pentasomic

The Esmeraldo strain has chromosome 3 as pentasomic; chromosomes 27, 31, 33 and 35 range from trisomic to tetrasomic; chromosomes 6, 19, 21 and 39 as trisomic; and chromosomes 1, 24, 25 and 41 range from disomic to trisomic.

2015 July 4, João Luís Reis-Cunha et al., “Chromosomal copy number variation reveals differential levels of genomic plasticity in distinct Trypanosoma cruzi strains”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:

(genetics) Having five copies of a particular chromosome.

Sex chromosome abnormalities occur in at least 1 in 400 births and include the well-described 47,XXX, 47,XXY, 47,XYY, and 45,X karyotypes. The addition of more than one extra X or Y chromosome occurs rarely, and little information is available in the medical literature. Individual case reports make up most of this body of knowledge, and all are based on subjects who identified themselves postnatally. Many were ascertained through screenings of institutions and hospitals; thus, there is no unbiased information on the natural history of poly X and Y karyotypes. A direct relationship between the number of additional sex chromosomes and the severity of the phenotype is generally assumed. The purpose of this article is to summarize what is known about these conditions and to present 10 additional cases. The karyotypes include, 48,XXXX, 49,XXXXX, 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY, 49,XXXXY, 49,XXXYY, 48,XYYY, 49,XYYYY, and 49,XXYYY.

2025 October 4, Linden, Mary G, Bender, Bruce G, Robinson, Arthur, “Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy”, in Pediatrics, volume 96, number 4, →DOI, pages 672-682:


tetrasomy

en-noun

tetrasomy (countable and uncountable, plural tetrasomies)

The representative of TcIII DTU, 231, has tetrasomy of chromosome 10; chromosomes 11 and 18 range from trisomic to tetrasomic; trisomy of chromosomes 6 and 19; and chromosomes 1, 13, 16, 21, 24 and 31 have a ploidy ranging from disomic to trisomic (Fig. 3).

(genetics) The condition of being tetrasomic


pentasomy

(genetics) The quality of being pentasomic.


exitron

Therefore, in what ways might the processing and regulation of exitron splicing differ from that of conventional introns?

2015 July 7, Dorothee Staiger, Gordon G. Simpson, “Enter exitrons”, in Genome Biology, volume 16, →DOI:

On the basis of their exonic and intronic nature, here we name them exitrons (exonic introns [EIs]) and define them as alternatively spliced internal regions of protein-coding exons

2015 May 1, Marquez Y, Höpfler M, Ayatollahi Z, Barta A, Kalyna M, “Unmasking alternative splicing inside protein-coding exons defines exitrons and their role in proteome plasticity”, in Genome Research, volume 25, number 7, →DOI, pages 995–1007:

(genetics) One of a set of alternatively spliced internal regions of protein-coding exons.


maxiprep

maxiprep (countable and uncountable, plural maxipreps)

Plasmids for transforming ET 138 and DSM 4216 T were extracted from DH5α via maxiprep isolation (Genomed Jetstar 2.0).

2015 July 7, Elleke F Bosma et al., “Establishment of markerless gene deletion tools in thermophilic Bacillus smithii and construction of multiple mutant strains”, in Microbial Cell Factories, volume 14, →DOI:


misannotated

This small amount of sequenced tags only mapping to the genome may correspond to potential novel unsequenced transcripts, alternative 3’-UTR exons of splicing isoforms, misannotated or alternative poly-adenylation sites, or even to non-coding RNAs not represented yet in the present transcriptome sets.

2015 May 8, Gustavo Rodríguez-Esteban et al., “Digital gene expression approach over multiple RNA-Seq data sets to detect neoblast transcriptional changes in Schmidtea mediterranea”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:


plakin

(biochemistry) Any protein that associates with junctional complexes and the cytoskeleton


phosphate acetyltransferase

(biochemistry) A transferase enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + phosphate ⇌ CoA + acetyl phosphate.


equisetin

(biochemistry) A particular Fusarium toxin.


fusarin

fusarin (countable and uncountable, plural fusarins)

(biochemistry) A particular Fusarium toxin


phosphomonoester

Kinetic analysis of the interaction between PAB-TP and the membranes containing 10 mol% of PA showed that PAB-TP associated with PA with a low dissociation constant of K D = 38 ± 5 nM. Coexistence of cholesterol or PE with PA in the membrane enhanced the PAB-TP binding to PA by increasing the ionization of the phosphomonoester head group as well as by changing the microenvironment of PA molecules in the membrane.

2015 July 6, “Development of a Novel Tetravalent Synthetic Peptide That Binds to Phosphatidic Acid”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A monoester of phosphoric acid


rhizodeposition

rhizodeposition (countable and uncountable, plural rhizodepositions)

Third, plants exposed to elevated CO 2 can produce larger amounts of organic compounds that enter the soil via rhizodeposition and litterfall [16 ].

2015 July 6, “Effects of Long-Term CO 2 Enrichment on Soil-Atmosphere CH 4 Fluxes and the Spatial Micro-Distribution of Methanotrophic Bacteria”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) The release of organic compounds from plant roots into the surrounding environment


acylphosphatase

This is the case of acylphosphatase from Drosophila melanogaster (AcPDro2).

2015 April 16, Rafael Zambrano et al., “AGGRESCAN3D (A3D): server for prediction of aggregation properties of protein structures”, in Nucleic Acids Research, volume 43, →DOI:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The enzyme acylphosphate phosphohydrolase.


diosmetin

(biochemistry) An O-methylated flavone found in the Caucasian vetch.


pratol

Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense#Translingual

(biochemistry) An O-methylated flavone found in Trifolium pratense.


volkensin

(biochemistry) A toxic ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from the roots of Adenia volkensii


efferocytosis

(biology) The process by which dead or dying cells are removed by phagocytic cells.


mannooligosaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide composed of mannose units


efferosome

(biology) A fluid-filled vesicle containing a dead cell, formed during efferocytosis.


hypoproduction

These include hemolysis of peripheral erythrocytes, iron deficiency through inefficient duodenal iron absorption leading to inhibition of heme synthesis, and renal anemia characterized by hypoproduction of erythropoietin.

2015 July 11, “Preferential Elimination of Older Erythrocytes in Circulation and Depressed Bone Marrow Erythropoietic Activity Contribute to Cadmium Induced Anemia in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Unusually low production of some substance in an organism


opiorphin

opiorphin (countable and uncountable, plural opiorphins)

Our saliva contains one painkiller that is stronger than morphine. It is called opiorphin, and was only discovered in 2006.

2015, Giulia Enders, translated by David Shaw, Gut, Scribe, published 2016, page 21:

(biochemistry) A painkilling chemical compound first isolated from human saliva.


stiped

(botany) Having a stipe (of a specified kind).


stokesia

(botany) Any of the plants in the genus Stokesia.


cytohelicase

The root tips were digested in a pectolytic enzyme mixture [0.1% (w/v) pectolyase Y23 (Duchefa, Haarlem, the Netherlands), 0.1% (w/v) cellulase onozuka RS (Duchefa, Haarlem, the Netherlands) and 0.1% (w/v) cytohelicase (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany)] in 10 mM citrate buffer (10mM tri sodium citrate + 10 mM citrate, pH 4.5) at 37 °C for 1 h.

2015, Prabhu Shankar Lakshmanan et al., “Karyotype analysis and visualization of 45S rRNA genes using fluorescence in situ hybridization in aroids (Araceae)”, in Comparative Cytogenetics, volume 9, →DOI:

Helix pomatia
Helix pomatia#Translingual

(biochemistry) A form of glucanase isolated from Helix pomatia


dysploidy

Of course the inference that polyploidy underpins the dominance of even over odd chromosome numbers must be approached cautiously because of the confounding effects of dysploidy (a change in chromosome number resulting from the breakage and fusion of chromosomes without net gene loss or gain).

1997, Karl J. Niklas, The Evolutionary Biology of Plants, page 29:

FISH with rRNA genes can also help to detect recent polyploidization (duplication or dysploidy), since the number of 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA sites sometimes doubles with polyploidization (Souza et al. 2010).

(genetics) Variation in the chromosome number in a population by less than a whole set of chromosomes, typically because of chromosomal rearrangements.


latherin

From lather + -in from the ability of the protein to produce a frothy lather of sweat on equines.

(biochemistry) A surfactant protein, found in the sweat of equines, which allows sweat to penetrate the waterproof coat and there evaporate and cool the animal.


hemicordate

Lateral leaves imbricate or distant, spreading, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, 2.5–4.0 × 1.3–2.3 mm; bases rounded or hemicordate, acroscopic bases strongly overlapping stems, basiscopic bases free from stems; acroscopic margins greenish or hyaline in band 2–4 cells wide, the cells elongate and papillate parallel to margins, papillae in 1 row over each cell lumen, long-ciliate along proximal ½–⅔ and serrulate to entire distally, basiscopic margins greenish or narrowly hyaline in a band 1 or 2 cells wide, the cells as along acroscopic margins, entire or entire along proximal ¾ and serrulate along distal ¼, apices mucronate or obtuse, tipped by 2 or 3 teeth; upper surfaces comprising rounded to quadrangular, sinuate-walled cells, most of these covered by 5–10 papillae, without idioblasts or stomata, lower surfaces comprising elongate, sinuate-walled cells, few of these papillate and idioblast-like, papillae in 1 row over each cell lumen, with stomata in 2 or 3 rows along midribs.

2015, Iván A. Valdespino et al., “Seven new species of Selaginella subg. Stachygynandrum (Selaginellaceae) from Brazil and new synonyms for the genus”, in PhytoKeys, volume 9, →DOI:


hemiorbicular

Flowers solitary, arising from main trunks and older branches, pendent; pedicels 19–25 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts 3–4, very broadly triangular to hemiorbicular, ca. 1.6 mm long, brownish pubescent outside, glabrous inside, margin sometimes ciliate.

2015, Shuichiro Tagane et al., “Goniothalamus flagellistylus Tagane & V. S. Dang (Annonaceae), a new species from Mt. Hon Ba, Vietnam”, in PhytoKeys, volume 1, →DOI:


homoeologous

homeologous (alternative)
homœologous (alternative)

By using blocking DNA and pre-annealing to block homoeologous sequences, labeled genomic DNA probes from one parent could not hybridize to chromosomes from the other one.

2015, Xiaoting Huang et al., “Genomic in situ hybridization identifies parental chromosomes in hybrid scallop (Bivalvia, Pectinoida, Pectinidae) between female Chlamys farreri and male Argopecten irradians irradians”, in Comparative Cytogenetics, volume 9, →DOI:

(genetics) (of a chromosome) Similar in genetic makeup, especially that were homologous in an ancestral form.


kmer

BioVelocity could not run on normal cluster architectures with limited memory, or would take orders of magnitude longer if secondary storage were used for the kmer hash tables.

