anserine

en-noun

anserine (countable and uncountable, plural anserines)

From Latin anser (“goose”) + -ine, after German Anserin.

(biochemistry) A dipeptide compound present in birds and other vertebrates, originally isolated from goose muscle.


whole-genome duplication

whole-genome duplication (plural whole-genome duplications)

whole-genome duplications (plural)
as: WGD (abbreviation)

(genetics) A form of polyploidy in which an organism has duplicate copies of its entire genome


rhomboid protease

rhomboid protease (plural rhomboid proteases)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that cleave proteins within biological membranes allowing release of effector domains from the membrane


superclass

superclasses (plural)
super class (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superclass.wav

(taxonomy) A taxon ranking below a phylum and above a class.


infraphylum

(taxonomy) A taxon below subphylum and above superclass.


translocon

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biochemistry) A complex of proteins associated with the translocation of nascent polypeptides into the interior space of the endoplasmic reticulum from the cytosol


epizoic

From international scientific vocabulary, from New Latin, from epizoon + -ic = epi- + zoic.

epizoico

growing on the surface of an animal host

(biology, of a microorganism) Growing on the surface of an animal host, as:

(usually) In a nonparasitic way, using an animal's skin as a microhabitat.

(less commonly) In a parasitic way, as an external parasite.


fibril

Borrowed from Latin fibrilla, diminutive of Latin fibra. Doublet of fibrilla. Compare fibre.

(biology) Any fine, filamentous structure in animals or plants.


carrying capacity

carrying capacity (plural carrying capacities)

With their populations adjusted to the carrying capacity of the environment, hunters and gatherers rarely starve, for they are not dependent on the fortunes of a single crop.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 120:

(ecology) The number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support.

環境承載力 /环境承载力

number of individuals that an environment can support


consociation

consociation (countable and uncountable, plural consociations)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
Borrowed from Latin cōnsociātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnsociātiō (“alliance; association, union”), from cōnsociō (“to make common; to associate; to connect, join (in), unite; to agree with; to share”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or the results of actions). Cōnsociō is derived from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several things) + sociō (“to ally, associate; to join, unite; to share in”) (from socius (“associated; joining in, sharing, partaking; akin, kindred, related; allied, confederate, leagued, united”, adjective), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”)).

der

(countable, ecology) A subdivision of an association, made up chiefly of organisms of a single species.


hemagglutinin

en-noun

hemagglutinin (countable and uncountable, plural hemagglutinins)

hemagglutinins (plural)
haemagglutinin (alternative)
haemoagglutinin (alternative)

(biochemistry) An antigenic glycoprotein that causes agglutination of red blood cells


neuraminidase

neuraminidase (countable and uncountable, plural neuraminidases)

(biochemistry) An antigenic enzyme, found on the surfaces of viruses, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal acylneuraminic residues from oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.


nanobacterium

(biology) Any supposed microorganism much smaller than a bacterium.


pellicle

From Latin pellicula, from pellis (“skin”). Doublet of pellicule.

(mycology) The outermost layer of a mushroom, often used only for a surface that is viscid and easily peels off.

(cytology) A thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa.

(biology) The growth on the surface of a liquid culture.


pyrosequencing

(genetics) A technique used to sequence DNA using chemiluminescent enzymatic reactions.


hydathode

(botany) A tissue, in the leaves of many plants, that contains microscopic pores through which water is excreted.


resveratrol

resveratrol (countable and uncountable, plural resveratrols)

Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a phenolic compound of the stilbene family present in wines and various parts of the grape, including the skin, and shows antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.

2003, Massimo Maffei, “7: Biochemistry, physiology and bioengineering of bioactive compounds from plants used as dietary supplements”, in Massimo Maffei, editor, Dietary Supplements of Plant Origin: A Nutrition and Health Approach, page 152:

2003, Diane F. Birt, Weiqun Wang, Nancy Paiva, Angela Au, Chilly Chung, Laura Schmitt, Yu Jiang, Chapter 5: Cancer Prevention by Phytochemicals, Modulation of Cell Cycle, Mark S. Meskin, Wayne R. Bidlack, Audra J. Davies, Douglas S. Lewis, R. Keith Randolph (editors), Phytochemicals: Mechanisms of Action, Volume 4, page 64,
Resveratrol was first identified in grape vines in 1976 and in wine in 1992.

2011, Yiwei Li, Dejuan Kong, Aamir Ahmad, Bin Bao, Fazlul H. Sarkar, Chapter 16: Augmenting the Efficacy of Chemo- and Radio-Therapy by Nutraceuticals: Evidence from Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials, Fazlul H. Sarkar (editor), Nutraceuticals and Cancer, page 366,
Resveratrol is a phytoalexin mainly found in grapes. Red wine contains a high level of resveratrol. Resveratrol has been shown to prevent the development of mammary and other tumors in vivo in animal models (Bishayee 2009).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A phenolic substance, 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, a stilbenoid and phytoalexin, that is found in some fruits and nuts, and in red wine, and is reputed to have some beneficial properties for humans.


Allee effect

From Warder Clyde Allee, American ecologist.

(ecology) The negative population growth observed at low population densities.


pluripotency

pluripotency (usually uncountable, plural pluripotencies)

(biology) The state of being pluripotent.


sonic hedgehog

Named after the video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in reference to the hedgehog signalling pathway, itself from sonic (Japanese ソニック (Sonikku)).

(biochemistry, sometimes capitalized) A morphogenic protein that controls cell division of adult stem cells and has been implicated in the development of some cancers.

Sonic the Hedgehog (character)
sonic hedgehog


morphogene

(genetics) Any gene that is involved in growth or in morphogenesis


morphogenesis

morphogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural morphogeneses)

(biology) The differentiation of tissues and subsequent growth of structures in an organism

morphogénie

the differentiation of tissues and subsequent growth of structures in an organism


carene

From French carène (“keel”), from Latin carīna (“keel”).

(zoology, obsolete) The lower portion of a marine animal's shell, covering its mantle.


costate

(botany) Having one or more longitudinal ribs.


galline

en-adj

galline (comparative more galline, superlative most galline)

more galline (comparative)
most galline (superlative)

(zoology) of, or pertaining to, the chicken


protein phosphorylation

en-noun

protein phosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural protein phosphorylations)

(biochemistry) The binding of phosphate to proteins to form phosphoproteins.


phosphoprotein

(biochemistry) any protein containing bound phosphate or complexed with a phospholipid


calamus

calamus (usually uncountable, plural calamuses or calami)

Learned borrowing from Latin calamus (“reed, cane”), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Doublet of culm, haulm, helm (Etymology 4), qalam, and shawm.

dbt

Thus, the four distinct feather parts that have been compared as to amino acid content to note whether or not the composition is uniform are rachis, barbs, calamus and medulla.

1956, Advisory Board on Quartermaster Research and Development, The Utilization of Chicken Feathers as Filling Materials, page 9:

In follicles late in feather growth, after rupture of the feather sheath, this canal contained the upper part of the calamus.

1969, RIC Spearman, “The epidermis and feather follicles of the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica) (aves)”, in Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere:

Chapin asserted that the calamus is firmly fixed in the wing

1969, CH Fry, “Structural and functional adaptation to display in the Standard‐winged nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis”, in Journal of Zoology:

(ornithology) A quill; the hard, horny, hollow, and more or less transparent part of the stem or scape of a feather.


hyperkalemia

en-noun

hyperkalemia (countable and uncountable, plural hyperkalemias)

hyperkalemias (plural)
hyperkalaemia (alternative)

From hyper- + kalemia or hyper- + kal(ium) + -emia.

(biology, medicine) The condition of having an abnormally high concentration of potassium ions in the blood (above the reference range).

hyperkalemie

the condition of having an abnormally high concentration of potassium ions in the blood


hypocalcemia

hypocalcemia (countable and uncountable, plural hypocalcemias)

hypocalcemias (plural)
hypocalcaemia (alternative)

From hypo- + calcemia or hypo- + calc- + -emia.

(biology, medicine) The condition of having an abnormally low concentration of calcium ions in the blood.


hypomagnesemia

hypomagnesemia (countable and uncountable, plural hypomagnesemias)

hypomagnesemias (plural)
hypomagnesaemia (alternative)

From hypo- + magnesemia or hypo- + magnes(io)- + -emia.

(biology, medicine) The condition of having an abnormally low concentration of magnesium (Mg) ions in the blood (below the reference range).

hypomagnésémie

the condition of having an abnormally low concentration of magnesium ions in the blood

hyponatremia

biometallic cation insufficiency in blood


scaleless

There are also some surprises such as Eurotamandua, a scaleless pangolin that looks astonishingly like a South American anteater.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 65:


autotomy

autotomy (countable and uncountable, plural autotomies)

From auto- + -tomy, after German Autotomie or French autotomie.

She has dropped it by autotomy, like the tail or claw of a fleeing lizard, lobster, or starfish.

(chiefly zoology) The spontaneous removal of a limb, tail etc, especially by some invertebrates as a self-defense mechanism.


proacrosin

(biochemistry) A protein that is a precursor of acrosin.


acrosin

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, found in the acrosome of spermatozoa, that enables penetration of the egg.


colletor

Colletors are found in members of the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae families.

(botany) A multicellular trichome of a leaf or bud scale that produces a sticky secretion; a group or tuft of mucilaginous secretory hairs, usually found near the base of the leaf lamina and on the calyx.


tetrahydropalmatine

(biochemistry) A neuroactive alkaloid with analgesic and hypnotic action.


hormogonium

From Ancient Greek ὁρμή (hormḗ, “first movements”) + -gonium.

der

(biology) A small, motile filament, formed by some cyanobacteria, that detaches and grows by cell division into a new filament


intromittent organ

en-noun

intromittent organ (plural intromittent organs)


dispermy

(biology) The penetration of an ovum by two spermatozoa.


priapulid

From scientific Latin Priapulus (genus name) + -id.

