etiolated

en-adj

etiolated (comparative more etiolated, superlative most etiolated)

more etiolated (comparative)
most etiolated (superlative)
aetiolated (alternative)

From etiolate + -ed (suffix forming adjectives); modelled after French étiolé, the past participle of étioler (“to become pale and weak, etiolate”), from Norman étieuler (“to become plant stalks left over after harvesting to be used as fodder or for thatching”), probably from éteule (“plant stalks left over after harvesting, stubble”) + -er (suffix forming verbs). Éteule is derived from Old French esteule (“straw”), from Latin stipula (“plant stalk; plant stalk left over after harvesting, stubble; straw”), from Proto-Italic *stipelā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“to be stiff; erect”).

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-etiolated.wav

[T]he external leaves which enjoy the light are perfectly green, while those within, naturally or artificially covered up and involved in darkness, are blanched or etiolated; they are thereby rendered white, soft, delicate, and tender, and lose the taste and flavour of the native plant in its green state, or retain these very slightly.

1806 August 11, “Extracts from Fourcroy on the Philosophy of Vegetation, Translated and Abridged by a Correspondent”, in The Farmer’s Magazine: A Periodical Work Exclusively Devoted to Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, volume VII, number XXVII, Edinburgh: […] D. Willison, […], for Arch[ibald] Constable & Co. […], →OCLC, part IV (of the Influence of Light on Vegetation), paragraph 4, pages 302–303:

If there is too great an accumulation of oxygen, as when a plant is kept in a dark place, then it will grow towards the nearest ray of light, which if it does not reach, it will remain white, or etiolated, and sickly.

1835, J[ohn] L[ee] Comstock, “The Leaf. (Folium.)”, in An Introduction to the Study of Botany; […], 3rd edition, New York, N.Y.: Robinson, Pratt, & Co. […], →OCLC, page 43:

They had been so long accustomed to nestle in their old dwellings sheltered in the narrow closes, "Piled deep and massy, close and high," that they seemed to regard the exposure to open streets and broad thoroughfares pretty much as some etiolated hot-house exotic might be supposed to reflect on its being turned out to the open garden.

[1853], “First Buildings of the New Town”, in Modern Edinburgh, London: The Religious Tract Society, →OCLC, page 54:

In a report of 1901, the "triple response" of etiolated pea seedlings (growth inhibition, thickening of the subapical region, horizontal nutation) was observed to occur in the presence of illuminating gas and ethylene was identified as the inducing agent.

1985, Klaus Lurssen, “Plant Responses to Ethylene and Ethylene Releasing Compounds”, in S. S. Purohit, editor, Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development (Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology), volume 2, Dordrecht, Berlin: Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, →ISBN, page 307:

Seedlings are elongated and have closed cotyledons in the dark (aetiolated) while the hypocotyls are short and the cotyledons are open in the light (de-aetiolated).

2007, László Bögre, “Cell Signalling Mechanisms in Plants”, in Keith Roberts, editor, Handbook of Plant Science, volume 1, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, pages 417–418:

Any visitor to New York over the past few years will have witnessed this curious new breed of pencil-thin tower. Poking up above the Manhattan skyline like etiolated beanpoles, they seem to defy the laws of both gravity and commercial sense. They stand like naked elevator shafts awaiting their floors, raw extrusions of capital piled up until it hits the clouds.

2019 June 1, Oliver Wainwright, “Super-tall, super-skinny, super-expensive: the ‘pencil towers’ of New York’s super-rich”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-10-05:

(chiefly botany, horticulture) Of a plant or part of a plant: pale and weak because of sunlight deprivation or excessive exposure to sunlight.

etiola

of a plant or part of a plant: pale and weak because of sunlight deprivation or excessive exposure to sunlight


Giemsa

(genetics) A complex of stains used to investigate chromosomes; a mixture of eosin and methylene blue in glycerol and methanol.


exogamy

en-noun

exogamy (countable and uncountable, plural exogamies)

From exo- + -gamy. Coined by British lawyer and ethnologist John Ferguson McLennan in his Studies in Ancient History, page 25.

coinage

(biology) the fusion of two unrelated gametes


cisterna

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biology) Any of the various membranes sections comprising some organelles like the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum.


Samoyed

From Russian самое́д (samojéd), probably from Sami *saam-edne (“land of the people”); compare Finnish Suomi (“Finn”). In the course of borrowing, the word was folk-etymologically reinterpreted as сам (sam, “self, own”) + есть, ед- (jestʹ, jed-, “eat”), "self-eater."

(endearing nicknames)

(zoology) A hardy breed of dog from Siberia.


murus

(palynology) A pattern-forming ridge on the surface of a pollen grain.


sister chromatid

en-noun

sister chromatid (plural sister chromatids)

(genetics) Either of the two chromatids of a replicated chromosome.


somatic cell

(cytology) Any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction; a cell that is not on the germline.

somatická buňka

any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction


merlin

Acronym of moesin-Ezrin-Radixin-like protein + -in (“protein”)

suffix

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">protein</i>

(biochemistry) A cytoskeletal protein active in the suppression of tumors.


chromatid

/ˈkɹəʊmətɪd/

From Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + -id.

af

(genetics) After DNA replication, either of the two connected double-helix strands of a metaphase chromosome that separate during mitosis.


genetic code

(genetics) The set of rules by which the sequence of bases in DNA are translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins.


histogenesis

en-noun

histogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural histogeneses)

(biology) the formation and development of the tissues of an organism from embryonic cells


chiasma

chiasmas (plural)
chiasmata (plural)
chiasm (alternative)

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek χίασμα (khíasma), from χιάζω (khiázō, “to mark with the letter chi, χ”).

(genetics, cytology) The contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis.

kiazma

the contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis


ligneous

en-adj

ligneous (comparative more ligneous, superlative most ligneous)

more ligneous (comparative)
most ligneous (superlative)
lignous (alternative)

From Latin ligneus; compare Latin lignōsus; equivalent to lign- + -eous.


liliaceous

liliaceous (comparative more liliaceous, superlative most liliaceous)

more liliaceous (comparative)
most liliaceous (superlative)

(botany) of the Liliaceae family, which contains the lily, and tulip, but which formerly contained a great number of plants now in other families.


polyp

From Latin polypus (“a polyp, a polypus in the nose”), from Ancient Greek πολύπους (polúpous, from πολύς (polús, “many”) + πούς (poús, “foot”)). Doublet of polypus.

der

(zoology) A cylindrical coelenterate, such as the hydra, having a mouth surrounded with tentacles.

The sessile life stage of many cnidarians, whose free-swimming stage, if present, is the medusa.


polygamous

/pəˈlɪɡəməs/


imago

en-noun

imago (plural imagines or imagos or imagoes)

imagines (plural)
imagos (plural)
imagoes (plural)

‘But still,’ he said to himself, drawing the metamorphoses of a red admiral, egg, caterpillar, chrysalis and imago on his pad, ‘what shall I say to him when we meet?’

(entomology) The final developmental stage of an insect after undergoing metamorphosis.


tropin

(biology) any of the tropic hormones; one that is secreted by an endocrine gland and targets another such gland


tropic hormone

(biochemistry) A hormone that regulates the activity of the endocrine glands


nectar

nectar (countable and uncountable, plural nectars)

From Latin nectar, from Ancient Greek νέκταρ (néktar, “nourishment of the gods”), from Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- (“perish, disappear”) + *-tr̥h₂ (“overcoming”), from *terh₂- (“to overcome, pass through, cross over”).

der

(botany) The sweet liquid secreted by flowers to attract pollinating insects and birds.


biopoesis

From bio- + -poesis, alternative form of -poiesis.

(biochemistry, biology) The formation of life from self-replicating, but not living, molecules.


bioluminescence

en-noun

bioluminescence (countable and uncountable, plural bioluminescences)

(biology, biochemistry) The emission of light by a living organism (such as a firefly).


juvenile

Borrowed from Latin iuvenīlis (“youthful; juvenile”), from iuvenis (“young; a youth”) + -īlis (suffix forming adjectives indicating a relationship or a pertaining to). Iuvenis is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuh₁en- (“young”), from *h₂óyu (“long life; lifetime”) (from *h₂ey- (“age; life”)) + *h₁én (“in”).

Even if juveniles acquire sex-specific adult-like foraging skills before reaching adult size, their smaller body size may put them at a foraging disadvantage. […] The size effect on foraging is reduced in species that use small or easily manipulated substrates. For instance, in Costa Rican squirrel monkeys, juveniles apparently mastered techniques for insect foraging only a few months after weaning, when they were still much smaller than adults[…].

2002, Charles H. Janson, Carel P[hilippus] Van Schaik, “Ecological Risk Aversion in Juvenile Primates: Slow and Steady Wins the Race”, in Michael E. Pereira, Lynn A. Fairbanks, editors, Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 65, column 1:


wagtail

From a partial suppletion of Middle English wagstert (literally “wag-tail”), equivalent to wag + tail.

field wagtail

Motacilla flava and M. tschutschensis, syn. Budytes spp.

white-browed wagtail (Motacilla maderaspatensis


survivorship

en-noun

survivorship (usually uncountable, plural survivorships)

(biology) The number or percentage of young that survive to adulthood.


tropic

en-adj

tropic (comparative more tropic, superlative most tropic)

more tropic (comparative)
most tropic (superlative)
trop. (alternative)
tropick (alternative)
Tropic (alternative)

From Late Latin tropicus (“of or pertaining to the solstice, as a noun, one of the tropics”), from Ancient Greek τροπικός (tropikós, “of or pertaining to a turn or change; or the solstice; or a trope or figure; tropic; tropical; etc.”), from τροπή (tropḗ, “turn; solstice; trope”).

der

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is allosterically regulated by various tropic factors, such as BPG and acidity.

(biochemistry, not comparable) Having the quality of indirectly inducing a biological or chemical change in a system or substrate.


deep-rooted

He observed the leaves of trees there abouts more deeply green then else∣where, the Oakes broad-spreading, but not deep-rooted;

1662, Thomas Fuller, The History of the Worthies of England, London: Thomas Williams, page 186:

1726, Jonathan Swift (translator), “Horace, Book I, Ode XIV” in Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, London: T. Woodward and Charles Davis, 1736, Volume 5, p. 193,
Poor floating Isle, tost on ill Fortune’s Waves,
Ordain’d by Fate to be the Land of Slaves;
Shall moving Delos now deep-rooted stand,
Thou, fixt of old, be now the moving Land?

1791, William Cowper (translator), The Odyssey, Book 13, in The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, London: J. Johnson, Volume 2, p. 302,
And now the flying bark full near approach’d,
When Neptune, meeting her, with out-spread palm
Depress’d her at a stroke, and she became
Deep-rooted stone.

[His love was] as impossible to restore to growth as a deep-rooted plant torn from its bed.

