cryptodepression

/ˌkɹɪptəʊdɪˈpɹɛʃən/

From crypto- (“hidden”) + depression (“area lower in topography than its surroundings”).

prefix

When the bottom of the lake lies below mean sea level, it is said to occupy a cryptodepression, the depth of which is the depth below sea level of the deepest point of the basin.

1957, G[eorge] Evelyn Hutchinson, A Treatise on Limnology, volumes I (Geography, Physics, and Chemistry), New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →OCLC, page 165:

The lake's elevation above sea level is 74.01 meters (242.8 feet) which makes its depth of cryptodepression to be 170 meters (558 feet).

1975 March, Robert V. Thomann, Dominick M. DeToro, Richard P. Winfield, Donald J. O’Connor, “Section IV: Lake Ontario – Background”, in Mathematical Modeling of Phytoplankton in Lake Ontario: 1. Model Development and Verification (Ecological Research Series; EPA-660/3-75-005), Corvallis, Or.: National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, →OCLC, page 8:

The greater volume of the lake [Lake Susupe] occupies a cryptodepression (that portion which lies below sea level). Based upon a surface elevation of +2.5 ft determined on 20 December 1978 by Juan C. Tenorio and Associates' surveyors, the depth of the cryptodepression is -1.4m (4.7 ft) below sea level.

1979 June, “Appendix A: Problem Identification”, in A Study to Determine the Feasibility of Providing Flood Control Improvements to the Susupe Chalan Kanoa Area, Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Draft Detailed Report and Environmental Statement, Fort Shafter [Honolulu], Hi.: U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, →OCLC, page A-10:

At present there are three major closed systems (Awash R. – Afar drainage, northern rift lakes, southern rift lakes), numerous crater lakes with seepage-in and -out, and two cryptodepressions with marine inputs.

1988, R. B. Wood, J. F. Talling, “Chemical and Algal Relationships in a Salinity Series of Ethiopian Inland Waters”, in Hydrobiologia: The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences, volume 158, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29; reprinted in J. M. Melack, editor, Saline Lakes: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes, Held at Nairobi, Kenya, August 1985 (Developments in Hydrobiology; 44), Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1988, →DOI, →ISBN, abstract, page 29:

The maximum depth of some lakes is below current sea level. Such lakes are called cryptodepressions. Well-known cases of tectonic lakes include Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea. Some glacial lakes in Norway, Scotland and England are also cryptodepressions.

[2012, José Galizia Tundisi, Takako Matsumura-Tundisi, “The Origin of Lakes”, in Limnology, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 3.3.10 (Average Slope (α)), page 49:

(geography, limnology) The portion of a lake which lies below sea level.


quill

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-quill.wav

From late Middle English quyl, which is first attested in the early 15th century with the meanings "fragment of reed" and "shaft of a feather", probably from Low German and Middle Low German quiele, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to pierce, stick”).
Compare Middle High German kil (“large feather, quill”), which is derived from the Low German term.


anamorphic

/ˌænəˈmɔːfɪk/

/ˌænəˈmɔɹfɪk/

(mycology) Of or relating to the anamorph, an asexual stage in the development of certain fungi.

anamòrfic

relating to the gradual lifecycles of certain organisms


hot spot

hot spots (plural)
hotspot (alternative)

titik panas

location which has a higher temperature or amount of radiation than surrounding areas

пизэке

biodiversity hotspot
biodiversity hotspot#English

(figuratively) A place notable for a high level of activity or danger.

(ecology) Ellipsis of biodiversity hotspot (“a place with a significant level of biodiversity, particularly if the flora and fauna are threatened with loss of their habitat”).

biodiversity hotspot

(genetics) The region of a gene in which there is a higher than normal rate of mutation.


stipulation

en-noun

stipulation (countable and uncountable, plural stipulations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-stipulation.wav

(botany) The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules.


thallic

en-adj

thallic (comparative more thallic, superlative most thallic)

more thallic (comparative)
most thallic (superlative)


Human Genome Project

(genetics) An organized international scientific endeavour to determine the complete structure of human genetic material (DNA), identify all the genes, and to understand their function.


coronal

coronal (comparative more coronal, superlative most coronal)

more coronal (comparative)
most coronal (superlative)

From Middle English coronal, from Anglo-Norman coronal, from Latin corōnālis (“related to a crown”), from corōna (“crown”).

(botany) Relating to the corona of a flower.


monobasic

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(zoology) Having only one subordinate taxon; monotypic.


fynbos

From Afrikaans fynbos (“fynbos”), from fyn (“fine”) (as in fine-textured, as opposed to trees) and bos (“bush or forest”) .

The southern and western Cape is the home of a unique type of vegetation known as fynbos. Covering around 90 000 square kilometers of often harsh terrain, fynbos is made up of approximately 6 000 different plant species.

1992, Reader's Digest, The Great South African Outdoors:

(botany) Vegetation unique to the Cape Floral Kingdom, largely scrub, exceptionally biodiverse, including particularly large numbers of species of Proteaceae, Restionaceae, and Ericaceae.


treadle

From Middle English tredel, from Old English tredel; equivalent to tread + -le.


tree trunk

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(botany) The main structural member of a tree.


frenulum

frenula (plural)
frenulums (plural)
fraenulum (alternative hypercorrect nonstandard)
frænulum (alternative hypercorrect nonstandard)

Borrowed from New Latin frēnulum, diminutive of frēnum (“a bridle, curb, bit”).

(entomology, zootomy) A bristle or row of bristles on the edge of the hindwings of some lepidoptera which unites the wings by interlocking with a catch on the posterior part of the forewings.


myrmecology

/ˌmɜː(ɹ)mɪˈkɒləd͡ʒi/

From Ancient Greek myrmeco- (“ant”) + -logy (“study (of)”).


odonatology

(entomology) The study of dragonflies and often damselflies.

odonatologie

Scientific study of dragonflies and damselflies


monomorphic

/ˌmɑnoʊ̯ˈmɔɹfɪk/

From mono- (“one”) + -morphic (“of a form”).

Common immunohistochemical markers of this lymphoma include CD2, CD56, CD3, and T-cell receptors. 7 Typically, the histology of these lymphomas are characterized by monomorphic inflammatory cellular infiltrates, which may be diffuse or show angiocentricity and angiodestruction as well as tissue destruction. 7 Lymphoid markers from the nasal mucosal biopsy from this patient were negative for CD56 and EBER.

2015, Brook McConnell, M. Sherif Said, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, “Nasal septal perforation associated with pyoderma gangrenosum”, in Allergy & Rhinology, volume 6, →DOI:

(genetics, of a gene) Invariant across a species.


triculture

(biology) A coculture containing three different types of cells.


trisect

(biology) Trisected; divided into three.


pollen parent

seed parent

antonym(s) of “plant that contributes pollen”

(botany) The plant that contributes male reproductive material, the pollen.


pollen tube

(botany) The tube that develops from the wall of a pollen grain and, in seed plants, provides a passage through which the male nuclei reach the embryo sac to effect fertilization.


retract

en-verb

retract (third-person singular simple present retracts, present participle retracting, simple past and past participle retracted)

retracts (present singular third-person)
retracting (participle present)
retracted (participle past)
retracted (past)

From Late Middle English retracten, retract (“to absorb, draw in”), from Latin retractus (“withdrawn”), the perfect passive participle of Latin retrahō (“to draw or pull back, withdraw; to bring back; to compel to turn back; to recall; to get back, recover; to hold back, restrain, withhold; to remove, take away; to bring to light again; (Late Latin) to delay”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + trahō (“to drag, pull; to extract, withdraw”). Doublet of retreat.

der

A cat can retract its claws.

To pull (something) back or back inside.

(specifically, zoology) To draw (an extended body part) back into the body.

縮 /缩

to draw (an extended body part) back into the body


heteroclitic

en-adj

heteroclitic (comparative more heteroclitic, superlative most heteroclitic)

more heteroclitic (comparative)
most heteroclitic (superlative)

[…] a heteroclitic response was never observed after the immunization with the deamidated peptide […]

2011, Eric J. Toone, Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, page 300:

(microbiology) Pertaining to antibodies that react to a wide variety of antigens.


oligotrophic

oligotrophic (comparative more oligotrophic, superlative most oligotrophic)

more oligotrophic (comparative)
most oligotrophic (superlative)

(biology, of a body of water) being poor in nutrients and minerals


trimorphic

/ˌtɹaɪˈmɔɹfɪk/

(zoology) Having three different forms with a clear attribute amongst three animals of the same species.

(botany) Having three different forms of flowers, leaves, or any other attribute on the same plant.


trophoblast

(cytology) The membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy, providing nutrients to the embryo and later developing into part of the placenta.


storage organ

(botany) A part of a plant, such as a bulb, specifically modified for storage of energy (generally in the form of carbohydrates) or of water.

zásobní orgán

botany: part of plant modified for storage of energy


clathrate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-clathrate.wav

From Latin clāthrātus, from clāthrī (“lattice”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix). The noun is from the clipping of clathrate compound, see -ate.

