mineralocorticoid

Severely undervirilized males may have normal mineralocorticoid activity; fully masculinized males may display salt loss.

2011, Christine A. Gleason, Sandra E. Juul, Avery's Diseases of the Newborn, page 1301:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism.

電解質コルチコイド

でんかいしつコルチコイド


phytosterol

(biochemistry, botany) Any of a group of steroid alcohols, phytochemicals naturally occurring in plants. They are white powders with mild, characteristic odor, insoluble in water and soluble in alcohols.


progestagen

progestagens (plural)
progestogen (alternative)

(biochemistry, steroids) The steroid hormone progesterone.

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a class of synthetic hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone (the only natural progestagen) and have antiestrogenic and antigonadotropic properties.


ergosterol

en-noun

ergosterol (countable and uncountable, plural ergosterols)

Terbinafine has a unique mechanism of action among the antifugal agents (Petranyi et al, 1984; Balfour and Faulds, 1992), inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key sterol component in the plasma membrane of the fungal cell.

2003, Peter G. Pappas, “Terbinafine”, in William E. Dismukes, Peter G. Pappas, Jack D. Sobel, editors, Clinical Mycology, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 104:

(biochemistry, steroids, mycology) The steroid precursor of vitamin D₂. It is found in cell membranes of fungi, and is their functional equivalent of cholesterol. It is also found in the membranes of some protists.


teratoid

en-adj

teratoid (comparative more teratoid, superlative most teratoid)

more teratoid (comparative)
most teratoid (superlative)

Lucien, staring goggle-eyed at the only brother he’s ever had, is standing very still, face still unwittingly teratoid, the broom at an angle in his hand, the Colt dangling at his side, […]

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 486:

(genetics, medicine) Monster-like, exhibiting abnormal development.

уродлив

monster-like, exhibiting abnormal development


capitule

Borrowed from Late Latin capitulum (“chapter”) (diminutive of Latin caput (“head”)).

In this country the merits of the Chrysanthemum are already appreciated, and for some years it has acquired considerable repute, which is chiefly owing to the facility with which it doubles its capitules, and modifies the colours of its flowers. At the present day a great number of varieties are in cultivation, some of them with flowers dark purple, nearly black, rose, white, orange, yellow; sometimes we find a single capitule or head with two different colours; other varieties are distinguished by the form of their flowers, which constitute rayed capitules, partly or entirely ligulate; and partly or entirely tubular.

1850, M. Herincq, “French Daisy Chrysanthemums”, in The Gardeners' Magazine of Botany, volume 1, page 114:

These I take to be the shrunk up leaves that belong to the several deformed flowers of the capitule, and if you dissect the capitule you will find a succession of petals or leaves or whatever they be, becoming smaller and smaller until they are mere scales, and the more scale-like they are the more fleshy and the less leaf-like is their texture, and the suspicion my dawn upon you, as it has dawned upon me, that in my supposed capitule or head, or umbel, or many-flowered scape, we have not merely a number of monstrous flowers, but a number also of bulbs, stems, and leaves, all shrunk into leaf-like or scale-like processes, the double Daffodil being in reality a proliferous production, a sort of Pelion upon Ossa of a very lowly kind, and one of the most curious of all the vegetable monsters.

1875, Frederick William Burbidge, The Narcissus, page 29:

Now and then, as in the case of the dense conical capitule of the teasel, the flowers open according to no definite order, so that the surface becomes irregularly patched.

1884, Ward and Lock, The universal instructor, or, Self-culture for all: A complete Encyclopoedia of Learning and Self-Education - Volume 1, page 622:

Artichokes are used as fresh, canned or frozen vegetables — the receptacle (“bottom”) and the inner, soft bracts (“hearts”) are the edible parts of the capitule.

2019, Abraham H. Halevy, Handbook of Flowering: Volume II:

(botany) The flowering head that terminates a stem, a flower or flower head.


coagulase

en-noun

coagulase (countable and uncountable, plural coagulases)

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that induces coagulation.

(biochemistry) Specifically, the enzyme produced by various Staphylococcus species that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.


hybridize

en-verb

hybridize (third-person singular simple present hybridizes, present participle hybridizing, simple past and past participle hybridized)

hybridizes (present singular third-person)
hybridizing (participle present)
hybridized (participle past)
hybridized (past)
hybridise (alternative)

(biochemistry) To combine complementary subunits of multiple biological macromolecules.


flagellate

en-adj

flagellate (comparative more flagellate, superlative most flagellate)

more flagellate (comparative)
most flagellate (superlative)

Etymology tree
Latin flagrum
Latin -lus
Latin flagellum
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin flagellō
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tos
Latin -tus
Latin flagellātuslbor.
English flagellate
Learned borrowing from Latin flagellō (“to whip, flog”) and its participle flagellātus.


flagellate

(biology) Any organism that has flagella.


taxis

en-noun

taxis (countable and uncountable, plural taxes)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τάξις (táxis, “arrangement, order”).

lbor

(biology) The directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus.

реакция

biology: movement of an organism in response to a stimulus


lactoflavin

en-noun

lactoflavin (usually uncountable, plural lactoflavins)


estrene

A series of compounds related to the estrenes, parent saturated hydrocarbon of which is 5a-estrane (Fig. 4.3), have been obtained by removing the 19-methyl group (No R or Nor) attached to the 10th position in androstene derivatives.

1979, L. V. Asolkar, Diosgenin and Other Steroid Drug Precursors, page 99:

In 1993 , a U.S. patent (# 5,272,134) was granted for fragrances containing 16-androstene and estrene steroids (see examples in Figure 14).

1997, J. J. Lagowski, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry, page 1192:

A pharmaceutical composition in a dosage unit form adapted for nasal administration in a human subject, said composition comprising per dosage unit, an effective amount of an Estrene steroid in a range to effect the nervous system through the vomeronasal organ but ineffective to have a systemic effect by absorption into the circulatory system […]

2000, David L. Berliner, Nathan William Adams, Clive L. Jennings-White, “6140316 Estrebe Steriuds as Neurochemical Initiators of Change in Human Hypothalamic Function and Related pharmaceutical Compositions”, in Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office:

(biochemistry) A derivative of estradiol characterized by a structure that includes a phenolic ring.


valvular

From New Latin valvularis (“valvular”), from valvula (“valvule, small valve”) + Latin āris (“-ar: forming adjectives”).

It was Charles Sherrington (1857–1952) who named that valvular connection (later found to be a gap) the synapse.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 516:

(medicine, biology) Of or pertaining to valves, such as those of the heart.


variegation

variegation (countable and uncountable, plural variegations)

The variegation of leaves occurs so commonly that we do not often inquire into the cause of it. To the physiologist, however, the question of the origin of variegation is of considerable importance, and it certainly is not less so to the horticulturist, whether pleasure or profit be the main end of his endeavors.

1878, The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, volume 27, page 509:

The second and related type of white variegation is formed by the formation of a single loose layer of short palisade cells instead of a compact layer or two of long palisade cells in the green sectors of variegated leaves (La Rocca et al. 2011).

2014, Ulrich Lüttge, Wolfram Beyschlag, Progress in Botany, Springer, →ISBN, page 244:

(botany) A variation in the colour of different zones of the same plant.


altricial

en-adj

altricial (comparative more altricial, superlative most altricial)

more altricial (comparative)
most altricial (superlative)

From New Latin Altrices (a former division of birds), plural of altrīx, the feminine of altor (“nourisher”), from alere (“to nourish”).

Altricial young are typical among carnivores, which might be expected to be hampered in their hunting behaviour if the pregnant mother has to carry its young for a long period.

2001, Gonyou, Keeling & Keeling, Social Behaviour in Farm Animals, CABI Publishing, published 2001, page 63:

First, humans are altricial, with immature newborns and a long childhood.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 281:

First, compared to other species, babies are altricial, meaning that they are weak, undermuscled, fat, and uncoordinated (sorry, babies, but it's true).

2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 5, in The Secret of Our Success […] , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

(zoology) Helpless at birth (of young animals); or having young which are helpless at birth.


proliferous

proliferous (comparative more proliferous, superlative most proliferous)

more proliferous (comparative)
most proliferous (superlative)

(botany) producing many buds or offshoots from leaves or flowers


heterecious

(biology) living on one host at one stage (or generation) and then upon another in the next


phytophagous

phytophagous (comparative more phytophagous, superlative most phytophagous)

more phytophagous (comparative)
most phytophagous (superlative)

(zoology) Feeding on plants, herbivorous.


phytophagy

From phyto- (“plant”) + -phagy (“to feed on”).


germinate

en-verb

germinate (third-person singular simple present germinates, present participle germinating, simple past and past participle germinated)

germinates (present singular third-person)
germinating (participle present)
germinated (participle past)
germinated (past)

Borrowed from Latin germinātus, perfect passive participle of germinō (“to sprout”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).

the Chalcites, which hath a Spirit that will put forth and germinate

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

It would suffice to keep up the full number of a tree, which lived on an average for a thousand years, if a single seed were produced once in a thousand years, supposing that this seed were never destroyed, and could be ensured to germinate in a fitting place. So that in all cases, the average number of any animal or plant depends only indirectly on the number of its eggs or seeds.

1859, Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species:

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014 April 5, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend), page W22:

[…] The flesh [of the mistletoe berry] is sticky, and forms strings and ribbons between my thumb and forefinger. For the mistletoe, this viscous goop – and by the way, viscous comes to English from viscum – is crucial. The stickiness means that, after eating the berries, birds often regurgitate the seeds and then wipe their bills on twigs – leading to the seeds' getting glued to the tree, where they can germinate and begin the cycle anew.

2014 December 23, Olivia Judson, “The hemiparasite season [print version: Under the hemiparasite, International New York Times, 24–25 December 2014, page 7]”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2014-12-23:

(intransitive, botany, horticulture) Of a seed, to begin to grow, to sprout roots and leaves.


megaphyll

(botany) A leaf having an internally branching system of veins, or a structure that is derived from such a leaf.


microphyll

(botany) A leaf having a single unbranched vein, or a structure that is derived from such a leaf.


horsetail

horsetails (plural)
horse tail (alternative)

From Middle English horsetaile, horstaile, equivalent to horse + tail.

(botany) Any of various simple vascular plants, of the order Equisetales, that have hollow stems and produce spores.