1905, Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth, New York: Scribner, Book 2, Chapter 13, p. 517:

(literally, botany) Of a plant, having deep roots; (of a non-living object) deeply and firmly embedded (in the ground, etc.).


chemoautotroph

From chemo- + autotroph, the latter from auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

(biology) a simple microorganism, such as a prokaryote (bacteria and Archaea), that derives its energy from chemical processes rather than photosynthesis


chemokine

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of various chemotactic cytokines, produced during inflammation, that organize the leukocytes.


cytokine

/ˈsa͜ɪˌɾəˌka͜ɪn/

From cyto- + Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “movement”).

der

Thus, in the case of viral infection, mechanisms of resistance would be threefold, namely, interferon production, the immune response, including both antibody and lymphokine production, and the generation of lymphokine-like substances by the infected cells themselves. These latter substances have been defined as cytokines.

1975 July 27, Bigazzi PE, Yoshida T, Ward PA, Cohen S., “Production of Lymphokine-Like Factors (Cytokines) by Simian Virus 40-Infected and Simian Virus 40-Transformed Cell”, in The American Journal of Pathology, volume 80, number 1, page 69:

A fundamental feature expressed by the vast majority of cytokines is a profound immunomodulatory activity.
Many cytokines, presently available in pure recombinant form, modify bone cell metabolism.

1991, Maxine Gowen, Cytokines and Bone Metabolism, page 26:

The cytokines are generally considered to be a group of peptides secreted by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, lymphocytes and T cells, although the same peptides may also be secreted by non-immune cells such as neurological tissues and adipocytes.

2012, Victor R. Preedy, Ross Hunter, editors, Preface: Cytokines, page v:

The cytokines provide a classic example of products of the immune system which alter brain and endocrine activities. A variety of cytokines, including interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α, have been traditionally associated with peripheral control of the immune system, inflammation, and acute phase response.

2013, Errol B. De Souza, editor, Preface: Neurobiology of Cytokines: Methods in Neurosciences, volume 16, page xiii:

Surprisingly, mTOR inhibitors displayed little inhibitory efficacy regarding receptor modulation and cytokine production which may be clinically relevant in terms of the risk of underimmunosuppression with this class of drugs.

2015 July 6, “NK Cells of Kidney Transplant Recipients Display an Activated Phenotype that Is Influenced by Immunosuppression and Pathological Staging”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system.

細胞因子 /细胞因子

any of various small regulatory proteins


chemosystematics

(biochemistry) chemotaxonomy; the classification of organisms based on their biochemistry


chemotaxonomy

en-noun

chemotaxonomy (usually uncountable, plural chemotaxonomies)

(biochemistry, genetics) The classification or taxonomy of organisms based on differences and similarities in biochemistry, especially on differences in amino acid sequence in proteins that the organisms have in common.


chemotropism

chemotropism (countable and uncountable, plural chemotropisms)

(biology) The movement or growth of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus


chemotropic

en-adj

chemotropic (comparative more chemotropic, superlative most chemotropic)

more chemotropic (comparative)
most chemotropic (superlative)
chemotrophic (alternative)

(biology) of, related to, or in response to chemotropism


agrarian

agrarian (comparative more agrarian, superlative most agrarian)

more agrarian (comparative)
most agrarian (superlative)

/əˈɡɹɛ(ə)ɹi.ən/

From Middle French agrarien, from Latin agrarius (“of the land”), from stem of ager (“field”) + -arius.

(botany) Wild; said of plants growing in a cultivated field.


dopaminergic

(biochemistry) Any substance that affects the production of dopamine


tetraploid

From Ancient Greek τετραπλός (tetraplós) + Ancient Greek είδος (eídos), equivalent to tetra- + -ploid.

In potato, crosses between the tetraploid cultivated species Solanum tuberosum, and some clones of the diploid wild-type species S. phureja, constitute a method of producing maternal dihaploids.

1998, C. Horlow, C. Raquin, “A Critical Analysis of Existing Haploidization Techniques”, in Y[ves] Chupeau, M[ichel] Caboche, Y[ves] Henry, editors, Androgenesis and Haploid Plants: […] In Memory of Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, page 14:

(genetics) Having four sets of chromosomes.


apple of Sodom

apple + of + Sodom; compare the common assumption that the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden was an apple. Possibly also imitative of Hebrew תַּפּוּחַ (tapuah, “apple”) + סְדוֹם (Sdom, “Sodom”).

Calotropis procera
Calotropis procera#Translingual

(botany) Any of various plants, often bearing bitter or poisonous fruit.

A mudar (Calotropis procera), a flowering plant, found from northern Africa to southeast Asia, which bears poisonous fruit.

Citrullus colocynthis
Citrullus colocynthis#Translingual

A bitter apple, colocynth, etc. (Citrullus colocynthis), a desert plant native to Asia and the Mediterranean Basin with extremely bitter flesh.

Any of certain species of plants of the genus Solanum (nightshades).

A forest bitterberry (Solanum anguivi), a plant native to non-arid parts of Africa.

A Carolina horsenettle (Solanum carolinense), a plant native to North America.

A bitter apple, bitterball, or bitter tomato (Solanum incanum), a plant native to sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and India.

A black spine nightshade or devil's apple (Solanum linnaeanum), a plant native to southern Africa that bears poisonous berries.

A nipplefruit (Solanum mammosum), a plant native to South America.

A particularly dangerous plant, and one that may cause confusion, is the apple of Sodom, a low, prickly bush with a tomatolike fruit that is highly poisonous.

1997, Richard McMahon, “The Outdoor Environment and the Camper”, in Camping Hawai‛i: A Complete Guide, rev. edition, Honolulu, Hi.: University of Hawai‛i Press, →ISBN, page 14:


bearded

From Middle English berded, from Old English ġebearded, ġebeardede, ġebierd, ġebierde (“bearded”), from Proto-Germanic *bardōdaz (“bearded”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂tos (“bearded”), equivalent to beard + -ed. Cognate with Dutch bebaarde (“bearded”), Middle Low German bārt (“bearded”), archaic German gebartet (“bearded”).

The herbaceous perennial irises benefit from at least one feeding a year in early spring as growth begins. Siberian and Japanese irises appreciate a second feeding just as the flowers fade. Beardeds do best with a second feeding in late summer.

2017, Barbara W. Ellis, “Iris: Irises”, in Taylor's Guide to Growing North America's Favorite Plants: Proven Perennials, Annuals, Flowering Trees, Shrubs, & Vines for Every Garden, New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, page 181:

(informal, botany, horticulture) A bearded iris.


preoccupied

preoccupied (comparative more preoccupied, superlative most preoccupied)

more preoccupied (comparative)
most preoccupied (superlative)

In 1924 J. D. Tothill revised the nearctic species in the genus Fabriciella, a name proposed by Bezzi in 1906 to replace Fabricia Rob. D. which is preoccupied.

1931, John Allen Rowe, “A revision of the males of the nearctic species in the genus Fabriciella (Tachinidae)”, in Annals of the Entomological Society of America, volume 24:

(taxonomy, not comparable) Describing a taxonomic name not available for use because it is already used for another.


GBS

Coordinate term: GAS

group B streptococcus
w:group B streptococcus

(bacteriology) Initialism of group B streptococcus.


genetic drift

en-noun

genetic drift (countable and uncountable, plural genetic drifts)

(genetics, evolutionary theory) An overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random fluctuations in the frequencies of individual alleles of the genes.


generalist

(ecology) Species which can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions. A eurytopic species.


inhibition

inhibition (countable and uncountable, plural inhibitions)

/ɪnhɪˈbɪʃən/

From Middle English inhibicioun, inhibicione from Old French inibicion, from Latin inhibitio.
Morphologically inhibit + -ion.

(chemistry, biochemistry) The process of stopping or retarding a reaction.

инхибиране

Stopping or retarding a chemical reaction


irreducible complexity

Coined by Michael Behe in his 1996 book Darwin's Black Box.

(biology, pseudoscience) The proposition that complex organs such as eyes and flagella must have started existing in their current form; i.e., that they cannot have evolved from previous, less complex stages.

Darwin's Black Box
Michael Behe
irreducible complexity


unilamellar

(biology) Having a single layer or lamella.


urceolate

en-adj

urceolate (comparative more urceolate, superlative most urceolate)

more urceolate (comparative)
most urceolate (superlative)

From the Latin urceolatus, from urceolus, diminutive of urceus.

an urceolate corolla


mora

From New Latin from a botanical name, perhaps from Tupi.

At length, somewhere about the centre of the wood, she led me to an immense mora tree, growing almost isolated, covering with its shade a large space of ground entirely free from undergrowth.

1904, W.H. Hudson, Green Mansions, A Romance of the Tropical Forest:

(botany) Any tree of the genus Mora of large South American trees.


barbel

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
From Middle English barbel, from Old French barbel, from Vulgar Latin *barbellus, from Late Latin barbulus, diminutive of Latin barbus.

(biology) Whisker-like sensory organs, located around the mouth of certain fish, including catfish, carp, goatfish, sturgeon, and some types of shark.

barbo

whisker-like sensory organs of certain fish


cohabitation

en-noun

cohabitation (countable and uncountable, plural cohabitations)

From Middle English cohabitacioun, from Old French cohabitacion and Late Latin cohabitātiōnem.

(biology) The act of two species living together in the same habitat.


octoploid

(genetics) having eight complete sets of chromosomes in a single cell


octoploid

octoploids (plural)
octaploid (alternative)

(biology) a cell that has eight complete sets of chromosomes

(biology) an organism whose cells have eight complete sets of chromosomes


wood grouse

wood grouse (plural wood grouses or wood grouse)

wood grouses (plural)
wood grouse (plural)

Tetrao urogallus
Tetrao urogallus#Translingual

(ornithology) The capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus.


polyploid

(genetics) Having more than the usual number of complete sets of chromosomes in a single cell.

polyploid

having more than the usual number of complete sets of chromosomes


polyploidy

polyploidy (countable and uncountable, plural polyploidies)

From polyploid + -y, after German Polyploidie.

As they mature, the DNA is replicated several times but the cell does not divide, a condition known as polyploidy which allows cells to increase in size.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 90:

This propensity to polyploidy helps account for the diversity (and thus success) of flowering plants, in particular. It is also known that flowering plants sailed majestically through the life-destroying asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period, which did for the dinosaurs and many other animals.

2014 June 28, “Double or quits”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8893:

(uncountable, genetics) The condition of being polyploid or the process of becoming polyploid.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being polyploid.


stele

From 1886 French stèle, from Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “upright rock; pillar; column”).

der

The stele may have—in different structures—one to many protoxylem (primitive wood) groups, and is accordingly described as monarch...diarch...triarch...tetrarch...polyarch.

1895, Sydney Howard Vines, A Students' Text-book of Botany, section 179:

The so-called central cylinder, for which Van Tieghem has proposed the name stele (column).

1898, Eduard Strasburger et al., translated by Hobart Charles Porter, A Text-book of Botany, section 109:

(botany) The central core of a plant's root and stem system, especially including the vascular tissue and developed from the plerome.

varsi

(botany) central core of the root and shoot system


œstrogen

(biochemistry, steroids) Alternative spelling of estrogen


estrogen

en-noun

estrogen (countable and uncountable, plural estrogens)

estrogens (plural)
oestrogen (alternative)
œstrogen (alternative)

/ˈɛstɹəd͡ʒən/

/ˈiːstɹəd͡ʒən/

From estro- (estrus) + -gen (“a producer of”).

af

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">estrus</i>

secondly, in many hormone-target organ interactions including the effect of estrogen on rat uterus, growth hormone and hydrocortisone on rat liver and thyroid hormone on toadpole liver, newly formed microsomes have been isolated which have increased protein synthesizing ability (Tata, 1968).

