quinarianism

(taxonomy) The quinary system of classification, which states that each taxon comprises exactly five subtaxa.


quinovose

(biochemistry) A deoxy sugar, 6-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, that is widespread in plants, often as a sulfate


nerved

en-adj

nerved (comparative more nerved, superlative most nerved)

more nerved (comparative)
most nerved (superlative)

The leaf was palmately nerved.

(botany, often in combination) Having one or more principal veins, especially of a leaf.

-ruotinen

botany: having one or more principal veins


nerving

(botany) An arrangement of nerves or veins in a plant.


sexuale

Incidentally, it may be stated that beside the sexuale mentioned above, no other sexuale of any aphid species had been known to occur in Bihar.

1976, The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, page 417:

Early mating individuals in a population producing sexuales late are more likely to mate with members of a population producing sexuales early and vice versa.

2012, A. F. G. Dixon, Aphid Ecology: An optimization approach, page 56:


lotos

A flock of pigeons circled about the tower of the Memorial Church; sometimes alighting on the purple tiled roof, sometimes wheeling downward to the lotos fountain in front of the marble arch.

1895, Robert W. Chambers, The King in Yellow:


caducous

caducous (comparative more caducous, superlative most caducous)

more caducous (comparative)
most caducous (superlative)

The Jubulaceae have a leaf whose lobule, usually transformed into a water-sac, is normally very narrowly attached to the stem and to the dorsal lobe; indeed some Frullania taxa reproduce vegetatively by dropping the dorsal lobes, but not the lobules, and Neohattoria has caducous lobules but persistent lobes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(biology) Of a part of an organism, disappearing in the normal course of development.

caducous leaves


NADH

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) carrying two electrons and bonded with a hydrogen (H) ion; the reduced form of NAD.


NADPH

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) carrying electrons and bonded with a hydrogen (H) ion; the reduced form of NADP.


adenosine diphosphate

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide, the result of adenosine triphosphate losing a phosphate group in metabolism.


lactoprotein

(biochemistry) Any protein (such as casein) present in milk


disciform

disciform (comparative more disciform, superlative most disciform)

more disciform (comparative)
most disciform (superlative)

Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disc”) + -form

The sporophyte foot is also characteristic: it is very broad and more or less lenticular or disciform, as broad or broader than the calyptra stalk[…], and is sessile on the calyptra base[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 5:


brachypterous

/bɹəˈkɪptəɹəs/

By surface analysis, brachy- + -pterous.

(zoology) Having short, possibly non-functional wings.


gastrolith

(zoology) rocks which are or have been held inside the digestive tract of an animal to aid in buoyancy or food processing.


regurgitalith

(paleontology) The fossilised remains of stomach contents regurgitated by an animal.


dipteran

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Immediately from translingual Diptera + -an, for denoting taxonomic specification, as opposed to instances where "fly" is used informally. From Ancient Greek δίπτερος (dípteros, “two-winged”) + -an, from δι- (di-, “two, di-”) + πτερόν (pterón, “feather, wing”) + -ος (-os, “adjectival suffix”).

af

two, <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">di-</i>

(entomology) An insect of the large order Diptera; a fly.


dipteran

(entomology) Relating to or denoting dipterans.


aminoacylation

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The addition of an aminoacyl group to a compound, especially as part of the process of synthesizing proteins via aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

aminoacylowanie

the addition of an aminoacyl group to a compound


aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

en-noun

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (plural aminoacyl tRNA synthetases)

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the linkage of a tRNA molecule to an appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis.

Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase

any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the linkage of a tRNA molecule to an appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis


peroxiredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant enzymes that mediate signal transduction in mammalian cells.


thioredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant proteins that are found in all mammalian cells.


sulphiredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of antioxidant enzymes that work with peroxiredoxin


stellate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-stellate.wav


biocenosis

biocenosis (countable and uncountable, plural biocenoses)

biocenoses (plural)
biocoenosis (alternative)

(biology) a group of interacting animals and/or plants that form a particular ecosystem


sanguinaria

[…] the violets, houstonias, hepaticas, and sanguinarias, which take so kindly to home cultivation.

1871, Edward Everett Hale, Old and New, volume 3, page 108:

(botany) Any of the genus Sanguinaria, or bloodroots.


phaeopigment

phaeopigments (plural)
pheopigment (alternative)

(biochemistry) A non-photosynthetic pigment which is the degradation product of algal chlorophyll pigments. It is commonly formed during and after marine phytoplankton blooms.


idiochromosome

/ˌɪdɪə(ʊ)ˈkɹəʊməsəʊm/


dysregulate

en-verb

dysregulate (third-person singular simple present dysregulates, present participle dysregulating, simple past and past participle dysregulated)

dysregulates (present singular third-person)
dysregulating (participle present)
dysregulated (participle past)
dysregulated (past)

What, beyond abnormal, dysregulated cell division, was the common pathophysiological mechanism underlying cancer?

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 285:

(biology) To cause a dysfunctional level of an activity or chemical in an organism by disrupting normal function of a regulatory mechanism.


allotype

2007, Ivana Karanovic, Candoninae (Ostracoda) from the Pilbara Region in Western Australia, Koninklijke Brill, page 182,
The allotype female has one T2 deformed (fig. 75D), while the other one is normally developed.

(zoology, taxonomy) A designated paratype of a species (or lower-order taxon) that is the opposite sex of the holotype.

alótipo

specimen that exemplifies the opposite sex of the holotype

2007, I. D. Walker, G. Winter, D. J. Worthington, Chapter 2: Structural Investigations of Peptides and Proteins: I: Primary Structure and Chemical Modification, R. C. Sheppard, Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Volume 8, The Chemical Society, page 145,
Until recently, different C-region allotypes were explained by allelic genes which each encoded a different but closely related protein sequence.

(biochemistry) A genetically determined variant of the amino acid sequence of a protein.


syngeneic

en-adj

syngeneic (comparative more syngeneic, superlative most syngeneic)

more syngeneic (comparative)
most syngeneic (superlative)

By surface analysis, syn- + -gen(e) + -ic

surf

Coordinate term: allogeneic

(genetics) genetically identical, or sufficiently identical and immunologically compatible as to allow for transplantation.


xenogeneic

Among the types of xenografts that might be undertaken are extracorporeal "xenoperfusion" or perfusion of devices containing xenogeneic hepatocytes, auxiliary liver transplants, bridge liver transplants, and hepatocyte transplants.

2000, Kanazawa A., Platt J.L., “Prospects for xenotransplantation of the liver”, in Seminars in liver disease, →DOI:

(genetics) Derived from a different species and therefore genetically and immunologically incompatible


catastalsis

(biology) The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscle of the intestines. It resembles ordinary peristalsis but is not preceded by a zone of inhibition.


glomalin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein found in soil, important in the storage of carbon


plasmodium

en-noun

plasmodium (plural plasmodia or plasmodiums)

From German Plasmodium, from Latin plasma.

(biology) A mass of cytoplasm, containing many nuclei, created by the aggregation of amoeboid cells of slime molds during their vegetative phase.


supertaxon

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supertaxon.wav


coevolution

coevolution (usually uncountable, plural coevolutions)

coevolutions (plural)
co-evolution (alternative)

These species breed in a variety of both terrestrial and marine snails, although there is no obvious pattern of coevolution.

2005, “Revision of New World Species of Shore Fly Genus Discomyza Meigen (Diptera: Ephydridae)”, in Annals of the Entomological Society of America^(http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098%5B0431:RONWSO%5D2.0.CO;2), volume 98, number 4, page 431:

(ecology, evolutionary theory) The evolution of organisms of two or more species in which each adapts to changes in the other.


hydrogenotrophic

(biology) That converts hydrogen to other compounds as part of its metabolism.


machaeridian

(paleontology) A fossil form of segmented (annelid) worm, of the class Machaeridia, that had a scaly armour of mineralised plates


scleritome

(biology) The scaly armour of some annelid worms such as machaeridians


subtaxon

(taxonomy) One of the elements within a taxon.


sexualize

en-verb

sexualize (third-person singular simple present sexualizes, present participle sexualizing, simple past and past participle sexualized)

sexualizes (present singular third-person)
sexualizing (participle present)
sexualized (participle past)
sexualized (past)
sexualise (alternative)

(biology, transitive) To distinguish as belonging to separate sexes.


nektonic

(zoology) Swimming independently of currents.


LB

Luria–Bertani medium
Luria–Bertani medium

(microbiology) Initialism of lysogeny broth; (loosely) any of several similar formulations: Luria broth, Lennox broth, life broth or Luria–Bertani medium.


VN

VNs (plural)
V.N. (alternative)
V. N. (alternative)

But in addition, he adds to the tags of certain assistants the designation, “V.N.,” meaning veterinary nurse.

1963, American Veterinary Medical Association, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, volume 143, page 179:

Veterinary nurse applicants wanting to work for the Society have to follow the VN course (see Chapter One for details).

1999, Victoria Pybus, Working with Animals: The UK, Europe and Worldwide:

Alison Young joined a small animal practice in 1998 as a student veterinary nurse and whilst there gained her VN qualification.

2006, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, BSAVA Congress 2006: Scientific Proceedings, page 20:

(veterinary, UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) Initialism of veterinary nurse.


lytic cycle

(biology) The normal process of viral reproduction involving penetration of the cell membrane, nucleic acid synthesis and lysis of the host cell


lysogenic cycle

en-noun

lysogenic cycle (plural lysogenic cycles)

(biology) A form of viral reproduction involving the fusion of the nucleic acid of a bacteriophage with that of a host, followed by proliferation of the resulting prophage


Chelosauria lovelli

Coined by William Saville-Kent, assistant curator at the Natural History Museum in London, who wrote an account of the creature in his book The Great Barrier Reef of Australia (W.H. Allen, London, 1893) based on Miss Lovell's accounts. The name means roughly "[Mister] Lovell's tortoise-lizard". (Reference: Malcolm Smith, Bunyips and Bigfoots: In Search of Australia's Mystery Animals, Millennium Books, 1996, →ISBN.)


moha moha

Miss Lovell's first report (quote below) spelt the creature moka moka, but in her second it was moha moha (also below).

1891, S. Lovell, "Tempus omnia monstra", in Land and Water, London, 3 March 1891 (quoted by Malcolm Smith, Bunyips and Bigfoots, Millennium Books, 1996, →ISBN, who was unable to obtain the original and so quotes from Bernard Heuvelmans, In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents, 1968, who in turn apparently quotes from Antoon C. Oudemans, The Great Sea-Serpent, 1892).
Native blacks call it 'Moka, moka' and say they like to eat it, and that it has legs and fingers.