2015, Shanmuga Sozhamannan et al., “Evaluation of Signature Erosion in Ebola Virus Due to Genomic Drift and Its Impact on the Performance of Diagnostic Assays”, in Viruses, volume 7, →DOI:


pseudostyle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudostyle.wav

(botany) The hidden part of the stigmatic crest


psilate

Microsporangia in 2 dorsal rows; microspores orange, psilate marginally to rugulate towards the center with granulate microstructure on proximal faces, rugulate-cristate or cristate with broad baculate-like projections and granulate microstructure on distal faces, 28–40 µm.

(botany, of a pollen grain wall) Lacking ornamentation; having very small scabrae.


subdimorphic

Selaginella saltuicola is unique among other species here described by its apparent adaptation to very wet areas near waterfalls and perhaps even partially submerged in water along creek banks in Cerrado vegetation.

(botany) Normally monomorphic but sometimes dimorphic


subentire

Leaves in a basal rosette and cauline, 0.5–7.5 (-9.5) × 0.1–2.2 cm; subsessile; blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, margin subentire to shallowly sinuate-dentate.

2015, Warren L. Wagner, Peter C. Hoch, James L. Zarucchi, “The correct name in Oenothera for Gaura drummondii (Onagraceae)”, in PhytoKeys, volume 64, →DOI:

(botany) Almost entire (having just a few indentations)


suberect

Heringer & Salino sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77147604-1 Figures 14, 15 Selaginella sematophylla differs chiefly from Selaginella vestiens in having (vs. lacking) idioblasts on upper surfaces of median leaves and dorsal sporophylls and on lower surfaces of lateral leaves, and by its acute (vs. acuminate to aristate, 0.4–0.7 mm) median leaves, and creeping (vs. ascending to suberect) habit.


sulfurylase

The mechanism underlying the enhanced S assimilation may be upregulated expression of genes involved in S/Se assimilation, particularly ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase [33,180].

2015, Lenny H.E. Winkel et al., “Selenium Cycling Across Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Interfaces: A Critical Review”, in Nutrients, volume 7, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of sulfate, typically to a form of ATP


superclade

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superclade.wav

This latter superclade was strongly supported clade by BI analysis (PP = 1.00), while the clade (clades 13 + P. axillaris + clade 3) was strongly supported by the total (1.00/70) and plastid (1.00/89) datasets.

2015 July 11, Wen-Bin Yu et al., “Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of the large temperate genus Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae), with an emphasis on species from the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(taxonomy) A clade that includes other clades.


fibrofatty

CT occasionally can help distinguish these disorders by showing differences in wall thickness, wall density, distribution of colonic involvement, and the presence or absence of small-bowel disease, abscesses, fistulas, and mesentenic fibrofatty proliferation (Table 1).

1996 July, Richard M. Gore, Emil J. Balthazar, Gary G. Ghahremani, Frank H. Miller, “CT Features of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease”, in American Journal of Roentgenology, volume 167, number 1, →DOI, page 11:

In the initial proliferative phase, angiogenesis in hemangiomas is excessive but is followed by spontaneous regression, and the cellular parenchyma is gradually replaced with fibrofatty tissue.

2015 June 4, Devandir Antonio de Souza Junior et al., “The Role of Mast Cell Specific Chymases and Tryptases in Tumor Angiogenesis”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biology) Relating to fibrous tissue and adipose tissue; fibrous and fatty.


salidroside

salidroside (countable and uncountable, plural salidrosides)

(biochemistry) A glycoside that yields glucose after hydrolysis.


wogonin

Heat-processed Scutellariae Radix leads to an increase in the contents of major flavonoids such as baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin.

2015 June 18, Yu Ock Shin et al., “Heat-Processed Scutellariae Radix Enhances Anti-Inflammatory Effect against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice via NF-κB Signaling”, in Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, volume 2015, →DOI:

(botany, organic chemistry) An O-methylated flavone found in Scutellaria baicalensis, and used in treating certain medical conditions.


multispacer

More recently, a multilocus sequence analysis targeting 8 housekeeping genes and a multispacer sequence analysis were reported [ 13, 14 ].

2015 June 1, Wenjuan Nie et al., “Species Identification and Clarithromycin Susceptibility Testing of 278 Clinical Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria Isolates”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(genetics) Involving multiple spaces between gene sequences


photobiosynthesis

To channel metabolic flux generated in photobiosynthesis into lipid biosynthesis, implementation of some PGRs, vitamins, and lipid precursors could lead to an increase in total catabolism activation and lipid accumulation.

2015 June 3, Ahmad Farhad Talebi et al., “Biochemical Modulation of Lipid Pathway in Microalgae Dunaliella sp. for Biodiesel Production”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) biosynthesis that is induced or regulated by light


prochymase

Both transfection of human prochymase cDNA and injections of purified chymase into implanted sponges demonstrated that chymase was a powerful angiogenic factor.

(biochemistry) Any compound that develops into a chymase


tetraploidization

It has been shown, however, that triploid forms producing diploid gametes in one sex and haploid ones in the other sex can act as a stepping stone towards tetraploidization (triploid bridge; [ 93 – 95 ]).

2015 July 4, Heinz-Ulrich Reyer, Christian Arioli-Jakob, Martina Arioli, “Post-zygotic selection against parental genotypes during larval development maintains all-hybrid populations of the frog Pelophylax esculentus”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) The doubling of chromosomes to produce tetraploidy


archaerhodopsin

Bilateral inactivation of cholinergic BF neurons genetically targeted with archaerhodopsin prolonged SWS and decreased the probability of awakening from SWS in mice.

2015 July 8, “Silencing of Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons Using Archaerhodopsin Prolongs Slow-Wave Sleep in Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins, isolated from halobacteria, that are light-driven proton pumps


knockin

knockins (plural)
knock-in (alternative)

The advantage of this design is that the targeted knockin retains the intact endogenous aggrecan locus and expresses the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 protein from a second IRES-driven open reading frame.

2015 July 8, “Non-Invasive Quantification of Cartilage Using a Novel In Vivo Bioluminescent Reporter Mouse”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The insertion of a cDNA sequence at a particular locus in an organism's chromosome


lithopanspermia

This experimental evidence supports the possibility of interplanetary transport of lifeforms and makes the lithopanspermia hypothesis more realistic.

2015 July 8, “Spore-Forming Thermophilic Bacterium within Artificial Meteorite Survives Entry into the Earth's Atmosphere on FOTON-M4 Satellite Landing Module”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The transfer of life-bearing rocks, ejected from one planet, onto the surface of another.


trophocyte

(biology) Any cell that provides nutrition


heterodisomy

heterodisomy (countable and uncountable, plural heterodisomies)

Both of isodisomy and heterodisomy can cause genome imprinting disorders, but only uniparental isodisomy can cause recessive disorders if the chromosome harbors a disease-causing mutation.

2015 July 9, “Detection of Hereditary 1,25-Hydroxyvitamin D-Resistant Rickets Caused by Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 12 Using Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The inheritance of a pair of non-identical chromosomes from one parent


metabarcoding

We developed and tested a DNA metabarcoding protocol that utilises the standard cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding fragment to detect freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa.

2015 July 9, “Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A method of DNA barcoding that uses universal PCR primers to identify DNA from a mixture of organisms


neofunctionalization

Therefore, BcMF26a/b may be the result of neofunctionalization during evolution.

2015 July 9, “BcMF26a and BcMF26b Are Duplicated Polygalacturonase Genes with Divergent Expression Patterns and Functions in Pollen Development and Pollen Tube Formation in Brassica campestris”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The development of a new function of an existing group of genes by means of mutation


postpetiole

Moreover, the beetle uses a row of scrapers (placed on the proximal abdominal segment) (Fig 1, 1B3 and 1B4 ) rather than the single scraper (placed on the postpetiole, i.e. the third abdominal tergite) used by the ant (Fig 1, 1A3 and 1A4 ).

2015 July 9, “The Pied Piper: A Parasitic Beetle’s Melodies Modulate Ant Behaviours”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(anatomy, entomology) The second segment of the pedicel of some ants.


endotransglucosylase

The expression of genes encoding a pectinesterase, a pectate lyase and a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase hydrolase (Solyc12g008530)

2015 July 2, Ye JHu TYang CLi HYang MIjaz Ret al., “Transcriptome Profiling of Tomato Fruit Development Reveals Transcription Factors Associated with Ascorbic Acid, Carotenoid and Flavonoid Biosynthesis”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An endocytic transglucosylase.


transglucosylase

(biochemistry) A transglycosylase that transfers glucosyl groups


phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride

(biochemistry) A serine protease inhibitor commonly used in the preparation of cell lysates.


MAFP

Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate
w:Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate

(biochemistry) Initialism of Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate.


hamartin

Notably, in breast cancer, relative low expression of hamartin and tuberin (TSC1 and TSC2 products, respectively) is associated with poor clinical outcome, and depletion of tuberin promotes metastasis.

2015 July 14, “Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Biomarkers Linked to Lung Metastatic Potential and Cell Stemness”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A peripheral membrane protein encoded in humans by the TSC1 gene, and implicated as a tumor suppressor.


endofauna

We set out to study these ecosystems at methane seeps with the hypothesis that diverse epi- and endofauna may rely on AOM for substrate settlement, refuge and nutrition.

2015 July 10, “Biodiversity on the Rocks: Macrofauna Inhabiting Authigenic Carbonate at Costa Rica Methane Seeps”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) animals from outside of an organism's immediate environment.


corelease

en-verb

corelease (third-person singular simple present coreleases, present participle coreleasing, simple past and past participle coreleased)

coreleases (present singular third-person)
coreleasing (participle present)
coreleased (participle past)
coreleased (past)


angiomotin

en-noun

angiomotin (countable and uncountable, plural angiomotins)

Therefore, the adhesive role of type XIV collagen may interact with type I collagen, PRELP and angiomotin.

2015 July 16, “Quantitative LC-MS/MS Analysis of Proteins Involved in Metastasis of Breast Cancer”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A protein that increases the random migration of endothelial cells as well as the migration of endothelial cells toward growth factors


cimolodontan

(zoology) Any of the suborder †Cimolodonta of extinct mammals that lived from the Cretaceous to the Eocene.


hepatically

However, besides the significant decrease in F12 mRNA (LFD: 1 (0.93–1.07), HFD: 0.72 (0.69–0.76); p = 0.001), long-term HFD-feeding also did not result in significant changes in relative mRNA levels of hepatically expressed coagulation factors (S1 Table).

