insert

From Latin insertus, past participle of inserō, from in- + serō (“join, bind together, connect, entwine, interweave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together, to line up”). Compare exsert.

der

(genetics) A sequence of DNA inserted into another DNA molecule.


presynaptic

(cytology) In a synapse, of or pertaining to the neuron that releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.


polygenesis

en-noun

polygenesis (usually uncountable, plural polygeneses)

/ˌpɒlɪˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

(biology) The theory that living organisms originate in cells or embryos of different kinds, instead of coming from a single cell; as opposed to monogenesis.


washout

washout (countable and uncountable, plural washouts)

washouts (plural)
wash-out (alternative)

huuhtoutuminen

erosion of a relatively soft surface by a sudden gush of water; channel produced by this action

a bladder washout

(also biology) The cleaning of matter from a physiological system using a fluid; also, the fluid used for such cleaning; or the matter cleaned out from the system.

huuhtelu

cleaning of matter from a physiological system using a fluid; fluid used for such cleaning; matter cleaned out from the system


varietal

/vəˈɹaɪətəl/

(biology) Pertaining to a distinct variety of organism.


particulate

en-adj

particulate (comparative more particulate, superlative most particulate)

more particulate (comparative)
most particulate (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-particulate.wav

From New Latin particulatus, from particula, diminutive of pars.

The rudiments of particulate inheritance were dimly understood already by the breeders of cattle and apples, but nobody was being systematic.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 41:

(genetics) Pertaining to heritable characteristics which are attributable discretely to either one or another of an offspring's parents, rather than a blend of the two.


undershot

His blunt undershot mouth curved in a smile that was somewhat ingratiating.

1931, Dashiell Hammett, chapter 3, in The Glass Key, New York: Vintage, published 1972, page 50:

(zoology) Having the lower incisor teeth projecting beyond the upper ones, as in the bulldog.


sculpture

en-noun

sculpture (usually uncountable, plural sculptures)

From Middle English sculpture, from Old French sculpture, from Latin sculptūra (“sculpture”), from sculpō (“to cut out, to carve in stone”).

(zoology) The three-dimensional ornamentation on the outer surface of a shell.


gluten

gluten (countable and uncountable, plural glutens)

From Middle French gluten, borrowed from Latin glūten (“glue”).

Chew on a small piece of dough, and it becomes more compact but persists as a gum-like, elastic mass, the residue that the Chinese named “the muscle of flour” and that we call gluten. It consists mainly of protein, and includes what may well be the largest protein molecules to be found in the natural world.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 10, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

Unfortunately, wholemeal bread is, according to many experts, a tricky thing to get right, as the lower gluten content of the flour makes for dense results […]

2010 June 10, Felicity Cloake, Word of Mouth Blog, The Guardian:

(cooking, biochemistry) The major protein in cereal grains, especially wheat; responsible for the elasticity in dough and the structure in baked bread.


maltase

maltase (countable and uncountable, plural maltases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose; often associated with amylase.

maltáza

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose


cordate

en-adj

cordate (comparative more cordate, superlative most cordate)

more cordate (comparative)
most cordate (superlative)

From Latin cor(d) (“heart”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany) Heart-shaped, with a point at the apex and a notch at the base.


dystocia

en-noun

dystocia (countable and uncountable, plural dystocias)

From Ancient Greek δυστοκία (dustokía, “difficult childbirth”), from δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) + τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”), from τίκτω (tíktō, “I give birth”).

uder

In macaques, baboons and chimpanzees, dystocia because of breech birth is the commonest category of fetal death.[…]Breech dystocia is rarely a problem for mother or neonates in small, multitocus species like marmosets and tamarins.

2005, James Mahoney, “Primate Management: Medical Care”, in Sonia Wolfe-Coote, editor, The Laboratory Primate, page 256:

Dystocia is defined as difficult delivery. Pelvic dystocia is due to aberrations of the pelvic architecture and its relationship to the presenting fetal part.[…]Fetal dystocia may be due to excessive fetal size from gestational diabetes or congenital anomalies.

2006, Richard Aghababian, Essentials of Emergency Medicine, page 480:

Although fetal dystocias are sometimes relieved by manipulation and instrumentation, cesarean sections are often the only practical methods of treatment.

2008, Dan Rice, The Complete Book of Dog Breeding, 2nd edition, page 96:

It is an appropriate way to allow resolution of the dystocia, after clearing the airway and checking for a nuchal cord.
The prevailing thinking is that the time window in which to resolve a shoulder dystocia before asphyxial insult (not injury) is about 4 minutes.

2009, James A. O′Leary, Shoulder Dystocia and Birth Injury: Prevention and Treatment, page 102:

(medicine, veterinary medicine) A slow or difficult labour or delivery.


jizz

en-noun

jizz (usually uncountable, plural jizzes)

The earliest known appearance in print dates from 1922, in Thomas Coward's "Country Diary" column for the Manchester Guardian of 6 December 1921; the piece was subsequently included in his 1922 book Bird Haunts and Nature Memories. He attributed it to "a west-coast Irishman", and explained:
:if we are walking on the road and see, far ahead, someone whom we recognise although we can neither distinguish features nor particular clothes, we may be certain that we are not mistaken; there is something in the carriage, the walk, the general appearance which is familiar; it is, in fact, the individual's jizz.
There are several theories as to the etymology of “jizz”:
* From the military term GIS (“general impression and shape”).
* Possible contraction of just is (in the sense that a particular bird species “just is” that species).
An essay by Greenwood and Greenwood in 2018 debunks these theories. Other suggestions include variants of guise, gist and gestalt (mispronounced).

A West Coast Irishman was familiar with the wild creatures which dwelt on or visited his rocks and shores; at a glance he could name them, usually correctly, but if asked how he knew them would reply ‘By their "jizz".’

1922, TA Coward, Bird Haunts and Nature Memories, London: Warne:

Political cartoonists rely a lot on jizz. When a new president or prime minister comes into office it usually takes the cartoonists a little while to decide which features to select as field marks but they then stylise these in ways that make them instantly recognisable to the rest of us, even though they may be grossly exaggerated.

2009, Jeremy Mynott, chapter 3, in Birdscapes, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton, page 74:

His birds are not carefully posed to illustrate every plumage detail; they are impressions rather than portraits. With a few deft strokes of his pencil, he captures their 'jizz'.

2015, Nick Davies, chapter 3, in Cuckoo - Cheating by Nature (paperback), London: Bloomsbury, page 53:

(ornithology, birdwatching) The physical and behavioural characteristics of a bird that enable it to be immediately recognised by an experienced birder as a certain type of bird, especially to family or genus level.


graduated

(ornithology) Of a tail, having successively longer feathers towards the middle.


incomplete flower

incomplete flower (plural incomplete flowers)

(botany) A flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels.


rattle

rattle (countable and uncountable, plural rattles)

From Middle English ratelen, of uncertain origin; perhaps borrowed from Middle Dutch ratelen or of native origin related to Old English hratele, hrætele (“a plant known for its rustling or rattling sound”), ultimately imitative. The noun (c. 1500) is from the verb.

unc

uncertain

ratel

zoology: organ that produces a rattling sound

râle

sound made in the throat whilst breathing when mucus is not fully cleared

The rattle of the rattlesnake is composed of the hardened terminal scales, loosened in succession, but not cast off, and modified in form so as to make a series of loose, hollow joints.

2017, Kenny Salwey, J. Scott Bestul, The Last River Rat: Kenny Salwey's Life in the Wild
The majority of snakes were killed on the spot, as a snaker only had to produce the rattles to collect the bounty.

(zoology) The set of rings at the end of a rattlesnake's tail which produce a rattling sound.


feral cat

(zoology) A domestic cat that has returned to or was born in a living situation without human care.


macropine

(zoology) Of or relating to the kangaroo or the wallaroo.


microtine

From scientific Latin Microtinae , a subfamily name, from Microtus + -inae.

(zoology) Of or relating to the subfamily Microtinae, including voles, lemmings and muskrats.


maltose

en-noun

maltose (countable and uncountable, plural maltoses)

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ formed from the digestion of starch by amylase; is converted to glucose by maltase; it is an isomer of trehalose


amylase

amylase (countable and uncountable, plural amylases)

egg yolk amylase

Egg yolks contain a starch-digesting enzyme, amylase, that is remarkably resistant to heat. Unless a starch-egg mix is brought to a full boil, the yolk amylase will survive, digest the starch, and turn the stiff cream into a pourable one.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 2, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of digestive enzymes, present in saliva and also contributed to the gut by the exocrine pancreas, that break down complex carbohydrates such as starch into simpler sugars such as glucose.

amilasa

enzyme, present in saliva, that breaks down carbohydrates such as starch


urn

urns (plural)
urne (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English urne, from Old French urne, from Latin urna (“vessel”). Doublet of urna.

(botany) A hollow body shaped like an urn, in which the spores of mosses are contained; a spore case; a theca.


vulva

vulva (plural vulvas or vulvae or vulvæ)

vulvas (plural)
vulvae (plural)
vulvæ (plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin vulva, earlier volva (“womb, female sexual organ”), probably from volvō (“to turn, wrap around”). Akin to Sanskrit उल्ब (úlba, “womb”).

labioscrotal swelling - embryological precursors

(biology) A protrusion on the side of a nematode.


lek

From Germanic roots meaning "play". In the biology sense, it comes specifically from Swedish lek (“child's play”), by means of Swedish leka (“to play”). The verb is first attested in English in 1871 and the noun at least as early as 1867.

1975, Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, figure caption, 2000, page 333,
Each of the three displaying cocks occupies a small territory at the mating center of the lek.

Given that a combination of factors have "released" males from attending nests, why have some species organized their courtship bouts in leks, especially the tightly clumped leks that are typical of manakins and cocks-of-the-rock?

1997, John Kricher, A Neotropical Companion, →ISBN, page 278:

Nevertheless, it does appear that many of the processes of mate choice and sexual selection described for bird and mammal leks also apply to anuran choruses.

2007, Kentwood D. Wells, The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians, page 352:

(biology) An aggregation of male animals for the purposes of courtship and display.

soidin

an aggregation of male animals for the purposes of courtship and display


lek

en-verb

lek (third-person singular simple present leks, present participle lekking, simple past and past participle lekked)

leks (present singular third-person)
lekking (participle present)
lekked (participle past)
lekked (past)

Males in many lekking species have conspicuous morphological ornaments that may be targets of female choice, but male contest competition may also be involved.

