonging or relating to the family Chrysomelidae.


ventriculus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ventriculus (“the belly”), diminutive of venter (“the belly”). Doublet of ventricle.

ubor

(anatomy, zootomy) A digestive cavity such as a gizzard or stomach.


zonate

(biology) Having or appearing to have multiple zones, such as of color or texture.

(biology) Having different colors, textures, or other patterns form a pattern of rings, bands, or stripes.


stargazer

/ˈstɑɹˌɡeɪzɚ/

A stargazer is a frightening fish by any srtetch of the imagination, but not until the day I first saw one in its own world did I understand its true nature.

2001, Richard Flanagan, Gould's Book of Fish, Vintage, published 2016, page 187:

(zoology) A perciform fish in the family Uranoscopidae.

uranoscopo

a perciform fish in the family Uranoscopidae


spiky

en-adj

spiky (not generally comparable, comparative spikier or more spiky, superlative spikiest or most spiky)

spikier (comparative)
more spiky (comparative)
spikiest (superlative)
most spiky (superlative)

From spike (“kind of inflorescence in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis”) + -y (suffix forming adjectives with the sense “having the quality of”). Spike is derived from Middle English spik, spike (“ear of grain; clove of garlic; plant having spikes; plant of the genus Valeriana, especially Valeriana officinalis; plant of the genus Lavandula, lavender”), from Latin spīca (“ear, head, or spike of grain; plant spike”) (feminine) (also rarely spīcum (neuter) and spīcus (masculine)), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“long; sharp; thin”).

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-spiky.wav

[T]he harvest maids began to look knowingly to their partners, who, taking the hint, sprang to their feet, hauled up their sweet abettors, were mated in a moment, and commenced a dance among the stubble, so brisk, that the tall harvest of spiky wheat, standing by, rustled and nodded to them on its golden rods.

1828 December, T. A., “‘Buy a Broom?’. Chapter I.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume XXIV, part I, number CXLVI, Edinburgh: William Blackwood; London: T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, page 711, column 2:

[T]he irritation [hay fever] has generally been ascribed rather to the odour of sweet-vernal-grass and scented holcus than to the distinctive action of the pollen itself. The latter species is unknown in English meadows, but sweet-vernal-grass is familiar to most of us as the peculiar spiky plant to which new-mown hay owes with us the whole of its delicious fragrance.

1884 June 13, “Hay Fever”, in The Pall Mall Budget: Being a Weekly Collection of Articles Printed in the Pall Mall Gazette from Day to Day: […], volume XXXII, number 820, London: […] Richard Lambert, […], →OCLC, page 11, column 2:

(not comparable) Of a plant: producing spikes (“ears (as of corn); inflorescences in which sessile flowers are arranged on unbranched elongated axes”).

Of this kinde, there is founde an other, the Spikes, eares, or torches wherof, are very dubble, ſo as in euery Spyky eare, in ſteede of the little knappes or heades, it bringeth forth a number of other ſmal torches, wherof eche one is lyke to the ſpike or torch of great Plantayne. […] The ſtalkes [of the third kind of plaintain] be creſted or ſtraked, and beare at the toppe fayre ſpiked knappes with white floures or bloſſoms, like the ſpykie knoppes of the middle Plantayne.

1578, Rembert Dodoens, “Of Plantayne or Waybrede”, in Henry Lyte, transl., A Niewe Herball, or Historie of Plantes: […], London: […] [Henry [i.e., Hendrik van der] Loë for] Gerard Dewes, […], →OCLC, 1st part (Sundry Sortes of Herbes and Plantes), page 91:

[D]iverſ hairy Stalks, about a hand breadth high, bearing every one a ſmall long ſpiky Head like to thoſe of the common Plantane, having ſuch like Bloomings and Seed after them.

1652, Nich[olas] Culpeper, “Bucks-horn Plantane”, in The English Physitian: Or An Astrologo-physical Discourse of the Vulgar Herbs of This Nation. […], London: […] Peter Cole, […], →OCLC, page 22, column 2:

(comparable) Of a plant part: resembling a spike of a plant (see above).

tähkämäinen

of a plant part: resembling a spike of a plant


spiky

en-adj

spiky (comparative spikier or more spiky, superlative spikiest or most spiky)

spikier (comparative)
more spiky (comparative)
spikiest (superlative)
most spiky (superlative)
spikey (alternative)

From spike (“piece of pointed metal, etc.”) + -y (suffix forming adjectives with the sense “having the quality of”). Spike is derived from Middle English spik, spike (“large metal (usually iron) nail; thing shaped like such a nail”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from Middle Dutch spiker (“large nail”), Middle Low German spiker (“large nail”), or Old Norse spík (“spike; sprig”), all possibly from Latin spīca (“ear, head, or spike of grain; plant spike”) (see further at etymology 1), or from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“large nail, spike”), both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“long; sharp; thin”).

der

The ſpiky VVheels thro' Heaps of Carnage tore; / And thick the groaning Axles dropp'd vvith Gore.

1720, Homer, translated by Alexander Pope, “Book XX”, in The Iliad of Homer, volume V, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintott […], →OCLC, page 222, lines 585–586:

Three ornithischian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of North America may be growth stages of the same one species. Dracorex is smallest and spikiest. Stygimoloch is medium-sized and has the longest horns. Pachycephalosaurus is the biggest and also the least spikiest, but it has the largest, thickest dome.

2016, Darren Naish, Paul Barrett, “Biology, Ecology and Behaviour”, in Dinosaurs: How They Lived and Evolved, London: Natural History Museum; Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, →ISBN, image caption, page 170:

покрит с шипове

having one or more spikes — see also spiny

[I]f ten thousand of this spiky tree, the larch, are stuck in at once upon the side of a hill, they can grow up into nothing but deformity; […]

1810, William Wordsworth, “Topographical Description of the Country of the Lakes in the North of England”, in The River Duddon: A Series of Sonnets: Vaudracour and Julia; and Other Poems. […], London: […] [Andrew and Robert Spottiswoode] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, […], published 1820, →OCLC, pages 299–300:

At first, he slept heavily, but, by degrees, began to roll and surge in bed, until he rose above the surface, with his spiky hair looking as if it must tear the sheets to ribbons.