2015 July 16, “Changes in Dietary Fat Content Rapidly Alters the Mouse Plasma Coagulation Profile without Affecting Relative Transcript Levels of Coagulation Factors”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) In terms of or by means of the liver.


pentanucleotide

Additional diversity was recovered within the rbc spacer, where variations in the repeat number of a pentanucleotide microsatellite distinguished the haplotypes B1, B2 and B5 (Fig 3b ).

2015 July 16, “Genes Left Behind: Climate Change Threatens Cryptic Genetic Diversity in the Canopy-Forming Seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A codon containing five nucleotides.


xenohormesis

(biology) A hypothetical process by which an animal consuming a plant may respond to signalling molecules in the plant and exhibit a corresponding protective response, as in times of famine.


ramularia

" For instance, breeding barley that resists ramularia, a disease that emerged in 1998, "will take at least 10 years.

2009 January 23, Sara Coelho, “AGRICULTURE: European Pesticide Rules Promote Resistance, Researchers Warn”, in Science, volume 323, number 5913, →DOI:

(phytopathology) A disease of barley, more fully ramularia leaf spot, caused by fungi of the genus Ramularia


macrohabitat

3) Stages of radiation: All else being equal, the following sequence of the diversification events is expected: (i) divergence with respect to macrohabitat; (ii) evolution of microhabitat choice and divergence with respect to microhabitat; (iii) divergence with respect to traits that simultaneously control the degree of local adaptation and nonrandom mating; and (iv) divergence with respect to other traits controlling survival and reproduction.

2009 February 6, Sergey Gavrilets, Jonathan B. Losos, “Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 732–737:

(ecology) A relatively large habitat, that contains multiple environments and multiple types of organism


semideciduous

Whereas H. albomarginatus and H. semilineatus occur in low and mid altitudes and are mostly restricted to the evergreen or semideciduous components of the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil, H. faber has a broader altitudinal range and also inhabits mixed and deciduous areas, occupying interior and coastal sites in the Atlantic Forest south to Paraguay and Argentina (figs. S1 and S2) ( 13 ).

2009 February 6, Ana Carolina Carnaval et al., “Stability Predicts Genetic Diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Hotspot”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 785–789:

(botany) Describing plants that lose their leaves for a short time (as new leaves begin to grow)


diguanylate

The wspR gene encodes a diguanylate cyclase probably involved in the regulation of flagella rotation and is not implicated in the regulation of flagella synthesis [24 ].

2015 July 11, “Chemotactic Motility of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 under Aerobic and Denitrification Conditions”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any ester of (cyclic) diguanylic acid


rhamnolipid

From translingual Rhamnus (“genus of buckthorn”) + lipid.

uder

Briefly, the rhamnolipid extract of each sample was dissolved in 4 mL of chloroform and put in contact with a freshly prepared methylene blue solution (200 μL of a 1 g l -1 methylene blue and 4.9 mL of distilled water).

2015 July 18, “Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation and Persistence, along with the Production of Quorum Sensing-Dependent Virulence Factors, Are Disrupted by a Triterpenoid Coumarate Ester Isolated from Dalbergia trichocarpa, a Tropical Legume”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of a class of glycolipid surfactants, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other species, that has one or more rhamnose groups


autotransporter

(biochemistry) A structural domain found in some bacterial outer membrane proteins.


epipod

(zoology) A small projection arising from the thoracic legs of a crustacean.


ferrireductase

Furthermore, Fe 3+ is reduced to Fe 2+ by a ferrireductase in the endosomal membrane, the six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 3 [9, 10 ].

2015 July 11, “Fe(III) Is Essential for Porcine Embryonic Development via Mitochondrial Function Maintenance”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that reduces ferric iron to ferrous, often as a byproduct of another operation


metallohydrolase

The catalytic role of metal ions in metallohydrolases, such as carboxypeptidase, can be explained in two alternative ways […]

1977, “Intramolecular catalysis of ester hydrolysis by metal complexed hydroxide ion. Acyl oxygen bond scission in cobalt (2+) and nickel (2+) carboxylic acid complexes”, in Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 99, number 16, page 5341:

Such metallohydrolases are thought to critically alter mucus properties.

2015 July 11, “The Goblet Cell Protein Clca1 (Alias mClca3 or Gob-5) Is Not Required for Intestinal Mucus Synthesis, Structure and Barrier Function in Naive or DSS-Challenged Mice”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any metalloenzyme that is a hydrolase.


microbiotope

A shorter unarmed rostrum along with reduced spines reduces impact of strong turbulent water fluxes, which are common in the microbiotopes where the shrimps thrive [51 ].

2015 July 11, “Phylogeny and New Classification of Hydrothermal Vent and Seep Shrimps of the Family Alvinocarididae (Decapoda)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


nacrein

For example, nacrein has a carbonic anhydrase domain and a Gly-X-Asn repeat domain.

2015 July 11, “Dual Roles of the Lysine-Rich Matrix Protein (KRMP)-3 in Shell Formation of Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A matrix protein that is involved in the formation of nacre in molluscs


ohnologue

ohnologues (plural)
ohnolog (alternative)

According to P. P. Singh and colleagues, this term was coined as an eponymous tribute to Susumo Ohno (1928-2000), who first proposed that whole genome duplication may play a crucial role in evolution.

In the regions surrounding the TRE genes on scaffolds av458 and av6, synteny was well preserved (Fig 1B ), suggesting that AvTreA-A’ and AvTreC-C’ were ohnologues and form a quartet of four homologous regions (as in Hur et al and Van Doninck et al).

2015 July 11, “Against All Odds: Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase and Trehalase Genes in the Bdelloid Rotifer Adineta vaga Were Acquired by Horizontal Gene Transfer and Are Upregulated during Desiccation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) One of a pair of paralogous sequences that result from complete genome duplication.


oncometabolite

Due to this pleiotropic function for dysregulating biological events, 2-HG is regarded as an oncometabolite that exerts tumor-inducing actions, and searches for IDH gene mutations have been performed in various types of malignancies [1 ,2 ].

2015 July 11, “Mutant IDH1 Dysregulates the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Association with Gene-Specific Histone Modifications to Cartilage- and Bone-Related Genes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, pathology) Any metabolite that is associated with a cancer


pappalysin

The other was Pappa2 (pappalysin2; pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2) gene which encodes for a member of the pappalysin family of metzincin metalloproteinases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/364027 ).

2015 July 11, “Unraveling the Rat Intestine, Spleen and Liver Genome-Wide Transcriptome after the Oral Administration of Lavender Oil by a Two-Color Dye-Swap DNA Microarray Approach”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of peptidases associated with pregnancy


progenome

In HIV-1 and foamy viruses, the polyadenylation signal (poly(A) signal) is found at both extremities of the viral progenome, in the redundant 5’ and 3’ long terminal repeats (LTRs).

2015 July 11, “Cauliflower mosaic virus Transcriptome Reveals a Complex Alternative Splicing Pattern”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) An RNA transcript of a genome


pseudogenization

The presence of stop codons at two different positions in ΨAvTpsB and ΨAvTpsB’ suggests that pseudogenization happened after their acquisition.

(genetics) The conversion of a gene into a pseudogene.


reticulocalbin

Fibulin-1C interacts with calumenin and reticulocalbin with an estimated dissociation constant around 50-60 nM. The interaction, at least for reticulocalbin, was not dependent upon the presence of Ca 2+ .

2015 July 11, “Fibulin-1C, C1 Esterase Inhibitor and Glucose Regulated Protein 75 Interact with the CREC Proteins, Calumenin and Reticulocalbin”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biochemistry) A calcium-binding protein from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum


shematrin

Furthermore, the KRMP mRNA expression level was found to be significantly higher than other genes, except for the shematrin matrix protein family, which indicated that KRMPs may play important roles in shell formation.

(biochemistry) Any of a family of structural proteins found in the shells of some oysters.


zincin

Also bacteria belonging to Vibrio parahaemolyticus are known to produce several proteases and collagenases including metalloproteases of the zincins superfamily and serine proteases.

2015 July 11, “Comprehensive Analysis of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain Extracellular Serine Protease VpSP37”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of metalloproteases containing a zinc atom.


brownify

en-verb

brownify (third-person singular simple present brownifies, present participle brownifying, simple past and past participle brownified)

brownifies (present singular third-person)
brownifying (participle present)
brownified (participle past)
brownified (past)

(in particular, ecology, of a lake or stream) To become brown due to increased levels of humic material.


gastrotropin

One more of them, gastrotropin from various species, is reported to crystallize with 2 molecules of other natural ligands per protein molecule.

2015 July 14, “All-Purpose Containers? Lipid-Binding Protein – Drug Interactions”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A cytoplasmic, hydrophobic ligand-binding protein which stimulates gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion


secretagogin

A third protein, secretagogin shares significant homology to these buffers, but has only been characterized as a calcium sensor.

2015 July 14, “Drosophila Cbp53E Regulates Axon Growth at the Neuromuscular Junction”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A secreted calcium-binding protein found in the cytoplasm


superoxidase

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

superoxide dismutase
superoxide dismutase#English

(biochemistry) Synonym of superoxide dismutase


drosha

Most miRNAs arise from very long transcripts known as primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) by drosha and its cofactor DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8) in nucleus converting it to ~70-100 bp precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA).

2015 July 8, Hamid Ali Khan et al., “Identification of miRNAs during mouse postnatal ovarian development and superovulation”, in Journal of Ovarian Research, volume 8, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An RNA-specific endoribonuclease


deimmortalize

deimmortalize (third-person singular simple present deimmortalizes, present participle deimmortalizing, simple past and past participle deimmortalized)

deimmortalizes (present singular third-person)
deimmortalizing (participle present)
deimmortalized (participle past)
deimmortalized (past)

After SV40 T-Ag was removed to deimmortalize the cells, telomerase activity was reduced to its original level before immortalization and decreased with passages just the same as primary DFCs. These results suggest that piggyBac immortalization system could be a potential strategy to amplify primary cells, which is critical for regenerative research and further clinical application.

2015 July 15, “TrAmplification of Human Dental Follicle Cells by piggyBac Transposon - Mediated Reversible Immortalization System”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) To make a cell subject to normal apoptosis


denitrosylation

The reverse process of S-nitrosylation is called denitrosylation, which can occur spontaneously in the presence of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) [10 ].