1994, M. B. Andersson, Sexual Selection, page 164:

The second reason lekking is so fascinating is because the males aggregate.

2000, George Barlow, The Cichlid Fishes: Nature's Grand Experiment In Evolution, page 79:

2010, Boaz Yuval, Jorge Hendrichs 17: Behavior of Fruit Fly in the Genus Ceratitis (Dacinae: Ceratitidini), Martin Aluja, Allen Norrbom (editors), Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior, page 437,
In a recent study (Yuval et al. 1998), the size and weight of males captured either lekking or resting at the same time in the vicinity of leks were measured.

Half a dozen of the thumbnail-size males lekked in a sunny glade.

2010, Robert Michael Pyle, Mariposa Road: The First Butterfly Big Year, unnumbered page:

(biology, intransitive) To take part in the courtship and display behaviour of a lek.

soidintaa

to take part in the courtship and display behaviour of a lek


albumin

en-noun

albumin (countable and uncountable, plural albumins)

Borrowed from French albumine, from Latin albumen. Compare albumen.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of monomeric proteins that are soluble in water, and are coagulated by heat; they occur in egg white, milk etc; they function as carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones and play a role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume.


neoteny

neoteny (countable and uncountable, plural neotenies)

From German Neotenie, coined in 1884 by anatomist Julius Kollmann from Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “young”) + τείνειν (teínein, “to tense”).

Most amphibians are aquatic only while young, but some amphibians with neoteny remain aquatic even as adults.

Richard Wrangham has noted that the domestication of animals usually tames them by slowing down components of the developmental timetable to retain juvenile traits into adulthood, a process called pedomorphy or neoteny.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 744:

(biology) The retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult.

неотения

(biology) The sexual maturity of an organism still in its larval stage.


periderm

periderm (countable and uncountable, plural periderms)

(botany) The outer layer of plant tissue comprising the phellem, phellogen and the phelloderm.

(zoology) The perisarc; the hard outer layer of hydroids and other marine animals.


probe

For verb: borrowed from Latin probare (“to test, examine, prove”), from probus (“good”). Doublet of prove.
For noun: borrowed from Late Latin proba (“a proof”), from probare (“to test, examine, prove”); Doublet of proof. Compare Spanish tienta (“a surgeon's probe”), from tentar (“try, test”); see tempt.

сонда

any of various medical instruments used to explore wounds, organs, etc

(biochemistry) Any group of atoms or molecules radioactively labeled in order to study a given molecule or other structure


red blood cell

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-red blood cell.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-red blood cell.wav

(hematology, cytology) A type of cell in the blood of vertebrates that contains hemoglobin and transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; an erythrocyte.

كُرَيَّةُ دَمٍ حَمْرَاء

haemoglobin-carrying blood cell in vertebrates


cruiser

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Vindula.

(entomology) Any dragonfly of the family Macromiidae; a macromiid.


duplicate

en-noun

duplicate (countable and uncountable, plural duplicates)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplicātus, perfect passive participle of duplicō, see -ate.

Each collection, which may be a unicate or several specimens as duplicates in several herbaria, constitutes a record in the Conifer Database.

2013, Aljos Farjon, Denis Filer, An Atlas of the World's Conifers: An Analysis of their Distribution, Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Status, Koninklijke Brill, →ISBN, page 3:

(botany, zoology) A biological specimen that was gathered alongside another specimen and represents the same species.


colonial

en-adj

colonial (comparative more colonial, superlative most colonial)

more colonial (comparative)
most colonial (superlative)

(biology) Tending to form colonies (especially of cells).


adventitious

adventitious (comparative more adventitious, superlative most adventitious)

more adventitious (comparative)
most adventitious (superlative)
adventicious (alternative archaic)

From Medieval Latin adventītius (“coming from abroad, extraneous”), a corruption of Latin adventīcius (“foreign, strange, accidental”), from adventus (“arrival, coming, approach, advent”) + -īcius (suffix forming adjectives), from adveniō (“to arrive”) + -tus (suffix forming action nouns).

der

(genetics, medicine) Not congenital; acquired.

The Velloziaceae have evolved a woody stem which is covered with a layer of adventitious roots mingled with the fibres of the old leaf sheaths;

1985, R. M. T. Dahlgren, H. T. Clifford, P. F. Yeo, The Families of the Monocotyledons, page 101:

(biology) Developing in an unusual place or from an unusual source.

adventici

biology: developing in an unusual place or from an unusual source


glance

en-verb

glance (third-person singular simple present glances, present participle glancing, simple past and past participle glanced)

glances (present singular third-person)
glancing (participle present)
glanced (participle past)
glanced (past)
glance (infinitive)
glance (first-person present singular)
glanced (first-person past singular)
glance (present second-person singular)
glancest (archaic present second-person singular)
glanced (past second-person singular)
glancedst (archaic past second-person singular)
glances (present singular third-person)
glanceth (archaic present singular third-person)
glanced (past singular third-person)
glance (plural present)
glanced (past plural)
glance (present subjunctive)
glanced (past subjunctive)
glance (imperative present)
glancing (participle present)
glanced (participle past)
glaunce (alternative)

The verb is derived from Late Middle English glenchen (“of a blow: to strike obliquely, glance; of a person: to turn quickly aside, dodge”) [and other forms], a blend of:
* Old French glacier, glachier, glaichier (“to slide; to slip”) (whence also Middle English glacen (“of a blow: to strike obliquely, glance; to glide”)), from glace (“frozen water, ice”) (from Vulgar Latin *glacia, from Latin glaciēs (“ice”), of uncertain origin, + -ier (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs); and
* Old French guenchir, ganchir (“to avoid; to change direction; to elude, evade”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *wankijan (“to move aside; to stagger, sway; to wave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend”).
The noun is derived from the verb.

nb...

glansen, glence, glench, glens, glanche, glauncen, glaunche

рикоширам

to strike and fly off in an oblique direction to dart aside

lyödä maila vinossa

(cricket) to hit a ball with a bat held in a slanted manner

vihjailla

of a topic: to make an incidental or passing reflection on, often unfavourably — see also allude, hint

[Page 493] [G]eneral impressions of glancing frequency in Acanthochromis juveniles have suggested that the glancing off parents occurs most often in young juveniles and appears to diminish in frequency as juveniles age […] [Page 494] The unusually high variance in lagoon stage-3 juveniles was caused by one relatively small brood (14) that glanced 36 times in one 30-min observation period.

1988 May 1, Kathryn Kavanagh, “Notes on the Frequency and Function of Glancing in Juvenile Acanthochromis (Pomacentridae)”, in Michael E. Douglas, editor, Copeia, number 2, Lawrence, Kan.: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, pages 493 and 494:

(also figuratively) To strike and fly off in an oblique direction; to dart aside.

(ichthyology) Of certain juvenile fish, chiefly of the Cichlidae family: to rapidly touch the side of its parent's body, usually to feed on mucus.

vilkuilla

of certain juvenile fish: to rapidly touch the side of its parent’s body


glance

en-noun

glance (countable and uncountable, plural glances)

(ichthyology) Of certain juvenile fish, chiefly of the Cichlidae family: an act of rapidly touching the side of its parent's body, usually to feed on mucus.

vilkuilu

of certain juvenile fish, chiefly of the Cichlidae family: an act of rapidly touching the side of its parent’s body, usually to feed on mucus


denizen

From Middle English denisein, from Old French denzein, from deinz (“within”) + -ein, from Late Latin dē intus (“from within”), whence French dans.

The bald eagle is a denizen of the northern part of the state.

(biology) An animal or plant from a particular range or habitat.


bander

He got a banding permit in the early 30s and was an active bander for the rest of his life.

1993 November 26, Jerry Sullivan, “Field & Street”, in Chicago Reader:


latent

From Middle English latent, latente, from Old French latent, from Latin latēns, present participle of lateō (“lie hidden”).

(biology) Lying dormant or hidden until circumstances are suitable for development or manifestation.


intergenic region

intergenic region (plural intergenic regions)

(microbiology) DNA sequences located between genes that make up a large percentage of the human genome with no known function.


insular

en-adj

insular (comparative more insular, superlative most insular)

more insular (comparative)
most insular (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin insularis (“of or belonging to an island”), from insula (“an island”), perhaps, from in (“in”) + salum (“the main sea”).


tribal

en-adj

tribal (comparative more tribal, superlative most tribal)

more tribal (comparative)
most tribal (superlative)

From Latin tribālis. By surface analysis, tribe + -al, first attested in the 1630s. The specific adjectival sense under the defunct theory of recapitulation derives from tribal history as an overly literal learned borrowing from German Stammesgeschichte; ordinarily, Stamm would only be translated as tribe when used in its ethnographic sense.

lbor

tribal history

(historical, biology, theory of recapitulation, rare) Phylogenic.


regulome

Regulation materials of cells vary greatly: even water can be an important regulome entity.

(biochemistry) The whole set of regulation components in a cell, tissue, organ, organism, and species, usually used in the context of a signal transduction.


undulate

en-adj

undulate (comparative more undulate, superlative most undulate)

more undulate (comparative)
most undulate (superlative)

/ˈʌnd͡ʒəlɪt/

/ˈʌnd͡ʒʊlɪt/

/ˈʌnd͡ʒələt/

Borrowed from Late Latin undulātus (“undulated”), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

(botany, of a margin) sinuous, winding up and down.


fastidious

fastidious (comparative more fastidious, superlative most fastidious)

more fastidious (comparative)
most fastidious (superlative)

From Latin fastīdiōsus (“passive: that feels disgust, disdainful, scornful, fastidious; active: that causes disgust, disgusting, loathsome”), from fastīdium (“a loathing, aversion, disgust, niceness of taste, daintiness, etc.”), perhaps for *fastutidium, from fastus (“disdain, haughtiness, arrogance, disgust”) + taedium (“disgust”). Cf. French fastidieux.

bor

fastidious organism

fastidious species

(microbiology, of a microorganism) Having precise requirements for nutrition and environment (chemical and physical); especially, being difficult to culture because of those requirements.


erectile

From French érectile, from Latin erectus, past participle of erigere, equivalent to erect + -ile.

The penis and clitoris contain erectile tissue which responds to sexual stimulation.