(botany) A mare's tail, a water plant in genus Hippuris.


vascular plant

(botany) One of the Tracheophyta, any plant possessing vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), including ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.


tracheophyte

bryophyte

antonym(s) of “plant with vascular tissue”

/ˈtɹakɪəˌfʌɪt/

From trachea (“xylem vessel”) + -phyte (“plant”).

suffix

By virtue of the presence and absence of vascular tissues, the tracheophytes and the bryophytes were also considered two distinctly different levels of anatomical organization. Largely for these reasons, the bryophytes and the tracheophytes are traditionally viewed as two distinct lineages, though they trace their evolutionary history back to a common ancestor.

1997, Karl J. Niklas, The Evolutionary Biology of Plants, page 179:

The tracheophytes (vascular land plants) have a fossil record beginning in the Wenlock (Edwards et al. 1983).

2010, P. K. Strother, Thomas Servais, Marco Vecoli, “The effect of terrestrialization on marine ecosystems: the fall of CO₂”, in Marco Vecoli, Gaël Clément, B. Meyer-Berthaud, editors, The Terrestrialization Process, page 40:

There is a clear relationship between tracheophytes and trilete spores, but not with cryptospores.

2012, Philippe Steemans, Elodie Petus, Pierre Breuer, Paula Mauller-Mendlowicz, Philippe Gerrienne, “Paleozoic Innovations in the Micro- and Megafossil Plant Record: From the Earliest Plant Spores to the Earliest Seeds”, in John A. Talent, editor, Earth and Life: Global Biodiversity, Extinction Intervals and Biogeographic Perturbations Through Time, page 443:

(botany): Any plant possessing vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), including ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.


pteridology

(botany) The scientific study of ferns and other pteridophytes.


vascular tissue

en-noun

vascular tissue (countable and uncountable, plural vascular tissues)

(zoology, anatomy) The arteries, veins, capillaries, and associated tissues in an animal.

(botany, phytotomy) The xylem, phloem, and associated tissues in a vascular plant.


antipodal

(biology) One of the cells at the chalazal pole of an embryo sac.


unhinge

en-verb

unhinge (third-person singular simple present unhinges, present participle unhinging, simple past and past participle unhinged)

unhinges (present singular third-person)
unhinging (participle present)
unhinged (participle past)
unhinged (past)

Many snakes can unhinge their jaw joints to swallow large prey.


imprinted

en-adj

imprinted (comparative more imprinted, superlative most imprinted)

more imprinted (comparative)
most imprinted (superlative)

The inference is that there is an imprinted' gene somewhere on the X chromosome, which is normally switched on only on the paternal copy and that this gene somehow enhances the development of social adjustment [...].

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 217:

(genetics) Produced by or exhibiting imprinting; showing distinction by its origin from the paternal or maternal genome.


conformed

(botany) Fitting closely together, like a seed coat to the nucellus.


palea

(botany) The interior chaff or husk of grasses.

In a single Brazilian species, doubtfully referred to Brickellia, a few pales occur toward the edge of the disk.

1917, Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, A Monograph of the Genus Brickellia:

(botany) One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, such as the sunflower.


lactase

en-noun

lactase (countable and uncountable, plural lactases)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lactase.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A β-galactosidase enzyme that is involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers.


channeled

en-adj

channeled (comparative more channeled, superlative most channeled)

more channeled (comparative)
most channeled (superlative)

(botany) Sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel.


parid

(zoology) Any bird in the family Paridae, the tits or chickadees


latid

(zoology) Any fish in the family Latidae.


pelea

Learned borrowing from New Latin pelea, from Hawaiian Pele (Hawaiian fire goddess) + -ea. Equivalent to Pele + -a.

(dated, botany) Synonym of melicope: a plant of the genus Pelea.


picotee

picotees (plural)
picketee (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from French picoté (“marked with points”), past participle of picoter.

bor+

(botany) A flower (such as a carnation) whose margin is a different colour from the flower's basic colour.


schizogony

en-noun

schizogony (usually uncountable, plural schizogonies)

(biology) Asexual reproduction of protozoans etc characterized by multiple divisions of the nucleus and cell.


telomere

/ˈtiːləmɪəɹ/

2004, Peter M. Lansdorp, 11: Telomeres and Telomere Regulation, Robert Paul Lanza (editor), Handbook of Stem Cells, Volume 2: Adult and Fetal Stem Cells, page 127,
Chromosome ends or telomeres are composed of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins. A minimum number of repeats is essential for proper telomere function and to avoid sustained activation of DNA damage pathways that may result in replicative senescence or cell death.

It has been known for some time that when cells divide, causing chromosomes to duplicate, telomeres get shorter. The more a cell divides, then, the shorter the telomeres become.

2005, Cara Birrittieri, What Every Woman Should Know about Fertility and Her Biological Clock, page 51:

Previous studies have examined telomere lengths as an indirect measure of aging in cloned animals. Sheep were reported to have shorter telomeres suggestive of premature aging while cattle had either age-appropriate or longer telomeres.

2007, Peter Sutovsky, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, page 78:

(genetics) Either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome.

端粒

either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome


telomerase

(biochemistry, genetics) An enzyme in eukaryotic cells that adds a specific sequence of DNA to the telomeres of chromosomes after they divide; gives the chromosomes stability over time.


teloblast

(biology) In annelids etc., a large cell at the growing end of many embryos that produces many smaller cells.


telocentric

(genetics) (of a chromosome) having the centromere at one end


telocoel

(biology) A cavity in the telencephalon of an embryo.


telodendrion

telodendrions (plural)
telodendron (alternative)

From telo- + δένδρον (déndron, “tree”) + -ion (suffix used for neo-classical compounds, compare -ιον (-ion)). Attested from the 1890s.

(biology) The terminal branching of an axon; a telodendron.


telophase

From Ancient Greek τέλος (télos, “completion”) + New Latin phasis, from Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis, “an appearance”), from φάω (pháō, “to shine”).

der

This separateness is most easily observed in the telophase of each division, though in some cleavage cells it may be seen in the prophase also, or even throughout the resting period.

1901 June 7, Edward. G. Conklin, “The individuality of the germ nuclei during the cleavage of the egg of Crepidula”, in Biological Bulletin, volume 2, number 6:

(biology) The final stage of mitosis or meiosis during which the daughter chromosomes move towards opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

有丝分裂末期 (yǒusīfēnliè mòqī, literally “mitotic telophase”)

减数分裂末期 (jiǎnshùfēnliè mòqī, literally “meiotic telophase”)


telotaxis

en-noun

telotaxis (countable and uncountable, plural telotaxes)

(biology) movement of an organism either toward or away from a stimulus


telotroch

(biology) a posterior tuft of cilia in a trochophore larva


telopeptide

(biochemistry) an amino acid sequence, (normally at one or more ends), that have a function in building or conforming a protein and are proteolytically removed at maturity


mutase

(biochemistry) An isomerase that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule


saxifragous

en-adj

saxifragous (comparative more saxifragous, superlative most saxifragous)

more saxifragous (comparative)
most saxifragous (superlative)

Latin saxifragus (“stone-breaking”), from saxum (“stone”) + frangere (“to break”).

(botany, rare) Growing in rocky crevices.


baccate

From Latin baccātus (“set or adorned with berries or pearls”), from bacca (“berry; pearl”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

uder

1848, Samuel Frederick Gray, Gray's Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia
[…] pericarp drupaceous, or baccate, 1—4 nuts (pyrena), which are sometimes enclosed in an utricular membrane […]

(botany) Pulpy throughout, like a berry; said of fruits.


periclinal

(biology) Parallel to the surface of an organ.

(botany) Of a type of cell division in a layer of cells that occurs parallel to an adjacent layer of cells.


segment

From Latin segmentum (“a piece cut off, a strip, segment of the earth, a strip of tinsel”), from secāre (“to cut”).

jaoke

botany: portion of an organ derived from a single cell within the primordium

In Lejeuneaceae vegetative branches normally originate from the basiscopic basal portion of a lateral segment half, as in the Radulaceae, and the associated leaves, therefore, are quite unmodified.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:

(botany) A portion of an organ whose cells are derived from a single cell within the primordium from which the organ developed.

(zoology) One of several parts of an organism, with similar structure, arranged in a chain; such as a vertebra, or a third of an insect's thorax.

jaoke

zoology: one of several parts of an organism, with similar structure, arranged in a chain


secretase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that "snips" pieces off a longer protein that is embedded in the cell membrane.


eutrophication

en-noun

eutrophication (countable and uncountable, plural eutrophications)

I already hinted at the problem of sea eutrophication (where excess nutrients cause algae to flourish) due to the phosphates that used to be added to washing powder, and, surely, it is not pleasant for plants to find underfoot (or, better, "underroot") those surfactants we use daily at home (please, never pour your dishwater on the roots of a magnificent camellia, even if it is blooming in the garden of a next-door neighbor you cannot stand).

2011, Roberto Piazza, Soft Matter: The stuff that dreams are made of, page 130:

Amphisteginids and peneroplids were among the few taxa found in the bay environments, probably due to their preferences for phytal substrates and tolerance to moderate levels of eutrophication.

2015 December 29, “Spatial Patterns in the Distribution, Diversity and Abundance of Benthic Foraminifera around Moorea (Society Archipelago, French Polynesia)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The process of becoming eutrophic; the ecosystem's response to the addition of artificial or natural nutrients, mainly phosphates, through detergents, fertilizers, or sewage, to an aquatic system.


eutrophic

en-adj

eutrophic (comparative more eutrophic, superlative most eutrophic)

more eutrophic (comparative)
most eutrophic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek εὖ (eû) + τροφικός (trophikós), literally “well-nourished”; equivalent to eu- + trophic.

compound

(biology, of a body of water) Being rich in nutrients and minerals and therefore having an excessive growth of algae and thus a diminished oxygen content to the detriment of other organisms.


Martinize

en-verb

Martinize (third-person singular simple present Martinizes, present participle Martinizing, simple past and past participle Martinized)

Martinizes (present singular third-person)
Martinizing (participle present)
Martinized (participle past)
Martinized (past)

(biochemistry) To produce a coarse-grain structure of a protein topology


trama

Borrowed from Latin trāma. Doublet of tram.

(mycology) The inner, fleshy portion of a mushroom's basidiocarp, distinct from the outer pileipellis or cuticle and from the spore-bearing hymenium.


speckle

en-noun

speckle (countable and uncountable, plural speckles)

The noun is from Middle Dutch spekkel; the verb was later coined from the noun, in the late 16th century.