Like Kimberella’s scrape marks that connect it to modern mollusks, these ancient burrows were certainly created, if not by true priapulids, then by something very similar indeed.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 30:

The holes that litter the seabed are entrances to the burrows of priapulids – ‘penis worms’, named for their appearance – and their armoured cousins, the palaeoscolecids.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 254:

(zoology) Any small marine worm of the phylum Priapulida.


polysomaty

(genetics) The condition of a cell having reduplicated chromatin in its nucleus


copy number variation

copy number variation (plural copy number variations)

copy number variations (plural)
copy-number variation (alternative)

(genetics) The variation of the number of copies (normally two) of a gene, or of sequences of DNA, in the genome of a specific individual; has been linked to some diseases


copy number polymorphism

copy number polymorphism (plural copy number polymorphisms)

copy number polymorphisms (plural)
copy-number polymorphism (alternative)

(genetics) The normal variation in the number of copies (normally two) of a gene, or of sequences of DNA, in the genome of a specific individual


euchromatin

euchromatin (countable and uncountable, plural euchromatins)

(genetics) uncoiled dispersed threads of chromosomal material that occurs during interphase; it stains lightly with basic dyes


interphase

(biology) The stage in the life cycle of a cell between two successive mitotic or meiotic divisions.


neurosteroid

(biochemistry, neuroscience) A neuroactive steroid


neuroactive steroid

neuroactive steroid (plural neuroactive steroids)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any of several steroids, synthesized in the myelinating glial cells, which alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels.


Polo kinase

Polo kinases (plural)
polo kinase (alternative)

From the Polo/polo gene in Drosophila melanogaster.

(biochemistry) An enzyme that regulates cell cycle progression.


speciose

en-adj

speciose (comparative more speciose, superlative most speciose)

more speciose (comparative)
most speciose (superlative)
specious (alternative)

1991, David M. Raup, Extinction: Bad genes or bad luck?, W. W. Norton and Company, pp 55-56,
The most speciose living mammal genus (a small insectivore) has about 160 species.

(taxonomy) Rich in species, such as when many species are members of a single genus.


trafficking

(biochemistry) The movement of an enzyme (or other protein) through tissue.

traficación

the movement of an enzyme or other protein through tissue


met-enkephalin

(biochemistry) One of a pair of pentapeptides, (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) occurring naturally in the brain, that affects pain perception.


pentapeptide

(biochemistry) An oligopeptide formed from five amino acids.


axenic

Near-synonyms: monocultural, monocultured

This species has resisted all attempts at axenic culture.

(biology, of a culture, sample, specimen, etc) Containing only a single species of microorganism.

sample; specimen; etc; sample; specimen; etc

Near-synonyms: isolated, sequestered

(biology, of an organism) Isolated from organisms of any other species.


papilio

(zoology) Any butterfly of the genus Papilio.


seedpod

seedpods (plural)
seed pod (alternative)

(botany) A pouch-like form on a plant which encloses the seeds.


seedcase

(botany) A pouch-like structure of a plant that encloses the seeds.


pseudopodium

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudopodium.wav


discordance

en-noun

discordance (countable and uncountable, plural discordances)

discordances (plural)
discordaunce (alternative)

(genetics) The presence of a specific genetic trait in only one of a set of clones (or identical twins).


bioavailability

bioavailability (countable and uncountable, plural bioavailabilities)

(biology, medicine) The extent to which a substance is molecularly available to cells and tissues in a living organism, which depends on factors such as solubility, pH level, and presence of enzymes and cofactors; for example, even if one's ingestion of vitamin B₁₂ is average/typical, one might nonetheless have B₁₂ deficiency if one has poor metabolism of this particular vitamin.

poor/low oral bioavailability

(pharmacology, nutrition) The amount of drug or nutrient which reaches the site of physiological activity after administration.

biosaatavuus

amount of drug which reaches the site of physiological activity after administration


pye

(zoology) Ellipsis of pye-dog (an Indian breed, a stray dog in Indian contexts).


blistering

Inflammations are treated generally by allopathic practitioners by bleedings, blisterings, purgings, vomitings, Antimony and Mercury: and this is practised, more or less, with little variation, wherever the seat of the inflammation may be.

1852, The American Journal of Homoeopathy, volumes 7-9, page 99:

(medicine, veterinary) The practice of forming blisters on the skin, to promote blood flow and aid healing.


bipinnate

Calque of Latin bipinnatus or bi- + pinnate.

Three hours later Boyles and Rise are propped up against the trunk of the sole acacia tree on the knoll, drinking up the bipinnate shade.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 307:

(botany, of a leaf) Doubly pinnate; pinnate and having leaflets that are themselves pinnate.


dioecious

/daɪ̯ˈiːʃəs/

diœcious (alternative)
dioicous (alternative)

Most plants are hermaphrodite, even if some of them (hazel, for example) keep their male and female flowers apart. But some plants are dioecious, i.e. they have separate sexes. Some of our most familiar wild plants, such as nettle and red campion, are dioecious. If your holly never has any berries, that's probably because it's a male.

2014 December 12, Ken Thompson, “Do plants have a gender? Most plants are hermaphrodite, but not all – and an interesting situation arises when only one sex is imported into the UK [print version: Alien plant species in search of a mate: Although most plants are hermaphrodite, some come in two distinct genders. So how does a single-sex community develop?, p. W28]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend):

(botany) Having the male and female reproductive organs on separate plants (of the same species) rather than different parts of the same plant.

dioek

botany: having the male and female reproductive organs on separate plants

(zoology, rare) Having two distinct sexes.


monoecious

From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, solitary”) + οἶκος (oîkos, “house, dwelling-place”), equivalent to mono- + -oecious.

af

monecious (alternative)
monœcious (alternative)
monoicous (alternative)

Further, species which show continuous variation that is not amenable to orthodox taxonomic treatment, and this is the situation in many monoecious plants, are treated as invariable.

1978, A. J. E. Smith, “Cytogenetics, Biosystematics and Evolution in the Bryophyta”, in H. W. Woolhouse, editor, Advances in Botanical Research, volume 6, page 247:

Recently, monoecious plants have been found in several places in the United States. The plants of Australia are monoecious and dioecious.

1997, LeRoy Holm, Jerry Doll, Eric Holm, Juan Pancho, James Herberger, World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution, page 398:

Two factors are likely to allow the establishment of forms with reduced pollen output (i.e., fewer male flowers) in a monoecious population: increased seed fitness as a result of an increase in the ratio of female to male flowers, and a reduced rate of self-fertilisation.

1999, Monica A. Geber, Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants, page 70:

(botany, invertebrate) Having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual, either in different flowers or in the same or different flowers; hermaphrodite.

monoeci

having the male and female reproductive organs on different parts of the same plant


radiobiology

(biology) The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms

(biochemistry) The use of radioactive labels to study biological processes


radioimmunodiffusion

(biology) immunodiffusion using antigens or antibodies labelled with radioisotopes


radiole

From Late Latin radiolus (“a fossil echinoid’s spine”), from Latin radius (“rod, staff”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁t- (“beam, pole, post”)) + -olus (diminutive suffix) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-lós). The word first appears in the works of Scottish natural historian and marine zoologist Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882).

der

Radioles or spines [...] are the appendages articulating upon the tubercles. The different parts of the spines are the socket by which it is articulated to the tubercles; the lower part of the radiole is called the head, and is separated from the neck, which is usually smooth or finely striated, by the milled ring,—a prominent ridge more or less deeply grooved, serving as an attachment for the muscles which are to move the spine; beyond the neck we have the body or shaft of the spine.

1874, Alexander Agassiz, “Terminology”, in Revision of the Echini (Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Harvard College; VII), part IV (Structure and Embryology of the Echini), Cambridge, Mass.: University Press; Welch, Bigelow, & Co., →OCLC, page 636:

The radioles of the second size are about 8 millims. in length and 2 millims. in width, very much compressed and flattened, rounded at the end and finely striated longitudinally. They are articulated in a single row to the small tubercles round the edge of the areola, and in their natural attitude they lean over the naked part of the areola and cover the muscles and the head of the large radiole like a frill.

1874 April 9, [Charles] Wyville Thomson, “XXI. On the Echinoidea of the ‘Porcupine’ Deep-sea Dredging-expeditions”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, volume 164, part II, London: Printed by Taylor and Francis, […], →OCLC, part I, page 725:

Archæocidaris sp. b. [...] This form, which is very imperfectly known, is based on two specimens. One of these shows the distal end of the radiole, which is seen to expand rather abruptly from a very slender shaft having a diameter of about three-fourths mm. into a subspherical end which has a diameter of 2 mm. The terminal portion and the shaft adjacent appear to be armed with short spinules. Associated with the foregoing is the proximal portion of a radiole, showing a long, slender, smooth, cylindrical shaft, which has a diameter of about three-fourths mm., with the usual subterminal collar near the lower end.

1908, George H. Girty, “Echinoidea”, in The Guadalupian Fauna (Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper; 58), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 110:

The species P. wellmanae would here be synonymised with P. duncani if only the holotype test was known. The younger Te Piki test fragments are indistinguishable from P. wellmanae (and P. duncani), but the radioles differ from those of P. duncani (i.e., P. wellmanae is here being distinguished by features not seen in this holotype). Discovery of topotype radioles will be necessary to confirm the present interpretation and usage.

1982 November 26, G. M. Philip, “A Pleistocene Occurrence of the Cidaroid Echinoid Genus Phyllacanthus in New Zealand”, in Robert P. Lynch, editor, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, volume 25, number 3, Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 366, column 1:

Fabricia bikinii, n. sp. [...] The tentacular crown is composed of three pairs of symmetrical radioles; in addition there are shorter, entire, paired filamentous processes, or palpi, at the ventral end of the crown [...]. Each radiole has 6 to 8 pairs of slender filaments that arise along the basal half of the radiole; these filaments extend distally not quite as far as the radioles to which they are attached.

1954, Olga Hartman, “Systematic Descriptions”, in Marine Annelids from the Northern Marshall Islands: Bikini and nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands (Geological Survey Professional Paper; 260-Q), Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 641, column 1:

The anterior segments of sabellid and serpulid worms are modified in two important ways: the head has a crown of pinnate radioles arranged in two spirals or semicircles above the mouth, and some of the anterior segments form a thoracic region [...]. In the Serpulidae, one (sometimes two) of the radioles is modifed as an operculum, which blocks the mouth of the tube when the worm retreats.

1990, Vernon A. Harris, “Tube-dwelling Worms (Annelida – Polychaeta)”, in Sessile Animals of the Sea Shore, London, New York, N.Y.: Chapman and Hall, →ISBN, section 7.2 (Structures Related to a Tubicolous Life Style), page 119:

Family Sabellidae [...] Head with a characteristic crown of 2 groups of pinnate projections called radioles [...], which sometimes bear eyes, and project from the tube when the worm is feeding.