The observation that topical application of nitroglycerin to the penis may lead to erection adequate for sexual intercourse (Talley and Crawley 1985) has stimulated several investigations on the efficacy of this potential mode of treatment of erectile dysfunction.

1998, Alvaro Morales, editor, Erectile Dysfunction: Issues in Current Pharmacotherapy, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 107:

(biology, medicine, of tissue) Capable of filling with blood and becoming rigid.

erèctil

capable of filling with blood and becoming rigid


imputation

en-noun

imputation (countable and uncountable, plural imputations)

From Middle French imputation, from Latin imputatio.

(genetics) The statistical inference of unobserved genotypes.


plume

From Late Middle English plum, plume (“feather; plumage”), from Anglo-Norman plum, plume f and Middle French, Old French plume f, plome (“plumage; down used for stuffing pillows, etc.; pen, quill”) (modern French plume f (“feather; pen, quill; pen nib; (figurative) writer”)), and directly from its etymon Latin plūma f (“feather; plumage; down”) (compare Late Latin plūma f (“pen, quill”)), from Proto-Italic *plouksmā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly; to flow; to run; to flap with hands; to splash”).
The English word is a doublet of pluma.

der

(botany) A large and flexible panicle of an inflorescence resembling a feather, such as is seen in certain large ornamental grasses.

plumet

(zoology) A body part resembling a feather.

The furry tail of certain dog breeds (such as the Samoyed) that curls over their backs or stands erect.

More fully gill plume: a feathery gill of some crustaceans and molluscs.


xenogamy

From Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “stranger”) + γάμος (gámos, “marriage”). By surface analysis, xeno- + -gamy.

(botany) The transfer of pollen from the anthers of one plant to the stigma of another; cross-pollination.


wired

en-adj

wired (comparative more wired, superlative most wired)

more wired (comparative)
most wired (superlative)


variance

en-noun

variance (countable and uncountable, plural variances)

variances (plural)
variaunce (alternative)
var (alternative)

From Middle English variance, variaunce, equivalent to vary + -ance, from Old French variance or directly from Anglo-Latin variaunce, veriaunce, wariaunce; all from Latin variantia.

(physics, chemistry, biology) The number of degrees of freedom in a system.


extirpate

en-verb

extirpate (third-person singular simple present extirpates, present participle extirpating, simple past and past participle extirpated)

extirpates (present singular third-person)
extirpating (participle present)
extirpated (participle past)
extirpated (past)

The verb is first attested in 1538, the adjective in 1541; Borrowed from Latin exstirpātus perfect passive participle of exstirpō (“to uproot”), from ex- (“out of”) + stirps (“the lower part of the trunk of a tree, including the roots; the stem, stalk”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)). Doublet of extirp. Common participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.

af

The cougar was extirpated across nearly all of its eastern North American range in the two centuries after European colonization.

(biology) To cause to go extinct locally within a population, but not within a species or subspecies.


ventricle

From late Middle English, from Latin ventriculus (“the belly”), diminutive of venter (“the belly”). Doublet of ventriculus.

Meronyms: left ventricle, right ventricle

The muscular ventricles pump blood by contracting their fibers in response to electrical stimulation.

2018, Sandeep Jauhar, Heart: a History, →ISBN, page 47:

(anatomy, zootomy) Any small cavity within a body; a hollow part or organ, especially:

Meronyms: fourth ventricle, lateral ventricle, third ventricle

the ventricle of memory

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

(neuroanatomy) One of four fluid-filled cavities in the brain, that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

[On birds] Where omitting the more general Properties, of having two Ventricles, and picking up stones to conveigh them into their second Ventricle, the Gizzern, (which provision and instinct is a supply for the want of teeth;) […]

1662, Henry More, An Antidote Against Atheism, Book II: A Collection of Several Philosophical Writings of Dr. Henry More, page 72:

(archaic) A ventriculus; especially, a stomach.


vicariance

en-noun

vicariance (countable and uncountable, plural vicariances)

Such an old origin for parts of Sulawesi would explain its unique biota and high species richness; species would have rafted along on these fragments from worlds since long lost (a process known as vicariance).

2018 May 17, Hanneke Meijer, The Guardian:

(biology) The separation of a group of organisms by a geographic barrier, resulting in differentiation of the original group into new varieties or species.


virgate

(mycology) Finely striped, often with dark fibers.


rugose

en-adj

rugose (comparative more rugose, superlative most rugose)

more rugose (comparative)
most rugose (superlative)

Petraea foliis rugosis ovatis. The oval, rugose-leaved Petraea. The root is brachiated; the shrub rises to ten feet high: the leaves are three inches long, an inch and a half broad, even at the edges, and very rough to the touch: (Note: In modern nomenclature, the plant in question probably is Petrea rugosa, as the spelling "Petraea" does not seem to match any extant genus,)

1751, anonymous author, A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions Of The Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Of the Different Parts of the World, Thomas Osborne, pages 261–:

The original leaves were flat and very rugose, and almost hid by the numerous single-stemmed flowers; while the leaves produced in the umbellate state were larger, more upright, and less wrinkled.

1866, Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Transactions of the Botanical Society, pages 459–:

(botany) Having a rough, wrinkled, or wavy surface; commonly in parasynthetic usage e.g. "rugose-veined" or "rugose-leaved".

(paleontology) Describing a fossil coral of the extinct order †Rugosa (also called Tetracoralla), this order has horn-shaped corals with surfaces covered with ridges.

(entomology) Used when combined with another adjective, for example, rugose-reticulate or rugose-punctate.


villiform

(biology) Having villi; having the shape of villi or small hairs.


villus

Borrowed from Latin villus (“shaggy hair”).

bor+

where a villus comes next to a gland the short cubical cells of the gland may be traced into the columnar cells of the villus , the hyaline border becoming more marked

1880, Arthur Gamgee, A Text-book of the physiological chemistry […] :

Studies of the viable blood cells with phase contrast microscopy showed peculiar cells that had numerous short villi and were arbitrarily called “hairy cells.”

1966 February 7, Robert Schrek, ““Hairy” Cells in Blood in Lymphoreticular Neoplastic Disease and “Flagellated” Cells of Normal Lymph Nodes”, in Blood, volume 27, number 2, page 199:

(biology) A small projection from a membrane, particularly those found in the mucous membranes of the intestines.

(botany) One of the fine soft hairs on fruits, flowers, and other parts of plants.


variable tandem repeat locus

(genetics) Any DNA sequence that exists in multiple copies strung together in various tandem lengths.


viscount

viscounts (plural)
V (alternative symbol)
Vis. (alternative abbreviation)
Visc. (alternative abbreviation)
Visct (alternative contraction)
Vte (alternative contraction)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-viscount.wav

From Anglo-Norman viscounte, from Medieval Latin vicecomes, from Latin vice + comes. Equivalent to vice- + count. Doublet of vicecomes and vicomte.

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Tanaecia. Other butterflies in this genus are called earls and counts.


voluble

en-adj

voluble (comparative more voluble, superlative most voluble)

more voluble (comparative)
most voluble (superlative)

From Middle French volubile, from Latin volūbilis (“rolling”), from volvō (“roll”).

(botany) Twisting and turning like a vine.


ulcerate

ulcerate (comparative more ulcerate, superlative most ulcerate)

more ulcerate (comparative)
most ulcerate (superlative)

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having an ulcus, a rounded pore-like aperture, at one or both poles.


tabulate

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano

Back-formation from Tabulata (“an extinct order of corals”) on the basis
of -ate (adjective-forming suffix, corresponding to Latin -ātus (forming participles), itself seen in Tabulata), from Latin tabulāta, the nominative neuter plural of tabulātus (“floored”). See further at etymology 1. The order is so named because the corals are characterized by their well-developed horizontal internal partitions (tabulae). Equivalent to tabula + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

adjective-forming suffix, corresponding to Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-ātus</i> (forming participles), itself seen in
Tabulata

[W]e find the Zoantharia, in section (1), divided into tabulate and non-tabulate corals. The specimen before us is evidently tabulate, and we therefore follow the reference to section (2), where we find the tabulate corals divided into those with and those without cœnenchyma.

1865, Samuel Haughton, “Lecture VIII”, in Manual of Geology (Galbraith and Haughton’s Scientific Manuals, Experimental and Natural Science Series), London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, →OCLC, page 192:

On the Zoological Affinities of the Tabulate Corals; by Prof. A. E. Verrill.—The questions discussed in this paper were the position of the tabulate corals among Polyps, and the true value of the tabulate structure in classification. […] Prof. [Addison Emery] Verrill, therefore, concludes that the tabulate structure is of secondary importance as a character, in fixing their affinities, and that the Tabulata must be dismembered,—Halisites, Millepora, and their allies, being classed as Hydroids; and Pocillopora and Favosites with other extinct tabulated genera, as true Polyps.

1868 January, “American Association for the Advancement of Science”, in David A. P. Watt, editor, The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist: A Bi-monthly Journal of Natural Science, Conducted by a Committee of the Natural History Society of Montreal (Second Series), volume III, number 4, Montreal, Que.: Dawson Brothers, Great St. James Street, →OCLC, pages 294–295:

The large corallites are tabulate, with indistinctly differentiated walls, provided with obtusely triangular and irregular septa, and having their visceral cavities more or less freely connected with one another by lateral horizontal channels, which penetrate the interstitial tubular tissue.

1879, H[enry] Alleyne Nicholson, “Thecidæ and Helioporidæ”, in On the Structure and Affinities of the “Tabulate Corals” of the Palæozoic Period: With Critical Descriptions of Illustrative Species, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 236:

(paleontology) Describing a member of an extinct order of corals, the Tabulata: having tabulae (well-developed horizontal internal partitions within each cell).


tabulate

From a substantivation of the former adjective through the associated taxon's name (Tabulata). Equivalent to tabula + -ate (forms nouns meaning "specimen of a corresponding taxon ending in -ata")

forms nouns meaning "specimen of a corresponding taxon ending in <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">-ata</i>"

Both tabulates and rugosans evolved independently as part of the Ordovician Radiation; the tabulates appeared first in the Early Ordovician (~488 Mya), followed by rugosans about 20 My later.

2013, Walter M. Goldberg, “A Brief History of Reefs and Corals”, in The Biology of Reefs and Reef Organisms, Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, section 13-2 (An Introduction to Paleozoic Corals), page 272, column 2:

(paleontology) A member of the order Tabulata.


umbelliferous

(botany) Pertaining to a member of the family Umbelliferae.