1970, Harvey W. Mohrenweiser, Role of Hormones in Controlling Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis During Lactogenesis, Michigan State University. Departments of Biochemistry and Dairy, page 36:

It is known as Hatschek's pit and has been found to react positively to antibodies against substance P, met-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH), and the enzyme aromatase (P450ₐᵣₒ), which converts certain androgens into estrogens (see Chapter 3).

2013, David O. Norris, Vertebrate Endocrinology, page 151:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroids that are secreted by the ovaries and function as female sex hormones.


distended

en-adj

distended (comparative more distended, superlative most distended)

more distended (comparative)
most distended (superlative)


humic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a complex mixture of organic acids produced by the decomposition of vegetable matter.


visitation

en-noun

visitation (countable and uncountable, plural visitations)

/ˌvɪzɪˈteɪʃən/

From Anglo-Norman visitacioun, from Old French visitacion, from Latin vīsitātiō. By surface analysis, visit + -ation.

(ecology) An unusual and extensive irruption of a species of animals into another region.


insertion

insertion (countable and uncountable, plural insertions)

(genetics) The addition of a nucleotide to a chromosome by mutation.


isomorphic

The fact that different structures can be shown to be functionally isomorphic implies that they are analogous, not homologous.

1993, Marcus Jacobson, Foundations of Neuroscience, page 106:

(biology) Having a similar structure or function to something that is not related genetically or through evolution.

isomòrfic

(biology) having a similar structure or function without genetic relation


prolepsis

prolepsis (countable and uncountable, plural prolepses)

From Latin prolepsis, from Ancient Greek πρόληψις (prólēpsis, “preconception, anticipation”), from προλαμβάνω (prolambánō, “take beforehand, anticipate”).

der

(botany) Growth in which lateral branches develop from a lateral meristem, after the formation of a bud or following a period of dormancy, when the lateral meristem is split from a terminal meristem.


formative

en-adj

formative (comparative more formative, superlative most formative)

more formative (comparative)
most formative (superlative)

From Middle English formatyve, formatif (“having the ability to form”), from Old French formatif, formative (modern French formatif), from Medieval Latin formātīvus, from Latin fōrmātus + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘doing’ or ‘related to doing’). Fōrmātus is the perfect passive participle of fōrmō (“to form, to shape”), from fōrma (“a form, shape”); further etymology uncertain, possibly related to Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ, “a form, shape”) (see further at that entry). By surface analysis, form + -ative.

cog

(biology) Capable of producing new tissue.

Capable of forming something.
Capable of producing new tissue.


bourse

Borrowed from French bourse, from Old French borse, from Latin bursa, from Ancient Greek βύρσα (búrsa). Doublet of purse, compare Danish børs, Swedish börs, German Börse. See also bursar.

(botany) The swollen basal part of an inflorescence axis at the onset of fruit development; it bears leaves whose axillary buds differentiate and may grow out as shoots.


service tree

Properly, the tree that bears sorb fruit, from Middle English serves, plural of serve (“sorb apple, serviceberry”), from Old English syrfe, from Vulgar Latin *sorbea, from Latin sorbus (“service tree”). See sorb.

Wild cherry and rowan, as well as wild apple, wild pear, wild service tree, whitebeam, and true service tree, are all affected by being nibbled by voles, mice and other wild animals.

2000, F. W. M. Vera, Grazing Ecology and Forest History, page 341:

In England, the wild service tree (sorbus torminalis) is regarded as an indicator of ancient woodland although there is little written about it in books on the subject.

2002, Mélusine Draco, Paul Harriss, Root & Branch: British Magical Tree Lore, page 102:

The wild service tree is very local in our study area.[…]At the time when these wild service trees had ripe fruit the much more abundant hawthorns, as well as a number of other plants, were providing alternative sources of fruit, which were probably safer to exploit than the service tree’s fruit 3—15 m up on terminal twigs of the leafless branches.

2010, Barbara Snow, David Snow, Birds and Berries, page 54:

Sorbus domestica
Sorbus domestica#Translingual

Sorbus torminalis
Sorbus torminalis#Translingual

(botany) Either of two rare Old World deciduous trees, Sorbus domestica or Sorbus torminalis.


thunderbolt

(paleontology) A belemnite, or thunderstone.


clanger

From clang (“loud ringing sound”) + -er.

(Australia, entomology) A cicada, Psaltoda claripennis, of New South Wales and Queensland, having an upper body of green and brown and clear wings with green veins.


tetrad

From Ancient Greek τετράς (tetrás), analysable as tetra- + -ad.

(biology) Two pairs of sister chromatids (a dyad pair) aligned in a certain way and often on the equatorial plane during the meiosis process.

(biology) A group of four haploid and immature pollen grains in tetrahedral fashion produced by meiotic microsporogenesis.


metazoan

monisoluinen eläin

(zoology) animals with differentiated tissues

(zoology) Any animal that is multicellular.

(zoology, obsolete) Any animal that undergoes development from an embryo stage with two or three tissue layers, namely the ectoderm, endoderm, and sometimes mesoderm.


ectoderm

(biology) The outermost of the three tissue layers in the embryo of a metazoan animal, which produces through development, the epidermis (skin) and nervous system of the adult.


endoderm

(anatomy, biology) One of the three tissue layers in the embryo of a metazoan animal, which will produce through development, the digestive system of the adult.


protozoan

en-noun

protozoan (plural protozoa or protozoans)

/ˌpɹəʊ.təˈzəʊ.ən/

From translingual Protozoa + -an, equivalent to proto- + -zoan.

(cytology) Any of the diverse group of eukaryotes, of the phylum Protozoa, that are primarily unicellular, existing singly or aggregating into colonies, are usually nonphotosynthetic, and are often classified further into phyla according to their capacity for and means of motility, as by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.

animalcule

both formerly construed as hypernymous, but not in current taxonomy


coelenterate

(zoology, dated) Any simple aquatic animal formerly considered to belong to the phylum Coelenterata, now divided into the cnidarians and ctenophores.

腔腸動物 /腔肠动物

member of the former phylum Coelenterata


deltoid

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From Latin deltoideus, which was in turn from Ancient Greek adjective δελτοειδής (deltoeidḗs). See also: δέλτα (délta), the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet.

In the shape of the uppercase Greek letter delta (Δ); triangular.

(botany, of leaves) Of a triangular or roughly triangular shape and attached to the stem via the side.


fission

fission (countable and uncountable, plural fissions)

Borrowed from Latin fissiōnem, accusative singular of fissiō (“the act of breaking up”), from findō (“split, divide”).

(biology) The process by which a bacterium splits to form two daughter cells.

انقسام

process by which a bacterium splits into two


lamina

lamina (plural laminae or (archaic) laminæ or laminas)

laminae (plural)
laminæ (archaic plural)
laminas (plural)

Borrowed from Latin lāmina (“a thin piece of metal, wood, marble; a plate, leaf, layer”). Doublet of lame.

bor

A thin layer, plate, or scale of material.

(botany) The flat expanded part of a foliage leaf or leaflet.

(zootomy) One of the narrow thin parallel plates of soft vascular sensitive tissue that cover the flesh within the wall of a hoof.


capnophile

(ecology) A microorganism that requires or grows best in presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide.


plasmolysis

(biology) the shrinking of protoplasm away from the cell wall of a plant or bacterium due to water loss.


podex

Ligament which stretches over the surface of the uterus, running obliquely from the podex to the raceme.

1942, Fabricius (ab Aquapendente), Howard Bernhardt Adelmann (translator), The Embryological Treatises of Hieronymus Fabricius of Aquapendente (page 229)

(zoology, rare) The rear end of any animal.


herborize

en-verb

herborize (third-person singular simple present herborizes, present participle herborizing, simple past and past participle herborized)

herborizes (present singular third-person)
herborizing (participle present)
herborized (participle past)
herborized (past)
herbarize (alternative)
herborise (alternative)
herbarise (alternative)

(intransitive, botany) To seek and classify new or previously known plant species.


alpha male

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The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists

Originally used in scientific research of hierarchies in social animals, the term is now often applied to men with dominating characteristics. Already in some use during the 1990s, it was further popularized by Neil Strauss in The Game (2005).

(zoology, ethology) The dominant male in a group of animals.


herbaceous

en-adj

herbaceous (comparative more herbaceous, superlative most herbaceous)

more herbaceous (comparative)
most herbaceous (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin herbāceus (“grassy”).

[…] and it contains a very good selection of shrubs and herbaceous plants, which, having good soil and plentiful drenchings of water from a garden-engine all the summer, thrive to admiration.

1859, Shirley Hibberd, The Town Garden, page 53:

(botany) Not woody, lacking lignified tissues.


introduced

introduced species

The prickly pear cactus is an introduced species in Australia.

(biology) Not native to a location; brought from another place.


hydro-

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From Ancient Greek ὑδρο- (hudro-), from ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”).


pleural

(zoology) An internal segment of the turtle carapace.


polyandrous

(botany) Belonging to the class Polyandria; having many stamens inserted in the receptacle.


food poisoning

en-noun

food poisoning (usually uncountable, plural food poisonings)

(pathology, bacteriology) Any food-borne disease, such as salmonella, that typically causes diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, fever and abdominal cramps.


hybrid disgenesis

(genetics) a phenomenon in which high transposon mobility causes reduced fertility in hybrid progeny


Ionian

* (Hellenic, Ionia, architecture): Ionia + -n
* (moon of Jupiter): Io + -n- + -ian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Pleistocene epoch.


coelom

coeloms (plural)
celom (alternative)
coeloma (alternative)
coelome (alternative)
cœlom (alternative)
cœloma (alternative)
cœlome (alternative)

From international scientific vocabulary, from New Latin, from Ancient Greek κοίλωμα (koílōma, “hollow, cavity”). Cognate with coeliac.

uder

digestive system
digestive system#English

(zoology) A fluid-filled cavity within the body of an animal. The digestive system is suspended within the cavity, which is lined by a tissue called the peritoneum.


coelomate

coelomates (plural)
cœlomate (alternative)

From the substantivation of the adjective, equivalent to coelom + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

(zoology) Any animal possessing a fluid-filled cavity within which the digestive system is suspended.


coelomate

From coelom + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


cœlomate

(zoology) A group of animals possessing a fluid-filled cavity within which the digestive system is suspended.


apple tree

apple trees (plural)
appletree (alternative)
apple-tree (alternative)

From Middle English appeltre, appiltre, appultre, from Old English æppeltrēow, corresponding to apple + tree. Cognate with Danish æbletræ, Swedish äppelträd, Norwegian epletre, Icelandic eplatré.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

(botany) Any tree that bears apples, principally Malus domestica but also certain wild species.


acnestis

From Late Latin acnestis, from Koine Greek ἄκνηστις (áknēstis, “spine”), from κνῆστις (knêstis, “spine, cheese-grater”), or from ἀ- (a-) + -κναίειν (-knaíein, “grate, scrape, scratch”) (only attested in compounds), or from incorrect segmentation of κατὰ κνῆστιν (katà knêstin, “on the spine”) (see Homer, Odyssey 10.161), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kneh₂-.

der

Acneſtis, from α priv. and κναειν to ſcratch. That part of the ſpine of the back, which reaches from the metaphrenon, which is the part betwixt the ſhoulder blades, to the loins. This part ſeems to have been originally called ſo in quadrupeds only, becauſe they cannot reach it to ſcratch.

