encruster

Some rock encrusters can occupy large areas and impart new morphological, biological, and geological characteristics upon the environment they settled. Probably the most widespread encrusters along karst coastlines are coralline red algae […]

2013, Michael J. Lace, John E. Mylroie, Coastal Karst Landforms, page 42:

(ecology) Any organism that encrusts part of its environment.


clamp connection

en-noun

clamp connection (plural clamp connections)

(mycology) A structure formed in the hyphae of some basidiomycetes that ensures genetic variation among hyphal cells.


semipelagic

en-adj

semipelagic (comparative more semipelagic, superlative most semipelagic)

more semipelagic (comparative)
most semipelagic (superlative)
semi-pelagic (alternative)

(biology) Partially living their life on the bottom (benthic) and partially living their life in the water column above (pelagic).


monoxenous

From mono- + -xenous.
From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos): “alone, only, sole, single” + ξένος (xénos): “alien”.

(biology, of a parasite) Living on only one kind of host


monoxeny

(biology) The quality of being monoxenous.


tagmatization

(zoology) The active process whereby tagmosis occurs


polyglycine

Glycine loops are characterized by polyglycine repeats punctuated intermittently (every 3–6 residues in the head domain) by aromatic residues [46 ].

2015 July 17, “Complete Structure of an Epithelial Keratin Dimer: Implications for Intermediate Filament Assembly”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Multiple glycine residues linked together as part of a polypeptide


cotranscribe

en-verb

cotranscribe (third-person singular simple present cotranscribes, present participle cotranscribing, simple past and past participle cotranscribed)

cotranscribes (present singular third-person)
cotranscribing (participle present)
cotranscribed (participle past)
cotranscribed (past)

The microRNA-143/-145 (miR-143 and miR-145) encoding genes are located in close proximity with each other on human chromosome 5 and are believed to be cotranscribed in the same bicistronic transcript.

2015 June 28, Wang Zhao, Shui-Ping Zhao, Yu-Hong Zhao, “MicroRNA-143/-145 in Cardiovascular Diseases”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(genetics) To transcribe simultaneously.


progametangium

(mycology) The structure, in some fungi, that develops into the gametangium.


pseudogenome

Yet, our preliminary experiments with adding reverse-complemented reads to the generated sequence resulted in rather moderate improvement in the pseudogenome length (e.g., shorter by about 15%), while handling the queries requires significant changes in the used data structures (and possibly more space needed for them).

2015 July 17, “Indexing Arbitrary-Length k -Mers in Sequencing Reads”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A collection of genes that is only an incomplete genome


coxib

(biochemistry) Any COX-2 selective inhibitor.


triploidization

In these other populations, the preference of triploid females towards type I males is probably high enough to promote triploidization and counter the effect of the assortative mating occurring among the tetraploid genomotype (Fig 5 ).

2015 July 17, “Mate Choice Drives Evolutionary Stability in a Hybrid Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The conversion of a diploid or tetraploid organism into a triploid one


agamy

en-noun

agamy (countable and uncountable, plural agamies)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄγαμος (ágamos, “unmarried, single (of men)”). From a- (“not”) + -gamy (“marriage”).

bor

Asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction


ketoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of a ketose


zygophore

(mycology) A specialized hyphal branch giving rise to isogametes that unite to produce a zygospore


midiprep

en-noun

midiprep (countable and uncountable, plural midipreps)


Janus kinase

Shortened from just another kinase (being part of a large number of discoveries at the time); see Janus.

(biochemistry) Any of a family of intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway.


allelotype

(genetics) The frequency distribution of a set of alleles in a population.


allelotype

en-verb

allelotype (third-person singular simple present allelotypes, present participle allelotyping, simple past and past participle allelotyped)

allelotypes (present singular third-person)
allelotyping (participle present)
allelotyped (participle past)
allelotyped (past)

(genetics) To measure such frequency distributions.


defaunated

Yet, initially defaunated empty tests and live barnacles developed markedly different macrobenthic assemblages, suggesting a strong indirect effect of the predation.

2015 July 18, “Bored to Death: Community-Wide Effect of Predation on a Foundation Species in a Low-Disturbance Arctic Subtidal System”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) From which animals have been removed.


xenophya

(biology) Foreign particles found within an organism, such as sand grains.


intravitam

(biology) During the life of an organism.


environmentability

en-noun

environmentability (countable and uncountable, plural environmentabilities)

(genetics) The proportion of variability that is environmental, rather than genetic, in origin.


allogrooming

We also utilize SNA to characterize the agonistic (fighting and chasing) as well as other social (sniffing and allogrooming) behavioral interactions of mice.

2015 July 31, “A Social Network Approach Reveals Associations between Mouse Social Dominance and Brain Gene Expression”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) The grooming of an animal by another member of the same species.


appendicularian

/ˌæpənˌdɪkjʊˈlɛəɹi.ən/

(zoology) Pertaining to the class Appendicularia of tailed tunicates.


appendicularian

/ˌæpənˌdɪkjʊˈlɛəɹi.ən/

Consumption of appendicularians by Thunnus spp. increased with larval length to a maximum when nearly 80% of the larvae 7–11 mm body length had appendicularians in their guts, suggesting a preferential behavior for consuming this gelatinous zooplankton despite the availability of several types of prey.

2015 July 31, “Trophic Ecology of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna ( Thunnusthynnus ) Larvae from the Gulf of Mexico and NW Mediterranean Spawning Grounds: A Comparative Stable Isotope Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

vršenka

a member of the class Appendicularia of tailed tunicates


biopanning

biopanning (usually uncountable, plural biopannings)

Next, affinity maturation of hz1E11 was performed by the randomization of CDR-L3 and H3 residues followed by stringent biopanning selection.

2015 July 31, “Affinity Maturation of Monoclonal Antibody 1E11 by Targeted Randomization in CDR3 Regions Optimizes Therapeutic Antibody Targeting of HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(microbiology) A technique used to filter out selected target peptides or antibodies.


circumglobal

en-adj

circumglobal (comparative more circumglobal, superlative most circumglobal)

more circumglobal (comparative)
most circumglobal (superlative)

Consumer production is highest in a circumglobal band around the equator, in other upwellings in low and mid latitudes, the North Pacific and in the south Atlantic Ocean east of Argentina (Fig 2B, S2 Fig ).

2015 July 31, “Predicting Consumer Biomass, Size-Structure, Production, Catch Potential, Responses to Fishing and Associated Uncertainties in the World’s Marine Ecosystems”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(chiefly zoology) Around the world; spanning the globe.


exumbrellar

However, high levels of AurPaxA mRNA expression were detected in individual cells that were located at the base of the exumbrellar ectoderm in a close association with the FMRFamide-immunoreactive neuronal network (Fig 4F), suggesting that AurPaxA may be involved in the development of the exumbrellar nerve net.

2015 July 31, “Gene Expression Data from the Moon Jelly, Aurelia, Provide Insights into the Evolution of the Combinatorial Code Controlling Animal Sense Organ Development”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


homoplasious

homoplasious (comparative more homoplasious, superlative most homoplasious)

more homoplasious (comparative)
most homoplasious (superlative)

They are characterized instead by lists of homoplasious polythetic characters that are not easily retrievable from the publications [70 –73 ].

2015 July 31, “Making Mosquito Taxonomy Useful: A Stable Classification of Tribe Aedini that Balances Utility with Current Knowledge of Evolutionary Relationships”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


biotyping

This method of biotyping is tedious and time consuming (21–35 days).

2015 July 31, “The Asian Rice Gall Midge ( Orseolia oryzae ) Mitogenome Has Evolved Novel Gene Boundaries and Tandem Repeats That Distinguish Its Biotypes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The identification of different bacteria types based on reaction to biochemical tests.


ephemeropteran

All these habitats are species poor: aside from amphipod fauna, assellote isopods, trichopteran, plecopteran and ephemeropteran larvae, erpobdelid leeches and salamander larvae were also found, but no fishes were observed.

2015 July 31, “Morphologically Cryptic Amphipod Species Are “Ecological Clones” at Regional but Not at Local Scale: A Case Study of Four Niphargus Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any insect of the order Ephemeroptera, the mayflies.


hemipteroid

However, a few hymenopterans and hemipteroids do possess the ancestral insect mitogenome gene order.

(zoology) A hemipteran or one of the closely related thrips and lice within the Exopterygota


postflexion

This maternal signature was discernible until larvae attained postflexion stages.

(zoology) After the flexion stage of larval development.


prodelphinidin

en-noun

prodelphinidin (countable and uncountable, plural prodelphinidins)

A study with pure prodelphinidin B3 and C2 showed that they inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest and caspase-3 activation.

2015 July 31, “Procyanidins Negatively Affect the Activity of the Phosphatases of Regenerating Liver”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The polymeric tannins, composed of gallocatechin, that yield delphinidin during depolymerization under oxidative conditions.


tricellulin

(biochemistry) A transmembrane protein found in tight junctions.


hemopressin

(biochemistry) An alpha hemoglobin fragment that binds cannabinoid receptors.


rescuant

The mutation was also present in a rescuant virus and in two dl1403-derived viruses, D8 and FXE, but absent from the parental 17+, suggesting that the mutation was introduced during the construction of the dl1403 virus, and not as a result of passage in culture.

2015 July 18, “Widely Used Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP0 Deletion Mutant Strain dl 1403 and Its Derivative Viruses Do Not Express Glycoprotein C Due to a Secondary Mutation in the gC Gene”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A rescued mutation, typically in a virus.


apoptogen

CHOP contributes to ER stress-induced macrophage death by inducing Fas activation, depletion of ER-associated calcium stores, and release of apoptogens from mitochondria.

2015 July 30, En Li et al., “FGF21 protects against ox-LDL induced apoptosis through suppressing CHOP expression in THP1 macrophage derived foam cells”, in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, volume 15, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any chemical substance that induces apoptosis.

apoptógeno

any chemical substance that induces apoptosis


laurasiatherian

suf

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Laurasiatheria</i>

(zoology) Any member of the Laurasiatheria.


simiiform

(zoology) Any member of the Simiiformes.


asialofetuin

This optimized P145-ST reaction was applied successfully for α(2,6)-sialylation of asialofetuin, and this resulted in a large increase in the populations of multi-sialylated N-glycans compared with the reaction without addition of AP and CMP-Neu5Ac.

2015 August 1, “Enhanced Bacterial α(2,6)-Sialyltransferase Reaction through an Inhibition of Its Inherent Sialidase Activity by Dephosphorylation of Cytidine-5'-Monophosphate”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that can be obtained from fetal calf serum.


isopteran

(zoology) Any member of the infraorder Isoptera of termites.


plecopteran

(zoology) Any insect in the order Plecoptera, the stoneflies.


biomicroscope

This was followed with a comprehensive anterior and posterior segment eye examination by an ophthalmologist (Seth Yaw Lartey 2 ) with slit-lamp biomicroscope (SL 500 Shin Nippon, Ajinomoto Trading Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and a direct ophthalmoscope respectively.