сенникоцветен

pertaining to a member of the family Umbelliferae


inflorescence

en-noun

inflorescence (countable and uncountable, plural inflorescences)

/ˌɪnflɔːˈɹɛsəns/

From Latin inflōrēscentia, from inflōrēscō (“I begin to flower”), inchoative verb of flōreō (“I flower”).

(botany) A group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches.


umbilicus

umbilicus (plural umbilici or umbilicuses)

Borrowed from Latin umbilīcus (“navel”).

(zoology) A depression or opening in the center of the base of many spiral shells.

(zoology) Either of the two apertures in the calamus of a feather.


chalaza

From Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hailstone, lump”).

der

(botany) The location where the nucellus attaches to the integuments, opposite the micropyle.

(zoology) One of the two spiral bands which attach the yolk of an egg to the eggshell, suspending it in the white.


autochthonous

allochthonous

antonym(s) of “native to the place where found, buried in place”

/ɔːˈtɒkθənəs/

/ɔˈtɑkθənəs/

/ɑˈtɑkθənəs/

Literally, “native to the soil”; from autochthon + -ous.

When, in 1858, Joseph Lister amputated the right leg of a six-year-old girl suffering from gangrene, he noted that the autochthonous blood clot extended down the anterior tibial artery as far as the commencement of the gangrene.

1983, Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey, volume 80, page 538:

(biology, medicine) Originating where found; found where it originates.

автохто́нен

biology, medicine: originating where found


shemale

shemales (plural)
she-male (alternative)

She-male garter snakes exploit the amorous attentions of other males to warm up.

2001, R. Shine, B. Phillips, H. Waye, M. LeMaster, R. T. Mason, Benefits of female mimicry in snakes, in Nature (414, 267)

(biology, nonstandard, see usage notes) A male animal which displays female traits or behaviors; for example, a male reptile which gives off female pheromones.


clon

1930, Technical Bulletin
The entire development of a clon is dependent on runners which develop from the buds in leaf axils.


unarmed

An unarmed jellyfish would never capture prey.

(biology) Not having thorns, claws, or other dangerous appendages.


mescaline

en-noun

mescaline (usually uncountable, plural mescalines)

mescalines (plural)
mescalin (alternative)

Lophophora williamsii
Lophophora williamsii#Translingual

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic and intoxicating compound present in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), the San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi), and the Peruvian torch (Echinopsis peruviana).


oology

/əʊˈɒləd͡ʒi/

LL-Q1860_(eng)-I learned some phrases-oology.wav

From oo- (prefix meaning ‘relating to eggs or ova’) + -logy (suffix indicating a branch of learning or study of a subject). The word is cognate with French oologie, Late Latin oologia.

confix

Yet it is not difficult to see that Oölogy promises to become an important auxiliary both in aiding to determine natural divisions, and to enable us to decide in regard to varieties the specific identity of which is in doubt. Let us take an instance. [...] Without looking at all to the external structure of these birds, Oölogy would seem to indicate that the Cat-Bird, though closely allied to the true Mocking-Bird, is at least one step, and that the Brown Thrush is even farther, removed.

1857, Thomas M[ayo] Brewer, “Introduction”, in North American Oölogy (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge; XI), part I (Raptores and Fissirostres), Washington, D.C.: Published by the Smithsonian Institution, published 1859, →OCLC, page vi:

Now here is just one of those cases, which bring the study of Oology, and very justly, into more discredit than any other thing. M. [Alfred] Moquin-Tandon's egg is very likely that of a Booted Eagle; but where is the proof of the fact? Absolutely, as we read it, there is none. [...] There are many collectors in this country, who yearly spend large sums in buying eggs from dealers—utterly un-identified, or with (since identification of eggs has lately become somewhat fashionable) a plausible history, but one that will not bear investigation.

1858 December, “IX. Review of Mr. [C. R.] Brees ‘Birds of Europe Not Observed in the British Isles.’”, in Philip Lutley Sclater, editor, The Ibis, a Magazine of General Ornithology, volume I, number I, London: N[icholas] Trübner and Co., […], published January 1859, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 96–97:

A short sketch, such as Mr. [Cholmondeley] Pennell's, of the economy of the Bird, would be a most valuable addition to our ordinary ornithologies and oologies. He said oologies, for even in the egg of the bird the special needs of the forthcoming bird seemed to be more especially provided for than in the eggs of other families much higher in the scale.

[1864 February, [George] Rolleston, “Meeting of British Association. [Physiology.]”, in David A. P. Watt, editor, The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist: A Bi-monthly Journal of Natural Science […], volume I (Second Series), Montreal, Que.: Dawson Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 76:

When we come to examine the oölogy of the great Columbo-gallinaceous group, one well represented in the avifauna of the United States, it is possible to make the comparisons quite extensive, owing to [Charles] Bendire's exhaustive labors, as seen in his fine quarto volume already spoken of at the beginning of this paper.

1893, R[obert] W[ilson] Shufeldt, “Comparative Oölogy of North American Birds”, in Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Showing the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the Institution for the Year Ending June 30, 1892: Report of the U.S. National Museum (The Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-second Congress; Mis. Doc. 114, part 2), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 473:

The philosophy behind this meeting was to bring together scientists who specialised in the incubation and physiology of avian embryos with those workers interested in reptilian eggs and embryos. Leading authorities within many fields of incubation, oology and embryology were invited to give a presentation reviewing current knowledge within their sphere of research.

1991, D. Charles Deeming, Mark W. J. Ferguson, editors, Egg Incubation: Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page ix:


hypotrophy

(botany) The growth of buds, stipules, or excess wood on the lower side.


/ˌtiː ˈθɹiː/

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of triiodothyronine.


jumper

(arachnology, informal) A jumping spider.


fossil

From French fossile, from Latin fossilis (“something which has been dug up”), from fodio (“I dig up”).

der

He draws eclectically on studies of baboons, descriptive anthropological accounts of hunter-gatherer societies and, in a few cases, the fossil record.

2012 March-April, John T. Jost, “Social Justice: Is It in Our Nature (and Our Future)?”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-02-13, page 162:

(paleontology) Any preserved evidence of ancient life, including shells, imprints, burrows, coprolites, and organically-produced chemicals.

фосил

paleontology: any preserved evidence of ancient life


lymph

en-noun

lymph (usually uncountable, plural lymphs)

lymphs (plural)
lymphe (alternative archaic rare)

Borrowing from French lymphe and/or Latin lympha (“clear water”), from Ancient Greek νῠ́μφη (nŭ́mphē, “bride; spring water”). Doublet of nymph.

der

(obsolete, literary) Pure water.
(archaic, botany) The sap of plants.


parental

en-adj

parental (comparative more parental, superlative most parental)

more parental (comparative)
most parental (superlative)

From Middle French parental, from Latin parentālis, from parens (“parent”).

This, following Bateson, we may call the parental generation or P generation. Subsequent generations are called filial generations (abbreviated F) and their numerical order is indicated by a subscript, [...]

1916, William E. Castle, Gregor Mendel, Genetics & Eugenics, page 101:

(genetics) Of the generation of organisms that produce a hybrid.


neutral zone

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-neutral zone.wav

(botany) In Characeae, that line or place where rotating streams of protoplasm flow beside each other in opposite directions, shown by the absence of chlorophyll granules.


thorax

From Latin thorax, from Ancient Greek θώραξ (thṓrax, “a breastplate, cuirass, corslet”).

der

Holonym: body

Meronyms: prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax

(entomology and arachnology) The middle of three distinct divisions in an insect, crustacean or arachnid body to which the legs are attached.


undated

en-adj

undated (comparative more undated, superlative most undated)

more undated (comparative)
most undated (superlative)

From Latin undatus, past participle of undare (“to rise in waves, to wave, to undulate”).

(botany) Rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a leaf; waved.


polyzoan

polyzoan (comparative more polyzoan, superlative most polyzoan)

more polyzoan (comparative)
most polyzoan (superlative)


polyzoary

en-noun

polyzoary (plural polyzoaries or polyzoaria)

polyzoaries (plural)
polyzoaria (plural)
polyzoarium (alternative)

From New Latin polyzoārium (“polyzoary”).

(zoology) The polypary of such a colony.


polyzoarium

From Latin polyzoārium (“polyzoary”), from polyzoa + -arium.


polyzoic

(zoology) Of a tapeworm, having multiple proglottids.


polyzoic

(zoology) A spore that produces many sporozoites.


napiform

en-adj

napiform (comparative more napiform, superlative most napiform)

more napiform (comparative)
most napiform (superlative)

The primary root is transformed into an^([sic]) perennating storage root, which is tuberous or napiform and then often branched, […]

2007, K. Kubitzki, editor, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, volume IX, page 265:

(botany) Shaped like a turnip; spherical at the top, but with a tapering bottom.


bryozoan

/ˌbɹɑɪəˈzəʊən/

The blanket of bryozoans also blocks out some of the light needed by the blade for photosynthesis.

1991, Martha Holmes, Sea Trek, BBC Books, page 79:

Every microscopic individual in a bryozoan colony is a clone of the original animal that settled on the lake floor, and is a hermaphrodite, both male and female.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 163:

(zoology) A member of the phylum Bryozoa of aquatic, usually colonial invertebrates.


bryozoan

/ˌbɹɑɪəˈzəʊən/


cellule

Borrowed from Latin cellula (“a small apartment”), diminutive of cella.

Their structure in these two species does not resemble that of the cellules.

1984, T.L. Simpson, The Cell Biology of Sponges:


hoary

hoary (comparative hoarier, superlative hoariest)

hoarier (comparative)
hoariest (superlative)

Possibly from Middle English *hori (suggested by horilocket (“hoary-locked, having hoary locks or curls”)), equivalent to hoar + -y. Alternatively, Middle English horilocket may represent Middle English hor (“hoar, hoary”) + ilocket (“locked”) rather than hori (“hoary”) + locket (“locked”).

(botany) Covered with short, dense, greyish white hairs.


bioinformatics

/ˌbaɪəʊˌɪnfəˈmætɪks/

The reason, according to bioinformatics researcher Bastian Greshake Tzovaras, one of the founders of the project, is the dissolution of genetic testing biz 23andMe and the potential weaponization of genetic data by authoritarian regimes.

2025 April 1, Thomas Claburn, “Genetic data repo OpenSNP to self-destruct before authoritarians weaponize it”, in The Register:

information technology
information technology

(biology, computer science) A field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge into a single discipline to analyse biological information using computers and statistical techniques.