(cytology) A cluster of interchromatin granules in a nucleus.


centimorgan

(biology) A length of chromosome in which an average of 0.01 crossover occurs per generation.


sporophyte

From sporo- (“spore”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(b) sporophyte with foot reduced, the entire sporophyte enveloped by the calyptra, which is ± stipitate at the base.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) A plant (or the diploid phase in its life cycle) which produces spores by meiosis in order to produce gametophytes.

sporofyt

plant which produces spores by meiosis in order to produce gametophytes


propagule

1989, Discovery and Innovation, Volumes 1-2, Academy Science Publishers, page 90,
Propagule size could be one of these silvical characteristics.

In many combinations of fungi and soils more than one method of estimating propagules will need to be used to provide a valid test of propagule numbers.

1992, I. C. Tommerup, “2: Methods for the Study of the Population Biology of Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorhizal Fungi”, in J. R. Norris, D. J. Read, A. K. Varma, editors, Methods in Microbiology, Volume 24: Techniques for the Study of Mycorrhiza, Academic Press, page 27:

2011, Committee on Assessing Numeric Limits for Living Organisms in Ballast Water, Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water, National Research Council of the National Academies, National Academies Press, page 126,
Combined with information on organism concentrations, this proxy could allow estimates of either total number of propagules per discharge or cumulative propagule supply over some temporal and spatial scale.

Many foliar-feeding hosts infected with bacterial and viral pathogens display classic "summit" diseases, in which the infected insects move up the foliage immediately before they die. This behavioral host response to infection results in increased transmission to uninfected hosts, as the pathogen propagules from the cadaver shower down on the foliage below, resulting in increased transmission to the rest of the population.

2014, D[enny] J. Bruck, “Entomopathogens as Insect Biocontrol Agents”, in Robert G. Linderman, D. Michael Benson, editors, Compendium of Rhododendron and Azalea Diseases and Pests, 2nd edition, St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press, →ISBN, page 84, column 2:

(biology) A reproductive particle released by an organism in order to propagate itself, by means such as dispersal or infection, to the next stage in its life cycle. E.g., seeds, spores, endospores, microbial cysts, etc.

propagule

reproductive particle released by an organism to propagate itself


gametogenesis

(cytology) The process by which gametes are produced.


sporogenesis

sporogenesis (usually uncountable, plural sporogeneses)

(cytology) The process by which spores are produced.


sporophytic

(botany) Of or pertaining to a sporophyte plant.

(botany) Having the characteristics of a sporophyte.


gametophytic

(botany) Of or pertaining to a gametophyte plant.


ephedrine

ephedrine (countable and uncountable, plural ephedrines)

The great advantage of ephedrine is its effectiveness if taken as a pill, whereas adrenaline works only if injected or inhaled.

2003, Samuel H. Barondes, chapter 5, in Better than Prozac, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 63:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline alkaloid drug C₁₀H₁₅NO obtained from a Chinese ephedra (Ephedra sinica) or synthesized that has the physiological action of epinephrine. It causes constriction of the blood vessels and widening of the bronchial passages and is used in the form of its hydrochloride or sulfate to relieve asthma and hay fever.


chronobiology

chronobiology (usually uncountable, plural chronobiologies)

(biology) The study of the effects of time on biological systems, especially the effects of periodicity


anti-predator

(ecology) That provides a defence against predation or predators

antipredador

that provides a defence against predators


riflip

(genetics) A section of DNA whose length varies among individuals and which is delimited by a base which does not occur within it.


peptone

From German Pepton, from Ancient Greek πεπτόν (peptón, “cooked, digested”) derived from πέπτω (péptō, “soften, ripen, boil, cook, bake, digest”).

der

(biochemistry) Any water-soluble mixture of polypeptides and amino acids formed by the partial hydrolysis of protein.

peptone

water-soluble product of partial protein hydrolysis


chymotrypsin

en-noun

chymotrypsin (countable and uncountable, plural chymotrypsins)

(biochemistry) An endopeptidase enzyme that cleaves peptides at the carboxyl side of tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine amino acids.


elastin

elastin (countable and uncountable, plural elastins)

Our stomachs produce an enzyme specifically designed to break down elastin, a type of protein found in meat and nowhere else.

2006, Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma, The Penguin Press, →ISBN, page 289:

(biochemistry) A protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue, that has elastic properties.

élastine

protein with elastic properties, similar to collagen


upregulation

upregulation (countable and uncountable, plural upregulations)

(genetics) The process, in the regulation of gene expression, in which the number, or activity of receptors increases in order to increase sensitivity


downregulation

downregulation (countable and uncountable, plural downregulations)

(biology) The suppression of a response to a stimulus

(genetics) The process, in the regulation of gene expression, in which the number, or activity of receptors decreases in order to decrease sensitivity


PCP

PCP (countable and uncountable, plural PCPs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of peptidyl carrier protein.


lipase

lipase (countable and uncountable, plural lipases)

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of lipids.


uncongenial

en-adj

uncongenial (comparative more uncongenial, superlative most uncongenial)

more uncongenial (comparative)
most uncongenial (superlative)


reductase

disulfide reduction by glutathione is a three-step process, the last of which is catalyzed by glutathione reductase

2008, Louis J. Casarett, Curtis D. Klaassen, Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons, McGraw-Hill Professional, page 187:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that chemically reduces its substrate.


polyadenylic acid

(biochemistry) A polymer of adenylic acid attached to mRNA before transportation to the cytoplasm.


polycentric

polycentric (comparative more polycentric, superlative most polycentric)

more polycentric (comparative)
most polycentric (superlative)

(genetics) (of a chromosome, etc) Having multiple central parts


polycentric

(genetics) A chromosome, etc. having multiple central parts.


polyclonal

polyclonal (comparative more polyclonal, superlative most polyclonal)

more polyclonal (comparative)
most polyclonal (superlative)

(biology) descended from more than one small group of cells, especially ones of different genetic origin


polyestrous

(biology) Having multiple periods of estrus in a year, or during a breeding season.


polygene

(genetics) A group of nonallelic genes that act together to produce phenotype variations


catechol oxidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to tyrosinase, that catalyses the oxidation of phenols such as catechol.


peroxidase

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that act on substrates such as hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides such as lipid peroxides.


kinase

From Ancient Greek κινεῖν (kineîn, “to move”) + -ase, a suffix forming enzyme names.

uder

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates), in a process termed phosphorylation.


diastase

From Ancient Greek διάστασις (diástasis, “separation”).

(biochemistry) Any one of a group of enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of starch into maltose; mostly amylases (α-amylase and β-amylase).

diastaasi

enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose


polynuclear

syncytial

involving a multinuclear cell owing to combining of cells


polynucleotide

(biochemistry) A polymeric macromolecule composed of many nucleotides; examples include DNA and RNA


polypetalous

(botany) having a corolla composed of distinct, separable petals

polipetalo

having a corolla composed of distinct petals


polyphagia

en-noun

polyphagia (usually uncountable, plural polyphagias)

From poly- + -phagia, from Ancient Greek πολῠ́ς (polŭ́s, “many”) and ἔφᾰγον (éphăgon, “eat”).

(zoology) The eating of many different types of food

moniruokaisuus

zoology: eating of many different types of food


proteid

When strong nitric acid is added to an aqueous solution of any of the proteids, a white precipitate forms, which turns yellow on heating the liquid.

1907, R. Douglas Bailey, The Brewer's Analyst, page 89:

1914, Eugene Christian, Encyclopedia of Diet: A Treatise on the Food Question, Digital Edition, unnumbered page,
The proteid substances in the body must be formed from proteids taken in the form of food, because only proteid foods contain the element nitrogen. All proteids contain nitrogen, but all nitrogen does not contain protein. All proteids, therefore, are nitrogenous compounds.

1996, Arnold Eiloart (translator and editor), M. Bircher-Benner, Food Science for All and a New Sunlight Theory of Nutrition, page 12,
It was in the forties of the last century that the great chemist, Justus Liebig, brought the chemistry of food up to this point. As he believed moreover that proteids provide not only the building-material of living substance, but also muscular power, he regarded it as a nourishing principle.


polypod

en-adj

polypod (comparative more polypod, superlative most polypod)

more polypod (comparative)
most polypod (superlative)


polypod

(botany) Any fern of the family Polypodiaceae

сладка папрат

fern of the family Polypodiaceae — see also polypody


hemolymph

en-noun

hemolymph (countable and uncountable, plural hemolymphs)

hemolymphs (plural)
haemolymph (alternative)
hæmolymph (alternative)

(zoology) A circulating fluid in the bodies of some invertebrates that is the equivalent of blood.

hemolimfa

a circulating fluid in the bodies of some invertebrates


polyribonucleotide

(biochemistry) A biological macromolecule consisting of multiple ribonucleotides


polyribosome

(biochemistry) A cluster of ribosomes, connected by mRNA, that collectively synthesizes protein


polysepalous

(botany, of a calyx) having separate sepals


gamosepalous

en-adj

gamosepalous (comparative more gamosepalous, superlative most gamosepalous)

more gamosepalous (comparative)
most gamosepalous (superlative)

(botany, of a calyx) Having united sepals.


monosepalous

(botany, of a calyx) having all sepals united


polyspermy

(biology) The penetration of an ovum by more than one sperm.


polystichous

(botany) arranged in several rows or series


polytocous

From Ancient Greek πολύς (polús) + τόκος (tókos).

(biology) Giving birth to multiple offspring at the same time; multiparous.


polytrophic

(biology) Of bacteria etc.: feeding on multiple types of food, or obtaining nutrients in more than one way

(biology, of an insect) Having a nutritive cell attached to each egg in the ovary


polytypic

polytypic (comparative more polytypic, superlative most polytypic)

more polytypic (comparative)
most polytypic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek πολῠ- (polŭ-) + τῠπῐκός (tŭpĭkós). By surface analysis, poly- + type + -ic.

(taxonomy) having several different taxa of the next lower rank, especially having several subspecies

(conservation biology) of a habitat, not dominated by a single species

(microbiology) of a cell sample, containing several cell types


polyvalent

polyvalent (comparative more polyvalent, superlative most polyvalent)

more polyvalent (comparative)
most polyvalent (superlative)

(biology) Containing antibodies to more than one kind of pathogen.


RA

GLP-1 RA

(biochemistry) Initialism of receptor agonist.


specialization

en-noun

specialization (countable and uncountable, plural specializations)

specializations (plural)
specialisation (alternative)

[ˌspɛʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn̩]

[ˌspɛʃəlɪˈzeɪʃn̩]

[ˌspeʃəlɑɪˈzæɪʃn̩]

[ˌspeʃəlaɪˈzæɪʃn̩]

Specialization is frequently divided into two categories largely based on methods of study: food specialization and specialization with respect to microhabitat.