2015 July 3, David Ben Kumah et al., “Prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis among basic school children in the Kumasi Metropolis (Ghana): a community-based cross-sectional study”, in BMC Ophthalmology, volume 15, →DOI:

(biology) A microscope designed for examining the tissue of a living organism


chitotriosidase

All three patients showed maintenance of platelets, hemoglobin and plasma chitotriosidase during a period of 4 to 8 years of subsequent miglustat therapy.

2015 June 23, Christine Serratrice, Laure Swiader, Jacques Serratrice, “Switching from imiglucerase to miglustat for the treatment of French patients with Gaucher disease type 1: a case series”, in Journal of Medical Case Reports, volume 9, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A chitinase whose activity is elevated in serum of patients suffering from lipid storage disorders


chitotriose

en-noun

chitotriose (countable and uncountable, plural chitotrioses)

(biochemistry) A chitosugar glycosaminotriose 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose


glycosaminotriose

(biochemistry) Any triose containing glycosamine residues.


ecoinformatics

Although there are difficult challenges associated with building these integrated datasets, these same challenges provide substantial opportunities, especially for early-career ecologists, for interdisciplinary training in ecoinformatics and database management, and classical ecology; thus pushing the ecological boundary to answer important macrosystems ecology questions.

2015 July 1, Patricia A. Soranno et al., “Building a multi-scaled geospatial temporal ecology database from disparate data sources: fostering open science and data reuse”, in GigaScience, volume 4, →DOI:

(ecology, computing) The use of computing and information science in ecology


histoarchitecture

histoarchitecture (countable and uncountable, plural histoarchitectures)

After collecting the BALF, the lungs were removed in blocks, fixed using 4 % buffered formalin infused through the trachea at a constant pressure of 20 cm H 2 O for 24 h (to maintain a similar alveolar histoarchitecture among the groups), and embedded in paraffin.

2015 June 30, Laura Taguchi et al., “A flavanone from Baccharis retusa (Asteraceae) prevents elastase-induced emphysema in mice by regulating NF-κB, oxidative stress and metalloproteinases”, in Respiratory Research, volume 16, →DOI:

(biology) The (architectural) structure of biological tissue.


immunogenomics

Diversity profiles may, therefore, become a valuable bioinformatical tool for technological benchmarking and normalization of immune repertoire sequencing in the future, enabling cross-laboratory comparisons and meta-analyses, which would be highly valuable in advancing the development of next-generation immunogenomics diagnostics.

2015 May 28, Victor Greiff et al., “A bioinformatic framework for immune repertoire diversity profiling enables detection of immunological status”, in Genome Medicine, volume 7, →DOI:

(immunology, genetics) The application of genomics to immunology


poricidal

The ancestral states for these are a corolla tube that is equal to slightly longer than the lobes, is inflated on the lower surface, two fertile stamens with poricidal dehiscence, and an exserted style that is bent downward (Fig. 8).

2015 July 3, Zhi-Jing Qiu et al., “Origin and evolution of Petrocosmea (Gesneriaceae) inferred from both DNA sequence and novel findings in morphology with a test of morphology-based hypotheses”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:


pseudogenized

This pattern strongly suggests that a deletion of the promoter region occurred in the common ancestor of muroids and abrogated the transcription of exon 1A (as observed in mouse, where the pseudogenized exon 1A is not transcribed […]

2015 July 2, Alexa Sadier et al., “Tinkering signaling pathways by gain and loss of protein isoforms: the case of the EDA pathway regulator EDARADD”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) Converted or mutated to a pseudogene.


clastokine

In contrast, Semaphorin4D (Sema4D), another clastokine produced by OCs, inhibits OB differentiation.

2015 July 21, “The Crosstalk between Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts Is Dependent upon the Composition and Structure of Biphasic Calcium Phosphates”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of cytokines derived from osteoclasts.


aneupolyploid

(genetics) Having a mutation in a few chromosomes of a genome


aneupolyploid

(genetics) An organism having a mutation in a few chromosomes of a genome


asialobiantennary

Both Endo-CC1 and Endo-CC2 exhibited the hydrolase activity for high-mannose type and biantennary complex type oligosaccharides like Endo-M. Although Endo-M hydrolyzed asialobiantennary oligosaccharide containing bisecting GlcNAc, neither Endo-CC1 nor Endo-CC2 did.

2015 July 22, “Transglycosylation Activity of Glycosynthase Mutants of Endo-β- N -Acetylglucosaminidase from Coprinopsis cinerea”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Describing a biantennary oligosaccharide that has no sialic acid component


asialotetraantennary

None of these enzymes could hydrolyze asialotriantennary nor asialotetraantennary oligosaccharides.

(biochemistry) Describing a tetraantennary oligosaccharide that has no sialic acid component


asialotriantennary

(biochemistry) Describing a triantennary oligosaccharide that has no sialic acid component


antisenescence

Interestingly, while antisenescence factors like SIRT1 decreased, the expression levels of prosenescent factors, such as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A and caveolin-1, increased in a COPD staging-dependent manner.

2015 July 5, V. Conti et al., “Sirtuin 1 and Aging Theory for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease”, in Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam), volume 2015, →DOI:


pectinolytic

(biochemistry) That hydrolyses pectin and related compounds


prosenescent

en-adj

prosenescent (comparative more prosenescent, superlative most prosenescent)

more prosenescent (comparative)
most prosenescent (superlative)


minigenome

Therefore, these host factors should be required for the expression of Gluc in the A549-5Ps cells, if the replication and expression of the viral minigenome mimic the same process that occurred during IAV infection.

2015 July 22, “Establishment of a High-Throughput Assay to Monitor Influenza A Virus RNA Transcription and Replication”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


scolecid

(zoology) Any member of the Scolecida, an infraclass of polychaete worms.


scopelid

(zoology) Any member of the obsolete family Scopelidae of deep-sea fish, most of which are now considered to belong to the Myctophidae.


aerophore

Segments with more than 25 pairs of veins; indusium minute, ciliate. soon disappearing; a linear-attenuate brown aerophore present at base of each pinna 16.

1977, Richard Alden Howard, Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Proctor, G. R. Pteridophyta, page 276:

In most species the dorsolateral aerophore line is conspicuous throughout the length of the stipe, generally being somewhat paler in colour than the surrounding tissue.

2000, Bothalia - Volumes 30-31, page 61:

(botany) A thin-walled area of the roots of some plants growing in swampy conditions through which gasses are exchanged.


periaxin

For double immunostaining, p-NF was combined with periaxin.

2015 July 22, “Contribution of Schwann Cells to Remyelination in a Naturally Occurring Canine Model of CNS Neuroinflammation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A structural protein that is required for the maintenance of myelin


phosphoenzyme

Indeed, every reaction step measured in the Na,K-ATPase reaction cycle was significantly affected by the concentration of cholesterol: the phosphoenzyme levels increased, the apparent ATP affinity increased, the cytoplasmic Na + activation was inhibited at high Na + concentrations, and the rate of phosphorylation and of spontaneous and K + -activated dephosphorylation increased[51 –53 ].

2015 July 22, “Effects of Iron Overload on the Activity of Na,K-ATPase and Lipid Profile of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The phosphorylated form of an enzyme


preduodenal

A specific dose-response enrichment of the stomach tissue C8:0 was observed as a function of dietary C8:0, supporting the hypothesis of an early preduodenal hydrolysis of medium chain triglycerides and a direct absorption at the gastric level.

2015 July 22, “Dietary Caprylic Acid (C8:0) Does Not Increase Plasma Acylated Ghrelin but Decreases Plasma Unacylated Ghrelin in the Rat”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Prior to a duodenal process


zymolyase

en-noun

zymolyase (usually uncountable, plural zymolyases)

We show here that Mkk2 mediates the phosphorylation of the Mkc1 MAPK in response to cell wall assembly interfering agents such as zymolyase or tunicamycin and also to oxidative stress.

2015 July 22, “The Mkk2 MAPKK Regulates Cell Wall Biogenesis in Cooperation with the Cek1-Pathway in Candida albicans”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A commercial enzyme preparation that lyses the cell walls of yeast cells.


olenimorph

(paleontology) Having the morphology associated with olenid trilobites.


olenimorph

(paleontology) A trilobite with such morphology.


ciliation

ciliation (countable and uncountable, plural ciliations)


cnidogenesis

In the hydromedusa Clytia hemisphaerica, cell division and cnidogenesis is primarily restricted to interstitial stem cells in the proximal tentacle bulbs.

2015 August 5, “Structural and Developmental Disparity in the Tentacles of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia sp . 1”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


dendrobranchiate

(zoology) Any member of the Dendrobranchiata.


spinophilin

We have previously shown that spinophilin attenuates the α 2A AR-dependent hypotensive response; in spinophilin null mice, this response is highly potentiated.

2015 August 6, “Spinophilin Is Indispensable for the α 2B Adrenergic Receptor-Elicited Hypertensive Response”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit, highly enriched in dendritic spines.


multisugar

(biochemistry) Relating to more than one sugar.


keratanase

(C) Immunoblotting of whole brain homogenates with the indicated antibodies following sequential digestion of the lysate with chondroitinase ABC, endo-β-galactosidase and keratanase I, SDS-PAGE on 5–15% gradient gels under non-reducing conditions, and transfer onto nitrocellulose membranes.

2009 February 11, Daniela Virgintino et al., “Differential distribution of aggrecan isoforms in perineuronal nets of the human cerebral cortex”, in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, volume 13, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a keratan sulfate


juxtracrine

ICCs can form gap junctions with smooth muscle, and juxtracrine chemical synapses have been shown to form between ICCs and immune cells in rat bladder and other organs.

2009 February 20, Clinton Collins et al., “Potential for control of detrusor smooth muscle spontaneous rhythmic contraction by cyclooxygenase products released by interstitial cells of Cajal”, in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, volume 13, →DOI:

(biology) Relating to any form of signalling in multicellular organisms that requires close contact.


Lazarus taxon

Referring to the Biblical story of Lazarus, who was raised from the dead.

(paleontology) A taxon that disappears from the fossil record, suggesting extinction, only to reappear later.


xylotriose

xylotriose (countable and uncountable, plural xylotrioses)

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide consisting of three xylose residues.


xyloheptaose

(biochemistry) A heptasaccharide consisting of seven xylose residues.


xylopentaose

xylopentaose (countable and uncountable, plural xylopentaoses)

(biochemistry) A pentasaccharide consisting of five xylose residues.


xylotetraose

xylotetraose (countable and uncountable, plural xylotetraoses)

(biochemistry) A tetrasaccharide consisting of four xylose residues.


xylohexaose

xylohexaose (countable and uncountable, plural xylohexaoses)

(biochemistry) A hexasaccharide consisting of six xylose residues.


glycogenetic

On the other hand, there is an increase in insulin resistance due to a peripheral antagonist effect of HPL on glycolytic activity but not on lipogenic or glycogenetic activities.

2015, Asim Kurjak, Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, JP Medical, page 1036:

(biochemistry) Relating to glycogenesis.