生命情報科学

せいめいじょうほうかがく

情報生命科学

じょうほうせいめいかがく


ulcus

From Latin ulcus (“sore”). Doublet of ulcer.

(palynology) A rounded, pore-like aperture at either pole of a pollen grain.


CK

(biochemistry) Initialism of cytokeratin.

(biochemistry) Initialism of creatine kinase.


petite

Borrowed from French petite f, feminine of petit m (“small, little”).

The primary structure of the mitochondrial genomes of these petites had been previously determined […]

2005, Giorgio Bernardi, Structural and Evolutionary Genomics, page 39:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae#Translingual

(genetics) A mutant first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, forming small colonies when grown in the presence of fermentable carbon sources such as glucose.


erupt

en-verb

erupt (third-person singular simple present erupts, present participle erupting, simple past and past participle erupted)

erupts (present singular third-person)
erupting (participle present)
erupted (participle past)
erupted (past)

From Latin eruptus, past participle of ērumpō (“to break out (of), to burst out (from)”), from e (“out”) + rumpō (“to break”).

After particularly good seasons, flocks "erupt" from their breeding grounds and appear in reed beds where they have not been seen for years, if ever.

1988, Michael Cady, Rob Hume, editors, The Complete Book of British Birds, page 242:

(intransitive, biology) (Of birds, insects, etc.) To suddenly appear in a certain region in large numbers.


ordo

Borrowed from Latin ōrdō. Doublet of order.

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below classis and above familia.


direct flight

(ornithology) A flight where the bird's altitude does not change significantly with each wingbeat.


histone

Borrowed from German Histon, perhaps from Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi, “make stand”) or ἱστός (histós, “loom”).

der

(biochemistry) Any of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin.


histaminase

We suggest, however, that the substance, or system, which produces a change in structure responsible for the loss of physiological activity of histamine be designated histaminase.

1930 December 4, C. H. Best, E. W. McHenry, “The inactivation of histamine”, in The Journal of Physiology:

(biochemistry) A widely occurring flavoprotein enzyme that oxidizes histamine and various diamines.


histamine

en-noun

histamine (countable and uncountable, plural histamines)

histamines (plural)
histamin (alternative dated)

Mellanby and Twort have isolated from the fæces a bacillus which is able to produce from one of the amino acids normally formed in digestion of proteins a highly active body, histamine.

1913 June 1, Henderson VE, “Res Judicatae: On the Colon and Ileocolotomy”, in The Canadian Medical Association Journal, volume 3, number 6, page 521:

The intake of food triggers a release of histamine, which activates the acid-secreting cells.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 46:

In a strongly ripened cheese, the casein proteins are broken down to amino acids, and the amino acids can be broken down into amines, small molecules that can serve as chemical signals in the human body. Histamine and tyramine are found in large quantities in Cheddar, blue, Swiss, and Dutch-style cheeses, and can cause a rise in blood pressure, headaches, and rashes in people who are especially sensitive to them.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) An amine, C₅H₉N₃, formed by decarboxylation of histidine, that causes dilatation of capillaries, contraction of smooth muscle, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion; it is released during allergic reactions.


histidine

histidines (plural)
histidin (alternative dated)

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₆H₉N₃O₂ found in most animal proteins; essential for tissue growth and repair.


MRSA

MRSA (usually uncountable, plural MRSAs)

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus#Translingual

(microbiology, medicine) Initialism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; a bacterium responsible for serious infections.

MRSA

initialism or acronym for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus


mandible

mandibles (plural)
mandibula (alternative)

From late Middle English, from Late Latin mandibula (“a jaw”), from mandō (“to chew, masticate”) + -bula (instrument noun suffix).

af

The jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone in mammals and fishes.

Either of the upper and lower segments of a bird's beak.

Any of various invertebrate mouthparts serving to hold or bite food materials.

One of the anterior pair of mouthparts of an arthropod, designed for holding and cutting food.


palmate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-palmate.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin palmātus (“hand-shaped, palm-leaf shaped”), from palma (“palm, palm-tree”). Equivalent to palm + -ate (adjective-forming suffix). Compare French palmé.

lbor

Although palmate leaves are typical of most Western maples, a number of species have leaves without lobes.

(chiefly botany) Having three or more lobes or veins arising from a common point.

длановиден

botany: having three or more lobes or veins arising from a common point

The horse chestnut, buckeye and hickory trees have palmate leaves. That is, the broad oval leaflets are all set around the tip of a common leaf stem, spreading in a circle, like the ribs of a palm leaf fan.

1909, Eleanor Stockhouse Atkinson, “In the Tree Tops”, in The How and Why Library:

(botany, of leaves) Having more than three leaflets arising from a common point, often in the form of a fan.

sormiliuskainen

botany: having more than three leaflets arising from a common point


frond

Borrowed from Latin frons, frond- (“leafy branch”).

By the bank, fifty yards below Elm Island, stood the Master, looking into water six inches deep. A fern frond, knocked off the bank upstream, came down turning like a little green dragon in the clear water.

1927, Henry William Williamson, Tarka the Otter, Chapter 19:

(botany) The leaf of a fern, especially a compound leaf.


side chain

side chains (plural)
sidechain (alternative)
side-chain (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of the variable parts of amino acids that extend from the peptide backbone in proteins; they are referred to as R-groups, which branch off the backbone at the alpha carbon (Cα).


dehisce

en-verb

dehisce (third-person singular simple present dehisces, present participle dehiscing, simple past and past participle dehisced)

dehisces (present singular third-person)
dehiscing (participle present)
dehisced (participle past)
dehisced (past)

From Latin de- + hisco (“to split”), from hiare (“to be open”); related to hiatus.

Anthers dehisce when the flower opens.

(intransitive, botany) To burst or split open at definite places, discharging seeds, pollen or similar content.


penicillin

en-noun

penicillin (countable and uncountable, plural penicillins)

From translingual Penicillium + -in. Coined by Alexander Fleming after Penicillium notatum (now Penicillium chrysogenum), a fungus from which penicillin is obtained.

(mycology) A blue mold of the genus Penicillium that produces penicillin.


integrate

en-verb

integrate (third-person singular simple present integrates, present participle integrating, simple past and past participle integrated)

integrates (present singular third-person)
integrating (participle present)
integrated (participle past)
integrated (past)

/ˈɪn.təˌɡɹeɪt/

/ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡɹæɪt/

First attested in the 1450's as an adjective, first attested in 1638 as a verb; from Middle English integrat(e) (“intact, whole”), borrowed from Latin integrātus, perfect passive participle of integrō (“to make whole, renew, repair, begin again”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from integer (“whole, fresh”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix). See integer and integral.

inh

(genetics, transitive) To combine compatible elements in order to incorporate them.


alginic acid

For the long-stalked kelps that sway in dusky forests just below the level of the spring tides, survival in the surf zone is largely a matter of chemistry. Their tissues contain large amounts of alginic acid and its salts, which create a tensile strength and elasticity able to withstand the pulling and pounding of the waves.

1955, Rachel Carson, chapter 2, in The Edge of the Sea, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 17:

(biochemistry) An insoluble colloidal acid (C₆H₈O₆)ₙ that in the form of its salts is a constituent of the cell walls of brown algae and is used as a food additive.


ascorbic acid

(biochemistry) A white crystalline organic compound, C₆H₈O₆, found in citrus fruits and many vegetables; it is an antioxidant and an efficient scavenger of free radicals.

àcid ascòrbic

the white crystalline organic compound, C6H8O6


aspartic acid

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, L-α-amino-succinic acid, aminobutanedioic acid, found in animal protein and in sugar beet etc (C₄H₇NO₄).


citric acid cycle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-citric acid cycle.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

檸檬酸循環 /柠檬酸循环

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


Krebs cycle

Named after German biochemist and physician Hans Adolf Krebs.

named-after

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms, involving the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units, and serving as the main source of cellular energy.

克雷伯氏循環 /克雷伯氏循环

series of enzymatic reactions — see also citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


furcula

(ornithology) The forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles in birds, the wishbone or merrythought.

（鳥的）鎖骨

forked bone in birds — see also wishbone

In essence, a furcula is a long, rigid stick, held underneath the body at high tension. When the springtail releases that pressure, the stick pushes down into the ground, or even the water's surface, like an upside-down medieval catapult, firing the springtail into the air in a semi-controlled manner.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 215:

(entomology) The (two-pronged) forked, somewhat tail-like organ held bent forward and secured by a catch beneath most species of Collembola (springtails), with which they jump by releasing the catch abruptly when alarmed.


cholic acid

en-noun

cholic acid (countable and uncountable, plural cholic acids)

Mid 19th century, from Greek kholikos, from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”).

(biochemistry) a steroidal bile acid, C₂₄H₄₀O₅, derived from cholesterol

(countable, biochemistry) Synonym of bile acid.


steroidal

(biochemistry) Of, being, or derived from a steroid.


steroid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins; many drugs are synthetic steroids.


cartilaginous

en-adj

cartilaginous (comparative more cartilaginous, superlative most cartilaginous)

more cartilaginous (comparative)
most cartilaginous (superlative)
cartilagenous (alternative)
cartilagineous (alternative)
cartiliginous (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin cartilāginōsus (“full of cartilage, very gristly”), from cartilāgō (“cartilage, gristle”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”); compare French cartilagineux. Equivalent to cartilage + -ous, with modifications made to its morphology.

af

Cartilaginous fish such as the angler fish have a skeletal structure made up of cartilage.

[T]here are other Bodies beſides Shells found in the Earth, reſembling the Teeth and Bones of ſome Fiſhes, […] the Vertebres of Thornbacks and other Cartilagineous Fiſhes there found, and ſold for Stones among the Gloſſopetræ, […]

1692, John Ray, “Of Formed Stones, Sea-shells, and Other Marine-like Bodies Found at Great Distances from the Shores?”, in Miscellaneous Discourses Concerning the Dissolution and Changes of the World. […], London: […] Samuel Smith, […], →OCLC, page 109:

(anatomy) Comprising soft cartilage rather than bone.

(zoology, of a vertebrate animal) Having a skeleton of cartilage.