1891, S. Lovell, "Land and Water", 25 April 1891 (quoted by Malcolm Smith from Heuvelmans etc).
The blacks, who had not seen it the day I did, named it at once from my sketch, which must, therefore, be pretty accurate, and called it 'Moha, Moha', and laughed and said, 'Saucy Fellow, Meebee' – in English, 'dangerous turtle'.

(cryptozoology) A type of sea creature reported seen by a Miss Lovell and others at Sandy Cape in South-East Queensland, Australia, on 8 June 1890. She described it as some 30 feet long with a turtle-like neck extending from a rounded body some 8 feet across, and a long fish-like tail.


annulate

en-adj

annulate (comparative more annulate, superlative most annulate)

more annulate (comparative)
most annulate (superlative)

Borrowed from New Latin annulatus, from Latin ānulātus.

(botany) Describes a fern sporangium that has an annulus.

(mycology) Describes a mushroom with an annulus on the stipe.


Norwalk

(For noun) Named after Norwalk, Ohio, where an outbreak of gastroenteritis in 1968 led to the isolation of the virus.

(medicine, virology) Designating a calicivirus affecting humans, characterized by severe vomiting and diarrhea.


coisogenic

(genetics) Genetically identical to an inbred strain except for a mutation at a specific locus.


oviposit

en-verb

oviposit (third-person singular simple present oviposits, present participle ovipositing, simple past and past participle oviposited)

oviposits (present singular third-person)
ovipositing (participle present)
oviposited (participle past)
oviposited (past)

From ovi- (“egg”) + Latin pōsitus (“placed”), perfect passive participle of pōnere (“to place”).

(intransitive, zoology or pornography) To lay eggs.


nullisomic

(genetics) A genetic condition involving the lack of one of the normal chromosomal pairs for a species (2n-2)


contractile vacuole

en-noun

contractile vacuole (plural contractile vacuoles)

(cytology) A vacuole that removes waste or excess water.

Kontraktile Vakuole

a vacuole that removes waste or excess water


SPM

SPM (countable and uncountable, plural SPMs)

suspended particulate matter
suspended particulate matter#English

(biology, countable) Initialism of suspended particulate matter.


reproliferate

en-verb

reproliferate (third-person singular simple present reproliferates, present participle reproliferating, simple past and past participle reproliferated)

reproliferates (present singular third-person)
reproliferating (participle present)
reproliferated (participle past)
reproliferated (past)

(biology) To proliferate again after a period of dormancy


crassula

From the genus name, translingual Crassula f.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Crassula, often succulents native to southern Africa.


katanin

(biochemistry) A heterodimeric protein which functions to sever microtubules


spastin

en-noun

spastin (countable and uncountable, plural spastins)

(biochemistry) A protein, related to katanin, mutations of which lead to spastic paraplegia


biallelic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to both alleles of a gene (in a heterozygote).


chalone

From Ancient Greek χαλῶν (khalôn), present participle of χαλάω (khaláō, “to slacken”).

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptide hormones that reversibly inhibit mitosis in the tissues that produce them.


monophosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with a single unit of phosphoric acid


diphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with two units of phosphoric acid


triphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with three units of phosphoric acid


tetraphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with four units of phosphoric acid


pentaphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with five units of phosphoric acid


hexaphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated with six units of phosphoric acid


hypophosphorylated

en-adj

hypophosphorylated (comparative more hypophosphorylated, superlative most hypophosphorylated)

more hypophosphorylated (comparative)
most hypophosphorylated (superlative)

(biochemistry) phosphorylated to a less than normal extent, or less than fully


hyperphosphorylated

(biochemistry) phosphorylated to a more than normal extent, or fully saturated with phosphate groups


rachis

rachises (plural)
rachides (plural)
rhachis (alternative)

From New Latin rachis, from Ancient Greek ῥάχις (rhákhis, “spine, ridge”).

der

(obsolete, zoology, anatomy) The spinal column, or the vertebrae of the spine.

In some squid species, the pen rachis flares out into wings on either side, and the tip of the rachis grows into a thick cone.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 115:

(zoology) An anatomical shaft or axis in a marine invertebrate.

(ornithology) The central shaft of a feather.

(botany) The axis of either a compound leaf, inflorescence, or fern frond.

raquis

main shaft of a compound leaf or inflorescence


ectoplasmic

en-adj

ectoplasmic (comparative more ectoplasmic, superlative most ectoplasmic)

more ectoplasmic (comparative)
most ectoplasmic (superlative)

"In this case being unable, owing to the evil conditions which you have yourself created, to build up an ectoplasmic form they wrapped the unconscious medium in an ectoplasmic covering, and sent him forth from the cabinet."

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

Kathleen wore dungarees and her gingham skirt was laundered to an ectoplasmic degree.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 232:

(parapsychology or cytology) Relating to, or having the properties or appearance of, ectoplasm.


volubile

volubile (comparative more volubile, superlative most volubile)

more volubile (comparative)
most volubile (superlative)
volubilate (alternative)

From Middle French volubile, from Latin volūbilis (“rolling”), from volvō (“I roll”). Doublet of voluble.

[…] or this less volubil earth,
By shorter flight to th' east,
had left him there
Arraying with reflected purple and gold
The clouds that on his western throne attend.

1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

(archaic, chiefly botany) Turning or whirling; winding.


biocomputer

These prototype biocomputers use slime moulds to solve a range of geometrical problems.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 71:

(biology, computing) Any of several proposed systems using DNA, proteins, or other biological materials to perform data processing (in synthetic biology)


biostimulation

en-noun

biostimulation (countable and uncountable, plural biostimulations)

(biology) The stimulation of a system's existing bacteria such that they can have a remedial action.


cytomegalovirus

From the genus name Cytomegalovirus, equivalent to cyto- + megalo- + virus.

The peak period for the development of acute graft-versus-host disease overlaps with the time during which cytomegalovirus infection occurs.

1983, Karl G. Blume, Lawrence D. Petz, editors, Clinical Bone Marrow Transplantation, Churchill Livingstone, page 75:

Prophylactic virostatic treatment with aciclovir did not prevent cytomegalovirus infection in an immune suppressed patient.

1989, Klaus Heimann, P. Wiedemann, editors, Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Kaden Verlag, page 322:

Additional study is necessary to elucidate the contribution, if any, of cytomegalovirus to the development of this syndrome and to determine optimum therapy.

1994, AHFS Drug Information, American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, page 412:

(virology) Any of several herpes viruses, of the genus Cytomegalovirus, that infect the salivary glands of certain primates, including humans.


coleorhiza

coleorhizae (plural)
coleorrhiza (alternative)

(botany) A sheath-like structure found in a monocotyledon plant seed that acts as a protective covering enclosing the radicle.


domatium

/dəʊˈmeɪʃəm/

Borrowed from New Latin dōmatium, from Ancient Greek δωμάτιον (dōmátion, “chamber, bedroom”), diminutive of δῶμα (dôma, “house, dwelling place of animals”); akin to δόμος (dómos, “house”).

der

A domatium typically takes the form of a hollow under a leaf, or a system of tunnels in a thorn or stem. Ideally, it is a mutualistic adaptation and should not be confused with simple damage by a borer or gall-forming pest, although commonly there is no sharp distinction between domatia of value to the plant and galls caused by harmful aphids and mites, for example.

All are ordinary anatomical features of the plants that the ants exploit, apparently in a unilateral manner. In contrast, the domatia listed comprehensively in Table 14-1 do appear uniquely to serve as ant nests.

1990, Bert Hölldobler, Edward O. Wilson, The Ants, Harvard University Press, page 535:

Although the earliest work on mites and leaf domatia was inspired by a belief that mites protected trees from fungal disease (O'Dowd and Willson 1989), mite–fungus–plant interactions received experimental attention only recently.

2004, David Evans Walter, “11: Hidden in Plain Sight: Mites in the Canopy”, in Margaret D. Lowman, H. Bruce Rinker, editors, Forest Canopies, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 237:

Domatia and extrafloral nectaries are plant structures that provide shelter and food to predaceous arthropods and thus affect herbivorous insects only indirectly.

2005, Louis M. Schoonhoven, Joop J. A. van Loon, Marcel Dicke, Insect-Plant Biology, Oxford University Press, page 40:

(entomology, botany) A chamber produced by a plant in which insects, mites, or fungi live.

domatie

chamber produced by a plant, in which insects, mites or fungi live


quaternarist

quaternarists (plural)
Quaternarist (alternative)

Indeed, in recent years, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) "abolished" the Quaternary, according to riled quaternarists.

2008 January 25, Richard A. Kerr, “A Time War Over the Period We Live In”, in Science, 319(5862), page 402:

(geology, paleontology) A specialist in the Quaternary period.


monoclinous

From mono- (“one”) + κλίνη (klínē, “bed”) + -ous.


diclinous

From di- (“two”) + κλίνη (klínē, “bed”) + -ous.


tetherin

(biology) Any protein-based tether that causes retention of virions on infected cell surfaces.


protonophore

(biology) Any ionophore that transports protons


armeria

(botany) Any member of the thrift genus Armeria.


red corpuscle

(cytology) An erythrocyte (red blood cell).


deaminase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses deamination


gas bladder

Nicknamed a "manta" by Andromeda Initiative observers, this majestic creature has been sighted on several worlds in the Heleus Cluster. The Nexus scientists believe it may have originally evolved on a world with heavy deposits of element zero, giving it the ability to lower its mass enough to "swim" through the air. Expanding the muscular gas bladders on its underside allows the creature to rise and orient itself in flight.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Andromeda Wildlife: Manta Codex entry:

(ichthyology) An internal organ that fish use to control their buoyancy, allowing them to maintain or change depth by changing their density.


juxtamembrane

(biology) adjacent to a membrane on one side of it


sterigma

en-noun

sterigma (plural sterigmata or sterigmas)

(mycology) A slim projecting part of the basidium of some species of fungi that carries the basidiospore.

These sterigmata are retained and make the twigs rough for several years after leaf fall.

2009, J.E. Eckenwalder, Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference, Timber Press, →ISBN:

(botany) A woody projection from the tip of the leaf base in certain conifers (Picea and Tsuga).

(entomology) Part of the genitalia of moths.


basidiospore

(biology) A sexually reproductive spore produced by fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota.

kantaitiö

a sexually reproductive spore produced by fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota


actomyosin

actomyosin (countable and uncountable, plural actomyosins)

(biochemistry) A protein complex composed of actin and myosin, found in muscle fibres.

aktomiosina

a protein complex found in muscle fibres


protein complex

protein complex (plural protein complexes)

(biochemistry) A group of two or more associated proteins that remains stable over time.


TSA

trypticase soy agar
trypticase soy agar#English

(microbiology) Initialism of trypticase soy agar.


hydrobiology

(biology) The study of the biology of the organisms that inhabit bodies of water.


delipidation

(biochemistry) The removal of lipids or lipid groups, often from a protein.


hydrogenase

From hydrogen + -ase, after dehydrogenase.