HDA

HDA (countable and uncountable, plural HDAs)

(genetics) Initialism of helicase dependent amplification.


Central Asian Ovcharka

Central Asian Ovcharka (plural Central Asian Ovcharkas)

(zoology) A breed of large dog usually used as a livestock guardian.


Caucasian shepherd

Caucasian shepherd (plural Caucasian shepherds)

(zoology) A dog of a large breed commonly used to guard livestock.


aflatoxigenic

en-adj

aflatoxigenic (comparative more aflatoxigenic, superlative most aflatoxigenic)

more aflatoxigenic (comparative)
most aflatoxigenic (superlative)


fecosterol

The ERG6 gene (sterol methyltransferase) encodes an enzyme that participates in the ergosterol pathway, converting zymosterol to fecosterol.

2015 July 14, Tatiana Takahasi Komoto et al., “Gene Expression Response of Trichophyton rubrum during Coculture on Keratinocytes Exposed to Antifungal Agents”, in Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A sterol made by certain fungi and lichens.


histoarchitectural

Interestingly, assessment of brain injury with a five-point, semi-quantitative, severity-based scoring system revealed no significant difference in tissue inflammation or severity of histoarchitectural damage between the treated and untreated infected mice, indicating that BM-MSC therapy does not affect the inflammatory process of the brain tissues.

2015 August 8, Wei Wang, Hui Qian, Jun Cao, “Stem cell therapy: a novel treatment option for cerebral malaria?”, in Stem Cell Research & Therapy, volume 6, →DOI:


neoformation

en-noun

neoformation (countable and uncountable, plural neoformations)

Here, we show vascular neoformation in a decellularized scaffold covering ischemic myocardium in the context of acute MI.

2015 May 27, Carolina Gálvez-Montón et al., “Neoinnervation and neovascularization of acellular pericardial-derived scaffolds in myocardial infarcts”, in Stem Cell Research & Therapy, volume 6, →DOI:


biologging

In this study, we use a new stage of development in biologging technology to draw a picture of dissolved oxygen concentration in the SO. We present the first results obtained from a dissolved oxygen sensor added to Argos CTD-SRDL tags and deployed on 5 female elephant seals at Kerguelen.

2015 July 23, “Dissolved Oxygen Sensor in Animal-Borne Instruments: An Innovation for Monitoring the Health of Oceans and Investigating the Functioning of Marine Ecosystems”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The logging (tracking) of individual animals by means of attached tags


glycosynthase

To control Fc N-glycans, we performed a rearrangement of Fc N-glycans from a heterogeneous N-glycosylation pattern to homogeneous N-glycans using chemoenzymatic approaches with two types of endo-β-N-acetyl glucosaminidases (ENG’ases), one that works as a hydrolase to cleave all heterogeneous N-glycans, another that is used as a glycosynthase to generate homogeneous N-glycans.

2015 July 23, “Glycoengineered Monoclonal Antibodies with Homogeneous Glycan (M3, G0, G2, and A2) Using a Chemoenzymatic Approach Have Different Affinities for FcγRIIIa and Variable Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activities”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the formation of a glycoside.


phragmobasidium

(mycology) A septate unicellular basidium.


bactenecin

Secondly, AMPs having one disulfide bond which pack into a loop structure having a tail e.g., bactenecins and esculentins.

2015 April 2, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye et al., “Reactive Oxygen Species, Apoptosis, Antimicrobial Peptides and Human Inflammatory Diseases”, in Pharmaceuticals, volume 8, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antimicrobial cyclic peptides found in the granules of bovine neutrophils


cathelin

Blend of cathepsin L + inhibitor, as coined in 1989.

Altogether, cathelicidins comprise an N-terminal cathelin domain and a C-terminal cationic antimicrobial domain, which is activated upon cleavage.

(biochemistry) The highly-conserved domain in all cathelicidin peptides


coprisin

From translingual Copris (genus of dung beetles) + -in.

affix

They concluded that coprisin could be a model molecule for a large family of novel AMPs possessing apoptotic activities.

(biochemistry) A peptide, similar to defensin, found in bacteria-immunized dung beetles


enkelytin

They commonly comprise peptides resulting from the processing of neuropeptide precursors like pro-enkephalin-A, to give active peptide B and enkelytin; many of which are phosphorylated.

(biochemistry) An antibacterial peptide produced by adrenal medullary chromaffin granules


postbiotic

(biochemistry) Any metabolite of a probiotic compound


mastigophorous

/ˌmæstɪˈɡɒf(ə)ɹəs/

From Ancient Greek μαστιγοφόρος (mastigophóros).

der

μαστιγοφόρος


ecometabolomics

Similar to proteomics, the majority of ecometabolomics studies have focused on demonstrating that distinct metabolic profiles are observed for organisms exposed to different types of chemical stressors either in the laboratory or in the field [ 40 ].

2015 May 29, Hyo Jeong Kim et al., “Ecotoxicogenomic Approaches for Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Chemical Toxicity Using Aquatic Invertebrate, Daphnia Model Organism”, in International Journal of Molecular Sciences, volume 16, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The branch of metabolomics that studies the ecological effects on the metabolites of an organism.


prehepatic

Administration of intravenous edoxaban with and without rifampin may have differentiated the prehepatic versus hepatic effects of rifampin on parent and metabolite exposure.

2015 June 12, Jeanne Mendell et al., “The Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Edoxaban in Healthy Adults”, in Clinical Drug Investigation, volume 35, →DOI:

(anatomy, biochemistry) upstream of the liver in the circulation of the hepatic portal system; and thus, before the metabolic effect of the liver.


microcharacter

/ˈmaɪkɹəʊˌkæɹəktə/

/ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌkɛɹəktɚ/

From micro- (“revealed by microscopic examination”) + character (“a distinguishing feature of a taxon”).

prefix

The most important microcharacters involve spore size and shape and whether the spores are amyloid or non-amyloid, that is whether or not they turn blue in Melzer’s solution.

1980, Derek A. Reid, A monograph of the Australian species of Amanita Pers. ex. Hook:

(biology) A character, or distinguishing trait, observable via microscopy.


homoscleromorph

In this work we reveal the underlying cellular mechanisms used during morphogenesis accompanying ectosome regeneration in the homoscleromorph sponge model: Oscarella lobularis.

2015 August 14, “Oscarella lobularis (Homoscleromorpha, Porifera) Regeneration: Epithelial Morphogenesis and Metaplasia”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any of the Homoscleromorpha, a class of marine sponges.


scolopendromorph

(zoology) Any member of the Scolopendromorpha.


koinobiont

(biology, of a parasitoid) Whose host continues to feed and grow after parasitization.


koinobiont

Not many koinobionts are ectoparasitoids, although a number of ichneumonoids (e.g. Tryphoninae; Adelognathinae; Polysphinctini; some Rogadinae) and a few eulophids are (Plate 1).

1988, Ian David Gauld, Barry Bolton, The Hymenoptera, British Museum, page 14:

1994, Bradford A. Hawkins, Pattern and Process in Host-Parasitoid Interactions, Cambridge University Press, 2005, Digitally printed paperback, page 95,
Koinobionts are as rich, or richer, on hosts on herbs as on hosts on trees for endophytics, whereas on exophytics they tend to be richest on trees (in natural habitats at least).

As in most ecological groups of parasitoids, saproxylic species can be divided into koinobionts and idiobionts according to the classification proposed by Haeselbarth (1979) and further developed by Askew and Shaw (1986). The main feature of that classification is whether or not the host insect continues its development after it has been paralysed.
Koinobionts do not paralyse or immediately kill their hosts, allowing them to instead continue feeding and growing.

2018, Jacek Hilszczański, “Chapter 6: Ecology, Diversity and Conservation of Saproxylic Hymenopteran Parasitoids”, in Michael D. Ulyshen, editor, Saproxylic Insects: Diversity, Ecology and Conservation, Springer, page 195:

(biology) A parasitoid whose host continues to feed and grow after parasitization.


hypoaneuploidy

Thus, processes of hypoaneuploidy could affect genomic stability producing this variation in number of loci.

2015 July 8, Nayyereh Olanj et al., “The striking and unexpected cytogenetic diversity of genus Tanacetum L. (Asteraceae): a cytometric and fluorescent in situ hybridisation study of Iranian taxa”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:


neoblast

To trigger neoblast proliferation and differentation,^([sic]) two days head and tail regenerating animals were used for the preparation of the libraries.

2015 May 8, Gustavo Rodríguez-Esteban et al., “Digital gene expression approach over multiple RNA-Seq data sets to detect neoblast transcriptional changes in Schmidtea mediterranea”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:

(biology) A large, undifferentiated cell of annelid worms that participate in regeneration of lost parts.


rhamnosyltransferase

In addition, another gene having the function of flavonol 3- O -galactoside (1 → 4) rhamnosyltransferase remains to be cloned.

2015 May 23, Shaokang Di et al., “Linkage mapping, molecular cloning and functional analysis of soybean gene Fg3 encoding flavonol 3-O-glucoside/galactoside (1 → 2) glucosyltransferase”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers a rhamnosyl group


urodelan

(zoology) Any member of the order Urodela (syn. of Caudata); a salamander.


urodelous

(zoology) Relating to the Urodela (syn. of Caudata).


radicivorous

Of these, many are radicivorous, but they are easily distinguished from the Hepialideous larvae […]

1843, Henry Noel Humphreys, John Obadiah Westwood, British moths and their transformations, arranged in a ser. of […] , volume 1:

(zoology, rare) That feeds on plant roots.


autothysis

From the Ancient Greek roots αὐτός (autós, “self”) and θυσία (thusía, “sacrifice”); proposed by Maschwitz and Maschwitz in 1974 to describe the defensive mechanism of the carpenter ant Camponotus saundersi.

Another example of autothysis, or defensive suicidal rupturing, can be found in Neocapritermes taracua.

2018 April 29, Killian Fox, The Observer:

(biology) A process by which an animal destroys itself via internal rupture or explosion of an organ.


preprotein

The strategies have been focused on production of stronger statins, MTP inhibitors such as Lomitapide, ACAT2 inhibitors, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors such as Torcetrapib, Anacetrapib, Evacetrapib, and Dalcetrapib, antioxidants, squalene synthase inhibitors, preprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 inhibitors (PCSK9) such as Regeneron®, selective thyroid hormone mimetics such as Sobetirome as a β-receptor agonist, combination form of PPAR-α and γ agonists (Aleglitazar), PPAR-δ agonists (GW501516), and Apo A-I agonists (CSL-112) [ 116, 118 ].

2015 July 8, Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy, Bagher Larijani, Mohammad Abdollahi, “Targeting metabolic disorders by natural products”, in Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, volume 14, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A polypeptide chain that is in the process of growing into a protein by the addition of successive amino acid moieties


nelumbium

It must be understood that while the nelumbiums are hardy, they are so only as long as the tubers are out of the reach of frost.