2012, O. A. Jones, Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs V2: Biology 1, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 248:

(biology) The adaptation of an organism to a specific environment, or adaptation of an organ to a particular function.


stringy

en-adj

stringy (comparative stringier, superlative stringiest)

stringier (comparative)
stringiest (superlative)

There are few birders who have not had stringy ticks on their lists at some stage.

1980, Bill Oddie, Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book, page 76:

(birdwatching) Of a sighting, unlikely to be accurate; probably based on a misidentification, whether innocent or deliberate.


pollinator

(biology) the agent that pollinates a plant; often an insect


cistrome

From cis + trans + -ome. Coined by investigators at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School Technologies.

(microbiology) The set of DNA segments (cis) of a transacting factor on a genome scale.

(microbiology) A map of all locations effected by the estrogen receptor.


chronic cellular dehydration

en-noun

chronic cellular dehydration (uncountable)

(medicine, biology) The condition of individual cells in a patient suffering from chronic dehydration.


disturbance regime

disturbance regime (plural disturbance regimes)

(ecology) Any of various modes of widespread floral replacement, e.g., flood, fire, disease or wind.


extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix (plural extracellular matrices)

connective tissue
connective tissue#English

(anatomy, cytology, histology) All the microscopic fibres and other molecular structures that are produced by a particular type of cell but are not part of it (that is, that lie outside its cell membrane), providing support to the cells and often serving as a co-constituent of the tissue that they constitute, especially a connective tissue.


anopheles

From Ancient Greek ἀνωφελής (anōphelḗs, “useless”).

der

Analogy with the malaria-carrying mosquito points to the various kinds of anopheles, and perhaps to some species of the ordinary mosquito or culex, as being possible bearers of the disease.

1901 May 24, H. Watkins-Pitchford, “Horse-sickness investigation”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record, volume 4, number 6, page 162:

‘I brought it back from the desert – they have been planting rice like fools, and now you get anopheles right up to the gates of Alexandria!’

1983, Lawrence Durrell, Sebastian, Faber & Faber 2004 (Avignon Quintet), p. 1125

(entomology) Loose terminology for species in the Anopheles genus of mosquitoes, some of which may transmit various parasites, Plasmodium, that are the cause of malaria. More strictly speaking, as Anopheles is a proper name it should be capitalised.

малари́чен кома́р

member of the Anopheles genus of mosquitos


portulaca

(botany) Any plant in the genus Portulaca


TOM

(cytology) Acronym of Translocon on Outer Membrane.


mesel

From Middle English mesel (“leprous, leper”), from Norman mesel (“leprous, leper”), from Old French mesel (“leprous, leper”), from Late Latin misellus (“leper”), from miser (“wretched, wretch”) + -ellus (“-elle”). Doublet of measles.

mesyl (alternative)
mesell (alternative)
mesall (alternative)
messel (alternative)
messell (alternative)
mesele (alternative)
mesale (alternative)
missel (alternative)
mesell (alternative)
misell (alternative)
missell (alternative)
missale (alternative)
missaell (alternative)
messelle (alternative)
messille (alternative)
mysal (alternative)
mysel (alternative)
mysale (alternative)
mysell (alternative)
myssaell (alternative)
myssale (alternative)
myssele (alternative)
myssell (alternative)
mesill (alternative)
mysill (alternative)
mezell (alternative)
mezill (alternative)
measell (alternative)
meazle (alternative)
meazel (alternative)

(zoology, obsolete) Synonym of diseased, particularly visibly displaying a diseased exterior.


personate

This arrangement is well typified in plants with a personate corolla, such as the toad-flax and snap-dragon, ...

1881, Journal of the Northampton Natural History Society and Field Club, page 248:

[…] the commencement of the tube of a personate or labiate flower.

1887, Jonathan Periam, The American Encyclopedia of Agriculture: A Treasury of Useful Information for the Farm and Household, page 946:

Bumble bees are a sturdy race of insects, made to crowd, push, probe, and burrow; therefore they prefer a tubular or bell-shaped flower that they can enter, or a personate or papilionaceous flower that they can force, or a tubular ...

1899, Eliphalet Williams Hervey, Observations on the Colors of Flowers, page 90:

Botanically, the palate is a rounded prominence on the lower lip, closing or nearly closing the throat of a personate flower.

2011, Katherine Dunster, Dictionary of Natural Resource Management, UBC Press, →ISBN, page 230:

(botany, now uncommon) Having the throat of a corolla nearly closed by a projection of the base of the lower lip (reminiscent of a mask), as in the flower of the snapdragon.


keyhole limpet hemocyanin

en-noun

keyhole limpet hemocyanin (usually uncountable, plural keyhole limpet hemocyanins)

keyhole limpet hemocyanins (plural)
KLH (alternative)

(biology) A carrier for making antigens. Because of its large size and distant relation to humans and many test animals, KLH causes a large antigenic response. When paired with a hapten, the hapten also becomes immunogenic.


sangsue

(zoology) A leech of the former genus Sanguisuga.


mamelon

(paleontology) A structure resembling a small bump found on the outer surface of stromatoporoids.


belemnite

From Ancient Greek βέλεμνον (bélemnon, “dart, arrow”) + -ite.

af

In the universal decay this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousands of centuries. It reminded me of a sepia painting I had once seen done from the ink of a fossil Belemnite that must have perished and become fossilized millions of years ago.

1895, H. G. Wells, chapter VIII, in The Time Machine:

The guts of fossilized marine reptiles are packed with belemnites, and it's been theorized that some prehistoric sharks even died from the overconsumption of heavy belemnite shell guards.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 101:

(paleontology) Any member of the extinct order †Belemnitida of Mesozoic marine cephalopods, very similar in many ways to the modern squid and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

blemnit

a member of the extinct order Belemnitida

vættelys

fossil remain of a belemnite arm, resembling a short candle


nonsteroidal

Finerenone, a nonsteroidal MRA, was among the drugs in the trials.

2024 January 9, Jacqueline Howard, “Kidney disease medication found to reduce risk of cardiovascular death in certain heart failure patients in new study”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) That does not consist of or contain steroids.


confiding

en-adj

confiding (comparative more confiding, superlative most confiding)

more confiding (comparative)
most confiding (superlative)

(birdwatching) Of a bird, allowing the close approach of humans.


fitness model

(mathematics, biology) A mathematical model for evaluating the development of a system.


trichome

From French trichome, from New Latin trichoma, from Ancient Greek τρίχωμα (tríkhōma), from θρίξ (thríx, “hair”) or independently from tricho- + -ome. Doublet of trichoma.

(botany) A hair- or scale-like extension of the epidermis of a plant.

(biology) Hairlike structures found in some microscopic organisms and algae.

(pathology, cytology) A row of cells formed by successive cell divisions.


hyporeactive

hyporeactive (comparative more hyporeactive, superlative most hyporeactive)

more hyporeactive (comparative)
most hyporeactive (superlative)

(biology) Having or showing abnormally low sensitivity to stimuli.


Golgi apparatus

Named after Italian biologist and physician Camillo Golgi.

named-after

(cytology) A network of membranes in the cytoplasm of those animal cells that produce secretions.


precondition

en-verb

precondition (third-person singular simple present preconditions, present participle preconditioning, simple past and past participle preconditioned)

preconditions (present singular third-person)
preconditioning (participle present)
preconditioned (participle past)
preconditioned (past)
pre-condition (alternative)

The hearts were preconditioned by either ischemia or bradykinin or adenosine.

1996, C. Weinbrenner et al., “Loss of glycogen during preconditioning is not a prerequisite for protection of the rabbit heart”, in Basic Research in Cardiology, volume 91, number 5:

(medicine, biology) To condition in advance


autosome

From auto- + -some, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

Autosoma (or autosome), the usual or non-aberrant chromosomes, called by me previously ordinary chromosomes.

1906 January 5, Thos. H. Montgomery, “The terminology of aberrant chromosomes and their behavivor in certain Hemiptera”, in Science, volume 23, number 575, page 36:

It is apparently formed by the arms of the loops becoming twisted around each other, and, as in the Acrididae, each of these arms no doubt represents a univalent autosome.

1908, Herbert Spencer Davis, Spermatogenesis in Acrididae and Locustidae:

(genetics) Any chromosome other than sex chromosomes.

常染色體 /常染色体

any chromosome other than sex chromosomes


sex chromosome

sexual characteristic
sexual characteristic

(genetics) Either of a pair of chromosomes (in most animals and plants) whose combination determines the sexual characteristics of an individual.


denticulate

[…]the mouth is formed by a rather strong tooth over a denticulate margin, confronting what may be called the upper jaw,

1904, Thomas R. R. Stebbing, “South African Crustacea. Part II.”, in Marine Investigations in South Africa, volume 2, page 80:

Selaginella tarda differs from S. sertata in that the plants are smaller and lacking flagelliform shoots, the leaves are denticulate, and the median leaves are not peltate.

1992, Rogers McVaugh, William R. Anderson, Flora Novo-Galiciana: Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes, page 430:

(botany, zoology) Finely dentate, as a leaf edge; bearing many small toothlike structures.


aerial root

(botany) Any adventitious root that grows from a plant stem above ground.


biorhythm

/ˈbaɪ.oʊˌɹɪð.əm/

(biology) Any cyclic biological or physiological pattern or activity.


spathe

From Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”). Doublet of epee, spatha, and spade.

(botany) A large bract that envelops or subtends a whole inflorescence, typically a spadix.


spadix

Via Latin spādīx from Ancient Greek σπᾱ́δῑξ (spā́dīx, “palm branch”).

der

The spadix of this plant is frequently quite white, or coloured, and the leaves liable to be streaked with white, and to have black, or scarlet blotches on them.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 148:

(botany) A fleshy spike (inflorescence) with reduced flowers, usually enclosed by a spathe, characteristic of aroids.