2011, J. D. Fish, S. Fish, “Annelida”, in A Student’s Guide to the Seashore, 3rd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 170–171:

(zoology) A heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle occurring in clusters on the crowns of certain tubeworms, especially those of the order Canalipalpata (fan-head worms), used for feeding and respiration.


barbule

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
Borrowed from Latin barbula (“little beard”).

(ornithology) Any of the secondary barbs that form a fringe of small projections on a feather.


radiomimetic

en-adj

radiomimetic (comparative more radiomimetic, superlative most radiomimetic)

more radiomimetic (comparative)
most radiomimetic (superlative)

(biology) Having a biological effect similar to that of radiation


radiomutation

(genetics) A genetic mutation due to the effects of ionizing radiation


Siberian Husky

en-noun

Siberian Husky (plural Siberian Huskies)

(zoology) A medium-sized spitz breed of dog originally used for herding reindeer and pulling sleighs.


genophore

From geno- + -phore. In the bacterial sense, coined by Hans Ris.

This switch from actin-based genophore partition to a tubulin-based mechanism generated a transition period during which both types of cytoskeleton contributed to fidelity of chromosome segregation.

2007, A. Villasante, J. P. Abad, M. Méndez-Lago, “Centromeres were derived from telomeres during the evolution of the eukaryotic chromosome”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, →DOI:

(biology) The genetic behavior and correlated DNA fibrils of bacteria.


autotrophic

(biology) Relating to the production of organic compounds from carbon dioxide as a carbon source, using either light or reactions of inorganic chemical compounds, as a source of energy.


multivalent

en-adj

multivalent (comparative more multivalent, superlative most multivalent)

more multivalent (comparative)
most multivalent (superlative)

(genetics) Having three or more homologous chromosomes during the first division of meiosis.


CAG

en-noun

CAG (countable and uncountable, plural CAGs)

(genetics, biochemistry) The nucleobase coding triplet cytosine (C), adenine (A), guanine (G).


gynoid

The work intensity and duration was identical in android and gynoid obese women in this study, making it unlikely that energy expenditure in the training program was different in these two groups.

1987, Richard J. Wurtman, Judith J. Wurtman, Human Obesity, New York Academy of Sciences, page 71:

2008, Sharon Plowman, Denise Smith, Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance, Benjamin Cummings, Wolters Kluwer, 2nd Edition, page 219,
Alpha-receptors predominate in the lower body and are thus more abundant in the gynoid pattern.

As a result, measured ratios of estrogen to testosterone in women predict their ratios of gynoid fat to android fat (Singh, 1993, 1995, 2002a,b; Kirchengast et al., 1997). As should also be expected, women with higher ratios of gynoid to android fat are more fertile than their counterparts with lower ratios (Kirchengast et al., 1997; Singh, 1993, 1995, 2002a,b).

2008, Randy Thornhill, Steven W. Gangestad, The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality, Oxford University Press, page 114:

(biology, anatomy) Of, pertaining to or following the distribution pattern of the type of body fat, more prevalent in women, that forms around the hips, breasts and thighs and is relatively rich in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which are important in the development of foetuses.


suppressor

(genetics) A gene that suppresses the effect of another through epistasis.


cytokinesis

cytokinesis (usually uncountable, plural cytokineses)

(biology) The process in which the cytoplasm of a cell divides following the division of the nucleus.


glossa

From the Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssă, “tongue”). Doublet of gloss.

They wished to see what Holy would do with the glossa. “The innocent will tell no lies.” The organ eventually had been divided into nineteen sections, distributed, and ingested. “We swallow your lies and cause them to build our powers.”

2016, Dr. Jol, Suburban Brand, Charlotte Publishing Press, →ISBN:

Her swollen “button” hitting his glossa tip provided wave after wave of full body pleasure.

2016, Dr. JD Philip, “The Wedding”, in Victoria: A Pirate Romance, Charlotte Publishing Press, →ISBN, page 230:

It was his glossa, strange that; when dead men had no need to verbalize.

2018, Gloria Trubbshore, Băṭluptă, Xlibris, →ISBN:

In the Paragiina, the proximal region of the glossa is elongated, and the paraglossae are long and reach the bifid apex of the glossa.

2019, Harald W. Krenn, Insect Mouthparts: Form, Function, Development and Performance, page 452:

(zoology) The tongue, or lingua, especially of an insect.


glycosidic bond

glycosidic bond (plural glycosidic bonds)

(biochemistry) Any bond by reaction of the hemiacetal part of a saccharide and the hydroxyl group of another saccharide or an alcohol


actin

actin (countable and uncountable, plural actins)

→ Spanish: actina

From Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktís, “ray”), based on the shape of the filament formed, + -in.

2012, Elaine N. Marieb & Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th ed., chapter 9 "Muscles and Muscle Tissue", page 281.
Actin has kidney-shaped polypeptide subunits, called globular actin or G actin, which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction.

(biochemistry, uncountable) A globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament).

(biochemistry, countable) One of the six isoforms of actin.


AVM

AVM (countable and uncountable, plural AVMs)

avian vacuolar myelinopathy
avian vacuolar myelinopathy#English

(pathology, ornithology) Initialism of avian vacuolar myelinopathy.


trochophore

(biology) The free-swimming larva of some invertebrates that have a circlet of cilia


tulip tree

tulip trees (plural)
tuliptree (alternative)
tulip-tree (alternative)

Liriodendron tulipifera
Liriodendron tulipifera#Translingual

(botany) A North American tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, that has squarish leaves, cone-shaped fruit and an aromatic odor, of the family Magnoliaceae.

(botany) Indian tulip tree, a tropical tree (Thespesia populnea, family Malvaceae).

(botany) Nile tulip tree (Markhamia lutea, family Bignoniaceae).

(botany) African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata, of family Bignoniaceae).


tung tree

/ˈtʊŋ ˌtɹiː/

/ˈtʌŋ ˌtɹiː/

(botany) A candlenut tree, of either of the two species of the genus Aleurites, which also yield such oil.


homology

homology (countable and uncountable, plural homologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homology.wav

Henri Poincaré
Homology
MathWorld
singular homology

From homo- + -logy.
In topology, first used by French polymath Henri Poincaré, in the sense (close to what is now called a bordism) of a relation between manifolds mapped into a reference manifold: that is, the property of such manifolds that they form the boundary of a higher-dimensional manifold inside the reference manifold. Poincaré's version was eventually replaced by the more general singular homology, which is what mathematicians now mean by homology.

homologia

biology, psychology: relationship of having a common evolutionary or developmental origin

Coordinate term: homomorphism

2000, Julie A. Hawkins, Chapter 2: A survey of primary homology assessment, Robert Scotland, R. Toby Pennington (editors), Homology and Systematics, Taylor & Francis, The Systematics Association, page 22,
The objective of this study is to classify approaches to primary homology assessment, and to quantify the extent to which different approaches are found in the literature by examining variation in the ways characters are defined and coded in a data matrix.

The relationship of being homologous; a homologous relationship.

(biology, psychology) The relationship, between characteristics or behaviours, of having a shared evolutionary or developmental origin;

The relationship, between characteristics or behaviours, of having a shared evolutionary or developmental origin;
(evolutionary theory) specifically, a correspondence between structures in separate life forms having a common evolutionary origin, such as that between mammalian flippers and hands.

(genetics) The presence of the same series of bases in different but related genes.

homologia

genetics: presence of the same series of bases in related genes


HIV virus

human immunodeficiency virus
human immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology, pleonastic) Synonym of HIV (“human immunodeficiency virus”)


human immunodeficiency virus

human immunodeficiency virus (plural human immunodeficiency viruses)

human immunodeficiency virus 1
human immunodeficiency virus 1

human immunodeficiency virus 2
human immunodeficiency virus 2

(virology) Either of the two related viruses, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-2) that progressively destroy the body's immune system and can potentially lead to AIDS.

atsʼíís yichʼą́ą́h naabaah bąąh dahooʼaʼ


uropygial

/jʊəɹə(ʊ)ˈpɪd͡ʒɪəl/

[…] [Aderyn the Bird Queen], on whose face a kind of agitated oil or sweat was spreading thinly, an uropygial secretion.

1971, Anthony Burgess, M/F, Penguin, published 2004, page 158:

(ornithology) Of or pertaining to the uropygium; on the rump.


gradualist

Word has it that the DfT and Treasury are considering gradualist tinkering.

2022 November 30, Anthony Lambert, “Rail fares fit for the 21st century”, in RAIL, number 971, page 41:

(biology, politics) One who believes in gradualism.


gradualism

gradualism (countable and uncountable, plural gradualisms)

(biology) The belief that evolution proceeds at a steady pace, without the sudden development of new species or biological features from one generation to the next.

ātawhanaketanga

The concept of evolution proceeding at a steady and continuous rate.


bioactivity

bioactivity (countable and uncountable, plural bioactivities)

(biology, medicine) Biologic activity, such as biochemical or immunologic reactivity: the biologic effect (function or dysfunction, benefit or toxicity) of a substance.


conidium

From Ancient Greek κόνις (kónis, “dust”) + -idium.

(mycology) A fungal spore produced asexually in a conidiophore.


hypha

From New Latin hypha, from Ancient Greek ὑφή (huphḗ, “web”).

She lays out how fungal hyphae—countless miles of filaments folded up in every spoon of soil—coax open tree roots and tap into them.

2018, Richard Powers, The Overstory, Vintage (2019), page 272:

(mycology) Any of the long, threadlike filaments that form the mycelium of a fungus.

hifa

filament that forms the mycelium of a fungus


conidiogenous

en-adj

conidiogenous (comparative more conidiogenous, superlative most conidiogenous)

more conidiogenous (comparative)
most conidiogenous (superlative)

(cytology) That promotes conidiogenesis in fungi.


frons

Borrowed from Latin frōns (“the forehead, brow, front”). Doublet of front.

bor

In a generalized insect the frons extends from the vertex to the frontoclypeal (epistomal) suture, between the two anterior tentorial pits.

1981, J. F. McAlpine, Manual of Nearctic Diptera, volume 1, →ISBN, page 14:

(entomology) The front part of the epicranium or head capsule of many insects; generally speaking, the area below or between the antennae and above the clypeus. Typically it lies between the genal or "cheek" areas on either side of the head.