1859, Charles Dickens, “Five Years Later”, in A Tale of Two Cities, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, book II (The Golden Thread), page 35:

Then he felt, not another crumpled rose, but a thorn; a dozen spiky thorns sticking into him in the most cruel manner.

1895, Walter Besant, “The Equal Woman”, in In Deacon’s Orders etc., London: Chatto & Windus, […], →OCLC, section II, page 126:

We see here how habits of handwriting continued to be stratified by social class and gender. Roundness, as with earlier secretary hand, was a signifier of trade – a spikier hand was regarded as more fitting for young ladies' personal letter writing.

1996, David Graddol, “English Manuscripts: The Emergence of a Visual Identity”, in David Graddol, Dick Leith, Joan Swann, editors, English: History, Diversity and Change, London; New York, N.Y.: Routledge in association with the Open University, →ISBN, page 70:

Resembling spikes: erect and having sharp points; spikelike.

piikkimäinen

resembling spikes: erect and having sharp points

a spiky personality

Of a person or their nature: difficult to deal with; abrasive, hostile, unfriendly.

It started with Ron [Phillips] soloing on "He Wasn't Talking to Me," a quiet and wistful ballad that segued into the upbeat and spiky "Give Me a Man Who's Glad to Be Gay." This was a pride anthem about being gay with a few nudges at those carrying their closets with them to the bars (Straight looking marine seeks/straight looking cop to please/How straight can they look/when they're down on their knees?).

1988 April 16, Jim Fauntleroy, “Intimate Entertainment: A Playful Evening with Romanovsky and Phillips”, in Gay Community News, volume 15, number 38, Boston, Mass.: The Bromfield Street Educational Foundation, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 16, column 4:

(figurative)
Of a thing: not smooth; rough, sharp.

(Anglicanism, derogatory, slang) Strongly high church (“practising a formal style of liturgy and emphasizing continuity with Catholicism”).


apoinducer

(biochemistry) A protein that binds to DNA to activate transcription, particularly in positive gene control mechanisms.


rafflesia

/ɹəˈfliː.ʒə/

/ɹəˈfliː.ʒɪ.ə/

Rafflesia arnoldii
Rafflesia arnoldii#Translingual

(botany) Any of several large parasitic plants, of the genus Rafflesia, from South East Asia, that have no roots, stems or leaves; Rafflesia arnoldii has the largest known flower with a diameter of over a yard.


proteasome

proteasomes (plural)
proteosome (alternative)

(biochemistry) A complex protein, found in bacterial, archeal and eukaryotic cells, that breaks down other proteins via proteolysis.


aneuploidy

en-noun

aneuploidy (countable and uncountable, plural aneuploidies)

(genetics) The condition of being aneuploid; the state of possessing a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number of the organism in question.


aneuploid

(genetics) Having a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid number.

ójafnlitna

having number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid number


ploidy

From the ending of words such as haploidy, polyploidy etc.

(genetics) The number of homologous sets of chromosomes in a cell.


diploidy

diploidy (countable and uncountable, plural diploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being diploid, having two sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being diploid.


haploidy

haploidy (usually uncountable, plural haploidies)


heteroploidy

heteroploidy (usually uncountable, plural heteroploidies)

(genetics) The state of being heteroploid.


mixoploidy

(genetics) The state of being mixoploid.


mixoploid

(genetics) Having cells with different numbers of chromosomes. The genetically different cell populations usually arise from the same zygote (mosaicism) or, more rarely, they originate from different zygotes (chimerism).


monoploidy

monoploidy (countable and uncountable, plural monoploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being monoploid, having one set of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being monoploid.


monoploid

(genetics) Having a single set of chromosomes.


triploidy

triploidy (countable and uncountable, plural triploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being triploid, having three sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being triploid.


Punnett square

For Reginald Punnett, British geneticist.

(genetics) A graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.


oenocyte

oenocytes (plural)
œnocyte (alternative)

(biology) A large secretory cell found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.


mechanotransduction

mechanotransduction (countable and uncountable, plural mechanotransductions)

(biology) The conversion of a mechanical stimulus into chemical activity


lamellipodium

From lamella + -podium (“leg-like structure”).

af

(biology) A cytoskeletal actin projection on the mobile edge of the cell.


autoregulation

en-noun

autoregulation (countable and uncountable, plural autoregulations)

(biology) Any of several physiological processes in which an inhibitory feedback system counteracts change.

autorégulation

process by which an inhibitory feedback counteracts change


interleukin

From inter- + leuko- + -in;
*inter-: from Latin inter- (“between, amid”), a form of prepositional inter (“between”).
*leuko: from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”)
*-in: from French -ine, from Latin -īna, feminine of -īnus "of" or "belonging to"

Indeed, it’s possible to create the full storm of cold symptoms with no cold virus at all, but only a potent cocktail of the so-called inflammatory mediators that the body makes itself[,] among them, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins and interleukins, powerful little chemical messengers that cause the blood vessels in the nose to dilate and leak, stimulate the secretion of mucus, activate sneeze and cough reflexes and set off pain in our nerve fibers.

2010 October 4, Jennifer Ackerman, “How Not to Fight Colds”, in The New York Times:

As another interleukin 12/23 antagonist, briakinumab, was withdrawn from further development in part due to concerns about cardiovascular safety, discussion has also emerged on cardiovascular safety of ustekinumab.

2015 December 4, “Patient Preferences for Biologicals in Psoriasis: Top Priority of Safety for Cardiovascular Patients”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytokine proteins important in the regulation of lymphocyte function.


pinion

From Middle English pynyon, from Old French pignon, from Latin penna (“feather”).

(ornithology) The joint of a bird's wing farthest from the body.