However, the shells of modern nautiluses show the opposite pattern—males are somewhat larger than females, with a wider aperture to accommodate the spadix.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 57:

(zoology) A male sexual organ of certain cephalopods and hydrozoans (especially the nautilus), used to transfer sperm.


primary production

(ecology) The organic matter produced from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis.


box tree

(botany) Any of several trees, of the genus Buxus, often used as a hedge, for topiary, and as a source of boxwood

(botany) Any trees of diverse species in Lophostemon, Eucalyptus, or other genera native to Australia.


constitutive

en-adj

constitutive (comparative more constitutive, superlative most constitutive)

more constitutive (comparative)
most constitutive (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-constitutive.wav

(biochemistry) (of an enzyme) that is continuously produced at a constant rate


cytogenetic band

en-noun

cytogenetic band (plural cytogenetic bands)

(genetics) Any of the subregions of a chromosome that are visible under a microscope after staining


cuckoldry

cuckoldry (countable and uncountable, plural cuckoldries)

(zoology) Among certain male fish, the practice of interrupting a mating pair to release sperm in an attempt to fertilize the female.


normo-

(chiefly biology) A normal (standard) level of something, as opposed to corresponding terms beginning with hyper- and hypo-.


thigmatropism

(biology) The turning of an organism when in contact with a solid object; stereotropism


thermogenesis

(biology) The generation of heat in an organism, especially by biochemical means


praenomen

praenomen (plural praenomens or praenomina)

praenomens (plural)
praenomina (plural)
prænomen (alternative)
prenomen (alternative)

From Latin praenōmen, from prae- (“pre-: before”) + nōmen (“name, family name”).

In the name Tyrannosaurus rex, "Tyrannosaurus" is the praenomen.

(zoology) The genus name in a binomial scientific name.


ichthyophagous

en-adj

ichthyophagous (comparative more ichthyophagous, superlative most ichthyophagous)

more ichthyophagous (comparative)
most ichthyophagous (superlative)
ichthyphagous (alternative)

From ichthyophage + -ous or ichthyo- + -phagous.


metagenomics

(genetics) The study of genomes recovered from environmental samples; especially the differentiation of genomes from multiple organisms or individuals, either in a symbiotic relationship, or at a crime scene.

Metagenomik

study of genomes from environmental samples


metallochaperone

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that move metal ions to specific sites within a cell, normally to bind with metalloenzymes and cofactors


non-vascular plant

en-noun

non-vascular plant (plural non-vascular plants)

(botany) Any plant that does not have a vascular system


ellipsoid

en-adj

ellipsoid (comparative more ellipsoid, superlative most ellipsoid)

more ellipsoid (comparative)
most ellipsoid (superlative)

(botany) Having the tridimensional shape of an ellipse rotated on its long axis.

soikea

having the shape of an ellipse rotated on its long axis


misfold

en-verb

misfold (third-person singular simple present misfolds, present participle misfolding, simple past and past participle misfolded)

misfolds (present singular third-person)
misfolding (participle present)
misfolded (participle past)
misfolded (past)

The prionopathies are best known among the neurodegenerative diseases for their ability to misfold, self-propagate, and infect other organisms.

2021 March 1, Anderson, K.N., Overcast, W.B., Brosch, J.R., Graner, B.D., Veronesi, M.C., “Prionopathies and Prionlike Protein Aberrations in Neurodegenerative Diseases”, in American Society of Neuroradiology, volume 11, number 2, →DOI, pages 127-148:

(biochemistry, intransitive, of a protein or nucleic acid) To fold into an unusual or incorrect tertiary structure; misfolded proteins occur in various diseases, including amyloidoses and dementias, although the question of causation versus consequence is not yet definitively answered for dementias.


sphingolipid

(biochemistry) Any lipid, such as sphingomyelin, that is derived from sphingosine or one of its derivatives


sphingomyelin

(biochemistry) a phospholipid, derived from sphingosine and choline, found in nerve tissue


sphingosine

(biochemistry) An unsaturated aliphatic amino alcohol associated with the lipids of brain tissue


globulin

en-noun

globulin (countable and uncountable, plural globulins)

globulins (plural)
globuline (alternative)

The most effective approach to delaying and preventing recurrent HBV infection has been high dose immune globulin (anti-HBsIg) perioperatively and postoperatively (table 4).

1993 November 27, Teresa L. Wright, Johnson Y. N. Lau, “Clinical aspects of hepatitis B virus infection”, in The Lancet, volume 342, number 8883, →PMID, page 1342:

On the good news front, the guide reports that a new hepatitis A vaccine, which is now licensed in Europe, should be available in the United States sometime this year. It provides longer protection than the current recommended vaccine -- immune globulin (IG) -- against the hepatitis A virus, which means it does not have to be administered as frequently.

1994 March 20, James Yenckel, “Health in the Tropics”, in The Washington Post:

Even for the unprotected, those who are exposed can expect 90 percent effectiveness with a course of postexposure prophylaxis that includes hepatitis B immune globulin and initiation of hepatitis B vaccine.

2000, Kimbra Cutlip, “Preventing needlestick injuries in healthcare settings”, in Hospital Topics, volume 78, →PMID:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of simple proteins, soluble in water only in the presence of salts, that are coagulated by heat


quelling

quelling (countable and uncountable, plural quellings)


sloughing

If all sloughings were successfully recorded, which is not certain since rattle segments were not color-coded during this study, the interval between events averaged 246.1 days (1.5 sloughings per snake per year).

1995, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History: Volume 38:

(zoology) The act of casting off the skin or shell; ecdysis.


tillering

tillering (countable and uncountable, plural tillerings)

(uncountable) The property of grass species to produce multiple side shoots or tillers.


palmarium

(zoology) One of the bifurcations of the brachial plates of a crinoid.


sporangium

/spəˈɹænd͡ʒɪəm/

From Late Latin sporangium, from Ancient Greek σπορά (sporá, “seed”) + ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “vessel”).

Scientific explanations include that exposure to light, lack of moisture or absence of food can cause sporangia to form from the plasmodium. At least one of these three conditions has been present every time I've seen sporangia form.

1993, Sally Stenhouse Kneidel, Creepy Crawlies and the Scientific Method: Over 100 Hands-on Science Experiments for Children, page 81:

Asexual reproduction by the production of a bud in place of a sporangium is not uncommon.

2000, Peter R. Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity, page 161:

The sporangia, however, are much larger: 3–4 mm long 0.7–1.1 mm in diameter versus only 1–1.5 mm long 0.5–0.8 mm in Corynepteris, and are characteristically banana shaped with a pair of elongate annuli.

2009, Edith L. Taylor, Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 416:

(botany, mycology) A case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organism.

спора́нгий

a case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced


microsporangium

(botany) A case, capsule or container that holds microspores.


microspore

(botany) The smaller spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producing a male gametophyte.

(zoology) One of the numerous tiny spore-like elements produced through the encystment and subdivision of many monads.


mistranslation

mistranslation (countable and uncountable, plural mistranslations)

/mɪsˈtʃɹæːnz.læɪ̯.ʃən/

(genetics) The incorporation of the incorrect amino acid into a peptide sequence.


cremaster

From Ancient Greek κρεμαστήρ (kremastḗr, “suspender”).

uder

(zoology) In the pupae of certain species of butterfly, a hook-shaped protuberance from the rear of the chrysalis casing, by which the caterpillar fixes itself to the pad of silk it has cemented to the underside of a perch.


auricula

en-noun

auricula (plural auriculae or auriculas)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin auricula (“external ear; ear”). Doublet of auricle.

ubor

(palynology) A pronounced thickening at the corner of a trilete spore, beyond the end of the laesura.


alimentation

en-noun

alimentation (countable and uncountable, plural alimentations)

(biology) Nourishment, as a process or as a substance.


binary fission

(biology) The process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells.

二分裂

the process whereby a cell divides sexually to provide two daughter cells


reproductive division

(biology) The process of mitosis or meiosis.


retinoblastoma protein

retinoblastoma protein (plural retinoblastoma proteins)

(biochemistry) A protein whose inactivation by mutation leads to the formation of retinoblastomas.


ubiquitin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of small protein, or polypeptide, present in the cells of all eukaryotes, that play a part in modifying and degrading proteins.


ubiquitination

ubiquitination (countable and uncountable, plural ubiquitinations)

(biochemistry) The modification of a protein by the covalent attachment of one or more ubiquitin molecules.


ubiquitinate

en-verb

ubiquitinate (third-person singular simple present ubiquitinates, present participle ubiquitinating, simple past and past participle ubiquitinated)

ubiquitinates (present singular third-person)
ubiquitinating (participle present)
ubiquitinated (participle past)
ubiquitinated (past)

From ubiquitin + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(biochemistry) To modify a protein by attaching ubiquitin molecules.


ubiquitinated

(biochemistry) Modified or degraded by the attachment of ubiquitin molecules.


nitrophobous

(biology) Not thriving in soil that is rich in nitrogen or nitrates


pruina

(botany) A white powdery bloom found on some lichens.


enterobacterium

(microbiology) Any of very many gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, many of which are pathogenic.


mastigophoric

From Ancient Greek μαστιγοφόρος (mastigophóros, “whip-bearer, constable”) + -ic.

uder

μαστιγοφόρος

Mastigophoric infections, including Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, are endemic and common diagnoses even in the higher socioeconomic strata of developed nations.

2004, Michael B. Fossel, Cells, Aging, and Human Disease, page 1980:

(biology, of a cell) Having a flagellum.


biophony

(ecology) The cumulative nonhuman sounds produced by living organisms in a given biome.


convivium

(ecology) A geographically isolated population of a species that shows differentiation from other populations of the same species; becomes a subspecies or ecotype


depyrimidination

en-noun

depyrimidination (countable and uncountable, plural depyrimidinations)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A process in which the chemical bond linking a pyrimidine (cytosine or thymine) to a deoxyribose sugar breaks spontaneously. It occurs at a lower rate compared to depurination with only 500 cytosine and thymine bases lost per cell per day in a typical mammalian cell.


epiphragm

(zoology) A dry layer of mucus used by a snail or mollusk to seal itself inside its shell during hibernation.

(botany) The dilated apex of the columella in urn mosses.


half-hardy

(botany) Of a plant: requiring protection against frost.


half-hardy

(botany) A plant that requires protection against frost.


horse

horse (countable and uncountable, plural horses)

horses (plural)
hoss (alternative pronunciation-spelling regional)
hawss (alternative pronunciation-spelling regional)

Sranan Tongo: asi

→ Maori: hōiho

→ Quiripi: hosses (from the plural horses)

From Middle English horse, hors, from Old English hors (“horse”), from Proto-West Germanic *hors, *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós (“vehicle”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”). Doublet of car and carrus. Cognate with North Frisian hors (“horse”), West Frisian hoars (“horse”), Dutch ros, hors (“horse”), German Ross (“horse”), Danish hors (“horse”), Swedish russ, hors (“horse”), Icelandic hross, hors (“horse”).

a camel is a horse designed by a committee

a nod is as good as a wink to a blind horse

close the barn door after the horse has bolted

close the stable door after the horse has been stolen

close the stable door after the horse has bolted

lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen

lock the stable door after the horse has bolted

shut the stable door after the horse has bolted

you can't put the shit back in the horse

zeal without knowledge is a runaway horse

Also Horse harness on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

See Horse-drawn vehicles on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Note: Many of these were adapted into and/or gave their names to motor vehicle types

with the horse-drawn originals often being forgotten.