1947, Liberty Hyde Bailey, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture:

(botany) Any member of the former plant genus Nelumbium.


scleraxis

Then, MMP, PGE2, collagen and scleraxis expression was evaluated by RT-PCR (a and c) or ELISA (b).

2015 July 9, Catherine Baugé et al., “TOL19-001 reduces inflammation and MMP expression in monolayer cultures of tendon cells”, in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, volume 15, →DOI:

transcription factor
transcription factor

(biochemistry) A transcription factor associated with tendon tissue


monophylly

(botany) The condition of being monophyllous (having a single leaf).


adenain

The LC-MS/MS analysis of proteinase K treated CsCl 2 density gradient purified TAdV-3 virions identified eleven virus-encoded proteins (hexon, pVI, pVII, penton base, pVIII, sialidase, IIIA, adenain, pX, IVa2 and DBP) previously reported to be in other adenoviruses (Table 3 and Figure 3 A).

2015 July 9, Pankaj Kumar et al., “Proteomic analysis of purified turkey adenovirus 3 virions”, in Veterinary Research, volume 46, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An endopeptidase that catalyses the cleavage of adenovirus proteins


allogenous

Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of a fractured complicated anterior crown using allogenous tooth fragment is a better alternative to other more conventional treatment options.

2013 July 10, Nitin Maitin et al., “Allogenous tooth fragment reattachment”, in BMJ Case Reports, volume 2013, →DOI:

(genetics, immunology) Synonym of allogeneic.


primoinfection

We report a case of a 52-year-old woman, on immunosuppressive treatment with mycophenolate due to a history of giant cell myocarditis (GCM), who presented with new-onset severe blood-tinged diarrhoea after a cytomegalovirus (CMV) primoinfection.

2013 July 10, Heike Seifert et al., “Not your usual diarrhoea: severe colonic toxicity of mycophenolate due to intestinal CMV and EBV infection”, in BMJ Case Reports, volume 2013, →DOI:

(virology) The first stages of an infection.


chitohexose

The NAG in + NAG superimposes with the −2 position in the chitohexose in MltA.

2015 July 11, Doris H.X. Quay et al., “Structure of the stationary phase survival protein YuiC from B.subtilis”, in BMC Structural Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any hexose derived from chitin


squalomorph

(zoology) Any member of the Squalomorphii, a superorder of cartilaginous fishes.


euselachian

(zoology) Any member of the infraclass Euselachii.


catabolome

The transcriptome data were confirmed by catabolome analysis, expression of periplasmic proteins and phenotypical analysis.

2015 July 24, “Effect of Global Regulators RpoS and Cyclic-AMP/CRP on the Catabolome and Transcriptome of Escherichia coli K12 during Carbon- and Energy-Limited Growth”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of catabolites found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease


pedomorphosis

(zoology) The retention of juvenile traits by an adult; neoteny.


osmification

After osmification with 1 % osmiumtetroxide in cacodylate buffer for 120 min the cells were washed again.

2015 July 22, Martina Broecker-Preuss et al., “Cell death induction by the BH3 mimetic GX15-070 in thyroid carcinoma cells”, in Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR, volume 34, →DOI:

(cytology) staining or fixating with osmic acid solution


symbiosome

(biology) The vacuole structure containing a symbiont.


precourtship

From a behavioral point of view, the life of this butterfly could be divided into four stages: the precourtship adult stage (from the 1st to the 8th days after emergence), the nectar-feeding stage, which promotes egg development (from the 2nd to the 16th days), courtship and mating (from the 6th to the 13th days), and oviposition (from the 7th to the 15th days).

2015 June 22, Chengzhe Li et al., “Adult Behavior of Tirumala limniace (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)”, in Journal of Insect Science, volume 15, →DOI:


cholinolytic

en-adj

cholinolytic (comparative more cholinolytic, superlative most cholinolytic)

more cholinolytic (comparative)
most cholinolytic (superlative)

(biochemistry) That counters the action of acetylcholine.


cholinolytic

(biochemistry) Any agent that counters the action of acetylcholine.


clinandrium

clinandria (plural)
clinandrum (alternative)
androclinium (alternative)
androclinum (alternative)

(botany) An area at the tip of the column of orchid flowers, beneath the anthers.


centropyxid

Here, the recovered centropyxids are also phenotypically diverse, with multiple numbers of spines that we divide into morphotypes, or variants, based on the absolute number of spines.

2015 August 20, “Thecamoebians (Testate Amoebae) Straddling the Permian-Triassic Boundary in the Guryul Ravine Section, India: Evolutionary and Palaeoecological Implications”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any amoebozoan in the family Centropyxidae.


autopolyploidization

en-noun

autopolyploidization (countable and uncountable, plural autopolyploidizations)

The proposed hypotheses to explain the evolutionary history of this most widespread Anthoxanthum species include autopolyploidization of A.

2015 July 25, “Evolutionary and Taxonomic Implications of Variation in Nuclear Genome Size: Lesson from the Grass Genus Anthoxanthum (Poaceae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The process or the result of becoming autopolyploid


glycopattern

Among these, the GlcNAc binder DSA showed a stronger binding signal than the others (see Fig 5A ), which indicated that GlcNAc was a dominant glycopattern in DENV-2.

2015 July 25, “Characterization of N-Glycan Structures on the Surface of Mature Dengue 2 Virus Derived from Insect Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) The pattern of glycosides in a biological sample


lanthipeptide

Notably, each of these two clusters, encoding a lanthipeptide and a bacteriocin, respectively, is shared with S.

2015 July 25, “A Genomic, Transcriptomic and Proteomic Look at the GE2270 Producer Planobispora rosea, an Uncommon Actinomycete”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any peptide containing lanthionine


paucimannose

They found that N-linked glycans on DENV virions derived from mammalian cells were a mix of high-mannose sugars and complex sugars, while a mix of high-mannose sugars and paucimannose sugars were found on mosquito-derived virions.

(biochemistry) Having few mannose moieties


diabody

(biochemistry) A dimer of a fragment of an immunoglobin


triabody

(biochemistry) A trimer of a fragment of an immunoglobin


eigenarray

1999, O. Alter et al., ‘‘Singular Value Decomposition for Gene Expression Data Processing and Modeling.’’ In: After the Genome V (December 6–10, 1999, Jackson Hole, WY).
We describe the use of singular value decomposition in transforming gene expression data from genes/arrays space to ‘‘eigengenes’’/‘‘eigenarrays’’ space, where the eigengenes and eigenarrays are unique orthonormal superpositions of the genes and arrays, respectively.

2000, O. Alter et al., ‘‘Singular value decomposition for genome-wide expression data processing and modeling,’’ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (18), pp. 10101–10106. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.18.10101.
After normalization and sorting, the significant eigengenes and eigenarrays can be associated with observed genome-wide effects of regulators, or with measured samples, in which these regulators are overactive or underactive, respectively.

2002, T. O. Nielsen et al., ‘‘Molecular Characterisation of Soft Tissue Tumours: a Gene Expression Study,’’ Lancet 359 (9314), pp. 1301–1307. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08270-3.
The separation of the calponin-positive leiomyosarcoma subgroup from the calponin-negative tumours was dominant, and resulted in an important eigengene and corresponding eigenarray.

2006, C. M. Li and R. R. Klevecz, ‘‘A rapid genome-scale response of the transcriptional oscillator to perturbation reveals a period-doubling path to phenotypic change,’’ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (44), pp. 16254–16259. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604860103.
A reconstruction of the attractor can be seen in the plot of the principal eigengenes 2, 3, and 4.

2008, A. Y. Gracey et al., ‘‘Rhythms of Gene Expression in a Fluctuating Intertidal Environment,’’ Curr. Biol. 18 (19), pp. 1501-1507. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.049.
Significantly correlated with the first eigengene were GO terms that we classified as being broadly associated with ‘‘metabolism’’ because this cluster was enriched for genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), the electron transport chain, metabolism, ATP synthesis, and protein degradation.

2012, M. J. Hawrylycz et al., ‘‘An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome,’’ Nature 489 (7416), pp. 391–399. doi: 10.1038/nature11405.
Each module is represented by an ‘eigengene’ corresponding to its expression pattern across structures (first left singular vector of the gene × structure matrix), and genes highly correlated with the module eigengene are called ‘hub’ genes.

2013, J. L. Padilla-Gamiño et al., ‘‘Temperature and CO₂ additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus’’ Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 280 (1759), article 20130155. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0155.
Our gene expression data also indicate that the cystoskeleton is sensitive to shifts in temperature and pCO₂: genes encoding fundamental components of the cellular cytoskeleton such as actin and alpha and beta tubulins were upregulated under elevated temperature, but downregulated under elevated pCO₂ (eigengene 1).

2014, J. M. Tennessen et al., ‘‘Coordinated metabolic transitions during Drosophila embryogenesis and the onset of aerobic glycolysis’’ G3:Genes|Genomes|Genetics 4 (5), pp. 839–850. doi: 10.1534/g3.114.010652.
The second most significant pattern identified by SVD corresponds to broad upregulation of gene expression midway through embryogenesis and is strikingly similar to the coordinate induction of glycolytic genes that defines the embryonic metabolic transition (EmbMT) (eigengene pattern 2).

2020, O. Alter, ‘‘Discovering Genome-Scale Predictors of Survival and Response to Treatment with Multi-Tensor Decompositions’’ 2020 American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Virtual Annual Meeting II (June 22–24, 2020); YouTube video.
The SVD finds for us patterns that look like genes, which is the eigengene concept which we invented.

(genetics) (mathematics) One of a set of left singular vectors of a genes x samples matrix that tabulates, e.g., the mRNA or gene expression of the genes across the samples, where the samples were assayed by using DNA microarrays. The corresponding right singular vector is the corresponding eigengene.


hyponatremic

en-adj

hyponatremic (not generally comparable, comparative more hyponatremic, superlative most hyponatremic)

more hyponatremic (comparative)
most hyponatremic (superlative)

From hyponatremia + -ic or hypo- + natremia + -ic.

58% of the hyponatremic patients were found to be symptomatic.

2015, Rahul Unnikrishnan et al., “Clinical and laboratory profile of dengue in the elderly”, in Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, volume 4, →DOI:

(biology, medicine) Exhibiting or relating to hyponatremia.


endoneuraminidase

en-noun

endoneuraminidase (usually uncountable, plural endoneuraminidases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of (2->8)-alpha-sialosyl linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids.


endogalactosaminidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-galactosaminidic linkages in poly(D-galactosamine).


mycodextranase

mycodextranase (usually uncountable, plural mycodextranases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in alpha-D-glucans containing both (1->3)- and (1->4)-bonds.


fucoidanase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of (1->2)-alpha-L-fucoside linkages in fucoidan without release of sulfate.


chitosanase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the endohydrolysis of beta-(1->4)-linkages between D-glucosamine residues in a partly acetylated chitosan.


basommatophoran

(zoology) Any member of the Basommatophora.


feraxanase

feraxan endoxylanase
feraxan endoxylanase#English

(biochemistry) Synonym of feraxan endoxylanase.


periphilin

(G) TASOR, MPP8, and periphilin form a complex.