1794, John Quincy, Lexicon Physico-medicum: Or, a New Medicinal Dictionary. Explaining the Difficult Terms Used in the Several Branches of the Profession. And in such Parts of Natural Philosophy, as are Introductory thereto. With an Account of the Things Signified by such Terms. Collected from the most Eminent Authors, 11th edition, London: Printed for T[homas] Longman, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC, pages 16–17:

ACNÉSTIS (ακνηςις, from α neg. and κναω to ſcratch). That part of the ſpine between the ſhoulder-blades, and which extends to the loins. It is ſo called from the difficulty there is to reach and ſcratch it.

1802, W[illiam] Turton, A Medical Glossary: In which the Words in the Various Branches of Medicine are Deduced from their Original Languages; Properly Accented and Explained, 2nd edition, London: Printed by J. D. Dewick, Aldersgate Street, for Lackington, Allen, and Co. Temple of the Muses, Finsbury Square, →OCLC, page 11:

That spot known to crossword solvers as the acnestis.

Excoriations are typically linear and occur where the patient can reach with his hands. […] The middle of the back is typically spared, although with a back scratcher, this rule loses value. This pattern of sparing has been called the reverse butterfly sign; the Greek word for the area that cannot be reached is acnestis.

2000, Otto Braun-Falco with Gerd Plewig, Helmut H. Woolf, and Walter H. C. Burgdorf, Dermatology, 2nd completely rev. edition, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, page 991:

In what has to be the longest post-election season in living memory, the last five months have felt like an acnestis upon our collective soul; like that little patch of skin on our backs that we just can't reach to scratch ourselves. It's irritating. It's annoying. It's left us reaching and spinning around in circles.

2008 August 5, New Straits Times, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:

I nudged Winston [a cat] to one side of his chair and sat down beside him. I scratched the spot between his shoulders, the acnestis that animals can't scratch by themselves, and he looked up at me and smiled.

2010, Blaize Clement, Raining Cat Sitters and Dogs: A Dixie Hemingway Mystery, New York, N.Y.: Thomas Dunne Books, →ISBN, page 24:

Acnestis (n.) On an animal, the point of the back that lies between the shoulders and the lower back, which cannot be reached to be scratched. I am very glad I found this word early in my reading of the OED – the fact that there existed a word for this thing which previously I had been sure lacked a name was such a delight to me that suddenly the whole idea of reading the dictionary seemed utterly reasonable.

2010, Ammon Shea, Satisdiction: One Man's Journey into all the Words He'll Ever Need, London: Penguin Books, →ISBN:

(zoology) The section of an animal's skin that it cannot reach in order to scratch itself, usually the space between the shoulder blades.


actinomorphous

en-adj

actinomorphous (comparative more actinomorphous, superlative most actinomorphous)

more actinomorphous (comparative)
most actinomorphous (superlative)

(botany, of a flower) Having petals arranged in a radially symmetric pattern.


actinomorphic

actinomorphic (comparative more actinomorphic, superlative most actinomorphic)

more actinomorphic (comparative)
most actinomorphic (superlative)

(botany, of a flower) Having its petals arranged in a radially symmetric fashion.

actinomorphe

having its petals arranged in a radially symmetric fashion


panspermia

Lederberg's ideas were tinged with Cold War paranoia. In his hands, panspermia came to resemble horizontal gene transfer on a cosmic scale.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 88:

(biology) The hypothesis that microorganisms may transmit life from outer space to habitable bodies; or the process of such transmission.


pectin

en-noun

pectin (countable and uncountable, plural pectins)

From French pectine, coined in the 1830s by Henri Braconnot, from acide pectique "pectic acid", from Ancient Greek πηκτικός (pēktikós, “curdling”), from πηκτός (pēktós, “curdled”), from πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “stiffen”).

der

Apple is rich in pectin and so is often added to other fruits when making jam so it will set.

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide extracted from the cell walls of plants, especially of fruits; under acidic conditions it forms a gel. It is often used in processed foods, especially jellies and jams where it causes thickening (setting).


cell wall

cell walls (plural)
cell-wall (alternative)

The name of Chlamydomonas is applied to certain microscopic green bodies, each of which consists of a protoplasmic central substance invested by a structureless sac. The latter contains cellulose, as in ordinary plants; and the chlorophyll which gives the green colour enables the Chlamydomonas to decompose carbonic acid and fix carbon, as they do. Two long cilia protrude through the cell-wall, and effect the rapid locomotion of this "monad," which, in all respects except its mobility, is characteristically a plant.

1876, T. H. Huxley, “On the Border Territory between the Animal and the Vegetable Kingdoms”, in Littell's Living Age, vol. 128, no. 1657:

The structural distinctiveness of the cell—in plants especially—is dues in large part to the presence of an outer layer, or coat, the cell wall, which in plants is usually firm, and often hard and thick; in animals, delicate or lacking.

1947, Arthur J. Eames, Laurence H. MacDaniels, An Introduction to Plant Anatomy, 2nd edition:

Terrestrial vascular plants contain considerable quantities of lignin, an amorphous phenylpropanoid structural polymer that binds cell wall components and cell walls together providing structural stability to plants.

1994, Robert A. Blanchette, “Lignin biodegradation in cell walls of woody plants”, in O. Petrini, G. B. Ouellette, editors, Host Wall Alterations by Parasitic Fungi, pages 55–65:

Think of the cell wall as a wicker basket in which a balloon has been inflated so that it exerts pressure from the inside. Such a basket is very rigid and resistant to mechanical damage.

2000, John L. Howland, The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life, page 70:

(cytology) A thick, fairly rigid, layer formed around individual cells of bacteria, Archaea, fungi, plants, and algae (but not animals and other protists which generally have cell membranes without cell walls). The cell wall is external to the cell membrane and serves a structural function helping the cell maintain its shape and protecting the cell from damage.

selwand

thick layer around cells of plants, fungi, and algae


esculent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-esculent.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin ēsculentus (“fit for eating, eatable, edible; good to eat, delicious; nourishing; full of food”) + English -ent (suffix forming adjectives with the sense of causing, doing, or promoting a certain action). Ēsculentus is derived from ēsca (“food; dish prepared for the table; bait”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’ forming adjectives).

lbor

In a raw state, a piece the size of a pea of either of the three fungi above-mentioned, if placed on the tongue, would cause intolerable agony. Possibly if well cooked some of the poisonous principles might vanish, but we question whether such species should be mentioned amongst esculents in a popular book, simply because a wild "Russian" could eat some of the plants mentioned, possibly to the accompaniment of a draught of rancid train-oil. Some of the so-called esculents are tough subjects, as Polysporus squamosus and P. fomentarius; we venture to say that if anyone should succeed in getting a slice of the first into his inside it would be a matter of surprise to his friends if he ever got a slice of anything else in.

1887 January, W. G. S., “Text-book of British Fungi. By W. De Lisle Hay [i.e., William Delisle Hay], F.R.G.S. Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co. [book review]”, in James Britten, editor, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume XXV, London: West, Newman & Co., […], →OCLC, page 121:

[Morchella] esculentoides [is] similar to Morchella esculenta, a European esculent, whose name, appropriately, means "edible".

2015, Vera Stucky Evenson, Denver Botanic Gardens, Mushrooms of the Rocky Mountain Region: Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, →ISBN:

(mycology, specifically) An edible mushroom.


succulent

en-adj

succulent (comparative more succulent, superlative most succulent)

more succulent (comparative)
most succulent (superlative)

Borrowed from French succulent, from Latin succulentus.

(botany) Having fleshy leaves or other tissues that store water.

druz

botany: having fleshy leaves or other tissues that store water


costal

From French costal, from Medieval Latin costālis, from Latin costa (“rib”). As a Spanish unit, via Spanish costal. Doublet of coastal.

(entomology) Pertaining to the costa or to the wing areas next to it.


siphon

→ Welsh: seiffon

→ Irish: siofón

From Middle French siphon, from Old French sifon, from Latin sipho, from Ancient Greek σίφων (síphōn, “pipe, tube”), of uncertain origin; possibly related to Latin tibia (“pipe, flute of bone”), with the irregular forms suggesting a non-Indo-European loan source, perhaps of the shape *twi-, *twibh.

der

As a result, although corbinas commonly utilize mollusks, they are limited to the siphons, foot, or other soft parts that either extend from the shell or can be picked from it.

1962, Fish Bulletin, numbers 118-130, Department of Fish and Game, page 48:

(zoology) A tubelike organ found in animals or elongated cell found in plants.


plasmid

From plasma + -id, coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

coin

These discussions have left a plethora of terms adrift: pangenes, bioblasts, plasmagenes, plastogenes, chondriogenes, cytogenes and proviruses, which have lost their original utility owing to the accretion of vague or contradictory connotations. At the risk of adding to this list, I propose plasmid as a generic term for any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant.

1952 October 27, J. Lederberg, “Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis”, in Physiological Reviews, volume 32, number 4, page 403:

This is how the F (for "fertility") plasmid, which forms the basis of a lot of classical E. coli genetics, is transferred from one cell to another.

1995, Christopher Howe, Gene Cloning and Manipulation, page 144:

Bacteria are happy to absorb little rings of DNA called plasmids and adopt them as their own.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 247:

Plasmids have an essential impact on productivity. Related factors are plasmid copy number, structural plasmid stability and segregational plasmid stability.

2004, Karl Friehs, “Plasmid Copy Number and Plasmid Stability”, in M. Beyer, T. Scheper, editors, New Trends and Developments in Biochemical Engineering, volume 86, page 47:

(cytology) A loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from — and replicates independently of — the chromosomes; such loops are most commonly found in bacteria, but they are also sometimes found in archaeans and eukaryotic cells, and they are used in genetic engineering as a vector for gene transfer.

plásmidu

loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes


pseudogene

(genetics) A segment of DNA that is part of the genome of an organism, and which is similar to a gene but does not code for a gene product.


episome

(cytology) A segment of DNA that can exist and replicate either autonomously in the cytoplasm or as part of a chromosome, mainly found in bacteria.


cardiac

From Middle French cardiaque, from Latin cardiacus, from Ancient Greek καρδιακός (kardiakós, “relating to the heart”), from καρδία (kardía, “heart”); by surface analysis, cardi- + -ac.

der

the cardiac arteries

(biology, medicine) Pertaining to the heart.