An argument that he is pluckt, when hither / He ſends ſo poore a Pinnion of his Wing,

c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene xii], page 356, column 2:

(ornithology) Any of the outermost primary feathers on a bird's wing.


hypomorph

(genetics) a mutation that causes a partial loss of gene function.


hypomorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing a partial loss of gene function.


paralog

paralogs (plural)
paralogue (alternative)

(genetics) either of a pair of genes that derive from the same ancestral gene


fenestration

fenestration (countable and uncountable, plural fenestrations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fenestration.wav

The terms ‘nectar window’ and ‘fenestration’ are used interchangeably for enlarged gaps on the adaxial side of the stamen sheath or tube. The fenestrations facilitate access to the nectaries by a pollinator.

2005, S. Tucker, Australian Systematic Botany, 19(3):193-210. p. 194:

traits unique to Darlingtonia include the presence of transparent light-transmitting fenestrations, ...

2016 D. W. Armitage, Systematic Botany 103(4):780–785. p. 781

(botany) Either a translucent area in a structure such as a leaf or flower petal, or an opening in a structure.


hypermorph

(genetics) a gain of function mutation that causes an increase in otherwise normal gene function.


hypermorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing an increase in otherwise normal gene function.


amorph

(genetics) a mutation that causes a complete loss of gene function.


neomorph

(genetics) A gain of function mutation that causes novel gene function.


neomorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing a novel gene function.


antimorph

(genetics) a gain of function mutation that acts in opposition to the normal gene's function.


antimorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) that antagonizes the normal gene's function.


homolog

homologs (plural)
homologon (alternative archaic)
homologue (alternative)

/ˈhɑːməlɑːɡ/

/ˈhoʊməlɑːɡ/

Borrowed from French homologue, From Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos, “agreeing, of one mind”), equivalent to homo- + -log.

der

TP53 is the human homolog of murine Trp53.

Detecting remote homolog by protein similarity network.

2008, Chan-seok Jeong, Minho Lee, Dongsup Kim, edited by Ratko Magjarevic, World Congress of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2006, Volume 1 (Biomedical Engineering), →ISBN, page 171:

A more complex mechanism is used by Vibrio cholerae toxin and by the homolog heat-labile enterotoxin secreted by ETEC strains.

2012, Phillip Smith, Thomas MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, page 407:

Something homologous; a homologous organ or part, chemical compound, chromosome, gene, or cultural element.

(biology, genetics, medicine) One of a group of similar DNA sequences that share a common ancestry, or the peptides or proteins that they encode; the counterpart gene or protein in another taxon evolved from a common ancestor (molecularly it may be either identical or similar).


orthologue

orthologues (plural)
ortholog (alternative)

(genetics) One of two or more homologous gene sequences found in different species.


teratologic

(genetics) Dealing with the study of production, development, anatomy, and classification of monsters.


camelid

(zoology) Any of a family of mammals including the camel, llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña.

tevefélék

any of a family of mammals including the camel, llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña


otolith

From oto- + -lith, from Ancient Greek ὠτο- (ōto-), stem of οὖς (oûs, “ear”), and λίθος (líthos, “stone”).

(zoology) A small particle, comprised mainly of calcium carbonate, found in the inner ear of vertebrates, being part of the balance sense.


cambium

en-noun

cambium (countable and uncountable, plural cambiums or cambia)

Borrowed from Late Latin cambium (“a change”), from Gaulish. Doublet of change.

During winter we perceive no change in the cells of the cambium layer, which are filled with nutritive matter […].

1863, Harland Coultas, What may be learned from a tree:

(botany) A layer of cells between the xylem and the phloem that is responsible for the secondary growth of roots and stems.


angel hair

Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Italian capelli d'angelo.

sl

(botany) A parasitic plant of the genus Cuscuta, dodder.


brumation

From Latin brūma (“winter solstice”) + -tiō, by analogy with hibernation.

(biology) A lethargic state that some ectothermic animals, such as many reptiles, assume during cold conditions. Partly analogous to hibernation, but physiological differences include that brumation does not depend on stored fat, but rather on reduced metabolic activity.


canalisation

en-noun

canalisation (usually uncountable, plural canalisations)

canalisations (plural)
canalization (alternative)

/ˌkænələˈzeɪʃən/

(genetics) The ability of a genotype to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment.


pilus

Borrowed from Latin pilus (“hair”). Doublet of pile.

(microbiology) A hairlike appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteria.

(biochemistry) A bacterial protein that has several biochemical functions.


reductive

en-adj

reductive (comparative more reductive, superlative most reductive)

more reductive (comparative)
most reductive (superlative)

From Middle French réductif, from Late Latin reductivus, from the participle stem of Latin reducere (“to reduce”).

On the relative reductive powers of different classes of American coals, as demonstrated by the experiments with oxide of lead.

1848, F Knapp, Chemical Technology; Or, Chemistry Applied to the Arts and to Manufactures:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 7, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(chemistry, metallurgy, biology, economics) That reduces a substance etc. to a more simple or basic form.


pruinose

pruinose (comparative more pruinose, superlative most pruinose)

more pruinose (comparative)
most pruinose (superlative)

(botany) Having a very fine whitish powder (bloom) on a surface.

(zoology, entomology) Covered with a very fine whitish layer of wax particles.


flavorubredoxin

(biochemistry) A flavoprotein that reduces nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N₂O) under anaerobic conditions. It is an oxygen sensitive nitric oxide reductase that contributes to resistance to nitrosative killing by macrophages.


ammocoete

ammocoetes (plural)
ammocete (alternative)


genopharmacology

(genetics, medicine) The study of the effects of pharmaceuticals and other compounds on genome expression.


horizontal gene transfer

en-noun

horizontal gene transfer (countable and uncountable, plural horizontal gene transfers)

horizontal gene transfers (plural)
as: HGT (abbreviation)

Study of kett DNA shows evidence of horizontal gene transfer and the incorporation of genes from dozens of unknown species.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Kett: Biology Codex entry:

(genetics) The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another one that is not its offspring; especially common among bacteria.


protomer

(biochemistry) Any of the subunits that constitute an oligomeric protein.


prototropic

en-adj

prototropic (comparative more prototropic, superlative most prototropic)

more prototropic (comparative)
most prototropic (superlative)

(biology) Of or pertaining to prototrophs


interprotomer

(biochemistry) Between the protomers of an oligomeric protein.


countertransport

Increased Na+/Li+ countertransport activity has been described in a study of parents of proteinuric type 1 diabetic patients, although not in another.