It is clear from the experiments cited already that we are dealing with a bacterial enzyme comparable with the dehydrogenases, the substrate in this case being molecular hydrogen. […] In order to conform with the accepted terminology we suggest that this enzyme be called "hydrogenase."

1930, Marjory Stephenson, LH Stickland, “Hydrogenase: a bacterial enzyme activating molecular hydrogen”, in Biochemical Journal:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a substrate by the reversible oxidation of hydrogen.


hydrophilous

en-adj

hydrophilous (comparative more hydrophilous, superlative most hydrophilous)

more hydrophilous (comparative)
most hydrophilous (superlative)

(biology) That grows or thrives in or near water


cestode

From New Latin Cestoda, from cestus (“girdle, belt”), from Ancient Greek κεστός (kestós, “of Aphrodite’s charmed girdle”).

der

(zoology) A parasitic flatworm of the class Cestoda; a tapeworm.

絛蟲 /绦虫

any of various parasitic tapeworms in the Cestoda


smoothened

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Dan L. Lindsley
segment polarity gene

Ultimately the same as etymology 1. The gene encoding the protein was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster as a segment polarity gene and initially named smooth (smo) by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard et al. in 1984. This was later revised to smoothened by Dan L. Lindsley and Georgianna G. Zimm in 1992, because the former name already described another locus.

transmembrane protein
transmembrane protein

(biochemistry) A transmembrane protein belonging to the group of G protein-coupled receptors that is a key component of the hedgehog signaling pathway.


PTB

PTB was first purified as a polypeptide that binds to the polypyrimidine tract that typically precedes the 3′ splice sites of higher eukaryotic mRNA introns [1].

1997 November 1, Juan Valcárcel, Fátima Gebauer, “Post-transcriptional regulation: The dawn of PTB”, in Current Biology, volume 7, number 11, →DOI, →ISSN:

Specificity of PTB function is achieved by a combination of changes in the cellular localization of this protein (its ability to shuttle from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is tightly controlled) and its interaction with additional proteins.

2008 July 22, Kirsty Sawicka, Martin Bushell, Keith A. Spriggs, Anne E. Willis, “Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein: a multifunctional RNA-binding protein”, in Biochemical Society Transactions, volume 36, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 641-647:

These findings suggest that supplementing cholinergic neurons after PTB knockdown may be a promising therapeutic strategy to revert depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairment.

2023 April 27, Yiying Zhou, Ke Zhang, Fangmin Wang, Jiali Chen, Shanshan Chen, Manqing Wu, Miaojun Lai, Yisheng Zhang, Wenhua Zhou, “Polypyrimidine tract binding protein knockdown reverses depression-like behaviors and cognition impairment in mice with lesioned cholinergic neurons”, in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, volume 15, →DOI, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) Initialism of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein.


granulose

/ˈɡɹænjʊləʊz/

(biochemistry) The main constituent of the starch grain or granule, in distinction from the framework of cellulose. It is coloured blue by iodine, and is converted into dextrin and sugar by boiling acids and amylolytic ferments.


spore print

(mycology) The distinctive and identifying pattern and color produced after the cap of a mushroom is pressed against a white page.


hispid

en-adj

hispid (comparative more hispid, superlative most hispid)

more hispid (comparative)
most hispid (superlative)

From Latin hispidus (“rough, hairy, bristly”).

der

The hispid hare inhabits forested areas.

An erect, branching, hispid or glabrate annual, 1 ft. high. Radical leaves petioled, crowded, spreading on the ground, hispid with white hairs, lobes toothed; cauline entire or pinnatifid.

1875, Joseph Dalton Hooker, The Flora of British India, Volume 1, L. Reeve & Co., page 157:

Larger and stouter, less than a foot high, much branched, roughish-hispid: nutlets dull, with rounded sides, no angles, and a large and deep areola or scar.

1886, Asa Gray, Synoptical Flora of North America: The Gamopetalæ, Volume 2, Part 1, 2nd edition, Smithsonian Institution, page 428:

(obsolete outside biology, botany) Covered in short, stiff hairs.


IDP

(biochemistry) Initialism of intrinsically disordered protein.


in heat

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-in heat.wav

(biology) In oestrus; receptive to mating.


ceramidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that separates the two parts of ceramide.


biomonitoring

en-noun

biomonitoring (countable and uncountable, plural biomonitorings)

(ecology) The monitoring of the organisms that live in a particular environment in order to assess the continuing quality of the ecosystem


schizodactyly

(biology) A primate term for grasping and clinging with the second and third digit fingers, instead of the thumb and second digit.


vasopressin

vasopressin (countable and uncountable, plural vasopressins)

/ˌveɪzəʊˈpɹɛsɪn/

From vasopressor + -in, circa 1927; see details at vasopressor § Etymology.

(biochemistry) An antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

抗利尿激素

an antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland


ammonification

ammonification (countable and uncountable, plural ammonifications)

(biochemistry) The formation of ammonia or its compounds from nitrogenous compounds, especially as a result of bacterial decomposition.

amonifikacja

the formation of ammonia or its compounds


structuralism

structuralism (countable and uncountable, plural structuralisms)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-structuralism.wav

(biology) A school of biological thought that deals with the law-like behaviour of the structure of organisms and how it can change, emphasising that organisms are wholes, and therefore that change in one part must necessarily take into account the inter-connected nature of the entire organism.


hypermetamorphosis

hypermetamorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural hypermetamorphoses)

(biology) A kind of complete metamorphosis in which the different larval instars represent two or more different forms of larva.


aerenchyma

aerenchyma (plural aerenchymas or aerenchymae)

aerenchymas (plural)
aerenchymae (plural)
aerenchym (alternative)
aerenchyme (alternative)

→ Irish: aereincíoma

(botany) A spongy, airy tissue found especially in the roots of aquatic plants.

aerenkyymi

airy tissue found in the roots of aquatic plants


marcescence

Ultimately from Latin marcēscō (“I wither”).

(botany) Retention (by a plant) of dead organs (such as leaves) that normally are shed.


etiolation

etiolation (countable and uncountable, plural etiolations)

From French étiolé, past participle of étioler (“to blanch”).

(botany) Growth process of plants grown in the absence of light, characterized by long, weak stems, fewer leaves and chlorosis.

eitialacht

growth process of plants grown in the absence of light

(botany) Blanching of plants, accomplished by excluding the light of the sun; the condition of a blanched plant.


antitranspirant

(botany, horticulture) Reducing transpiration in plants.


antitranspirant

(botany, horticulture) A substance applied to plant leaves to reduce transpiration.

antitranspirante

a substance applied to plant leaves to reduce transpiration


tracheid

From German Tracheïde, corresponding to trachea + -id.


tracheid cell

(botany) An elongated cell found in plant xylem whose major function is to carry water.


epicormic

Epicormic branching often follows disturbances, such as thinning or top breakage, which stimulate the sprouting of dormant buds on the boles. The branches may add to the growth capacity of the tree, but they also create knots that reduce lumber value.

1964, Arnold Hedlund, Epicormic Branching in North Louisiana Delta, Southern Forest Experiment Station:

(botany) Of a sprout: growing from a dormant, adventitious bud on the trunk of a tree.


lignotuber

(botany) A starchy enlargement (caudex), usually of a root, of a woody plant, serving to store water.


hormesis

hormesis (countable and uncountable, plural hormeses)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὅρμησις (hórmēsis), from Ancient Greek ὁρμή (hormḗ).

bor+

So the concept of a permissible, safe, or “threshold” dose gained currency, and this was used to set standards in industries where workers were exposed to radiation, such as uranium mining and nuclear power generation. Some people went even further, arguing for radiation hormesis—that small doses of radiation were actually good for you.

2010, Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway, chapter 5, in Merchants of Doubt:

Though he is given to gee-whizzery about anything “super awesome”—Small amounts of radiation are actually good for you! It’s called radiation hormesis!—he has scant interest in the specifics of the apps that many YC companies produce; what intrigues him is their potential effect on the world.

[2016 October 3, Tad Friend, “Sam Altman’s Manifest Destiny”, in The New Yorker:

(biology, toxicology) A phenomenon in which an environmental agent or stressor produces a stimulatory or beneficial effect at low doses and an inhibitory or harmful effect at higher doses, corresponding to a biphasic dose-response relationship.


phyllode

From Latin phyllodium, from Ancient Greek φυλλώδης (phullṓdēs, “resembling a leaf”).

der

(botany) A flattened petiole or leaf rachis that resembles and functions as a leaf, and may or may not be combined with an actual lamina.


living tissue

en-noun

living tissue (countable and uncountable, plural living tissues)

(biology) Any tissue of a living organism containing cells that are being replaced when they die.


electrophorese

en-verb

electrophorese (third-person singular simple present electrophoreses, present participle electrophoresing, simple past and past participle electrophoresed)

electrophoreses (present singular third-person)
electrophoresing (participle present)
electrophoresed (participle past)
electrophoresed (past)

The approach taken is to electrophorese the RNA sample on an agarose gel under denaturing conditions.

1995, Kwang-Soo Kim et al., “Analysis of gene expression by blotting techniques”, in Gene Probes 2, →ISBN, page 156:

(biochemistry) To carry out electrophoresis on something.


scape

From Latin scāpus, from Doric Greek σκᾶπος (skâpos). Doublet of native English shaft.

(botany) A leafless stalk growing directly out of a root, bulb, or subterranean structure.


red cell

(hematology, cytology) A type of cell in the blood of vertebrates that contains haemoglobin and transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; a red blood cell.


chemodynamics

(ecology) The study of the dynamic changes that take place in the environment as a result of reaction between natural and man-made compounds, especially by pollutants


aetosaur

(paleontology) Any of an extinct group of heavily armoured herbivorous archosaurian reptiles, of the order †Aetosauria.


allotropous

en-adj

allotropous (comparative more allotropous, superlative most allotropous)

more allotropous (comparative)
most allotropous (superlative)

(botany) Pertaining to a flower which attracts a large range of different insects to feed on its nectar.

(biology) Pertaining to an insect which is attracted to flowers of a large range of different species of plant, or an insect which does not feed exclusively on one type of flower.


disjunct

disjunct (comparative more disjunct, superlative most disjunct)

more disjunct (comparative)
most disjunct (superlative)

(botany) Occurring in widely separated geographic areas.


binary name

The binary name for human is Homo sapiens.

(taxonomy) The scientific name for an organism consisting of its genus and species.


omasum

The deer of the northern group are larger in body size and have well-developed rumino-reticulums, smaller omasums, and longer small intestines (Takatsuki 1988).