(mycology) Having a tough or fibrous texture, usually in reference to a mushroom stipe.

rustoinen

mycology: having tough or fibrous texture


macromolecule

Beadle discovered that genes carried instructions to build proteins—complex, multidimensional macromolecules that were the workhorses of the cell.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 345:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins).


synecology

en-noun

synecology (usually uncountable, plural synecologies)

(ecology) One of two broad subdivisions of ecology (the other being autecology), meaning the study of groups of organisms associated as a unit (essentially a biological community).

synekologia

one of two broad subdivisions of ecology (the other being autecology), meaning the study of groups of organisms associated as a unit (essentially a biological community)


determinate

From Middle English determinate, determynat, determinat, from Latin dēterminātus, perfect passive participle of dēterminō (“I limit, set bounds”), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more.

(biology) Of growth: ending once a genetically predetermined structure has formed.


unsaturated fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid (plural unsaturated fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as oleic acid, that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

a fatty acid that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

put-páu-hô chi-hông-sng, put-páu-hô chí-hông-sng


cholesterol

cholesterol (countable and uncountable, plural cholesterols)

cholesterols (plural)
cholest. (alternative)
cholesterin (alternative)
cholesterine (alternative)

(biochemistry) A sterol lipid synthesized by the liver and transported in the bloodstream to the membranes of all animal cells; it plays a central role in many biochemical processes and, as a lipoprotein that coats the walls of blood vessels, is associated with cardiovascular disease.

كُولِسْتِرُول

an essential component of mammalian cell membranes


sterol

From 1913; back-formation from cholesterol.

Sterols are found in all animal and plant tissue and play an important role in hormone chemistry.

Research into marine sterols falls neatly into three chronological periods.

1973, Paul J. Scheuer, Chemistry Of Marine Natural Products, Academic Press, page 58:

1989, Alain Rahier, Pierre Benveniste, 11: Mass Spectral Identification of Phytosterols, W. David Nes, Edward J. Parish (editors), Analysis of Sterols and Other Biologically Significant Steroids, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Academic Press), page 223,
Mass spectrometry (MS) and particularly the combination of mass spectrometry with gas spectrometry (GS/MS) has become an indispensable method for studying plant sterols and their biosynthesis.

The third major class of lipids is sterols. Sitosterol and stigmasterol are the major sterols found in plant membranes whereas cholesterol and ergosterol are found in small quantities. The primary sterol of yeast and other fungi is ergosterol Several sterol derivatives are found in nature.

1993, H. R. Petty, Molecular Biology of Membranes, Plenum Press, page 14:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any steroid that contains a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring.


gibberellic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound, one of the gibberellins, obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, that functions as a growth hormone in plants.


gibberellin

gibberellin (countable and uncountable, plural gibberellins)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of diterpene plant growth hormones first isolated from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi.


polytropic

From polytrope, equivalent to poly- + -tropic, ultimately from Ancient Greek πολύτροπος (polútropos).

(botany) Of bees: visiting a wide circle of flowers.


glutamic acid

monosodium glutamate
monosodium glutamate

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, α-amino-glutaric acid, occurring widely in animal and plant tissues; the salt, monosodium glutamate is used as a flavour-enhancing seasoning.

àcid glutàmic

the nonessential amino acid (α-amino-glutaric acid)


tryptophan

tryptophan (countable and uncountable, plural tryptophans)

From German Tryptophan, from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to appear”).

der

The quickest way to raise serotonin levels again is to send more tryptophan into the brain, because serotonin is made from tryptophan.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 169:

Tryptophan is an amino acid found in many foods, including dairy and turkey, which is one of the reasons commonly given for why so many of us feel so sleepy after our Thanksgiving feasts.

2020 December 10, Anahad O’Connor, “How Foods May Affect Our Sleep”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid with an indole side chain; present in many foods, especially chocolate, oats, banana and milk; it is essential for normal growth and development and is the precursor of serotonin and niacin; any specific form of this compound, or any derivative of it.


hypo

en-noun

hypo (countable and uncountable, plural hypos)

Clipping of various terms beginning with hypo-, from Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”).

(informal, zoology) A hypomelanistic snake.


tabulation

tabulation (countable and uncountable, plural tabulations)

(biology) The pattern of plates on a dinoflagellate


photosynthesis

photosynthesis (usually uncountable, plural photosyntheses)

[ˌfəʊ.tʰəʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

[ˌfŏʊ.ɾoʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

ışık yardımı ile besin biriktirme süreci

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any process by which plants and other photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.

Principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

Also, nonoxygenic photosynthesis, used by purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria, and acidobacteria.


aspis

As might be expected, characters of the aspides themselves are not of much value in pollen identification, but they are easily recognized and many three-pored, aspidate grains are broadly categorized as "betuloid" in studies of airborne pollen.

1974, Eugene Cecil Ogden, Manual for Sampling Airborne Pollen, →ISBN, page 128:

(palynology) A prominent ring of thickened exine around a pore on a pollen grain


ANA

anti-nuclear antibody
anti-nuclear antibody#English

(biology) Initialism of anti-nuclear antibody.


frass

frass (countable and uncountable, plural frasses)

(entomology) The droppings or excrement of insect larvae.


indoleacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) an auxin plant hormone, synthesized in leaves, that stimulates growth, especially in the presence of ethylene


transacetylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from one molecule to another. It is produced by the ‘a’ structural gene of the lac operon.


coenzyme A

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A coenzyme, formed from pantothenic acid and adenosine triphosphate, that is necessary for fatty acid synthesis and metabolism.


coenzyme

(biochemistry) Any small molecule that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.


pantothenic acid

(biochemistry) A water-soluble antioxidant vitamin, 3-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido]propanoic acid needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; it is found in cereals, legumes, meat and other foods


adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide that is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions, in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and as a neurotransmitter recognized by purinergic receptors.


transaminase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination.

轉氨酶 /转氨酶

biochemistry: any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination


transamination

transamination (countable and uncountable, plural transaminations)

(biochemistry) the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to another molecule


loop

From Middle English loupe (“noose, loop”), earlier lowp-knot (“loop-knot”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse hlaup (“a run”), used in the sense of a "running knot", from hlaupa (“to leap”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną (“to leap, run”). Compare Swedish löp-knut (“loop-knot”), Danish løb-knude (“a running knot”), Danish løb (“a course”). More at leap. The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(biochemistry) A flexible region in a protein's secondary structure.


abruptly-pinnate

(botany) pinnate with a pair of leaflets at the apex


even-pinnate

(botany) pinnate with an even number of leaflets at the apex


imparipinnate

Borrowed from Latin impar (“unequal”) + English pinnate.

(botany) pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex


odd-pinnate

(botany) pinnate with a single leaflets at the apex


pachyderm

Borrowed from French pachyderme, equivalent to pachy- (“thick”) + -derm (“skin”).

(obsolete, zoology) A member of the obsolete taxonomic order Pachydermata, grouping of thick-skinned, hoofed animals such as the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, elephant and tapir.


summit

PIE word
 *upó
The noun is derived from Late Middle English somet, somete (“head, top”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman sumet and Middle French sommet (masculine), somete, sommette (“top of a thing; highest point of a mountain”) (feminine) (modern French sommet), from Old French somet, sommette, from som, sum (“highest point, summit”) + -et (suffix forming diminutive masculine nouns), -ete, -ette (suffix forming diminutive feminine nouns). Som, sum are derived from Latin summum (“top, summit”), a noun use of the neuter of summus (“greatest, highest; top, uppermost”, adjective) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over”) + *-m̥mos, *-tm̥mos (“suffix forming superlative adjectives”)). The modern English spelling was influenced by summity (“height or top of a thing; utmost degree, perfection”) (obsolete).
The verb is derived from the noun.

anther

The topmost point or surface of a thing; the apex, the peak.

(botany) Synonym of anther (“the pollen-bearing part of the stamen of a flower”) or (rare) stigma (“the sticky part of a flower that receives pollen during pollination”).


transcribe

en-verb

transcribe (third-person singular simple present transcribes, present participle transcribing, simple past and past participle transcribed)

transcribes (present singular third-person)
transcribing (participle present)
transcribed (participle past)
transcribed (past)

Learned borrowing from Latin trānscrībere (“to write again in another place, transcribe, copy”).

lbor

(biochemistry) To cause DNA to undergo transcription.

transkriboida

biology: to cause to undergo transcription


patent

en-adj

patent (comparative more patent, superlative most patent)

more patent (comparative)
most patent (superlative)

From Middle English patent, patente (“wide open; clear, unobstructed; unlimited; of a document: available for public inspection”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman and Middle French patent (modern French patent), and directly from their etymon Latin patēns (“open; accessible, passable; evident, manifest; exposed, vulnerable”), the present active participle of pateō (“to be open; to be accessible, attainable; to be exposed, vulnerable; of frontiers or land: to extent, increase”), from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out; to fly”).

der

[ˈpʰæ̝ʔn̩t̚]

[ˈpʰe̞ɪʔn̩t̚]

(medicine, veterinary medicine) Of an infection: in the phase when the organism causing it can be detected by clinical tests.

(botany) Of a branch, leaf, etc.: outspread; also, spreading at right angles to the axis.


transcriptase

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to RNA.


reverse transcriptase

en-noun

reverse transcriptase (plural reverse transcriptases)

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.


polymerase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the formation of polymers of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of RNA or DNA respectively as a template.

聚合酶

enzyme that catalyses the formation of polymers


transcription

transcription (countable and uncountable, plural transcriptions)

From Middle French transcription, or directly from Latin transcriptiōnem, from trānscrībō (“transcribe”).

The process in which the DNA molecule unwinds, separates its two polynucleotide strands, and synthesizes an RNA molecule from one of these DNA strands is called transcription. Genes transcribe chemical messages in the form of RNA molecules. Transcription begins at some site in the DNA duplex and ends at some other point.

2001, Richard Kowles, Solving Problems in Genetics, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 315:

(genetics) The synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA.


messenger RNA

In the past, RNA did not get this kind of respect. The central dogma of biology has been that DNA makes messenger RNA, messenger RNA makes proteins, and proteins do everything else that needs to be done in a living cell.