(biology) Having a lattice-like structure.


armarium

Unadapted borrowing from Latin armārium. Doublet of ambry, armoire, and almirah.

The proventriculus of both the Blattaria and Isoptera conforms to the basic orthopteran plan and consists of an anterior armarium and the posterior stomodaeal valve; the armarium tapers posteriorly as it merges with the narrow valve.

1963, Memoir - Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, →OCLC:

The proventriculi of both Arenivaga bolliana and Hypercomps fieberi appear to lack the anterior dental belt of the armarium; otherwise, they are dissimilar.

1964, F. A. McKittrick, Evolutionary Studies of Cockroaches, page 78:

The sclerotized portion of the proventriculus (armarium) has six cuticular folds each armed with a tooth for crushing food and a pulvillus bearing hairs which forms a fine filter.

1975, Lucy D. Leake, Comparative Histology: An Introduction to the Microscopic Structure of Animals:

Anteriorly it bears an armarium and posteriosly^([sic]) a stomodaeal valve.

1991, H.S. Bhamrah, Introduction to Arthropoda, page 169:


tympanum

Borrowed from Latin tympanum (“a drum, timbrel, tambourine; the eardrum”). Doublet of timbre, timpani, timbal, and tymbal.

قَلْب القَوْصَرَة

triangular space between the sides of a pediment

(anatomy, zootomy) Any of various anatomic structures in various animals with analogy to a drum head:

(anatomy, zootomy) The eardrum (tympanic membrane, membrana tympanica).

(anatomy, zootomy) The main portion of the middle ear: the tympanic cavity (cavitas tympani).

(zootomy, entomology) A thin tense membrane covering the hearing organ on the leg or body of some insects, sometimes adapted (as in cicadas) for producing sound.

(zootomy) A membranous resonator in a sound-producing organ in frogs and toads.

(zootomy) (in certain birds) The labyrinth at the bottom of the windpipe.


timpanum

timpanums (plural)
timpana (plural)
tympanum (alternative)

(zoology) An external hearing organ in some insects.


nematode

Derived from Ancient Greek νηματώδης (nēmatṓdēs, “fibrous, in filaments”), from νῆμα (nêma, “thread, yarn”) + -ώδης (-ṓdēs, “-like”).

af

Nematodes are free-living, soil-dwelling microscopic worms.

2020, Brandon Taylor, Real Life, Daunt Books Originals, page 7:

(zoology) A worm of the large phylum Nematoda, such as a roundworm or threadworm.


synaptic

From New Latin synapticus, from Ancient Greek συναπτικός (sunaptikós, “capable of adjusting”).

der

By far the greater proportion of cytologists however are of the opinion that the synaptic contraction is a normal stage in the heterotypic prophases.

1913, Frederick McAllister, On the cytology and embryology of Smilacina racemosa:

(cytology) Of or relating to a synapsis—the association of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes during the initial part of meiosis.


tymbal

Variant of timbale, from French timbale.

(entomology) One of a pair of specialised sound-producing structures located below each side of the anterior abdominal region of various species of cicada.


xerosere

en-noun

xerosere (countable and uncountable, plural xeroseres)

(ecology) The succession of ecological communities which originated in an extremely dry habitat such as a desert or sand dunes.

szárazföldi szukcessziós sorozat

ecology: the succession of ecological communities which originated in an extremely dry habitat


mimosa

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-mimosa.wav

From New Latin mimosa, from Latin mimus (“mime, actor”), referring to Mimosa pudica and its habit of shrinking back when touched. The cocktail is named after the bright yellow, fragrant flowers of the mimosa Acacia dealbata.

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Mimosa usually found in tropical climates, their leaves are usually prickly and sensitive to touch or light, and have small white or pink flowers.


adaptive zone

(biology) an environment that allows the development of adaptive radiation


adaptive radiation

(biology) The diversification of species into separate forms that each adapt to occupy a specific environmental niche.


tyramine

tyramine (countable and uncountable, plural tyramines)

(biochemistry) A compound which occurs naturally in cheese and other foods and can cause dangerously high blood pressure in people taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.


tyrosinase

tyrosinase (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosinases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to catechol oxidase, that catalyzes the production of phenolic pigments such as melanin.


fascicle

From Latin fasciculus, a diminutive of fascis (“bundle”); see also fasces. Doublet of fasciculus.

(botany) A cluster of flowers or leaves, such as the bundles of the thin leaves (or needles) of pines.

(botany) A discrete bundle of vascular tissue.


fimbriate

Borrowed from Latin fimbriātus (“fibrous, fringed”), participial adjective formed on fimbriae (“fibers, threads, fringe”) + -ātus (participial adjective-forming suffix). See -ate (verb-forming suffix), -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

the fimbriate petals of the pink; the fimbriate end of the Fallopian tube

(biology) Fringed, e.g. where the ends of a petal are split into two or more divisions.


ketogenesis

/ˌkiːtəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

(physiology, biochemistry) The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to produce ketone bodies.


ketogenic

en-adj

ketogenic (comparative more ketogenic, superlative most ketogenic)

more ketogenic (comparative)
most ketogenic (superlative)
keto (alternative short-form)

/ˌkiːtəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/


recombinant

The new HIV test is the first test designed for widespread application that uses recombinant technology to test for highly specific HIV antibodies.

1988 December 11, Chris Bull, “Get Ready For The 5-Minute HIV Test”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 22, page 1:

(genetics) Formed by genetic recombination.


recombinant

(genetics) An organism, cell, or haplotype formed by genetic recombination.


nutation

en-noun

nutation (countable and uncountable, plural nutations)

1610s, from Latin nūtātiō (“nodding”), from nūtō (“I nod”). Compare mutation.

(botany) The circular motion of the tip of a growing shoot.


Dutch elm disease

Named after the country in which the disease was first identified. (It is not specific to Dutch elms.)

The village is a dignified place of thatch, half-timbering, box hedges and neat farms, set among elms (though not as many as formerly, since Dutch elm disease took its toll) on the level plain of the Pewsey Vale.

1980, AA Book of English Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 67:

The process began 50 years ago when Europe’s elms were ravaged by the beetle-borne fungal malady misnamed ʻDutch elm diseaseʼ (which, in fact, is Asian).

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 296:

(phytopathology) A disease of elm trees caused by ascomycete fungi in the genus Ophiostoma and spread by bark beetles.


clastogenic

From Ancient Greek κλάω (kláō, “to break”) + -genic.

(genetics) capable of causing damage to chromosomes


antigenic

[I]n which case, the males are normal, and the species generally antigenic.

1889, Samuel Hubbard Scudder, The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, volume 1, page 535:

(biology, obsolete) Sexually dimorphic, especially with reference to lepidopterans.


radial

en-adj

radial (comparative more radial, superlative most radial)

more radial (comparative)
most radial (superlative)

From Medieval Latin radiālis (“radial”), from Latin radius.

(entomology) Of, or relating to the radius (vein), and/or the wing areas next to it.

(botany) Developing uniformly on all sides.


sematic

(biology, of the colouring of some insects etc.) Acting as a sign of danger.


taproot

From tap + root. The oldest use (by Philemon Holland) is spaced as tap root. In the 18th and 19th centuries the standard spelling was tap-root.

The taproots of trees like the false acacia, growing between Park Royal and Alperton, thrust deeply into the ground, while the spreading roots of the silver birch stitch the soil.

1950 July, “Traveller's Joy”, in Railway Magazine, page ii (advertisement):

Above the lower headcut, phreatophytic mesquite and little leaf sumac hug the banks, drawing pendulate water from the silts remaining from former marsh deposits and sending long taproots into channel stores.

2007, Susan L. Woodward, “Modern Vegetation of the Murray Springs Area and the Upper San Pedro Valley”, in Caleb Vance Haynes, Bruce B. Huckell, editor, Murray Springs, page 58:

On the other hand, those who are compelled by a single strong desire are obsessed with a well-defined problem, which touches the taproot of their soul. They are on the attack, on the move.

2024 October 10, David Brooks, “How Harris Can Finish Strong”, in The New York Times:

(botany) A long, tapering root, exhibited by many plant species (such as carrots and dandelions).


trifoliate

/tɹaɪˈfəʊlɪət/

tri- (“three”) + Latin foliātus (“leaved”) Doublet of tréflé.

(chiefly botany) Having or comprising three leaves, or (loosely) trifoliolate (with three leaflets) or having leaves with three parts, as the clover plant.


rhachitomous

(biology, of vertebrae) Having a large, dorsal, crescentic intercentrum, and a small, dorsal, paired pleurocentrum.


radiolitid

(zoology) Any extinct bivalve in the family Radiolitidae.


immunoglobulin

immunoglobulins (plural)
Ig (alternative abbreviation)

The recent observation that a heat labile human immunoglobulin, IgE , could mediate the release of both histamine and SRS-Aᵐᵒⁿᵏᵉʸ from primate lung slices (Ishizaka et al., 1969), prompted a re-examination of the biologic activity of rat heat labile homocytotropic antibody.