2015 July 15, “Voluntary Exercise Can Ameliorate Insulin Resistance by Reducing iNOS-Mediated S-Nitrosylation of Akt in the Liver in Obese Rats”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) The removal of a nitrosyl group (or the elements of nitric oxide) from a molecule


endonexin

The overall tertiary structures, which were defined by four endonexin domains containing calcium binding sites, were well preserved […]

2015 July 15, “Potato Annexin STANN1 Promotes Drought Tolerance and Mitigates Light Stress in Transgenic Solanum tuberosum L. Plants”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a particular group of integrin-binding proteins.


enzymolysis

Through destaining, reduction, enzymolysis and ultrasonication, the protein sample was then dissolved in solution A (98% ddH 2 O+2% CH3CN+0.1% Formic Acid) and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) (Agilent, 7890A-5975C, USA).

2015 July 15, “Foxp1 Regulates the Proliferation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Response to Oxidative Stress during Hair Cycling”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) decomposition catalyzed by an enzyme


interpain

Val-Leu-Lys is a substrate for interpain, however, the measured activity was not blocked by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (data not shown), suggesting that serine proteases, even including host proteases such as plasmin may be responsible for this activity.

2015 July 15, “Early Cytokine Response to Infection with Pathogenic vs Non-Pathogenic Organisms in a Mouse Model of Endodontic Infection”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A cysteine proteinase obtained from Prevotella intermedia


prolipoprotein

(biochemistry) The protein part of a lipoprotein, before lipid attachment


sclerophylly

The morphological differences to sclerophylly are relatively few and mainly found in the amounts of sclerenchyma, leaf shape, and margins.

2015 July 15, “Biogeography of Mediterranean Hotspot Biodiversity: Re-Evaluating the 'Tertiary Relict' Hypothesis of Macaronesian Laurel Forests”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(botany) The condition of being sclerophyllous


zeamatin

Unlike other pathogenesis-related group 5 proteins, zeamatin inhibits insect α-amylase and mammalian trypsin activities [75 ].

2015 July 15, “Proteome Analysis of Poplar Seed Vigor”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An antifungal protein found in Zea mays


shiverer

These iOPCs had the ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in vitro and to myelinate host axons after transplantation into the demyelinated shiverer mouse brain.

2014 December 29, Mohamad Khazaei et al., “The Potential for iPS-Derived Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Spinal Cord Injury: Opportunities and Challenges”, in Journal of Clinical Medicine, volume 4, →DOI:

(genetics) A mouse mutation characterised by tremors.


shmoose

(biology) A microprotein involved in engergy metabolism in the brain, possibly linked to Alzheimer's disease.


allotherian

The gondwanatherian Vintana showing a combination of primitive and highly derived features recently described from the Maastrichtian of Madagascar [75 ] is another example of insular mosaicism in an allotherian mammal but from Southern Hemisphere.

2015 July 16, “Red Iron-Pigmented Tooth Enamel in a Multituberculate Mammal from the Late Cretaceous Transylvanian “Haţeg Island””, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the infraclass †Allotheria of extinct mammals.


antioxidase

Activities of antioxidase were also altered after cold stress treatment, precisely, SOD and APX activities were elevated under cold stress in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

2015 July 16, “Physiological and Molecular Mechanism of Nitric Oxide (NO) Involved in Bermudagrass Response to Cold Stress”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that reduces the effects of an oxidase and counters oxidative stress


chimerization

en-noun

chimerization (countable and uncountable, plural chimerizations)

Since EpCAM RNA aptamer was shown to get internalized by endocytosis, it would be capable of delivering siRNA into the cell upon chimerization.

2015 July 16, “EpCAM Aptamer-siRNA Chimera Targets and Regress Epithelial Cancer”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The formation of a chimeric gene


concatemerization

(genetics) The formation of DNA concatemers


podoplanin

NS–nonspecific band ( D ) Flow cytometry analysis of the LEC markers, CD31 and podoplanin, in M and S1.

2015 July 16, “ADAM17 Promotes Motility, Invasion, and Sprouting of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular glycoprotein


pulsotype

Isolates with indistinguishable profiles were attributed with a pulsotype named by a capital letter (A to H).

2015 July 16, “An Update of the Evolving Epidemic of bla KPC Carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae in Sicily, Italy, 2014: Emergence of Multiple Non-ST258 Clones”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any distinct strain of bacteria separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis


sulfonase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses a sulfonation reaction


triallelic

We excluded sites where the outgroup reference was in disagreement with both the D. yakuba reference and D. yakuba SNPs, as well as triallelic SNPs, sites with reference sequence of ‘N’, or SNPs identified in the VCF for the reference, suggesting inaccuracies in reference assembly or residual heterozygosity in the reference.

2015 July 16, “Tandem Duplications and the Limits of Natural Selection in Drosophila yakuba and Drosophila simulans”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) Having three different alleles at the same locus


vasorin

ADAM17 is known to down-regulate TGFβ signaling by shedding the extracellular domain of TGFβ-RI [60 ], as well as that of vasorin, a protein that, in its soluble form, binds to and neutralizes TGFβ [61 ].

(biochemistry) A protein that modulates the arterial response to injury


anemotaxis

(biology) Movement of an organism in response to air currents.


acetylcholinergic

To elucidate the molecular basis of the acetylcholinergic signaling system, we identified acetylcholine-related genes involved in biosynthesis, signal transduction, and reuptake in C. suppressalis central nervous system transcriptome.

2015 July 15, Gang Xu et al., “De novo assembly and characterization of central nervous system transcriptome reveals neurotransmitter signaling systems in the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis”, in BMC Genomics, volume 16, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Relating to the neurotransmissive action of acetylcholine in metabolism


anthracoptilid

Given the controversial nature of anthracoptilids around both their taxonomic affinity and their possession of raptorial forelegs, we cannot confirm whether raptorial legs were already present in stem-mantis lineages or if it is a crown-mantis apomorphy that would have been a key acquisition for their diversification, after competitors had disappeared.

2015 July 23, “Phylogeny of Dictyoptera: Dating the Origin of Cockroaches, Praying Mantises and Termites with Molecular Data and Controlled Fossil Evidence”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the extinct insect family Anthracoptilidae.


cyclorhagid

Analysis of the combined molecular and morphological data furthermore supported a cyclorhagid clade which included all traditional cyclorhagid taxa, except Dracoderes that no longer should be considered a cyclorhagid genus.

2015 July 23, “Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha Based on Morphology and Two Molecular Loci”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any invertebrate in the kinorhynch order Cyclorhagida.


nonsilencing

Since inhibition of IDE also accelerates hIAPP amyloid formation in insulinoma cells, we used an shRNA specific to rat IDE (IDEi) as a positive control and a nonsilencing shRNA (NSi) as a negative control.

2015 July 21, “The Mitochondrial Peptidase Pitrilysin Degrades Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Beta-Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


ribosilation

(biology) The addition of one or more ribose molecules to a protein.


shortnose

Most of them — both Atlantic sturgeons and the smaller shortnose sturgeons, also endangered but more plentiful — have been found dead along the shore, with injuries like long gashes and severed heads, suggesting impacts from boat propellers.

2015 July 21, Lisa W. Foderaro, “Group Petitions to Save a Prehistoric Fish From Modern Construction”, in New York Times:


megalin

However, megalin may also play a partial role in these responses to ANG II.

2014 April 16, Xiao C. Li, Jia L. Zhuo, “Mechanisms of AT1a receptor-mediated uptake of angiotensin II by proximal tubule cells: a novel role of the multiligand endocytic receptor megalin”, in American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology, volume 307, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A particular low-density transmembrane lipoprotein


plastosemiquinone

Also, DFT calculations on the plastosemiquinone anion radical in PSII found the histidine N δ to be the stronger of the two H-bond donors. 47 Therefore, the previous assignments of the hydrogen bond proton couplings for SQ A in PSII are not unambiguous. 46 From a comparative analysis of available nqi data for several semiquinone species and for copper complexes, 17 we find that the protonated imidazole nitrogens of these systems share similar valence orbital occupancies.

2014 July 15, Patrick J. O’Malley, Colin A. Wraight, Sergei A. Dikanov, “Hyperfine and Nuclear Quadrupole Tensors of Nitrogen Donors in the QA Site of Bacterial Reaction Centers: Correlation of the Histidine Nδ Tensors with Hydrogen Bond Strength”, in The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, volume 118, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any semiquinone derived from a plastoquinone


sigmodontine

These are not minor issues because the regional extinctions of small mammals are a widespread phenomenon in southern South America and have involved several sigmodontine and caviomorph rodent species.

2015 July 24, “Regional Extinctions and Quaternary Shifts in the Geographic Range of Lestodelphys halli, the Southernmost Living Marsupial: Clues for Its Conservation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any rodent of the subfamily Sigmodontinae


akinete

(biology) A thick-walled, dormant cell found in cyanobacteria and green algae

acinet

a thick-walled, dormant cell found in cyanobacteria and green algae


allodiploid

(genetics) Having two complete sets of chromosomes derived from two different species


attacin

attacin (countable and uncountable, plural attacins)

Whereas sexual dimorphism was observed in relation to attacin only between males and females of the Pr group (LSD Post hoc, P ; Table 2 ), significant gender differences were found for defensin in both the UnPr and Pr groups (LSD Post-Hoc, P = 0.03 and P ).

2015 July 17, “Bacterial Exposure at the Larval Stage Induced Sexual Immune Dimorphism and Priming in Adult Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An antibacterial protein originally found in the immune haemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia


cyanobiont

(biology) A symbiont of a cyanobacterium and a eukaryote


electromorph

(biochemistry) A mutant form of a protein identified by electrophoresis


endoreplication

A recent study suggested that enhanced induction of endoreplication after the second exposure could be responsible for the priming effect in mosquitoes [70 ].

(genetics) replication of the nuclear genome without cell division


polyachene

(botany) A fruit containing multiple achenes


dromaeosaurine

Liaoning dromaeosaurids may simply be a grade on the line to velociraptorines and dromaeosaurines, and short arms may have evolved multiple times in this grade.

2015 July 16, Junchang Lü, Stephen L. Brusatte, “A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution”, in Scientific Reports, volume 5, →DOI:

(paleontology) A bird-like theropod dinosaur of the subfamily Dromaeosaurinae.


softleaf

(botany) Having soft leaves (in the names of various plants).


choisya

I use roses and grasses such as stipa, sweet william and tulips, with structural stuff such as the evergreen shrubs choisya and danae.