In most blondeliines (and in most Tachinidae in general), males have a narrower frons than conspecific females […]

1985, D. M. Wood, “A taxonomic conspectus of the Blondeliini of North and Central America and the West Indies (Diptera: Tachinidae)”, in Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, volume 117, →DOI, page 9:

(entomology) (of Diptera) The postfrons.


diel

(biology) Having a 24-hour period regardless of day or night.

diel

having a 24-hour period regardless of day or night


speciation event

en-noun

speciation event (plural speciation events)

(taxonomy) a moment when the evolutional lineage splits, starting history of a new species.


polyketide

(biochemistry) Any of many biochemical intermediates, having such a structure, that have a role in biosynthesis and metabolism.


biosynthesis

biosynthesis (countable and uncountable, plural biosyntheses)

The rate-limiting step for cytokinin biosynthesis involves a group of isopentenyltransferase (IPT) enzymes.

2015 April 23, Simon Moore et al., “Spatiotemporal modelling of hormonal crosstalk explains the level and patterning of hormones and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutant roots”, in The New Phytologist, volume 207, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The synthesis of organic compounds within a living organism, especially the synthesis of large compounds from small ones.


tricarboxylic acid cycle

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

trikarboksyylihappokierto

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle


polylectic

en-adj

polylectic (comparative more polylectic, superlative most polylectic)

more polylectic (comparative)
most polylectic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “a lot of, much”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús (“many, much”), from the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”)) + λέγειν (légein), from λέγω (légō, “to arrange, choose, gather; to count, reckon”) (from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather”)) + -ic.

der

(entomology) Of or relating to an insect (especially a bee) which collects pollen from the flowers of a variety of unrelated plants.


cytohesin

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of a family of proteins, abundant in cells of the immune system, that are regulatory factors in lymphocytes.


azaspiracid

Mytilus edulis
Mytilus edulis#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of several organic compounds with a complex polycyclic structure, that is responsible for the toxicity of some mussels (Mytilus edulis)


biocoenosis

biocoenoses (plural)
biocenosis (alternative)

From bio- + Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós, “common”) + -osis.

af

(biology) A community of interacting organisms that form a natural ecological unit.

ائتلاف أحيائي

iʔtilāf ʔaḥyāʔī


non-esterified fatty acid

en-noun

non-esterified fatty acid (plural non-esterified fatty acids)

non-esterified fatty acids (plural)
as NEFA (abbreviation)
nonesterified fatty acid (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any fatty acid which occurs free, rather than esterified with glycerol to form a glyceride or other lipid; usually as the result of hydrolysis


adiponectin

adiponectin (countable and uncountable, plural adiponectins)

(biochemistry) A protein hormone that modulates glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.


oxyntomodulin

oxyntomodulin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyntomodulins)

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone found to suppress appetite.


sirtuin

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that act as regulatory factors that mediate the life-extending effects of a low-calorie diet.


land bridge

(biogeography) An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses.


abstriction

abstriction (countable and uncountable, plural abstrictions)

From Latin ab- (“from, away, outside”) + strictio (“act of pressing together”), from strictus (“tightened”). Equivalent to abstrict + -ion.

(biology, mycology) A method of spore formation in fungi in which successive portions of the sporophore are cut off through the growth of septa; abjunction.


abjunction

abjunction (countable and uncountable, plural abjunctions)

/æbˈd͡ʒʌŋk.ʃən/

From ab- (“away”) + junction (“to join”).

(mycology, biology) The creation of spores by cutting off portions of the sporophore by the growth of septa; abstriction.


cladogram

Hard though it may seem to associate avian elegance with cumbersome and ferocious behemoths this was the story told by the cladograms, revealed by interpreting the bones of the famous old bird Archaeopteryx unfettered by preconceived notions.

2000, Richard Fortey, “No Such Thing as a Fish”, in London Review of Books, volume 22, number 13:

(taxonomy) A branching treelike graphical representation of the phylogenetic relationships between organisms showing which taxa have branched from common ancestors.


protein subunit

protein subunit (plural protein subunits)

(biochemistry) Any protein that forms assemblies with others, especially those that form multimers or oligomers.


arbuscular

(botany) Similar to a small tree; shrublike.


mycorrhiza

mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizas or mycorrhizae)

mycorrhizas (plural)
mycorrhizae (plural)

From myco- + Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “root”).

prefix

Alternatively, inoculations of a disturbed site with native or exotic fungi facilitate formation of mycorrhizae in a shorter period, given certain circumstances.

2004, Season R. Snyder, Michael F. Allen, Restoration of Micorrhizae in Arid Environments, Dilip K. Arora (editor), Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Applications, Marce Dekker, Inc., page 481

This has been associated with advances in different research disciplines such as genetics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and physiology, advances which have generated better insight into topics of mycorrhizal biology, including the mechanisms of host-mycorrhiza interactions pre- and post-penetration, the influence of the symbiosis on the host and its surroundings, and the evolution and diversity of mycorrhization.

2010, Hinanit Koltai, Yoram Kapulnik, editors, Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function, 2nd edition, Springer, page v:

In total, mycorrhizae are responsible for helping source the nutrients for about 80 per cent of all modern plant species.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 210:

(ecology, botany, mycology) A plant root formed in symbiosis with a fungus; the symbiosis between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant.

грыбакорань

symbiotic relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant


circumsporozoite

(biology, of a protein) Located on the surface of a sporozoite (and involved in host cell recognition and invasion); abbreviated as CS.


sporozoite

/spɒɹəˈzəʊʌɪt/

Ross […] was then able to outline its history within the mosquito: first, as a zygote in the stomach; then as an oocyst in the stomach wall; and finally as a mature sporozoite that reaches first the proboscis and then a human host when the insect bites and squirts its saliva prior to sucking blood.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 453:

(cytology) Any of the minute active bodies into which a sporozoan divides just before it infects a new host cell.


MCP

(biology) Initialism of membrane cofactor protein.

(biology) Initialism of MetaCarpoPhalangeal, as in joint.


enterics

(biology) Gram-negative eubacteria that inhabit intestines.


violacein

en-noun

violacein (countable and uncountable, plural violaceins)

(biology) A violet pigment produced by certain bacteria.


prodigiosin

(microbiology) A red pigment produced by certain bacteria.


microsporogenesis

(botany) The formation of four haploid microspores by meiosis.

(botany) In angiosperms, the formation of pollen and thus the production of the male gametophyte.


didine

(ornithology, obsolete) A bird of the columbid subfamily Raphinae.


tunicate

Borrowed from Latin tunicātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

This tunicate withered hag the Señora had my financial number.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 404:

(anatomy, botany) Enclosed in a tunic or mantle; covered or coated with layers.

(zoology) Having each joint buried in the preceding funnel-shaped one, as in certain antennae of insects.


initiation codon

initiation codon (plural initiation codons)

(genetics) A codon that signals the first amino acid to be used in the synthesis of the polypeptide chain of a protein; either AUG or GUG


microbiome

From micro- + biome or blend of microbiota + genome.

The human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut; the human microbiome consists of the genes these cells harbor.

2012 August 27, “Defining the Human Microbiome”, in Nutrition Reviews, volume 70, number Suppl. 1, pages S38–S44:

Your body’s microbiome is all the genes your microbiota contains, however colloquially the two terms are often used interchangeably.

2018 March 26, Nicola Davis, “The human microbiome: why our microbes could be key to our health”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) The genetic information (genomes) of a microbiota.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:

The microbiome creates the immediate environment for our genes as they play out their part in disease mechanisms.

2014 June 30, Wayne Koberstein, “Second Genome”, in Life Science Leader, volume 6, number 7, page 14:

For your community of microbes— your 'microbiome' — your body is a planet.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 18:

(biology) A microbial biome, such as the community of microbes within the human gut.


angiogenesis

Some of the most promising new cancer drugs block this process of ‘angiogenesis’, or blood-vessel formation.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 238:

(medicine, zoology) The formation and development of new blood vessels.


vascular endothelial growth factor

vascular endothelial growth factor (plural vascular endothelial growth factors)

vascular endothelial growth factors (plural)
as: VEGF (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) A signalling protein that regulates vasculogenesis.


somatotropin

somatotropin (countable and uncountable, plural somatotropins)

somatotropins (plural)
somatotrophin (alternative)
somatotropine (alternative)

(biology, medicine) Synonym of growth hormone


GH

(medicine, biochemistry) Initialism of growth hormone.


phylloquinone

phylloquinone (countable and uncountable, plural phylloquinones)

From phyllo- (“leaf”) + (naphtho)quinone.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Synonym of phytomenadione.


collectrin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that has a regulatory function in kidney development.

(genetics) The gene that codes for this protein.


phytonadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Alternative form of phytomenadione.


phytomenadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A yellow oily naphthoquinone C₃₁H₄₆O₂ that is obtained especially from alfalfa, cabbage, spinach, and other leafy green vegetables or made synthetically and that has a fast, potent, and prolonged biological effect. It is essential for the blood-clotting process, effective orally, and useful especially in treating hypoprothrombinemia induced by anticoagulant drugs (trademark Mephyton).


angiotensin

/ænd͡ʒɪəʊˈtɛnsɪn/

From angio- + (hyper)tens(ion) + -in. Compare also the morphologic parallels of vasopressin.

2001: In addition to stimulating the srteries to constrict, angiotensin also acts on the kidneys to suppress urine production, and acts on the brain to stimulate thirst and drinking behaviour. — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 43)

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptides that narrow blood vessels and thus regulate arterial pressure.

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2


menaquinone

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A pale yellow crystalline naphthoquinone C₄₁H₅₆O₂ that is obtained especially from putrefied fish meal and produced by bacteria in the large intestine and essential for the blood-clotting process. It is much more unsaturated than vitamin K₁ and slightly less active biologically, and is an isoprenoid derivative of menadione.


pharmacogenomics

In addition to the results of the cancer studies described above, studies of a large research cohort exposed to many kinds of therapies may provide early insights into pharmacogenomics — enabling the provision of the right drug at the right dose to the right patient.

