asexual

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(biology) Lacking distinct sex, lacking sexual organs.

asexual reproduction

They traced the ancient lineages of two species to reveal the insects' lengthy history of asexual reproduction.

2011 July 19, Ella Davies, “Stick insects survive one million years without sex”, in BBC:

(biology) Without sexual action; reproducing by some other method than sex.


asexual

11.2 Demonstrating the Status of Long-Lived Asexuals
… Indeed, if sex has so many advantages, then which special adaptations - if any - allow long-term survival without it? However, the main task of the research teams dealing with such putative ancient asexuals has thus far been to demonstrate that their respective groups (mainly bdelloids, darwinulids and certain lineages within orbatid mites) indeed merit the status.

2009, Isa Schön, Giampaolo Rossetti, Koen Martens, Darwinulid Ostracods: Ancient Asexual Scandals or Scandalous Gossip?, published as Chapter 11 of Lost Sex: The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis, Isa Schön, Koen Martens, Peter van Dijk (editors), page 221

(biology) A species which reproduces by asexual rather than sexual reproduction, or a member of such a species.


bifurcation

en-noun

bifurcation (countable and uncountable, plural bifurcations)


bivouac

bivouacs (plural)
bivouack (alternative)
biouac (alternative obsolete)
bivoac (alternative obsolete)
bihovac (alternative obsolete)
bivy (alternative)
bivvy (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from French bivouac (earlier biouac, bivac), from Alemannic German Biiwacht (“reinforcements of guard or town watch”), from bii- + Wacht (“watch, guard”).

der

(zoology) A structure formed by migratory ants out of their own bodies to protect the queen and larvae.


bleb

Possibly onomatopoeic, similarly to blob and blubber.

Figure 4.20 reveals blebs on the surface of a bacterial cell. In many instances, these blebs are released from the cell into the surrounding media.

2005, Larry Barton, Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes, page 170:

2013, Louis Foucard, Xavier Espinet, Eduard Benet, Franck J. Vernerey, The Role of the Cortical Membrane in Cell Mechanics: Model and Simulation, Shaofan Li, Dong Qian (editors), Multiscale Simulations and Mechanics of Biological Materials, page 261,
As the bleb grows (the growth time is on order of a minute), the actin cortex starts reassembling beneath the bleb membrane.

A different approach is to use protrusions from the membrane, which are called blebs or blisters.[…]The absence of actin and tubulin from blebs formed on oocytes of Xenopus laevus clearly indicates the bleb membrane is detached from the cell cytoskeleton (Figure 3.29).

2014, Mary Luckey, Membrane Structural Biology: With Biochemical and Biophysical Foundations, page 64:

(cytology) An irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell undergoing apoptosis.


cataphract

From Latin cataphractes (“suit of armour”), from Ancient Greek κατάφρακτος (katáphraktos, “suit of armour”), from κατα- (kata-, prefix indicating a great degree or intensity) + φρακτός (phraktós, “protected; fenced in”) (from φράσσω (phrássō, “to fortify, secure; to fence in”)) + -της (-tēs, suffix forming nouns indicating a state of being).

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(ichthyology, by extension, obsolete) An outer covering of some fish resembling armour or plate.


chimera

chimeras (plural)
chimaera (alternative archaic)
chimæra (alternative archaic)
chimere (alternative obsolete)
chymera (alternative obsolete)
chemera (alternative obsolete)
chymæra (alternative obsolete)

monolith

antonym(s) of “anything composed of very disparate parts”

Variant of Middle English chimere, chymere, & chymera under renewed Latin influence from the 16th century, from French chimère, from Latin Chimaera, from Ancient Greek Χίμαιρα (Khímaira, “fire-breathing mythological monster, fire-spewing Lycian or Cilician mountain”), from χίμαιρα (khímaira, “she-goat”, from χίμαρος (khímaros, “male goat”) + -α (-a)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey-. In reference to the fish, directly from Latin Chimaera, used by Linnaeus. In reference to organisms with distinct areas of different genetic makeups, a calque of German Chimäre, used by Hans Winkler in 1907.

af

The DNA test returned a false negative because the killer was a chimera, having absorbed her twin in utero.

[P]reembryo cells from different parents can combine and grow into a chimera (an individual with cells from two or more zygotes)—in this case, an entity containing genetic material from four parents! Spontaneous chimeras […] occur rarely in our species. Recent examples include a woman who resulted from the merger of two zygotes or the early fusion of two genetically distinct embryos.

2014, David A[lan] Grimes, Linda G. Brandon, “Miscarriage: The Healthy Winnowing of Pregnancy”, in Every Third Woman in America: How Legal Abortion Transformed Our Nation, Carolina Beach, N.C.: Daymark Publishing, →ISBN:

(genetics) An organism with genetically distinct cells originating from two or more zygotes.

quimera

organism with genetically distinct cells from two or more zygotes

The chimeras […] are an extant group of about 30 species. They have the upper jaw fused with the cranium and a gill cover over the four gill slits. They also have toothy plates that give them a ratlike appearance, thus the common name "ratfish." The group occurs in ocean depths worldwide, where they mainly feed on invertebrates.

2012, Harold M. Tyus, “Diversity 1: Chordates to Sharks”, in Ecology and Conservation of Fishes, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, pages 34–35:

(zoology) Alternative form of chimaera, a cartilaginous marine fish in the subclass Holocephali and especially the order Chimaeriformes, with a blunt snout, long tail, and a spine before the first dorsal fin.


ciliate

First attested in 1760; borrowed from New Latin ciliātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix).


ciliate

(zoology) Any of many protozoa, of the phylum Ciliophora, that have many cilia (fine hairs).


conservation

en-noun

conservation (countable and uncountable, plural conservations)

From Old French. By surface analysis, conserve + -ation.

(biology) The discipline concerned with protection of biodiversity, the environment, and natural resources

բնապահպանություն

the discipline concerned with protection of biodiversity, the environment, and natural resources

(biology) Genes and associated characteristics of biological organisms that are unchanged by evolution, for example similar or identical nucleic acid sequences or proteins in different species descended from a common ancestor

conservation

(biology) gene sequences or structures that are not changed in evolution


crisp

en-adj

crisp (comparative crisper, superlative crispest)

crisper (comparative)
crispest (superlative)

The adjective is derived partly from the following:
* Sense 1: Middle English crisp (“curly; having curly hair or wool; of fabric: crinkly, wrinkled; of water: rippled”), from Old English crisp (“curly”), from Latin crispus (“of hair: crimped, curly”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kris-, from *(s)ker- (“to bend; to turn”).
* Sense 2: from the above, and probably also onomatopoeic, representing a crinkling or crunching sound.
Doublet of crape and crepe.
Adjective sense 2.2.3 (“of air, weather, etc.: cool and dry”) is transferred from a description of frost or snow as “crisp”, that is, crunchy.
The noun is derived partly from the following:
* Middle English crisp (“light, crinkled fabric; kind of pastry; crinkliness or roughness of skin”), from crisp (adjective) (see above).
* Modern English crisp (adjective) (“having a consistency which is hard yet brittle”).

inh

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Feathered VVater Moſs. Branched. Leaves criſp, feathered, undulated, pointing tvvo vvays.

1770, John Berkenhout, “Class XXIV. Cryptogamia. […] II. Musci, Mosses.”, in Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland. […], volume II (Comprehending the Vegetable Kingdom), London: […] P[eter] Elmsly (successor to Mr. [Paul] Vaillant) […], →OCLC, paragraph 4, page 293:

(botany, archaic) Synonym of crispate (“of a leaf: having curled, notched, or wavy edges”); crisped.


debacle

debacles (plural)
débâcle (alternative)
debâcle (alternative)
débacle (alternative)

From French débâcle, from débâcler (“to unbar; unleash”) from prefix dé- (“un-”) + bâcler (“to dash, bind, bar, block”) [perhaps from unattested Middle French and Old French *bâcler, *bacler (“to hold in place, prop a door or window open”)], from Vulgar Latin *bacculare, from Latin baculum (“rod, staff used for support”), from Proto-Indo-European *bak-.
Also attested in Old French desbacler (“to clear a harbour by getting ships unloaded to make room for incoming ships with lading”) and in Occitan baclar (“to close”).
The hypothesised derivation from Middle Dutch *bakkelen (“to freeze artificially, lock in place”), a frequentative of bakken (“to stick, stick hard, glue together”) no longer seems likely due to the lack of attestation of *bakkelen in Middle Dutch and by it having the limited meaning of "freeze superficially" in Dutch.

ncog

[…] so that in extreme cases the latter may even be dammed up for a time, and a debacle be the consequence, when the main river overcomes the resistance opposed to it, […]

1836, Henry De La Beche, How to Observe: Geology, page 69:

For several months after the debacle just described, the river Dranse, having no settled channel, shifted its position continually […]

1837, John Lee Comstock, Outlines of Geology, page 51:

When this débâcle commences […], the masses of ice, drifting with the current and unable to pass, are hurled upon those already soldered together; thus an enormous barrier is formed […]

1872, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, page 425:

(ecology) A breaking up of a natural dam, usually made of ice, by a river and the ensuing rush of water.


decoration

en-noun

decoration (countable and uncountable, plural decorations)

/ˌdɛkəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Latin decoratio: compare French décoration.
Morphologically decorate + -ion

(biochemistry, immunology) The use of exotic sugars as decoys to distract the immune system of a host


deleterious

en-adj

deleterious (comparative more deleterious, superlative most deleterious)

more deleterious (comparative)
most deleterious (superlative)
deletorious (alternative)

Borrowed (1640s, 1582 as deletorious) from Medieval Latin deleterius, deletorius, from Ancient Greek δηλητήριος (dēlētḗrios, “noxious, deleterious”), from δηλητήρ (dēlētḗr, “a destroyer”), from δηλέομαι (dēléomai, “I hurt, damage, spoil, waste”). Not related to delete.

der

A deleterious mutation


depolarization

en-noun

depolarization (countable and uncountable, plural depolarizations)

depolarizations (plural)
depolarisation (alternative)

hypopolarization:

shift in intracellular electrical charge distribution

The act of reducing polarity, or the result of such action; reduction to an unpolarized or less polarized condition.

(biology, medicine) An intracellular shift in electrical charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared with outside; it is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the overall physiology of an organism.


dichotomy

dichotomy (countable and uncountable, plural dichotomies)

Audio (GA)

Audio (AU)

From Ancient Greek διχοτομία (dikhotomía, “dichotomy”).

der

(biology, taxonomy) The division of a genus into two species; a division into two subordinate parts.

dikotomi

taxonomy: division into two subordinate parts

1969, J. F. Rigby, Permian Sphenopsids from Antarctica, Geological Survey Professional Paper 613-F, page F-9,
In one forked leaf there is a distinct vein dichotomy, and the leaf boundary commences 1.5 mm above the dichotomy.