(biology, medicine) Pertaining to the cardia of the stomach; cardial (cardial is the usual adjective in this sense).


extranuclear

(biology) Outside the nucleus but within the cell cytoplasm.


organotroph

(biology) An organism that obtains its energy from organic compounds.


lithotroph

(biochemistry) An organism that obtains its energy from inorganic compounds (such as ammonia) via electron transfer.


hitchhiker

hitchhikers (plural)
hitch-hiker (alternative)

(informal, botany) A bur that attaches and clings to clothing, or a bur-bearing plant.


turbo

From the New Latin name of the genus Turbo.


bivalve

(botany) A pericarp in which the seedcase opens or splits into two parts or valves.


marker

en-noun

marker (countable and uncountable, plural markers)

marker interface → marker interface pattern

Markers are mapped relative to one another on chromosomes and used as signposts against which to map genes of interest that are linked with marker. This process of finding the linked markers/genes is referred to as grouping.

2012, N Manikanda Boopathi, Genetic Mapping and Marker Assisted Selection: Basics, Practice and Benefits, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 88:

Someone or something used to mark a position or amount, particularly

(biology) A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.

merker

a gene or DNA sequence with a known location

Nurse Hall: Is there any reason we shouldn't do a full workup? / Steve Denube: Ignorance is bliss; that's about it. Hangover's worse than usual but that's probably from the drinking and recreational drug use. / Nurse Hall: We'll ignore the ganja and booger sugar markers.

2019, Justin Benson, directed by Justin Benson, Synchronic, spoken by Nurse Hall and Steve Denube (Rhonda Johnson Dents and Anthony Mackie), XYZ Films, →OCLC:

(biology, medicine) A substance used as an indicator for diagnosis or other analysis, a biomarker.


progesterone

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛstəɹəʊn/

/pɹoʊˈd͡ʒɛstəˌɹoʊn/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-progesterone.wav

From pro- (“supporting”) + Latin gestāre (“to bear, to carry”) + -one (“a ketone”).

af

Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">gestāre</i>

(biochemistry, steroids, uncountable) A steroid hormone, secreted by the ovaries, whose function is to prepare the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and to maintain pregnancy.

(biochemistry, steroids, countable) A synthetic version of the compound, used in contraceptive pills and other pharmaceutical products.


medusa

en-noun

medusa (plural medusas or medusae or (obsolete) medusæ)

medusas (plural)
medusae (plural)
medusæ (obsolete plural)

Typically, what we think of as the jellyfish, the medusa, reproduces sexually, spawning sperm and eggs which, once fertilised, turn into sea anemone-like polyps, which attach themselves to the jellyfish’s bottom or other surfaces.

2014, Theo Tait, ‘Water-Borne Zombies’, London Review of Books, volume 36, number 5:

(zoology) A jellyfish; specifically, a non-polyp form of individual cnidarians, consisting of a gelatinous umbrella-shaped bell and trailing tentacles.


fruiting body

(mycology) The structure on a fungus which houses the spore-producing organs.


skeletal

skeletals (plural)
sceletal (alternative)

(paleontology, informal) Shorthand for skeletal diagram (a black-and-white drawing of a [usually extinct] animal’s skeleton to be used as a reference for paleoart)


alignment

alignment (countable and uncountable, plural alignments)

alignments (plural)
alinement (alternative)
allignment (alternative)
alignement (alternative)

From French alignement, by surface analysis, align + -ment.

(bioinformatics) A way of arranging DNA, RNA or protein sequences in order to identify regions of similarity.

yhteensovittaminen

a way of arranging DNA, RNA or protein sequences


acrospire

(botany) The sprout at the end of a seed when it begins to germinate.


appressorium

From New Latin. By surface analysis, appress + -orium.

(mycology) A bulbous formation produced by parasitic fungi that is well attached to the cuticle of the host and from where a peg-shaped hypha is formed that penetrates the cuticle.

apressori

a bulbous formation produced by parasitic fungi


chromatin

/ˈkɹəʊmətɪn/

Borrowed from German Chromatin, from (combining form of) Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour”) + -ινος (-inos, “made of”). Analyzable as chromatic (“of colour”) + -in (“substance”).

suffix

(biology) A complex of DNA, RNA and proteins within the cell nucleus out of which chromosomes condense during cell division.


metaphase

(biology) The stage of mitosis and meiosis, that follows prophase and comes before anaphase, during which condensed chromosomes become aligned before being separated.


anaphase

19th century: from Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-, “back, backward”) + φάσις (phásis, “appearance”).

derived

(cytology) The stage of mitosis and meiosis during which the chromosomes separate; the chromatid moving to opposite poles of the cell.


scapular

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-scapular.wav

From Latin scapulāre, from Latin scapula (“shoulder”). Compare scapulary.

(ornithology) One of a special group of feathers which arise from each of the scapular regions and lie along the sides of the back.


modulation

en-noun

modulation (countable and uncountable, plural modulations)

/ˌmɑd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

From Late Middle English modulacion, modulacioun (“act of making music or singing; harmony; melody, song”), from Middle French modulation (modern French modulation), and directly from its etymon Latin modulātiō (“regular or rhythmical measure, modulation; inflection of tone; (architecture) calculation of measurements from a standard unit; (Late Latin) act of making music or singing; melody, song”), from modulātus (“modulated”) + -iō (suffix forming abstract nouns from verbs). Modulātus is a perfect participle of modulor (“to beat time; to make music or sing; to measure; etc.”), from modulus (“rhythmical measure, interval; rhythm; small interval or measure, etc.”) + -or (suffix forming certain inflections of verbs); and modulus is from modus (“measure; method; etc.”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure; etc.”)) + -ulus (diminutive suffix). By surface analysis, modulat(e) + -ion (suffix denoting an action or process, or its result).

listen/core

Modulation vocal music example duple.mid

изменение

modification or regulation of something to achieve an appropriate measure or proportion; an instance of this

(uncountable) Modification or regulation of something to achieve an appropriate measure or proportion; (countable) an instance of this.

(biology, uncountable) Variation in the activity or form of a cell in response to changes in the environment; (countable) an instance of this.

muuntautuminen

variation in the activity or form of a cell in response to changes in the environment; an instance of this


fusiform

en-adj

fusiform (comparative more fusiform, superlative most fusiform)

more fusiform (comparative)
most fusiform (superlative)

Fusobacteria are fusiform bacilli (spindled rods).

Acorns come in spherical and fusiform varieties.

(chiefly botany, zoology) Shaped like a spindle with yarn spun on it; having round or roundish cross-section and tapering at each end.


mucositis

en-noun

mucositis (countable and uncountable, plural mucositides)

(biology, medicine) Inflammation of a mucosa (mucous membrane), or of multiple mucosae; as:

A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth.


cryptid

From crypt + -id. English usage 1983; coined by John E. Wall in the ISC Newsletter.

Now comes perhaps the cleverest tag of all: cryptozoology. It refers to the search for new animals, animals dwelling in unexpected places, and most importantly for "X-Files" scriptwriters, "cryptids"—legendary creatures such as the yeti.

1999 August 16, Steve Burgess, “Loren Coleman, Loch Ness snowman of cryptozoology”, in salon.com:

(cryptozoology) A creature known only from folklore or legend, the existence of which is not proven by scientific observation.


helminthology

(zoology) The branch of zoology related to the study of helminths (parasitic worms).

helmintologia

branch of zoology related to study of helminths


three-cornered

a three-cornered stem

(botany) Having three prominent longitudinal angles.


thriftless

en-adj

thriftless (comparative more thriftless, superlative most thriftless)

more thriftless (comparative)
most thriftless (superlative)

From Middle English thrifteles, þriftles, equivalent to thrift + -less.

(botany, horticulture, dated) Not thriving.


pecker

From Middle English pekker, equivalent to peck (“to pick at something in the manner of a bird”) + -er (“forming agent nouns”).

af

The Titmouse, and the Peckers hungry Brood.

1697, Publius Virgilius Maro, translated by John Dryden, Georgics, section IV:

By far the greater number of modern birds belong to the... orders of the perchers, the peckers, and the birds of prey.

1884 January, George Allen, Longman's Magazine, page 294:

Someone who or something that pecks, striking or piercing in the manner of a bird's beak or bill, particularly:

(zoology) A bird, particularly a member of the group including the woodpeckers, flowerpeckers, oxpeckers, and berrypeckers.

The pecker was esteemed a sacred and divine bird.

1883, Jacob Grimm, translated by J.S. Stallybrass, Teutonic Mythology, volume III, page 973:

I've been feeding several downy ’peckers from my short-perched tubes for years.

(zoology, usually colloquial or US regional) Clipping of woodpecker (Picidae).


operculum

Hyoliths […] have a small, conical calcium carbonate shell, with a lid called an operculum.

2017 January 18, Susannah Lydon, The Guardian:

(zoology) A covering flap in animals, such as a gill cover.

(botany) The lidlike portion of a moss sporangium or of a fruit that detaches to allow the dispersal of spores or seeds.

درپوش

(botany) lidlike portion on a sporangium or fruit that detaches


chimerical

en-adj

chimerical (comparative more chimerical, superlative most chimerical)

more chimerical (comparative)
most chimerical (superlative)
chimaerical (alternative)
chimærical (alternative)

/kɪˈmɛɹɪkəl/

From chimera, from Latin chimaera, from Ancient Greek χίμαιρα (khímaira, “she-goat”). This term entered English in or around 1638.

uder

(genetics) Resulting from the expression of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins.

chimérique

resulting from the expression of two or more genes


nonpareil

en-noun

nonpareil (countable and uncountable, plural nonpareils)

nonpareils (plural)
non-pareil (alternative)
nonparella (alternative)
nonpareillo (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-nonpareil.wav

/ˌnɑnpəˈɹɛl/

From Late Middle English non-parail (“unparalleled, nonpareil”) [and other forms], from Middle French nonpareille, nonpareil (“unparalleled”) (obsolete), from non- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + pareil (“alike, like, same”). Pareil is derived from Old French pareil, from Late Latin pāriculus (“equal; like; of a number: even”), from Latin pār (“equal; like; of a number: even; suitable”) + -culus (a variant of -ulus (suffix forming diminutives)). Doublet of umpire.
Noun sense 4 (size of type standardized at 6-point) is usually taken to derive from the attractive type cut by the brothers Giovanni and Gregorio De Gregori (fl. 1482–1503 and 1496–1527 respectively) for their 1498 edition of the divine offices in Venice; it was for a long time the smallest-sized type in use.

nb...

nonparaille, nonpareyl, nounparalle, nowimparaile

der

The blue underwing or Clifden nonpareil (Catocala fraxini), a species of moth distributed across the Palearctic; also (obsolete) any of a number of moths of other species.

Platycercus eximius
Platycercus eximius#Translingual

(chiefly Australia, archaic) In full nonpareil parrot: an eastern rosella, of species Platycercus eximius, a rosella (parrot) native to southeastern Australia.

(chiefly US) A painted bunting (Passerina ciris), a brightly-coloured finch native to North America.