2006 June 20, Nicholas Wade, “DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) RNA that encodes and carries information from DNA during transcription to sites of protein synthesis to undergo translation in order to yield a protein.


claw

From Middle English clawe, from Old English clawu, from Proto-Germanic *klawō. Compare West Frisian klau, Dutch klauw, German Klaue, Danish klo, Norwegian klo, and Swedish klo.

a narrow base, as the petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short

1857, Asa Gray, First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology:

(botany) A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, such as the base of petals of the pink.


transduce

en-verb

transduce (third-person singular simple present transduces, present participle transducing, simple past and past participle transduced)

transduces (present singular third-person)
transducing (participle present)
transduced (participle past)
transduced (past)

1949, back-formation from transducer, from Latin trānsdūcō, from Latin trans (“across”, preposition) + dūcō (“lead, guide”).

After the transducing phage DNA is introduced into the recipient cell genome, the cell acquires, in addition to phage genes, genetic information that originated from the phage's previous host. Thus, in specialized transduction, the phage serves as a vector for transferring genes from one cell to another; only cellular genes that are close to the viral genome integration site are transducible by this mechanism.

1991, Maxine Singer, Paul Berg, Genes And Genomes, →ISBN:

(transitive, biology) To transfer or copy genetic material from one cell or virus into another.


bacterial

[bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ]

[The researchers] noticed many of their pieces of [plastic marine] debris sported surface pits around two microns across. Such pits are about the size of a bacterial cell. Closer examination showed that some of these pits did, indeed, contain bacteria, […].

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

(microbiology) Of, relating to, or caused by bacteria.


bacterio-

bacter- (alternative)
bacteri- (alternative)


bacteriology

en-noun

bacteriology (usually uncountable, plural bacteriologies)

/bækˌtɪəɹ.ɪˈɒləd͡ʒi/

(biology, microbiology) The scientific study of bacteria, especially in relation to disease and agriculture.


microbiology

/ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/

(biology) The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, especially their effects on man and other living organisms.

mikrobiologji

branch of biology dealing with microorganisms


transduction

transduction (countable and uncountable, plural transductions)

1650s, Latin transductionem, form of Latin trānsdūcō (“lead across”). By surface analysis, transduce + -tion.

(biology) The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another, typically between bacterial cells, and typically via a bacteriophage or pilus.


transferase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a functional group, such as amine or phosphate from one molecule to another.

transferasa

enzyme which catalyses the transfer of a functional group


transferrin

transferrin (countable and uncountable, plural transferrins)

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, a beta globulin, in blood serum that combines with and transports iron.


transformant

(biology) a cell (bacteria, fungus, yeast or plant) into which foreign DNA has been introduced


transformity

transformity (countable and uncountable, plural transformities)

Transformity increases with the increase in temperature between cold and hot reservoirs.

2001, Emerging Technologies in Airconditioning and Refrigeration, page 46:

Boggess (1994), studying the circulation of phosphorus in a Florida watershed, showed how the transformity zone of money circulation and market prices overlapped only the higher transformities of the circulation of phosphorus.

2004, Christina Howells, French Women Philosophers: A Contemporary Reader:

When an ecological network is expressed as a series of energy flows and transformation steps where the transformation steps are represented as Lindeman efficiencies, the resulting transformities represent trophic convergence and a measure of the amount of solar energy required to produce each level in the hierarchy.

2016, Sven E. Jørgensen, Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, page 100:

(ecology, thermodynamics) The ratio of emergy to available energy.


emergy

(ecology) the total energy used in the life cycle of some product; the available energy of one kind that has to be used up directly and indirectly to make a product or service.


transhydrogenase

(biochemistry) A mitochondrial enzyme that transports protons across a cell membrane.


mitochondrial

Sperm pass on none of their mitochondria during conception, so all mitochondrial information is transferred from generation to generation through mothers alone.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 329:

(cytology) Of, or relating to mitochondria.


Batesian mimicry

(biology) The resemblance of one or more non-poisonous species to a poisonous species, for example, the scarlet king snake and the coral snake.

貝氏擬態 /贝氏拟态

resemblance of a non-poisonous species to a poisonous one


palp

* (verb): From French palper.
* (noun): From New Latin palpus (“a feeler”).
* Both ultimately from Latin palpō (“to stroke, touch softly, feel”).

der

Below her formidable eyes her fangs are flanked by limb-like mouthparts: her palps, coloured a startling white like a quivering moustache.

2015, Adrian Tchaikovsky, Children of Time, Pan Books (2016), page 20:


DA

en-noun

DA (countable and uncountable, plural DAs or DA's)


digitigrade

/ˈdɪdʒɪtɪˌɡɹeɪd/

/ˈdɪd͡ʒətəɡɹeɪd/

From French digitigrade, from Latin digitus (“finger, toe, digit”) + -grade (“gait”); compare New Latin digitigradus.

(zoology) Of an animal: walking on the toes, putting the weight of the body mainly on the ball of the foot, with the back of the foot, or heel, raised.

(zoology) Of feet or a manner of walking: of, resembling, or pertaining to that of a digitigrade animal.

(zoology, specifically) Belonging to the Digitigrada of the taxonomic order Carnivora.


digitigrade

/ˈdɪdʒɪtɪˌɡɹeɪd/

/ˈdɪd͡ʒətəɡɹeɪd/

(zoology, chiefly in the plural) A digitigrade animal; an animal that walks on its toes, such as a cat or a dog.


plantigrade

[ˈpleə̯ɾ̃əˌɡɹeɪ̯d]

From French plantigrade, from Latin planta (“sole of the foot”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₂-n̥t-eh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”)) + -grade, from Latin gradus (“pace, step”).

(zoology) Of an animal: walking with the entire sole of the foot on the ground.


plantigrade

[ˈpleə̯ɾ̃əˌɡɹeɪ̯d]

(zoology) A plantigrade animal; an animal that walks with the entire sole of the foot on the ground.


abstrict

en-verb

abstrict (third-person singular simple present abstricts, present participle abstricting, simple past and past participle abstricted)

abstricts (present singular third-person)
abstricting (participle present)
abstricted (participle past)
abstricted (past)

From Latin ab (“by”) + stringō (“to draw tight”)

(transitive, biology, mycology) To cut off, as in abstriction; abjoint


amplification

en-noun

amplification (countable and uncountable, plural amplifications)

From Latin amplificātiō, from amplificō (“I amplify”); see amplify.
Etymology tree
Latin amplus
Latin -ficō
Latin amplificō
Latin -tiō
Latin amplificātiōlbor.
English amplification

etymon

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(genetics) The using of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for isolating and exponentially amplifying a fragment or sequence of DNA.


microcosm

From French microcosme, from Latin microcosmus, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + κόσμος (kósmos, “universe, order”); micro- + -cosm.

The method is relatively labour intensive (24-30 microcosms are run) and more difficult to interpret when compared with other microcosm methods (Shannon et al. 1986; Cairns & Cherry 1993).

2009, Jerry C. Smrchek, Maurice G. Zeeman, Chapter 3: Assessing Risks to Ecological Systems from Chemicals, Peter P. Calow (editor), Handbook of Environmental Risk Assessment and Management, page 53

(ecology) A small natural ecosystem; an artificial ecosystem set up as an experimental model.


translational

translational regulation

Relating to translation, in its various senses:

(genetics) Relating to the process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins.

transzlációs

relating to the process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins


translocate

en-verb

translocate (third-person singular simple present translocates, present participle translocating, simple past and past participle translocated)

translocates (present singular third-person)
translocating (participle present)
translocated (participle past)
translocated (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-translocate.wav

(genetics, transitive, of a chromosomal segment) To cause to undergo translocation.

(biochemistry, transitive) To cause to undergo translocation, usually a transition through a membrane.


rib

From Middle English rib, ribbe, from Old English ribb (“rib”), from Proto-West Germanic *ribi, from Proto-Germanic *ribją (“rib, reef”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ- (“arch, ceiling, cover”).
Cognate with Dutch rib (“rib”), Norwegian ribbe (“sparerib”), Norwegian ribben (“rib”), Low German ribbe (“rib”), German Rippe (“rib”), Old Norse rif (“rib, reef”), Serbo-Croatian rèbro (“rib”).
(wife or woman): In reference to the creation of Eve from Adam's rib in the Bible.

ребро

shaping and supporting member in an aircraft wing

(botany) The main, or any of the prominent veins of a leaf.


rib

From Middle English ribbe, from Old English ribbe (“hound's-tongue”).

(botany) Hound's-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale).

Tanacetum balsamita
Tanacetum balsamita#Translingual

(botany) Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita).

Nasturtium officinale
Nasturtium officinale#Translingual

(botany) Watercress (Nasturtium officinale).


threatened

en-adj

threatened (comparative more threatened, superlative most threatened)

more threatened (comparative)
most threatened (superlative)

It is particularly desirable to obtain photographs of rural stations, both with and without a train, in view of the threatened wholesale closure of unremunerative branches throughout the country.

1952 February, H. C. Casserley, “Permanent Wayfarings”, in Railway Magazine, page 78:

(especially ecology, of an organism) At risk of becoming endangered in the near future.


transpiration

en-noun

transpiration (countable and uncountable, plural transpirations)

Borrowed from Middle French transpiration, from Medieval Latin transpiratio, from transpiro, from Latin trans + spiro.

(botany) The loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants, especially through the stomata; accompanied by a corresponding uptake from the roots.

蒸騰 /蒸腾

botany: the loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants


transposase

transposase (countable and uncountable, plural transposases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for the transposition of transposons


transposon

2002, Ahmet Ipek, Introduction of an Ac/Ds Based Two-element Transposon Tagging System and Trans-activation of Ds in Carrot (Daucus Carota L.), University of Wisconsin–Madison, page 44,
Transposon tagging is a powerful technique to identify and clone genes. The successful application of transposon tagging requires previous identification and cloning of a transposon in the species under consideration.

An alternative approach to the use of retroviruses was to use a DNA transposon to integrate DNA into zebrafish chromosomes.

2003, Karl J. Clark, The Development of Sleeping Beauty Gene-trap Transposons for Insertional Mutagenesis of Vertebrates, University of Minnesota, page 7:

Our genome also contains stretches of genetic material called transposons that, at least in some cases, are thought to have been introduced long ago by viruses.

2018 March 26, Nicola Davis, “The human microbiome: why our microbes could be key to our health”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) A segment of DNA that can move to a different position within a genome, or to the genome of another species.

轉座子 /转座子

segment of DNA that can move to a different position within a genome, or to another genome


trivium

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from Latin trivium.