In most of the creeping species with dorsiventral stems (e.g., S. kraussiana, S. laevigata) roots arise at or close to the point of dichotomy; in species like S. rupestris and S. wallichii they arise at the point of dichotomy as well as other positions and in S. selaginoides and S. spinulosa they arise from knot like swellings present at the basal portion of the stem.

2010, V. Singh, P. C. Pande, D. K. Jain, Text Book Of Botany: Diversity Of Microbes And Cryptogams, 4th edition, page 511:

(botany) Division and subdivision; bifurcation, such as that of a stem of a plant or a vein of the body into two parts as it proceeds from its origin; often successive.


differentiation

en-noun

differentiation (countable and uncountable, plural differentiations)

/ˌdɪf.əˌɹɛn.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/

From differentiate + -ion, from different + -iate, from differ + -ent, from Middle English differen, from Old French differer, from Latin differō (“carry apart, put off, defer; differ”), from dis- (“apart”) + ferō (“carry, bear”); cognate with Ancient Greek διαφέρω (diaphérō, “to differ”).

cog

(biology) The process by which the components of multicellular life (cells, organs, etc.) are produced and acquire function, as when a seed develops the root and stem, and the initial stem develops the leaf, branches, and flower buds.

Any hope that the pierines would help to define “the level at which r-K phenomena should be sought has been dashed: apparently species groups (or subgenera, or splitters' genera) are r- or K-selected in the holarctic, whereas in Tatochila the same amount of differentiation is found among populations in a complex in which the process of speciation has not yet been completed.

2012, Fritz Taylor, The Evolution of Insect Life Cycles, page 156:

(biology, evolution) The evolutionary process by which one taxonomic group (species, genus, variety, etc.) becomes distinct from another, or acquires distinct features; the result of such a process: distinctness.


disc

discs (plural)
disk (alternative US mainly)

From French disque, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disk, quoit, platter”). Doublet of dais, desk, discus, dish, disk, and diskos.

doublet

(botany) The flat surface of an organ, as a leaf, any flat, round growth.


dissimilation

en-noun

dissimilation (countable and uncountable, plural dissimilations)

/ˌdɪsɪmɪˈleɪʃən/

From dis- + -similation, after assimilation.

(microbiology) A dissimilatory process that supply a cell with energy only without the assimilation of nutrients.


dominant

→ Polish: dominant

Finally, if we suppose provisionally that the mutant genes are dominant just as often as they are recessive, selection will be far more severe in eliminating the disadvantageous dominants than in eliminating the disadvantageous recessives.

1930, R. A. Fisher, J. H. Bennett, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, page 50:

(genetics) Of an allele, that a heterozygote for the allele has the same phenotype as the homozygote.


duplication

duplication (countable and uncountable, plural duplications)

From Middle English duplicacioun, from Middle French duplication, from Late Latin duplicātiō, duplicātiōnem, from Latin duplicō. Morphologically duplicate + -ion.

duplication of cartilage cells

(biology) The act or process of dividing by natural growth or spontaneous action.

(genetics) The act of copying a nucleotide sequence from one chromosome to another.

(genetics) A nucleotide sequence copied through such a process.


ejaculation

ejaculation (countable and uncountable, plural ejaculations)

From French éjaculation, borrowed from Latin ēiaculārī.

Dehiscence, or Ejaculation of Pollen or Seed.— The pollen of plants is the fecundating power, and consists of a number of small sacs, invisible to the naked eye, in which a fluid exists, which is analogous to the spermatic fluid in man and animals.

1837, Michael Ryan, The Philosophy of Marriage, in Its Social, Moral, and Physical Relations; with an Account of the Diseases of the Genito-urinary Organs which Impair or Destroy the Reproductive Function; and Induce a Variety of Complaints; with the Physiology of Generation in the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms …, London: John Churchill, Princes' Street, Soho, →OCLC, page 210:

The spermatophores begin to ejaculate immediately after leaving the penis and the whole process is completed in a very few seconds. Pulling the filament attached to the ejaculatory end of a spermatophore is all that is needed to start its ejaculation.

1910 June 20, Gilman A. Drew, “Sexual Activities of the Squid, Loligo pealii (Les.). I. Copulation, Egg-laying and Fertilization”, in Journal of Morphology, volume 22, number 2, Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, published 1911, page 334:

(biology) The act of ejecting or suddenly throwing, as a fluid from a duct or other body structure.

The moment of ejaculation in mammiferous animals is accompanied by universal excitement of the whole body, a kind of slight convulsion, which terminates in a comatose or exstatic state.

1837, Michael Ryan, The Philosophy of Marriage, in Its Social, Moral, and Physical Relations; with an Account of the Diseases of the Genito-urinary Organs which Impair or Destroy the Reproductive Function; and Induce a Variety of Complaints; with the Physiology of Generation in the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms …, London: John Churchill, Princes' Street, Soho, →OCLC, page 191:

By repeating this process several times before ejaculation and by practicing this procedure, the man will learn to control his ejaculation.

1995, Louis Diamant, Richard D. McAnulty, editors, The Psychology of Sexual Orientation, Behavior, and Identity: A Handbook, Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, →ISBN, page 190:

In all my life I had never seen a woman discharge like that. Not only did she shoot out fuck like a man, but she accompanied her ejaculation with such furious cries, such energetic blasphemy, and such violent spasms, that one would have thought she was having an epileptic fit […] [Translation of the Marquis de Sade's Histoire de Juliette, IX:428.]

2001, Peter [Maxwell] Cryle, “Producing the Voice in Erotic Narrative”, in Brian Nelson, Anne Freadman, Philip Anderson, editors, Telling Performances: Essays on Gender, Narrative, and Performance, Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, →ISBN, page 117:

One of the most challenging of male sexual disorders is that of delayed ejaculation (DE). The man who cannot readily ejaculate either alone or, most typically, with a partner, feels thwarted, anxious, and sexually incompetent.

2006, Sandra R. Leiblum, editor, Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, 4th edition, New York, N.Y.: Guilford Press, →ISBN, page 241:

Biologically described as the release of seminal fluid from the penis during the male sexual response cycle, male ejaculation is entangled with cultural beliefs about male sexual prowess and masculine authenticity. […] Due to the sexual, cultural, and personal significance of ejaculation, men and boys are vulnerable to prevalent messages about the timing, size, and frequency of their ejaculation. Ejaculation can be a visual representation of the measure of the man.

2014, Lisa Jean Moore, “Ejaculation (Male)”, in Michael Kimmel, Christine Milrod, Amanda Kennedy, editors, Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 55:

(specifically) A reflex in human beings and other mammals in response to sexual stimulation involving the forcible ejection from the urethra of, in males, semen; and, in females, vaginal fluid.


elimination

elimination (countable and uncountable, plural eliminations)

(biology) The act of discharging or excreting waste products or foreign substances through the various emunctories.


emendation

emendation (countable and uncountable, plural emendations)

/ˌɛmənˈdeɪʃən/

/ɪˌmɛnˈdeɪʃən/

From Middle English emendatioun, from Latin ēmendātiō; equivalent to emend + -ation. Piecewise doublet of amendation.

The genus name Uramyia is an unjustified emendation of Uramya even though it uses a better transliteration of the Greek word μυῖα.

(zoology, taxonomy) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.


ethology

ethology (countable and uncountable, plural ethologies)

/ɪˈθɑl.ə.d͡ʒi/

From the Latin ēthologia (“the art of depicting or imitating character”), from the Ancient Greek ἠθολογία (ēthología, “painting of character, especially by mimic gestures”), from ἠθολόγος (ēthológos, “painting character by mimic gestures”), from ἦθος (êthos, “character, especially moral character”). Equivalent to etho- + -logy.

uder

(zoology) The scientific study of animalian behavior, especially that of nonhuman animals.


eugenics

Coined by Francis Galton in 1883. From ἐΰς (eǘs, “good”) + γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “breeding”), “well-bred”, “good in stock”. Parallel to Eugene.

af

In keeping with the goals of the new eugenics movement, McCulloch was claiming to offer scientific evidence of the incorrigibility of poor rural whites.

2006, Matt Wray, Not Quite White, page 77:

(sociology, biology) A social philosophy or practice which advocates the improvement of human hereditary qualities through selective breeding, either by encouraging people with superior genetic qualities to reproduce (positive eugenics), or discouraging people with inferior genetic qualities from reproducing (negative eugenics), or by technological means.


feminization

feminizations (plural)
feminisation (alternative)

/ˌfɛmɪnɪˈzeɪʃən/

(biology) The development of female sex characteristics.


fermentation

en-noun

fermentation (countable and uncountable, plural fermentations)

From Middle English fermentacioun, from Latin fermentātiō, fermentātiōnem.

(biochemistry) Any of many anaerobic biochemical reactions in which an enzyme (or several enzymes produced by a microorganism) catalyses the conversion of one substance into another; especially the conversion (using yeast) of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide


fixation

fixation (countable and uncountable, plural fixations)

From Old French fixation. By surface analysis, fix + -ation.

fixació

a state of mind involving obsession with a particular person, idea or thing

(genetics) The change in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene (allele) to a situation where only one of the alleles remains.

(cytology, histology, pathology) preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction.


flagellation

From flagellum (“elongated filiform appendage”), itself a diminutive of Latin flagrum (“whip”), closely related to etymology 1.

/ˌflæd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

(botany) The formation by plants of flagella, or their arrangement


foliation

foliation (countable and uncountable, plural foliations)

/fəʊlɪˈeɪʃn/

From French foliation, from Latin folium (“leaf”).

(botany) The process of forming into a leaf or leaves.

(botany) The manner in which the young leaves are disposed within the bud.


footprint

My carbon footprint is very high.

(ecology) The ecological impact of a human activity, machine, etc.


fructification

fructification (countable and uncountable, plural fructifications)

In nature, the wild hop is usually shadowed during its growing period by bushes and trees, and it is only those aboveground parts which are intensively illuminated which pass into fructification period.

2012, V. Rybacek, Hop Production, page 104:

Lucuma salicifolia (canistal) and Micropholis mexicana (wild apricot) are the most infested fruit species. They have a very short fructification period.

2013, Martin Aluja, Fruit Flies: Biology and Management, page 384:

Studying the duration of the flowering-fructification period among interspecific first-generation back-cross progenies of African species showed that this trait is positively correlated (r=0.78) with 100-seed weight and caffeine content.

2014, Victor R. Preedy, Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention, page 43:

(botany) The act of forming or producing fruit; the act of fructifying, or rendering productive of fruit; fecundation.