1969, Robert P. Orange, K. Frank Austen, “Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis”, in Advances in Immunology - Volume 10, page 144:

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of the glycoproteins in blood serum that respond to invasion by foreign antigens and that protect the host by removing pathogens; an antibody.


cytotoxicity

en-noun

cytotoxicity (countable and uncountable, plural cytotoxicities)

(biology) The property of being toxic to a cell.


lilliputian

lilliputians (plural)
Lilliputian (alternative)

From the name of a fictional island called Lilliput in the novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift.

(genetics) A fruit fly gene that, when mutated, makes cells abnormally small. See AFF2.


harlequin

harlequin (countable and uncountable, plural harlequins)

From earlier Harlicken, from Middle French Harlequin (in Italian Arlecchino, the name of a popular servant character in commedia dell'arte plays), from Old French Harlequin, Halequin, Herlequin, Hellequin, Hierlekin, Hellekin (a demon, malevolent spirit), probably of Germanic origin, connected to the Old English figure of Herla Cyning (“King Herla”, a mythical figure identified with Woden) or possibly to Old Frisian helle kin, Old English helle cyn, Old Norse heljar kyn (“the kindred of Hell”). Related to Middle English Hurlewain (“a mischievous sprite or goblin”).

cog

(entomology) Any of various riodinid butterflies of the genera Taxila and Praetaxila.


antlia

Borrowed from Latin antlia (“pump”), from Ancient Greek ἀντλία (antlía).

(archaic, zoology) The spiral tubular proboscis of butterflies.


bombardier

Borrowed from Middle French bombardier, from Old French bombarder (“a stone throwing engine”), equivalent to bombard + -er.


raniform

(rare, chiefly zoology) Shaped like a frog; resembling a frog.


chironomid

Fossil chironomids have proven useful as indicators of climatic change.

Devils Lake is where I began my career as a limnologist in 1964, studying the lake’s neotenic salamanders and chironomids, or midge flies. […] The Devils Lake Basin is an endorheic, or closed, basin covering about 9,800 square kilometers in northeastern North Dakota.

2012 January 7, Douglas Larson, “Runaway Devils Lake”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-05-23, page 46:

(entomology) Any of the non-biting midges or Chironomidae, a family of true flies within the order Diptera.


melanin

en-noun

melanin (countable and uncountable, plural melanins)

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek stem of μέλας (mélas, “black”) + -in; by surface analysis, melan(o)- + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of naturally occurring dark pigments, especially the pigment found in skin, hair, fur, and feathers.


facultative

en-adj

facultative (comparative more facultative, superlative most facultative)

more facultative (comparative)
most facultative (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-facultative.wav

From French facultatif. By surface analysis, faculty + -ative.

facultative feeder

This hypothesis might be supported by the evidence that there are varieties of pathogenic fungi of which parasitism is in varying degrees, between obligate parasitic and facultative parasitic. The facultative parasite, which usually lives as a saprophyte but under some conditions can parasitize on a plant, seems to be a pathogen with the lowest parasitic adaptation.

1993, Hachiro Oku, Plant Pathogenesis and Disease Control, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 10:

(biology) Able to perform a particular life function, or to live generally, in more than one way.

fakultatiivinen

able to perform a particular life function


zoogenic

(biology) originating in, or produced by, animals rather than plants


curcumin

en-noun

curcumin (countable and uncountable, plural curcumins)

From translingual Curcuma, from Arabic كُرْكُم (kurkum, “turmeric”) + -in.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A polyphenol (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione; a major constituent of the spice turmeric.


polyphenol

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains and other plant foods, like nuts and legumes, are rich in polyphenols — antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds that some research suggests can support healthy aging.

2024 September 2, Alice Callahan, “How to Eat for a Long and Healthy Life”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a large class of organic compounds, of plant origin, having more than one phenol group; they tend to be colourful and to have antioxidant properties.

多酚

any of a large class of organic compounds


velum

Borrowed from Latin vēlum (“a cloth, covering, awning, curtain, veil”). Doublet of veil.

bor

A thin membrane resembling a veil or curtain.

(botany) A thin membrane partially covering the cluster of sporangia near the leaf base in quillworts and their extinct relatives.

(mycology) A veil-like membrane of immature mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is torn by growth, to reveal the gills.

(malacology) A locomotory and feeding organ provided with cilia found in the larval stage of bivalves.

(zoology) A annular membrane, typically bordering a cavity, especially in certain molluscs, medusae, and other invertebrates.


vegetal

/ˈvɛd͡ʒɨtl̩/

/ˈvɛd͡ʒɪ̈tl̩/

Borrowed from Late Latin vegetālis, from vegetō.

This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

(obsolete, chiefly botany) Any vegetable organism.


inhibitor

(biology) Any substance capable of stopping or slowing a specific biological process


culture medium

(microbiology) A liquid or gel, containing nutrients, that is used to cultivate microorganisms.


gonotheca

(biology) The protective covering of a gonangium.


organoid

(biology) A mass of cells, either artificially grown in vitro to simulate an organ or an abnormal mass that resembles an organ in structural appearance or qualities, such as a tumour.


xenogenesis

/zɛnəʊˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

(biology) The production of an offspring that is unlike either of its parents.


xanthine oxidase

en-noun

xanthine oxidase (plural xanthine oxidases)

(biochemistry) A crystallizable flavoprotein enzyme containing iron and molybdenum that promotes the oxidation especially of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid and of many aldehydes to carboxylic acids and that is obtained usually from milk or liver.


xanthism

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ξανθισμός (xanthismós), by surface analysis, xantho- + -ism.

lbor

(biology, zoology) A yellowish colouring of pigments in hair, skin, feathers, etc.


xenophora

en-noun

xenophora (plural xenophoras or xenophorae)

(biology) Any mollusk of the genus Xenophora.


gorgonin

(biochemistry) A complex protein frequently containing appreciable quantities of iodine and bromine that makes up the horny skeleton of typical gorgonians.

gorgonina

protein that makes up the skeleton of gorgonians


xylostroma

(biology) The felted stroma of various wood-destroying fungi.


xylotomy

(botany) The art of preparing sections of wood (as by means of a microtome) for microscopic examination.


wood parenchyma

(botany) The vertical and usually axially arranged parenchyma of the xylem that is believed to function chiefly in carbohydrate storage.


xiphioid

en-adj

xiphioid (comparative more xiphioid, superlative most xiphioid)

more xiphioid (comparative)
most xiphioid (superlative)

From ξιφία (xiphía), from ξίφος (xíphos, “sword”) + -oid.

(zoology) Resembling or related to the genus Xiphias (swordfish).

(zoology) Resembling or related to the family Xiphiidae (a group of fish).


xiphioid

(zoology) Any member of the genus Xiphias or family Xiphiidae.


xylophage

(biology) Any living organism that feeds on wood.


autolysis

From auto- (“self”) + -lysis (“breakdown”).

(pathology, cytology) The destruction of an organism's cells by enzymes produced by the organism itself.

саморазлагане

the destruction of an organism's cells by enzymes


biolytic

(biochemistry) Broken down by a biochemical process


biolysis

(biology) The decomposition of tissue and the subsequent death of the organism


biotype

(genetics) A group of organisms having the same specific genotype


X-linked trait

(genetics) Any trait or characteristic whose appearance or absence in a person is determined by a gene on the sex chromosomes. Typically, these genes are found on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome.


xiphosuran

(zoology) Any member of the order Xiphosura, including horseshoe crabs.


xiphosuran

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the order Xiphosura.


pericarp

/ˈpɛɹɪˌkɑːp/

/ˈpɛɹɪˌkɑɹp/

From French péricarpe, from New Latin pericarpium, from Ancient Greek περικάρπιον (perikárpion, “pod, husk, shell”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”). By surface analysis, peri- + -carp.

der

When, as in the cherry, the different layers of the pericarp are well-defined and largely developed, they received distinctive names ; the outer skin is the epicarp (epi, upon, carpon, a fruit), the middle fleshy part is the mesocarp (mesos, middle) ; and the innermost hard shell is the endocarp (endos, within) ; in other words the pericarp is made up of epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. […] In all normal fruits these three layers of the pericarp are present […].

The pericarp of sorghums of the factorial titution BBSSrr, BBSsrr, BbsSrr, and BbSsrr may possess some t degree of coloration even though the pericarp color factor R is nt.

1928, Journal of Agricultural Research, page 582:

Many fruits show differentiation of the pericarp into layers – the plum, for example, has a thin outer pericarp forming the skin, a succulent middle pericarp forming the flesh and a stony inner pericarp surrounding the single seed.

1992 August 20, Jim C. Forbes, James C. Forbes, Drennan Watson, Plants in Agriculture, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 180:

One important difference is the pericarp of sorghum is more bran-like and contains starch granules in the cells. However, as with maize, the sorghum pericarp is often referred to as a “hull” and is generally removed during processing.