(zoology) The three anterior ambulacra of echinoderms, collectively.


reproduce

en-verb

reproduce (third-person singular simple present reproduces, present participle reproducing, simple past and past participle reproduced)

reproduces (present singular third-person)
reproducing (participle present)
reproduced (participle past)
reproduced (past)

/ˌɹiː.pɹəˈd͡ʒuːs/

The 12-page ruling notes that “Marriage is when a man and a woman are willing to live together, to build a husband and wife relationship to reproduce their offspring […] . Marriage is, therefore, reserved for only a man and a woman.” Other parts in the verdict also mention that members of the LGBTQIA+ community cannot reproduce, as it is against nature, and that people of those communities are no different to other animals with strange behaviours or physical features.

2021 December 3, Thai PBS, “Constitutional Court’s full verdict enrages LGBT community, rights defenders”, in Thai PBS World, Bangkok: Thai Public Broadcasting Service, retrieved 2021-12-04:

(transitive or intransitive, biology) To generate or propagate offspring or organisms sexually or asexually.


compartment

First attested 1564, from Middle French compartiment, from Italian compartimento, from Late Latin compartiri (“to divide with, to share with”), from com- + partiri (“to apportion, to divide, to share”).

der

(biochemistry) The part of a protein that serves a specific function.


gynogenesis

(biology) Female parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only maternal chromosomes due to the failure of the sperm to fuse with the egg nucleus.


labiate

en-adj

labiate (comparative more labiate, superlative most labiate)

more labiate (comparative)
most labiate (superlative)

(botany, of flowers such as the snapdragon) Having the corolla divided into two liplike parts.

huulimainen

having corolla divided into two liplike parts

(botany) of, or belonging to the mint family (Labiatae, now Lamiaceae).


labiate

(botany) A plant of the mint family (Labiatae)


lancer

(entomology) Any of various Asian hesperiid butterflies of the genus Plastingia.


coverage

en-noun

coverage (countable and uncountable, plural coverages)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Latin operiō
Latin cooperiō
Old French covrirbor.
Middle English coveren
English cover
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātus
Proto-Italic *-kos
Latin -cus
Latin -icus
Latin -āticus
Latin -āticum
Old French -agebor.
Middle English -age
English -age
English coverage
From cover + -age. First attested in 1912. Compare Middle English coverage (“a charge for having or stall or booth at a fair”).

cog

(genetics) The average number of reads representing a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence.

kattavuus

(genetics) average number of reads representing a given nucleotide


giddy

en-adj

giddy (comparative giddier, superlative giddiest)

giddier (comparative)
giddiest (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English gidi, gedy, gydy (“demonically controlled or possessed; crazy, insane; foolish, idiotic, ridiculous, unwise; unsure; (rare) dizzy, shaky; (rare) of an animal: crazed, out of control; a fool”) [and other forms], from Old English gidiġ, gydiġ (“possessed by a demon or spirit, insane, mad”), from Proto-West Germanic *gudīg (“ghostly, spirited”, literally “possessed by a god or spirit”), from *god (“god”) + *-ig, *-g (suffix forming adjectives with the senses of being, doing, or having). The English word is analysable as god + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’, forming adjectives).
The noun and the verb are derived from the adjective.

nb...

gedi, gidie, gidy, gudi, gudiʒe, guidi, guydi, gydi, gydie

лекомислен

unable to concentrate or think seriously; easily excited — see also impulsive

лекомислен

lightheartedly silly — see also frivolous

(British, dialectal, agriculture, veterinary medicine) Of an animal, chiefly a sheep: affected by gid (“a disease caused by parasitic infestation of the brain by tapeworm larvae”), which may result in the animal turning around aimlessly.

pyörimistautia poteva

of an animal, chiefly a sheep: affected by gid


giddy

(British, agriculture, veterinary medicine) Synonym of gid (“a disease caused by parasitic infestation of the brain by tapeworm larvae”).


nicotinic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; together with nicotinamide is a part of the vitamin B complex

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


folic acid

From Latin folium (“leaf”), from its occurrence in leafy vegetables.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid, one of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction

azido foliko

vitamin B9, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid

folate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


folate

From folic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A salt or ester of folic acid, especially one present in the vitamin B complex.


bower

bowers (plural)
bowre (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English bour, from Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būrą (“room, abode”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Búur (“storage room, utility room; cage”), German Bauer (“birdcage”), Old Norse búr (“cage”) (Danish bur, Norwegian Bokmål bur, Swedish bur).

cog

(ornithology) A large structure made of grass, twigs, etc., and decorated with bright objects, used by male bower birds during courtship displays.

беседка

(ornithology) A large structure made of grass and bright objects


essential fatty acid

en-noun

essential fatty acid (plural essential fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) any fatty acid required for human metabolism that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet; originally designated as vitamin F


thanatosis

thanatosis (usually uncountable, plural thanatoses)

From New Latin; by surface analysis, thanato- + -osis.


trivalent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-trivalent.wav


testis

(biology) An analogous gland in invertebrates such as the hydra.


hodology

(biology) In brain physiology, the study of the interconnections of brain cells.


texture

texture (countable and uncountable, plural textures)

/ˈtɛkʃt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

Borrowed from Middle French texture, borrowed from Latin textūra (“a weaving, web, texture, structure”), from textus, past participle of texere (“to weave”). See text. Doublet of tessitura.


Gaia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Γαῖᾰ (Gaîă, “Gaea, the Earth personified as a goddess”), from γαῖᾰ (gaîă, “the Earth”), probably related to γῆ (gê, “earth, land; country”).
Sense 1 was coined by the British scientist, environmentalist, and futurist James Lovelock (1919–2022) in his book Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (1979), at the suggestion of the British novelist, playwright, and poet William Golding (1911–1993): see the quotation.

bor

[page 1] As I write, two Viking spacecraft are circling our fellow planet Mars, awaiting landfall instructions from the Earth. Their mission is to search for life, or evidence of life, now or long ago. This book is also about a search for life, and the quest for Gaia is an attempt to find the largest living creature on Earth. […] [I]f Gaia does exist, then we may find ourselves and all other living things to be parts and partners of a vast being who in her entirety has the power to maintain our planet as a fit and comfortable habitat for life. […] [page 11] We have since defined Gaia as a complex entity involving the Earth's biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet.

1979, J[ames] E[phraim] Lovelock, “Introductory”, in Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 1 and 11:

If we are all—from the lowliest microorganism to the largest whale—a part of Gaia, then we are all potentially important to its well-being. Therefore, the ecologists who deplore the elimination of a species are not merely appealing to our sentiment. They are warning us, often without knowing it, about a blind and dangerous tinkering with the mechanism of the world. It is not enough just to regret the extinction of a whale, or even of the smallpox virus. When we delete one of these from Gaia's catalog, we may have destroyed part of ourselves. We are also a part of Gaia.

1980 July, James E. Lovelock, “Living Planet Earth”, in Omni, volume 2, number 10, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 124, column 3:

In fact Planet Earth can be seen as an active participant in the creation of its own story, a living being now given the name Gaia, a name from Greek mythology for the goddess of earth. […] The very ability to perceive of the earth as living, as Gaia, is an indication of the expansion of consciousness that humanity as a whole is experiencing.

1983, David Hoffmann, “The Holistic Approach”, in The Holistic Herbal: A Herbal Celebrating the Wholeness of Life, Findhorn, Moray, Scotland: Findhorn, →ISBN; Holistic Herbal: A Safe and Practical Guide to Making and Using Herbal Remedies, 3rd edition, London: Thorsons, HarperCollins Publishers, 2002, →ISBN, page 13:

Having recognised the Gaian phenomenon I would like to explain where I think Gaia comes from and ask for how long this Gaia phenomenon has persisted on the surface of the Earth. And then I would like to raise some of the objections to the Gaia hypothesis. To my knowledge the Gaia hypothesis has never been discussed in polite scientific society by sympathetic scientists; this is an all time first.

1988, Lynn Margulis, “Jim Lovelock’s Gaia”, in Peter Bunyard, Edward Goldsmith, editors, Gaia, the Thesis, the Mechanisms and the Implications: Proceedings of the First Annual Camelford Conference on the Implications of the Gaia Hypothesis, held on 21–24th October 1987 in Cornwall, Camelford, Cornwall: Wadebridge Ecological Centre, →ISBN, page 50:

Meanwhile, mankind is getting on with the business of turning the Earth barren; sooner or later, but more likely sooner, Gaia will shrug us off and the Earth will carry on as if we had never been.

2003 September 13, Nicholas Lezard, “The importance of being wrong”, in The Guardian, retrieved 2021-05-19:

At first, Lovelock didn’t view global warming as an urgent threat to the planet. “Gaia is a tough bitch,” he often said[…] But a few years ago[…] Lovelock became convinced that Gaia’s autopilot system[…]is seriously out of whack, derailed by pollution and deforestation.

2007 November 1, Jeff Goodell, “James Lovelock, the Prophet”, in Rolling Stone:

(ecology) The ecosystem of the Earth regarded as a self-regulating superorganism.

غَايَا

the ecosystem of the Earth regarded as a self-regulating organism


puberty

en-noun

puberty (countable and uncountable, plural puberties)

From Middle English puberte, from Old French puberté, from Latin pūbertās (“the age of maturity, manhood”).

der

(botany) The period when a plant begins to flower.


pubescent

en-adj

pubescent (comparative more pubescent, superlative most pubescent)

more pubescent (comparative)
most pubescent (superlative)

From Middle French pubescent, from Latin pubescens (“to become hairy, downy, or an adult”).

uder

(botany, zoology) Covered with down or fine hairs.


nanodomain

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(biochemistry) In reference calcium signalling, is where the calcium-binding proteins (or "sensors") are located within a few nanometers of an open calcium channel.


picked

en-adj

picked (comparative more picked, superlative most picked)

more picked (comparative)
most picked (superlative)

the picked dogfish

(zoology, of fishes) Having a pike or spine on the back.


yahoo

From Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, where Yahoo is the name of a race of brutes.

1835, James Holman, Travels, quoted by Malcolm Smith, Bunyips and Bigfoots (Millennium Books, 1996, →ISBN), who notes that the Australian sense almost certainly derives from Gulliver's Travels, despite Holman's report
The natives are greatly terrrified by the sight of a person in a mask calling him "devil" or Yah-hoo, which signifies evil spirit.

1985, Michael Raynal, Yahoos in the Bahamas: Cryptozoology, volume 4:

(cryptozoology) A humanoid cryptid said to exist in parts of eastern Australia, and also reported in the Bahamas.