The fructification is liable to become very convex in age.

1824, Robert Kaye Greville, Flora Edinensis: Or, A Description of Plants Growing Near Edinburgh, page 332:

The essence of the fructification consists in the flower and the fruit.

1836, William Paul Crillon Barton, Elements of Botany, page 89:

Postheterotopic transformations played a great role in the evolution of fructifications. The formation of specialized seed-like sporophylls in the Lepidocarpaceae, of strobilar fructifications in the Noeggerathiales, of various capsules and other seed-bearing organs of many gymnosperms belong here.

2012, Sergei Meyen, Fundamentals of Palaeobotany, page 380:

(botany) The collective organs by which a plant produces its fruit, or seeds, or reproductive spores.


gap

From Middle English gap, gappe, from Old Norse gap (“an empty space, gap, chasm”), from gapa (“to gape, scream”), from Proto-Germanic *gapōną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape”). Related to Danish gab (“an expanse, space, gap”), Old English ġeap (“open space, expanse”); compare English gape.

cog

(genetics) An unsequenced region in a sequence alignment.


core

en-noun

core (countable and uncountable, plural cores)

desc

Translingual: core eudicots, core Malvales

From Middle English core, kore, coor (“apple-core, pith”), of obscure and uncertain origin. Possibly of native English origin, from Old English *cor, related to Old English *coruc, *corc (diminutive) (> Middle English cork, crok (“core of an apple or other fruit, heart of an onion”)) and Old English corn (“seed", also "grain”); or alternatively perhaps from Old French cuer (“heart”), from Latin cor (“heart”); or from Old French cors (“body”), from Latin corpus (“body”). Compare also Middle English colk, coke, coll (“the heart or centre of an apple or onion, core”), Dutch kern (“core”), German Kern (“core”). See also heart, corpse.

unc

obscure and uncertain

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

The most important part of a thing or aggregate of things wherever located and whether of any determinate location at all; the essence.

A technical term for classification of things denoting those parts of a category that are most easily or most likely understood as within it.

(botany) The main and most diverse monophyletic group within a clade or taxonomic group.

structural robustness
w:structural robustness

Hence particular parts of a subject studied or examined by technical operations, likened by position and practical or structural robustness to kernels, cores in the most vulgar sense above.

(biochemistry) The central part of a protein's structure, consisting mostly of hydrophobic amino acids.


gyration

en-noun

gyration (countable and uncountable, plural gyrations)

/ˌd͡ʒaɪˈɹeɪʃ(ə)n/

From gyre (“to spin around; to gyrate, to whirl; (rare) to make (something) spin or whirl around; to spin, to whirl”) + -ation (suffix indicating actions or processes). Gyre is from Late Middle English giren (“to turn (something) away; to cause (something) to revolve or rotate; to travel in a circle”), from Old French girer (“to turn”), and directly from its etymon Latin gȳrāre, the present active infinitive of gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle or revolve around”) (from gȳrus (“circle; circular motion; circuit, course”), from Ancient Greek γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; to curve”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

ĝirado

act of turning or whirling, especially around a fixed axis or centre — see also rotation

(conchology) One of the whorls of a spiral univalve shell.


hermaphroditic

(biology) Possessing the reproductive organs of both sexes.

hermafrodita

biology: possessing the reproductive organs of both sexes


hibernation

en-noun

hibernation (countable and uncountable, plural hibernations)

hibernations (plural)
hybernation (alternative)

From Latin hibernātus, from hibernō, from hībernus (“winter”).

إِسْبَات

(biology) state of minimum power consumption, inactivity and metabolic depression during winter

letargo

(biology, space) hypothetical state of minimum power consumption, inactivity and metabolic depression in humans

The bears are in hibernation.

The bears come out of hibernation in March.

(biology, sleep) A state of minimum power consumption, inactivity and metabolic depression in some animals during winter.

(biology, sleep, space science) A hypothetical state of minimum power consumption, inactivity and metabolic depression in humans during long space flights.


hive

en-verb

hive (third-person singular simple present hives, present participle hiving, simple past and past participle hived)

hives (present singular third-person)
hiving (participle present)
hived (participle past)
hived (past)

From Middle English hyve, from Old English hȳf, from Proto-West Germanic *hūfi, from Proto-Indo-European *kuHp- (“water vessel”), from *kew- (“to bend, curve”).
See also Dutch huif (“beehive”), Danish dialect huv (“ship’s hull”); also Latin cūpa (“tub, vat”), Ancient Greek κύπη (kúpē, “gap, hole”), κύπελλον (kúpellon, “beaker”), Sanskrit कूप (kū́pa, “cave”). Doublet of coupe, cup, and keeve. The computing term was chosen as an in-joke relating to bees; see https://web.archive.org/web/20150715222122/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2003/08/08/54618.aspx.

der

(entomology) Of insects: to enter or possess a hive.


hybridization

en-noun

hybridization (countable and uncountable, plural hybridizations)

hybridizations (plural)
hybridisation (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hybridization.wav

Hybridization, strictly speaking, is the art or act of obtaining an offspring or progeny between two different species of animals or plants; ...

1843, D. J. Browne, “Hybridization and Cross Fecundation of Plants”, in Agricultural Journal and Transactions of the Lower Canada Agricultural Society, section 135:

The act of hybridizing, or the state of being hybridized.

(biology, including botany) The process of breeding a mixed offspring from two different strains or species of animal or plant

(genetics) The formation of double-stranded nucleic acid by complementary base-pairing


hydration

hydration (usually uncountable, plural hydrations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hydration.wav

From hydrate + -ion. The programming terms come from the concept of data lake.

Proper nutrition – and even more important, proper hydration – is crucial in preventing and recovering from both fevers and colds.

2016 September 16, Hailey Middlebrook, “Should you really feed a cold and starve a fever?”, in CNN:

(biology) The process of providing an adequate amount of water to body tissues.


inbred

en-adj

inbred (comparative more inbred, superlative most inbred)

more inbred (comparative)
most inbred (superlative)

From the past participle of inbreed, equivalent to in- + bred.

(genetics) Describing a strain produced through successive generations of inbreeding resulting in a population of genetically identical individuals which are homozygous at all genetic loci.


incomplete

incomplete (comparative more incomplete, superlative most incomplete)

more incomplete (comparative)
most incomplete (superlative)

From Middle English incomplete, incompleet, from Late Latin incomplētus, from in- (“un-; not”) + complētus (“complete”), equivalent to in- (“not”) + complete.

(botany) Of a flower, wanting any of the usual floral organs.


innate

The adjective is first attested in the 1420's, the verb in 1602; from Middle English innat(e) (“innate, inborn”), borrowed from Latin innātus (“inborn, innate”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), perfect active participle of innāscor (“to be born in, grow up in”), from in- (“in, at on”) + nāscor (“to be born”); see natal, native. The verb is derived from the adjective, see -ate (verb-forming suffix).

inh

an innate anther

(botany) Joined by the base to the very tip of a filament.


innervation

en-noun

innervation (countable and uncountable, plural innervations)

/ɪˌnɝˈveɪ.ʃən/

(anatomy, zoology):
The act of innervating or stimulating.

Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, and the functions of the various organs.

The distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts.


inoculation

inoculation (countable and uncountable, plural inoculations)

/ɪˌnɒkjʊˈleɪʃən/

/ɪˌnɑkjəˈleɪʃən/

From Latin inoculātio. Equivalent to inoculate + -ion.

(microbiology) The introduction of a microorganism into a culture medium.

تَلْقِيح

introduction of microorganisms into culture medium


court

→ Bulgarian: корт (kort)

→ French: court

desctree

→ Russian: корт (kort)
→ Armenian: կորտ (kort)

caught (non-rhotic, horse–hoarse merger)

From Middle English court, from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrtem (accusative of cōrs), ultimately from cohors. Doublet of cohort.

مَلْعَب

place for playing the game of tennis and some other ball games

The male Wilson's bird of paradise clears an area of rainforest to create a court in which to perform an elaborate mating dance.

(ornithology) A space prepared and decorated by certain bird species in which to advertise themselves for a mate.


integration

en-noun

integration (countable and uncountable, plural integrations)

/ˌɪn.tɪˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɪn.təˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɪn.təˈɡɹæɪ.ʃən/

From French intégration, from Latin integratio.
Morphologically integrate + -ion

(biology) In evolution, the process by which the manifold is compacted into the relatively simple and permanent; supposed to alternate with differentiation as an agent in species' development.


lawn

lawn (countable and uncountable, plural lawns)

Early Modern English laune (“turf, grassy area”), alteration of laund (“glade”), from Middle English launde, from Old French lande (“heath, moor”), of Germanic or Gaulish origin, from Proto-Germanic *landą (“land”) or Proto-Celtic *landā, both from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”).
Akin to Breton lann (“heath”), Old Norse & Old English land. Doublet of land and lande.

der

(biology) An overgrown agar culture, such that no separation between single colonies exists.


lethal

Learned borrowing from Latin lētālis (“deadly, mortal, fatal”), improperly written lēthālis, from lētum (“death”), improperly written as lēthum, from a supposed connection with Ancient Greek λήθη (lḗthē, “oblivion, forgetfulness”).

ncog

(genetics) An allele that causes the death of the organism that carries it.


meiosis

en-noun

meiosis (countable and uncountable, plural meioses)

meioses (plural)
maiosis (alternative obsolete)

From Ancient Greek μείωσις (meíōsis, “a lessening”), from μειόω (meióō, “I lessen”), from μείων (meíōn, “less”). The biological sense was coined by British biologists John Bretland Farmer and John Edmund Sharrock Moore in 1905 as maiosis in a paper in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science, with the spelling corrected on etymological grounds later that year. Doublet of miosis.

coin

Meronyms: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, reduction division, equation division

(usually uncountable, cytology) Cell division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes.


node

→ Irish: nód

From Middle English node, borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knot, knout, and nodus.

(biology) A point in a cladogram from which two clades branch, representing the presumed ancestor.


parthenogenesis

en-noun

parthenogenesis (usually uncountable, plural parthenogeneses)

/ˌpɑːθɪnəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑːθənəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑɹθɪnoʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpɑɹθənoʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

From parthen- + -o- + -genesis, from Ancient Greek παρθένος (parthénos, “virgin”) and γένεσις (génesis, “origin, creation, generation”).

der

Scientists say the birth is the second confirmed instance of a shark being conceived by parthenogenesis, a process in which an unfertilised egg develops into a new individual.

2008 October 15, "Virgin Shark Gives Birth", AFP via Australian Broadcasting Corporation

(biology) Referring to various aspects of asexual reproduction:

(biology, countable, uncountable) (An instance of) reproduction by the development of a single gamete (an ovum or ovule) without fertilisation by a gamete of the opposite sex; compare monogenesis, metagenesis, and heterogamy.