These bone features, distinctive in the zebra, are actually present in all horses.

Equus ferus caballus
Equus ferus caballus#Translingual

A hoofed mammal, Equus ferus caballus, often used throughout history for riding and draft work.

(zoology) Any current or extinct animal of the family Equidae, including zebras and asses.


lignicolous

(biology) That lives in dead wood, leaves, or sticks, or organic debris


tomentose

en-adj

tomentose (comparative more tomentose, superlative most tomentose)

more tomentose (comparative)
most tomentose (superlative)

From New Latin tōmentōsus of like application, from tōmentum + -ōsus.

(biology, of a surface) covered in (often matted) hair.


thermoregulation

. “If you’re allocating all of the blood and all the glucose to parts of your brain that are focused on thermoregulation, it seems like it’s very plausible that you just wouldn’t have enough left for some of these kind of higher cognitive functions,” Dr. Meidenbauer said.

2024 June 19, Dana G. Smith, quoting Kimberly Meidenbauer, “How Heat Affects the Brain”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biology) The maintenance of a constant internal temperature of an organism independent of the temperature of the environment.

termoregulace

the maintenance of a constant internal temperature of an organism


acies

Borrowed from Latin aciēs (“edge, sharpness”).

(obsolete, botany) The edge or angle of certain stems.


thyrocalcitonin

en-noun

thyrocalcitonin (countable and uncountable, plural thyrocalcitonins)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of calcitonin.


calcitonin

calcitonin (countable and uncountable, plural calcitonins)

calcitonins (plural)
thyrocalcitonin (alternative)

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that has the effect of lowering blood calcium.


thyroxine

thyroxine (countable and uncountable, plural thyroxines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-thyroxine.wav

From thyr- (“thyroid”) + ox- (“oxygen”) + -ine.

af

(biochemistry) A hormone (an iodine derivative of tyrosine), produced by the thyroid gland, that regulates cell metabolism and growth.


tige

Borrowed from French tige (“stem”), from Latin tibia (“shin bone, leg”). Doublet of tibia.

The tige is either simple, as in the White Lily, or branching, as in the Geranium; the branching is the most common form; […]

1829, Mrs. Lincoln Phelps, Familiar Lectures on Botany, page 50:


satori

en-noun

satori (usually uncountable, plural satoris)

Borrowed from Japanese 悟り (satori, “understanding; (Buddhism) enlightenment, satori”), from 悟る (satoru, “to perceive; to comprehend, understand; to come to enlightenment”), from Middle Chinese 悟 (nguH, “to become aware, apprehend, realize; to awaken”) (modern Mandarin 悟 (wù)), used to translate Pali bodhi (“supreme knowledge”) or its etymon Sanskrit बोधि (bodhi, “perfect knowledge or wisdom by which a person becomes a buddha or jina; enlightened or illuminated intellect of a Buddha or jina”).
Sense 3 (“mutant gene of Drosophila that causes homosexual behaviour in males”) was coined by the Japanese scientist Daisuke Yamamoto in a 1991 paper, based on the Japanese term.

coinage

We have isolated a new Drosophila mutant, satori (sat), the males of which do not court or copulate with female flies. […] We have screened about 2000 fly lines with single P-element insertions for altered sexual behavior, yielding a mutant named satori (sat; nirvana in Japanese), the males of which do not court or copulate with females. Instead, sat males exhibit homosexual courtship.

1996 September, Hiroki Ito, Daisuke Yamamoto [et al.], “Sexual Orientation in Drosophila is Altered by the Satori Mutation in the Sex-determination Gene Fruitless that Encodes a Zinc Finger Protein with a BTB Domain”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 93, number 18, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, →PMID, archived from the original on 2024-09-30, page 9687, column 1:

[T]he primary site of action of the fru gene should be in the neural cells. satori,^([sic]) one of the P-insertion alleles of fru which we isolated, carried the lacZ gene of E. coli as a reporter, and β-galactosidase expression was found in a subset of brain cells including those in the antennal lobe in the satori mutant.

1996 October, Daisuke Yamamoto, Hiroki Ito, Kazuko Fujitani, “Genetic Dissection of Sexual Orientation: Behavioral, Cellular, and Molecular Approaches in Drosophila melanogaster”, in Neuroscience Research: The Official Journal of the Japan Neuroscience Society, volume 26, number 2, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, abstract, page 95:

In Drosophila the satori (sat) mutants of males do not court or copulate with females but have sexual interest in males.

1998, George P. Rédei, “HOMOSEXUAL”, in Genetics Manual: Current Theory, Concepts, Terms, Singapore; River Edge, N.J.: World Scientific, published 1999, →ISBN, page 484:

(countable, biochemistry) A mutant gene of Drosophila, a genus of fruit flies, that causes homosexual behaviour in males (specifically, courtship directed to other males).


chromalveolate

(biology) A grouping of eukaryotes, of the taxon Chromalveolata, comprising the Chromista and the alveolates.


alveolate

Borrowed from Latin alveolatus, from alveolus (“cavity”). For the protists, a borrowing of translingual Alveolata.

(biology) A member of a grouping of protists comprising the ciliates, sporozoa and dinoflagellates.


unikont

From uni- (“one”) + -kont (“flagellate”) from Ancient Greek κοντός (kontós, “pole”).

Today, it is thought based on DNA sequence data that the Fungi form a clade in the eukaryotic supergroup Unikonta (“unikonts”), which also includes animals and several protist lineages.

2017, David A. Baum, The Princeton Guide to Evolution, page 153:

(biology) A eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum; thought to be the ancestor of all animals and fungi.


bikont

From bi- (“twice”) + -kont (“flagellate”) from Ancient Greek κοντός (kontós, “pole”).

(biology) A eukaryotic cell with two flagella; thought to be the ancestor of all plants.


streptophyte

From strepto- (“twisted”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any of a very large group of organisms, of the division Streptophytina, which includes the green algae and most other plants.


mucro

Borrowed from Latin mucro. From 17th century.

(botany, zoology) A pointed end, often sharp, abruptly terminating an organ, such as a projection at the tip of a leaf; the posterior tip of a cuttlebone; or the distal part of the furcula in Collembola.


opisthokont

/ɒˈpɪsθəʊ̆kɒnt/

From opistho- + -kont (“flagellate”) from Ancient Greek κοντός (kontós, “pole”).

Based on a single posterior flagellum (opisthokont), flattened, nondiscoid mitochondrial cristae, a chitinous exoskeleton, storage of glycogen instead of starch, lack of chloroplasts, and the code UGA for tryptophan, not chain termination, in their mitochondria, Cavalier-Smith [54] suggests a common origin of the true fungi with animalia and choanoflagellate protozoa (fig. 1).

2002, Michael Breitenbach, Reto Crameri, Samuel B. Lehrer, Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity, Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, →ISBN, page 211, →ISBN:

However, these characters are only sporadically found among the various opisthokont allies (described above).

2004, Joel Cracraft, Michael J. Donoghue, Assembling the Tree of Life, Oxford University Press (USA), →ISBN, page 68, →ISBN:

Although the group embraces taxa that are diverse in morphology and life history, cells of undisputed opisthokonts have a single emergent flagellum which projects behind the cells while they swim. This is treated as defining the opisthokont ancestry.

2006, Laura Katz Olson, Debashish Bhattacharya, Genomics and Evolution of Microbial Eukaryotes, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 13, →ISBN:

(biology) Any of very many eukaryotes, including animals and fungi, whose flagellate cells (if any) propel themselves with a single posterior flagellum.


syntenic

(genetics, of multiple genes) located on the same chromosome


synteny

en-noun

synteny (usually uncountable, plural syntenies)

(genetics, obsolete, of multiple genes) The condition of being located on the same chromosome or region of genome.

(genetics) The condition of multiple species showing a region of identical gene order.


lorica

Borrowed from Latin lōrīca, literally "a corselet of thongs", probably from lorum (“thong”).

(zoology) The protective case or shell of a Loricifera, infusorian or rotifer


galea

Borrowed from Latin galea. Doublet of galley.

(botany) A part of a flower or plant that is shaped like a helmet or hood.

(entomology) A mouthpart found in some species of insect; a flap that is part of the maxilla, so-called after the flaps attached to the sides of a Roman helmet.


paralogous

en-adj

paralogous (comparative more paralogous, superlative most paralogous)

more paralogous (comparative)
most paralogous (superlative)

(genetics) (of multiple genes at different chromosomal locations in the same organism) Having a similar structure indicating divergence from a common ancestral gene


paralogon

(genetics) A set of paralogous chromosomal regions, derived from a common ancestral region


anserine

en-noun

anserine (countable and uncountable, plural anserines)

From Latin anser (“goose”) + -ine, after German Anserin.

(biochemistry) A dipeptide compound present in birds and other vertebrates, originally isolated from goose muscle.


whole-genome duplication

whole-genome duplication (plural whole-genome duplications)

whole-genome duplications (plural)
as: WGD (abbreviation)

(genetics) A form of polyploidy in which an organism has duplicate copies of its entire genome


rhomboid protease

rhomboid protease (plural rhomboid proteases)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that cleave proteins within biological membranes allowing release of effector domains from the membrane


superclass

superclasses (plural)
super class (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superclass.wav

(taxonomy) A taxon ranking below a phylum and above a class.


infraphylum

(taxonomy) A taxon below subphylum and above superclass.


translocon

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biochemistry) A complex of proteins associated with the translocation of nascent polypeptides into the interior space of the endoplasmic reticulum from the cytosol


epizoic

From international scientific vocabulary, from New Latin, from epizoon + -ic = epi- + zoic.

epizoico

growing on the surface of an animal host

(biology, of a microorganism) Growing on the surface of an animal host, as:

(usually) In a nonparasitic way, using an animal's skin as a microhabitat.

(less commonly) In a parasitic way, as an external parasite.


fibril

Borrowed from Latin fibrilla, diminutive of Latin fibra. Doublet of fibrilla. Compare fibre.