2009, Stanley P. Cauvain, Linda S. Young, The ICC Handbook of Cereals, Flour, Dough & Product Testing: Methods and Applications, DEStech Publications, Inc, →ISBN, page 207:

(botany) The outermost layer, or skin, of a ripe fruit or ovary.

околопло́дник

outermost layer of a ripe fruit or ovary


perrisodactyl

/pɛɹɪsəʊˈdæktɪl/

(zoology): Any member of the mammal order Perissodactyla, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros


xerophyte

/ˈzɪəɹəʊfaɪt/

(botany) Any plant suited for life in a habitat where water is scarce, such as in a desert or chaparral. Such plants may be succulent, have small or reduced leaves, or spines.

xerofyt

botany: a plant suited for life in a habitat where water is scarce


phyllotaxis

en-noun

phyllotaxis (usually uncountable, plural phyllotaxes)

phyllotaxes (plural)
phyllotaxy (alternative)

Yet his Lordship would find this rate of proportion […] likewise in all plants, in the disposition of their leaves, for which ordering he would make a name, that is, from the Greek, phyllotaxis.

(botany) The arrangement of leaves on a stem, or the mathematical principles governing such arrangement.


pericyclic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pericyclic.wav


pericycle

(botany) In a plant root, the cylinder of plant tissue between the endodermis and phloem.


endodermis

endodermis (plural endodermises or endodermides)

endodermises (plural)
endodermides (plural)

From endo- (“within”) + dermis (“skin”).

(botany) In a plant stem or root, a cylinder of cells that separates the outer cortex from the central core. The endodermis controls flow of water and minerals within the plant. In most plants, this tissue is restricted to the roots.


pollicate

(zoology) Of insects: having a curved projection or spine on the inner side of a leg joint.


ectoblast

(dated, biology) The outer layer of the blastoderm; the ectoderm or epiblast.

ectoblaste

the outer layer of the blastoderm; the ectoderm or epiblast


epiblast

1993, Oded Khaner, 5: Axis Determination in the Avian Embryo, Roger A. Pederson, Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Volume 28, Academic Press, page 171,
Hypoblasts from these stages were separated from the epiblasts and rotated 90 and 180°, relative to their posterior regions.

It has been demonstrated that the clonal descendants of individual epiblast cells could contribute to a variety of embryonic and extraembryonic tissues that are derived from all three germ layers (Lawson et al., 1991; Lawson and Pedersen, 1992).

1999, Bruce P. Davidson, Anne Camus, Patrick P. L. Tam, “33: Cell Fate and Lineage Specification in the Gastrulating Mouse Embryo”, in Sally A. Moody, editor, Cell Lineage and Fate Determination, Academic Press, page 497:

The cells of the primitive embryoblast differentiate into two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast.

2006, Cynthia S. Cook, Kathleen K. Sulik, Kenneth W. Wright, “1: Embryology”, in Kenneth W. Wright, Peter H. Spiegel, Lisa Thompson, editors, Handbook of Pediatric Eye and Systemic Disease, Springer, page 1:

Shortly after the blastocyst implants, the epiblast elongates and begins receiving regionalized patterning signals that direct different compartments of it to differentiate into the definitive endoderm, the mesoderm, or the definitive ectoderm.

2011, K. M. Loh, Boon Seng Soh, Wai Leong Tam, Bing Lim, “2: Molecular Principles Underlying Pluripotency and Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells”, in Ariff Bongso, Eng Hin Lee, editors, Stem Cells: From Bench to Bedside, World Scientific, page 26:

(biology, embryology) The outer layer of a blastula that, after gastrulation, becomes the ectoderm.

eipeablast

biology: the outer layer of a blastula that, after gastrulation, becomes the ectoderm

primitive ectoderm

outer layer of a blastula that becomes the ectoderm


epinasty

epinasty (countable and uncountable, plural epinasties)

(botany) The downward curvature of leaves etc due to differential growth rates.

épinastie

botany: downward curvature due to growth

(botany) A nastic movement which bends a plant part (e.g. a petal) outward.


eugonic

The eugonic cultures generally appeared first on glycerinated media, whereas the dysgonic favoured media with wax.

1939, Tubercle: The Journal of the British Tuberculosis Association:

(biology, of bacterial growth) rapid and luxuriant


syncope

syncope (countable and uncountable, plural syncopes)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin syncopē, from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ), from συγκόπτω (sunkóptō, “cut up”) + -η (-ē, nominalization suffix), from σύν (sún, “beside, with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “strike, cut off”).

lbor

Sometimes, without any apparent cause, I sank, little by little, into a condition of semi-syncope, or half swoon; and, in this condition, without pain, without ability to stir, or, strictly speaking, to think, but with a dull lethargic consciousness of life and of the presence of those who surrounded my bed, I remained, until the crisis of the disease restored me, suddenly, to perfect sensation.

1844, Edgar Allan Poe, The Premature Burial:

Schneider, the father of rhinology, mentions a woman in whom the odor of orange-flowers produced syncope.

1896, George M. Gould, Walter Lytle Pyle, Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine:

[…]the rapidly-whitening face, the miserable fixed smile, meant a syncope within the next few bars.

(biology, medicine) A loss of consciousness when someone faints.


homological

From Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”), by surface analysis, homo- + logical.

(biology) Having a shared evolutionary origin.


pallet

(zoology) One of a pair of shelly plates that protect the siphon tubes of certain bivalves, such as the Teredo.


logistic curve

Calque of French courbe logistique, coined by Belgian mathematician Pierre François Verhulst in 1845. Verhulst did not explain his choice of the name logistique; see discussion at logistic.

coined

(mathematics, biology) An S-shaped curve that models the growth of many ecosystems.


nonstop

(genetics) Describing a point mutation within a stop codon that causes the continued translation of an mRNA strand.


parietal

en-adj

parietal (comparative more parietal, superlative most parietal)

more parietal (comparative)
most parietal (superlative)

From Latin parietālis, from pariēs (“wall”).

(botany) Attached to the main wall of the ovary, and not to the axis; said of a placenta.


ruga

Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

bor

Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]

1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:

the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

(anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.


splenetic

en-adj

splenetic (comparative more splenetic, superlative most splenetic)

more splenetic (comparative)
most splenetic (superlative)
splenetick (alternative obsolete)

The adjective form of spleen, borrowed from Late Latin spleneticus, from Latin splen. Anger was traditionally believed to originate from the fluids of the spleen.

I have already described the general protuberance of the abdomen among the children throughout the Messaria and the Carpas districts, all of whom are more or less affected by splenetic diseases.

1879, Sir Samuel White Baker, Cyprus, as I Saw it in 1879


intron

It is a medium-sized gene, then, interrupted by five longish introns.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 138:

(genetics) A portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded.

内含子

genetics: portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing


inulin

en-noun

inulin (usually uncountable, plural inulins)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide found in the roots and tubers of certain plants, especially the Compositae; it is mostly a polymer of fructose.


involute

en-adj

involute (comparative more involute, superlative most involute)

more involute (comparative)
most involute (superlative)
involuted (alternative)

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Furthermore, the free anterior margin of the lobule is arched toward the lobe and is often involute[…]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 7:

(botany) Having the edges rolled with the adaxial side outward.

(biology, of shells) Having a complex pattern of coils in which younger whorls only partly surround older ones.

(biology) Turned inward at the margin, like the exterior lip of the shells of species in genus Cypraea.


guttation

en-noun

guttation (countable and uncountable, plural guttations)

(botany) The exudation of drops of water from the leaves of some vascular plants as a result of root pressure.


lipopeptide

(biochemistry) An organic complex of lipids and peptides


carinate

en-adj

carinate (comparative more carinate, superlative most carinate)

more carinate (comparative)
most carinate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin carīnātus, from carīna (“keel”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix). The noun comes from a substantivization of the adjective, see -ate (noun-forming suffix).

(ornithology) Of a bird, having a carina, a keeled breastbone allowing the attachment of flight muscles.


endangered species

en-noun

endangered species (plural endangered species)

The federal government has added five more birds to the endangered species list.

This project involves construction of a railway crossing for wild hazel dormice on the Furness line (Lancashire), in a bid to save the endangered species from extinction, and it will be the first of its kind on the railway.

2022 February 23, Daisy Chapman-Chamberlain, “Ground-breaking rail innovation goes international”, in RAIL, number 951, page 35:

(biology) A species which is in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range.


digenesis

digenesis (countable and uncountable, plural digeneses)

(biology) The alternation of sexual and asexual methods of reproduction.


thrombin

thrombin (countable and uncountable, plural thrombins)

(biochemistry) An enzyme in blood that facilitates blood clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin (by means of ionized calcium).


carina

Borrowed from Latin carīna (“keel”). Doublet of careen and carene.

(botany) Part of a papilionaceous flower consisting of two petals, commonly united, which encloses the organs of fructification.

(ornithology) The keel of the breastbone of birds.


pyxis

From Latin pyxis (“small box”). Doublet of box, piseog, and pyx.

(botany) A capsule in which the lid separates from the top of the fruit to release the seeds.