2002, Max EllenbergHarold Rifkinet al., Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus:

(biochemistry) The transport of two chemical species across a membrane in opposite directions


karyogamy

en-noun

karyogamy (countable and uncountable, plural karyogamies)

(biology) The fusion of two nuclei within a cell, especially as the second stage of syngamy.


somatogamy

(biology) The fusion of two cells (but not their nuclei), especially as the first stage of syngamy.

somatogamia

fusion of two cells but not their nuclei


hypocotyl

(botany) In plants with seeds, that portion of the embryo or seedling between the root and cotyledons.

alkeisvarsi

portion of the embryo between the root and cotyledons


epicotyl

(botany) In plants with seeds, that portion of the embryo or seedling above the cotyledons.


scolex

scolex (plural scolices or scoleces or scolexes)

scolices (plural)
scoleces (plural)
scolexes (plural)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σκώληξ (skṓlēx, “worm”).

The head, with the circle of hooklets and the four suckers, is then formed at the anterior part of the embryo, constituting now the scolex of Van Beneden.

1859, Robert Bentley Todd, The Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology:

(zoology) The structure at the front end of a tapeworm which, in the adult, has suckers and hooks by which it attaches itself to a host.

skoleks

hooked structure at the front end of a tapeworm


metabolome

In this study, we propose a means of studying metabolism, using the concept of the “metabolome”, or total complement of metabolites in a cell, to look at global shifts in cellular function under different growth conditions.

1998 October 7, Helen Tweeddale, “Effect of Slow Growth on Metabolism of Escherichia coli, as Revealed by Global Metabolite Pool (“Metabolome”) Analysis”, in Journal of Bacteriology, volume 180, number 19, page 5109:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolites found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease.


transcriptome

Within three weeks, he had a partial ‘transcriptome’ of the ctenophore – some 5,000 or 6,000 gene sequences that were actively turned on in the animal’s nerve cells.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of RNA molecules (transcripts) produced in a cell or a population of cells.


pedipalp

From New Latin pedipalpus, from ped-, pēs (“foot”) + palpus (“palpus”).

The defensive movements, on the other hand, involve the whole of the pedipalp being drawn in towards the midline.

1950, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London:

The pedipalp trochanter has a prominent process on its inferior surface, separated by a large area not haired nor spinulated: it serves for the allodgement of the ventral spine of the pedipalp basitarsus when the tibia closes to the femur;

(zoology) Either of a second pair of appendages near the mouth of many arachnids, variously specialized as pincers, sensory or locomotory organs.


anseriform

en-adj

anseriform (comparative more anseriform, superlative most anseriform)

more anseriform (comparative)
most anseriform (superlative)

For more than a century anseriform birds were considered to have been closely related to, and to have originated from, the game fowl of the order Galliformes.

2004, Peter F. Murray et.al., Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime:

(ornithology) Of or pertaining to birds of the order Anseriformes including ducks, geese, swans, and screamers.


phenotypic lag

Phenotypic lag is the delayed phenotypic manifestation off a gene mutation (in additional to mutational lag).

1973, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis:

(genetics) a delay in the expression of a phenotype acquired by mutation.


amensalism

Trophic group amensalism in the form of the broadened mobile vs. sessile distinction also plays an important part in the Woodin (1976) general model of how adult-larval interactions structure soft-sediment communities at high density.

2001, J.N. Kraeuter, Biology of the Hard Clam, page 426:

(ecology) A form of biological or ecological interaction or relationship in which one species is harmed or impeded and the other is unaffected.


aromatization

en-noun

aromatization (countable and uncountable, plural aromatizations)

(biochemistry) The enzymatic conversion of androgen hormones into estrogens by aromatase.


classis

Borrowed from Latin classis. Doublet of class.

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below divisio and above ordo.


submarginal

en-adj

submarginal (comparative more submarginal, superlative most submarginal)

more submarginal (comparative)
most submarginal (superlative)

(anatomy, zoology, botany) Below a margin.


toeprint

In the absence of IF3, the 10-fold molar excess of tRNAᴾʰᵉ produces a strong +18 toeprint relative to the +15 toeprint.

2010, Single Molecule Tools, Part A: Fluorescence Based Approaches:

In the case of the entrapment model on the contrary, one does not expect the toeprint to disappear with increasing repressor concentrations, since in this case, both repressor and ribosome can bind the same mRNA.

2012, E. C. C. Lin, A. Simon Lynch, Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli:

Lastly, a "toeprint" of 30S subunits bound to T4 gene 32 mRNA has been observed with MMLV reverse transcriptase; while the experiment has not been quantitated, appearance of a signal at a subunit concentration of 0.02 μM is consistent with a binding constant on the order of 10⁷ M⁻¹ (Hartz et al., 1991).

2012, K.H. Nierhaus, F. Franceschi, A.R. Subramanian, The Translational Apparatus: Structure, Function, Regulation, Evolution, page 198:

(genetics) A measure of 30S-mRNA binding.


homomorphism

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homomorphism.wav

(biology) A similar appearance of two unrelated organisms or structures, as for example with fish and whales.


morphism

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-morphism.wav

Briefly, the yellow morphic males can change their status from paired to satellite and from satellite to the paired one. However, they cannot cross into the status of the red morph.[…] The colour morphism of males is proved to be irreversible after its expression at an early stage of ontogeny.

2010, T.J. Pandian, Sexuality in Fishes, page 51:

(biology) Being or having distinct variants of a plant or animal species in the same locale; polymorphism.


ensifer

Borrowed from Latin ēnsifer (“sword-bearing”).

(microbiology) A member of the genus Ensifer, of the bacteria family Rhizobiaceae.


macrofossil

The only other identifiable plant macrofossil present was a nutlet of club-rush that was morphologically most similar to grey club-rush (Schoenoplectus cf tabernaemontani). This form of club-rush is most often found near the sea, although it also grows in marshes and dune-slacks.