2015 June 26, Iva A. Tchasovnikarova, “Epigenetic silencing by the HUSH complex mediates position-effect variegation in human cells"”, in Science, volume 348, →DOI, pages 1481–1485:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins associated with the differentiation of skin cells


fosmidial

The fosmidial DNA of the P117.

2015 July 28, “Est16, a New Esterase Isolated from a Metagenomic Library of a Microbial Consortium Specializing in Diesel Oil Degradation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


transautophosphorylation

PERK and IRE1 undergo dimerization and transautophosphorylation when activation and ATF6α is activated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis in the Golgi [26 ].

2015 July 28, “PDIA3 Knockdown Exacerbates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Steatosis and Apoptosis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) autophosphorylation in which the active site is on a second kinase


degron

(biochemistry) A specific sequence of amino acids in a protein that directs the starting place of degradation.


endoglycosylceramidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction oligoglycosylglucosylceramide + H₂O ⇌ ceramide + oligoglycosylglucose.


microduplication

microduplication (countable and uncountable, plural microduplications)

(biology) A genetic mutation resulting from the duplication of a small part of a chromosome


nucleopore

After docking to the nucleopore via specific components of the nucleopore complex, it is thought that a process of core uncoating takes place which allows passage of the viral genome into the nucleus and ultimately integration into the host DNA.

2015 August 11, Philippe A. Gallay et al., “The Novel Cyclophilin Inhibitor CPI-431-32 Concurrently Blocks HCV and HIV-1 Infections via a Similar Mechanism of Action”, in PLoS ONE, volume 10, →DOI:


gruiform

en-adj

gruiform (comparative more gruiform, superlative most gruiform)

more gruiform (comparative)
most gruiform (superlative)

(zoology) Resembling the Gruiformes, an order of birds including the crane.


galtonia

From the genus name, after Sir Francis Galton.

(botany) Any of the genus Galtonia of plants in the family Asparagaceae, native to southern Africa.


gesneria

From the genus name, after Conrad Gessner.

(botany) Any of the genus Gesneria of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae.


pectinacean

(zoology) Any of the Pectinacea, a suborder of mollusks.


philadelphus

No garden can afford to neglect the philadelphuses, because not only are the flowers full of refinement and beauty, but often most fragrant and arrive in June and July when the chief flowering period of shrubs is over.

1952, Charles Cuthbert Eley, Twentieth century gardening, page 167:

(botany) Any of the genus Philadelphus of shrubs.


hyperexpression

Since IL-10 and deficient co-stimulatory molecule expression appear to be a novel mechanism of self-tolerance employed by the pre-naïve B cells, a defect in pre-naïve B-cell functions could lead to a break in self-tolerance, especially in the SLE milieu, where expansion of the pre-naïve B cells has been found [ 3, 4 ], and the immune system is intensely activated as evidenced by elevated B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels, hyperexpression of CD40L on T cells, and/or increased levels of certain cytokines such as IL-21 [ 50 – 53 ].

2015 July 25, Ji Hyun Sim et al., “Autoregulatory function of interleukin-10-producing pre-naïve B cells is defective in systemic lupus erythematosus”, in Arthritis Research & Therapy, volume 17, →DOI:


interhomolog

8 A unified mechanism for the generation of mutations underlying oncogenesis and tumor progression based on defective DNA-damage response and the resultant prevalence of double-strand break (DSB) repair by interhomolog recombination (IHR) All supporting data are included as additional files.

2015 July 25, Yogesh Kumar et al., “Massive interstitial copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity as evidence for cancer being a disease of the DNA-damage response”, in BMC Medical Genomics, volume 8, →DOI:


paraclimax

(ecology) A relatively stable community of foreign plants established after the destruction, by humans, of a native habitat.


paradactyl

para- + Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”)


counteradaptation

en-noun

counteradaptation (countable and uncountable, plural counteradaptations)

counteradaptations (plural)
counter-adaptation (alternative)

Thus the plant's allomonic adaptation has been exactly reversed by this insect's counteradaptation.

1980, Fowden G. Maxwell, Peter Randolph Jennings, Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects, page 132:

As time goes on, the invading species may become increasingly specialized, and some of its populations eliminated by counteradaptation and changing habitat conditions.

1999, George W. Cox, Alien Species in North America and Hawaii, page 266:

When the descendants of the initial population of females were returned to them, the females began to die from the effects of sex. The males' sperm, unopposed by female counteradaptation, had become more and more toxic.

2013, Anne Campbell, A Mind Of Her Own: The evolutionary psychology of women:

adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment

(biology) The evolutionary adaptation of one species to adaptive changes by another.


deletant

The resulting vector containing the SnTox1-Bar knockout construct was PCR-amplified with 5_Tox1Fbar and 3_Tox1Fbar for transformation in toxa3 -10 to result in SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 deletant mutants.

2015 July 8, Kar-Chun Tan et al., “Functional redundancy of necrotrophic effectors – consequences for exploitation for breeding”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

(genetics) A mutant caused by the deletion of a gene.


digestome

Shao et al. [ 54 ] have screened the caspase-1 digestome to identify caspase target proteins.

2008 September 13, Antero Salminen et al., “Amyloid-β oligomers set fire to inflammasomes and induce Alzheimer's pathology”, in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, volume 12, →DOI:

(genetics, biochemistry) All the genes (and derived proteins) that relate to digestion (especially of complex carbohydrates)


invertasome

A single rotation will be favored in the Fis/enhancer-associated invertasome complex in part because the DNA segment between hixL-1 and the enhancer is only 155 bp.

2015 June 8, Yong Chang, Reid C. Johnson, “Controlling tetramer formation, subunit rotation and DNA ligation during Hin-catalyzed DNA inversion”, in Nucleic Acids Research, volume 43, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A nucleoprotein complex that causes inversion of a DNA sequence


raoulia

(botany) Any of the genus Raoulia of New Zealand plants in the pussytoes tribe (Gnaphalieae) within the daisy family (Asteraceae).


protospacer

Genomic DNA was extracted from parental and mutant cell lines and used as the template to amplify fragments of 200 to 1,500 bp containing the protospacer regions chosen for Cas9 targeting of the TcPFR1, TcPFR2, and TcGP72 genes.

2015 July 21, Noelia Lander et al., “CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Disruption of Paraflagellar Rod Protein 1 and 2 Genes in Trypanosoma cruzi Reveals Their Role in Flagellar Attachment”, in mBio, volume 6, →DOI:


uintathere

(paleontology) Any member of the family †Uintatheriidae of extinct ungulates, especially of genus Uintatherium.


anthocyanosis

Instead of the initial necrotic symptoms typical of PD, the lower leaves (closest to the inoculation zones) of inoculated plants showed prominent anthocyanosis with green veinal areas (Fig 4C and 4D ).

2015 July 29, “Three New Pierce's Disease Pathogenicity Effectors Identified Using Xylella fastidiosa Biocontrol Strain EB92-1”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) A purple discolouration of flowers (due to a virus)


autocyclization

autocyclization (usually uncountable, plural autocyclizations)

The chromophore responsible for the optical properties in GFP-like proteins is composed of X-Tyr-Gly and is able to form an imidazolinone structure through an autocyclization step, which involves the residues in the vicinity of the chromophore environment such as the highly conserved E215 and R95 in DsRed and the E222 and R96 in avGFP.

2015 July 29, “Chromophore Deprotonation State Alters the Optical Properties of Blue Chromoprotein”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The formation of a ring between two fragments of RNA.


endozymatic

(biochemistry) Relating to an endoenzyme


gliomedin

Recently, auto-antibodies against neurofascin-186 and gliomedin were described in more than 60% of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy.

2015 July 29, “Contactin-1 and Neurofascin-155/-186 Are Not Targets of Auto-Antibodies in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An particular olfactomedin


perlustrin

The EGF domain has already been found in several reported SMPs from other Mollusca, such as perlustrin from H.

2015 July 29, “Layer-by-Layer Proteomic Analysis of Mytilus galloprovincialis Shell”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A protein found in the shell of abalones


prestaining

Sequential staining is critical as Pyronin Y can also bind DNA and the prestaining of DNA with Hoechst 33342 blocks this.

2015 July 29, “Multiparametric Cell Cycle Analysis Using the Operetta High-Content Imager and Harmony Software with PhenoLOGIC”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) staining prior to some other operation.


methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

(biochemistry) The rate-limiting enzyme in the methyl cycle, which catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.


paraspeckle

(cytology) An irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, found in the nucleus's interchromatin space


anhydromuropeptide

(biochemistry) A muropeptide containing a (normally terminal) anhydrosugar


biopeptide

(biochemistry) Any peptide of biological origin.


ectopeptidase

Considering the interaction of DPPIV/CD26 with extracellular matrix components and through regulation of E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), it remains to be more clearly established whether tumor progression is more affected by the ectopeptidase activity or non-proteolytic mechanisms.

2015 July 30, “Differential Expression and Enzymatic Activity of DPPIV/CD26 Affects Migration Ability of Cervical Carcinoma Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Synonym of endopeptidase.


exocarboxypeptidase

All of these results clearly indicated that both DPP-IV and peptidase (s) (at least exocarboxypeptidase M) contributed to the ex vivo instability of two active GLP-1 peptides, similar to the observation of the peptides in their in vivo metabolism [38 ].

2015 July 30, “Degradation and Stabilization of Peptide Hormones in Human Blood Specimens”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An exoenzyme carboxypeptidase


mechanosensillum

Olfactory sensilla are mainly localized on the antennae, and gustatory sensilla occur primarily on the labium and maxillar and mandibular palpi, rarely on the tarsi (in some insects). In contrast, the mechanosensilla and thermo-hygrosensilla have wider distribution on the insect's body³³.

2023 January 12, Artur Taszakowski, Adrian Masłowski, Kent M. Daane, Jolanta Brożek, “Closer view of antennal sensory organs of two Leptoglossus species (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae)”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, →DOI, article 617, page 2:


cryptovirus

From crypto- (prefix meaning ‘hidden; invisible’) + virus.

prefix

/ˈkɹɪptəʊˌvaɪɹəs/

(biology) A kind of plant virus associated with latent infection of the host, and not transmissible by many means.


middle leg

/ˈmɪdəl ˈlɛɡ/

(entomology) one of a leg in an arthropod that has three pairs thereof (e.g. butterflies, bees)


choanal

(anatomy, zoology) Related to the choana


zeiosis

Coined by Costero and Pomerat (1951), who refer it to Ancient Greek ζείω (zeíō), alternative form of ζέω (zéō, “to boil”) + -osis. The authentic Ancient Greek term would be ζέσις (zésis, “boiling”).
The derivation was chosen because blebs are said to "resemble the behavior of a very dense fluid under intense boiling".


defaunation

en-noun

defaunation (countable and uncountable, plural defaunations)

For this reason, the symbolic dimensions of defaunation can be of direct relevance to any initiative aiming for sustainable wildlife management and biodiversity conservation in areas inhabited by hunter-gatherers (Franzen 2005; Lu 2001).