2015 February 26, Francis S. Collins, Harold Varmus, “A New Initiative on Precision Medicine”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 372, number 9, →DOI, page 795:

(pharmacology, genetics) The study of genes that code for enzymes that metabolize drugs, and the design of tailor-made drugs adapted to an individual's genetic make-up.


enucleate

en-verb

enucleate (third-person singular simple present enucleates, present participle enucleating, simple past and past participle enucleated)

enucleates (present singular third-person)
enucleating (participle present)
enucleated (participle past)
enucleated (past)

Borrowed from Latin ēnucleātus, from ēnucleō (“to remove the kernel from”), from ē- + nucleus (“kernel”).

(transitive, biology) To remove the nucleus from (a cell).


enucleate

By 12 hours after enucleation, the rate of incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids is severely reduced, and by 18 hours many enucleates no longer show detectable incorporation.

1973, D.M. Prescott, J.B. Kirkpatrick, “Mass Enucleation of Captured Animal Cells”, in David M. Prescott, editors, Methods in Cell Biology, Volume VII, →ISBN, page 197:

(biology) A cell which has been enucleated


pharmacogenetics

(pharmacology, genetics) The study of genetic variation that gives rise to differing responses to drugs.


dead-in-shell

(biology, of the embryo in an egg) That has partially developed but died without hatching.


shrink-wrap

shrink-wrap (third-person singular simple present shrink-wraps, present participle shrink-wrapping, simple past and past participle shrink-wrapped)

shrink-wraps (present singular third-person)
shrink-wrapping (participle present)
shrink-wrapped (participle past)
shrink-wrapped (past)

(paleontology) To reconstruct an extinct creature known from its fossils by depicting it with minimal soft tissue, this results in a thinner and less accurate representation of the creature.


lenticular

en-adj

lenticular (comparative more lenticular, superlative most lenticular)

more lenticular (comparative)
most lenticular (superlative)

Inherited from Middle English lenticular, lenticuler, borrowed from Medieval Latin lenticulāris (“lentil-shaped”), ultimately from Latin lēns (“lentil”).


virion

(virology) A single individual particle of a virus (the viral equivalent of a cell).


reassortment

en-noun

reassortment (countable and uncountable, plural reassortments)

reassortments (plural)
re-assortment (alternative)

(biology) The mixing of genetic material of two competing viruses infecting the same cell.


intersexual

(biology) Having both male and female characteristics, or characteristics intermediate between the sexes.

intersexual

biology: having both male and female characteristics


skimmer

(entomology) Any of the dragonflies in the family Libellulidae.


paracme

From Ancient Greek παρακμή (parakmḗ), corresponding to para- + acme.

(biology) The decadence of an evolutionary series of organisms after reaching its highest point of development.


cortical

From Latin cortex (“bark”); Effectively cortex + -ical.

(botany) Pertaining to the cortex of a stem or root—the tissue that lies inward from the epidermis, but exterior to the vascular tissue.

cortical

botany: pertaining to the cortex of a stem or root


psilocybin

psilocybin (countable and uncountable, plural psilocybins)

Borrowed from German Psilocybin (coined by Albert Hofmann), from translingual Psilocybe (“genus of mushroom”) + -in.

af

The problem of the mushroom supply was solved straight away when Leary learned from a graduate student named George Litwin that a chemist at the Sandoz Corporation, Dr. Albert Hofmann, had recently synthesized the psychoactive molecule of the mushroom, calling it psilocybin.

2004, Martin Torgoff, “Psychedelic Spring”, in Can’t Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age, 1945–2000, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 70:

It’s no stretch to posit that because human neurotransmitters respond to the platform’s iconic use of a certain shade of blue, and spark with dopamine upon receiving a “like” or “tag” notification, desperate children are now living in cages and a raving madman occupies the Oval Office. Not even Orwell, after a feast of psilocybin, could have predicted this dystopia.

2019 January 29, Tom Bissell, “An Anti-Facebook Manifesto”, in New York Times:

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic alkaloid, C₁₂H₁₅N₂O·H₂PO₃, present in several species of Central American mushroom and producing effects similar to LSD. The prodrug of psilocin.


epiphytic

(biology, botany) Of or pertaining to an epiphyte.


epiphyte

From Ancient Greek ἐπιφύτον (epiphúton, “one [plant] that grows upon another plant”), from ἐπί (epí, “on top of”) + φυτόν (phutón, “plant”), via epi- (“above, over”) + -phyte (“plant”).

der

one 􂀿plant􂁀 that grows upon another plant

It has been suggested to me that these fine plants will not prove cultivable, because they are epiphytes.[…]The probability however is, that they do not require to be treated as epiphytes, and that, like orchids, they will grow better if committed judiciously to the earth.

1848, John Lindley, A notice of some species of Rhododendron inhabiting Borneo: Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, volume 3, page 88:

The nature of the surface of a plant also determines the number and sort of Epiphytes which lodge on it.

1893, Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress, volume 3, page 185:

(botany) A plant that grows on another, using it for physical support but obtaining no nutrients from it and neither causing damage nor offering benefit; an air plant.

(biology) A fungus that grows on a plant but does not feed upon it saprotrophically (an epiphytic fungus). (The science of detecting and studying any such symbiosis as may be involved in this relationship is still developing.)


peduncle

From Late Latin pedunculus, from pedis, genitive of pēs (“foot”).

(botany) The stalk supporting an inflorescence or a solitary flower/fruit.

سُوَيْق

botany: axis or supporting stalk of inflorescence

On fertilization, the archegonia form obyriform calyptrae that are distinctly narrowed at base to form a stalk or peduncle; this does not occur in other Hepaticae.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany) A short stalk at the base of a reproductive structure of a non-flowering plant.

سُوَيْق

botany: short stalk at the base of a leaf or reproductive structure

(zoology) A collection of nerves in the appendage of an animal (such as the tip of a dolphin's tail).

hermokimppu

zoology: collection of nerves in the appendage of an animal


glycoform

(biochemistry) Any of several different forms of a glycoprotein (or other biological glycoside) having different saccharides attached, or having a different structure.


isoform

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

This can be demonstrated in NOD mice in which a point mutation in the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene results in the reduced expression of P0 in the thymus and a concomitant increase of P0 specific T cells in the periphery. 107 Similarly, autoimmunity is shifted towards the peripheral nerve in another NOD model deficient for isoforms of ICAM-1. 108 Altered expression of ICAM-1 on thymic epithelial cells transforms selection of T cells from a diabetogenic into a neuritogenic repertoire. 108 Studies such as these highlight the critical role of regulatory mechanisms in maintaining immune homeostasis and the impact that changes to regulation can have on the development of disease.

2015 February 12, Emily K Mathey et al., “Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: from pathology to phenotype”, in Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, volume 86, →DOI:

single nucleotide polymorphism
single nucleotide polymorphism

(biochemistry) Any of several different forms of the same protein, arising from either single nucleotide polymorphisms, differential splicing of mRNA, or post-translational modifications (e.g. sulfation, glycosylation, etc.)


heterotrimeric

(biochemistry, of a protein) Containing three different subunits.


G protein

G proteins (plural)
G-protein (alternative)

From guanine nucleotide-binding protein.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins, found in cell membranes, that pass signals between hormone receptors and effector enzymes


haloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that is activated by a cofactor.


apoenzyme

(biochemistry) An inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor.

apoentsyymi

an inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor


carnivoran

...the earliest carnivoran diversity appears in the early Miocene rift sediments of East Africa...

1996, John L. Gittleman, Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution Vol.2, page 486:

These creatures are so anatomically similar it’s proven hard to figure out their relationships, both with one another and with later carnivoran groups.

2016 November 26, Elsa Panciroli, “Rifling through the 'wastebaskets' of palaeontology reveals surprises”, in The Guardian:

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the order Carnivora.


carnivoran

(zoology) Any member of the order Carnivora.


potassium channel

en-noun

potassium channel (plural potassium channels)

(biology) A small pore in a cell membrane that is selective to potassium ions and has several regulatory functions.


VOC

(virology) Abbreviation of variant of concern.


megrims

(veterinary medicine) Any of various diseases of animals, especially horses, marked by a disturbance of equilibrium and abnormal gait and behaviour such as staggers or a sudden vertigo, sometimes followed by unconsciousness; the staggers.


phagocytise

en-verb

phagocytise (third-person singular simple present phagocytises, present participle phagocytising, simple past and past participle phagocytised)

phagocytises (present singular third-person)
phagocytising (participle present)
phagocytised (participle past)
phagocytised (past)
phagocytize (alternative)

(immunology, cytology, British) To ingest (something) by phagocytosis.


varix

Via Middle English varix from Latin varix, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wers-. See also Old Church Slavonic врьхъ (vrĭxŭ, “top, peak”), Ancient Greek ἕρμα (hérma, “reef, rock, hill”), Lithuanian viršus (“top”).

cog

In the personid genus Distorsio, varix formation is accompanied by a reorientation of the aperture.

1995, Geerat J. Vermeij, A Natural History of Shells, page 31:

(zoology) In mollusks, a particular ridge on the shell, corresponding to a former position of the aperture.


cutan

en-noun

cutan (countable and uncountable, plural cutans)

(biochemistry) A hydrocarbon polymer, of uncertain structure but thought to be similar to kerogen, found in some plants.


phosphoglycolipid

(biochemistry) Any phospholipid glycoside.


endoperoxide

(chemistry, biochemistry) Any heterocycle containing a peroxide -O-O- residue in the ring; found especially in certain intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis.


nullomer

(genetics) A sequence of bases (in a nucleic acid) that is absent in one species (especially human) but may be present in others.


peptoprime

(biochemistry, very rare) A sequence of amino acids that has never been found in any protein in any species; some of these sequences may be incompatible with life.


proteorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins, found in marine bacteria, that are light-dependent proton pumps.


proton pump

proton pumps (plural)
proton-pump (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any protein in the membrane of a cell or mitochondrion whose function is to move protons across the membrane and thus establish an electrochemical potential.


bacteriorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several related purple photosynthetic proteins, found in halobacteria, that act as proton pumps


marine biology

(biology) The branch of biology dealing with organisms that live in the sea.


abscisic acid

(biochemistry) A terpenoid best known as a plant hormone that inhibits seed germination and was once thought to be important in abscission.


plant hormone

(biochemistry) Any of many substances, produced by plants, that control or regulate their germination, growth, metabolism etc.


micromorphology

(biology, mineralogy, soil science) The fine-level structures or morphology of an organism, mineral, or soil component visible through microscopy.


macromorphology

(biology, mineralogy, soil science) The gross structures or morphology of an organism, mineral, or soil component visible with the unaided eye or at very low levels of magnification.


adnexed

From Latin adnexus (“annexed, attached”).