2017 January 9, Dan Garner, Hillforts of the Cheshire Ridge, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 253:

(paleontology) Any fossil large enough to be examined without a microscope.


macrogamete

(cytology) The larger of a pair of anisogamous, conjugating gametes; the female ovule in plants or ovum for animals.


blastomere

(biology) Any cell that results from division of a fertilized egg.

blastomère

any cell that results from division of a fertilized egg


macronucleus

These binucleated forms have one macronucleus functional and another sexual micronucleus which is not functional in the ordinary life processes of the species.

1890, American Philosophical Society, Proceedings:

(biology) The larger of the two nuclei present in ciliate protozoans; it controls the nonreproductive functions of the cell.


macrophyte

From German Makrophyt, equivalent to macro- (“large”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any normal macroscopic plant, especially an aquatic one.


confluent

confluent (comparative more confluent, superlative most confluent)

more confluent (comparative)
most confluent (superlative)

(biology) Describing cells in a culture that merge to form a mass.


phycoplast

(biology) An array of microtubules involved in the formation of cell walls.


manitrunk

(insects, anatomy) The anterior segment of the thorax in insects.


biomechanics

(biology, physics) The branch of biophysics that deals with the mechanics of the human or animal body; especially concerned with muscles and the skeleton.

(biology) The functioning of a particular part of a body.

biomecànica

the functioning of a particular part of a body


gene silencing

(genetics) Any mechanism or technique, either in nature or by human agency, by which the expression of a gene is either fully or almost fully prevented.


silencing

(genetics) The prevention of the expression of a gene


bicoid

(genetics) A gene, in Drosophila and related flies, that specifies which end of an egg will be the anterior and become the fly's head by setting up a concentration gradient of the Bicoid protein.


Bicoid

(biochemistry) A protein, in Drosophila and related flies, specified by the bicoid gene, the concentration gradient of which serves to specify which end of the egg will become the head of the fly.


meristemoid

(biology) A small, triangular stomatal precursor cell that functions temporarily as a stem cell in a meristem.


Too Many Mouths

(genetics, biochemistry) A receptor-like protein in plants which, when absent, leads to an overproduction of stomata


biofilm

en-noun

biofilm (countable and uncountable, plural biofilms)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-biofilm.wav

From bio- + film. First used in the early 1970s in the context of wastewater treatment.

The differences in biofilm penetration patterns of both tested photosensitisers and the light source could have played an important role for the survival of microorganisms after the application of aPDT. In a recent own study, we showed that the deepest layers of the oral biofilm were not affected by the aPDT [4 ].

2015 November 7, “Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Using Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) Alters In Situ Oral Biofilms”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

These interactions are essential for the assembly of an exopolysaccharides-rich matrix and the development of cospecies biofilms.

2016 March 3, “Streptococcus mutans Can Modulate Biofilm Formation and Attenuate the Virulence of Candida albicans”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, medicine) A thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms.


subtilisin

subtilisin (countable and uncountable, plural subtilisins)

(biochemistry) A protease produced by soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus.


subtilase

subtilase (countable and uncountable, plural subtilases)

(biochemistry) A serine protease similar to subtilisin


cytoplasmic determinant

cytoplasmic determinant (plural cytoplasmic determinants)

Consequently, in order to learn of a cytoplasmic determinant serving a specific hereditary function, one must detect it in a mutated form.

1965, Arnold Warren Ravin, The Evolution of Genetics:

A cytoplasmic determinant for dorsal axis formation in an early embryo of Xenopus laevis.

(biology) A substance, present in an egg or blastomere, that determines the fate of those cells that inherit it during cleavage.


geometer

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-geometer.wav

From Middle English gemeter, geometer, ultimately from Late Latin geōmetrēs, from Ancient Greek γεωμέτρης (geōmétrēs), from γῆ (gê, “earth”) + μετρέω (metréō, “to measure”).

(zoology) Any species of geometrid moth (family Geometridae).


fuel molecule

(biology) A molecule metabolized by a cell to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and NADPH. Types include: carbohydrate, fat and protein.


anticlinal

en-adj

anticlinal (comparative more anticlinal, superlative most anticlinal)

more anticlinal (comparative)
most anticlinal (superlative)

(botany) Used to describe a type of cell division in a layer of cells that occurs perpendicular to the adjacent layer of cells.


monotype

en-noun

monotype (countable and uncountable, plural monotypes)

General American, Canada, biological sense

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-monotype.wav

From mono- + type or mono- + -type. The printing technique is so called because it allows only one impression to be taken.


auxesis

auxesis (countable and uncountable, plural auxeses)

From Ancient Greek αὔξησις (aúxēsis, “growth”), from αὐξάνω (auxánō, “to grow”).

uder

Auxesis, augmentation, increase.

Botanists do still distinguish between auxesis or growth by expansion, and merisis or growth by cell-multiplication.

(biology) Biological growth, (now usually restricted to) expansion or growth of an organism apart from that due to cellular division.


terraqueous

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-terraqueous.wav

PIE word
 *h₂ékʷeh₂
Learned borrowing from Late Latin terraqueus + English -ous (suffix denoting the presence of a quality in any degree, usually an abundance). Terraqueus is derived from Latin terra (“dry land; earth, soil”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”)) + Late Latin aqueus (“aqueous; watery”) (from Latin aqua (“water”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂ (“water”)) + -eus (suffix forming adjectives from nouns denoting the sources of attributes)).

affix

Among a large number of terraqueous plants, cellulose and lignin are dominant in nature.

2004, Tatsuko Hatakeyama, Hyoe Hatakeyama, “Polysaccharides from Plants”, in Thermal Properties of Green Polymers and Biocomposites, New York, N.Y.; Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, published 2005, →ISBN, page 131:

(botany) Of a plant: living in both land and water; amphibious.


Fromase

From French fromage (“cheese”) + -ase, coined as a trademark.