2016, Victoria Reyes-García, Aili Pyhälä, Hunter-gatherers in a Changing World, Springer, →ISBN, page 79:

(ecology) The loss of animals from a habitat


cyanophycinase

cyanophycinase (countable and uncountable, plural cyanophycinases)

However, our findings showed no differential expression of the cyanophycinase genes (cphA, cphB) responsible for this process in response to irradiation, confirming that the cells did not seem to experience N-limitation.

2015 August 27, “Temporal Gene Expression of the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira in Response to Gamma Rays”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction [L-Asp(4-L-Arg)]ₙ + H₂O ⇌ [L-Asp(4-L-Arg)]ₙ₋₁ + L-Asp(4-L-Arg).


multitranscript

Indeed, 29% of protein-coding genes have been shown to exhibit significant sex-biased expression in Drosophila, and up to 20% of Drosophila multitranscript genes display sex-biased expression of alternative transcripts.

2015 August 28, “Drosophila Hrp48 Is Required for Mushroom Body Axon Growth, Branching and Guidance”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Relating to more than one transcript.


nephrocystin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins, mutations in whose genes are associated with nephronophthisis.


halo blight

(phytopathology) A bacterial disease of bean plants, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.


prosaposin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that is a precursor for saposins A, B, C, and D.


arrhenotokous

Certain wasps and bees are arrhenotokous.

In scale insects no examples of cyclic parthenogenesis are known and parthenogenesis can be thelytokous, deuterotokous or arrhenotokous.

2015 July 9, Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin, Andrey V. Stekolshchikov, D.C. Gautam, “General trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca (Insecta, Homoptera, Aphidinea + Coccinea)”, in Comparative Cytogenetics, volume 9, →DOI:

(zoology) Relating to arrhenotoky; producing males from unfertilized eggs.


quadrinucleate

As a result of meiosis, quadrinucleate spermatids are formed, but only the nuclei of maternal origin produce sperm (Fig. 3).


supermix

supermix (countable and uncountable, plural supermixes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supermix.wav

Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using the iQTM SYBRgreen supermix (Bio-Rad) and the iCycler MyiQTM real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad).

2015 August 26, Mark Bennett et al., “Sandcastle: software for revealing latent information in multiple experimental ChIP-chip datasets via a novel normalisation procedure”, in Scientific Reports, volume 5, →DOI:

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(biology) Any of a number of ready-made reagent mixtures for use in polymerase chain reaction.


unionoid

From taxonomic name Unio (with insertion of -n- after its etymon, Classical Latin ūniō (stem ūniōn-)) + -oid. Compare earlier unionid and taxonomic name Unionioda.

II. n. Same as unionid.

[1891, “unionoid (ū′ni-ọ̄-noid), a. and n.”, in William Dwight Whitney, editor, The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language […], volume VI, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC, page 6619, column 3:

(zoology) Any member of the family Unionidae or its order Unionida of freshwater mussels.


unionoid

en-adj

unionoid (comparative more unionoid, superlative most unionoid)

more unionoid (comparative)
most unionoid (superlative)

Carbonicola, of the Devonian and Carboniferous, comprises Unionoid Bivalves, with thick shells, an external ligament, and a concentrically-striated surface.

1879, Henry Alleyne Nicholson, “Unionidæ”, in A Manual of Palæontology for the Use of Students […], 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 492:

I know nothing of that of Solenaia beyond the statement of Fischer regarding its greatly developed, mushroom shaped foot and its burrowing habit. It is, I am satisfied, an unionoid animal and the fact that there is a decided posterior pallial sinus to the shell leads me to believe that it has two siphons.

1914, Charles Torrey Simpson, “Genus Solenaia Conrad, 1869”, in A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-Water Mussels, part I (Unionidæ: Truncilla–Margaritana), Detroit, Mich.: Bryant Walker, →OCLC, page 456:

The current record of Australian Lower Cretaceous non-marine macroinvertebrates is substantial but mainly limited to a few highly productive localities. Some remains have been recovered from near-shore marine rocks including the Valanginian Trinity Well Sandstone Member of the Cadna-owie Formation (South Australia) and the Aptian Wallumbilla Formation (White Cliffs, New South Wales). These have produced freshwater unionoid bivalves (Alathyria coatsi, Hyridella whitecliffsensis) and Australia’s oldest known non-marine gastropod – the viviparid Notopala alboscopularis.

2011, Benjamin P. Kear, Robert J. Hamilton-Bruce, “Non-marine invertebrates”, in Dinosaurs in Australia: Mesozoic Life from the Southern Continent, Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, chapter 6 (Life on the shore: Early Cretaceous non-marine animals and plants), page 112, column 1:

(zoology) Relating to, resembling or characteristic of the family Unionidae or its order Unionida of freshwater mussels.


stygobitic

We discuss the possibility that one stygobitic lineage secondarily regained some of its body pigmentation as adaptation to increased photic conditions after cave collapse and forming of cenotes during the last glacial maximum.

2015 August 27, “The Evolution of Epigean and Stygobitic Species of Koonunga Sayce, 1907 (Syncarida: Anaspidacea) in Southern Australia, with the Description of Three New Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Living exclusively in groundwater, such as aquifers or caves.


inbreeding depression

en-noun

inbreeding depression (plural inbreeding depressions)

(biology) The reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding.


baicalinase

One baicalinase and three baicalein 7-O-glucuronosyltransferases genes potentially involved in the transformation between baicalin/wogonoside and baicalein/wogonin were identified.

2015 August 29, “Deep Sequencing of the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Transcriptome Reveals Flavonoid Biosynthetic Profiling and Organ-Specific Gene Expression”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the chemical reaction baicalin + H₂O ⇌ baicalein + D-glucuronate.


blue-white screen

blue-white screen (plural blue-white screens)

(biology) A screening technique for the rapid detection of recombinant bacteria in vector-based molecular cloning experiments. DNA of interest is ligated into a vector, which is then inserted into a host cell; these are grown in the presence of X-gal. Cells transformed with vectors containing recombinant DNA will produce white colonies; cells transformed with non-recombinant plasmids (i.e. only the vector) grow into blue colonies.


anthropobiome

The filled boxes signify representation of the particular anthropobiome in each ecoregion.

2015 August 1, “Modelling Hotspots for Invasive Alien Plants in India”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) An anthropogenic biome (human-generated vegetation type)


chrysidoid

(zoology) Any member of the superfamily Chrysidoidea.


litterbag

(ecology) A bag for the collection of litterfall.


early blight

(phytopathology) A disease of tomato and potato plants caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, producing distinctive bullseye-patterned leaf spots, stem lesions, fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato.


spermiate

en-verb

spermiate (third-person singular simple present spermiates, present participle spermiating, simple past and past participle spermiated)

spermiates (present singular third-person)
spermiating (participle present)
spermiated (participle past)
spermiated (past)

Two-year-old male yellow perch were induced to spermiate at the end of February 1992.

1993, A. Ciereszko, “Cryopreservation of Yellow Perch Semen”, in The Progressive Fish-culturist, page 261:

(cytology, of mature spermatids) To release from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen prior to passage to the epididymis.


uncoat

uncoat (third-person singular simple present uncoats, present participle uncoating, simple past and past participle uncoated)

uncoats (present singular third-person)
uncoating (participle present)
uncoated (participle past)
uncoated (past)

It takes only minutes, after entry into a cell, for a virus particle to uncoat.

(virology, intransitive) (of the capsid shell) to dissociate from the viral core in the host cell cytoplasm

(virology, transitive) To remove the viral capsid of a virus, leading to the release of the viral genomic nucleic acid.


citrullinate

citrullinate (third-person singular simple present citrullinates, present participle citrullinating, simple past and past participle citrullinated)

citrullinates (present singular third-person)
citrullinating (participle present)
citrullinated (participle past)
citrullinated (past)

From citrulline + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

It has been shown that PPAD is able to citrullinate bacterial as well as host peptides such as fibrinogen and α-enolase.

2015 August 29, Stefan Reichert et al., “Association of levels of antibodies against citrullinated cyclic peptides and citrullinated α-enolase in chronic and aggressive periodontitis as a risk factor of Rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study”, in Journal of Translational Medicine, volume 13, →DOI:

PADs do not typically citrullinate total arginines found in the amino acid sequence of a protein, but certain arginines are more susceptible to citrullination.[…]Likewise, PAD2 also citrullinates actin and myelin basic protein in the CNS, while PAD4 can citrullinate substrates like nucleophosmin, nuclear lamin C, and p21 (Lamensa and Moscarello 1993; Hagiwara et al. 2002; Tanikawa et al. 2012; Li et al. 2008).

2017, E. E. Witalison, L. J. Hofseth, “22: Citrullination in Inflammatory-Driven Carcinogenesis of the Colon”, in Anthony P. Nicholas, Sanjoy K. Bhattacharya, Paul R. Thompson, editors, Protein Deimination in Human Health and Disease, 2nd edition, Springer, page 433:

Furthermore, PPAD in contrast to human PAD is capable of citrullinating C-terminal arginine residues, which are generated by another Pg.-derived enzyme, arginine specific gingipain (Rgp) protease (81).

2020, Burkhard Möller, Florian Kollert, Anton Sculean, Peter M. Villiger, “79: Infectious Trigger in Periodontitis and the Gut in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)”, in Erminia Mariani, Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Daniela Frasca, editors, Immunobiology of Osteoarticular Diseases, Frontiers Media, page 83:

(biochemistry, transitive) To react with, or convert to, citrulline.


codistribute

codistribute (third-person singular simple present codistributes, present participle codistributing, simple past and past participle codistributed)

codistributes (present singular third-person)
codistributing (participle present)
codistributed (participle past)
codistributed (past)

This population of cells continues to codistribute closely with venous elements and remains excluded from a vascular regions in the developing wing bud.

(cytology) (of cellular components) to distribute, spread together


peachleaf

(botany, in plant names) Whose leaves resemble those of the peach.


myoferlin

(biochemistry) A protein that is linked with skeletal muscle repair.


biotest

biotest (third-person singular simple present biotests, present participle biotesting, simple past and past participle biotested)

biotests (present singular third-person)
biotesting (participle present)
biotested (participle past)
biotested (past)

(biology) to determine the strength of biological activity of a substance


coamplify

coamplify (third-person singular simple present coamplifies, present participle coamplifying, simple past and past participle coamplified)

coamplifies (present singular third-person)
coamplifying (participle present)
coamplified (participle past)
coamplified (past)
co-amplify (alternative)

(genetics) (of the gene) to amplify together with another gene, or to amplify in multiple ways


deconjugate

deconjugate (third-person singular simple present deconjugates, present participle deconjugating, simple past and past participle deconjugated)

deconjugates (present singular third-person)
deconjugating (participle present)
deconjugated (participle past)
deconjugated (past)

(biology) to disrupt the conjugated bacterial cells


cytidyltransferase

In the CDP-choline pathway, externally added or endogenous choline is stepwise incorporated through phosphorylation by choline kinase and activation with CTP by phosphocholine cytidyltransferase.