безполово размножаване

reproduction from a single gamete without fertilisation

An all female race, the asari reproduce through a form of parthenogenesis. Each asari can attune her nervous system to that of another individual of any gender, and of any species, to reproduce. This capability has led to unseemly and inaccurate rumors about asari promiscuity.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Asari Codex entry:

As an “all-female” humanoid species not bound to the traditional forms of mating, in that they reproduce through a form of telepathic parthenogenesis, the design of the Asari collapses boundaries of sex and sexuality. The Asari are a species rendered as Other, even in comparison to the various beings populating the gameworld.

2015, Summer Glassie, “"Embraced eternity lately?": Mislabeling and subversion of sexuality labels through the Asari in the Mass Effect trilogy”, in Matthew Wysocki, Evan W. Lauteria, editors, Rated M for Mature: Sex and Sexuality in Video Games (Media Studes / Game Studies), Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 162:

(biology, uncountable, formerly) Asexual reproduction in toto; agamogenesis.


parthenogenetic

parthenogenetic forms

"And that the germ plasm is different from the parthenogenetic egg?" "Why, surely!" I cried, and gloried in my own audacity.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

(biology) Of, pertaining to, or produced by, parthenogenesis.


pathway

From Middle English pathwei, equivalent to path + way. Cognate with German Pfadweg, Afrikaans padweg.

On the other hand, it can be observed that, with small exceptions, the S. pneumonia strains are the only Streptococci equipped with homospermidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways, which have been found to be involved in pathogenicity mechanisms [50 ] and in the counteraction of oxidative stress [51 ].

2015 September 15, “Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A sequence of biochemical compounds, and the reactions linking them, that describe a process in metabolism or catabolism.

voie

biochemistry: sequence of biochemical compounds


pearl

en-verb

pearl (third-person singular simple present pearls, present participle pearling, simple past and past participle pearled)

pearls (present singular third-person)
pearling (participle present)
pearled (participle past)
pearled (past)

Horace
Jean Jannon
New Testament
Vergil
en:pearl
en:pearl (disambiguation)
en:pearl (typography)

From Middle English perle, from Old French perle of uncertain etymology. Probably via unattested Medieval Latin *pernula, from Latin perna (“haunch; a marine bivalve shaped like a leg of lamb”) but also derived from Medieval Latin perla, from Latin perula (“little bag”). Its typographic use follows the name given by Jean Jannon to the type used in his miniature editions of Vergil, Horace, & the New Testament in the 1620s, which were the smallest printed works to his time. Its surfing use derives from the supposed resemblance to pearl diving.

der

(intransitive, botany) Of aquatic plants: to produce visible bubbles on the stems and leaves during photosynthesis, usually in a simulated environment like an aquarium.


pelt

A variant of pelta, borrowed from Latin pelta, from Ancient Greek πέλτη (péltē, “small crescent-shaped leather shield of Thracian design”); further etymology uncertain, perhaps either from Thracian, or ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to cover; to wrap; hide; skin; cloth”).

(obsolete, rare) Alternative form of pelta.

Alternative form of pelta.
A flat apothecium with no rim.


plaque

en-noun

plaque (countable and uncountable, plural plaques)

Unadapted borrowing from French plaque (“plate, sheet (of metal); slab (of marble); bacteria on teeth”), from French plaquer, Middle French plaquer (“to plate”), from Middle Dutch placken (“to patch, beat metal into a thin plate”), from placke (“disk, patch, stain”), from Old Dutch *plagga (“patch”), from Proto-Germanic *plaggą (“patch”).
The word is cognate with Middle Low German placke, plagge (“small stain, scraps, rags, thin grass”), German Placken (“spot, patch”), Saterland Frisian plak, plakke (“a blow, slap”), Swedish plagg (“clothing, garment”). Compare plack.

plakki

abnormal accumulation of material in or on an organ of the body, often associated with disease

(countable, biology) A clearing in a bacterial lawn caused by a virus.


pollinate

From pollin- (compound form of "pollen") + -ate (verb-forming suffix).


pride

en-noun

pride (countable and uncountable, plural prides)

prides (plural)
pryde (alternative obsolete)

shame

antonym(s) of “a reasonable sense of one's own worth”

humility

antonym(s) of “an excessive sense of one's own worth”

From Middle English pryde, pride, from Old English prȳde, prȳte (“pride”) (compare Old Norse prýði (“bravery, pomp”)), derivative of Old English prūd (“proud”). More at proud. The verb derives from the noun, at least since the 12th century.

𒌨

quality or state of being proud; inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable conceit of one's own superiority in talents, beauty, wealth, rank etc.

A pride of lions often consists of a dominant male, his harem and their offspring, but young adult males 'leave home' to roam about as bachelors pride until able to seize/establish a family pride of their own.

(zoology, collective) A company of lions or other large felines.


pride

From Middle English pryde, from Middle Low German lampride, from Medieval Latin lampreda.

(zoology) The small European lamprey species Petromyzon branchialis.

kleines Neunauge

small European lamprey (Petromyzon branchialis)


primitive

en-adj

primitive (comparative more primitive, superlative most primitive)

more primitive (comparative)
most primitive (superlative)
primative (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English primitif, from Old French primitif, from Latin prīmitīvus (“first or earliest of its kind”), from prīmus (“first”); see prime. Doublet of primitivo.

prymitywny

old-fashioned; characterized by simplicity

(biology) Occurring in or characteristic of an early stage of development or evolution.


priority

en-noun

priority (countable and uncountable, plural priorities)

/pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/

/pɹaɪˈɔɹɪti/

From Old French priorite, from Latin priōritās.
Surface analysis: prior + -ity.

Neither [Jones][…] nor I (in 1966) could conceive of reducing our "science" to the ultimate absurdity of reading Finnish newspapers almost a century and a half old in order to establish "priority."

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page viii:

(taxonomy, of a name) A superior claim to use by virtue of being validly published at an earlier date.


propagate

en-verb

propagate (third-person singular simple present propagates, present participle propagating, simple past and past participle propagated)

propagates (present singular third-person)
propagating (participle present)
propagated (participle past)
propagated (past)

/ˈpɹɒpəˌɡeɪt/

/ˈpɹɑpəˌɡeɪt/

/ˈpɹɔpəˌɡæɪt/

/ˈpɹɒpəˌɡæɪt/

First attested in 1535; from Latin prōpāgātus, perfect passive participle of prōpāgō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix). Participial usage up until Early Modern English.

As pigeons propagate so rapidly, I suppose that a thousand or fifteen hundred birds would have to be annually killed by mere chance.

1868, Charles Darwin, chapter XXVIII, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: John Murray, […], →OCLC:

(biology, intransitive) To produce young; to be produced or multiplied by generation, or by new shoots or plants.

размножавам се

biology: to produce young; to be produced or multiplied by generation, or by new shoots or plants


protean

From Ancient Greek Πρωτεύς (Prōteús, literally “first”), the Greek warden of sea-beasts, renowned for his ability to change shape.

bor

(biochemistry) A protein that has been slightly modified by water, dilute acid, or enzymes, but not modified to the extent of a metaprotein.


recessive

en-adj

recessive (comparative more recessive, superlative most recessive)

more recessive (comparative)
most recessive (superlative)

From Latin recēdō + -ive, or directly from New Latin recessīvus.

1944 June 21, James A. G. Rehn, South African Bird-Locust Records and Notes (Orthoptera; Acrididae; Cyrtacanthacridinae; Group Cyrtacanthacres), Notulae Naturae, Number 137, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, page 3,
The Lydenburg male and the other two females have the infuscate pattern definitely more recessive and less evident, although traceable.

This plan takes advantage of the fact that barless is the most recessive of a series of alleles.

1988, American Pigeon Journal, volume 76, page 36:

The series of murine Agouti alleles is a consistent array as it progresses from the most recessive to the most dominant allele (Jackson, 1994).

2001, D. P. Sponenberg, M. F. Rothschild, 6: Genetics of Coat Colour and Hair Texture, page 65:

(genetics) Able to be masked by a dominant allele or trait.


recessive

Suppose, for example, that we started with a population consisting of pure dominants, heterozygotes, and recessives in the ratio 1 : 4 : 4.

1915, Reginald Crundall Punnett, Mimicty in Butterflies, page 95:

Finally, if we suppose provisionally that the mutant genes are dominant just as often as they are recessive, selection will be far more severe in eliminating the disadvantageous dominants than in eliminating the disadvantageous recessives.

1930, R. A. Fisher, J. H. Bennett, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, page 50:

Selection favoring recessives is common in maize breeding for several traits, such as sweetness, opacity, brachysm, lack of ligules.

1988, Arnel R. Hallauer, Marcelo J. Carena, J.B. Miranda Filho, 6: Selection: Theory, 2nd edition, page 234:

2008, Ascertainment Test, entry in George P. Rédei, Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics, and Informatics, page 147,
In three-child families 27/64 will have no affected offspring, 9/37 will have 2, and 1/37 are expected to have 3 recessives.


recruit

(biology, ecology) A new adult or breeding-age member of a certain population.


recruit

en-verb

recruit (third-person singular simple present recruits, present participle recruiting, simple past and past participle recruited)

recruits (present singular third-person)
recruiting (participle present)
recruited (participle past)
recruited (past)

(biology, intransitive) To become an adult or breeding-age member of a population.

(biochemistry) To prompt a protein, leucocyte. etc. to intervene in a given region of the body.


reiterate

/ɹiˈɪtəɹeɪt/

/ɹiˈɪɾəɹeɪt/

/ɹiːˈɪtəɹæɪt/

[ɹiːˈɪɾəɹæɪt]

Early 15th century, from Late Latin reiteratus, past participle of reiterare (“to repeat”) from re- (“again”) + iterare (“to repeat”) from iterum (“repeat”).

(botany) A tree with vertical branches alongside the main trunk and which continue to grow upwards.


release

en-noun

release (countable and uncountable, plural releases)

From Middle English relesen, relessen, from Old French relaisser (variant of relascher).

отцепване

a device adapted to hold or release a device or mechanism as required

(biochemistry) The process by which a chemical substance is set free.


release

en-verb

release (third-person singular simple present releases, present participle releasing, simple past and past participle released)

releases (present singular third-person)
releasing (participle present)
released (participle past)
released (past)

(biochemistry) To set free a chemical substance.


revert

revert (third-person singular simple present reverts, present participle reverting, simple past and past participle reverted)

reverts (present singular third-person)
reverting (participle present)
reverted (participle past)
reverted (past)

From Old French revertir, from Vulgar Latin *revertiō, variant of Latin revertō.