X chromosome

X chromosomes (plural)
X-chromosome (alternative)

Named by Hermann Henking in 1890 from x (signifying the unknown) due to some baffling properties he had observed. The brief resemblance in the appearance of the X and Y chromosomes to the letters "X" and "Y" respectively during cell division is entirely coincidental.

(genetics) A mammalian sex chromosome. Cells of females have a pair of X chromosomes while cells of males have an X and a Y.


Y chromosome

Y chromosomes (plural)
Y-chromosome (alternative)

Named by Nettie Stevens in 1905 using the next letter in sequence following the naming by Hermann Henking in 1890 of the X chromosome. The brief resemblance in the appearance of the X and Y chromosomes to the letters "X" and "Y" respectively during cell division is entirely coincidental.

(genetics) A mammalian sex chromosome, occurring only in male cells. Cells of females have a pair of X chromosomes while cells of males have an X and a Y.


X-chromosome

(genetics) Alternative spelling of X chromosome.


Y-chromosome

(genetics) Alternative spelling of Y chromosome.


parenchyma

parenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural parenchymas or parenchymata)

parenchymas (plural)
parenchymata (plural)

/pəˈɹɛŋ.kɪm.ə/

From Ancient Greek παρέγχῠμα (parénkhŭma, “anything poured in beside”), from πᾰρᾰ- (pără-, “beside”) + ἔγχῠμα (énkhŭma, “instillation, content of a vessel”), given by the Greek anatomist Erasistratus to the peculiar substance of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen, as if formed separately by the veins that run into them.

af

(botany) The cellular tissue, typically soft and succulent, found chiefly in the softer parts of leaves, pulp of fruits, bark and pith of stems, etc.

[I]n a Sponge, the Parenchyma, it seems, is but a kind of mucous gelly, which is very easily and cleerly wash'd away.

1665, Robert Hooke, Micrographia, section XXII:

(zoology) Cellular tissue lying between the body wall and the organs of invertebrate animals lacking a coelom, such as flatworms.


homeostatic

Multicellular organisms require a homeostatic internal environment in order to live.

Sleep, rest, food and sex provide restorative homeostatic experiences that return consciousness to order after the needs of the body intrude and cause psychic entropy to occur.

1992, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow, Rider, published 2002, →ISBN, page 46:

(biology, physiology) Of or pertaining to homeostasis.


weedy

en-adj

weedy (comparative weedier, superlative weediest)

weedier (comparative)
weediest (superlative)

a weedy species

a weedy vine

[…] and so your soyle being drayned and kept dry, all those wéedy kindes of grasse will soone perish.

1614, Gervase Markham, The Second Booke of the English Husbandman, London: John Browne, Part 2, Chapter 7, pp. 84-85:

(botany) Characteristic of a plant that grows rapidly and spreads invasively, and which grows opportunistically in cracks of sidewalks and disturbed areas.


atavistic

atavistic (comparative more atavistic, superlative most atavistic)

more atavistic (comparative)
most atavistic (superlative)

From atavism + -istic, from French atavisme, from Latin atavus (“ancestor”), from at + avus (“grandfather”).

Although the heterozygote gives it an atavistic appearance, the gene is not atavistic.

1889, “Experiment Station Record”, in U.S, Office of Experiment Stations:

Thus the gene which produced atavistic digits in the vigorous heterozygous pentadactyl condition is a lethal monster in the homozygous condition.

1946, Reginald Ruggles Gates, Human genetics:

Reactivation of a dormant atavistic gene could account for the abnormal costocoracoid ligament in humans.

2006, Roger E Stevenson, Judith G Hall, Human malformations and related anomalies:

(biology) Of the recurrence of a trait reappearing after an absence of one or more generations due to a chance recombination of genes.

атавистичен

biology: of the recurrence of a trait after an absence of generations


radiocarbon dating

en-noun

radiocarbon dating (usually uncountable, plural radiocarbon datings)

(physics, archaeology, paleontology) A method of estimating the age of an artifact or biological vestige based on the relative amounts of the different isotopes of carbon present in a sample.


crude sap

crude sap (usually uncountable, plural crude saps)

(botany) The sap of a plant that rises from the roots to the leaves.

sève brute

sap that rises from the roots to the leaves


elaborated sap

elaborated sap (countable and uncountable, plural elaborated saps)

(botany) The sap of a plant produced in its leaves from the crude sap to feed the plant.


probiotic

(bacteriology) A food or dietary supplement, such as a yogurt, containing live bacteria for therapeutic reasons.


probiotic

en-adj

probiotic (comparative more probiotic, superlative most probiotic)

more probiotic (comparative)
most probiotic (superlative)

(ecology) Of, or relating to probiosis; ecologic facilitation.


endophenotype

(genetics) any hereditary characteristic that is normally associated with some condition but is not a direct symptom of that condition


geophyte

(botany) A perennial plant, for example the potato or daffodil, which in spring propagates from an underground organ such as a bulb, tuber, corm or rhizome.


ahemeral day

(biology) A light-dark cycle that has more or less than 24 hours created artificially for testing the rhythms of organisms.


-nasty

From Ancient Greek ναστός (nastós, “pressed”), from the verb νάσσω (nássō).


halfbeak

(zoology) Any slender, marine fish of the family Hemiramphidae, having the upper jaw much shorter than the lower, the balahoos or ballyhoos.

migbec

any slender, marine fish of the family Hemiramphidae


ichnofossil

/ˈɪknəʊˌfɒsəl/

For example, an ichnofossil might be the preserved track an animal, or its burrow.

Suites of taphonomic factors that influence body fossils and ichnofossils are clearly not identical. Nonetheless, without too much twisting, ichnofossil-lagerstätten can be placed into the same genetic categories.

2007, Charles E. Savrda, “6: Taphonomy of Trace Fossils”, in William Miller, III, editor, Trace Fossils, Elsevier, page 106:

The only abundant ichnofossils are large and inclined structures in La Cancha Bed (Profile K), interpreted as mammal burrows.

2010, Eduardo S. Bellosi et al., “21: Ichnofacies Examination of the Sarmiento Formation”, in R. H. Madden, A. A. Carlini, M. G. Vucetich, R. F. Kay, editors, The Paleontology of Gran Barranca, Cambridge University Press, page 313:

Changes in the preservational environment in the thousands or millions of years between the creation of each set of prints results in these different forms of ichnofossil.

2017 March 22, Elsa Panciroli, “Walking in the footsteps of giants and gerbils: what fossil prints can tell us”, in The Guardian:

(paleontology) A trace fossil; a fossil record that preserves some activity of an organism, but no part of the organism itself.


trace fossil

(paleontology) A type of fossil reflecting the reworking of sediments and hard substrates by organisms, rather than the physical remains of the organism itself. This includes structures such as burrows, trails, impressions, coprolites and borings.

icnofóssil

a geological record of an organism's activity, rather than the physical remains of the organism itself


ichnology

en-noun

ichnology (countable and uncountable, plural ichnologies)

/ɪkˈnɒləd͡ʒɪ/

(paleontology) A branch of paleontology concerned with the study of trace fossils such as footprints and burrows. Its subdisciplines include paleoichnology and neoichnology.


paleoichnology

The evolutionary aspect of ecology which has started to develop due to studies of trace fossils will stay long the privilege of paleoichnology.

1984, Palaeontology: Proceedings of the 27th International Geological Congress: Invited Papers, Volume 2, International Geological Congress:

Paleoichnology is their historic equivalent—the study of ichnological evidence of animals of the past.

2003, Jose Louis Sanz, Starring T. Rex! Dinosaur Mythology and Popular Culture, Indiana University Press, page 8:

As far as I can discern for now, only a few of the lessons learned were readily applicable to mainstream neoichnology and paleoichnology, but no matter.

2004, Ichnology Newsletter, number 26, page 42:

This field is called paleoichnology, which means the study (ology) of ancient (paleo) footprints (ichnos). Despite its name, there's more to paleoichnology than footprints.

2006, Richard L. Orndorff, Robert W. Wieder, David G. Futey, “Geology Underfoot in Southern Utah”, in Mountain, Press Publishing, page 12:

The subjects of paleoichnology are trace fossils (also called ichnofossils), which are fossilized structures produced in substrates ranging from unlithified sediment to sedimentary rock or organic matter (including shell, bone, wood and peat) by the activity of organisms.

2017, Dirk Knaust, Atlas of Trace Fossils in Well Core, Springer, page 5:

(paleontology) A branch of ichnology concerned with the study of trace fossils preserved in ancient rocks.


subtribe

From sub- + tribe. In taxonomy, after New Latin subtribus.

The tempo of evolution in South American hamsters was very rapid – in the course of the Pliocene and Anthropocene 40 genera were formed here, at which time a series of them attained the level of tribe and subtribe (Oxymycteri, Phyllotiini, Ichthyomyini).

1960, Doklady. Biological Sciences Sections, volumes 132–135, Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 640, column 2:

Brieger and his associates first divide the subtribe Epidendrinae […] into what could be called series, distinguishing four such series in the subtribe.