(biochemistry) A protease produced by the soil fungus Rhizomucor miehei, used as a vegetarian alternative to chymosin in the manufacture of some cheeses.


chymosin

en-noun

chymosin (countable and uncountable, plural chymosins)

(biochemistry) The proteolytic enzyme rennin


rennin

rennin (countable and uncountable, plural rennins)

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, obtained from the gastric juice of the abomasum of calves, used to coagulate milk and make cheese.


riboswitch

2006 Volker A Erdmann et.al.
For example, a riboswitch responsible for sensing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) levels is present in the 5' leader of riboflavin mrna

(biochemistry) A segment within the leading end of a messenger RNA transcript that is able to gauge the cell's need for the protein encoded by the rest of the message, then to rearrange its shape to control whether that protein is manufactured


bufadienolide

(biochemistry, toxicology) Any of a class of toxic steroids present in some plants and secreted by some toads through the skin as a defense; sometimes present as a glycoside.


monomeric

(biochemistry) Describing a protein that has a single polypeptide chain.

(genetics) Describing a hereditary characteristic controlled by a gene at a single locus.


geotropism

geotropism (countable and uncountable, plural geotropisms)

From geo- (“earth”) + -tropism, due to growth towards or away from the earth.

(biology) The movement of a plant in response to gravity (either downwards or upwards).


hydrotropism

hydrotropism (usually uncountable, plural hydrotropisms)

(biology) The movement of a plant (or other organism) in response to water, either towards or away from water.

hydrotropisme

the movement of an organism either towards or away from water


gene pool

(genetics) The complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of a species or population.


taxonomic inflation

(biology) An increase in the number of species that is not caused by new discoveries, but by changes in the classification of existing organisms.


bigmouth

big mouth (alternative)
big-mouth (alternative)

(zoology) Applied to various creatures that have a large mouth.


TAF

(genetics, microbiology) Initialism of TBP-associated factor.


spavined

en-adj

spavined (comparative more spavined, superlative most spavined)

more spavined (comparative)
most spavined (superlative)

From Late Middle English spaueyned, from spavein, spaveine (“swelling on horse’s leg causing lameness; disease causing lameness in horses”) + -ed (suffix forming adjectives; and the past tense and past participle forms of weak verbs). By surface analysis, spavin + -ed (suffix forming possessional adjectives from nouns, denoting having the objects represented by the nouns; and forming past tenses of regular verbs).

surf

[H]e […] made a present to Andrew of a broken-winded and spavined poney, in order to enable him to pursue his journey.

1817 December 31 (indicated as 1818), [Walter Scott], chapter VI, in Rob Roy. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, page 115:

A horse-giver, no more than a horse-seller, has a right to palm his spavined article upon us for good ware. An equivalent is expected in either case; and, with my own good will, I would no more be cheated out of my thanks, than out of my money.

1833, Elia [pseudonym; Charles Lamb], “[Popular Fallacies.] XI. That We Must Not Look a Gift-Horse in the Mouth, […].”, in The Last Essays of Elia. […], London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 250:

[…] Mr. Thumble, […] had ridden over to Hogglestock on a poor spavined brute belonging to the bishop's stable, and which had once been the bishop's cob.

1867, Anthony Trollope, “The Bishop’s Angel”, in The Last Chronicle of Barset. […], volume I, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 106:

As for the wonderful feats of horsemanship one hears of or sees among the Arabs, they are due to sharp spurs like razors, and to bits strong enough to break an animal's jaw. […] The favourite feat at their fantasias or fêtes of suddenly pulling up their horses short while at a hand-gallop, ruins their legs, and there is in consequence scarcely a horse to be seen whose hind-legs are not spavined.

1868, Mrs. H. Lloyd Evans, “Across the Atlas”, in Last Winter in Algeria, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 100:

The Whig party was supposed to be broken in 1842. It was likened to the man who wished to sell his horse. A by-stander asked if the horse was not spavined? "Spavined! I don't know what that is; but if the horse is any better for being spavined, then he is spavined!"

1876, Samuel S[ullivan] Cox, “Legislative Anecdote—Continued”, in Why We Laugh, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 281:

Into the vale from the north rode a stranger. He was mounted on a mangy, shovel-headed horse so spavined that it should have been unable to support his improbable bulk.

2010, Stephen R[eeder] Donaldson, Against All Things Ending (The Last Chronicles of Thomas Covenant; 3), New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →ISBN, page 54:

(farriery, veterinary medicine) Of a horse: having spavin (“a disease of horses caused by a bony swelling which develops in a leg due to inflammation”).


spicule

Tear it up, and put a fragment under the microscope, and, wonder of wonders! see the maze of geometric forms exhibited in the bones of the creature; for who can help regarding the spicules as bones, even though a sponge be invertebrate?

(biology) Any of many needle-like crystalline structures that provide skeletal support in marine invertebrates like sponges.

espícula

any of many needle-like crystalline structures that provide skeletal support in marine invertebrates like sponges


come true

en-verb

come true (third-person singular simple present comes true, present participle coming true, simple past came true, past participle come true)

comes true (present singular third-person)
coming true (participle present)
came true (past)
come true (participle past)

(biology) To breed true; to maintain identity of salient characteristics through propagation processes.


photoheterotrophy

(biology) The generation of biological energy from light, together with organic compounds and / or carbon dioxide


ribbon representation

en-noun

ribbon representation (plural ribbon representations)

(biochemistry) A graphical representation of the gross structure of a protein in which different levels of structure are represented as different size ribbons and tubes; associated molecules (such as the haem of haemoglobin) are shown in ball and stick form.


unliganded

The direct hydrogen ion titration of unliganded hemoglobin was performed under a stream of purified argon; that of the carbon monoxide derivative was carried out in a closed system under an atmosphere of pure CO.

1966, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics:

(biochemistry) Having no ligand; especially (of a protein) deprived of any small molecule that it is sometimes associated with


integrin

(biochemistry) Any of many heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that function as receptors in communication between cells.


potato blight

They say they used to give pauper children soup to change to protestants in the time of the potato blight.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 8]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans#Translingual

(phytopathology) A devastating disease of potatoes caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans.

perunarutto

Phytophthora infestans, disease of potatoes


phytochemistry

(biochemistry, botany) The scientific study of the chemicals found in plants.

fütokeemia

the scientific study of the chemicals found in plants

The phytochemistry of mosses is very different from that of other plants.