2009, Seiki Takatsuki, “17: Geographical Variations in Food Habits of Sika Deer: The Northern Grazer vs. the Southern Browser”, in Dale R. McCullough, Seiki Takatsuki, Koichi Kaji, editors, Sika Deer: Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations, Springer, page 235:

The omasum is a spherical organ filled with muscular laminae (an estimated 90 to 130 in the bovine omasum) that lie in sheets, much like the pages of a book (giving the omasum its colloquial name, book stomach).

2018, Anna Dee Fails, Christianne Magee, Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Wiley Blackwell, page 385:

The role of the omasum is not entirely clear. The organ fills with very fluid digesta leaving the reticulo-rumen, but omasal contents are very dry and tightly compacted. Clearly, fluid absorption takes place in the omasum and in cattle, water, electrolytes and VFA^([volatile fatty acids]) are absorbed.

2019, Philip Hynd, Animal Nutrition, CSIRO Publishing, unnumbered page:

Finally, grazers, with the higher fluid throughput through the reticulorumen, require larger omasa (Table 4.6)—with the main function of omasa being the resorption of fluid, to prevent too diluted digesta reaching the sites of auto-enzymatic digestion (Clauss et al. 2006).

2019, Daryl Codron, Reinhold R. Hofmann, Marcis Clauss, “Chapter 4: Morphological and Physiological Adaptations for Browsing and Grazing”, in Iain J. Gordon, Herbert H. T. Prins, editors, The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II, Springer, page 109:

(biology, food) The third compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; the lining of said compartment, regarded as a foodstuff.

أُمّ التَلَافِيف

the third part of the stomach of a ruminant


asexual reproduction

(biology) Any form of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes.

(biology) Any form of reproduction that involves neither meiosis nor fusion of gametes.


Weberian ossicle

en-noun

Weberian ossicle (plural Weberian ossicles)

(ichthyology) One of a chain of small bones that connect the auditory system to the air bladder of teleost fishes.


tetrahydrogestrinone

/ˌtɛ.tɹəˌhʌɪ.dɹə(ʊ)ˈd͡ʒɛ.stɹɪn.əʊn/

/ˌtɛ.tɹəˌhaɪ.dɹəˈd͡ʒɛ.stɹɪˌnoʊn/

An outstanding junior prospect, setting the world junior 100m record in 1997, he appeared close to fulfilling that potential in 2002 when he won the 100m at the European championship, but in August 2003 he failed a drug test for the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone (THG).

(biochemistry) A banned anabolic steroid, C₂₁H₂₈O₂.


diaphysis

(botany) An abnormal elongation of the axis of a flower or of an inflorescence.


tentorial notch

tentorial notch (plural tentorial notches)

(biology) The space in the tentorium where the brainstem passes.


aerobe

From French aérobie. By surface analysis, aero- + -obe.

(biology) Any organism (but especially a bacterium) that can tolerate the presence of oxygen, or that needs oxygen to survive.

aerobi

organism that can tolerate the presence of oxygen


aleurone

aleurone (countable and uncountable, plural aleurones)

aleurones (plural)
aleuron (alternative)

/əˈl(j)ʊəɹəʊn/

1865/70; from Ancient Greek ἄλευρον (áleuron, “flour, meal”).

der

(biochemistry) The protein content of the embryo, endosperm, or perisperm of cereals, in the form of minute particles.

糊粉

protein content of the embryo, endosperm or perisperm of cereals


hypokalemia

en-noun

hypokalemia (countable and uncountable, plural hypokalemias)

hypokalemias (plural)
hypokalaemia (alternative)

From hypo- + kalemia or hypo- + kal(ium) + -emia.

(biology, medicine) The condition of having an abnormally low concentration of potassium ions in the blood (below the reference range).


allogenic

en-adj

allogenic (comparative more allogenic, superlative most allogenic)

more allogenic (comparative)
most allogenic (superlative)

/ˌæləˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/

(medicine, biology, genetics, immunology) Alternative form of allogeneic: genetically distinct, but of the same species; nonself but intraspecies.


cytopathy

(microbiology, pathology) The disease or deterioration of a cell, or of the structures contained within a cell.


ornithine transcarbamylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine to form citrulline and phosphate.


ornithine carbamoyltransferase

ornithine transcarbamylase
ornithine transcarbamylase

(biochemistry) The enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase.


ament

[T]he scales of the ament in the salix rosea, rose-willow, grow into leaves; and produce other kinds of monsters.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

(botany) A catkin or similar inflorescence.


haplobiontic

The algal ancestors of land plants were probably haplobiontic.

(biology) Describing a plant or fungus that has either a haploid or a diploid phase (but not both) in its life cycle. That is, it lacks any alternation of generations.


diplobiontic

All embryophytes are diplobiontic.

(botany) Describing a plant or fungus where both the haploid and diploid phases are represented by a multicellular phase.


ribonucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide having ribose as its sugar


microchimerism

en-noun

microchimerism (usually uncountable, plural microchimerisms)

(biology) The presence of a small number of cells in an organism that are genetically different from those of the organism itself; typically transmitted between a mother and fetus


apomeiosis

(cytology) A suppressed, or imperfect meiosis


pericentromeric

en-adj

pericentromeric (comparative more pericentromeric, superlative most pericentromeric)

more pericentromeric (comparative)
most pericentromeric (superlative)

(genetics) Situated near, or on each side of, the centromere of a chromosome


amniote

From scientific Latin Amniota. Thus, by surface analysis, amnio- + -ote.

Natural selection responded accordingly and the ultimate result was not just the evolution of more amphibians but ultimately of creatures no longer dependent on an aquatic habitat for reproduction, the so-called amniotes – the animals we know today as reptiles, birds and mammals.

2011 September 22, Richard Shelton, “Sheep, pig, whale”, in Times Literary Supplement:

(biology) Any of the Amniota group of vertebrates having an amnion during the development of the embryo; mammals, birds and reptiles.

amniota

vertebrate having an amnion during the development of the embryo


choanoflagellate

Choanoflagellates are plankton: tiny protozoans that feed on even tinier bacteria.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 30:

Detailed studies showed that the sponge and the cells of a protist called a choanoflagellate used a different set of genes and proteins to build similar-looking structures.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biology) Any of a group of flagellate protozoa, of the class Choanoflagellatea, thought to be the closest unicellular ancestors of animals.


LBJ

little brown job
little brown job#English

(birdwatching) Initialism of little brown job.


CRP

C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein#English

(biochemistry, immunology) Initialism of C-reactive protein.


FISH

fluorescent in situ hybridization
w:fluorescent in situ hybridization

(genetics) Acronym of fluorescent in situ hybridization: a molecular cytogenetic technique used to identify whether a DNA sample has a specific sequence.


adenylation

The assay for adenylation of aminoglycoside drugs by cell extract (actually aminoglycoside-dependent conversion of radioactive label from ATP into a form retained by phosphocellulose paper) was a modification of the method of Yamada et al.

1970 January, David H. Smith, “Resistance Factor-Mediated Spectinomycin Resistance”, in Infection and Immunity, volume 1, number 1, page 120:

(biochemistry) Any reaction or process that forms an adenylate but especially such a posttranslational modification to a protein.


anatropal

anatropal (comparative more anatropal, superlative most anatropal)

more anatropal (comparative)
most anatropal (superlative)


anatropous

anatropous (comparative more anatropous, superlative most anatropous)

more anatropous (comparative)
most anatropous (superlative)

(botany, of an ovule) Having an inverted nucleus, whose apex points to the base


radicate

From Latin radicatus, past participle of radicari (“to take root”), from radix (“root”).

(botany) Having a root; growing from a root; (of a fungus) having rootlike outgrowths at the base of the stipe.

(zoology) Fixed at the bottom as if rooted.


quartine

(botany, archaic) A supposed fourth integument of an ovule, counting from the outside.


quintine

(botany) The embryonic sac of an ovule, sometimes regarded as an innermost fifth integument.


dysregulation

For our purposes, it is sufficient to note that dysregulation of desquamatory protease activity in the SC is often involved in conditions of compromised skin barrier.

2015, Raja Sivamani, Jared R. Jagdeo, Peter Elsner, Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics:

(chiefly biochemistry) A failure to regulate properly.


cellulase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the cellulolysis (or hydrolysis) of cellulose.


apterous

By surface analysis, a + -pterous, or by surface analysis, aptery + -ous.

Near-synonym: flightless

The source of light was thronged by moths and apterous insects.

2019, Chigozie Obioma, An Orchestra of Minorities, Abacus (2019), page 354:

(biology) Destitute of winglike membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole.


bioenergetics

(biology, physics) The study of the energy transformations that take place in living organisms.


aminopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the peptide bond of the terminal amino acid at the amino end of a polypeptide or protein

aminopeptydaza

any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the peptide bond of the terminal amino acid


apolipoprotein

(biochemistry) Any polypeptide or protein that can serve as an apoprotein by binding with a lipid to form a lipoprotein.


deaminate

en-verb

deaminate (third-person singular simple present deaminates, present participle deaminating, simple past and past participle deaminated)

deaminates (present singular third-person)
deaminating (participle present)
deaminated (participle past)
deaminated (past)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, transitive) To remove an amino group from (a compound), especially by the use of a deaminase enzyme.


deformylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that removes the formyl group from some amino acids (especially from methionine).


metalloprotease

A recent study focused on the enzymatic and cytotoxic functions of jellyfish metalloproteases and identified diverse proteolytic effects including gelatinolytic, caseinolytic, and fibrinolytic activities.

2015 June 18, Mahdokht Jouiaei et al., “Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins”, in Toxins, volume 7, →DOI:


metalloproteinase

(biochemistry) Any of several proteinases that have a metal atom (often zinc) at their active centre


proteinase

Thrombin is another endogenous serine proteinase that can be released from fibrin clot following gingival tissue injury or inflammation.

2017, E. S. Rovai, M. Holzhausen, “The Role of Proteinase-Activated Receptors 1 and 2 in the Regulation of Periodontal Tissue Metabolism and Disease”, in Journal of immunology research, →DOI:


mechanical digestion

(biology) The breaking of food into digestible chunks, normally using the teeth.


aporose

From Greek α ("without") and πορος ("passage").


domiciliar

In forms with a modified outer antral fence, both this and the adjacent distal band of the domiciliar wall may be concave and form the antrum (Figs. 6 J-K; 7 B), and in some forms the antrum apparently is formed by the dolon alone (dolonal antrum).

This is also done for Dizygopleura landesi Roth and Eukloedenella pontotocensis Lundin, new species, which illustrate domiciliar (kloedenellid) dimorphism.

1965, Robert F. Lundin, Bulletin - Issue 108, page 18:

The genus Saipanetta has been suggested to be a surviving relict of the metacopidan superfamily Healdiacea because of its muscle scar pattern and narrow duplicature; nevertheless, it differs from the Metacopida in its more complex hingement, lack of a distinct contact groove, exaggerated domiciliar asymmetry, and lack of posterior ridges or angulations.