1993, Carl L. Withner, The Cattleyas and Their Relatives: A Book in Six Parts:

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category ranking below tribe.


vomiting

vomiting (countable and uncountable, plural vomitings)

Epilepsies, or fallings and reelings, and beastly vomitings. The least of these, even when the tongue begins to be untied, is a degree of drunkenness.

1651, Jer[emy] Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living. […], 2nd edition, London: […] Francis Ashe […], →OCLC:

It is certainly probable that these black vomitings and stools may be absent, and in that case it would be extremely difficult to diagnose between simple ulcer of the stomach and non-ulcerative gastritis.

1856, William Harcourt Ranking, Charles Bland Radcliffe, William Dommett Stone, The Half-yearly Abstract of the Medical Sciences:

(bacteriology) The act of one who vomits, or the matter that is vomited.


couplet

From French couplet, from couple + -et. Doublet of cabaletta.

The dichotomous keys are constructed so that each couplet presents a set of alternative choices.

2001, Stephen T. Ross, The Inland Fishes of Mississippi, page 33:

As long as the correct statement of each couplet is chosen, and the unknown organism is included in the key, a confident identification is usually achieved.

2004, Shin'ichiro Ishikawa, An Exploration of a New Poetic Expression Beyond Dichotomy:

(taxonomy) A pair of two mutually exclusive choices in a dichotomous key.


meiofauna

meiofauna (plural meiofaunas or meiofaunae)

From meio- + fauna. Meio- is from Ancient Greek μεῖον (meîon, “less”).

(ecology) A group of marine or freshwater, typically benthic organisms that are intermediate in terms of size between macrofauna and microfauna, and which can pass through a 1 mm sieve, but are retained by a 45 μm sieve.


endosymbiotic theory

(ecology) The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are organelles of eukaryotic cells, originated as independent organisms.

teoria endosimbiòtica

the theory that concerns the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts

細胞内共生説

さいぼうないきょうせいせつ


endosymbiont

(ecology) An organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.


endosymbiosis

endosymbiosis (countable and uncountable, plural endosymbioses)

Interspecific associations are currently believed to take part in evolution by improving a partner's fitness through integrated endosymbioses or by causing reproductive isolation and subsequent host speciation, such as in the Wolbachia endosymbioses (Nardon and Grenier, 1991; Margulis, 1993a; Bordenstein et al., 2001).

2003, Abdelaziz Heddi, “5: Endosymbiosis in the Weevil of the Genus Sitophilus: Genetic, Physiological, and Molecular Interactions among Associated Genomes”, in Kostas Bourtzis, Thomas A. Miller, editors, Insect Symbiosis, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 67:

2014, Robert E. Blankenship, Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, Wiley Blackwell, 2nd Edition, page 226,
Evidence is now overwhelming that several groups of eukaryotic algae originated from a secondary endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic alga was incorporated into a second host (Palmer and Delwiche, 1996; Delwiche and Palmer, 1997; Delwiche, 1999; Keeling, 2010, 2013; Curtis et al., 2012).

The second chapter (by David Smith) describes the primary endosymbiosis as an introduction for secondary endosymbioses. He illustrates the origin of primary endosymbiosis, plastid genome evolution, and loss of photosynthesis in some lineages of Archaeplastida.

2017, “Secondary Endosymbioses”, in Yoshihisa Hirakawa, editor, Advances in Botanical Research, volume 84, Elsevier (Academic Press), page xi:

(ecology) The condition of living within the body or cells of another organism; an instance of an organism so living.


blocker

→ Polish: bloker, blokers

From Middle English blocker, blokker, bloker, blokkere, equivalent to block + -er.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blocker.wav

Blockers can optimize the development of preferred physical characteristics. In trans girls, blockers initiated prior to the development of male secondary sex characteristics will effectively prevent voice deepening, skeletal enlargement, and penile enlargement.

2014, Laura Erickson-Schroth, Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 443:

Agent noun of block (“obstruct or prevent”); something that blocks something else.

(biology, medicine) Any of various medications that block (inhibit) the activity of a chemical messenger or its receptors, such as cardiac conduction modifiers (e.g., alpha-blockers), gastric acid inhibitors (H₂ histamine blockers), puberty blockers, and others.


monoclonal

One of the first examples of the immunogenicity of recombinantly derived antibodies was with murine anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3) used in the induction of immunosupression after organ transplantation.

2002, Gilbert S. Banker, Christopher T. Rhodes, Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th edition, Informa Health Care, →ISBN, page 699:

(biochemistry) genetically engineered from a single clone; used especially of a protein or antibody


monoclonal

(immunochemistry) something produced from a single clone, especially a monoclonal antibody


culm

Borrowed from Latin culmus. Doublet of calame, calamus, and haulm; further related to caramel, chalumeau and shawm.

[…] because, upon hearing him out, she sank down on the lawn in an impossible posture, examining a grass culm and frowning, he had taken his words back at once; […]

1962, Vladimir Nabokov, Pale Fire, page 150:

(botany) The stem of a plant, especially of grass or sedge.


xenia

From New Latin xenia, from Ancient Greek ξενίᾱ (xeníā, “hospitality”).

der

(botany) The effect that genes from pollen have on the endosperm.


isochromosome

(cytology) An abnormal chromosome in which one arm has been lost and replaced with an exact copy of the other arm.


chlorophyllin

(biochemistry) Any water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll in which the central magnesium atom is replaced (often with copper), and a number of side-chains are converted into sodium salts.

clorofil·lina

biochemistry: water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll


olfactory

From Latin olfactus (“an act of smelling; the sense of smell”) + -ory, from olfaciō (“to sniff, smell, scent”) + -tus (action noun suffix).

af

(anatomy, zootomy) Ellipsis of olfactory organ.


salting out

(biochemistry) A technique for the separation of proteins by differential precipitation in a solution of sodium chloride or ammonium sulphate.


stenohaline

en-adj

stenohaline (comparative more stenohaline, superlative most stenohaline)

more stenohaline (comparative)
most stenohaline (superlative)

(biology) Tolerant of only a narrow range of saltwater concentrations. Used of aquatic organisms


equilateral

(zoology) Having the two sides equal, as a surface divisible by a longitudinal median line into two halves of the same form.

(zoology) Having all the convolutions of the shell in one plane, chiefly of foraminifers.


mala

Learned borrowing from Latin māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”).

lbor

(zootomy)
A single lobe of an insect's maxilla.

The grinding surface of an insect's mandible.

The third segment of a mandible of some myriapods.


-agogue

From Ancient Greek ἀγωγός (agōgós, “leading”), from ἄγω (ágō, “I lead”).

der

Something that leads to something else, as:

(biology, medicine) Something that stimulates a flow such as secretion or circulation.


-androus

(botany) having a specified number of stamens


saponin

“Saponins aren't absorbed by the intestines. You've got to get the stuff into the blood.”

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 111:

Soapnuts are the dried fruit of a tree called Sapindus mukorossi (Chinese Soapberry) and contain saponin, a natural surfactant that foams just like soap.

2015, Beth Terry, Plastic-Free: How I Kicked the Plastic Habit and How You Can Too, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of various steroid glycosides found in plant tissues that dissolve in water to give a soapy froth.


bullet ant

From bullet + ant.
From being an ant having a poisonous stinging bite, whose pain is described to be comparable to being hit by a bullet.

(entomology, informal) A stinging ant (Paraponera clavata) the toxin of which causes intense pain for about a day, native to Central and South America.


turgor

en-noun

turgor (countable and uncountable, plural turgors)

Learned borrowing from Latin turgor, from turgēre (“to be swollen”) + -or (forms a third-declension masculine abstract noun from a verb root).

suf

Cuttings in a vase lost their turgor, incapable of drawing up the water and nutrients that once kept them supple.

2024 May 10, Lily Stewart, “A love letter to lilacs and the joys of fleeting pleasure”, in The Christian Science Monitor:

(botany) Turgor pressure is the force or pressure within the cell exerted by fluid that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall.


intracellular

an intracellular process


mitochondrial DNA

en-noun

mitochondrial DNA (countable and uncountable, plural mitochondrial DNAs)

(genetics) The genetic material, typically inherited from one's mother, contained within the mitochondria of each of one's cells.


-biont

Probably from German, modification of Ancient Greek βῐούντ- (bĭoúnt-), βιῶν (biôn, “living”), present participle of βῐοῦν (bĭoûn, “to live”), from βῐ́ος (bĭ́os, “mode of life”).

(biology) a discrete living organism that has a specified mode of living


halobiont

(biology) an organism that lives in a salty environment


symbiont

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

It had been known that sponges somehow took in dissolved organic matter, but it remained unclear whether they could do it on their own or needed help from their bacterial symbionts.

2019 December 9, JoAnna Klein, “Seawater Is Filled With a Sugary Feast. Here’s How Sponges Eat It.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(ecology) An organism that lives in a symbiotic relationship.