2015 August 5, “Phosphatidylcholine Supply to Peroxisomes of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers a cytidyl group


extraordinal

The much larger R values for ANOSIM between 2011 and pre-tsunami years (2005 to 2008) suggest that tsunami-induced changes in macrozoobenthic community structure were extraordinal.

2015 August 5, “Impacts of the 2011 Tsunami on Sediment Characteristics and Macrozoobenthic Assemblages in a Shallow Eutrophic Lagoon, Sendai Bay, Japan”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


homocysteinase

Of our 30 genes, glutamate synthase and adenosyl homocysteinase were used for multiple gene analysis by Koufopanou et al.

2015 August 5, “Selection of Orthologous Genes for Construction of a Highly Resolved Phylogenetic Tree and Clarification of the Phylogeny of Trichosporonales Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of homocysteine


allorubbing

(zoology) The rubbing against an animal by another member of the same species.


eomysticetid

(zoology) Any member of the Eomysticetidae, a family of extinct mysticetes.


tranatocetid

This anatomy is superficially similar to that of Cetotheriidae and some tranatocetids were previously considered to be cetotheres and even identified as Cetotherium.

2015 September 3, “From Problem Taxa to Problem Solver: A New Miocene Family, Tranatocetidae, Brings Perspective on Baleen Whale Evolution”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the family †Tranatocetidae, which is represented by the sole species †Tranatocetus argillarius, a cetacean.


lipovitellin

en-noun

lipovitellin (countable and uncountable, plural lipovitellins)

(biochemistry) A protein found in egg yolk and involved in lipid and metal storage.


red rot

(phytopathology) A disease of sugar cane caused by the fungus Glomerella tucumanensis.


diplectanid

There, a small probe and dissecting microscope were used to isolate diplectanids from the gills or sediment.

2015 August 12, Delane C. Kritsky, Micah D. Bakenhaster, Douglas H. Adams, “Pseudorhabdosynochus species (Monogenoidea, Diplectanidae) parasitizing groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Epinephelini) in the western Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters, with descriptions of 13 new species”, in Parasite, volume 22, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the Diplectanidae, a family of monopisthocotylean monogenean flatworms.


monopisthocotylean

(zoology) Any member of the Monopisthocotylea, a subclass of parasitic flatworms in the class Monogenea.


epinepheline

(zoology) Of or relating to the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, including the groupers.


euglenozoan

(zoology) Any member of the infrakingdom or phylum Euglenozoa, a large group of flagellate protozoa.


oxacillinase

(biochemistry) Any of the OXA group of beta-lactamases, found mainly in Acinetobacter species.


piwi

Short for P-element induced wimpy testis in Drosophila.

However, piwi and tudor-domain containing genes are absent from flukes and tapeworms and no true vasa orthologue has been identified in schistosomes.

2015 August 25, David Roquis et al., “The Epigenome of Schistosoma mansoni Provides Insight about How Cercariae Poise Transcription until Infection”, in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, volume 9, →DOI:

(genetics, attributive) A class of genes originally identified as encoding regulatory proteins responsible for maintaining incomplete differentiation in stem cells and maintaining the stability of cell division rates in germline cells.


yellowmouth

(zoology, in the names of fishes) Having yellow markings around the mouth.


intrashelf

The Skały Beds, well-known for their rich and well-preserved fauna, reflect sedimentation in a relatively deep-water, intrashelf setting […]

2015 September 4, “Stable Isotope Signatures of Middle Palaeozoic Ahermatypic Rugose Corals – Deciphering Secondary Alteration, Vital Fractionation Effects, and Palaeoecological Implications”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology, geography) Within a single shelf.


afrosoricid

(zoology) Any member of the order Afrosoricida, a golden mole, an otter shrew, or a tenrec.


amastin

amastin (countable and uncountable, plural amastins)

(biochemistry) A transmembrane glycoprotein found in trypanosomatid parasites


amphisbaenian

Amphisbaenians lost their legs independently of the snake lineage and belong to their own distinct part of the squamate tree.

2016 July 13, Elsa Panciroli, “How did legless worm-lizards cross the Atlantic?”, in The Guardian:

(zoology) Any member of the Amphisbaenia, the clade of worm lizards.


chasmataspidid

The sixth prosomal appendage is modified in both xiphosurids and chasmataspidids for use in locomotion or burrowing.

2015 September 1, James C. Lamsdell et al., “The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(zoology) Any of the Chasmataspidida, an extinct group of chelicerate arthropods.


megalograptid

(zoology) Any of the Megalograptidae, a family of extinct eurypterids.


mixopterid

Sampling of the Carcinosomatoidea is increased, with ten species included for the carcinosomatid, megalograptid, and mixopterid clades in addition to the three sampled previously.

(zoology) Any extinct sea scorpion in the family Mixopteridae.


archosauriform

(zoology) Belonging to the Archosauriformes, a clade of diapsid reptiles.


archosauriform

(zoology) Any member of the Archosauriformes.


apelin

(biochemistry) A peptide that is the endogenous ligand for the G-protein-coupled APJ receptor


apterin

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A furanocoumarin, the glucoside of vaginol, found in Zizia aptera and other plants.


bernissartiid

(zoology) Any extinct crocodile-like reptile in the family Bernissartiidae.


dysmetabolism

(biochemistry, pathology) metabolic dysfunction


paralligatorid

If the Hungarian specimen is from a paralligatorid, then it would be the first occurrence of the group in the European archipelago.

2015, Attila Ősi et al., “An enigmatic crocodyliform tooth from the bauxites of western Hungary suggests hidden mesoeucrocodylian diversity in the Early Cretaceous European archipelago”, in PeerJ, volume 3, →DOI:

(zoology) Any extinct neosuchian crocodyliform in the family Paralligatoridae


promigratory

The MET tyrosine kinase receptor (known also as the HGF receptor) promotes, among others, cancer growth and metastasis by conveying proliferative, antiapoptotic, and promigratory signals […]

2015 August 3, Chiara Urani et al., “Impact of Cadmium on Intracellular Zinc Levels in HepG2 Cells: Quantitative Evaluations and Molecular Effects”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:


sebecosuchian

(zoology) Any of the Sebecosuchia, an extinct group of mesoeucrocodylian crocodyliforms.


urocortin

urocortin (countable and uncountable, plural urocortins)

(biochemistry) A potent anorexigenic peptide of 40 amino acids.


endolysin

Some phages lyse their hosts using a holin-endolysin system; however, in others, there is no interaction between the holin and the endolysin genes in host lysis [ 47 ].

2015 July 28, Tasha M. Santiago-Rodriguez et al., “Transcriptome analysis of bacteriophage communities in periodontal health and disease”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:


hercogamy

(botany) Alternative spelling of herkogamy.


diclinism

(botany) The state of having stamens or pistils in separate flowers.


neuropodous

(zoology) Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the neural side, meaning the nervous system is located ventrally, as in most invertebrates.


scaberulous

en-adj

scaberulous (comparative more scaberulous, superlative most scaberulous)

more scaberulous (comparative)
most scaberulous (superlative)


syntaphilin

Recently syntaphilin (SNPH) was identified, a protein that produces the docking/retaining of mitochondria in axons [ 74, 75 ].

2015 June 29, Fabian A. Cabezas-Opazo et al., “Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease”, in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An axonal mitochondrial protein that disrupts synapse activity


axis cylinder

axis cylinders (plural)
axiscylinder (alternative)


immunoexpress

en-verb

immunoexpress (third-person singular simple present immunoexpresses, present participle immunoexpressing, simple past and past participle immunoexpressed)

immunoexpresses (present singular third-person)
immunoexpressing (participle present)
immunoexpressed (participle past)
immunoexpressed (past)

The lamina propria contains a range of inflammatory cells that normally immunoexpress the various immunoglobulins in plasma cells.

(biochemistry, immunology, transitive, intransitive) (of a protein) to express as a result of an immune response


immunoinhibit

immunoinhibit (third-person singular simple present immunoinhibits, present participle immunoinhibiting, simple past and past participle immunoinhibited)

immunoinhibits (present singular third-person)
immunoinhibiting (participle present)
immunoinhibited (participle past)
immunoinhibited (past)

The titrations are based on the assumption that the volume of antiserum required to completely immunoinhibit enzyme activity is proportional to the amount of the enzyme in the tissue extract or biological fluid.

(biochemistry, immunology, transitive) to inhibit the immune response


angioprotectin

Ang 1–7 and angioprotectin can bind to the Mas receptor (MasR) stimulating vasodilatation, inhibiting oxidative stress, fibrosis and cell proliferation.

2015 August 6, “Functional Local Renin-Angiotensin System in Human and Rat Periodontal Tissue”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A peptide, similar to angiotensin, that causes vasodilation


autohydrolysis

FlhB undergoes asparagine-mediated autohydrolysis at N269-P270 [12 ,13 ].

2015 August 6, “Weak Interactions between Salmonella enterica FlhB and Other Flagellar Export Apparatus Proteins Govern Type III Secretion Dynamics”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) hydrolysis of a peptide or enzyme catalyzed by itself


autotetraploid

In this study, post-germination growth, which occurs entirely by cell elongation, was examined in diploid and autotetraploid hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)

2015 August 6, “Stimulation of Cell Elongation by Tetraploidy in Hypocotyls of Dark-Grown Arabidopsis Seedlings”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) tetraploid because of the doubling of an ancestral chromosome


hyalomin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of immunoregulatory peptides obtained from the salivary glands of hard ticks of the genus Hyalomma


legumain

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of proteins and small-molecule substrates at -Asn-Xaa- bonds.


interpalatine

(ornithology) the antero-internal angle of the palatine where it rests against the sphenoid rostrum


dolichuranic

(zoology) having a long palate; having palatomaxillary index <110


folylpolyglutamate

The best-ranked pair of reference genes from the developmental dataset included genes that encoded a phosphoglucomutase and a folylpolyglutamate synthase; genes that encoded a cullin and the same phosphoglucomutase as above were the most stable genes in the leaf gradient dataset.

2015 August 7, “Validating Internal Control Genes for the Accurate Normalization of qPCR Expression Analysis of the Novel Model Plant Setaria viridis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A folyl derivative of polyglutamate that has a biochemical role in the central nervous system


paragranulin

Five residues were included in the case of paragranulin, because this gave the best sequence alignment when paragranulins were compared with other N-half modules.

2015 August 7, “The Evolution of the Secreted Regulatory Protein Progranulin”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular peptide sequence within granulins


subread

An in-house Perl script was used to calculate the distribution of subread lengths and identify the range of lengths that would give a coverage around 10.

2015 August 7, “Genome Sequence of Bacillus endophyticus and Analysis of Its Companion Mechanism in the Ketogulonigenium vulgare-Bacillus Strain Consortium”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A subset of a read (sequence of DNA generated by sequencing)


lomentariaceous

From translingual Lomentariaceae + -ous.