връщам

to cause to return to the previous owner

(intransitive, biology) To return to an earlier or primitive type or state; to take on the traits or characters of an ancestral type.

taantua

biology: to return to an earlier or primitive type or state


robust

en-adj

robust (comparative more robust or (uncommon) robuster, superlative most robust or (uncommon) robustest)

more robust (comparative)
robuster (comparative uncommon)
most robust (superlative)
robustest (superlative uncommon)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-robust.wav

robust association of massive baryonic objects

(chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an individual or skeletal element: strongly built; muscular; not gracile.


rosette

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *wardahder.?
Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon)bor.?
Latin rosalbor.
Old French rose
Latin -ittus
Old French -ete
Old French rosete
Middle French rosettebor.
Middle French rosette
French rosetteinflu.
English rosette
Borrowed from Middle French rosette (in sense 15) and (modern) French rosette.

розетка

architecture: element or ornament resembling a rose

розетка

imitation of a rose made of ribbon or other material

(botany) One or more whorls of leaves, clustered tightly at the base of a plant.

(botany) A plant growth form in which the plant grows outward in all directions for a short distance, producing a small round shape.

(zoology) Any structure having a flowerlike form; especially, the group of five broad ambulacra on the upper side of the spatangoid and clypeastroid sea urchins.

ruusuke

zoology: structure having a flowerlike form

(zoology) A flowerlike color marking, as on the leopard.


saturate

en-adj

saturate (comparative more saturate, superlative most saturate)

more saturate (comparative)
most saturate (superlative)

The adjective is first attested in the second part of the 15ᵗʰ century, in Middle English, the verb in 1538, the noun in 1921; inherited from Middle English saturat(e) (“satiated, satisfied”), borrowed from Latin saturātus, perfect passive participle of saturō (“to fill, satisfy, quench”) (see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3)), from satur (“full”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).

inh+

saturate green


secondary

en-adj

secondary (not generally comparable, comparative more secondary, superlative most secondary)

more secondary (comparative)
most secondary (superlative)

From Middle English secundarie, from Latin secundārius (“of the second class or quality”), from secundus (whence the English second) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary), equivalent to second + -ary; compare the French secondaire, the Italian secondario, the Occitan secundari, the Portuguese secundario, and the Spanish secundario.

der

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
secondary

With the exception of a secondary loss in Dimecoenia, larvae of Ephydrini have prominent, ventral prolegs that bear crochets.

2016 May 27, Wayne M. Matthis, Luciane Marinoni, “Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States”, in Zootaxa, volume 4116, number 1, →DOI:

(taxonomy, not comparable) Representing a reversion to an ancestral state.


secondary

(ornithology) Any flight feather attached to the ulna (forearm) of a bird.


segregate

en-adj

segregate (comparative more segregate, superlative most segregate)

more segregate (comparative)
most segregate (superlative)

/ˈsɛɡɹəˌɡeɪt/

From Latin sēgregātus, perfect passive participle of sēgregō (“I separate”), from sē- (“apart”) + gregō (“I flock or group”), from grex (“flock”). Compare gregarious, aggregate.

(botany) Separated from others of the same kind.


segregation

en-noun

segregation (countable and uncountable, plural segregations)

/sɛɡɹəˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/

1555. From Latin segregatio.
Morphologically segregate + -ion

(biology) The setting apart in Mendelian inheritance of alleles, such that each parent passes only one allele to its offspring.

(genetics) The separation of a pair of chromatids or chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis


shabby

en-adj

shabby (comparative shabbier, superlative shabbiest)

shabbier (comparative)
shabbiest (superlative)

The adjective is derived from shab (“(obsolete except UK, dialectal) scaly skin disease; skin disease of sheep; crust forming over wound, scab”) + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives).
The verb is derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* Dutch schabbig (“poor, needy, shabby”)
* Middle High German schebic (modern German schäbig (“shabby”))
* Middle Low German schabbich (“miserable”) (modern Low German schabbig, schäbbig)
* Scots shabby (“in poor health, ill”)
* Swedish sjabbig (“shabby, mangy, scruffy”), skabbig (“scabby”)

hääppöinen

poor in quality; showing little effort or talent

(often in the negative) Poor in quality; also, showing little effort or talent.

(UK, dialectal, veterinary medicine) Chiefly of sheep: affected by shab or scab (“a skin disease”); scabby.


shell

From Middle English schelle, from Old English sċiell, from Proto-West Germanic *skallju, from Proto-Germanic *skaljō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cleave”).
Compare West Frisian skyl (“peel, rind”), Dutch schil (“peel, skin, rink”), Low German Schell (“shell, scale”), Irish scelec (“pebble”), Old Church Slavonic сколика (skolika, “shell”). More at shale.
Doublet of sheal.
* (computing): From being viewed as an outer layer of interface between the user and the operating-system internals.

cog

(entomology) The exoskeleton or wing covers of certain insects.

па́нцыр

entomology: exoskeleton of certain insects

The black walnut and the hickory nut, both of the same Genus as the pecan, have much thicker and harder shells than the pecan.

(botany) The hard external covering of various plant seed forms.

The covering, or outside part, of a nut.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

A pod containing the seeds of certain plants, such as the legume Phaseolus vulgaris.

(in the plural) Husks of cacao seeds, a decoction of which is sometimes used as a substitute or adulterant for cocoa and its products such as chocolate.


solitary

From Middle English solitarie, borrowed from Latin sōlitārius. Doublet of solitaire.

/ˈsɑlɪˌtɛɹi/

(botany) Not associated with others of the same kind.


spike

From Middle English spike, spyke, spik, from Old Norse spík (“spike, sprig”), from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“stick, splinter, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“to be pointed; sharp point, stick”). Cognate with Icelandic spík (“spike”), Swedish spik (“spike, nail”), Dutch spijker (“nail”), Old English spīcing (“spike”), and Latin spīca (“ear of corn”), which may have influenced some senses.

der

(botany) A kind of inflorescence in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis.


splice

Circa 1525, borrowed from Middle Dutch splissen (Modern Dutch splitsen); akin to Middle Dutch splitten (“to split”), German spleißen (“to split, splice”), Spliss (“split ends, hair breakage”), French épisser (also from Dutch). The Dutch word originally referred only to the fraying of the ropes' ends but was then also used for the entire process of fraying and retying; hence the peculiar semantic development from “split” to “join”. The same development occurred in German.

(genetics) The process of removing intron sequences from the pre-messenger RNA, and then joining together exons.


splice

en-verb

splice (third-person singular simple present splices, present participle splicing, simple past and past participle spliced)

splices (present singular third-person)
splicing (participle present)
spliced (participle past)
spliced (past)

(genetics) To remove intron sequences from the pre-messenger RNA, and then join together exons.


sprite

sprites (plural)
spright (alternative obsolete)

→ Japanese: スプライト (supuraito)

→ Russian: спрайт (sprajt)

From Middle English sprite, spryt, spreyte, from Old French esprit (“spirit”), from Latin spiritus. Doublet of spirit, spiritus, spirytus, spright, and esprit.
(computer graphics): First used by Danny Hillis at Texas Instruments in the late 1970s.
(meteorology): An acronym for Stratospheric Perturbations Resulting from Intense Thunderstorm Electrification.

doublet

(entomology) Any of various African damselflies of the genus Pseudagrion (of which, Australian species are named riverdamsels).


stadium

From Latin stadium (“a measure of length, a race course”) (commonly one-eighth of a Roman mile; translated in early English Bibles by furlong), from Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion, “a measure of length, a running track”), especially the track at Olympia, which was one stadium in length. The Greek word may literally mean "fixed standard of length" (from στάδιος (stádios, “firm, fixed”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-, whence also stand and Latin stare). Doublet of stade, stadion, and estadio.


stagger

From Middle English stakeren, from Old Norse stakra (“to push, stagger”). Cognate with dialectal Danish stagre.

parasitic staggers

apoplectic or sleepy staggers

(veterinary medicine) A disease of horses and other animals, attended by reeling, unsteady gait or sudden falling.


strain

From Middle English streen, strene, streon, istreon (“race, stock, generation”), from Old English strēon, ġestrēon (“gain, wealth”), from Proto-Germanic *streuną (“heap, treasure, profit, gain”), from Proto-Indo-European *strew- (“to spread, strew”) (cognate with Old Saxon gistriuni, Old High German gistriuni (“gain, property, wealth, business”), Latin strues (“heap”)). Confused in Middle English with the related noun strend, strynd, strund, from Old English strȳnd (“race; stock”), from strēonan, strȳnan (“to beget; acquire”). Related also to Dutch struinen (“to prowl, root about, rout”).

cog

They say this year's flu virus is a particularly virulent strain.

European scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus that causes AIDS and linked it to gorillas, creating a mystery about when and how the first patient found to have the strain became infected.

2009 August 4, Lawrence K. Altman, “New Strain of H.I.V. Is Discovered”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biology) A particular variety of a microbe, virus, or other organism, usually a taxonomically infraspecific one.

щам

particular variety of microbe, organism etc.


strict

en-adj

strict (comparative stricter or more strict, superlative strictest or most strict)

stricter (comparative)
more strict (comparative)
strictest (superlative)
most strict (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin strictus, past participle of stringere (“to draw tight, bind, contract”). Doublet of strait and stretto. See stringent, strain.

(botany) Upright, or straight and narrow; — said of the shape of the plants or their flower clusters.


recombination

(genetics) The formation of genetic combinations in offspring that are not present in the parents.


recondite

recondite (comparative more recondite, superlative most recondite)

more recondite (comparative)
most recondite (superlative)

Recondite, (aculeus) concealed within the abdomen, seldom exposed to view.

1825, Thomas Say, Say's Entomol., Glossary, 28:

(somewhat archaic) Hidden or removed from view.

(botany, entomology, obsolete, rare, of a structure) Difficult to see, especially because it is hidden by another structure.

Animals of this class are so recondite in their habits... so little known to naturalists beyond the more common species.

1835, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 125, 361:

(chiefly zoology, rare) Avoiding notice (particularly human notice); having a tendency to hide; shy.


tang

(zoology) Any of a group of saltwater fish from the family Acanthuridae, especially the genus Zebrasoma.


transcript

[ˈtʃɹʷænskɹʷɪp̚t]

From Latin transcriptum, from transcribere.

Some transcripts were exclusively expressed in specific organs, such as female protarsus, whereas others were universally expressed, this varied expression profile may provide insights into the specific functions mediated by chemoreception proteins in insects.