1978, Philip D. Gingerich, New Condylarthra (Mammalia) from the Paleocene and Early Eocene of North America, page 289:

The setal arrangement in Puncia therefore could represent an evolutionary intermediate step appropriate to a wide-gaped ostracod, in which a domiciliar 'early warning' system is afforded by the frill and extremely long setae.

1991, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Volumes 31-32, page 83:

According to the latter authors, domatial dimorphism takes the form of a special posterior domiciliar space for egg/brood care in females, and is found in extant ostracods such as cytherellids and the podocopid Cyprideis lineage as well as in extinct Palaeozoic groups such as kloedenellids, monotiopleurids and leperditellids.

1998, Koen Martens, Sex and Parthenogenesis, page 188:

(biology) Pertaining to a shell or carapace.


biomolecular

Do you remember learning about cell diagrams in high school biology? The cell wall, the organelles, the nucleus. The real picture is turning out to be much more complicated, and interesting, than we were taught. Cells are filled with teensy, phase-shifting blobs that often contain protein and RNA, and in the past several years they’ve taken over cellular biology. In our cover story on page 22, science writer Philip Ball dives into the world of these specks, known as biomolecular condensates, which play astounding roles in cellular functioning across all domains of life.

2025 February 1, Jeanna Bryner, “In this issue: From the editor: Blobs and Green Monsters”, in Scientific American, page 4:

(biochemistry) Relating to biomolecules (especially macromolecules)


sporulate

sporulate (third-person singular simple present sporulates, present participle sporulating, simple past and past participle sporulated)

sporulates (present singular third-person)
sporulating (participle present)
sporulated (participle past)
sporulated (past)

From sporule + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

She was also their science teacher and had taught them about slime molds in biology class, about how the singular organisms came together to form a multicellular body in order to sporulate and reproduce, before breaking apart again.

2021, Ruth Ozeki, The Book of Form and Emptiness, Canongate Books (2022), pages 95–96:

(biology, intransitive) To produce spores.


sporulate

From sporul(e) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


chylomicron

From chylo- (“juice”) + micron (“small”).

(biology) A microscopic globule of lipoprotein, found in blood and lymph, that is associated with the digestion of fats.


farnesoid

farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate

(biochemistry) Of or relating to farnesol or its derivatives, especially to the metabolically active farnesyl pyrophosphate


sphingomyelinase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyzes the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in sphingomyelin


phosphodiester

(biochemistry) any of many biologically active compounds in which two alcohols form ester bonds with phosphate

(biochemistry) any phospholipid, such as lecithin, that has two ester groups


trabecula

en-noun

trabecula (plural trabeculae or trabeculas)

From Latin trabēcula (“small beam”), diminutive of trabs (“beam, timber”).

(entomology) Either of a pair of movable appendages on the head, in front of the antennae, of some mallophagous insects.

(botany) A projection from the cell wall across the cell cavity of the ducts of certain plants.


gelatinase

(biochemistry) Any of several proteolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of gelatin.


long-acuminate

en-adj

long-acuminate (comparative more long-acuminate, superlative most long-acuminate)

more long-acuminate (comparative)
most long-acuminate (superlative)

From long (Old English lang (“long”)) + acuminate (Latin acuminatus, past participle of acumināre (“to sharpen to a point”)).

(botany) Tapering to a characteristically long point at its apex.


Missouri Fox Trotter

en-noun

Missouri Fox Trotter (plural Missouri Fox Trotters)

Missouri Fox Trotters (plural)
Missouri fox trotter (alternative)

From Missouri + fox trot (“an ambling gait”) + er.

(zoology, hippology) A horse of a midsized, muscular breed with an ambling gait, bred in Missouri, United States.


transportant

(biology) A substance involved in transportation.


hapto-

(chemistry, biology) attachment or binding; adhesion


leopard cat

Prionailurus bengalensis
Prionailurus bengalensis#Translingual

(zoology) A wild cat native to Southeast Asia, Prionailurus bengalensis.


halophyte

(botany) Any plant that tolerates an environment having a high salt content


ungual

(biology) Pertaining to or resembling a creature's nail, claw or hoof; unguinal.

ظُفْرِيّ

pertaining to or resembling a nail or claw


antipain

(biochemistry) An oligopeptide, produced by Actinomycetes and other bacteria, that acts as a protease inhibitor


aprotinin

(biochemistry) A polypeptide, obtained from bovine lung tissue, that acts as a protease inhibitor, and is used in surgery to reduce bleeding

aprotiniini

protease inhibitor used in surgery to reduce bleeding


permutant

(biochemistry) Any of a group (permutation) of proteins derived from another by covalent linkage of its N- and C- termini (to form a circular protein) and subsequent cleavage of its backbone


cerebroside

From cerebrose galactose, cerebro- + -ose + -ide.

(biochemistry) Any of several glycosphingolipids found in the membranes of muscle and nervous tissue


contactin

(biochemistry) Any of several glycoproteins active in cell adhesion.


endosome

(biology) An endocytic vacuole through which molecules internalized during endocytosis pass en route to lysosomes


TPC

(microbiology) Initialism of Total Plate Count.


EV

EV (countable and uncountable, plural EVs)

PHEVLER

plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with long electric range

(biology, countable) Initialism of extracellular vesicle.


galactocerebroside

(biochemistry) Any cerebroside in which the sugar component is galactose


galactolipid

(biochemistry) Any glycolipid in which the sugar component is galactose


galactosphingolipid

(biochemistry) Any sphingolipid in which the sugar component is galactose


galactosyltransferase

galactosyltransferases (plural)
galactosyl transferase (alternative)

The gene is the recipe for galactosyl transferase, an enzyme, i.e. a protein with the ability to catalyse a chemical reaction.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 138:

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose entities.


ganglioside

(biochemistry) Any of several galactocerebrosides found in the surface membranes of nerve cells.

gangliosidi

any of several galactocerebrosides found in the surface membranes of nerve cells


glutathione

glutathione (countable and uncountable, plural glutathiones)

/ˌɡluːtəˈθaɪəʊn/

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A tripeptide formed from glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine, that is active in many biological redox reactions.


glycosylphosphatidyl

(biochemistry) Any of many radicals derived from glycolipids


glycosylphosphatidylinositol

(biochemistry) A glycolipid, containing inositol as the sugar entity, that is involved in the posttranslational modification of protein


glycosynapse

(biology) A molecular assembly that functions as a microdomain that mediates cell adhesion and signals transduction events that affect cellular phenotypes


microdomain

(biology) Any of several small regions of a cell membrane that has a distinct structure and a distinct function


leupeptin

leupeptin (countable and uncountable, plural leupeptins)

(biology) A protease inhibitor that also inhibits calpain


calpain

(biochemistry) Any of a family of enzymes that regulate calcium in the body.


lysate

lysate (countable and uncountable, plural lysates)

(biology) All the material formed by the lysis of cells.


monolayer

(biology) A layer of tissue that is one cell thick


mucin

mucin (countable and uncountable, plural mucins)

(biochemistry) Any of several glycoproteins found in mucus


myelinogenesis

(biology) The process of forming myelin throughout the nervous system


neuregulin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that have functions in the development of the nervous system.


neurexin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins found in nerve tissue


neurofascin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins involved in cell adhesion.


ornithine

ornithine (countable and uncountable, plural ornithines)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An amino acid, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, that is not present in protein, but is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of urea.


palmitoylation

(biochemistry) The reaction of a membrane protein with a fatty acid (especially palmitic acid) via the sulfur atom of a cysteine amino acid


paranodin

(biochemistry) A transmembrane neuronal glycoprotein that has a role in cell adhesion


phosphodiesterase

(biochemistry) Any of a family of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of phosphodiester links in nucleic acids.


postfixation

(biology) A secondary fixation of a histological sample, often using osmium tetroxide to fixate lipids.


proteolipid

(biochemistry) Any lipoprotein that is soluble in lipids


resuspend

en-verb

resuspend (third-person singular simple present resuspends, present participle resuspending, simple past and past participle resuspended)

resuspends (present singular third-person)
resuspending (participle present)
resuspended (participle past)
resuspended (past)

(ecology, chemistry, physics) To undergo (or cause to undergo) resuspension.


spectrin

en-noun

spectrin (countable and uncountable, plural spectrins)

(biochemistry) A contractile protein found on the surface of the membranes of blood cells


sulfoglycolipid

(biochemistry) Any of several glycolipids that contain sulfate groups


seminolipid

(biochemistry) Any of a family of sulfoglycolipids found in mammalian testes


sulfotransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase enzyme that catalyses the transfer of sulfate groups


tetraspan

(biochemistry) Any of a family of membrane glycoproteins whose multimolecular complexes have four transmembrane domains


thyronine

thyronine (countable and uncountable, plural thyronines)

(biochemistry) A phenolic amino acid that occurs naturally only in the iodinated form of thyroxine


endolysosome

(biology) The product of the fusion of an endosome and a lysosome during endocytosis


protocerebrum

protocerebrum (plural protocerebra or protocerebrums)

protocerebra (plural)
protocerebrums (plural)

(biology) The anterior part of the arthropod brain.


apocarpous

(botany) Having carpels that are not joined


pteroylglutamic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, dated) folic acid, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction.


homocysteine

homocysteine (countable and uncountable, plural homocysteines)

1989, L. A. Smolin, N. A. Benevenga, Chapter 8: Methionine, Homocyst(e)ine, Cysteine—Metabolic Interrelationships, Mendel Friedman, Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids, Volume 1, CRC Press, page 170,
One possible explanation for the low plasma cystine in homocystinuric patients who are given sufficient dietary cystine is the high plasma concentration of the cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulfide.

2000, Donald W. Jacobsen, 3. Biochemistry and Metabolism, Killian Robinson (editor), Homocysteine and Vascular Disease, Kluwer Academic, page 15,
Homocysteine, a metabolite of the methionine cycle, is a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

2017, Himadri Panda, Handbook on Small & Medium Scale Industries (Biotechnology Products), Asia Pacific Business Press, page 224,
The amino acids produced from L-methionine and substituted thiols were identified as the corresponding S-substituted homocysteines, e.g., 2-mercaptoethanol and cysteamine produced S-(β-hydroxyethyl) homocysteine and S-(β-aminoethyl) homocysteine, respectively.

(biochemistry) An amino acid which is monitored in the blood to estimate risk of cardiovascular disease.


die back

en-verb

die back (third-person singular simple present dies back, present participle dying back, simple past and past participle died back)

dies back (present singular third-person)
dying back (participle present)
died back (participle past)
died back (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-die back.wav

The same walls, when the Virginia creeper dies back in winter, show a date-mark of 1490.

1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 240:

The changing weather pattern, and in particular warmer winters, has also affected the inspection of earthworks. Lineside vegetation is not dying back as previously and has to be cleared before any inspections can take place.