2015 July 25, Naomi Slade, “How does your garden grow? Kevin Martin, Glyndebourne, East Sussex”, in The Guardian:

(botany) Any of the genus Choisya of aromatic evergreen shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae.


athanogene

See Ancient Greek ᾱ̓θᾰ́νᾰτος (āthắnătos, “immortal”) + -gene.

der

Indeed, the long isoform of the cochaperone BCL2-associated athanogene (Bag-1L) was recently demonstrated to regulate AR through the BF3 surface and further studies are needed to understand how regulation by Bag-1L is related, if at all, to FKBP52/β-catenin co-regulation.

2015 July 25, “The FKBP52 Cochaperone Acts in Synergy with β-Catenin to Potentiate Androgen Receptor Signaling”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A protein that makes cells resistant to apoptosis.


cnidome

(biology) The specific representation of cnidae for a given species.


bioreduction

en-noun

bioreduction (countable and uncountable, plural bioreductions)

(biochemistry) biological / biochemical reduction


hybridogenous

en-adj

hybridogenous (comparative more hybridogenous, superlative most hybridogenous)

more hybridogenous (comparative)
most hybridogenous (superlative)

Specifically, genome size may help resolve conflicting hypotheses about the origin of polyploids (auto- vs. allopolyploidy) and identify putative parental combinations in hybridogenous species.

2015 July 25, “Evolutionary and Taxonomic Implications of Variation in Nuclear Genome Size: Lesson from the Grass Genus Anthoxanthum (Poaceae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

The discussions concerned the interpretation of the morphological variation and its taxonomic significance, especially the use of single characters and of the assumptions of hybridogenous origins of taxa with intermediate features.

2016 April 17, S.G. Aiken, M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, C.L. McJannet, R.L. Boles, G.W. Argus, J.M. Gillett, P.J. Scott, R. Elven, M.C. LeBlanc, L.J. Gillespie, A.K. Brysting, H. Solstad, J.G. Harris, “Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - Dryas integrifolia Vahl”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):


cotranslation

en-noun

cotranslation (countable and uncountable, plural cotranslations)

Immunoprecipitation then indicated that cotranslation resulted in stable complex formation of Kox1/TIF1B and Kox1KL/TIF1B (Fig. 18.2A, lane 4 and Fig. 18.2B, lane 11).

2012, James R. Swartz, Cell-Free Protein Expression, →ISBN, page 156:

(genetics) The process by which multiple ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule into multiple copies of the same protein.


(biochemistry) An enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation.


keratocan

(biochemistry) A protein that is important to the transparency of the cornea.


mesor

Initialism of midline estimating statistic of rhythm.

(biology) A mean value based on the distribution of values across the cycles of the circadian rhythm, computed using a cosine function.


coenoecium

(zoology) A polypary; a chitinous investment or covering of a coenosarc in hydroid hydrozoans.


aphercotropism

Aphercotropism.— “Turning away from an obstruction” is a peculiarity discovered by Darwin. His experiment was as follows:— after allowing a radicle to be well developed in peas, beans, &c, the seed is suspended in the air. A tiny piece of card is attached to one side of the tip by a little gum; the tip will now move away from the vertical position, on the opposite side to the card. The tip may make one or more complete circles in a vertical plane; and it has been known to pass through the first loop so as to tie itself into a knot.

1899, The Selborne Magazine, volume 10, Selborne Society, page 14:

(obsolete, biology) The movement or growth of an organism away from an obstruction.


tactoid

Because immunotactoids may be composed of either immune complexes or monoclonal proteins, which are capable of forming tactoids or microtubules, the variability in the size and the orientation of the tactoids from one patient to another may be a result of concentration or biochemical composition of the protein similar to that described in cryoglobulinemia.

2006, Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ, “Immunotactoid glomerulopathy (fibrillary glomerulonephritis)”, in Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, volume 1, number 6, →DOI, →PMID, pages 1351–1356:

Minute quantities of chiral molecules such as amino acid L-alanine and limonene transform the racemic array of left- and right-twisted tactoids into a homochiral set.

2015, Chenhui Peng, Oleg D. Lavrentovich, “Chirality Amplification and Detection by Tactoids of Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals”, in arXiv:

(biology) An elongated particle, particularly a cell


cornulitid

A single eroded cornulitid was found cemented to the hardground.

2015 July 29, “Bioerosion of Inorganic Hard Substrates in the Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any member of the extinct order Cornulitida of encrusting animals in the class Tentaculita.


encruster

Some rock encrusters can occupy large areas and impart new morphological, biological, and geological characteristics upon the environment they settled. Probably the most widespread encrusters along karst coastlines are coralline red algae […]

2013, Michael J. Lace, John E. Mylroie, Coastal Karst Landforms, page 42:

(ecology) Any organism that encrusts part of its environment.


clamp connection

clamp connection (plural clamp connections)

(mycology) A structure formed in the hyphae of some basidiomycetes that ensures genetic variation among hyphal cells.


semipelagic

en-adj

semipelagic (comparative more semipelagic, superlative most semipelagic)

more semipelagic (comparative)
most semipelagic (superlative)
semi-pelagic (alternative)

(biology) Partially living their life on the bottom (benthic) and partially living their life in the water column above (pelagic).


monoxenous

From mono- + -xenous.
From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos): “alone, only, sole, single” + ξένος (xénos): “alien”.

(biology, of a parasite) Living on only one kind of host


tagmatization

(zoology) The active process whereby tagmosis occurs


polyglycine

Glycine loops are characterized by polyglycine repeats punctuated intermittently (every 3–6 residues in the head domain) by aromatic residues [46 ].

2015 July 17, “Complete Structure of an Epithelial Keratin Dimer: Implications for Intermediate Filament Assembly”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Multiple glycine residues linked together as part of a polypeptide


cotranscribe

en-verb

cotranscribe (third-person singular simple present cotranscribes, present participle cotranscribing, simple past and past participle cotranscribed)

cotranscribes (present singular third-person)
cotranscribing (participle present)
cotranscribed (participle past)
cotranscribed (past)

The microRNA-143/-145 (miR-143 and miR-145) encoding genes are located in close proximity with each other on human chromosome 5 and are believed to be cotranscribed in the same bicistronic transcript.

2015 June 28, Wang Zhao, Shui-Ping Zhao, Yu-Hong Zhao, “MicroRNA-143/-145 in Cardiovascular Diseases”, in BioMed Research International, volume 2015, →DOI:

(genetics) To transcribe simultaneously.


progametangium

(mycology) The structure, in some fungi, that develops into the gametangium.


pseudogenome

Yet, our preliminary experiments with adding reverse-complemented reads to the generated sequence resulted in rather moderate improvement in the pseudogenome length (e.g., shorter by about 15%), while handling the queries requires significant changes in the used data structures (and possibly more space needed for them).

2015 July 17, “Indexing Arbitrary-Length k -Mers in Sequencing Reads”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A collection of genes that is only an incomplete genome


coxib

(biochemistry) Any COX-2 selective inhibitor.


triploidization

In these other populations, the preference of triploid females towards type I males is probably high enough to promote triploidization and counter the effect of the assortative mating occurring among the tetraploid genomotype (Fig 5 ).

2015 July 17, “Mate Choice Drives Evolutionary Stability in a Hybrid Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The conversion of a diploid or tetraploid organism into a triploid one


agamy

en-noun

agamy (countable and uncountable, plural agamies)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄγαμος (ágamos, “unmarried, single (of men)”). From a- (“not”) + -gamy (“marriage”).

bor

Asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction


ketoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of a ketose


zygophore

(mycology) A specialized hyphal branch giving rise to isogametes that unite to produce a zygospore


midiprep

en-noun

midiprep (countable and uncountable, plural midipreps)


Janus kinase

Shortened from just another kinase (being part of a large number of discoveries at the time); see Janus.

(biochemistry) Any of a family of intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway.


allelotype

(genetics) The frequency distribution of a set of alleles in a population.


allelotype

en-verb

allelotype (third-person singular simple present allelotypes, present participle allelotyping, simple past and past participle allelotyped)

allelotypes (present singular third-person)
allelotyping (participle present)
allelotyped (participle past)
allelotyped (past)

(genetics) To measure such frequency distributions.


defaunated

Yet, initially defaunated empty tests and live barnacles developed markedly different macrobenthic assemblages, suggesting a strong indirect effect of the predation.

2015 July 18, “Bored to Death: Community-Wide Effect of Predation on a Foundation Species in a Low-Disturbance Arctic Subtidal System”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(ecology) From which animals have been removed.


xenophya

(biology) Foreign particles found within an organism, such as sand grains.


intravitam

(biology) During the life of an organism.


environmentability

en-noun

environmentability (countable and uncountable, plural environmentabilities)

(genetics) The proportion of variability that is environmental, rather than genetic, in origin.


allogrooming

We also utilize SNA to characterize the agonistic (fighting and chasing) as well as other social (sniffing and allogrooming) behavioral interactions of mice.

2015 July 31, “A Social Network Approach Reveals Associations between Mouse Social Dominance and Brain Gene Expression”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) The grooming of an animal by another member of the same species.


appendicularian

(zoology) Pertaining to the class Appendicularia of tailed tunicates.


appendicularian

Consumption of appendicularians by Thunnus spp. increased with larval length to a maximum when nearly 80% of the larvae 7–11 mm body length had appendicularians in their guts, suggesting a preferential behavior for consuming this gelatinous zooplankton despite the availability of several types of prey.

2015 July 31, “Trophic Ecology of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna ( Thunnusthynnus ) Larvae from the Gulf of Mexico and NW Mediterranean Spawning Grounds: A Comparative Stable Isotope Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

vršenka

a member of the class Appendicularia of tailed tunicates


biopanning

biopanning (usually uncountable, plural biopannings)

Next, affinity maturation of hz1E11 was performed by the randomization of CDR-L3 and H3 residues followed by stringent biopanning selection.

2015 July 31, “Affinity Maturation of Monoclonal Antibody 1E11 by Targeted Randomization in CDR3 Regions Optimizes Therapeutic Antibody Targeting of HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(microbiology) A technique used to filter out selected target peptides or antibodies.


circumglobal

en-adj

circumglobal (comparative more circumglobal, superlative most circumglobal)

more circumglobal (comparative)
most circumglobal (superlative)

Consumer production is highest in a circumglobal band around the equator, in other upwellings in low and mid latitudes, the North Pacific and in the south Atlantic Ocean east of Argentina (Fig 2B, S2 Fig ).

2015 July 31, “Predicting Consumer Biomass, Size-Structure, Production, Catch Potential, Responses to Fishing and Associated Uncertainties in the World’s Marine Ecosystems”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(chiefly zoology) Around the world; spanning the globe.


exumbrellar

However, high levels of AurPaxA mRNA expression were detected in individual cells that were located at the base of the exumbrellar ectoderm in a close association with the FMRFamide-immunoreactive neuronal network (Fig 4F), suggesting that AurPaxA may be involved in the development of the exumbrellar nerve net.