(archaic) In full nonpareil apple: an apple tasting both sweet and tart which ripens very late in the season; also, the tree producing this fruit.


norepinephrine

en-noun

norepinephrine (countable and uncountable, plural norepinephrines)

/ˌnɔːɹɛpɪˈnɛfɹɪn/

For quotations using this term, see Citations:norepinephrine.

(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter found in the locus coeruleus which is synthesized from dopamine.


noradrenaline

noradrenaline (countable and uncountable, plural noradrenalines)

noradrenalines (plural)
noradrenalin (alternative)

/nɔːɹəˈdɹɛnəlɪn/

Ranicide in rats was found to be reduced by injection of noradrenaline into the hypothalamus, as was muricide behaviour (Bandler, 1970).[…]Other sites in the unspecified ‘ventral midbrain’ were also found (Bandler, 1971) at which noradrenaline administration in crystalline form served to facilitate predatory aggression (ranicide and muricide).

1984, Stephen T. Mason, “Catecholamines and vegetative behaviour”, in Catecholamines and Behaviour, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section “Aggression”, page 333:

(biochemistry, chiefly UK) Synonym of norepinephrine.

noradrenalina

the compound norepinephrine — see also norepinephrine


pleroma

pleroma (countable and uncountable, plural pleromas)

Adam Black
David Don
Wernerian Natural History Society

Learned borrowing from Late Latin pleroma (“(Gnosticism) spiritual universe seen as the totality of the essence and powers of God”), from Koine Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă, “(biblical) perfect fullness”), Ancient Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă, “that which fills, a complement; a filling up, a completing”), from πληρόω (plēróō, “to make full, fill; to complete, finish”) (from πλήρης (plḗrēs, “complete, full”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”)) + -όω (-óō, suffix forming verbs with the sense of making someone be or do something)) + -μᾰ (-mă, suffix forming nouns denoting the result or effect of an action).
Sense 1.1 (“plant”) is borrowed from New Latin Pleroma, a genus name coined by the Scottish botanist David Don (1799–1841) in 1822, from Ancient Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă) (see above) to describe the way the seeds of the plant filled the capsule.
Sense 2 (“state of perfect fullness”) is chiefly used in reference to Colossians 2:9 of the Bible: “Ὅτι ἐν αὐτῶῳ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς θεότητος σωματικῶς (Hóti en autôōi katoikeî pân tò plḗrōma tês theótētos sōmatikôs) [For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form]”.

coinage

In his [Jakob Eriksson's] investigations of the meristem (the tissue from which the permanent tissues are formed) by dicotyledonous roots he found four types of growth, […] In the second type only two separate meristem tissues are present in the tips of the roots; a pleroma and a common tissue, from which the primary bark and epidermis and root-cap proceed.

1876 December 9, “[Punctum vegetationis, or Growing Point of Dicotyledonous Roots]”, in The Gardeners’ Chronicle. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects, volume VI (New Series), number 154, London: Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC, page 750, column 1:

[I]n the pleroma of the primary meristem of roots there is not only cambium (persistent parenchyma) and procambium (forerunner of fibres and vessels), but pericambium—i.e., a special outer layer of the plerome that remains for a long time as meristem.

1890 August 22, Edward Aveling, “Botany for Students. Chapter XXII.—The Root.”, in The English Mechanic and World of Science and Art. […], volume LI, number 1326, London: […] E[beneezer] J. Kibblewhite, […], →OCLC, page 543, column 2:

In the pleroma of hyacinth and pea roots, t#95;#123;min#125; increases along the meristem, especially in its basal part[…].

2001, Russian Journal of Developmental Biology: A Journal of Original Papers and Reviews on Developmental and Cell Biology, volume 32, Moscow: Pleiades Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 205, column 1:

(archaic or obsolete, rare) Synonym of plerome (“the central portion of the apical meristem in a growing plant root or stem which, according to the histogen theory, gives rise to the endodermis and stele”)


geniculate

Learned borrowing from Latin geniculātus (“with bended knee”), from geniculum (“little knee”) + -ātus (participial adjective-forming suffix), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

a geniculate stem; a geniculate ganglion; a geniculate twin crystal

(anatomy, botany) Bent abruptly, with the structure of a knee.


intercalary

From Latin intercalārius, from intercalāris, from intercalō, from inter (“among”) + calō (“call out, proclaim”).

(sciences, by extension) Inserted between other things

(botany) of a meristem: situated between zones of permanent tissue, thus a shoot growing at the base of a leaf, in comparison with apical growth at the tip of a root or plant.

...two radial cells, second longer than first; intercalary fork fairly distinct; crossvein r-m vertical...

1953, Willis W. Wirth, “American Biting Midges of the Helid Genus Monohelea”, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum, volume 103, number 3320, pages 135–154:

(entomology) of a wing vein: between the major veins common to insect wings.


meristem

From German Meristem, from Ancient Greek μεριστός (meristós, “divided”), from μερίζω (merízō), from μέρος (méros) + στέμμα (stémma, “wreath, garland”). First used in 1858 by Swiss botanist Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891).

af

Coordinate term: cambium

By looking back at a past populated by beings of grotesque difference, humans could place themselves at the apical meristem—the growing tip—of the future.

2020, Janet Chernela, quotee, “Life Finds A Way”, in Jonathan Elmore, editor, Fiction and the Sixth Mass Extinction, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN:

(botany) The plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growth.


apical

(botany, of a meristem) Situated at the growing tip of the plant or its roots, in comparison with intercalary growth situated between zones of permanent tissue.


liana

From French liane, influenced by lien (“link, bond”). The word comes from the western dialects of West Indian French.

Many of the older trees presented a very curious appearance from the tresses of a liana hanging from their boughs, and resembling bundles of hay.

1839, Robert FitzRoy, Phillip Parker King, Charles Darwin, chapter II, in Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle, between the Years 1826 and 1836, […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC:

1884, Achilles Daunt, Frank Redcliffe: A story of travel and adventure in the forests of Venezuela (A Book for Boys), London: T. Nelson & Sons, Chapter 5, p. 99,
Flowering lianas hung in long streaming lines from the outstretched boughs and dipped their pendulous bouquets in the water of the igarape, which reflected the cloudless blue of the sky.

Allow friendly natives to walk in front of you on the track. They have sharp eyes for pitfalls, snakes, hornets, and stinging plants. They will cut the lianas and thorny trailers. They like to do it.

1943 April 4, Allied Geographical Section, Southwest Pacific Area, Getting About in New Guinea, page 6:

They left the drive and stood among the wild tannia under the saman tree. Mrs Tulsi held a liana and offered it to Mr Biswas. While he felt it, she held a thinner liana and pulled it down. ‘As strong as rope,’ she said. ‘The children could skip with this.’

1961, V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, Vintage International, published 2001, Part Two, Chapter 3:

(botany) A climbing woody vine, usually tropical.


doublet

doublets (plural)
doubtlet (alternative)

From Middle English doublet, a borrowing from Old French doublet, from double, duble, doble + -et.

zeke

(historical in English) a man’s waistcoat

(botany) A very small flowering plant, Dimeresia howellii.


midden

From Middle English midding, myddyng, from Old Danish mykdyngja, (a compound of Old Norse myk, myki (“muck, manure”) and dyngja (“dung, dungpile”)), whence also Danish møgdynge and mødding, Norwegian mødding, dialectal Swedish mödding.

(zoology) A shelter made of vegetation and other materials by packrats.

(zoology) An accumulation of dried urine and fecal deposits made by hyraxes.


taenia

taenias (plural)
taeniae (plural)
tænia (alternative)
tenia (alternative)

From Latin taenia, from Ancient Greek ταινία (tainía, “ribbon, tape”).

uder

About an hour after the last dose, that is, in three hours after commencing the remedy, an entire tænia was voided alive, no other effect than a slight nausea having been experienced by the patient.[…]On plunging living tæniae either into the decoction, or into the mixture of the pomegranate bark and water, they writhe and manifest great suffering.

1835, W. B. Joy, “Worms”, in John Forbes, Alexander Tweedie, John Conolly, editors, The Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine, volume 4, page 545:

(biology) Any species of the genus Taenia of tapeworms.


trigamous

(botany) Having three kinds of flowers — male, female, and hermaphrodite — in the same flower head.


incumbent

en-adj

incumbent (comparative more incumbent, superlative most incumbent)

more incumbent (comparative)
most incumbent (superlative)

From Latin incumbentem + English -ent (suffix denoting the causing, doing, or promoting of an action). Incumbentem is the accusative singular of incumbēns (“reclining”), the present active participle of incumbō (“to lay upon, to lean or recline on; to fall upon, to press down on”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘against; into; on, upon’) + *cumbō (“to lie down, recline”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb-).

rusten op

[T]he anther either looks inwards or outwards. When it is turned inwards, or is fixed to that side of the filament which looks towards the pistil or centre of the flower, the anther is incumbent or intorse, as in Magnolia and the Water-Lily. When turned outwards, or fixed to the outer side of the filament, it is extorse, as in the Tulip-tree.

1857, Asa Gray, “Lesson XVII. Morphology of the Stamens.”, in First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology, […], New York, N.Y.: Ivison & Phinney and G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam & Co., […], →OCLC, paragraph 293, page 113:

Chiefly followed by on or upon: leaning, or lying, reclining, or resting, on something else.

(botany) Of an anther: lying on the inner side of the filament; also, of a cotyledon: having its back lying against the radicle.

poikkitelainen

of an anther: lying on the inner side of the filament; of a cotyledon: having its back lying against the radicle

the incumbent toe of a bird

(zoology) Of a body part such as a hair, spine, or wing: bent downwards or otherwise positioned so that it, or part of it, rests on or touches something else; specifically (ornithology), of the hind toe of a bird: fully resting on a support.

rusten op

of a body part: bent downwards or otherwise positioned so that it, or part of it, rests on or touches something else; of the hind toe of a bird: fully resting on a support


sylph

First attested in 1657. From New Latin sylphes, coined by Paracelsus in the 16th century. The coinage may derive from Latin sylvestris (“of the woods”) and nympha (“nymph”). Ultimately from the root silva (“woods, forest”). Related to sylvan.
More at Wikipedia.

(ornithology) Any of the mainly dark green and blue hummingbirds (genus Aglaiocercus), the male of which has a long forked tail.


suspended

(botany, of an ovule) Attached slightly below the summit of the ovary.


loveliness

en-noun

loveliness (countable and uncountable, plural lovelinesses)

From Middle English luflynes; equivalent to lovely + -ness.

'A loveliness of ladybirds,' whispers Roisin to her sleeping child, and looks at her husband proudly. He grins back. 'Aye, the plague of last summer. Couldn't pick up a glass of lemonade without finding a hundred ladybirds using it as a bubble-bath.'

2016, David Mark, Dead Pretty, Hachette UK, page 10

A loveliness of ladybugs is enjoying lunch - little aphids that pepper a crop of soybeans.

2018, Natalie Rompella, The World Never Sleeps, Tilbury House, p18

Sparks of sunlight caught on a loveliness of ladybirds that had floated into the waiting room through an open door.