-biosis

By back-formation from the earliest relevant terms such as symbiosis (which see).


polymorph

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(biology) Any organism that shows polymorphism.


blockage

blockage (countable and uncountable, plural blockages)

blockade

nearly synonymous, but not interchangeably; blockade usually denotes human agency

Blockage of circulation quickly leads to ischemia.

In selected cases, endovascular thrombectomy can quickly remove a blockage that pharmaceutical thrombolysis can't budge.

(biology, medicine) Occlusion of a lumen (especially that of a blood vessel or intestine), or the thing that is causing it; as:

Synonym of thrombosis, thromboembolism, or embolism.

Synonym of constipation (“impairment of feces passage”).


cilium

It is the deeper parts of such cells which give rise to delicate muscular fibres or networks of fibres, while the superficially placed body of the cell myoblast), the part which produces the above, performs other functions, and usually bears a cilium.

1892, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus, edited by F. G. Heathcote, Elementary Text-book of Zoology:

The clockwise beating of cilia results in a net flow of extraembryonic fluid leftwards […]

2006, Manfred Schliwa, Molecular Motors, page 359:

(cytology) A short microscopic hairlike organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell (such as a unicellular organism or one cell of a multicelled organism) which serve either for propulsion by causing currents in the surrounding fluid or as sensors.

ресна

hairlike organelle projecting from eukaryotic cell

(entomology) One of the fine hairs along an insect's wing.

(botany) One of the hairs or similar protrusions along the margin of an organ.


lectin

From Latin lēctus (“chosen”) + -in. Coined by W.C. Boyd in 1954.

The result proved less about the safety of genetic engineering than it did about the safety of lectins – known animal poisons.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 252:

Soybeans are another excellent source of plant proteins but they are also on the list of high lectin foods. They are very important to vegans and vegetarians as they make it easy for them to get adequate proteins in their diet.

2018, Stanley Adamson, Lectin Free Handbook: The Essential Guide To The Lectin Diet Plus A 7-Day Lectin Avoidance Meal Plan And Recipes, PublishDrive:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that bind specific carbohydrates.


adrenochrome

adrenochrome (countable and uncountable, plural adrenochromes)

Investigation of the chemical constitution showed that it has the properties of N-methyl-2:3-dihydro-3-hydroxyindole-5:6-quinone. The shorter name adrenochrome is proposed for this substance. […] Adrenochrome is a very unstable substance: it is completely destroyed in 4 min. by 1% hydrochloric acid, and in 40 sec. by 1% ammonia.

1937, David Ezra Green, “Adrenaline and Adrenochrome”, in The Biochemical Journal, volume 31, number 4, page 596:

(biochemistry) An oxidation product of adrenaline or epinephrine; its semicarbazone is used as a drug to reduce bleeding.


nucleation

nucleation (countable and uncountable, plural nucleations)


stimulation

stimulation (countable and uncountable, plural stimulations)

From Latin stimulātiō.
Morphologically stimulate + -ion

(biology) Any action or condition that creates a response; sensory input. [from 18th c.]

estimulació

biology: action or condition that creates a response


racemose

From Latin racēmōsus (“full of clusters”), from racēmus (“cluster, bunch”).

Coordinate term: cymose

(botany) Having flowers arranged along a single central axis, as in a raceme, spike, or catkin.

klaseagtig

botany: having flowers arranged along a single central axis


raceme

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Borrowed from Latin racēmus (“cluster, bunch”). Doublet of raisin.

(botany) An indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are arranged along a single central axis.


downstream

en-adj

downstream (comparative farther or further downstream, superlative farthest or furthest downstream)

farther (comparative)
further downstream (comparative)
farthest (superlative)
furthest downstream (superlative)

en:figuratively, of base pairs in nucleic acid sequences

(figurative) Occurring later than something else; (also, usually, especially) influenced by something else; being a consequence of something else.

(biology) Towards the 3′ end of a DNA molecule.

en aval

biology: towards the 3' end of a DNA molecule


declined

declined (comparative more declined, superlative most declined)

more declined (comparative)
most declined (superlative)


X-junction

Linear molecules containing the same sequences are not bound, and one X-junction successfully competes with another for binding whereas linear duplexes do not compete.

1998, Jac A. Nickoloff, Merl F. Hoekstra, DNA Damage and Repair: Volume I: DNA Repair in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes, page 197:

(genetics) A non-linear strand of DNA where certain cruciform binding proteins can compete for binding.


sinuate

sinuate (comparative more sinuate, superlative most sinuate)

more sinuate (comparative)
most sinuate (superlative)

From Latin sinuatus, past participle of sinuare (“to wind, bend”), from sinus (“a bend”). See also sine, from Latin sinus.

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is sinuate.

(mycology, of gills) Roughly the same height for most of its length, becoming much shallower and then curving back towards the stem before reaching the attachment point.

festoneado

roughly the same height for most of its length


apo-

From the Ancient Greek prefix ἀπό- (apó-), from the preposition ἀπό (apó, “from, away from”), from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“off, away”), whence the English words off and of, and ab- (via Latin). Doublet of ab- and off-.

der

aporeceptor

apoflavoprotein

apomucin

(biochemistry) An apoenzyme: an enzyme without its cofactor; associated apoproteins.

apoglobin

apomyoglobin

apometalloprotein

Lacking, without, scant.
(biochemistry) Lacking a metallic unit.

Lacking, without, scant.
Lacking a metallic unit.


arenicolous

From Latin arēna, harēna (“sand”) + -colous.


parvorder

(taxonomy) A specific taxonomic category above superfamily and below infraorder.


squirrel monkey

en-noun

squirrel monkey (plural squirrel monkeys)

(zoology, primatology) Any of several small New World monkeys, of the genus Saimiri, that live in Central and South America.


leprous

en-adj

leprous (comparative more leprous, superlative most leprous)

more leprous (comparative)
most leprous (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-leprous.wav

From Middle English leprous (“having leprosy or a skin disease with symptoms like leprosy; (alchemy) of metals or minerals: impure; a leper”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman leprous, lepros [and other forms], Middle French lepros, lepreux, and Old French leprous, lepros (“having leprosy; a leper”) (modern French lépreux), and from their etymon Late Latin leprosus (“having leprosy; (alchemy) of metals: impure; a leper”), from Latin lepra (“leprosy”) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of; overly; prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). Lepra is derived from Ancient Greek λέπρᾱ (léprā, “leprosy”), from λεπῐ́ς (lepĭ́s, “flake, scale; epithelial debris”) (perhaps from λέπω (lépō, “to peel, strip off a husk or rind”) + -ῐς (-ĭs, suffix forming feminine nouns)) + -ᾱ (-ā, suffix forming action nouns from verbs).

nb...

leperous, leperus, lepourous, lepres, lepris, lepros, leprose, leprouse, leprows, leprus, lepruse, leprys

leperous, leperus, leprus, lepuros, lieprous, lieprus

lepric

particularly with regard to the disease itself

(botany, archaic) Synonym of leprose (“covered with thin scurfy scales, scaly-looking”).


amygdalin

(biochemistry) A glycoside of benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide found in bitter almonds, and in the kernels of some other fruit.


anthocyanin

/ˌænθəˈsaɪənɪn/

(botany, organic chemistry) Any of many water-soluble red to violet plant pigments related to the flavonoids (more noticeable in autumn after the chlorophyll decomposes)

antocianina

any of many water-soluble red to violet plant pigments


-gnathous

From Ancient Greek γνάθος (gnáthos) + -ous.

(biology) having a specified type of jaw


catecholamine

Epinephrine and dopamine are two other catecholamine transmitters.

1988, Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 3rd edition, page 1025:

The catecholamines are used in several motivational and emotional systems of the brain, and their concentration is regulated by proteins that break them down or recycle them.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 746:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of aromatic amines derived from pyrocatechol that are hormones produced by the adrenal gland.


liposome

From lipo- (“fat”) + -some (“body”). From Ancient Greek λίπος (lípos, “fat”) and Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “soma”).

Albrecht applied the term "liposome" to small refractive droplets observed in freshly mounted sections of liver and other tissues.

1930 September, Ben Dawes, “The Absorption of Fats and Lipoids in the Plaice (P. platessa L.)”, in Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, volume 17, number 1, page 75:

(biochemistry) An aqueous compartment enclosed by a bimolecular membrane, typically of phospholipid; a lipid vesicle.


phosphatidylcholine

(biochemistry) The phospholipid phosphatidyl choline


phosphatidylglycerol

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any phospholipid in which the small organic molecule is glycerol


cephalin

In 1912 Howell reported the results of a study of the thromboplastic action of the tissues in which he showed that the active substance is a phosphatid having the general properties of cephalin.