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is adnexed.

(botany, mycology) Narrowly attached to a stem or stipe.


reduplicate

en-adj

reduplicate (comparative more reduplicate, superlative most reduplicate)

more reduplicate (comparative)
most reduplicate (superlative)

From Medieval Latin reduplicātus, from reduplicāre, from re- with duplicāre.

EtymOnLine

Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “reduplicate”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

(botany) valvate with the margins curved outwardly

(botany) folded, with the abaxial surfaces facing one another


dichotomous key

en-noun

dichotomous key (plural dichotomous keys)

(biology) A written tool for identification of plants and animals. It is written as a sequence of paired questions, the choice of which determines the next pair of questions until a name or identification is reached.


bioreactor

First, there will be little reaction in the settler so that the concentrations of soluble constituents in the recycle stream are the same as those in the bioreactor.

2011, C. P. Leslie Grady, Jr., Glen T. Daigger, Nancy G. Love, Biological Wastewater Treatment, Third Edition, page 189:

(biochemistry) A vat or pressure vessel, containing microorganisms or biochemically active substances, used for biotechnological processes such as fermentation, waste recycling, or making drugs.

bioreaktori

A fermentation vat containing microorganisms


form class

All fungi for which sexual reproduction is unknown are assigned to the form class Deuteromycota until such reproduction is discovered in that species.

(taxonomy) A collection of organisms that is given formal recognition at the rank of class with a taxonomic name, but which is known to be an artificial group rather than a natural one.


form taxon

All fossilized roots of scale trees are assigned to the form taxon 'Stigmaria'.

(taxonomy) A collection of organisms that is given formal recognition at some rank with a taxonomic name, but which is known to be a grouping based on similar morphological characteristics, rather than more extensive biological similarity.


form genus

All fossilized roots of scale trees are assigned to the form genus 'Stigmaria'.

(taxonomy) A collection of organisms that is given formal recognition at the rank of genus with a taxonomic name, but which is known to be an artificial group rather than a natural one.


chorology

chorology (countable and uncountable, plural chorologies)

(biology) The study of the spatial distribution of organisms.


alginate

From alginic acid + -ate (“salt, ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of alginic acid.


karyokinesis

karyokinesis (countable and uncountable, plural karyokineses)

(biology) The process of change that takes place during the division of a cell nucleus at mitosis or meiosis.

karyokineesi

the process of change that takes place during the division of a cell nucleus at mitosis or meiosis


syndactyly

syndactyly (countable and uncountable, plural syndactylies)

From syn- + Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”) + -y.

der

(biology) The normal condition, in some animals and birds, of having fused digits.


Anamnia

(biology) All the vertebrates, fish and amphibians, which lack an amnion during development.


stinkbug

stinkbugs (plural)
stink bug (alternative)
stink-bug (alternative)

(entomology) Any of various insects of the order Hemiptera (the "true bugs"), in the suborder Heteroptera, principally in the superfamily Pentatomoidea or Coreoidea.


chrysomelid

Borrowed from translingual Chrysomelidae, from the type genus of Chrysomela, from the root word of Ancient Greek χρῡσόμηλον (khrūsómēlon).

There was a paucity of chrysomelids at Greek sites and a distinctively northern faunal composition at sites north of Poland.

2016 September 28, Roy Canty, Enrico Ruzzier, Quentin Cronk, Diana Percy, “Salix transect of Europe: patterns in the most abundant chrysomelid beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) herbivores of willow from Greece to Arctic Norway”, in Biodiversity Data Journal:

Working the low areas around the parking lot, I beat a fair number and diversity of beetles and hemipterans—mostly chrysomelids—but only a single Agrilus sp. off of Prosopis glandulosa.

2022 May 14, Ted C. MacRae, Cupressaceae:

Chrysomelids use their faeces as a biomaterial for constructions and self-decoration behaviours that serve as defensive coats, mobile debris shields, and protective domiciles.

2023 August 30, Caroline Simmrita Chaboo, Sally Adam, Kenji Nishida, Luke Schletzbaum, “Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini)”, in Zookeys:

(entomology) Any leaf beetle of the family Chrysomelidae.


chrysomelid

en-adj

chrysomelid (comparative more chrysomelid, superlative most chrysomelid)

more chrysomelid (comparative)
most chrysomelid (superlative)

In all, 34 willow-associated chrysomelid species were encountered, of which eight were very abundant.

Defensive shields and domiciles may help explain the uneven radiation of chrysomelid subfamilial and tribal clades.

(entomology) Belonging or relating to the family Chrysomelidae.


ventriculus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ventriculus (“the belly”), diminutive of venter (“the belly”). Doublet of ventricle.

ubor

(anatomy, zootomy) A digestive cavity such as a gizzard or stomach.


zonate

(biology) Having or appearing to have multiple zones, such as of color or texture.

(biology) Having different colors, textures, or other patterns form a pattern of rings, bands, or stripes.


stargazer

/ˈstɑɹˌɡeɪzɚ/

A stargazer is a frightening fish by any srtetch of the imagination, but not until the day I first saw one in its own world did I understand its true nature.

2001, Richard Flanagan, Gould's Book of Fish, Vintage, published 2016, page 187:

(zoology) A perciform fish in the family Uranoscopidae.

uranoscopo

a perciform fish in the family Uranoscopidae


apoinducer

(biochemistry) A protein that binds to DNA to activate transcription, particularly in positive gene control mechanisms.


rafflesia

/ɹəˈfliː.ʒə/

/ɹəˈfliː.ʒɪ.ə/

Rafflesia arnoldii
Rafflesia arnoldii#Translingual

(botany) Any of several large parasitic plants, of the genus Rafflesia, from South East Asia, that have no roots, stems or leaves; Rafflesia arnoldii has the largest known flower with a diameter of over a yard.


proteasome

proteasomes (plural)
proteosome (alternative)

(biochemistry) A complex protein, found in bacterial, archeal and eukaryotic cells, that breaks down other proteins via proteolysis.


aneuploidy

en-noun

aneuploidy (countable and uncountable, plural aneuploidies)

(genetics) The condition of being aneuploid; the state of possessing a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number of the organism in question.


aneuploid

(genetics) Having a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid number.

ójafnlitna

having number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid number


ploidy

From the ending of words such as haploidy, polyploidy etc.

(genetics) The number of homologous sets of chromosomes in a cell.


diploidy

diploidy (countable and uncountable, plural diploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being diploid, having two sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being diploid.


haploidy

haploidy (usually uncountable, plural haploidies)


heteroploidy

heteroploidy (usually uncountable, plural heteroploidies)

(genetics) The state of being heteroploid.


mixoploidy

(genetics) The state of being mixoploid.


mixoploid

(genetics) Having cells with different numbers of chromosomes. The genetically different cell populations usually arise from the same zygote (mosaicism) or, more rarely, they originate from different zygotes (chimerism).


monoploidy

monoploidy (countable and uncountable, plural monoploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being monoploid, having one set of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being monoploid.


monoploid

(genetics) Having a single set of chromosomes.


triploidy

triploidy (countable and uncountable, plural triploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being triploid, having three sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being triploid.


Punnett square

For Reginald Punnett, British geneticist.

(genetics) A graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.


oenocyte

oenocytes (plural)
œnocyte (alternative)

(biology) A large secretory cell found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.


mechanotransduction

mechanotransduction (countable and uncountable, plural mechanotransductions)

(biology) The conversion of a mechanical stimulus into chemical activity


lamellipodium

From lamella + -podium (“leg-like structure”).

af

(biology) A cytoskeletal actin projection on the mobile edge of the cell.


autoregulation

en-noun

autoregulation (countable and uncountable, plural autoregulations)

(biology) Any of several physiological processes in which an inhibitory feedback system counteracts change.

autorégulation

process by which an inhibitory feedback counteracts change


interleukin

From inter- + leuko- + -in;
*inter-: from Latin inter- (“between, amid”), a form of prepositional inter (“between”).
*leuko: from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”)
*-in: from French -ine, from Latin -īna, feminine of -īnus "of" or "belonging to"

Indeed, it’s possible to create the full storm of cold symptoms with no cold virus at all, but only a potent cocktail of the so-called inflammatory mediators that the body makes itself[,] among them, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins and interleukins, powerful little chemical messengers that cause the blood vessels in the nose to dilate and leak, stimulate the secretion of mucus, activate sneeze and cough reflexes and set off pain in our nerve fibers.

2010 October 4, Jennifer Ackerman, “How Not to Fight Colds”, in The New York Times:

As another interleukin 12/23 antagonist, briakinumab, was withdrawn from further development in part due to concerns about cardiovascular safety, discussion has also emerged on cardiovascular safety of ustekinumab.

2015 December 4, “Patient Preferences for Biologicals in Psoriasis: Top Priority of Safety for Cardiovascular Patients”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytokine proteins important in the regulation of lymphocyte function.


pinion

From Old French pignon, from Latin penna (“feather”).

(ornithology) The joint of a bird's wing farthest from the body.

An argument that he is pluckt, when hither / He ſends ſo poore a Pinnion of his Wing,

c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene xii], page 356, column 2:

(ornithology) Any of the outermost primary feathers on a bird's wing.


hypomorph

(genetics) a mutation that causes a partial loss of gene function.


hypomorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing a partial loss of gene function.


paralog

paralogs (plural)
paralogue (alternative)

(genetics) either of a pair of genes that derive from the same ancestral gene


fenestration

fenestration (countable and uncountable, plural fenestrations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fenestration.wav

The terms ‘nectar window’ and ‘fenestration’ are used interchangeably for enlarged gaps on the adaxial side of the stamen sheath or tube. The fenestrations facilitate access to the nectaries by a pollinator.

2005, S. Tucker, Australian Systematic Botany, 19(3):193-210. p. 194:

traits unique to Darlingtonia include the presence of transparent light-transmitting fenestrations, ...