2019, Jayne Fresina, A Loveliness of Ladybirds, Twisted-E Publishing LLC, page 71

(zoology, collective) A group of ladybirds.


connive

en-verb

connive (third-person singular simple present connives, present participle conniving, simple past and past participle connived)

connives (present singular third-person)
conniving (participle present)
connived (participle past)
connived (past)

From French conniver (“to ignore and thus become complicit in wrongdoing”), or directly from its etymon Latin con(n)īvēre (“close or screw up the eyes, blink, wink; overlook, turn a blind eye, connive”) (perhaps alluding to two persons involved in a scheme together winking to each other), from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several objects) + *nīvēre (related to nictō (“to blink, wink”), from Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ- (“to bend, droop”)).

der

This species [...] differs from other species of this genus in the upper pinnæ being contracted, which are sinuously lobed, each lacinæ and lobe bearing a sorus, furnished with a nearly orbicular indusium, the free exterior margin of which connives with the margin of the lobe, [...]

1875, John Smith, “118.—Nephrolepis, Schott. (1834).: Hook Sp. Fil.”, in Historia Filicum; an Exposition on the Nature, Number, and Organography of Ferns, […], London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, part 2 (General Arrangement and Characteristics of Tribes and Genera, […]), page 227:

(intransitive, botany, rare) Of parts of a plant: to be converging or in close contact; to be connivent.


pathobiology

en-noun

pathobiology (usually uncountable, plural pathobiologies)

(biology) The branch of biology that deals with pathology with greater emphasis on the biological than on the medical aspects.


birder

Many of the crofters on Fair Isle and Shetland know as much about the birds as the birders.

1980, Bill Oddie, Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book, page 47:

It's good to be the king. Even if the kingdom is rather small. It is amazing how often really good birders are borderline megalomaniacs.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 37:


twitching

twitching (countable and uncountable, plural twitchings)

(birdwatching) Compulsive birdwatching by people (twitchers) who travel long distances to see rare species.


birdwatcher

birdwatchers (plural)
bird watcher (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-birdwatcher.wav

Alec Warner was gazing like a bird-watcher at Charmian, who plucked at the rug round her knees, waiting to tell her own story.

1959, Muriel Spark, chapter 5, in Memento Mori, London: Macmillan:

(birdwatching) A person who observes or identifies wild birds in their natural environment.

觀鳥者 /观鸟者

a person who observes or identifies wild birds in their natural environment


lepidopterology

From Ancient Greek λεπίς (lepís, “scale”) + πτερόν (pterón, “wing”) + -λογία (-logía, “-logy, branch of study”), or, more recently, from translingual Lepidoptera + -ology.

(biology, zoology, entomology) The scientific study of butterflies and moths (the Lepidoptera).


cavernous

en-adj

cavernous (comparative more cavernous, superlative most cavernous)

more cavernous (comparative)
most cavernous (superlative)

Late Middle English cavernous, cavernose, borrowing from Old French caverneux or Latin cavernōsus (“full of hollows or cavities”), from caverna (“a hollow, cavity, cave”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to cavern + -ous.

af

(anatomy, zootomy) Composed largely of vascular sinuses and capable of dilating with blood to bring about the erection of a body part.


murrain

en-noun

murrain (countable and uncountable, plural murrains)

murrains (plural)
murrein (alternative)
murrion (alternative)

The noun is derived from Late Middle English morein, morine, moreyn (“(widespread) death; widespread sickness, plague; fatal disease; carnage; carrion”), from Anglo-Norman morine, mourine, moreyn (“death; widespread sickness, plague; carrion; cattle disease”), Middle French morine, and Old French morine, mourine, murine (“widespread sickness, plague; animal which has died from a disease”), from Late Latin morina (“plague”), probably from Latin morī, the present active infinitive of morior (“to die; to decay, wither”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).
The adjective and adverb are derived from the noun.
Cognates
* Italian morìa (“plague”)
* Latin morticīnus (“that has died naturally, dead; (relational) carrion”) (Medieval Latin morticinium)
* Occitan moria (“death; plague”)
* Old French morie (“death”) mourie (“flesh of animals that have died of disease”) (Middle French murie)
* Portuguese morrinha (“cattle plague”)
* Spanish morriña (“cattle plague”)

cog

water murrain

Il'e ſtrike thee [Earth] vvith a laſting barrenneſſe. / No more ſhall plenty crovvne thy fertill brovves, / Il'e breake thy plovves, thy Oxen murren-ſtrike: […]

1613, Thomas Heywood, The Silver Age, […], London: […] Nicholas Okes, and are to be sold by Beniamin Lightfoote […], →OCLC, Act III, signature H, verso:

[A] Church-mans Juriſdiction is no more but to vvatch over his Flock in ſeaſon, and out of ſeaſon, to deal by ſvveet and efficacious Inſtructions, gentle Admonitions, and ſometimes rounder Reproofs; […] againſt a perſiſting ſtubbornes, or the fear of a reprobate ſenſe, a timely ſeparation from the Flock by that interdictive Sentence, leſt his Converſation unprohibited, or unbranded, might breath a peſtilential murrein into the other Sheepe.

1642 April, John Milton, An Apology for Smectymnuus; republished in A Complete Collection of the Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous Works of John Milton, […], volume I, Amsterdam [actually London: s.n.], 1698, →OCLC, page 159:

The murrain among Bees is very rare: other diſeaſes they are ſubject too, eſpecially to a ſcovvring, by gathering, or feeding on Tithymal, […]

1657, Samuel Purchas, “Of Bees, Enemies and Sicknesses”, in A Theatre of Politicall Flying-Insects. […], London: […] R. I. for Thomas Parkhurst, […], →OCLC, page 122:

The next year vvas calamitous, bringing ſtrange fluxes upon men, and murren upon Cattel.

1670, John Milton, “The Sixth Book”, in The History of Britain, that Part Especially now Call’d England. […], London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for James Allestry, […] , →OCLC, page 245:

[page 47] [B]ecauſe Murreins among the Larger Cattle, and Rots among the Smaller, are the moſt Fatal of Diſeaſes, and ſvveep them avvay by Herds and Flocks, I ſhall (from Long Experience) ſhovv the neareſt vvay to fore-ſee the approaching Danger, […] [page 48] To prevent therefore this Murrein, Long-ſought; or as ſome call it, Gurget: If you are conſtrained to Paſture your Beaſts, bleed them as ſoon as ever the Leaf begins to fall; peg their Ears and Devv-laps vvith Helebore, or Bears-foot, a Plant ſo called; […]

1700, C. P. [pseudonym], “Signs of Murrein, Rot, or Such Like Destroying Diseases in Cattle; how to Prevent or Remedy Them”, in The Sheepherd’s New Kalender: or, The Citizen’s & Country Man’s Daily Companion: […], London: […] A. M. for J. Blare, […], →OCLC, pages 47–48:

(countable, veterinary medicine, chiefly historical) Any of several highly infectious diseases of cattle or other livestock, such as anthrax, babesiosis, or rinderpest; or a particular epizootic thereof; also, an infectious disease affecting other animals, such as poultry.

مَوْتَان

any of several highly infectious diseases of cattle, etc.; or a particular epizootic thereof

potato murrain

[H]e had reason to think that a murrain had fallen over the whole of the potato crops in England, and that, if it extended to Ireland, the most serious consequences must ensue.

1880, [Benjamin Disraeli], chapter XIV, in Endymion […], volume III, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, pages 141–142:

(countable, by extension, phytopathology) An infectious disease affecting plants.


aecium

aecia (plural)
aeciums (plural)
æcium (alternative)

From New Latin aecium, from Ancient Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā, “injury, insult”). However Merriam-Webster relates that aecium is a back-formation from aecidium and is not related to the Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā). The word aecium was "introduced as a substitute for aecidium by the Purdue University plant pathologist J. C. Arthur (1850–1942) in an effort to reform terminology for rust fungi; see Terminology of the Spore-Structures in the Uredinales, Botanical Gazette, vol. 39 (Mar., 1905), pp. 219-22."

der

1932 August, Ralph Ulysses Cotter, Factors Affecting the Development of the Aecial Stage of Puccinia Graminis, US Dept of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 314, page 29,
The writer therefore made observations to determine the conditions under which the aecia open and discharge spores most readily.

The receptive hyphae with binucleate cells eventually form the basal cells of the aecium.[…]Many cup-like structures, called aecia, appear on the lower surface of leaf.

2010, N. K. Soni, Vandana Soni, Fundamentals of Botany, volume 1, page 127:

It is a heteroecious rust and its aecia are produced on species of Oxalis, namely O. stricta, according to Arthur (1929).

2010, M. S. Patil, Anjali Patil, “16: The Rust Fungi: Systematics, Diseases and Their Management”, in Arun Arya, Analía Edith Perelló, editors, Management of Fungal Plant Pathogens, page 209:

(mycology) A cuplike fruiting structure of some parasitic rust fungi that contains chains of aeciospores.


aeciospore

aeciospores (plural)
æciospore (alternative)

[ˈiʃiəˌspɔː]

(botany) A binucleate spore of a rust fungus, formed in a chainlike series in an aecium.


basidium

Latinized form of Ancient Greek βάσις (básis, “base”) + -idium.

The walls of these scleroid basidia often reach 1 μm or more in thickness and the walls stain deeply with congo red.

1981, Timothy J. Baroni, A Revision of the Genus Rhodocybe Maire (Agaricales), page 24:

(mycology) A small structure, shaped like a club, found in the Basidiomycota division of fungi, that bears four spores at the tips of small projections. [from 19th c.]


zymosan

en-noun

zymosan (countable and uncountable, plural zymosans)

(biochemistry) an insoluble carbohydrate, obtained from the cell walls of yeast, used in the bioassay of blood serum


replicate

en-adj

replicate (comparative more replicate, superlative most replicate)

more replicate (comparative)
most replicate (superlative)

/ˈɹɛpləˌkət/

From Latin replicātus, past participle of replicāre (“to fold or bend back; reply”), from re (“back”) + plicāre (“to fold”); see ply. Doublet of reply and replica.

a replicate leaf or petal

the replicate margin of a shell

(botany, zoology) Folded over or backward; folded back upon itself.


macrocephalous

macrocephalous (comparative more macrocephalous, superlative most macrocephalous)

more macrocephalous (comparative)
most macrocephalous (superlative)

(botany) Having the cotyledons of a dicotyledonous embryo confluent, and forming a large mass compared with the rest of the body.


macrophyllous

macrophyllous (comparative more macrophyllous, superlative most macrophyllous)

more macrophyllous (comparative)
most macrophyllous (superlative)


macropodal

macropodal (comparative more macropodal, superlative most macropodal)

more macropodal (comparative)
most macropodal (superlative)


propagation

en-noun

propagation (countable and uncountable, plural propagations)

From Middle French propagation, from Old French propagacion, from Latin propagatio.
Morphologically propagate + -ion

(genetics) the elongation part of transcription


macropodous

en-adj

macropodous (comparative more macropodous, superlative most macropodous)

more macropodous (comparative)
most macropodous (superlative)

(botany) (of a leaf) Having a long stalk.

(botany) (of a plant embryo) Having a large hypocotyl.