2015 December 12, “Identification and Comparative Expression Profiles of Chemoreception Genes Revealed from Major Chemoreception Organs of the Rice Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A molecule of RNA produced by transcription.


trenchant

trenchant (comparative more trenchant, superlative most trenchant)

more trenchant (comparative)
most trenchant (superlative)
trenchaunt (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed into Middle English from Old French trenchant, the present participle of trenchier (“to cut”).

The trenchant talonid is a character of some miacids and distinguishes these teeth from the hyaenodontids and oxyaenids.

1971, Thomas H. V. Rich, Deltatheridia, Carnivora, and Condylarthra (Mammalia) of the Early Eocene, Paris Basin, France:

(chiefly archaic) Fitted to trench or cut; gutting; sharp.

(zoology, of teeth) Adapted for tearing into flesh.


unicellular

(biology) Describing any microorganism that has a single cell.


veil

→ Japanese: ベール (bēru)

→ Korean: 베일 (beil)

From Middle English veil, veyl, from Anglo-Norman and Old Northern French veil (“sail, veil, shroud”) (Francien Old French voil, French voile), Latin vēlum (“cloth, covering”). Displaced Middle English scleire, scleyre, sleyre, slyre (“veil”) (compare German Schleier). Doublet of velum and voile.

der

(zoology) velum (A circular membrane round the cap of a medusa).

(mycology) A thin layer of tissue which is attached to or covers a mushroom.

The genus Amanita has both a volva and a veil; the spores are white, and the stem is easily separable from the cap.

1903, George Francis Atkinson, chapter VI, in Studies of American Fungi. Mushrooms, Edible, Poisonous, etc., 2nd edition, New York: Henry Holt:

(mycology) A membrane connecting the margin of the pileus of a mushroom with the stalk; a velum.


vestige

From French vestige, from Latin vestīgium (“footstep, footprint, track, the sole of the foot, a trace, mark”).

Any person seeing such a condition could not help being frightened at the conditions found, and it seems to me that that fact should lead us to think that the appendix is a vestige or becoming so.

1904, Transactions of the […] annual session, volume 40, Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, page 160:

Now this paired organ of Jacobsen began in reptiles and is well developed in many mammals. But in man it is a vestige, often disappearing altogether; and the two openings are closed.

1932, John Arthur Thomson, Riddles of science, Ayer Publishing, page 824:

This idea was confirmed by Scott, who performed a detailed comparative analysis of primate anatomy and demonstrated conclusively that the appendix is derived for some unidentified function and is not a vestige.

2007, R. Randal Bollingera, Andrew S. Barbasa, Errol L. Busha, Shu S. Lina, William Parkera, “Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix,”, in Journal of Theoretical Biology:

(biology) A vestigial organ; a non-functional organ or body part that was once functional in an evolutionary ancestor.

csökevény

(biology) a vestigial organ; a non-functional organ or body part that was once functional in an evolutionary ancestor


volunteer

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

Borrowed from Middle French voluntaire, from Latin voluntārius (“willing, voluntary”); or from voluntary + -eer.

(botany, agriculture) A plant that grows spontaneously, without being cultivated on purpose; see volunteer plant in Wikipedia.


volunteer

en-verb

volunteer (third-person singular simple present volunteers, present participle volunteering, simple past and past participle volunteered)

volunteers (present singular third-person)
volunteering (participle present)
volunteered (participle past)
volunteered (past)

/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/

(intransitive, botany) To grow without human sowing or intentional cultivation.


waif

The noun is derived from Late Middle English weif (“ownerless property subject to seizure and forfeiture; the right of such seizure and forfeiture; revenues obtained from such seizure and forfeiture”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman waif, weif [and other forms] (compare Anglo-Latin waivum [and other forms], Medieval Latin waivium), possibly from Old French waif, a variant of gaif, gayf (“property that is lost and unclaimed; of property: lost and unclaimed”) (Norman) [and other forms], probably from a North Germanic source such as Old Norse veif (“flag; waving thing”), from Proto-Germanic *waif-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to oscillate, swing”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

waif, waife, wafe, wayf, wayffe, (Early Middle English) waiph, waive

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waif.wav

(by extension, botany) A plant introduced in a place outside its native range but not persistently naturalized.


wavy

en-adj

wavy (comparative wavier, superlative waviest)

wavier (comparative)
waviest (superlative)
wavey (alternative uncommon)

(botany, of a margin) Moving up and down relative to the surface; undulate.


scurf

en-noun

scurf (countable and uncountable, plural scurfs)

From scurf (“skin disease causing scabs or scales; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease, etc.”), from Old English scurf, from Proto-Germanic *skurf- (“to gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever; to divide, separate”). Cognate with Dutch schurft, German Schorf, Danish skurv, Swedish skorv.

inh

(botany) Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot.


cis

From Latin cis (“on this side (of), on the near or same side”). Doublet of he, it, here, hither, and hence.

doublet

(biology) Having two mutations on two genes on the same chromosome of a homologous pair.

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(cytology) Of the side of the Golgi apparatus nearer to the endoplasmic reticulum.


articulate

The adjective is first attested in 1531, the verb in 1551; borrowed from Latin articulātus (“distinct, articulated, jointed”), perfect passive participle of articulō, see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3). Regular participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.

bor+

They considered articulates to be pre-adapted for an eleutherozoic existence because they possess muscular arms which are potentially of value in crawling and swimming, as in comatulids.

1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History):

(zoology) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata.


viral

viral DNA

(virology) Of or relating to a biological virus.

viral infection


chills

I get chills every time I hear that song.

That feathery touch on my neck gave me the chills.

Being under dressed for this weather has given me the chills.

When I tripped so close to the edge of the cliff, I felt chills across my whole body.

When we made eye contact, my heart fluttered and chills ran down my spine.

(biology) A biological response to being tickled; being cold; or experiencing fear, euphoria or sexual arousal in which the person forms goose bumps.


umbel

Borrowed from Latin umbella (“umbrella”). Compare umbrella, composed of the same etymological elements but formed independently.

(botany) A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster (= inflorescence) in which the individual flower stalks arise from the same point, the youngest flowers being at the centre.


geotaxis

en-noun

geotaxis (usually uncountable, plural geotaxes)

(biology) A living creature's ability to move by orienting itself by gravitational forces.


acrogen

(biology) any flowerless plant whose growth takes place at the tip of the main stem, especially the cryptogam ferns


acrogenous

an acrogenous plant

(botany) Increasing by growth from the extremity.


calcareous

en-adj

calcareous (comparative more calcareous, superlative most calcareous)

more calcareous (comparative)
most calcareous (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin calcārius (“of or pertaining to lime”), derived from calx (“lime”). Similar to calcium.


hyaline

en-noun

hyaline (countable and uncountable, plural hyalines)

From Latin hyalinus, from Koine Greek ὑάλινος (huálinos), from ὕαλος (húalos, “glass”).

(zoology, anatomy) A clear translucent substance in tissues.

where a villus comes next to a gland the short cubical cells of the gland may be traced into the columnar cells of the villus , the hyaline border becoming more marked

1880, Arthur Gamgee, A Text-book of the physiological chemistry […] :

(biochemistry) The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible to alcoholic fermentation.


amyloid

en-adj

amyloid (comparative more amyloid, superlative most amyloid)

more amyloid (comparative)
most amyloid (superlative)

Melzer's reagent
Melzer's reagent#English

(mycology) Applied to a mushroom that turns blue-black upon application of Melzer's reagent.


leucite

en-noun

leucite (countable and uncountable, plural leucites)

From Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -ite.


evanescent

en-adj

evanescent (comparative more evanescent, superlative most evanescent)

more evanescent (comparative)
most evanescent (superlative)

Borrowed from French évanescent (“evanescent”), from Latin ēvānēscēns (“disappearing, vanishing”), present participle of ēvānēscō (“to disappear, vanish; to die out, fade away; to lapse”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away, out’)) + vānēscō (“to vanish”) (from vānus (“empty, vacant, void”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon, leave”)) + -ēscō (suffix forming verbs with the sense ‘to become’)).

намаляващ

disappearing, vanishing — see also disappearing, vanishing

Upward it [the "apennine adonis", probably the Pyrenean pheasant's eye (Adonis pyrenaica)] is of a pale green, with ſome Tinge of yellowiſh; and it is all the Way duſted with little grey tranſparent Globules. Theſe are the Extremities of ſo many round evaneſcent ſecretory Ducts; as the Hairs of other Plants are the more permanent Extremities of theirs.

1757 February, [John Hill; Thomas Hale], “Curious Plants and Flowers Now in Their Perfection”, in Eden: or, A Compleat Body of Gardening. […], number XXII, London: Printed for T[homas] Osborne, […]; T. Trye, […]; S. Crowder and Co., […]; and H. Woodgate, […], →OCLC, section I (Flora, or the Pleasure-garden), page 253, column 2:

Per[ianth]. Berry from the receptacle elongated into a cup globular, ſucculent, gaging at the top, colour'd, at length waſting from dryneſs, evaneſcent.

1787, [Carl Linnaeus; Carl Linnaeus the younger], “1135. Taxus. * Tournes. 362. Yew.”, in The Families of Plants, with Their Natural Characters, According to the Number, Figure, Situation, and Proportion of All the Parts of Frutification. Translated from the Last Edition, […] of the Genera Plantarum, and of the Mantissæ Plantarum of the Elder Linneus, and from the Supplementum Plantarum of the Younger Linneus, […], volume I, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Printed by John Jackson; sold by J[oseph] Johnson, […]; T. Byrne, […]; and J. Balfour, […], →OCLC, class XXII (Two Houses (Dioecia)), section XIII (One Brotherhood (Monadelphia)), page 706:

Leaves solitary or numerous, sometimes evanescent or rarely wanting, radical or cauline, alternate or occasionally whorled, simple, varying from a sheathing bract to a definite blade which is membranaceous, papyraceous, coriaceous or fleshy, flat or plicate, usually parallel-veined.

1960, Richard Evans Schultes, “Orchidaceae A. L. de Jussieu”, in Native Orchids of Trinidad and Tobago (International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology: Botany Division; 3), Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, →OCLC, page 19:

(botany) Of plant parts: shed after a period.

Ephemeral, fleeting, momentary.
Of plant parts: shed after a period.


parasite

/ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/

/ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/

/ˈpɛɹəˌsaɪt/

From Middle French parasite, from Latin parasitus, from Ancient Greek παράσιτος (parásitos, “person who eats at the table of another”), from noun use of adjective meaning "feeding beside", from παρά (pará, “beside”) + σῖτος (sîtos, “food”).

parasiet

(biology) organism that exists by stealing resources from another organism

Lice, fleas, ticks, and mites are widely spread parasites.