(biology) Of or relating to the family of seaweeds Lomentariaceae.


paired-end tag

(genetics) Any of the short sequences, at the 5’ and 3’ ends of a DNA fragment, that are sufficiently unique (theoretically) so as to exist together only once in a genome, therefore making the sequence of the DNA in between them available upon search.


atheronal

(biochemistry) Any of a group of ozone compounds found in human atherosclerotic arteries.


scaffoldin

(biochemistry) A large glycoprotein, one of the subunits of a cellulosome.


algivorous

However, whether the depth-dependent switch in the nematode community structure was due to a bottom-up effect (i.e. light limitation of periphytic algae) or to specific adaptations of algivorous nematodes to the shear stress caused by waves in the shallow zone, or to both, was not resolved.

2015 September 10, “Depth-Related Effects on a Meiofaunal Community Dwelling in the Periphyton of a Mesotrophic Lake”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


eureptile

From eu- + reptile, influenced by Eureptilia.

There are, however, reasons to believe that aquatic or semiaquatic habits were more widespread among eureptiles than traditionally assumed and that the exclusion of aquatic or semi-aquatic taxa biases the analyses.

2015 September 10, “Anatomy of the Enigmatic Reptile Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949 (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Triassic of Germany and Its Relevance for the Origin of Sauria”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


eureptilian

(zoology) Belonging or relating to the Eureptilia.


leiobunine

Here we test a hypothesis that diversity of reproductive structures in leiobunine harvestmen (daddy longlegs) of eastern North America reflects two sexually coevolved but non-overlapping precopulatory strategies, a primitive solicitous strategy (females enticed by penis-associated nuptial gifts), and a multiply derived antagonistic strategy (penis exerts mechanical force against armature of the female pregenital opening).

2015 September 10, “Biomechanical Diversity of Mating Structures among Harvestmen Species Is Consistent with a Spectrum of Precopulatory Strategies”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any harvestman of the subfamily Leiobuninae


myosignal

Training was done with either myosignal feedback on a computer screen, a virtual myoelectric prosthetic hand or a computer game.

2015 September 10, “Virtual Training of the Myosignal”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) An electrical signal that controls a muscle.


dorylomorph

which represents another independent origin of eusociality in addition to honeybee and ants; and several additional ant species, notably the dorylomorph Cerapachys biroi which represents the second most early-branching ant species following the ponerine Harpegnathos saltator (Oxley et al.)

2015 August 12, Xiaofan Zhou et al., “Chemoreceptor Evolution in Hymenoptera and Its Implications for the Evolution of Eusociality”, in Genome Biology and Evolution, volume 7, →DOI:

(zoology) A member of a taxonomic grouping of army ants and their relatives, comprising six subfamilies Leptanilloidinae, Cerapachyinae, Ecitoninae, and the monogeneric subfamilies Aenictinae, Aenictogitinae, and genus Dorylus sensu stricto, now all placed in Dorylinae sensu lato.


pseudosuchian

Janensch considered Elachistosuchus a pseudosuchian archosaur and diagnosed it by small body size, the lack of a specialized body plan, and the presence of a large posttemporal fenestra and an alleged antorbital fenestra.

(zoology) Belonging to the Pseudosuchia.


pseudosuchian

(zoology) Any member of the Pseudosuchia.


casamino acid

(biochemistry) Any of a mixture of amino acids and peptides obtained from acid hydrolysis of casein, typically used in microbial growth media.


loculamentous

(botany, rare) Full of loculaments, or little cells.


intelectin

en-noun

intelectin (countable and uncountable, plural intelectins)

Most of up-regulated genes were related to innate immune responses, including innate immunity cells (macrophages, NK cell, mast cell, basophils) and innate immunity molecules (cytokines, chemokines, complement, lysozyme, intelectin 2).

2015 August 8, “An Immediate Innate Immune Response Occurred In the Early Stage of E . granulosus Eggs Infection in Sheep: Evidence from Microarray Analysis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of intestinal lactoferrin receptors.


lysotracker

CellLight ER and GA labelled with GFP, and lysotracker green DND-26 were then incubated to the cells to track the co-localisation of aptamers with ER, GA and lysosomes respectively, and fixed using 4% PFA. The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

2015 August 8, “Selective Targeting to Glioma with Nucleic Acid Aptamers”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(histology) Any of a range of fluorescent dyes used to stain lysosomes


transinfected

It should be noted, however, that other transinfected lines have been recently constructed which are bidirectionally incompatible with the double-infected population of Ae.

2015 August 8, “Combining the Sterile Insect Technique with Wolbachia -Based Approaches: II- A Safer Approach to Aedes albopictus Population Suppression Programmes, Designed to Minimize the Consequences of Inadvertent Female Release”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) infected by means of transinfection


asterless

(biology) Without asters (star-shaped structures in cells).


depeptidize

en-verb

depeptidize (third-person singular simple present depeptidizes, present participle depeptidizing, simple past and past participle depeptidized)

depeptidizes (present singular third-person)
depeptidizing (participle present)
depeptidized (participle past)
depeptidized (past)

By introducing peptide isosteres, modifying the side chains of amino acids, and methylating amide nitrogens to depeptidize the molecule, the methylated Analog 7 was identified […]

2013 September 15, Anita Y. M. Howe, Srikanth Venkatraman, “The Discovery and Development of Boceprevir: A Novel, First-generation Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Serine Protease”, in Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology, volume 1, →DOI:

(transitive, biochemistry, organic chemistry) To remove the peptide bonds from.


maxillopod

(zoology) Any member of the class Maxillopoda of diverse crustaceans including barnacles and copepods.


humidimycin

(biochemistry) A peptide found in Streptomyces humidus.


pseurotin A

(biochemistry) A bioactive metabolite of Aspergillus.


diadectomorph

(zoology) Any member of the Diadectomorpha.


squeeze box

squeeze boxes (plural)
squeezebox (alternative)

Jebby rushed to the area behind the mare's paddock. What he saw there filled him with fresh concern. Isabella was in the "squeeze box." This, he knew, was a strait jacket for animals! […] He had seen the old squeeze box sitting in the field behind the hoofed animals' paddock. Zoo keepers had used it in the days before the invention of the Tranquilizer Gun for immobilizing animals when they wanted to inoculate them or treat them for illness or injury. If the squeeze box were used unwisely, a Zoo keeper had told Jebby, an animal inside it could be squeezed almost to death. And it always caused panic as the wooden sides pressed against the trapped creature's body.

1963, Ann Cottrell Free, Forever the Wild Mare, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, →OCLC:

Williams and Sawyer (1995) reported on successful techniques used on a large number of otters in the rehabilitation centers during the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Restraint equipment included heavy leather welder's gloves with long sleeves, a large salmon dip net fitted with an elongated bag of soft 1-in. mesh net, a throw net, blankets, stuff bags, and some sort of squeeze box. […] The bag is quickly placed over the head, shoulders, and thorax, and the otter is held by pressing down on the bag. This is best accomplished while the otter is in the net or squeeze box with the animal on its back and the hind legs held by a second handler[…].

2001, Pamela Tuomi, “Sea Otters”, in Leslie A. Dierauf, Frances M. D. Gulland, editors, CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation, 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 972:

Snakes and beaded lizards can be measured effectively in a "squeeze box" (Quinn and Jones 1974). A squeeze box immobilizes an animal by pressing it between a transparent lid and a soft foam bottom. Squeeze boxes have diverse designs[…], but basically, they are all modifications of the original described by Quinn and Jones (1974).

2012, Mercedes S. Foster, “Dealing with Live Reptiles”, in Roy W. McDiarmid et al., editors, Reptile Biodiversity: Standard Methods for Inventory and Monitoring, Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 132:

Physical restraint devices (e.g., rabbit squeezeboxes and cat bags) are a useful adjunct to anesthesia, particularly in the induction period. Restrained rabbits quickly develop hyperthermia, however, especially when environmental temperatures are high. Physical restraint of free-living rabbits and hares should be minimal.

2014, Darryl Heard, “Lagomorphs (Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas)”, in Gary [Don] West, Darryl [J.] Heard, Nigel Caulkett, editors, Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia, 2nd edition, Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 879:

(veterinary medicine) A container that fits tightly around an animal to immobilize it for medical treatment, transportation, etc.


linguliform

This study concerns all infaunal brachiopods that possess an inarticulate, organo-phosphatic, linguliform shell.


russeted

en-adj

russeted (comparative more russeted, superlative most russeted)

more russeted (comparative)
most russeted (superlative)

While the European pear is, at its finest, buttery and surrenders to the slightest pressure, Asian pears are firm, very crisp, hugely juicy and sweet and, in some cases, highly aromatic – spicy almost. Some are smooth-skinned, others lightly russeted.

2015 September 5, Mark Diacono, “In praise of the Asian pear”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), archived from the original on 2015-09-12, pages 1–2:

(botany) Having a rough skin that is reddish-brown or greyish; russet.


Romer's gap

(paleontology) An apparent gap in the tetrapod fossil record in the lower Mississippian.


limnoplankton

(biology) The plankton of fresh waters, especially of lakes


limnophilid

Limnophilid larvae are fitted for life in almost every aquatic situation.

(entomology) any of the caddisflies in the family Limnephilidae, formerly known as the Limnophilidae


limnophilid

(entomology) of, or related to limnophilids


limnemic

limnaemic (alternative UK)
limnæmic (alternative obsolete)

(biology) adapted to live in marshes or marshy places


limnobios

(biology) the animals and plants of fresh water considered collectively


halobios

(biology) life in the oceans; marine life collectively


geobios

/ˈd͡ʒiːəʊˌbaɪɒs/

/ˈd͡ʒiːəʊˌbaɪəʊs/

Probably the geobios is more similar in its environmental conditions to the limnobios and halobios, than the latter two are to each other.

1906, Thomas Harrison Montgomery, The Analysis of Racial Descent in Animals, page 22:

(biology) Life on the land considered collectively.


diplobios

(biology) organisms which spend part of their life in one medium, part in another, considered collectively


extra-limital

They have been excluded from the taxonomic revision because they are currently considered as extra-limital to the study area.

(biology) (of animals or birds) that occurs at a considerable distance beyond its normal range


perlucin

en-noun

perlucin (countable and uncountable, plural perlucins)

A 48kDa protein was extracted from the pearl of H.cumingii, providing evidence of vaterite formation and the matrix protein perlucin is reported to be involved in H.cumingii nacre formation.

2015 August 12, “A Novel Matrix Protein Hic31 from the Prismatic Layer of Hyriopsis Cumingii Displays a Collagen-Like Structure”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A matrix protein, found in nacre, that nucleates growth of calcium carbonate crystals


autoregulator

LmrR was shown to be a transcriptional repressor of lmrCD expression and an autoregulator of its own expression.

2015 August 13, “Binding of the Lactococcal Drug Dependent Transcriptional Regulator LmrR to Its Ligands and Responsive Promoter Regions”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics, biochemistry) Any protein that regulates its own expression