(botany) The collection of chemicals and chemical processes found in a particular plant.


osteoblast

From osteo- (“bone”) + -blast (“immature cell”).

confix

(biology, cytology) A mononucleate cell from which bone develops.


mononucleate

(biology, of a cell) Having a single nucleus


sublingual

Borrowed from New Latin sublinguālis, from sub- (“under, below, beneath”) + linguālis (“relating to the tongue”); equivalent to sub- + lingual.

af

(herpetology) A particular scale near the front of the lower jaw in snakes, usually in a pair.


sustainable development

en-noun

sustainable development (countable and uncountable, plural sustainable developments)

(agriculture, ecology) Development which seeks to produce sustainable economic growth while ensuring future generations' ability to do the same by not exceeding the regenerative capacity of nature.

تَنْمِيَة مُسْتَدَامَة

development seeking to economic growth while ensuring future generations' ability to do the same, by not exceeding natural regenerative capacity


microdialysis

(biochemistry) A technique in which a short length of dialysis membrane is introduced into a biological tissue in order to collect samples of fluid for analysis.


fruticose

en-adj

fruticose (comparative more fruticose, superlative most fruticose)

more fruticose (comparative)
most fruticose (superlative)

Fruticose lichens drape and tuft; crustose and squamulose lichens creep and seep; foliose lichens layer and flake.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 84:

(botany) Having woody stems and branches; shrubby

(lichenology) Having a shrub-like or hairy thallus attached to the substrate at a single point.


ciliary

ciliary movement

In vitro and animal studies are exploring the effect of M. genitalium infection on the fallopian tube mucosa. Microscopic evidence of ciliary damage was demonstrated in human fallopian tube explants infected with M. genitalium, albeit the damage was more moderate than that seen with C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae infection (Figure 2).

2017 July 15, Harold C Wiesenfeld, Lisa E Manhart, “Mycoplasma genitalium in Women: Current Knowledge and Research Priorities for This Recently Emerged Pathogen”, in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, volume 216, number suppl_2, →DOI, pages S389–S395:

(biology, relational) Of, pertaining to or involving cilia.


amacrine

From a- (“not”) + Ancient Greek μᾰκρός (măkrós, “long”) + -ine.


amacrine

(biology) Any cell that does not have a long process.


opsin

Shortened form of rhodopsin.
From Ancient Greek ὄψις (ópsis, “sight”) + -in.

suffix

Ramirez and Oakley therefore predicted that opsins are present in octopus skin, where they might act as light sensors.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of light-sensitive proteins in the retina.


retinal

en-noun

retinal (countable and uncountable, plural retinals)

/ˈɹɛt.əˌnæl/

/ˈɹɛt.əˌnɔl/

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A yellow to orange aldehyde derived from vitamin A that is formed from rhodopsin by the action of light and in combination with proteins forms the visual pigments of the retinal rods and cones.


rhodopsin

rhodopsin (countable and uncountable, plural rhodopsins)

From Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), due to its pinkish color, and ὄψις (ópsis, “sight”).

(biochemistry) A light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina; it consists of an opsin protein bound to the carotenoid retinal

rodopsyna

a light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina


retinene

(biochemistry) Either of two carotenoid pigments found in the retina and produced from vitamin A; retinal


depauperate

en-adj

depauperate (comparative more depauperate, superlative most depauperate)

more depauperate (comparative)
most depauperate (superlative)

From Middle English depauperat (“impoverished”), from Medieval Latin depauperātus (“impoverished”), past participle of depauperō (“to impoverish”), itself from Latin de- + pauperō (“to impoverish”), from pauper (“poor”). Equivalent to de- + pauper + -ate (adjective-forming suffix). Cognate with Italian depauperare, Spanish depauperar.

af

/dɪˈpɔːpəɹət/

/dɪˈpɔːpəɹeɪt/

(botany, of a plant, etc.) Having stunted growth


pistillum

From Latin pistillum. Doublet of pestle and pistil.


dispensable

en-adj

dispensable (comparative more dispensable, superlative most dispensable)

more dispensable (comparative)
most dispensable (superlative)

The difference in absorption rate is not surprising since whey has a high percentage of indispensable amino acids, which are absorbed more rapidly than dispensable amino acids.

2008, Marie Dunford, J. Andrew Doyle, Nutrition for Sport and Exercise, Thomson Wadsworth, published 2008, →ISBN, page 161:

(biochemistry, nutrition, of an amino acid) Not essential to be taken in as part of an organism's diet, as it can be synthesized de novo.


pollen grain

(botany) A single male reproductive particle of which the pollen of a plant consists.


hopene

en-noun

hopene (countable and uncountable, plural hopenes)

From hop + -ene, as found in the hop plant.

(biochemistry) A pentacyclic triterpene hydrocarbon produced from squalene by a cyclase enzyme.


cyclase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the cyclization of a compound


keratinocyte

Recently, activation of Wnt signaling has been reported efficient for intestinalization of human esophageal keratinocytes in vitro [20].

2015 August 18, Orestis Lyros et al., “Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Activation beyond Robust Nuclear β-Catenin Accumulation in Nondysplastic Barrett’s Esophagus: Regulation via Dickkopf-112”, in Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.), volume 17, →DOI:

(biology) A cell in the epidermis that produces keratin; keratinocytes comprise 90% of the epidermis' cells.


epithelialization

epithelialization (countable and uncountable, plural epithelializations)

epithelializations (plural)
epithelialisation (alternative)

(biology) The process that covers a wound with epithelial tissue.

mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition

(biology) The process of assembling an epithelium from non-epithelial cells, such as in the process of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.


placode

The placodes are localized thickenings of the cephalic surface ectoderm. Each placode is formed from a group of cells which gives rise to a specific organ with a given specialized function.

1974, Herbert Tuchmann-Duplessis, G. David, P. Haegel, Illustrated Human Embryology, Volumes 1-3, Springer, page 94:

1978, Charles Russell Bardeen, Irving Hardesty, John Lewis Bremer, Edward Allen Boyden (editors), The Anatomical Record, Volume 191, A. R. Liss, page 450,
The neural crest cell bodies become more distant from the placode, but their cell processes permeate the increasingly fibrillar extracellular matrix subjacent to the placode.