...and the mistletoe crept round many of the oaks—that pleasant parasite, whose associations belong rather to the hearth and lighted hall than to its native branches.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XIX, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 154:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 7, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(biology) An organism that lives on or in another organism of a different species, deriving benefit from living on or in that other organism, while not contributing towards that other organism sufficiently to cover the cost to that other organism.

He lacks, however, even the basic Dr. Kildare lingo about medical issues. For instance, he regularly misidentifies poppers as amyl nitrate, instead of amyl nitrite — two forms of heart medicine with different affects ^([sic]). Salmonella, a bacteria, is not usually classified as a parasite. And he mistakenly writes, "lenti means slow" in the lentiviruses. ("Lenti" means lens-shaped, biologists classify by structure, not by behavior.)

1987 December 27, Charley Shively, “AIDS In The Mind Of The Left And The Mainstream”, in Gay Community News, volume 15, number 24, page 9:

Select a disease class
Virus: Fastest evolution, Most affected by environment, Bonus to infectivity
Bacteria: Medium evolution, Normally affected by environment, Bonus to drug resistance
Parasite: Slowest evolution, Least affected by environment, Low visibility

2008 July 14, Dark Realm Studios, Pandemic II, Web:

Any germs or parasites on the surface of the meat that you could conceivably wash off are gonna die as soon as you cook it, so don't bother washing it.

2020 November 20, Adam Ragusea, 1:13 from the start, in Why People Wash Meat (or Don't):

(informal, specifically) An internal parasite that is an animal or protist.


hologamy

(biology) A form of sexual reproduction in which the gametes are approximately the same shape and size as the somatic cells


iguana

/ɪ.ɡjuˈɑːnə/

Borrowed from Spanish iguana, from Taíno *iwana.

(zoology) Any member of the genus Iguana.


pec

Greenshank, dunlins, common sand, snipe and blackwits accompanied the pec.

2016 August 1, Trevor Lee, “Another pec.”, in Lincsbirders (blog), archived from the original on 2025-01-01:

I went back into my photos, and yes, on 13 Nov, I photographed both Sharpie and the Pec.

2019 November 21, Stan Jarzynski, “Possible Pectoral Sandpiper”, in canberrabirds mailing list:

pectoral sandpiper
pectoral sandpiper#English

(birdwatching) Clipping of pectoral sandpiper.


camouflage

en-noun

camouflage (countable and uncountable, plural camouflages)

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

Unadapted borrowing from French camouflage, from camoufler (“to veil, disguise”), alteration (due to camouflet (“smoke blown in one's face”)) of Italian camuffare (“to muffle the head”), from ca- (from Italian capo (“head”)) + muffare (“to muffle”), from Medieval Latin muffula, muffla (“muff”). This Medieval Latin, from which there is also English muffle, is either derived from a Frankish *molfell (“soft garment made of hide”) from *mol (“softened, forworn”) (akin to Old High German molawēn (“to soften”), Middle High German molwic (“soft”)) + *fell (“hide, skin”), from Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, film, fleece”), or, an alternate etymology traces it to a Frankish *muffël (“a muff, wrap, envelope”) composed of *mauwa (“sleeve, wrap”) from Proto-Germanic *mawwō (“sleeve”) + *fell (“skin, hide”) from Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, film, fleece”).

der

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world—camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.

2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7:

(biology) The resemblance of an organism to its surroundings for avoiding detection.


GC

en-noun

GC (countable and uncountable, plural GCs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of glucocorticoid.

guanylate cyclase
guanylate cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanylate cyclase.

(genetics, molecular biology) Initialism of guanine-cytosine.


ootheca

(botany) The theca or sporangium of ferns.


adelocodonic

From Ancient Greek ἄδηλος (ádēlos, “invisible”) + κώδων (kṓdōn, “bell”).

der

(zoology) Applied to hydroids' sexual zooids that have a saclike form and do not become free.


adenophyllous

(botany) Containing glands on the leaves.


legion

Attested (in Middle English, as legioun) around 1200, from Old French legion, from Latin legiō, legionem, from legō (“to gather, collect”); akin to legend, lecture. Doublet of León, which was borrowed from Spanish.
Generalized sense of “a large number” is due to an allusive phrase in Mark 5:9, "My name is Legion, for we are many".

(dated, taxonomy) A group of orders inferior to a class; in scientific classification, a term occasionally used to express an assemblage of objects intermediate between an order and a class.


adelaster

Either from Ancient Greek ἄδηλος (ádēlos, “not manifest”) + ἀστήρ (astḗr, “star”) or from Ancient Greek ἄδηλος (ádēlos, “not manifest”) + Latin -aster.

(botany) A provisional name for a plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined, and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus.


progenitor

progenitors (plural)
progenitour (alternative obsolete)

/pɹəʊˈd͡ʒɛn.ɪ.tə/

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.tə/

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.tɚ/

From Middle English progenitour, from Anglo-Norman progenitour, Middle French progeniteur (Modern French progéniteur), and their etymon Latin prōgenitor, from prōgenitus, perfect participle of prōgignere (“to beget”), itself from prō- (“forth”) + gignere (“to beget”). By surface analysis, pro- (“prior, fore-”) + genitor.

surf

(biology) An ancestral form of a species.


basionym

basionyms (plural)
basonym (alternative)

Arundinaria distans is the basionym of Colanthelia distans.

(botany, taxonomy) An earlier valid scientific name of a species that has since been renamed and from which the new name is partially derived.

basiònim

an earlier name of a species that has since been given a derived name


supercilium

Borrowed from Latin supercilium (“eyebrow; brow, ridge; pride, arrogance”).

bor

(anatomy, rare) The eyebrow (arch of hair above each eye).

(zoology) A superciliary marking or structure, especially in a bird.


acontia

acontias (plural)
acontium (alternative)

From the plural of New Latin acontium, from Ancient Greek ἀκόντιον (akóntion, “little dart”).

der

(zoology) Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnidae), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actiniae when irritated.


drupe

Scientific Latin, from Latin drūpa (“wrinkled olive”), from Ancient Greek δρύππᾱ (drúppā).

Black crowberry. Empetrum nigrum. Crowberry Family. Fruit. — The black drupe is berrylike, globular, and incloses six to nine seedlike nutlets with a seed in each. The calyx is at the base and the stigma is at the apex. The drupes are solitary in the leaf axils. They are juicy, acid, edible, and serve as food for the Arctic birds.

1905, Maude Gridley Peterson, How to Know Wild Fruits: A Guide to Plants When Not in Flower by Means of Fruit and Leaf, Macmillan, page 202:

(botany) a kind of fruit, with a fleshy exterior, formed from the exocarp and mesocarp, surrounding a hardened endocarp which protects the seed.


mentum

Learned borrowing from Latin mentum (“the chin”). Doublet of menton.

lbor

(malacology) A chin-like projection below the mouth of certain mollusks.

(entomology) The central part of the labium in insects.

(botany) A projection in front of the flower in some orchids.


fairy ring

The idea of a ring where fairies danced was a traditional explanation for the fungal phenomenon before it was understood.

This curious phenomenon has been differently accounted for. The following is Mr. Nicholson's description and explanation: "the appearance in the grass, says he, commonly called Fairy Rings, is well known. It consists either of a ring of grass of more luxuriant vegetation than the rest, or a kind of circular path in which the vegetation is more defective than elsewhere. It appears to be pretty well ascertained that the latter state precedes the former. […]

1821, Edward Polehampton, chapter VIII, in The Gallery of Nature and Art: Or, A Tour Through Creation and Science, volume 5, page 316:

The best known Fungus occupant of fairy rings is the Fairy Ring Agaric or Champignon, Marasmius oreades, termed in the older botanical textbooks Agaricus oreades.

1884, The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Home Farmer, Volume 7, 3rd Series, July—December, 1883, page 213:

So writing it down and reading it later, I realized somehow my subconscious was giving me a warning of things to come. In the dream I woke up at the height of the full moon in my garden. I didn't realize that in my drunken stupor I had fallen asleep amidst a fairy ring. A fairy ring is a bunch of mushrooms growing in a circle. I often see them growing on lawns. Legend has it that if one gets caught in this circle on a full moon, the fairies will take him or her captive and do as they please.

2012, Juliana Regina Delion, Heart Attack!: Shadows on the Eve of Tomorrow, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 18:

(mycology, botany) A ring of fungi marking the periphery of the perennial underground growth of the mycelium.

ве́дьмин круг m (védʹmin krug, literally “witch's ring”)


attenuation

en-noun

attenuation (countable and uncountable, plural attenuations)

From Middle English attenuacioun, a borrowing from Latin attenuātiō (“a diminishing”). Equivalent to attenuate + -ion.

(biology) A weakening in the virulence of a pathogen or other microorganism.

(botany) The tapering of a leaf etc to a fine point.


dopamine

dopamine (countable and uncountable, plural dopamines)

From DOPA (“dihydroxyphenylalanine”) + -amine.

af

Epinephrine and dopamine are two other catecholamine transmitters.

1988, Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 3rd edition, page 1025:

“The short-term, dopamine-driven feedback loops that we have created are destroying how society works: no civil discourse, no cooperation, misinformation, mistruth. And it’s not an American problem. This is not about Russian ads. This is a global problem.”

2017 December 12, Amy B Wang, “Former Facebook VP says social media is destroying society with ‘dopamine-driven feedback loops’”, in The Washington Post:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A monoamine C₈H₁₁NO₂ that is a decarboxylated form of dopa, present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including adrenalin.


homogenous

en-adj

homogenous (comparative more homogenous, superlative most homogenous)

more homogenous (comparative)
most homogenous (superlative)

/həˈmɒd͡ʒɪnəs/

/həˈmɑd͡ʒɪnəs/

Whatever may have been the origin of the former, we know that the latter are not homogenous, but are the mixed descendants of the several Fomorian, Nemedian, Firbolg, Tuatha de Danaan, and Milesian immigrations, with which has been combined in later times a strong admixture of Scandinavian blood.

1893 January, Alexander Macalister, “The Study of Man”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 42:

(biology) Having the same genetic structure; exhibiting homogeny.


homogeny

en-noun

homogeny (usually uncountable, plural homogenies)

(biology) Similarity in structure, though of different function, because of genetic relationships.


shift

shift (countable and uncountable, plural shifts)

The noun is from Middle English schyft, shyffte. Cognate with German Schicht (“layer, shift”).
The verb is from Middle English schiften, from Old English sċiftan (“to divide, separate into shares; appoint, ordain; arrange, organise”), from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną, *skiptijaną, from earlier *skipatjaną (“to organise, put in order”), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyb- (“to separate, divide, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, divide, separate, part”). Cognate with Scots schift, skift (“to shift”), West Frisian skifte, skiftsje (“to sort”), Dutch schiften (“to sort, screen, winnow, part”), German schichten (“to stack, layer”), Swedish skifta (“to shift, change, exchange, vary”), Norwegian skifte (“to shift”), Icelandic skipta (“to switch”). See ship.

cog

This kind of change, called shift - or more memorably, 'viral sex' - tends to trigger a pandemic, because a radically different virus demands a radically different immune response, and that takes time to mobilise.