2023 May 3, 'Industry Insider', “Funds for railway's upkeep”, in RAIL, number 982, page 84:

(botany, of a plant) To wither, particularly during the winter.


circumnutation

en-noun

circumnutation (countable and uncountable, plural circumnutations)

[T]he increased turgescence of the cells, together with the extensibility of their walls, is the primary cause of the movement of circumnutation.

1880, Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis Darwin, “Introduction”, in The Power of Movement in Plants, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 3:

(botany) The successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stem of many plants, especially seen in climbing plants.


radicle

(botany) The rudimentary shoot of a plant which supports the cotyledons in the seed, and from which the root is developed downward; the root of the embryo.


ixodid

(zoology) Any of various ticks of the family Ixodidae.


bulbil

From Spanish bulbillo, from the diminutive form of Latin bulbus, from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

uder

(botany) A bulb-shaped bud in the place of a flower or in a leaf axil.


remontant

From French remontant (“rising again”). Compare remount.

(botany, especially of cultivated roses) That flowers more than once in each season.


remontant

(botany) A plant that flowers more than once in each season.


brachial

Borrowed from Latin bracchialis, from bracchium (“arm”). Doublet of brachialis.

The first brachials are somewhat broader than long and are not entirely in contact interiorly. The second brachials are squarish. The first and most of the second brachials bear spines […]

1950, Austin Hobart Clark, A monograph of the existing crinoids, page 33:

Cup conical, weakly developed basal flange, six arms per ray, one exotomous branching, all brachials biserial within two to five brachials of branching, cup ornamentation probably striae radiating from base of arms onto basals.

1997, Gary D. Webster, David D. Gillette, Lower Carboniferous Echinoderms from Northern Utah and Western Wyoming, page 14:

(zoology) Denoting the upper valve of a brachiopod's shell


flow cytometry

(biology) A technique used to sort and classify cells by using fluorescent markers on their surface


phagophore

(biology) A double membrane that encloses and isolates the cytoplasmic components during macroautophagy.


autophagosome

(biology) A phagosome in which part of a cell's own cytoplasm is digested


macroautophagy

(biology) A form of autophagy in which a membrane (the phagophore) forms around the material to be digested before it fuses with the lysosome


microautophagy

(biology) A form of autophagy in which the material to be digested fuses directly with the lysosome


lipofuscin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of pigmented lipid granules that accumulate in several body tissues.


rheophyte

/ˈɹiːə(ʊ)fʌɪt/

From rheo- (“flow, current”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(botany) A plant that grows in running water, such as in a stream or river


funiculus

From Latin funiculus, diminutive of funis (“rope, cord”) + -culus.

(botany) A stalk that connects the seed (or ovule) with the placenta


scaphognathite

Indeed, they possess not only a ventilatory system, composed of two scaphognathites ventilating a domiciliar cavity, but also a cardiovascular system composed of a well-differentiated heart and, in the Cylindroleberid family, 6-8 lamellar gills (Vannier et al., 1996; Horne et al., 2002).

2005, Journal of Experimental Biology - Volume 208, Issue 3, page 662:

(biology) A thin appendage that draws water through the gills of decapods


dirigent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dirigent.wav

From Latin dīrigēns, present participle of dīrigō.

The monolignol substrates are held in position by proteins called dirigents (guide proteins).[…]Lignan dirigent proteins are found in the cytoplasm, but similar dirigents have been localized in the cell walls of some plants.

2011, Florence Gleason, Raymond Chollet, Plant Biochemistry, page 133:

One of its members is deputed in rotation to maintain continuous contact with the director or dirigents of the hospital by means of biweekly, if necessary daily, visits to the institution.

1905, George Frederick Shrady, Thomas Lathrop Stedman, Medical Record, volume 68, page 887:

(now chiefly biochemistry) Something that or someone who directs; a director or guide.


lindera

(botany) Any plant of the genus Lindera, flowering shrubs and trees.


biocatalysis

en-noun

biocatalysis (usually uncountable, plural biocatalyses)

(biochemistry) Catalysis using biological catalysts (especially enzymes, whether protein enzymes or RNA ones (ribozymes).


exarate

en-adj

exarate (comparative more exarate, superlative most exarate)

more exarate (comparative)
most exarate (superlative)

(entomology, of a pupa) Having the appendages free and not attached to the body wall.


obtect

obtect (comparative more obtect, superlative most obtect)

more obtect (comparative)
most obtect (superlative)

(entomology, of a pupa) Having the legs and other appendages more or less strongly cemented to the body.


glycylglycine

en-noun

glycylglycine (countable and uncountable, plural glycylglycines)

(biochemistry) The dipeptide formed from two molecules of glycine


beta-carotene

betacarotene (alternative)
beta carotene (alternative)
β-carotene (alternative)

(biochemistry) A plant pigment that is an isomer of carotene, found in dark green and dark yellow vegetables and fruits and important in the diet as a precursor of vitamin A.


allose

From all + -ose.
Chemist Emil Fischer is credited with the following mnemonic for the order of the configurations of the 8 aldohexoses (See Coordinate terms below.) about the chiral centers when ordered as 3-bit binary strings: All altruists gladly make gum in gallon tanks.

(biochemistry) An epimer of glucose found in some African shrubs


alloxan

alloxan (countable and uncountable, plural alloxans)

(biochemistry) An oxidation product of uric acid, 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-pyrimidinetetrone, capable of inducing diabetes by destroying pancreatic tissue


androstane

androstane (countable and uncountable, plural androstanes)

(biochemistry) The steroid hydrocarbon from which all androgens (such as testosterone) are derived


anthranilic acid

(biochemistry) The aromatic amino acid 2-aminobenzoic acid that has biological activity, and is used in organic synthesis.

antraniilihappo

the aromatic amino acid 2-aminobenzoic acid


effector

effectors (plural)
effectour (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-effector.wav

(biology) Any muscle, organ etc. that can respond to a stimulus from a nerve.

(biology) The part of a nerve that carries a stimulus to a muscle etc.

(biology) Any small molecule that effects the function of an enzyme by binding to an allosteric site.


phoronid

(zoology) Any hermaphroditic wormlike marine animals of the phylum Phoronida.


phylogenomics

(genetics) The science that studies the relationship of the function of genes to their evolution.


precatalytic

(biochemistry) Relating to the changes (in structure etc.) that happen to enzymes before their catalytic function becomes possible.


ribonucleoprotein

(biochemistry) Any nucleoprotein that contains RNA.


nucleoprotein

(biochemistry) Any complex of a nucleic acid and a protein


glycosinolate

(biochemistry) Any of a family of toxic nitrogen-containing sugar sulfates found in all brassicas and many related plants. In the presence of myrosinases, they produce the isothiocyanates responsible for the pungent bite in the flavor of these plants.


glucosinolate

Glucosinolates are a group of plant thioglucosides found principally among members of the Cruciferae.

1991, Alan J. Duncan, “Chapter 6: Glucosinolates”, in J. P. Felix D'Mello, C. M. Duffus, John H. Duffus, editors, Toxic Substances in Crop Plants, page 126:

Intakes of indoles or their parental glucosinolates, may have beneficial health effects as well as toxicological effects.

1999, Lars Ove Dragsted, Naturally Occurring Antitumourigens, page 41:

Sulphur availability has a larger effect on the content of glucosinolates, sulphur containing secondary metabolites, in both the vegetation and the seed of oilseed rape plant.

2003, K. C. Walker, E. J. Booth, “Sulphur Nutrition and Oilseed Quality”, in Y.P. Abrol, A. Ahmad, editors, Sulphur in Plants, page 323:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any glycosinolate in which the sugar component is glucose.


flower head

flower heads (plural)
flowerhead (alternative)

(botany) A compact cluster of florets having the appearance of a single [flower]] (as in the daisy family).


connate

en-adj

connate (comparative more connate, superlative most connate)

more connate (comparative)
most connate (superlative)

From Latin connatus. Doublet of cognate.

(botany) United with other organs of the same kind (for example sepals connate with sepals, petals connate with petals, or stamens with stamens).


carnose

carnose (comparative more carnose, superlative most carnose)

more carnose (comparative)
most carnose (superlative)

(botany) of a fleshy consistency; applied to succulent leaves, stems, etc.


phytogeography

en-noun

phytogeography (countable and uncountable, plural phytogeographies)

(biology) The science that studies the geographical distribution of plants; geobotany


heliophilous

en-adj

heliophilous (comparative more heliophilous, superlative most heliophilous)

more heliophilous (comparative)
most heliophilous (superlative)

(botany) That needs, or tolerates, a high level of direct sunlight

heliòfil

needing or tolerating a high level of sunlight


epicalyx

en-noun

epicalyx (plural epicalyxes or epicalyces)

(botany) A group of bracts resembling a calyx


epicarp

epi- + Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”); epi- + -carp.


calyculus

calyculi (plural)
caliculus (alternative)

(botany, British) A group of bracts resembling an outer calyx.


aftershaft

(ornithology) An accessory plume arising from the posterior of the contour feathers of many birds.


hypoptilum

From New Latin hypoptilum, from hypo- + Ancient Greek πτίλον (ptílon, “soft feathers, down”).

af

This secondary feather is known as the aftershaft or hypoptilum, and its presence or absence constitutes the most important structural difference in the feathers of existing birds.

1924 October 30, W. DeW. Miller, “Variations in the structure of the aftershaft and their taxonomic value”, in American Museum Novitates, number 140:

The feathers in some ratites are unusual as they are less reduced than is the norm in birds—each feather has, in addition to the main feather, a large “after-shaft” or hypoptilum.

2016, Michael Heads, Biogeography and Evolution in New Zealand:


cyprine

en-adj

cyprine (comparative more cyprine, superlative most cyprine)

more cyprine (comparative)
most cyprine (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to the cypress.


cyprine

From Latin cyprīnus (“a species of carp”) + -ine.


milvine

en-adj

milvine (comparative more milvine, superlative most milvine)

more milvine (comparative)
most milvine (superlative)

(zoology) Of or resembling birds of the kite kind.


owlery

Or perhaps there is now no heroic wisdom left in England; England, once the land of heroes, is itself sunk now to a dim owlery, and habitation of doleful creatures, intent only on money-making and other forms of catching mice, for whom the proper gospel is the gospel of M‘Croudy, and all nobler impulses and insights are forbidden henceforth?

1850 April 1, Thomas Carlyle, “No. III. Downing Street.”, in Latter-Day Pamphlets, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, page 93:


penguinery

(zoology) A breeding place, or rookery, of penguins.


pheasantry

(zoology) A place for keeping and rearing pheasants.


land degradation

(ecology) The decline in the overall quality of soil, water or vegetation condition commonly caused by human activities.