(biology) Any fine, filamentous structure in animals or plants.


carrying capacity

carrying capacity (plural carrying capacities)

With their populations adjusted to the carrying capacity of the environment, hunters and gatherers rarely starve, for they are not dependent on the fortunes of a single crop.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 120:

(ecology) The number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support.

capacitat de càrrega

number of individuals that an environment can support


consociation

consociation (countable and uncountable, plural consociations)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
Borrowed from Latin cōnsociātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnsociātiō (“alliance; association, union”), from cōnsociō (“to make common; to associate; to connect, join (in), unite; to agree with; to share”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or the results of actions). Cōnsociō is derived from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several things) + sociō (“to ally, associate; to join, unite; to share in”) (from socius (“associated; joining in, sharing, partaking; akin, kindred, related; allied, confederate, leagued, united”, adjective), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”)).

der

(countable, ecology) A subdivision of an association, made up chiefly of organisms of a single species.


hemagglutinin

en-noun

hemagglutinin (countable and uncountable, plural hemagglutinins)

hemagglutinins (plural)
haemagglutinin (alternative)
haemoagglutinin (alternative)

(biochemistry) An antigenic glycoprotein that causes agglutination of red blood cells


neuraminidase

neuraminidase (countable and uncountable, plural neuraminidases)

(biochemistry) An antigenic enzyme, found on the surfaces of viruses, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal acylneuraminic residues from oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.


nanobacterium

(biology) Any supposed microorganism much smaller than a bacterium.


pellicle

From Latin pellicula, from pellis (“skin”). Doublet of pellicule.

(mycology) The outermost layer of a mushroom, often used only for a surface that is viscid and easily peels off.

(cytology) A thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa.

(biology) The growth on the surface of a liquid culture.


pyrosequencing

(genetics) A technique used to sequence DNA using chemiluminescent enzymatic reactions.


hydathode

(botany) A tissue, in the leaves of many plants, that contains microscopic pores through which water is excreted.


resveratrol

resveratrol (countable and uncountable, plural resveratrols)

Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a phenolic compound of the stilbene family present in wines and various parts of the grape, including the skin, and shows antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.

2003, Massimo Maffei, “7: Biochemistry, physiology and bioengineering of bioactive compounds from plants used as dietary supplements”, in Massimo Maffei, editor, Dietary Supplements of Plant Origin: A Nutrition and Health Approach, page 152:

2003, Diane F. Birt, Weiqun Wang, Nancy Paiva, Angela Au, Chilly Chung, Laura Schmitt, Yu Jiang, Chapter 5: Cancer Prevention by Phytochemicals, Modulation of Cell Cycle, Mark S. Meskin, Wayne R. Bidlack, Audra J. Davies, Douglas S. Lewis, R. Keith Randolph (editors), Phytochemicals: Mechanisms of Action, Volume 4, page 64,
Resveratrol was first identified in grape vines in 1976 and in wine in 1992.

2011, Yiwei Li, Dejuan Kong, Aamir Ahmad, Bin Bao, Fazlul H. Sarkar, Chapter 16: Augmenting the Efficacy of Chemo- and Radio-Therapy by Nutraceuticals: Evidence from Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials, Fazlul H. Sarkar (editor), Nutraceuticals and Cancer, page 366,
Resveratrol is a phytoalexin mainly found in grapes. Red wine contains a high level of resveratrol. Resveratrol has been shown to prevent the development of mammary and other tumors in vivo in animal models (Bishayee 2009).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A phenolic substance, 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, a stilbenoid and phytoalexin, that is found in some fruits and nuts, and in red wine, and is reputed to have some beneficial properties for humans.


Allee effect

From Warder Clyde Allee, American ecologist.

(ecology) The negative population growth observed at low population densities.


pluripotency

pluripotency (usually uncountable, plural pluripotencies)

(biology) The state of being pluripotent.


sonic hedgehog

Named after the video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in reference to the hedgehog signalling pathway, itself from sonic (Japanese ソニック (Sonikku)).

(biochemistry, sometimes capitalized) A morphogenic protein that controls cell division of adult stem cells and has been implicated in the development of some cancers.

Sonic the Hedgehog (character)
sonic hedgehog


morphogene

(genetics) Any gene that is involved in growth or in morphogenesis


morphogenesis

morphogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural morphogeneses)

(biology) The differentiation of tissues and subsequent growth of structures in an organism

morphogénie

the differentiation of tissues and subsequent growth of structures in an organism


carene

From French carène (“keel”), from Latin carīna (“keel”).

(zoology, obsolete) The lower portion of a marine animal's shell, covering its mantle.


costate

Borrowed from Latin costātus, from costa (“rib”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

(botany) Having one or more longitudinal ribs.


galline

en-adj

galline (comparative more galline, superlative most galline)

more galline (comparative)
most galline (superlative)

(zoology) of, or pertaining to, the chicken


spatha

From Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “any broad blade, of wood or metal”). Doublet of spade, spathe, and epee.


protein phosphorylation

en-noun

protein phosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural protein phosphorylations)

(biochemistry) The binding of phosphate to proteins to form phosphoproteins.


phosphoprotein

(biochemistry) any protein containing bound phosphate or complexed with a phospholipid


calamus

calamus (usually uncountable, plural calamuses or calami)

Learned borrowing from Latin calamus (“reed, cane”), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Doublet of culm, haulm, helm (Etymology 4), qalam, and shawm.

dbt

Thus, the four distinct feather parts that have been compared as to amino acid content to note whether or not the composition is uniform are rachis, barbs, calamus and medulla.

1956, Advisory Board on Quartermaster Research and Development, The Utilization of Chicken Feathers as Filling Materials, page 9:

In follicles late in feather growth, after rupture of the feather sheath, this canal contained the upper part of the calamus.

1969, RIC Spearman, “The epidermis and feather follicles of the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica) (aves)”, in Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere:

Chapin asserted that the calamus is firmly fixed in the wing

1969, CH Fry, “Structural and functional adaptation to display in the Standard‐winged nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis”, in Journal of Zoology:

(ornithology) A quill; the hard, horny, hollow, and more or less transparent part of the stem or scape of a feather.

(botany) A fistular stem without an articulation.


hyperkalemia

en-noun

hyperkalemia (countable and uncountable, plural hyperkalemias)

hyperkalemias (plural)
hyperkalaemia (alternative)

From hyper- + kalemia or hyper- + kal(ium) + -emia.

(biology, medicine) The condition of having an abnormally high concentration of potassium ions in the blood (above the reference range).

hyperkalemie

the condition of having an abnormally high concentration of potassium ions in the blood


hypocalcemia

hypocalcemia (countable and uncountable, plural hypocalcemias)

From hypo- + calcemia or hypo- + calc- + -emia.

Near-synonyms: calcipenia, hypocalcia

(biology, medicine) The medical sign of having an abnormally low concentration of calcium ions in the blood.


hypomagnesemia

hypomagnesemia (countable and uncountable, plural hypomagnesemias)

hypomagnesemias (plural)
hypomagnesaemia (alternative)

From hypo- + magnesemia or hypo- + magnes(io)- + -emia.

(biology, medicine) The condition of having an abnormally low concentration of magnesium (Mg) ions in the blood (below the reference range).

hypomagnésémie

the condition of having an abnormally low concentration of magnesium ions in the blood

hyponatremia

biometallic cation insufficiency in blood


scaleless

There are also some surprises such as Eurotamandua, a scaleless pangolin that looks astonishingly like a South American anteater.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 65:


autotomy

autotomy (countable and uncountable, plural autotomies)

From auto- + -tomy, after German Autotomie or French autotomie.

She has dropped it by autotomy, like the tail or claw of a fleeing lizard, lobster, or starfish.

(chiefly zoology) The spontaneous removal of a limb, tail etc, especially by some invertebrates as a self-defense mechanism.


proacrosin

(biochemistry) A protein that is a precursor of acrosin.


acrosin

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, found in the acrosome of spermatozoa, that enables penetration of the egg.


colletor

Colletors are found in members of the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae families.

(botany) A multicellular trichome of a leaf or bud scale that produces a sticky secretion; a group or tuft of mucilaginous secretory hairs, usually found near the base of the leaf lamina and on the calyx.


tetrahydropalmatine

(biochemistry) A neuroactive alkaloid with analgesic and hypnotic action.


hormogonium

From Ancient Greek ὁρμή (hormḗ, “first movements”) + -gonium.

der

(biology) A small, motile filament, formed by some cyanobacteria, that detaches and grows by cell division into a new filament.


intromittent organ

en-noun

intromittent organ (plural intromittent organs)


dispermy

(biology) The penetration of an ovum by two spermatozoa.


priapulid

From scientific Latin Priapulus (genus name) + -id.

Like Kimberella’s scrape marks that connect it to modern mollusks, these ancient burrows were certainly created, if not by true priapulids, then by something very similar indeed.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 30:

The holes that litter the seabed are entrances to the burrows of priapulids – ‘penis worms’, named for their appearance – and their armoured cousins, the palaeoscolecids.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 254:

(zoology) Any small marine worm of the phylum Priapulida.


polysomaty

(genetics) The condition of a cell having reduplicated chromatin in its nucleus


copy number variation

copy number variation (plural copy number variations)

copy number variations (plural)
copy-number variation (alternative)

(genetics) The variation of the number of copies (normally two) of a gene, or of sequences of DNA, in the genome of a specific individual; has been linked to some diseases


copy number polymorphism

copy number polymorphism (plural copy number polymorphisms)

copy number polymorphisms (plural)
copy-number polymorphism (alternative)

(genetics) The normal variation in the number of copies (normally two) of a gene, or of sequences of DNA, in the genome of a specific individual


euchromatin

euchromatin (countable and uncountable, plural euchromatins)

(genetics) uncoiled dispersed threads of chromosomal material that occurs during interphase; it stains lightly with basic dyes


interphase

interphase (countable and uncountable, plural interphases)

Meronym: interkinesis

(biology) The stage in the life cycle of a cell between two successive mitotic or meiotic divisions.


interkinesis

interkinesis (usually uncountable, plural interkineses)

(biology) The second stage of interphase, during which there is no DNA replication, but the spindles of the first meiotic division disassemble and the microtubules reassemble into two new spindles for the second meiotic division.


neurosteroid

(biochemistry, neuroscience) A neuroactive steroid


neuroactive steroid

neuroactive steroid (plural neuroactive steroids)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any of several steroids, synthesized in the myelinating glial cells, which alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels.


Polo kinase

Polo kinases (plural)
polo kinase (alternative)

From the Polo/polo gene in Drosophila melanogaster.