2015 July 31, “Gene Expression Data from the Moon Jelly, Aurelia, Provide Insights into the Evolution of the Combinatorial Code Controlling Animal Sense Organ Development”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


homoplasious

homoplasious (comparative more homoplasious, superlative most homoplasious)

more homoplasious (comparative)
most homoplasious (superlative)

They are characterized instead by lists of homoplasious polythetic characters that are not easily retrievable from the publications [70 –73 ].

2015 July 31, “Making Mosquito Taxonomy Useful: A Stable Classification of Tribe Aedini that Balances Utility with Current Knowledge of Evolutionary Relationships”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


biotyping

This method of biotyping is tedious and time consuming (21–35 days).

2015 July 31, “The Asian Rice Gall Midge ( Orseolia oryzae ) Mitogenome Has Evolved Novel Gene Boundaries and Tandem Repeats That Distinguish Its Biotypes”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The identification of different bacteria types based on reaction to biochemical tests.


ephemeropteran

All these habitats are species poor: aside from amphipod fauna, assellote isopods, trichopteran, plecopteran and ephemeropteran larvae, erpobdelid leeches and salamander larvae were also found, but no fishes were observed.

2015 July 31, “Morphologically Cryptic Amphipod Species Are “Ecological Clones” at Regional but Not at Local Scale: A Case Study of Four Niphargus Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any insect of the order Ephemeroptera, the mayflies.


hemipteroid

However, a few hymenopterans and hemipteroids do possess the ancestral insect mitogenome gene order.

(zoology) A hemipteran or one of the closely related thrips and lice within the Exopterygota


postflexion

This maternal signature was discernible until larvae attained postflexion stages.

(zoology) After the flexion stage of larval development.


prodelphinidin

en-noun

prodelphinidin (countable and uncountable, plural prodelphinidins)

A study with pure prodelphinidin B3 and C2 showed that they inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest and caspase-3 activation.

2015 July 31, “Procyanidins Negatively Affect the Activity of the Phosphatases of Regenerating Liver”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The polymeric tannins, composed of gallocatechin, that yield delphinidin during depolymerization under oxidative conditions.


tricellulin

(biochemistry) A transmembrane protein found in tight junctions.


hemopressin

(biochemistry) An alpha hemoglobin fragment that binds cannabinoid receptors.


rescuant

The mutation was also present in a rescuant virus and in two dl1403-derived viruses, D8 and FXE, but absent from the parental 17+, suggesting that the mutation was introduced during the construction of the dl1403 virus, and not as a result of passage in culture.

2015 July 18, “Widely Used Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP0 Deletion Mutant Strain dl 1403 and Its Derivative Viruses Do Not Express Glycoprotein C Due to a Secondary Mutation in the gC Gene”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A rescued mutation, typically in a virus.


apoptogen

CHOP contributes to ER stress-induced macrophage death by inducing Fas activation, depletion of ER-associated calcium stores, and release of apoptogens from mitochondria.

2015 July 30, En Li et al., “FGF21 protects against ox-LDL induced apoptosis through suppressing CHOP expression in THP1 macrophage derived foam cells”, in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, volume 15, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any chemical substance that induces apoptosis.

apoptógeno

any chemical substance that induces apoptosis


laurasiatherian

suf

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Laurasiatheria</i>

(zoology) Any member of the Laurasiatheria.


simiiform

(zoology) Any member of the Simiiformes.


asialofetuin

This optimized P145-ST reaction was applied successfully for α(2,6)-sialylation of asialofetuin, and this resulted in a large increase in the populations of multi-sialylated N-glycans compared with the reaction without addition of AP and CMP-Neu5Ac.

2015 August 1, “Enhanced Bacterial α(2,6)-Sialyltransferase Reaction through an Inhibition of Its Inherent Sialidase Activity by Dephosphorylation of Cytidine-5'-Monophosphate”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that can be obtained from fetal calf serum.


isopteran

(zoology) Any member of the infraorder Isoptera of termites.


plecopteran

(zoology) Any insect in the order Plecoptera, the stoneflies.


biomicroscope

This was followed with a comprehensive anterior and posterior segment eye examination by an ophthalmologist (Seth Yaw Lartey 2 ) with slit-lamp biomicroscope (SL 500 Shin Nippon, Ajinomoto Trading Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and a direct ophthalmoscope respectively.

2015 July 3, David Ben Kumah et al., “Prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis among basic school children in the Kumasi Metropolis (Ghana): a community-based cross-sectional study”, in BMC Ophthalmology, volume 15, →DOI:

(biology) A microscope designed for examining the tissue of a living organism


chitotriosidase

All three patients showed maintenance of platelets, hemoglobin and plasma chitotriosidase during a period of 4 to 8 years of subsequent miglustat therapy.

2015 June 23, Christine Serratrice, Laure Swiader, Jacques Serratrice, “Switching from imiglucerase to miglustat for the treatment of French patients with Gaucher disease type 1: a case series”, in Journal of Medical Case Reports, volume 9, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A chitinase whose activity is elevated in serum of patients suffering from lipid storage disorders


chitotriose

en-noun

chitotriose (countable and uncountable, plural chitotrioses)

(biochemistry) A chitosugar glycosaminotriose 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose


glycosaminotriose

(biochemistry) Any triose containing glycosamine residues.


ecoinformatics

Although there are difficult challenges associated with building these integrated datasets, these same challenges provide substantial opportunities, especially for early-career ecologists, for interdisciplinary training in ecoinformatics and database management, and classical ecology; thus pushing the ecological boundary to answer important macrosystems ecology questions.

2015 July 1, Patricia A. Soranno et al., “Building a multi-scaled geospatial temporal ecology database from disparate data sources: fostering open science and data reuse”, in GigaScience, volume 4, →DOI:

(ecology, computing) The use of computing and information science in ecology


histoarchitecture

histoarchitecture (countable and uncountable, plural histoarchitectures)

After collecting the BALF, the lungs were removed in blocks, fixed using 4 % buffered formalin infused through the trachea at a constant pressure of 20 cm H 2 O for 24 h (to maintain a similar alveolar histoarchitecture among the groups), and embedded in paraffin.

2015 June 30, Laura Taguchi et al., “A flavanone from Baccharis retusa (Asteraceae) prevents elastase-induced emphysema in mice by regulating NF-κB, oxidative stress and metalloproteinases”, in Respiratory Research, volume 16, →DOI:

(biology) The (architectural) structure of biological tissue.


immunogenomics

Diversity profiles may, therefore, become a valuable bioinformatical tool for technological benchmarking and normalization of immune repertoire sequencing in the future, enabling cross-laboratory comparisons and meta-analyses, which would be highly valuable in advancing the development of next-generation immunogenomics diagnostics.

2015 May 28, Victor Greiff et al., “A bioinformatic framework for immune repertoire diversity profiling enables detection of immunological status”, in Genome Medicine, volume 7, →DOI:

(immunology, genetics) The application of genomics to immunology


poricidal

The ancestral states for these are a corolla tube that is equal to slightly longer than the lobes, is inflated on the lower surface, two fertile stamens with poricidal dehiscence, and an exserted style that is bent downward (Fig. 8).

2015 July 3, Zhi-Jing Qiu et al., “Origin and evolution of Petrocosmea (Gesneriaceae) inferred from both DNA sequence and novel findings in morphology with a test of morphology-based hypotheses”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:


pseudogenized

This pattern strongly suggests that a deletion of the promoter region occurred in the common ancestor of muroids and abrogated the transcription of exon 1A (as observed in mouse, where the pseudogenized exon 1A is not transcribed […]

2015 July 2, Alexa Sadier et al., “Tinkering signaling pathways by gain and loss of protein isoforms: the case of the EDA pathway regulator EDARADD”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) Converted or mutated to a pseudogene.


clastokine

In contrast, Semaphorin4D (Sema4D), another clastokine produced by OCs, inhibits OB differentiation.

2015 July 21, “The Crosstalk between Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts Is Dependent upon the Composition and Structure of Biphasic Calcium Phosphates”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of cytokines derived from osteoclasts.


aneupolyploid

(genetics) Having a mutation in a few chromosomes of a genome


aneupolyploid

(genetics) An organism having a mutation in a few chromosomes of a genome


asialobiantennary

Both Endo-CC1 and Endo-CC2 exhibited the hydrolase activity for high-mannose type and biantennary complex type oligosaccharides like Endo-M. Although Endo-M hydrolyzed asialobiantennary oligosaccharide containing bisecting GlcNAc, neither Endo-CC1 nor Endo-CC2 did.

2015 July 22, “Transglycosylation Activity of Glycosynthase Mutants of Endo-β- N -Acetylglucosaminidase from Coprinopsis cinerea”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Describing a biantennary oligosaccharide that has no sialic acid component


asialotetraantennary

None of these enzymes could hydrolyze asialotriantennary nor asialotetraantennary oligosaccharides.

(biochemistry) Describing a tetraantennary oligosaccharide that has no sialic acid component


asialotriantennary

(biochemistry) Describing a triantennary oligosaccharide that has no sialic acid component


antisenescence

Interestingly, while antisenescence factors like SIRT1 decreased, the expression levels of prosenescent factors, such as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A and caveolin-1, increased in a COPD staging-dependent manner.

2015 July 5, V. Conti et al., “Sirtuin 1 and Aging Theory for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease”, in Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam), volume 2015, →DOI:


pectinolytic

(biochemistry) That hydrolyses pectin and related compounds


prosenescent

en-adj

prosenescent (comparative more prosenescent, superlative most prosenescent)

more prosenescent (comparative)
most prosenescent (superlative)


minigenome

Therefore, these host factors should be required for the expression of Gluc in the A549-5Ps cells, if the replication and expression of the viral minigenome mimic the same process that occurred during IAV infection.

2015 July 22, “Establishment of a High-Throughput Assay to Monitor Influenza A Virus RNA Transcription and Replication”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


scolecid

(zoology) Any member of the Scolecida, an infraclass of polychaete worms.


scopelid

(zoology) Any member of the obsolete family Scopelidae of deep-sea fish, most of which are now considered to belong to the Myctophidae.


aerophore

Segments with more than 25 pairs of veins; indusium minute, ciliate. soon disappearing; a linear-attenuate brown aerophore present at base of each pinna 16.

1977, Richard Alden Howard, Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Proctor, G. R. Pteridophyta, page 276:

In most species the dorsolateral aerophore line is conspicuous throughout the length of the stipe, generally being somewhat paler in colour than the surrounding tissue.