2016 D. W. Armitage, Systematic Botany 103(4):780–785. p. 781

(botany) Either a translucent area in a structure such as a leaf or flower petal, or an opening in a structure.


hypermorph

(genetics) a gain of function mutation that causes an increase in otherwise normal gene function.


hypermorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing an increase in otherwise normal gene function.


amorph

(genetics) a mutation that causes a complete loss of gene function.


neomorph

(genetics) A gain of function mutation that causes novel gene function.


neomorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing a novel gene function.


antimorph

(genetics) a gain of function mutation that acts in opposition to the normal gene's function.


antimorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) that antagonizes the normal gene's function.


homolog

homologs (plural)
homologon (alternative)
homologue (alternative)

/ˈhɑːməlɑːɡ/

/ˈhoʊməlɑːɡ/

Borrowed from French homologue, From Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos, “agreeing, of one mind”), equivalent to homo- + -log.

der

TP53 is the human homolog of murine Trp53.

Detecting remote homolog by protein similarity network.

2008, Chan-seok Jeong, Minho Lee, Dongsup Kim, edited by Ratko Magjarevic, World Congress of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2006, Volume 1 (Biomedical Engineering), →ISBN, page 171:

A more complex mechanism is used by Vibrio cholerae toxin and by the homolog heat-labile enterotoxin secreted by ETEC strains.

2012, Phillip Smith, Thomas MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, page 407:

Something homologous; a homologous organ or part, chemical compound, chromosome, gene, or cultural element.

(biology, genetics, medicine) One of a group of similar DNA sequences that share a common ancestry, or the peptides or proteins that they encode; the counterpart gene or protein in another taxon evolved from a common ancestor (molecularly it may be either identical or similar).


orthologue

orthologues (plural)
ortholog (alternative)

(genetics) One of two or more homologous gene sequences found in different species.


teratologic

(genetics) Dealing with the study of production, development, anatomy, and classification of monsters.


camelid

(zoology) Any of a family of mammals including the camel, llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña.

tevefélék

any of a family of mammals including the camel, llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña


otolith

From oto- + -lith, from Ancient Greek ὠτο- (ōto-), stem of οὖς (oûs, “ear”), and λίθος (líthos, “stone”).

(zoology) A small particle, comprised mainly of calcium carbonate, found in the inner ear of vertebrates, being part of the balance sense.


cambium

en-noun

cambium (countable and uncountable, plural cambiums or cambia)

Borrowed from Late Latin cambium (“a change”), from Gaulish. Doublet of change.

Coordinate term: meristem

During winter we perceive no change in the cells of the cambium layer, which are filled with nutritive matter […].

1863, Harland Coultas, What may be learned from a tree:

(botany) A layer of cells between the xylem and the phloem that is responsible for the secondary growth of roots and stems.


angel hair

Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Italian capelli d'angelo.

sl

(botany) A parasitic plant of the genus Cuscuta, dodder.


brumation

From Latin brūma (“winter solstice”) + -tiō, by analogy with hibernation.

(biology) A lethargic state that some ectothermic animals, such as many reptiles, assume during cold conditions. Partly analogous to hibernation, but physiological differences include that brumation does not depend on stored fat, but rather on reduced metabolic activity.


canalisation

en-noun

canalisation (usually uncountable, plural canalisations)

canalisations (plural)
canalization (alternative)

/ˌkænələˈzeɪʃən/

(genetics) The ability of a genotype to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment.


pilus

Borrowed from Latin pilus (“hair”). Doublet of pile.

(microbiology) A hairlike appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteria.

(biochemistry) A bacterial protein that has several biochemical functions.


reductive

en-adj

reductive (comparative more reductive, superlative most reductive)

more reductive (comparative)
most reductive (superlative)

From Middle French réductif, from Late Latin reductivus, from the participle stem of Latin reducere (“to reduce”).

On the relative reductive powers of different classes of American coals, as demonstrated by the experiments with oxide of lead.

1848, F Knapp, Chemical Technology; Or, Chemistry Applied to the Arts and to Manufactures:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 27, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(chemistry, metallurgy, biology, economics) That reduces a substance etc. to a more simple or basic form.


pruinose

pruinose (comparative more pruinose, superlative most pruinose)

more pruinose (comparative)
most pruinose (superlative)

(botany) Having a very fine whitish powder (bloom) on a surface.

(zoology, entomology) Covered with a very fine whitish layer of wax particles.


flavorubredoxin

(biochemistry) A flavoprotein that reduces nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N₂O) under anaerobic conditions. It is an oxygen sensitive nitric oxide reductase that contributes to resistance to nitrosative killing by macrophages.


ammocoete

ammocoetes (plural)
ammocete (alternative)


genopharmacology

(genetics, medicine) The study of the effects of pharmaceuticals and other compounds on genome expression.


horizontal gene transfer

en-noun

horizontal gene transfer (countable and uncountable, plural horizontal gene transfers)

horizontal gene transfers (plural)
as: HGT (abbreviation)

Study of kett DNA shows evidence of horizontal gene transfer and the incorporation of genes from dozens of unknown species.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Kett: Biology Codex entry:

(genetics) The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another one that is not its offspring; especially common among bacteria.


protomer

(biochemistry) Any of the subunits that constitute an oligomeric protein.


prototropic

en-adj

prototropic (comparative more prototropic, superlative most prototropic)

more prototropic (comparative)
most prototropic (superlative)

(biology) Of or pertaining to prototrophs


interprotomer

(biochemistry) Between the protomers of an oligomeric protein.


countertransport

Increased Na+/Li+ countertransport activity has been described in a study of parents of proteinuric type 1 diabetic patients, although not in another.

2002, Max EllenbergHarold Rifkinet al., Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus:

(biochemistry) The transport of two chemical species across a membrane in opposite directions


karyogamy

en-noun

karyogamy (countable and uncountable, plural karyogamies)

(biology) The fusion of two nuclei within a cell, especially as the second stage of syngamy.


somatogamy

(biology) The fusion of two cells (but not their nuclei), especially as the first stage of syngamy.

somatogamia

fusion of two cells but not their nuclei


hypocotyl

(botany) In plants with seeds, that portion of the embryo or seedling between the root and cotyledons.

alkeisvarsi

portion of the embryo between the root and cotyledons


epicotyl

(botany) In plants with seeds, that portion of the embryo or seedling above the cotyledons.


scolex

scolex (plural scolices or scoleces or scolexes)

scolices (plural)
scoleces (plural)
scolexes (plural)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σκώληξ (skṓlēx, “worm”).

The head, with the circle of hooklets and the four suckers, is then formed at the anterior part of the embryo, constituting now the scolex of Van Beneden.

1859, Robert Bentley Todd, The Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology:

(zoology) The structure at the front end of a tapeworm which, in the adult, has suckers and hooks by which it attaches itself to a host.

escólex

hooked structure at the front end of a tapeworm


metabolome

In this study, we propose a means of studying metabolism, using the concept of the “metabolome”, or total complement of metabolites in a cell, to look at global shifts in cellular function under different growth conditions.

1998 October 27, Helen Tweeddale, “Effect of Slow Growth on Metabolism of Escherichia coli, as Revealed by Global Metabolite Pool (“Metabolome”) Analysis”, in Journal of Bacteriology, volume 180, number 19, page 5109:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolites found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease.


transcriptome

Within three weeks, he had a partial ‘transcriptome’ of the ctenophore – some 5,000 or 6,000 gene sequences that were actively turned on in the animal’s nerve cells.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of RNA molecules (transcripts) produced in a cell or a population of cells.


pedipalp

From New Latin pedipalpus, from ped-, pēs (“foot”) + palpus (“palpus”).

The defensive movements, on the other hand, involve the whole of the pedipalp being drawn in towards the midline.

1950, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London:

The pedipalp trochanter has a prominent process on its inferior surface, separated by a large area not haired nor spinulated: it serves for the allodgement of the ventral spine of the pedipalp basitarsus when the tibia closes to the femur;

(zoology) Either of a second pair of appendages near the mouth of many arachnids, variously specialized as pincers, sensory or locomotory organs.


anseriform

en-adj

anseriform (comparative more anseriform, superlative most anseriform)

more anseriform (comparative)
most anseriform (superlative)

For more than a century anseriform birds were considered to have been closely related to, and to have originated from, the game fowl of the order Galliformes.

2004, Peter F. Murray et.al., Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime:

(ornithology) Of or pertaining to birds of the order Anseriformes including ducks, geese, swans, and screamers.


phenotypic lag

Phenotypic lag is the delayed phenotypic manifestation off a gene mutation (in additional to mutational lag).

1973, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis:

(genetics) a delay in the expression of a phenotype acquired by mutation.


amensalism

Trophic group amensalism in the form of the broadened mobile vs. sessile distinction also plays an important part in the Woodin (1976) general model of how adult-larval interactions structure soft-sediment communities at high density.

2001, J.N. Kraeuter, Biology of the Hard Clam, page 426:

(ecology) A form of biological or ecological interaction or relationship in which one species is harmed or impeded and the other is unaffected.


aromatization

en-noun

aromatization (countable and uncountable, plural aromatizations)

(biochemistry) The enzymatic conversion of androgen hormones into estrogens by aromatase.


classis

Borrowed from Latin classis. Doublet of class.

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below divisio and above ordo.


submarginal

en-adj

submarginal (comparative more submarginal, superlative most submarginal)

more submarginal (comparative)
most submarginal (superlative)


toeprint

In the absence of IF3, the 10-fold molar excess of tRNAᴾʰᵉ produces a strong +18 toeprint relative to the +15 toeprint.

2010, Single Molecule Tools, Part A: Fluorescence Based Approaches:

In the case of the entrapment model on the contrary, one does not expect the toeprint to disappear with increasing repressor concentrations, since in this case, both repressor and ribosome can bind the same mRNA.

2012, E. C. C. Lin, A. Simon Lynch, Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli:

Lastly, a "toeprint" of 30S subunits bound to T4 gene 32 mRNA has been observed with MMLV reverse transcriptase; while the experiment has not been quantitated, appearance of a signal at a subunit concentration of 0.02 μM is consistent with a binding constant on the order of 10⁷ M⁻¹ (Hartz et al., 1991).