2017, Laura Spinney, Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World, →ISBN:

(genetics) A mutation in which the DNA or RNA from two different sources (such as viruses or bacteria) combine.


malacology

From French malacologie, contraction of malacozoologie, from the (obsolete) taxonomic name Malacozoa + French -ologie (“-ology”), Malacozoa being in turn from Ancient Greek μαλακός (malakós, “soft”) + ζῷον (zôion, “animal”).
Equivalent to malaco- + -logy.

But the circumstances which the Baron Cuvier† so justly adduces as tending to retard the progress of Malacology in general, seem especially to have contributed to obscure the history of Nautilus Pompilius.

1832, Richard Owen, Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus, page 2:

[…]their chronogeny will long remain one of the most difficult problems in Malacology.

1850, William King, A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England, published 2014, page 201:

The first steps in the age determination of mammals by the number of annual layers were made when, in ichthyology and malacology, it has already become to routine practice to use annual layers for ageing animals and for back-calculating the growth of individuals.

1995, Galina A. Klevezal, M.V. Mina, Recording Structures of Mammals, page 231:


APT

acyl protein thioesterase
acyl protein thioesterase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of acyl protein thioesterase.


terrestrial

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/təˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/

From Middle English terrestrialle, from terrestre or Latin terrestris, from terra (“land, earth, ground”), with the suffix -al.


channel

→ Japanese: チャンネル (channeru)

→ Korean: 채널 (chaeneol)

→ Welsh: sianel

From Middle English chanel (also as canel, cannel, kanel), a borrowing from Old French chanel, canel, from Latin canālis (“groove; canal; channel”). Doublet of canal.

kanal

communication: single path provided by a transmission medium via physical separation

kanal

broadcasting: specific radio frequency or band of frequencies

(biochemistry) An ion channel: pore-forming proteins located in a cell membrane that allow specific ions to pass through.


ion channel

2008 Daniels, David. "Ion Channels Play Key Role in R&D". 1 June 2008. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 28 (11), pg 24.; archived 2 January 2010. ISSN 1935-472X. OCLC 77706455.
Ion channels, which facilitate this movement, are protein assemblies that penetrate the membrane and catalyze passage of specific ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), or calcium (Ca2+) into or out of the cell down the electrochemical gradient.

Pleurobrachia was missing many common proteins called ion channels that generate electric signals that travel rapidly down a nerve.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry) A protein complex or single protein that spans between both sides of a cell membrane and allows specific ions to pass through.

離子通道 /离子通道

membrane protein(s) allowing ions to pass


anonym

Coined or borrowed around 1812, from French anonyme, from Ancient Greek ἀνώνυμος (anṓnumos, “without name”).

en:mere name, without full taxonomic basis

(zoology) A mere name; a name resting upon no diagnosis or other recognized basis.


hemopoiesis

en-noun

hemopoiesis (usually uncountable, plural hemopoieses)

(hematology, cytology) Formation of new cellular components of the blood in myeloid or lymphatic tissue.


clavicle

clavicles (plural)
clavicula (alternative)

Borrowed from Middle French clavicule, from Latin clāvicula (“a small key”), diminutive of clāvis (“a key”).

The Voluta is a ſimple ſhell, having no hinge, formed of one piece, and of a figure approaching to conic, but short; the clavicle being uſually depreſſed, in all very ſhort: the mouth is long, perpendicular, and narrow: the animal inhabiting this ſhell is a limax.

1752, John Hill, “Voluta”, in An History of Animals. […], London: Printed for Thomas Osborne, […], →OCLC, page 137:

(obsolete, conchology) The upper part of a spiral shell.


inclusion

inclusion (countable and uncountable, plural inclusions)

inclusions (plural)
enclusion (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin inclusio, inclusionis, from the verb Latin inclūdō (“to shut in, enclose, insert”), from in- (“in”) + claudō (“to shut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, include + -sion. Doublet of enclosure.

der

(cytology) A nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregate of stainable substances.

(histology) An object completely inside a tissue, such as epidermal inclusion cyst, a cyst in the epidermis.


neutral

en-adj

neutral (comparative more neutral, superlative most neutral)

more neutral (comparative)
most neutral (superlative)

[ˈnuːt͡ʃɹəl]

From Middle French neutral (compare modern French neutre), from Latin neutrālis. By surface analysis, neuter + -al.


fascicule

From French fascicule, from Latin fasciculus.


identical

identical (comparative more identical, superlative most identical)

more identical (comparative)
most identical (superlative)

(not comparable, biology) Of twins, sharing the same genetic code.

еднояйчен

of twins, such that they share the same genetic code


variety

en-noun

variety (countable and uncountable, plural varieties)

varieties (plural)
variete (alternative)
varietie (alternative)
variëty (alternative)

From Middle French varieté (“variety”) (modern French variété (“variety; genre, type”)) or directly from its etymon Latin varietās (“difference; diversity, variety”) + English -ty (suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives); by surface analysis, various + -ety. Varietās is derived from varius (“different, diverse, various; variegated”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon; to give out; to leave”)) + -tās (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns indicating a state of being). The English word displaced the native Old English mislīcnes.
Sense 1.3.2 (“total number of distinct states of a system; logarithm to the base 2 of the total number of distinct states of a system”) was coined by the English psychiatrist William Ross Ashby (1903–1972) in his work An Introduction to Cybernetics (1956).
Cognates
* Galician variedade (“variety”)
* Italian varietà (“difference; variety”)
* Portuguese variedade (“variety”)
* Spanish variedad (“breed; variety”)

der

Many more ſorts of varieties of theſe kindes [of Aconitum anthora] there are, but theſe onely, as the moſt ſpecious, are nourſed vp in Floriſts Gardens for pleaſure; the other are kept by ſuch as are Catholicke obſeruers of all natures ſtore.

1629, John Parkinson, “Aconitum. Wolfebane.”, in Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris. […], London: […] Hvmfrey Lownes and Robert Yovng […], →OCLC, page 215:

But of all theſe varieties of Roſes, the beſt and moſt eſtemed amongſt the Red, are thoſe called the Roſe of the VVorld, the Red Belgick, the Red Marble, the Roſe vvithout Thorns, and the Red Provence Roſe.

1708, J[ohn] Mortimer, “Rose-Tree”, in The Whole Art of Husbandry; or, The Way of Managing and Improving of Land. […], 2nd edition, London: […] J[ohn] H[umphreys] for H[enry] Mortlock […], and J[onathan] Robinson […], →OCLC, book XIII, page 476:

When we look to the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us, is, that they generally differ much more from each other, than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature.

1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, “Variation under Domestication”, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 7:

Jim is a nurseryman, specialising in clematis, and he has built up a business exporting 150 varieties to countries all over the world.

1980, Robert Dougall, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 379:

(biology, loosely) An animal or plant (or a group of such animals or plants) with characteristics causing it to differ from other animals or plants of the same species; a strain or cultivar.

Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum is a variety of Capsicum annuum commonly known as chiltepin or Indian pepper.

(botany, taxonomy) A rank in a taxonomic classification below species and (if present) subspecies, and above form; hence, an organism of that rank.


variation

en-noun

variation (usually uncountable, plural variations)

/ˌvɛəɹɪˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvæɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvɛɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

From Middle French variation, from Old French variacion, from Latin variātiō, from vary + -ation.

(genetics) The modification of a hereditary trait.


keratin

keratin (countable and uncountable, plural keratins)

Borrowed from German Keratin, from Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -in.

(biochemistry) The protein of which hair and nails are composed.


chronogram

From chrono- + -gram, from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”) + γράμμα (grámma, “writing”).

(genetics) A phylogenetic tree that has branch spans proportional to evolutionary time.


hesperidin

hesperidin (countable and uncountable, plural hesperidins)

(biochemistry) a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruit


carpenter

From Middle English carpenter, from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius (“a carpenter”), from Latin carpentārius (“a wagon-maker, carriage-maker”), from Latin carpentum (“a two-wheeled carriage, coach, or chariot, a cart”), from Gaulish carbantos, from Proto-Celtic *karbantos (“chariot, war chariot”), probably related to Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”). Doublet of carpintero. More at car.
Displaced native Old English trēowwyrhta (literally “tree worker”).

ncog

The large, stout African bees are carpenters (Xylocopa), making small tunnels in timber, housing few individuals.

1968, Elliot C. G. Pinhey, Introduction to insect study in Africa, page 146:


immaculate

en-adj

immaculate (comparative more immaculate, superlative most immaculate)

more immaculate (comparative)
most immaculate (superlative)

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Museo del Prado

From Late Middle English immaculat, immaculate (“blameless; flawless, spotless; specifically of the Virgin Mary: pure, undefiled”), borrowed from Latin immaculātus (“unstained”), from im- (negative prefix) + maculātus (“stained, spotted; defiled, polluted; (figurative) dishonoured”), the perfect passive participle of maculō (“to spot, stain; to defile, pollute; (figurative) to dishonour”), from macula (“a blemish, spot, stain; (figurative) blot on one’s character, fault”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *smh₂-tló-m (“wiping (?)”), from *smeh₁- (“to rub; to smear”). The word displaced Middle English unwemmed (“pure, untainted”). See also -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
Cognates
* Catalan immaculat
* Italian immacolato, immaculato (obsolete)
* Middle French immaculé (modern French immaculé)
* Portuguese imaculado
* Spanish inmaculado

ref

From the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain.

perfek

containing no mistakes — see also flawless

(botany, zoology, especially entomology) Lacking blotches, spots, or other markings.

täplätön

lacking blotches, spots, or other markings — see also unspotted


homeorhesis

From homeo- + Ancient Greek ῥεῦσις (rheûsis, “flow”), the dropped u probably resulting from analogy with ῥέω (rhéō) or its derivatives.

af

(ecology) A dynamical system which returns to a trajectory, as opposed to a system which returns to a particular state, which is termed homeostasis


mammary

From French mammaire, from Latin mamma (“breast”).

mammary arteries and veins

It has been reported that periparturient cows undergo a period of immunosuppression of various immunological parameters associated with a high susceptibility to uterine and mammary infections […]

2015 August 29, “Different Blood Cell-Derived Transcriptome Signatures in Cows Exposed to Vaccination Pre- or Postpartum”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Of or relating to mamma or breast (of a woman or a female animal).


xeno-

From Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “alien”).

porcine xenograft

(biology, medicine, transplantation) From a donor of another species.