2000, Bothalia - Volumes 30-31, page 61:

(botany) A thin-walled area of the roots of some plants growing in swampy conditions through which gasses are exchanged.


periaxin

For double immunostaining, p-NF was combined with periaxin.

2015 July 22, “Contribution of Schwann Cells to Remyelination in a Naturally Occurring Canine Model of CNS Neuroinflammation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A structural protein that is required for the maintenance of myelin


phosphoenzyme

Indeed, every reaction step measured in the Na,K-ATPase reaction cycle was significantly affected by the concentration of cholesterol: the phosphoenzyme levels increased, the apparent ATP affinity increased, the cytoplasmic Na + activation was inhibited at high Na + concentrations, and the rate of phosphorylation and of spontaneous and K + -activated dephosphorylation increased[51 –53 ].

2015 July 22, “Effects of Iron Overload on the Activity of Na,K-ATPase and Lipid Profile of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The phosphorylated form of an enzyme


preduodenal

A specific dose-response enrichment of the stomach tissue C8:0 was observed as a function of dietary C8:0, supporting the hypothesis of an early preduodenal hydrolysis of medium chain triglycerides and a direct absorption at the gastric level.

2015 July 22, “Dietary Caprylic Acid (C8:0) Does Not Increase Plasma Acylated Ghrelin but Decreases Plasma Unacylated Ghrelin in the Rat”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Prior to a duodenal process


zymolyase

en-noun

zymolyase (usually uncountable, plural zymolyases)

We show here that Mkk2 mediates the phosphorylation of the Mkc1 MAPK in response to cell wall assembly interfering agents such as zymolyase or tunicamycin and also to oxidative stress.

2015 July 22, “The Mkk2 MAPKK Regulates Cell Wall Biogenesis in Cooperation with the Cek1-Pathway in Candida albicans”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A commercial enzyme preparation that lyses the cell walls of yeast cells.


olenimorph

(paleontology) Having the morphology associated with olenid trilobites.


olenimorph

(paleontology) A trilobite with such morphology.


ciliation

ciliation (countable and uncountable, plural ciliations)


cnidogenesis

In the hydromedusa Clytia hemisphaerica, cell division and cnidogenesis is primarily restricted to interstitial stem cells in the proximal tentacle bulbs.

2015 August 5, “Structural and Developmental Disparity in the Tentacles of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia sp . 1”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


dendrobranchiate

(zoology) Any member of the Dendrobranchiata.


spinophilin

We have previously shown that spinophilin attenuates the α 2A AR-dependent hypotensive response; in spinophilin null mice, this response is highly potentiated.

2015 August 6, “Spinophilin Is Indispensable for the α 2B Adrenergic Receptor-Elicited Hypertensive Response”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit, highly enriched in dendritic spines.


multisugar

(biochemistry) Relating to more than one sugar.


keratanase

(C) Immunoblotting of whole brain homogenates with the indicated antibodies following sequential digestion of the lysate with chondroitinase ABC, endo-β-galactosidase and keratanase I, SDS-PAGE on 5–15% gradient gels under non-reducing conditions, and transfer onto nitrocellulose membranes.

2009 February 11, Daniela Virgintino et al., “Differential distribution of aggrecan isoforms in perineuronal nets of the human cerebral cortex”, in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, volume 13, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a keratan sulfate


juxtracrine

ICCs can form gap junctions with smooth muscle, and juxtracrine chemical synapses have been shown to form between ICCs and immune cells in rat bladder and other organs.

2009 February 20, Clinton Collins et al., “Potential for control of detrusor smooth muscle spontaneous rhythmic contraction by cyclooxygenase products released by interstitial cells of Cajal”, in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, volume 13, →DOI:

(biology) Relating to any form of signalling in multicellular organisms that requires close contact.


Lazarus taxon

Referring to the Biblical story of Lazarus, who was raised from the dead.

(paleontology) A taxon that disappears from the fossil record, suggesting extinction, only to reappear later.


xylotriose

xylotriose (countable and uncountable, plural xylotrioses)

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide consisting of three xylose residues.


xyloheptaose

(biochemistry) A heptasaccharide consisting of seven xylose residues.


xylopentaose

xylopentaose (countable and uncountable, plural xylopentaoses)

(biochemistry) A pentasaccharide consisting of five xylose residues.


xylotetraose

xylotetraose (countable and uncountable, plural xylotetraoses)

(biochemistry) A tetrasaccharide consisting of four xylose residues.


xylohexaose

xylohexaose (countable and uncountable, plural xylohexaoses)

(biochemistry) A hexasaccharide consisting of six xylose residues.


glycogenetic

On the other hand, there is an increase in insulin resistance due to a peripheral antagonist effect of HPL on glycolytic activity but not on lipogenic or glycogenetic activities.

2015, Asim Kurjak, Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, JP Medical, page 1036:

(biochemistry) Relating to glycogenesis.


HDA

HDA (countable and uncountable, plural HDAs)

(genetics) Initialism of helicase dependent amplification.


Central Asian Ovcharka

Central Asian Ovcharka (plural Central Asian Ovcharkas)

(zoology) A breed of large dog usually used as a livestock guardian.


Caucasian shepherd

Caucasian shepherd (plural Caucasian shepherds)

(zoology) A dog of a large breed commonly used to guard livestock.


aflatoxigenic

en-adj

aflatoxigenic (comparative more aflatoxigenic, superlative most aflatoxigenic)

more aflatoxigenic (comparative)
most aflatoxigenic (superlative)


fecosterol

The ERG6 gene (sterol methyltransferase) encodes an enzyme that participates in the ergosterol pathway, converting zymosterol to fecosterol.

2015 July 14, Tatiana Takahasi Komoto et al., “Gene Expression Response of Trichophyton rubrum during Coculture on Keratinocytes Exposed to Antifungal Agents”, in Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A sterol made by certain fungi and lichens.


histoarchitectural

Interestingly, assessment of brain injury with a five-point, semi-quantitative, severity-based scoring system revealed no significant difference in tissue inflammation or severity of histoarchitectural damage between the treated and untreated infected mice, indicating that BM-MSC therapy does not affect the inflammatory process of the brain tissues.

2015 August 8, Wei Wang, Hui Qian, Jun Cao, “Stem cell therapy: a novel treatment option for cerebral malaria?”, in Stem Cell Research & Therapy, volume 6, →DOI:


neoformation

en-noun

neoformation (countable and uncountable, plural neoformations)

Here, we show vascular neoformation in a decellularized scaffold covering ischemic myocardium in the context of acute MI.

2015 May 27, Carolina Gálvez-Montón et al., “Neoinnervation and neovascularization of acellular pericardial-derived scaffolds in myocardial infarcts”, in Stem Cell Research & Therapy, volume 6, →DOI:


biologging

In this study, we use a new stage of development in biologging technology to draw a picture of dissolved oxygen concentration in the SO. We present the first results obtained from a dissolved oxygen sensor added to Argos CTD-SRDL tags and deployed on 5 female elephant seals at Kerguelen.

2015 July 23, “Dissolved Oxygen Sensor in Animal-Borne Instruments: An Innovation for Monitoring the Health of Oceans and Investigating the Functioning of Marine Ecosystems”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The logging (tracking) of individual animals by means of attached tags


glycosynthase

To control Fc N-glycans, we performed a rearrangement of Fc N-glycans from a heterogeneous N-glycosylation pattern to homogeneous N-glycans using chemoenzymatic approaches with two types of endo-β-N-acetyl glucosaminidases (ENG’ases), one that works as a hydrolase to cleave all heterogeneous N-glycans, another that is used as a glycosynthase to generate homogeneous N-glycans.

2015 July 23, “Glycoengineered Monoclonal Antibodies with Homogeneous Glycan (M3, G0, G2, and A2) Using a Chemoenzymatic Approach Have Different Affinities for FcγRIIIa and Variable Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activities”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyses the formation of a glycoside.


phragmobasidium

(mycology) A septate unicellular basidium.


bactenecin

Secondly, AMPs having one disulfide bond which pack into a loop structure having a tail e.g., bactenecins and esculentins.

2015 April 2, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye et al., “Reactive Oxygen Species, Apoptosis, Antimicrobial Peptides and Human Inflammatory Diseases”, in Pharmaceuticals, volume 8, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antimicrobial cyclic peptides found in the granules of bovine neutrophils


cathelin

Blend of cathepsin L + inhibitor, as coined in 1989.

Altogether, cathelicidins comprise an N-terminal cathelin domain and a C-terminal cationic antimicrobial domain, which is activated upon cleavage.

(biochemistry) The highly-conserved domain in all cathelicidin peptides


coprisin

They concluded that coprisin could be a model molecule for a large family of novel AMPs possessing apoptotic activities.

(biochemistry) A peptide, similar to defensin, found in bacteria-immunized dung beetles


enkelytin

They commonly comprise peptides resulting from the processing of neuropeptide precursors like pro-enkephalin-A, to give active peptide B and enkelytin; many of which are phosphorylated.

(biochemistry) An antibacterial peptide produced by adrenal medullary chromaffin granules


postbiotic

(biochemistry) Any metabolite of a probiotic compound


mastigophorous

/ˌmæstɪˈɡɒf(ə)ɹəs/

From Ancient Greek μαστιγοφόρος (mastigophóros).

der

μαστιγοφόρος


ecometabolomics

Similar to proteomics, the majority of ecometabolomics studies have focused on demonstrating that distinct metabolic profiles are observed for organisms exposed to different types of chemical stressors either in the laboratory or in the field [ 40 ].

2015 May 29, Hyo Jeong Kim et al., “Ecotoxicogenomic Approaches for Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Chemical Toxicity Using Aquatic Invertebrate, Daphnia Model Organism”, in International Journal of Molecular Sciences, volume 16, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The branch of metabolomics that studies the ecological effects on the metabolites of an organism.


prehepatic

Administration of intravenous edoxaban with and without rifampin may have differentiated the prehepatic versus hepatic effects of rifampin on parent and metabolite exposure.

2015 June 12, Jeanne Mendell et al., “The Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Edoxaban in Healthy Adults”, in Clinical Drug Investigation, volume 35, →DOI:

(anatomy, biochemistry) upstream of the liver in the circulation of the hepatic portal system; and thus, before the metabolic effect of the liver.


microcharacter

/ˈmaɪkɹəʊˌkæɹəktə/

/ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌkɛɹəktɚ/

From micro- (“revealed by microscopic examination”) + character (“a distinguishing feature of a taxon”).

prefix

The most important microcharacters involve spore size and shape and whether the spores are amyloid or non-amyloid, that is whether or not they turn blue in Melzer’s solution.