土地退化

decline in the overall quality of soil, water or vegeatation


ectomycorrhiza

en-noun

ectomycorrhiza (plural ectomycorrhizae or ectomycorrhizas)

ectomycorrhizae (plural)
ectomycorrhizas (plural)

(ecology) A form of mycorrhiza consisting of a sheath of fungus around the root tips of the symbiotic plant.


ascaridole

After the genus Ascaris (nematode worms), referring to this compound’s anthelmintic properties.

(biochemistry) A bicyclic monoterpene peroxide found in plants of the Chenopodium genus; it is explosive


adendritic

en-adj

adendritic (comparative more adendritic, superlative most adendritic)

more adendritic (comparative)
most adendritic (superlative)

(biology) (of a neuron) Not having dendrites.

(biology) (of other cells) Not having cytoplasmic processes.


syncitium

syncitia (plural)
syncytium (alternative)

From syn- (“together”) + Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “vessel, cell”). Compare -cyte (“cell”).

der

(biology) A mass of cytoplasm that has many nuclei and an enclosing membrane but no individual cells


extrorse

en-adj

extrorse (comparative more extrorse, superlative most extrorse)

more extrorse (comparative)
most extrorse (superlative)

(botany) Said of anthers dehiscing outwards from the center of the flower.


phelloderm

From Ancient Greek φελλός (phellós) + -derm.

(botany) The innermost parenchymatous tissue of the periderm of some plants


floriferous

floriferous (comparative more floriferous, superlative most floriferous)

more floriferous (comparative)
most floriferous (superlative)

From Latin flos, floris + -i- + -ferous.

So floriferous are Asian pears, and the tree so laden with young fruit, that as the tree approaches maturity it is worth considering thinning the fruit (I can't quite bring myself to thin the flowers) so as to neither overburden the tree for this year nor tire it for the next.

2015 September 5, Mark Diacono, “In praise of the Asian pear”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening), archived from the original on 2015-09-12, page 3:

(botany) That bears flowers (especially lots of flowers).


GJ

(molecular biology, biochemistry) Initialism of gap junction.


elegantin

(biochemistry) A particular disintegrin.


epidermin

(biochemistry) A protein related to fibrin.


gamopetalous

gamopetalous (comparative more gamopetalous, superlative most gamopetalous)

more gamopetalous (comparative)
most gamopetalous (superlative)

(botany) Having petals wholly or partially fused in such a way that the corolla takes the form of a tube, trumpet, channel, or similarly nearly-rigid structure.


gynoecium

en-noun

gynoecium (plural gynoeciums or gynoecia)

From New Latin; from gyno- + oecium (from Ancient Greek οἰκῐ́ον (oikĭ́on), diminutive of οἶκος (oîkos, “house”)).

(botany) The pistils/carpels of a flower considered as a group


gynophore

(botany) The stalk of a pistil; the stalk, present in certain flowers (such as those of the genera Telopea and Brachychiton), which supports the gynoecium.


divisio

From Latin dīvīsiō (“division”). Doublet of division.

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below regnum and above classis.


tribus

The entire Tenebrionid fauna of this region is constituted by genera or tribuses whose present area of distribution is of the pattern called by Mayr "pan tropical" and by Vandel "gondwanian".

1963, Proceedings of the International Congress of Zoology, page 207:

It might therefore be justified to separate them from the remaining genera of the subfamily Lithosinae as a tribus with two subtribus, or as two tribus.

1965, A Revision of the West African Eilemic Moths, Based on the Male Genitalia, page 9:

In this Flora distinctly sarcodimitic species are allowed in two tribus, viz. Xeruleae and Myceneae.

1990, C[ornelis] Bas, “Tricholomataceae R.Heim ex Pouz”, in Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: Critical monographs on families of agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands, volume 2, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 66:


scaffold protein

scaffold protein (plural scaffold proteins)

(biochemistry) Proteins that bring together various other proteins in a signaling pathway and allow for their interaction. They recruit downstream effectors in a pathway and enhance specificity of the signal.


glycoscience

(biochemistry) Any of several scientific disciplines that study complex carbohydrates and especially their relationships with protein and lipids.


acetylglucosaminyltransferase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that adds acetylglucosamine to heptose residues of bacterial cell walls


acetylglucosamine

(biochemistry) An amide derivative of glucose that forms part of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls


glycosynthesis

(biochemistry) The synthesis (especially the biosynthesis) of sugars and polysaccharides


multimeric

en-adj

multimeric (comparative more multimeric, superlative most multimeric)

more multimeric (comparative)
most multimeric (superlative)

(biochemistry) Describing a protein that has multiple polypeptide chains


phytohemagglutinin

(biochemistry) Any hemagglutinin (lectin) of plant origin, but especially that found in many beans that has a physiological action


selectin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of transmembrane glycoproteins important in cell adhesion


introrse

introrse (comparative more introrse, superlative most introrse)

more introrse (comparative)
most introrse (superlative)

From Latin introrsus, introrsum (“toward the inside”, adverb), variant of introversus, from intrō + versus (“turned”).

(botany) Facing or turned inwards or towards an axis.

(botany) Said of anthers turned toward the center of the flower.


DAN

(biochemistry) Acronym of deadenylating nuclease, a protein that binds the 5' cap of mRNA and begins degradation in the 3' to 5' direction.


5′ cap

(biochemistry) A specially altered nucleotide end to the 5′ end of precursor messenger RNA and some other primary RNA transcripts as found in eukaryotes and caliciviruses, vital to creating mature messenger RNA which is then able to undergo translation.


5′ end

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid strand which terminates at the chemical group attached to the fifth carbon in the sugar ring.


3′ end

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid strand which terminates at the hydroxyl (-OH) chemical group attached to the third carbon in the sugar ring.


cholinesterase

The little tablets she has to take inhibit cholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 11:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of choline-based esters (acetylcholine or butyrylcholine).


cryostat

For Jaumain[…]that long period of uncertainty began on 31 May 2010, when she stabbed her left thumb with a curved forceps while cleaning a cryostat—a machine that can cut tissues at very low temperatures—that she used to slice brain sections from transgenic mice infected with a sheep-adapted form of BSE.

2021 July 28, Barbara Casassus, “France issues moratorium on prion research after fatal brain disease strikes two lab workers”, in Science:

(biology) A microtome held at a constant low temperature.


aldohexose

(biochemistry) Any hexose containing an aldehyde group.


ketohexose

(biochemistry) Any hexose containing a ketone group.


mannan

(biochemistry) A plant polysaccharide that is a highly branched polymer of mannose (or galactose or glucose).


bioaccumulation

en-noun

bioaccumulation (countable and uncountable, plural bioaccumulations)

(biology) The process by which substances accumulate in the tissues of living organisms; used especially of toxic substances that accumulate via a food chain.

bioakkumulation

the process by which substances accumulate in the tissues of living organisms


demethylated

en-adj

demethylated (comparative more demethylated, superlative most demethylated)

more demethylated (comparative)
most demethylated (superlative)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) That has been subjected to demethylation.


demethylation

That imprinted genes escape demethylation is, we now know, all that stood between science and the cloning of mammals for many years.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 212:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The removal of one or more methyl groups from a molecule.


demethylate

en-verb

demethylate (third-person singular simple present demethylates, present participle demethylating, simple past and past participle demethylated)

demethylates (present singular third-person)
demethylating (participle present)
demethylated (participle past)
demethylated (past)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) To remove one or more methyl groups from a molecule, especially from a biologically active molecule


ataxin

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins, found in several organs of the body, that have an association with ataxia


macroorganism

macroorganisms (plural)
macro-organism (alternative)
macroörganism (alternative)

(biology) Any organism that can be seen with the naked eye (or with a simple lens).

makro-organismi

any organism that can be seen with the naked eye)


metagenomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to metagenomics


osmolyte

(biology) Any substance that contributes to the (regulation of) osmotic pressure in cells and tissues


trinucleotide repeat disorder

en-noun

trinucleotide repeat disorder (plural trinucleotide repeat disorders)

(genetics, medicine) Any of a group of disorders caused by stretches of DNA that contain a sequence of three nucleotides repeated many times


retinoid

Tests on the two retinoids, combined with computer modelling, showed that the compounds killed not only normal MRSA cells, but dormant, or “persister”, cells too.

2018 March 28, Ian Sample, The Guardian:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of compounds whose structure or effects on the body resemble retinol (vitamin A).


streptokinase

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An enzyme produced by some streptococci which is involved in breaking down red blood cells by activating plasminogen to produce plasmin. It is used to treat blood clots and inflammation.


virome

Blend of virus + genome or from viro- + -ome.

Scientists now have discovered another realm within our habitat  the virome, a large community of viruses.

2010 July 19, “A Universe of Us”, in The New York Times:

Nevertheless, the comprehensive comparative analysis of pumpkin viromes across various geographic regions by NGS remains deficient.

2023 August 27, Batchimeg Togoobat, Nan Wu, Xifeng Wang, Mengji Cao, Zhongtian Xu, “Viromic approach reveals differences in the composition, diversity and relative abundance of pumpkin viruses across main growing regions of China”, in Virology, volume 585, →DOI, pages 61-71:

(biology) The genomes of all the viruses that inhabit a particular organism or environment.


deoxyribonucleic

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(genetics) Of or pertaining to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or its derivatives.


ribonucleic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to ribonucleic acid (RNA) or its derivatives

рыбануклеі́навы

of or pertaining to RNA or its derivatives


metabolian

(zoology, dated) An insect which undergoes a metamorphosis.


monogynian

(botany) Relating to the Monogynia; monogynous.


inquiline

From Latin inquilīnus (“tenant, lodger”).

The other study[…]involved the larvae of the caterpillar Maculinea rebeli, an inquiline of Myrmica schenki.

2003, Gary J. Blomquist, Ralph W. Howard, “Pheromone biosynthesis in social insects”, in Gary J. Blomquist, Richard G. Vogt, editors, Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, page 331:

Queens of socially parasitic inquiline ants reproduce by laying eggs in the colonies of other species.

2003, Mary Jane West-Eberhard, Developmental Plasticity and Evolution:

A reproductive female inquiline gains access to a host nest and usually kills the resident queen.

2010, P. J. Gullan, P. S. Cranston, The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th edition, page 332:

(biology) An animal that lives commensally in the nest, burrow, gall, or dwelling place of an animal of another species.

inquilin

animal that lives commensally in the dwelling place of another species

Captured prey also constitute the resource base for a community of inquiline bacteria, protozoa, and invertebrates that inhabit the water-filled pitchers. For at least two of these inquilines (the pitcher-plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii Coquillet and the pitcher-plant midge Metriocnemus knabi Coquillet) the availability of captured prey limits individual growth, and ultimately population growth[…]

1998, Stephen B. Heard, “Capture rates of invertebrate prey by the pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea L.”, in The American Midland Naturalist, volume 139, number 1, pages 79–89:

The insect and other animal inhabitants of the pitchers, known collectively as the inquilines, may benefit the plants by breaking down prey and making nutrients available for plant absorption.