(botany, obsolete) (of a plant embryo) Having a large radicle.


macrosporangium

(botany) A megasporangium; sporangium or conceptacle containing only large spores; opposed to microsporangium.


maculation

Females [of the species Speyeria nokomis] are cream above with heavy black maculation accompanied by much dark suffusion.

1975, William H. Howe, editor, The Butterflies of North America, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, page 217:

1990, Mason E. Hale, A Synopsis of the Lichen Genus Xanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae), Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 195,
[This lichen] species […] is recognized by […] more or less distinct maculation on the upper surface, and pale brown lower surface.

(zoology, botany, chiefly uncountable) A pattern of spots.


maculose

maculose (comparative more maculose, superlative most maculose)

more maculose (comparative)
most maculose (superlative)

(geology, zoology) Having spots on the surface; spotted


madreporite

/ˌmædɹəˈpɔɹaɪt/

From madrepore + -ite; the echinoderm sense is in reference to how it resembles the coral.

water vascular system
water vascular system

(zoology) A calcareous opening in the body of echinoderms which connects the water vascular system to the environment.

a similar Madreporite deposite is noticed a few feet above the coal seam

1839, Report of the progress of the Geological Survey for the year 1839:

Whether madreporite occurs naturally in Spain, I do not know

1943, “Publications of the Folklore Society (Great Britain)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), page 138:

Madreporite was regarded as a variety of calcite and anthraconite a lamellar variety of madreporite

1989, Society for the Bibliography of Natural History (Great Britain), Archives of Natural History, page 199:

(archaic, paleontology) A fossil stony coral, or a deposit composed of the same.


aestivation

en-noun

aestivation (countable and uncountable, plural aestivations)

aestivations (plural)
æstivation (alternative)
estivation (alternative)

Derived from Latin aestīvō, aestīvāre (“to spend or pass the summer in a place”), from aestīvus (“of or pertaining to summer”), from aestās (“summer”) + -īvus.

der+

(biology) A state of inactivity and metabolic depression during summer: the summer version of hibernation.

夏眠

(botany) The arrangement (vernation) of the parts of a flower inside a bud; prefloration.

silmuasento

vernation of the parts of flower inside a bud; prefloration


botanical name

Plantae, Betulaceae, Helianthemum, Zea mays and Stellaria media subsp. media are botanical names.

(botany) A formal scientific name of a plant, especially as conforming to the ICBN.


ICBN

(botany, superseded by ICN) Abbreviation of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, a body of rules and recommendations governing botanical names.


circumscription

en-noun

circumscription (countable and uncountable, plural circumscriptions)

The circumscription in the APG system of the family Malvaceae includes the former families Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae.

(taxonomy) The definition of what does and does not belong to a given taxon, from a particular taxonomic viewpoint or taxonomic system.

rajaus

taxonomy: definition of what belongs in a taxon


magistery

magistery (countable and uncountable, plural magisteries)

/ˈmæd͡ʒɪstəɹi/

/ˈmæd͡ʒəˌstəɹi/

PIE word
 *méǵh₂s
From Middle English magisteri, magistery (“academic degree of Master”), from Latin magisterium (“office of a chief, director, president, or superintendent; teaching office or authority of the Roman Catholic Church; authoritative statement”) (compare Late Latin magisterium (“philosopher’s stone”)), from magister (“master (title for a person in authority or one having a licence from a university to teach liberal arts and philosophy); teacher”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“big, great”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns, sometimes denoting groups and offices). Doublet of magisterium. Cognate with French magistère, Old French magisteire.

der

(countable, pharmacology, veterinary medicine) A medicine prepared for a specific use.


irruption

en-noun

irruption (countable and uncountable, plural irruptions)

From Middle French irruption, from Latin irruptio.

Extreme rainfall events predict irruptions of rat plagues in central Australia.

(ecology) An abrupt increase of an animal population.


adhesion

adhesion (usually uncountable, plural adhesions)

adhesions (plural)
adhæsion (alternative)

From French adhésion, from Latin stem of adhaesio, from past participle of adhaerare.

(biochemistry) The binding of a cell to a surface or substrate.


crossover

crossover (countable and uncountable, plural crossovers)

(genetics) The result of the exchange of genetic material during meiosis.

tekijäinvaihdunta

the result of the exchange of genetic material during meiosis


taxonomic system

taxonomic system (plural taxonomic systems)

(taxonomy) A coherent system of taxonomic judgements on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. A taxonomic system is restricted to a large but limited part of the living world.


cyclosis

cyclosis (countable and uncountable, plural cycloses)

(biology) The circulation of protoplasm within a cell.


Aalenian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Middle Jurassic epoch or series.


Aalenian

(geology, paleontology) Of or pertaining to the Aalenian epoch.


allogeneic

/ˌæləd͡ʒəˈniɪk/

(genetics) Genetically different because of being derived from separate individuals of the same species.


mosaic

mosaic (countable and uncountable, plural mosaics)

mosaics (plural)
mosaick (alternative)
musaic (alternative)

From Middle French mosaïque, from Italian mosaico, from Medieval Latin musaicum, from Late Latin musivum (opus), from Latin museum, musaeum, probably from Ancient Greek Μουσεῖον (Mouseîon), shrine of the Muses (Μοῦσα (Moûsa)).

(genetics) An individual composed of two or more cell lines of different genetic or chromosomal constitution, but from the same zygote.

(phytopathology) Any of several viral diseases that cause mosaic-like patterns to appear on leaves.


cathemeral

en-adj

cathemeral (comparative more cathemeral, superlative most cathemeral)

more cathemeral (comparative)
most cathemeral (superlative)

/kəˈθɛməɹəl/

(biology) Relating to organisms' behaviour in which food is acquired at random intervals during the day or night.


cnidarian

/nɪˈdɛː.ɹɪ.ən/

/nʌɪˈdɛː.ɹɪ.ən/

A general feature of cnidarians, as I noted above, is their stinging cells.

2016, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Other Minds, William Collins, published 2018, page 35:

(zoology) Any of various invertebrate animals, such as jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, corals and formerly sponges and ctenophores that belong to the phylum Cnidaria.

cnidario

any of various invertebrate animals that belong to the phylum Cnidaria


cion

1621–1626 (published posthumously in 1627): Francis Bacon, Sylva Sylvarum : or, A Natural History ; in ten centuries, century V, Experiments in consort touching the putting back or retardation of germination, ¶ 421; reprinted in:

421. Men have entertained a conceit that showeth prettily ; namely, that if you graft a late-coming fruit upon a stock of a fruit-tree that cometh early, the graft will bear early ; as a peach upon a cherry ; and contrariwise, if an early-coming fruit upon a stock of a fruit-tree that cometh late, the graft will bear fruit late ; as a cherry upon a peach. But these are but imaginations, and untrue. The cause is, for that the cion overruleth the stock quite : and the stock is but passive only, and giveth aliment, but no motion to the graft.

1838, The works of Lord Bacon : with an introductory essay, and a portrait ; in two volumes, volume 1, page 133 (London : William Ball, Paternoster Row ; stereotyped and printed by John Childs and son)

(chiefly botany) Alternative spelling of scion


nonhomologous

The nonhomologous RNA recombination resulted in an enhanced hemagglutinin cleavability.


stuffer fragment

en-noun

stuffer fragment (plural stuffer fragments)

(genetics) A section of DNA contained within the genome of lambda vector that is replaced by the DNA to be cloned.


antrum

From Latin antrum, from Ancient Greek ἄντρον (ántron, “cave”). Doublet of antre.

In forms with a modified outer antral fence, both this and the adjacent distal band of the domiciliar wall may be concave and form the antrum (Figs. 6 J-K; 7 B), and in some forms the antrum apparently is formed by the dolon alone (dolonal antrum).

(biology) A bodily cavity, especially one having bony walls, especially one in the sinuses.


influent

From Latin influent-, the present participle stem of īnfluere.

(ecology) An organism having an important effect on a plant or animal community.


influent

en-adj

influent (comparative more influent, superlative most influent)

more influent (comparative)
most influent (superlative)

(ecology) Having an important effect on a plant or animal community.


polylinker

(genetics) A short sequence of DNA containing several restriction enzyme recognition sites that is contained in cloning vectors


primary producer

en-noun

primary producer (plural primary producers)

alkutuottaja

producer of basic agricultural commodities

(biology) An autotrophic organism producing complex organic matter, using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.


shi

Clipping of shibire. Coined by Japanese-Canadian geneticist and zoologist David Suzuki, the person who also coined "shibire".


generic name

Holonyms: species name (the binomial unit), binominal name, binomial name

Its generic name is Staphylococcus, but you may know it better by the common name staph.

(taxonomy) The first word in a binominal name, which identifies the genus of the lifeform considered.

sukuosa

(taxonomy) first word in a binominal name, which identifies the genus of the lifeform considered — see also specific epithet


leader sequence

en-noun

leader sequence (plural leader sequences)

(genetics) The sequence at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule that is not translated into protein.


holotype

The holotype of this species is subglobular in shape and ammoniticonic in its mode of growth.

1938, A. K. Miller, Devonian Ammonoids of America, Geological Society of America, page 75:

The surface of the holotype bears seven rounded annulations which slope very slightly orad from the venter.

1942, E. O. Ulrich, Aug. F. Foerste, A. K. Miller, A. G. Unklesbay, Ozarkian and Canadian Cephalopods: Part III: Longicones and Summary, Geological Society of America, page 77:

Primary types include holotypes, lectotypes, and neotypes, while all other types (e.g., paratypes) are secondary types. A holotype is a unique, name-bearing type specimen designated by the original author. The holotype is the single individual of a species that serves as a voucher for a given species name. A holotype can be designated only by the original author and in the publication in which that author established its name.

2005, David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, Evolution of the Insects, Cambridge University Press, page 35:

The species to which the holotype belongs is then referred to by the name proposed by the author, at least when the same name has not previously been applied to another species.[…]If his specimen is not the same species as any of the holotypes preserved in museums, he should prepare a description of his specimen and have it published with his proposed name for the new species or give it to a specialist who is interested in doing this.

2008, Charles W. Heckman, Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Odonata - Zygoptera, Springer, page 3:

(taxonomy) The single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used to formally describe the species (or lower-order taxon), subsequently to be kept as a reference.

holotip

single physical example or illustration of an organism used to describe the taxon


multinucleate

(biology) having more than one nucleus; multinuclear


hematopoiesis

hematopoiesis (usually uncountable, plural hematopoieses)

hematopoieses (plural)
hæmatopœsis (alternative)
haematopoiesis (alternative)

(hematology, cytology) The process by which blood cells are produced.


hemicellulose

The changes in texture that occur during ripening and cooking result from changes in the cell-wall materials, in particular the cement carbohydrates. One group is the hemicelluloses, which form strengthening cross-links between celluloses. They are built up from glucose and xylose sugars, and can be partly dissolved and removed from cell walls during cooking.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 5, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A mixture of several plant polysaccharides, of smaller molecular weight than cellulose, that are soluble in dilute alkali; they are involved in the manufacture of paper, and are used in the production of furfural and ethanol.