1980, Derek A. Reid, A monograph of the Australian species of Amanita Pers. ex. Hook:

(biology) A character, or distinguishing trait, observable via microscopy.


homoscleromorph

In this work we reveal the underlying cellular mechanisms used during morphogenesis accompanying ectosome regeneration in the homoscleromorph sponge model: Oscarella lobularis.

2015 August 14, “Oscarella lobularis (Homoscleromorpha, Porifera) Regeneration: Epithelial Morphogenesis and Metaplasia”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any of the Homoscleromorpha, a class of marine sponges.


scolopendromorph

(zoology) Any member of the Scolopendromorpha.


koinobiont

(biology, of a parasitoid) Whose host continues to feed and grow after parasitization.


koinobiont

Not many koinobionts are ectoparasitoids, although a number of ichneumonoids (e.g. Tryphoninae; Adelognathinae; Polysphinctini; some Rogadinae) and a few eulophids are (Plate 1).

1988, Ian David Gauld, Barry Bolton, The Hymenoptera, British Museum, page 14:

1994, Bradford A. Hawkins, Pattern and Process in Host-Parasitoid Interactions, Cambridge University Press, 2005, Digitally printed paperback, page 95,
Koinobionts are as rich, or richer, on hosts on herbs as on hosts on trees for endophytics, whereas on exophytics they tend to be richest on trees (in natural habitats at least).

As in most ecological groups of parasitoids, saproxylic species can be divided into koinobionts and idiobionts according to the classification proposed by Haeselbarth (1979) and further developed by Askew and Shaw (1986). The main feature of that classification is whether or not the host insect continues its development after it has been paralysed.
Koinobionts do not paralyse or immediately kill their hosts, allowing them to instead continue feeding and growing.

2018, Jacek Hilszczański, “Chapter 6: Ecology, Diversity and Conservation of Saproxylic Hymenopteran Parasitoids”, in Michael D. Ulyshen, editor, Saproxylic Insects: Diversity, Ecology and Conservation, Springer, page 195:

(biology) A parasitoid whose host continues to feed and grow after parasitization.


hypoaneuploidy

Thus, processes of hypoaneuploidy could affect genomic stability producing this variation in number of loci.

2015 July 8, Nayyereh Olanj et al., “The striking and unexpected cytogenetic diversity of genus Tanacetum L. (Asteraceae): a cytometric and fluorescent in situ hybridisation study of Iranian taxa”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:


rhamnosyltransferase

In addition, another gene having the function of flavonol 3- O -galactoside (1 → 4) rhamnosyltransferase remains to be cloned.

2015 May 23, Shaokang Di et al., “Linkage mapping, molecular cloning and functional analysis of soybean gene Fg3 encoding flavonol 3-O-glucoside/galactoside (1 → 2) glucosyltransferase”, in BMC Plant Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any transferase that transfers a rhamnosyl group


urodelan

(zoology) Any member of the order Urodela (syn. of Caudata); a salamander.


urodelous

(zoology) Relating to the Urodela (syn. of Caudata).


radicivorous

Of these, many are radicivorous, but they are easily distinguished from the Hepialideous larvae […]

1843, Henry Noel Humphreys, John Obadiah Westwood, British moths and their transformations, arranged in a ser. of […] , volume 1:

(zoology, rare) That feeds on plant roots.


autothysis

From the Ancient Greek roots αὐτός (autós, “self”) and θυσία (thusía, “sacrifice”); proposed by Maschwitz and Maschwitz in 1974 to describe the defensive mechanism of the carpenter ant Camponotus saundersi.

Another example of autothysis, or defensive suicidal rupturing, can be found in Neocapritermes taracua.

2018 April 29, Killian Fox, The Observer:

(biology) A process by which an animal destroys itself via internal rupture or explosion of an organ.


preprotein

The strategies have been focused on production of stronger statins, MTP inhibitors such as Lomitapide, ACAT2 inhibitors, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors such as Torcetrapib, Anacetrapib, Evacetrapib, and Dalcetrapib, antioxidants, squalene synthase inhibitors, preprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 inhibitors (PCSK9) such as Regeneron®, selective thyroid hormone mimetics such as Sobetirome as a β-receptor agonist, combination form of PPAR-α and γ agonists (Aleglitazar), PPAR-δ agonists (GW501516), and Apo A-I agonists (CSL-112) [ 116, 118 ].

2015 July 8, Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy, Bagher Larijani, Mohammad Abdollahi, “Targeting metabolic disorders by natural products”, in Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, volume 14, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A polypeptide chain that is in the process of growing into a protein by the addition of successive amino acid moieties


nelumbium

It must be understood that while the nelumbiums are hardy, they are so only as long as the tubers are out of the reach of frost.

1947, Liberty Hyde Bailey, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture:

(botany) Any member of the former plant genus Nelumbium.


scleraxis

Then, MMP, PGE2, collagen and scleraxis expression was evaluated by RT-PCR (a and c) or ELISA (b).

2015 July 9, Catherine Baugé et al., “TOL19-001 reduces inflammation and MMP expression in monolayer cultures of tendon cells”, in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, volume 15, →DOI:

transcription factor
transcription factor

(biochemistry) A transcription factor associated with tendon tissue


monophylly

(botany) The condition of being monophyllous (having a single leaf).


adenain

The LC-MS/MS analysis of proteinase K treated CsCl 2 density gradient purified TAdV-3 virions identified eleven virus-encoded proteins (hexon, pVI, pVII, penton base, pVIII, sialidase, IIIA, adenain, pX, IVa2 and DBP) previously reported to be in other adenoviruses (Table 3 and Figure 3 A).

2015 July 9, Pankaj Kumar et al., “Proteomic analysis of purified turkey adenovirus 3 virions”, in Veterinary Research, volume 46, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An endopeptidase that catalyses the cleavage of adenovirus proteins


allogenous

Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of a fractured complicated anterior crown using allogenous tooth fragment is a better alternative to other more conventional treatment options.

2013 July 10, Nitin Maitin et al., “Allogenous tooth fragment reattachment”, in BMJ Case Reports, volume 2013, →DOI:

(genetics, immunology) Synonym of allogeneic


primoinfection

We report a case of a 52-year-old woman, on immunosuppressive treatment with mycophenolate due to a history of giant cell myocarditis (GCM), who presented with new-onset severe blood-tinged diarrhoea after a cytomegalovirus (CMV) primoinfection.

2013 July 10, Heike Seifert et al., “Not your usual diarrhoea: severe colonic toxicity of mycophenolate due to intestinal CMV and EBV infection”, in BMJ Case Reports, volume 2013, →DOI:

(virology) The first stages of an infection.


chitohexose

The NAG in + NAG superimposes with the −2 position in the chitohexose in MltA.

2015 July 11, Doris H.X. Quay et al., “Structure of the stationary phase survival protein YuiC from B.subtilis”, in BMC Structural Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any hexose derived from chitin


squalomorph

(zoology) Any member of the Squalomorphii, a superorder of cartilaginous fishes.


euselachian

(zoology) Any member of the infraclass Euselachii.


catabolome

The transcriptome data were confirmed by catabolome analysis, expression of periplasmic proteins and phenotypical analysis.

2015 July 24, “Effect of Global Regulators RpoS and Cyclic-AMP/CRP on the Catabolome and Transcriptome of Escherichia coli K12 during Carbon- and Energy-Limited Growth”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of catabolites found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease


pedomorphosis

(zoology) The retention of juvenile traits by an adult; neoteny.


osmification

After osmification with 1 % osmiumtetroxide in cacodylate buffer for 120 min the cells were washed again.

2015 July 22, Martina Broecker-Preuss et al., “Cell death induction by the BH3 mimetic GX15-070 in thyroid carcinoma cells”, in Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR, volume 34, →DOI:

(cytology) staining or fixating with osmic acid solution


symbiosome

(biology) The vacuole structure containing a symbiont.


precourtship

From a behavioral point of view, the life of this butterfly could be divided into four stages: the precourtship adult stage (from the 1st to the 8th days after emergence), the nectar-feeding stage, which promotes egg development (from the 2nd to the 16th days), courtship and mating (from the 6th to the 13th days), and oviposition (from the 7th to the 15th days).

2015 June 22, Chengzhe Li et al., “Adult Behavior of Tirumala limniace (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)”, in Journal of Insect Science, volume 15, →DOI:


cholinolytic

en-adj

cholinolytic (comparative more cholinolytic, superlative most cholinolytic)

more cholinolytic (comparative)
most cholinolytic (superlative)

(biochemistry) That counters the action of acetylcholine.


cholinolytic

(biochemistry) Any agent that counters the action of acetylcholine.


clinandrium

clinandria (plural)
clinandrum (alternative)
androclinium (alternative)
androclinum (alternative)

(botany) An area at the tip of the column of orchid flowers, beneath the anthers.


centropyxid

Here, the recovered centropyxids are also phenotypically diverse, with multiple numbers of spines that we divide into morphotypes, or variants, based on the absolute number of spines.

2015 August 20, “Thecamoebians (Testate Amoebae) Straddling the Permian-Triassic Boundary in the Guryul Ravine Section, India: Evolutionary and Palaeoecological Implications”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(zoology) Any amoebozoan in the family Centropyxidae.


autopolyploidization

en-noun

autopolyploidization (countable and uncountable, plural autopolyploidizations)

The proposed hypotheses to explain the evolutionary history of this most widespread Anthoxanthum species include autopolyploidization of A.

2015 July 25, “Evolutionary and Taxonomic Implications of Variation in Nuclear Genome Size: Lesson from the Grass Genus Anthoxanthum (Poaceae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) The process or the result of becoming autopolyploid


glycopattern

Among these, the GlcNAc binder DSA showed a stronger binding signal than the others (see Fig 5A ), which indicated that GlcNAc was a dominant glycopattern in DENV-2.

2015 July 25, “Characterization of N-Glycan Structures on the Surface of Mature Dengue 2 Virus Derived from Insect Cells”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) The pattern of glycosides in a biological sample


lanthipeptide

Notably, each of these two clusters, encoding a lanthipeptide and a bacteriocin, respectively, is shared with S.

2015 July 25, “A Genomic, Transcriptomic and Proteomic Look at the GE2270 Producer Planobispora rosea, an Uncommon Actinomycete”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any peptide containing lanthionine


paucimannose

They found that N-linked glycans on DENV virions derived from mammalian cells were a mix of high-mannose sugars and complex sugars, while a mix of high-mannose sugars and paucimannose sugars were found on mosquito-derived virions.

(biochemistry) Having few mannose moieties


diabody

(biochemistry) A dimer of a fragment of an immunoglobin


triabody

(biochemistry) A trimer of a fragment of an immunoglobin