(biochemistry) An enzyme that regulates cell cycle progression.


speciose

en-adj

speciose (comparative more speciose, superlative most speciose)

more speciose (comparative)
most speciose (superlative)
specious (alternative)

1991, David M. Raup, Extinction: Bad genes or bad luck?, W. W. Norton and Company, pp 55-56,
The most speciose living mammal genus (a small insectivore) has about 160 species.

(taxonomy) Rich in species, such as when many species are members of a single genus.


trafficking

(biochemistry) The movement of an enzyme (or other protein) through tissue.

traficación

the movement of an enzyme or other protein through tissue


met-enkephalin

(biochemistry) One of a pair of pentapeptides, (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) occurring naturally in the brain, that affects pain perception.


pentapeptide

(biochemistry) An oligopeptide formed from five amino acids.


axenic

Near-synonyms: monocultural, monocultured

This species has resisted all attempts at axenic culture.

(biology, of a culture, sample, specimen, etc) Containing only a single species of microorganism.

sample; specimen; etc; sample; specimen; etc

Near-synonyms: isolated, sequestered

(biology, of an organism) Isolated from organisms of any other species.


papilio

(zoology) Any butterfly of the genus Papilio.


seedpod

seedpods (plural)
seed pod (alternative)

(botany) A pouch-like form on a plant which encloses the seeds.


seedcase

(botany) A pouch-like structure of a plant that encloses the seeds.


pseudopodium

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudopodium.wav


discordance

en-noun

discordance (countable and uncountable, plural discordances)

discordances (plural)
discordaunce (alternative)

(genetics) The presence of a specific genetic trait in only one of a set of clones (or identical twins).


bioavailability

bioavailability (countable and uncountable, plural bioavailabilities)

(biology, medicine) The extent to which a substance is molecularly available to cells and tissues in a living organism, which depends on factors such as solubility, pH level, and presence of enzymes and cofactors; for example, even if one's ingestion of vitamin B₁₂ is average/typical, one might nonetheless have B₁₂ deficiency if one has poor metabolism of this particular vitamin.

poor/low oral bioavailability

(pharmacology, nutrition) The amount of drug or nutrient which reaches the site of physiological activity after administration.

biosaatavuus

amount of drug which reaches the site of physiological activity after administration


pye

(zoology) Ellipsis of pye-dog (“an Indian breed, a stray dog in Indian contexts”).


blistering

Inflammations are treated generally by allopathic practitioners by bleedings, blisterings, purgings, vomitings, Antimony and Mercury: and this is practised, more or less, with little variation, wherever the seat of the inflammation may be.

1852, The American Journal of Homoeopathy, volumes 7-9, page 99:

(medicine, veterinary) The practice of forming blisters on the skin, to promote blood flow and aid healing.


bipinnate

Borrowed from New Latin bipinnātus or from bi + pinnate.

Three hours later Boyles and Rise are propped up against the trunk of the sole acacia tree on the knoll, drinking up the bipinnate shade.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 307:

(botany, of a leaf) Doubly pinnate; pinnate and having leaflets that are themselves pinnate.


dioecious

/daɪ̯ˈiːʃəs/

diaecious (alternative)
diœcious (alternative)
dioicous (alternative)

Most plants are hermaphrodite, even if some of them (hazel, for example) keep their male and female flowers apart. But some plants are dioecious, i.e. they have separate sexes. Some of our most familiar wild plants, such as nettle and red campion, are dioecious. If your holly never has any berries, that's probably because it's a male.

2014 December 12, Ken Thompson, “Do plants have a gender? Most plants are hermaphrodite, but not all – and an interesting situation arises when only one sex is imported into the UK [print version: Alien plant species in search of a mate: Although most plants are hermaphrodite, some come in two distinct genders. So how does a single-sex community develop?, p. W28]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend):

(botany) Having the male and female reproductive organs on separate plants (of the same species) rather than different parts of the same plant.

dioek

botany: having the male and female reproductive organs on separate plants

(zoology, rare) Having two distinct sexes.


monoecious

From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, solitary”) + οἶκος (oîkos, “house, dwelling-place”), equivalent to mono- + -oecious.

af

monecious (alternative)
monœcious (alternative)
monoicous (alternative)

Further, species which show continuous variation that is not amenable to orthodox taxonomic treatment, and this is the situation in many monoecious plants, are treated as invariable.

1978, A. J. E. Smith, “Cytogenetics, Biosystematics and Evolution in the Bryophyta”, in H. W. Woolhouse, editor, Advances in Botanical Research, volume 6, page 247:

Recently, monoecious plants have been found in several places in the United States. The plants of Australia are monoecious and dioecious.

1997, LeRoy Holm, Jerry Doll, Eric Holm, Juan Pancho, James Herberger, World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution, page 398:

Two factors are likely to allow the establishment of forms with reduced pollen output (i.e., fewer male flowers) in a monoecious population: increased seed fitness as a result of an increase in the ratio of female to male flowers, and a reduced rate of self-fertilisation.

1999, Monica A. Geber, Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants, page 70:

(botany, invertebrate) Having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual, either in different flowers or in the same or different flowers; hermaphrodite.

monoeci

having the male and female reproductive organs on different parts of the same plant


radiobiology

(biology) The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms

(biochemistry) The use of radioactive labels to study biological processes


radioimmunodiffusion

(biology) immunodiffusion using antigens or antibodies labelled with radioisotopes


radiole

From Late Latin radiolus (“a fossil echinoid’s spine”), from Latin radius (“rod, staff”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁t- (“beam, pole, post”)) + -olus (diminutive suffix) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-lós). The word first appears in the works of Scottish natural historian and marine zoologist Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882).

der

Radioles or spines [...] are the appendages articulating upon the tubercles. The different parts of the spines are the socket by which it is articulated to the tubercles; the lower part of the radiole is called the head, and is separated from the neck, which is usually smooth or finely striated, by the milled ring,—a prominent ridge more or less deeply grooved, serving as an attachment for the muscles which are to move the spine; beyond the neck we have the body or shaft of the spine.

1874, Alexander Agassiz, “Terminology”, in Revision of the Echini (Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Harvard College; VII), part IV (Structure and Embryology of the Echini), Cambridge, Mass.: University Press; Welch, Bigelow, & Co., →OCLC, page 636:

The radioles of the second size are about 8 millims. in length and 2 millims. in width, very much compressed and flattened, rounded at the end and finely striated longitudinally. They are articulated in a single row to the small tubercles round the edge of the areola, and in their natural attitude they lean over the naked part of the areola and cover the muscles and the head of the large radiole like a frill.

1874 April 9, [Charles] Wyville Thomson, “XXI. On the Echinoidea of the ‘Porcupine’ Deep-sea Dredging-expeditions”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, volume 164, part II, London: Printed by Taylor and Francis, […], →OCLC, part I, page 725:

Archæocidaris sp. b. [...] This form, which is very imperfectly known, is based on two specimens. One of these shows the distal end of the radiole, which is seen to expand rather abruptly from a very slender shaft having a diameter of about three-fourths mm. into a subspherical end which has a diameter of 2 mm. The terminal portion and the shaft adjacent appear to be armed with short spinules. Associated with the foregoing is the proximal portion of a radiole, showing a long, slender, smooth, cylindrical shaft, which has a diameter of about three-fourths mm., with the usual subterminal collar near the lower end.

1908, George H. Girty, “Echinoidea”, in The Guadalupian Fauna (Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper; 58), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 110:

The species P. wellmanae would here be synonymised with P. duncani if only the holotype test was known. The younger Te Piki test fragments are indistinguishable from P. wellmanae (and P. duncani), but the radioles differ from those of P. duncani (i.e., P. wellmanae is here being distinguished by features not seen in this holotype). Discovery of topotype radioles will be necessary to confirm the present interpretation and usage.

1982 November 26, G. M. Philip, “A Pleistocene Occurrence of the Cidaroid Echinoid Genus Phyllacanthus in New Zealand”, in Robert P. Lynch, editor, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, volume 25, number 3, Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 366, column 1:

Fabricia bikinii, n. sp. [...] The tentacular crown is composed of three pairs of symmetrical radioles; in addition there are shorter, entire, paired filamentous processes, or palpi, at the ventral end of the crown [...]. Each radiole has 6 to 8 pairs of slender filaments that arise along the basal half of the radiole; these filaments extend distally not quite as far as the radioles to which they are attached.

1954, Olga Hartman, “Systematic Descriptions”, in Marine Annelids from the Northern Marshall Islands: Bikini and nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands (Geological Survey Professional Paper; 260-Q), Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 641, column 1:

The anterior segments of sabellid and serpulid worms are modified in two important ways: the head has a crown of pinnate radioles arranged in two spirals or semicircles above the mouth, and some of the anterior segments form a thoracic region [...]. In the Serpulidae, one (sometimes two) of the radioles is modifed as an operculum, which blocks the mouth of the tube when the worm retreats.

1990, Vernon A. Harris, “Tube-dwelling Worms (Annelida – Polychaeta)”, in Sessile Animals of the Sea Shore, London, New York, N.Y.: Chapman and Hall, →ISBN, section 7.2 (Structures Related to a Tubicolous Life Style), page 119:

Family Sabellidae [...] Head with a characteristic crown of 2 groups of pinnate projections called radioles [...], which sometimes bear eyes, and project from the tube when the worm is feeding.

2011, J. D. Fish, S. Fish, “Annelida”, in A Student’s Guide to the Seashore, 3rd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 170–171:

(zoology) A heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle occurring in clusters on the crowns of certain tubeworms, especially those of the order Canalipalpata (fan-head worms), used for feeding and respiration.


barbule

PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
Borrowed from Latin barbula (“little beard”).

(ornithology) Any of the secondary barbs that form a fringe of small projections on a feather.


radiomimetic

en-adj

radiomimetic (comparative more radiomimetic, superlative most radiomimetic)

more radiomimetic (comparative)
most radiomimetic (superlative)

(biology) Having a biological effect similar to that of radiation


radiomutation

(genetics) A genetic mutation due to the effects of ionizing radiation


Siberian Husky

en-noun

Siberian Husky (plural Siberian Huskies)

(zoology) A medium-sized spitz breed of dog originally used for herding reindeer and pulling sleighs.


genophore

From geno- + -phore. In the bacterial sense, coined by Hans Ris.

This switch from actin-based genophore partition to a tubulin-based mechanism generated a transition period during which both types of cytoskeleton contributed to fidelity of chromosome segregation.

2007, A. Villasante, J. P. Abad, M. Méndez-Lago, “Centromeres were derived from telomeres during the evolution of the eukaryotic chromosome”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, →DOI:

(biology) The genetic behavior and correlated DNA fibrils of bacteria.