Following neurulation, the placodes are first visible as thickenings of columnar epithelium in the non-neural ectoderm, which will go on to form the paired sense organs (olfactory, otic, and lateral line placodes), the lens of the eye (lens placode), the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophyseal placode) and essential components of some ganglia (epibranchial and trigeminal placodes).

2008, Roderick Nigel Finn, B. G. Kapoor, editors, Fish Larval Physiology, Taylor & Francis, page 15:

(biology, anatomy, comparative anatomy) A platelike thickening of the epithelial layer of an embryo from which an organ, especially a sense organ, develops.


autoregulatory loop

autoregulatory loop (plural autoregulatory loops)

(genetics) Part of a protein that allows it to regulate its own genetic expression.


flavin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of tricyclic heterocyclic compounds derived from riboflavin; found especially as the adenine dinucleotide (FAD)


episomal

(biology) Pertaining to an episome or DNA fragments not contained within a chromosome


marker gene

(genetics) A gene with a known location in a chromosome; used to track the insertion of DNA into organisms


multimer

(biochemistry) A protein consisting of multiple monomers.


prolactin

prolactin (usually uncountable, plural prolactins)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-prolactin.wav

From pro- (from Ancient Greek πρό (pró, “before”)) + lact- (variation of lacto-, from Latin lac (“milk”)) + -in (modification of -ine).

af

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">πρό</i> (pró, “before”)

variation of lacto-, from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">lac</i> (“milk”)

Men get a dose of the hormone prolactin after orgasm and this acts as a sedative.

(biochemistry) A peptide gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland; it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation in females.


biocalorimetry

(biology) The measurement of the energetics of biological and biochemical processes.


bioelectromagnetics

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation

(biology) The study of the effects of electromagnetic radiation (normally with the exception of visible light) upon biological systems and organisms.


bioelectronics

(biology, electronics) The application of electronics in the field of biology

(biology, electronics) The proposed construction of electronic-like circuits from proteins or other biological macromolecules


biological clock

en-noun

biological clock (plural biological clocks)

2005 US Department of Health - Your guide to healthy sleep
Your biological clock is actually a tiny bundle of cells in your brain that responds to light signals received through your eyes.

(biology) Any of several mechanisms that regulate the periodicity of biological functions, such as the circadian rhythm.

生物鐘 /生物钟

any of several mechanisms that regulate the periodicity of biological functions


biomagnetism

(biology) The production or detection of a magnetic field by a living organism.


biosensor

Since the early 1980s, considerable research effort has been devoted to the development of fiber optic (FO) biosensors because of their potential sensitivity, detection speed, and adaptability to a wide variety of assay conditions.

2005, Cecil Leeburn Wilson et al., chapter 5, in Comprehensive analytical chemistry, →ISBN, page 216:

(biochemistry) Any device that detects, records or transmits physiological data, especially data concerning the presence of chemical compounds (analytes)

Today's biosensor market is dominated by glucose biosensors, mass-produced enzyme-electrodes for the rapid self-diagnosis of blood glucose levels by diabetes sufferers.

2005, José-Luis Barredo, chapter 2, in Microbial enzymes and biotransformations, →ISBN, page 29:

(biochemistry) A device that uses biological material (e.g. microorganisms, oligonucleotides, enzymes, antibodies) to detect other biological molecules or chemicals.


biotelemetry

(biology, electronics) The use of telemetry to monitor, measure and record physiological data of an organism


coinduction

coinduction (countable and uncountable, plural coinductions)

(biology) The simultaneous induction of two or more compounds into a cell line


metabolomics

In order to understand these effects, a comprehensive analysis in which all the metabolites of a biological system are identified and quantified is needed. Since such an approach reveals the metabolome of the biological system under study, this approach should be called metabolomics.

2002, Oliver Fiehn, “Metabolomics – the link between genotypes and phenotypes”, in Plant Molecular Biology, volume 48, page 155:

(biochemistry) The study of the range of metabolites present in a person's body at normal times, and when suffering from specific diseases; may be useful as a diagnostic tool.


asparagine

From French asparagine, from Latin asparagus + French -ine. By surface analysis, asparagus + -ine.

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid C₄H₈N₂O₃ found in plants such as asparagus.


androecium

From New Latin; from andro- + oecium (from Ancient Greek οἰκῐ́ον (oikĭ́on), diminutive of οἶκος (oîkos, “house”)).


blastulation

(biology) The process of forming blastocoels and blastulas.


bordetella

bordetella (plural bordetellas or bordetellae)

bordetellas (plural)
bordetellae (plural)

(bacteriology) Any of several gram-negative coccobacilli, of the genus Bordetella, many of which are pathogenic; especially Bordatella pertussis which causes whooping cough and kennel cough.


coccobacillus

(bacteriology) Any bacteria with a shape intermediate between cocci (spherical) and bacilli (rod-shaped)


tinman

In allusion to the character Tin Man from the Land of Oz, who lacked a heart.

Tinman belongs to a special class of genes. [...] But some genes make proteins that control other genes. Some act like master switches, triggering many different genes to work together to build a structure. Tinman is one such “master gene” for the fruit fly.

2000, Carl Zimmer, “The Hidden Unity of Hearts”, in Natural History, volume 109, number 3, archived from the original on 2009-01-07, pages 56–61:

Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster#Translingual

(genetics) A master gene in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, whose absence causes the fly to develop without a heart.


alpha-amino acid

alpha-amino acid (plural alpha-amino acids)

(biochemistry) Any amino acid that has the amino and carboxylic functional groups attached to the same carbon atom; especially those amino acids that occur naturally as peptides and proteins.

alfa-aminoácido

any amino acid that has the amino and carboxylic functional groups attached to the same carbon atom


beta-amino acid

beta-amino acid (plural beta-amino acids)

beta-amino acids (plural)
β-amino acid (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any amino acid that has the amino and carboxylic functional groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms; beta-alanine is the only one that occurs in nature, but not in peptides or proteins.


beta-peptide

(biochemistry) Any artificial peptide made from beta-amino acids; used in some antibiotics in an attempt to counter resistance.