2012, K.H. Nierhaus, F. Franceschi, A.R. Subramanian, The Translational Apparatus: Structure, Function, Regulation, Evolution, page 198:

(genetics) A measure of 30S-mRNA binding.


homomorphism

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homomorphism.wav

Coordinate term: homology

(biology) A similar appearance of two unrelated organisms or structures, as for example with fish and whales.


morphism

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-morphism.wav

Briefly, the yellow morphic males can change their status from paired to satellite and from satellite to the paired one. However, they cannot cross into the status of the red morph.[…] The colour morphism of males is proved to be irreversible after its expression at an early stage of ontogeny.

2010, T.J. Pandian, Sexuality in Fishes, page 51:

(biology) Being or having distinct variants of a plant or animal species in the same locale; polymorphism.


ensifer

Borrowed from Latin ēnsifer (“sword-bearing”).

(microbiology) A member of the genus Ensifer, of the bacteria family Rhizobiaceae.


macrofossil

The only other identifiable plant macrofossil present was a nutlet of club-rush that was morphologically most similar to grey club-rush (Schoenoplectus cf tabernaemontani). This form of club-rush is most often found near the sea, although it also grows in marshes and dune-slacks.

2017 January 9, Dan Garner, Hillforts of the Cheshire Ridge, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 253:

(paleontology) Any fossil large enough to be examined without a microscope.


macrogamete

(cytology) The larger of a pair of anisogamous, conjugating gametes; the female ovule in plants or ovum for animals.


blastomere

(biology) Any cell that results from division of a fertilized egg.

blastomère

any cell that results from division of a fertilized egg


macronucleus

These binucleated forms have one macronucleus functional and another sexual micronucleus which is not functional in the ordinary life processes of the species.

1890, American Philosophical Society, Proceedings:

(biology) The larger of the two nuclei present in ciliate protozoans; it controls the nonreproductive functions of the cell.


macrophyte

From German Makrophyt, equivalent to macro- (“large”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any normal macroscopic plant, especially an aquatic one.


confluent

confluent (comparative more confluent, superlative most confluent)

more confluent (comparative)
most confluent (superlative)

(biology) Describing cells in a culture that merge to form a mass.


phycoplast

(biology) An array of microtubules involved in the formation of cell walls.


manitrunk

(insects, anatomy) The anterior segment of the thorax in insects.


biomechanics

(biology, physics) The branch of biophysics that deals with the mechanics of the human or animal body; especially concerned with muscles and the skeleton.

(biology) The functioning of a particular part of a body.

biomecànica

the functioning of a particular part of a body


gene silencing

Coordinate term: gene expression

(genetics) Any mechanism or technique, either in nature or by human agency, by which the expression of a gene is either fully or almost fully prevented.


silencing

(genetics) The prevention of the expression of a gene


bicoid

(genetics) A gene, in Drosophila and related flies, that specifies which end of an egg will be the anterior and become the fly's head by setting up a concentration gradient of the Bicoid protein.


Bicoid

(biochemistry) A protein, in Drosophila and related flies, specified by the bicoid gene, the concentration gradient of which serves to specify which end of the egg will become the head of the fly.


meristemoid

(biology) A small, triangular stomatal precursor cell that functions temporarily as a stem cell in a meristem.


Too Many Mouths

(genetics, biochemistry) A receptor-like protein in plants which, when absent, leads to an overproduction of stomata


biofilm

en-noun

biofilm (countable and uncountable, plural biofilms)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-biofilm.wav

From bio- + film. First used in the early 1970s in the context of wastewater treatment.

The differences in biofilm penetration patterns of both tested photosensitisers and the light source could have played an important role for the survival of microorganisms after the application of aPDT. In a recent own study, we showed that the deepest layers of the oral biofilm were not affected by the aPDT [4 ].

2015 November 7, “Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Using Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) Alters In Situ Oral Biofilms”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

These interactions are essential for the assembly of an exopolysaccharides-rich matrix and the development of cospecies biofilms.

2016 March 3, “Streptococcus mutans Can Modulate Biofilm Formation and Attenuate the Virulence of Candida albicans”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, medicine) A thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms.


subtilisin

subtilisin (countable and uncountable, plural subtilisins)

(biochemistry) A protease produced by soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus.


subtilase

subtilase (countable and uncountable, plural subtilases)

(biochemistry) A serine protease similar to subtilisin


cytoplasmic determinant

cytoplasmic determinant (plural cytoplasmic determinants)

Consequently, in order to learn of a cytoplasmic determinant serving a specific hereditary function, one must detect it in a mutated form.

1965, Arnold Warren Ravin, The Evolution of Genetics:

A cytoplasmic determinant for dorsal axis formation in an early embryo of Xenopus laevis.

(biology) A substance, present in an egg or blastomere, that determines the fate of those cells that inherit it during cleavage.


geometer

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-geometer.wav

From Middle English gemeter, geometer, ultimately from Late Latin geōmetrēs, from Ancient Greek γεωμέτρης (geōmétrēs), from γῆ (gê, “earth”) + μετρέω (metréō, “to measure”).

(zoology) Any species of geometrid moth (family Geometridae).


fuel molecule

(biology) A molecule metabolized by a cell to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and NADPH. Types include: carbohydrate, fat and protein.


anticlinal

en-adj

anticlinal (comparative more anticlinal, superlative most anticlinal)

more anticlinal (comparative)
most anticlinal (superlative)

(botany) Used to describe a type of cell division in a layer of cells that occurs perpendicular to the adjacent layer of cells.


monotype

en-noun

monotype (countable and uncountable, plural monotypes)

From mono- + type or mono- + -type. The printing technique is so called because it allows only one impression to be taken.


auxesis

auxesis (countable and uncountable, plural auxeses)

From Ancient Greek αὔξησις (aúxēsis, “growth”), from αὐξάνω (auxánō, “to grow”).

uder

Auxesis, augmentation, increase.

Botanists do still distinguish between auxesis or growth by expansion, and merisis or growth by cell-multiplication.

(biology) Biological growth, (now usually restricted to) expansion or growth of an organism apart from that due to cellular division.


Fromase

From French fromage (“cheese”) + -ase, coined as a trademark.

(biochemistry) A protease produced by the soil fungus Rhizomucor miehei, used as a vegetarian alternative to chymosin in the manufacture of some cheeses.


chymosin

en-noun

chymosin (countable and uncountable, plural chymosins)

(biochemistry) The proteolytic enzyme rennin


rennin

rennin (countable and uncountable, plural rennins)

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, obtained from the gastric juice of the abomasum of calves, used to coagulate milk and make cheese.


riboswitch

2006 Volker A Erdmann et.al.
For example, a riboswitch responsible for sensing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) levels is present in the 5' leader of riboflavin mrna

(biochemistry) A segment within the leading end of a messenger RNA transcript that is able to gauge the cell's need for the protein encoded by the rest of the message, then to rearrange its shape to control whether that protein is manufactured


bufadienolide

(biochemistry, toxicology) Any of a class of toxic steroids present in some plants and secreted by some toads through the skin as a defense; sometimes present as a glycoside.


monomeric

(biochemistry) Describing a protein that has a single polypeptide chain.

(genetics) Describing a hereditary characteristic controlled by a gene at a single locus.


geotropism

geotropism (countable and uncountable, plural geotropisms)

From geo- (“earth”) + -tropism, due to growth towards or away from the earth.

(biology) The movement of a plant in response to gravity (either downwards or upwards).


hydrotropism

hydrotropism (usually uncountable, plural hydrotropisms)

(biology) The movement of a plant (or other organism) in response to water, either towards or away from water.

hydrotropisme

the movement of an organism either towards or away from water


gene pool

(genetics) The complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of a species or population.


taxonomic inflation

(biology) An increase in the number of species that is not caused by new discoveries, but by changes in the classification of existing organisms.


bigmouth

big mouth (alternative)
big-mouth (alternative)

(zoology) Applied to various creatures that have a large mouth.


TAF

(genetics, microbiology) Initialism of TBP-associated factor.


spavined

en-adj

spavined (comparative more spavined, superlative most spavined)

more spavined (comparative)
most spavined (superlative)

From Late Middle English spaueyned, from spavein, spaveine (“swelling on horse’s leg causing lameness; disease causing lameness in horses”) + -ed (suffix forming adjectives; and the past tense and past participle forms of weak verbs). By surface analysis, spavin + -ed (suffix forming possessional adjectives from nouns, denoting having the objects represented by the nouns; and forming past tenses of regular verbs).

surf

Coordinate term: foundered

[H]e […] made a present to Andrew of a broken-winded and spavined poney, in order to enable him to pursue his journey.

1817 December 31 (indicated as 1818), [Walter Scott], chapter VI, in Rob Roy. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, page 115:

A horse-giver, no more than a horse-seller, has a right to palm his spavined article upon us for good ware. An equivalent is expected in either case; and, with my own good will, I would no more be cheated out of my thanks, than out of my money.

1833, Elia [pseudonym; Charles Lamb], “[Popular Fallacies.] XI. That We Must Not Look a Gift-Horse in the Mouth, […].”, in The Last Essays of Elia. […], London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 250:

[…] Mr. Thumble, […] had ridden over to Hogglestock on a poor spavined brute belonging to the bishop's stable, and which had once been the bishop's cob.

1867, Anthony Trollope, “The Bishop’s Angel”, in The Last Chronicle of Barset. […], volume I, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 106:

As for the wonderful feats of horsemanship one hears of or sees among the Arabs, they are due to sharp spurs like razors, and to bits strong enough to break an animal's jaw. […] The favourite feat at their fantasias or fêtes of suddenly pulling up their horses short while at a hand-gallop, ruins their legs, and there is in consequence scarcely a horse to be seen whose hind-legs are not spavined.

1868, Mrs. H. Lloyd Evans, “Across the Atlas”, in Last Winter in Algeria, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 100:

The Whig party was supposed to be broken in 1842. It was likened to the man who wished to sell his horse. A by-stander asked if the horse was not spavined? "Spavined! I don't know what that is; but if the horse is any better for being spavined, then he is spavined!"

1876, Samuel S[ullivan] Cox, “Legislative Anecdote—Continued”, in Why We Laugh, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 281:

Into the vale from the north rode a stranger. He was mounted on a mangy, shovel-headed horse so spavined that it should have been unable to support his improbable bulk.

2010, Stephen R[eeder] Donaldson, Against All Things Ending (The Last Chronicles of Thomas Covenant; 3), New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →ISBN, page 54:

(farriery, veterinary medicine) Of a horse: having spavin (“a disease of horses caused by a bony swelling which develops in a leg due to inflammation”).