2001, J. K. Cronk, M. Siobhan Fennessy, Wetland Plants: Biology and Ecology, page 145:

(biology) An organism that lives within a reservoir of water collected in the hollow of a plant stem or leaf.


hypogeous

en-adj

hypogeous (comparative more hypogeous, superlative most hypogeous)

more hypogeous (comparative)
most hypogeous (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ὑπόγειος (hupógeios) + -ous.

af

grc:ὑπόγειος

(biology) Living or maturing underground; subterranean


melliferous

en-adj

melliferous (comparative more melliferous, superlative most melliferous)

more melliferous (comparative)
most melliferous (superlative)

/mɪˈlɪfəɹəs/

/məˈlɪfəɹəs/

PIE word
 *mélit
Learned borrowing from Latin mellifer (“honey-bearing, honey-producing, melliferous”) + English -ous (suffix forming adjectives denoting the presence of a quality, typically in abundance). Mellifer is derived from mel (“honey”) (plural form mella; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mélit (“honey”)) + -fer (suffix meaning ‘bearing, bringing, carrying’).

lbor

[I]t vvas impoſſible to tell the Number of Palm-Trees, Olive-Trees, and Fig-trees [in Canaan]; beſides the Paſturage for raiſing innumerable Cattle; and vvas the great Market, for the Arabians and all the Countries about. And being Mountanous, could not but abound vvith Melliferous Plants of the beſt kind.

1701, Nehemiah Grew, “Of the Truth and Excellency of the Hebrew Code. And First, as They Appear from Foreign Proof.”, in Cosmologia Sacra: Or A Discourse of the Universe as It is the Creature and Kingdom of God. […], London: […] W[illiam] Rogers, S[amuel] Smith, and B[enjamin] Walford: […], →OCLC, 4th book, paragraph 22, pages 148–149:

Pliny [the Elder] ſays this flovver [the anemone] […] differs alſo from ranunclulus in not having a melliferous pore on the clavv of each petal.

1789, [Erasmus Darwin], The Botanic Garden; a Poem, in Two Parts. […], London: J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1791, →OCLC, part II (The Loves of the Plants; 3rd edition), footnote, page 33:

Thus, for the due fertilization of the common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) it is necessary that the irritable stamens should be brought into contact with the pistil by the application of some stimulus to the base of the filament; but this would never take place were not insects attracted by the melliferous glands of the flower to insinuate themselves amongst the filaments, and thus while seeking their own food unknowingly fulfil the intentions of nature in another department.

1815, William Kirby, William Spence, “Letter IX. Benefits Derived from Insects.”, in An Introduction to Entomology: Or Elements of the Natural History of Insects: […], volume I, London: […] [Richard and Arthur Taylor] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], →OCLC, page 288:

In the Yucatan of Mexico, most resource-poor farmers manage garden, overstory, and edge vegetation to generate plant products for household use and income from non-timber forest products such as honey. Competing growth is removed around 34 melliferous plant species at field edges and in neighboring woodlands. This pruning requires in-depth knowledge of flowering phenology of melliferous and polliniferous species in the area.

1999, Kenneth W. Mudge, Eric B[arton] Brennan, “Clonal Propagation of Multipurpose and Fruit Trees Used in Agroforestry”, in Louise E[lizabeth] Buck, James P[hilip] Lassoie, Erick C. M. Fernandes, editors, Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems (Advances in Agroecology), Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 142:

The importance of the flowering in the dry season was reported by Porter-Bolland (2003), who found that at least 30% of the melliferous flora of Campeche flowers in the dry season.

2015, Mirna Valdez-Hernández, “Vegetative and Reproductive Plant Phenology”, in Gerald Alexander Islebe, Sophie Calmé, Jorge L[eonel] León-Cortés, Birgit Schmook, editors, Biodiversity and Conservation of the Yucatán Peninsula, Cham, Zug, Switzerland: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, part II (Plants and Environment), page 94:

(botany) Of a plant or its parts: bearing any substance (such as nectar or pollen) which is collected by bees to produce honey.

mel·lífer

of a plant or its parts: bearing any substance which is collected by bees to produce honey


mericarp

(botany) An individual carpel of a schizocarp, having a single seed


mesocarp

From meso- + -carp (from Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, “middle”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”)).

(botany) The middle layer of the pericarp of a fruit. In many fruits such as drupes and tomatoes, the mesocarp is fleshy


mesophyllic

en-adj

mesophyllic (comparative more mesophyllic, superlative most mesophyllic)

more mesophyllic (comparative)
most mesophyllic (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to the mesophyll of a leaf


mesophyll

(botany) The soft internal parenchyma of a leaf


mesophyte

From French mésophyte, equivalent to meso- (“middle”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any normal terrestrial plant that grows in environments that have an average supply of water.

méisifít

plant that grows with an average supply of water


umbilicate

umbilicate (comparative more umbilicate, superlative most umbilicate)

more umbilicate (comparative)
most umbilicate (superlative)
umbilicated (alternative)

Latin umbilicatus. By surface analysis, umbilic- + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

surf

(mycology, of a mushroom etc.) Having a small umbo in a central depression, or a depression in the center of the cap.

umbilicado

having a small umbo in a central depression


umbonate

en-adj

umbonate (comparative more umbonate, superlative most umbonate)

more umbonate (comparative)
most umbonate (superlative)

From New Latin umbōnātus, from Latin umbō.

(mycology, of a mushroom etc) Having an umbo


uncincate

uncincate (comparative more uncincate, superlative most uncincate)

more uncincate (comparative)
most uncincate (superlative)

(mycology) Describing a type of notched gill attachment where the gill edge is abruptly concave near the point where it contacts the stipe and the gill is attached by a narrow decurrent extension.


vaginatoid

(mycology) Of a mushroom: having free or finely adnexed gills and a volva, and without an annulus.


perisporium

en-noun

perisporium (plural perisporiums or perisporia)

perisporiums (plural)
perisporia (plural)

(mycology) the outer part of a spore wall which often disappears in older spores.


peronate

en-adj

peronate (comparative more peronate, superlative most peronate)

more peronate (comparative)
most peronate (superlative)


Thr

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of thrombin.

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of threonine.


methylome

The reprogramming of parental methylomes is essential for embryonic development.

2019, He-Feng Huan et al., “16: The Intergenerational Effects on Fetal Programming”, in Peter C. K. Leung, Jie Qiao, editors, Human Reproductive and Prenatal Genetics, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 372:

(genetics) The set of nucleic acid methylation modifications in an organism's genome or in a particular cell.


monodelphous

(botany) Describing stamens that have filaments united into a single tubelike group

(zoology) Of or relating to the Monodelphia.


nervature

en-noun

nervature (countable and uncountable, plural nervatures)


fungicolous

en-adj

fungicolous (comparative more fungicolous, superlative most fungicolous)

more fungicolous (comparative)
most fungicolous (superlative)


fusoid-ventricose

fusoid-ventricose (comparative more fusoid-ventricose, superlative most fusoid-ventricose)

more fusoid-ventricose (comparative)
most fusoid-ventricose (superlative)

[…] sp. irregularly elliptic-oblong (angulato-ellipsoideis), 9-15 × 5-7 μ; c. fusoid-ventricose, 60-70 × 19-22 μ.

1904, George Massee, “A Monograph of the genus Inocybe, Karsten”, in Annals of Botany, volume 18, page 467:

The fusoid-ventricose type (fig. A13) apparently arises from the basidiole-type by elongation of the apical region of the cell to produce a ± narrow neck tapered to a more or less obtuse apex.

1983, Alexander Hanchett Smith, The Veiled Species of Hebeloma in the Western United States, page 7:

SPORES 7–9 × 4–5 μm, ellipsoid, smooth, with an apical germ pore, thin-walled, purplish brown in deposit; cheilocystidia clavate or fusoid-ventricose; annulus, and fruits in fall and winter at lower elevations.

2015, Dennis E. Desjardin, California Mushrooms: The Comprehensive Identification Guide:

(mycology) Having a structure which is distinctly enlarged in the middle and tapered toward both ends


galerinoid

galerinoid (comparative more galerinoid, superlative most galerinoid)

more galerinoid (comparative)
most galerinoid (superlative)

(mycology) Having a brittle stem, attached gills and an annulus, but no volva.


germ pore

(mycology) A small pore in the outer wall of a fungal spore.


gill trama

A macaronic blend of gill + Latin trāma (“woof”)

(mycology) The internal flesh of a mushroom gill.


gloeocystidium

gloeocystidia (plural)
gleocystidium (alternative)

(mycology) A cystidium which easily stains with a chemical reagent or has oily, resinous, granular contents.


hilar appendix

en-noun

hilar appendix (plural hilar appendices)

(mycology) The part of a spore which attaches to the sterigmata at the end of a basidium.


ovipositor

/əʊvɪˈpɒzɪtə/

From ovi- (“egg”) + Latin positor (“one who places”, agent noun form of pōnere).

af

agent noun form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">pōnere</i>

I'm fascinated by a splendid European wasp - Rhyssa persuasoria (sabre wasp). […] It has a remarkable ovipositor. That's the multi-function "hypodermic needle" at the end of the abdomen, and, in this instance, it doubles the length of the wasp to about 8cm.

2019 September 15, Jonathan Amos, “Wasps: If you can't love them, at least admire them”, in BBC News:

(zoology) A tubular protruding organ for laying eggs.


humicolous

en-adj

humicolous (comparative more humicolous, superlative most humicolous)

more humicolous (comparative)
most humicolous (superlative)


hygrophanous

hygrophanous (comparative more hygrophanous, superlative most hygrophanous)

more hygrophanous (comparative)
most hygrophanous (superlative)

From hygro- (“moistness”) + -phanous (“appearing”).

af

(mycology) Changing color as it dries out.


hygrophoroid

en-adj

hygrophoroid (comparative more hygrophoroid, superlative most hygrophoroid)

more hygrophoroid (comparative)
most hygrophoroid (superlative)

(mycology, of a mushroom) Having thick waxy gills.


hilar appendage

en-noun

hilar appendage (plural hilar appendages)


hymenial cystidium

hymenial cystidium (plural hymenial cystidia)

(mycology) A cystidium which is found on the spore bearing surface of a fungus.


hymeniderm

(mycology) A surface layer of lengthened cells arranged side by side on the spore-bearing surface of a fungus.


hymeniform

en-adj

hymeniform (comparative more hymeniform, superlative most hymeniform)

more hymeniform (comparative)
most hymeniform (superlative)

(mycology) Formed like the spore-bearing surface of a fungus.


hymenium

(mycology) The sporebearing surface of a fungus.