1916 June, Jay McLean, “The Thromboplastic Action of Cephalin”, in American Journal of Physiology, volume 41, pages 250–257:

(biochemistry) A phospholipid found particularly in the cells of nervous tissue; it is also the primary phospholipid in bacteria.


ergotamine

en-noun

ergotamine (countable and uncountable, plural ergotamines)

/ɜːˈɡɒtəmiːn/

Borrowed from German Ergotamin, corresponding to ergot + -amine.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) An alkaloid, extracted from ergot, that causes constriction of blood vessels and has been used to treat migraine; it is related to lysergic acid.


galactose

galactose (countable and uncountable, plural galactoses)

From Ancient Greek γάλακτος (gálaktos, “milk”) + -ose (“sugar”).

uder

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide found, along with lactose, in dairy products, and is synthesized by the body where it is found associated with glycolipids and glycoproteins.


glycolipid

(biochemistry) An association of a carbohydrate and a phospholipid, such as phosphatidylinositol, found in cell membranes

糖脂

an association of a carbohydrate and a phospholipid found in cell membranes

(biochemistry) A similar compound lacking a phosphate group


glucosamine

en-noun

glucosamine (countable and uncountable, plural glucosamines)

(biochemistry) An amino derivative of glucose that is a component of polysaccharides such as chitin; it is marketed as a dietary supplement supposedly to reduce the symptoms of arthritis.


raphide

raphides (plural)
raphis (alternative)
rhaphide (alternative)
rhaphis (alternative)

(botany) A crystal of calcium oxalate, shaped like a needle, which forms as a metabolic byproduct in some plant cells.


mutilate

Learned borrowing from Latin mutilātus, the perfect passive participle of mutilō (“to mutilate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), itself from mutilus (“maimed”).

(archaic, zoology) Having fin-like appendages or flukes instead of legs, like a cetacean does.


hyoscyamine

From Latin hyoscyamus (“henbane”) + -ine.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A poisonous alkaloid present in henbane that is the stereoisomer of atropine, with similar properties to hyoscine, and used medicinally to treat abdominal pain and similar conditions.


monoamine

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Dopamine and norepinephrine are so-called monoamines.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 167:

The first effective drugs used to treat clinical depression were compounds that act by enhancing the activity of chemicals known as monoamines in the brain.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 55:

(chemistry, biochemistry) Any compound having a single amino functional group, especially a neurotransmitter.


penicillamine

penicillamine (countable and uncountable, plural penicillamines)

rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline, sulfur-containing amino acid produced by the hydrolysis of penicillins, used pharmacologically as a chelating agent to remove heavy metals such as copper from the body, and as an anti-inflammatory agent, especially for rheumatoid arthritis; 2-amino-3-methyl-3-mercaptobutanoic acid, (CH₃)₂C(SH)CH(NH₂)COOH.


prolamine

(biochemistry) any of a class of proteins, high in proline, found in the seeds of cereals


protamine

(biochemistry) Any of various strongly basic proteins of relatively low molecular weight that are rich in arginine and are found associated especially with DNA in place of histone in the sperm cells of various animals (such as fish).


pyridoxamine

pyridoxamine (countable and uncountable, plural pyridoxamines)

(biochemistry) A constituent of vitamin B6, essential for the metabolism of starch and amino acids.


thiamine

thiamine (usually uncountable, plural thiamines)

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(biochemistry) One of the constituents of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast and bran, that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates.


tryptamine

tryptamine (countable and uncountable, plural tryptamines)

By surface analysis, tryptophan + amine.

(uncountable, biochemistry) A heterocyclic amine found in both plant and animal tissue, where it is an intermediate in several metabolic schemes.


sympatry

From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with, in company with, together with”) + πᾰτρῐ́ς (pătrĭ́s, “fatherland”).

der

(biology) The use of the same (or overlapping) geographical areas, by populations of related species, without interbreeding.

共棲 /共栖

the use of the same geographical areas without interbreeding


silencer

(genetics) Something that prevents gene expression

Something that silences
Something that prevents gene expression


reniform

/ˈɹɛnəˌfɔɹm/

Learned borrowing from Latin rēnis (the genitive singular of rēn (“kidney”); see further at that entry) + English -form (suffix meaning ‘having the form or shape of’), modelled after New Latin rēnifōrmis (“of seeds: kidney-shaped”).

reniforme

synonym of kidney-shaped — see also kidney-shaped

intussusception with a reniform appearance

multiple reniform circumscribed fat-containing masses

The Bean […] is oval, and not at all reniform'd like the Kidney-Beans.

[1745, James Parsons, “Tab. V. Fig. 12. a. Cow-itch, Coughage, or Stinging-Beans.”, in The Microscopical Theatre of Seeds: […], volume I, London: […] F. Needham, […]; and sold by M. Cooper, […], →OCLC, page 201:

[T]he antheræ are reniform: the germen is oval, and obtuſely trigonal; […]

1751, John Hill, “Class the Sixth. Order the First. Division the First. Hexandria Monogynia, Having Corollæ Divided into Three Segments, and Cups to Them. [TRADESCANTIA.]”, in A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions of the Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals of the Different Parts of the World; […], volume II (A History of Plants), London: […] Thomas Osborne, […], →OCLC, part III (Plants Called the More Perfect Ones), page 364:

In one of the ſegments of the lovver portion of the kidney, there vvas a large reniform Papillæ, in the outer circumference of vvhich a ſmall part of the papillary fleſh vvas vvanting. […] In the oppoſite ſegment, there vvas a fourth reniform Papilla, reſembling the firſt; […]

1756, Albert Haller [i.e., Albrecht von Haller], “Observation LIX. A Coalition of the Kidnies.”, in Pathological Observations, Chiefly from Dissections of Morbid Bodies, London: […] D. Wilson and T. Durnam, […], →OCLC, page 178:

The oxyde of cobalt, […] is found either ſuperficial, interſperſed, or in lumps; ſometimes botryoidal or reniform or bearing particular impreſſions.

1799, William Babington, “[Class III. Metals. Order II. Fragile. Genus IV. Cobalt.] Species II. Native Oxyde of Cobalt.”, in A New System of Mineralogy, in the Form of a Catalogue, after the Manner of Baron Born’s Systematic Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils of Mlle. Élénore de Raab, London: […] T[homas] Bensley, […]; and sold by W. Phillips, […]; G. G. and J. Robinsons, […]; and T[homas] Cox, […], →OCLC, page 232:

Nothing could be more simple than the furniture. The chairs were either posts mounted on four legs spread out for a base, or three-legged stools with reniform seats.

1861, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “To Ruby Valley”, in The City of the Saints and across the Rocky Mountains to California, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, →OCLC, page 570:

(chiefly biology, mineralogy) Synonym of kidney-shaped (“having an approximately circular or elongated ovoid shape with an inward curve or indentation on one side”).

kidney-shaped

(botany) Of a leaf: kidney-shaped, with the petiole attached at the notch.

munuaismainen

of a leaf: kidney-shaped, with the petiole attached at the notch


refracted

en-adj

refracted (comparative more refracted, superlative most refracted)

more refracted (comparative)
most refracted (superlative)


homoblastic

(biology) Developing from a single type of tissue.

(botany) Having leaves whose shape changes very little with the plant's or shoot's age.


heteroblastic

(biology) Developing from more than a single type of tissue.

heteroblastika

developing from more than a single type of tissue

(botany) Growing several forms or type of leaves along a shoot depending on age or shoot length.


heterogenic

(genetics) Of or relating to the genes of different species.


holoblastic

holoblastic (comparative more holoblastic, superlative most holoblastic)

more holoblastic (comparative)
most holoblastic (superlative)

From holoblast + -ic or holo- + -blastic.

(biology, of an egg) Cleaving, and separating into separate blastomeres.

holoblástico

cleaving and separating into separate blastomeres


lysosome

(cytology) An organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules.


lysozyme

[Alexander Fleming] had in 1923 discovered lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme found in saliva, mucus and tears as part of the body’s first line of defence against invading pathogens.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), pages 47–48:

(biochemistry) A bacteriolytic (or antibiotic) enzyme found in many animal secretions, and in egg white.


macrocyclic

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Almost all the rusts occurring on the ferns are both heteroecious and macrocyclic; so also are most of those occurring on the conifers.

1965, C. G. Ainsworth, Frederick K[roeber] Sparrow, Alfred S. Sussman, editors, The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise, volume IVB (A Taxonomic Review with Keys: Basidomycetes and Lower Fungi), New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 259:

(mycology) Pertaining to a rust fungus whose life cycle includes all five spore stages: pycniospore (spermatium), aeciospore, urediniospore, teliospore, and basidiospore.


repeat unit

(genetics) A specific sequence of bases that repeats within a nucleic acid (or of amino acids within a protein)


acyclic

acyclic (comparative more acyclic, superlative most acyclic)

more acyclic (comparative)
most acyclic (superlative)

(botany) Of a flower, having its parts inserted spirally on the receptacle.


nisin

en-noun

nisin (countable and uncountable, plural nisins)

Blend of group N + streptococci + inhibitory substance.

blend

Lactococcus lactis
Lactococcus lactis#Translingual

(biochemistry) A polycyclic peptide produced by fermentation with the bacterium Lactococcus lactis; used as a preservative in processed cheese etc.


vagility

en-noun

vagility (countable and uncountable, plural vagilities)

(biology) The degree to which an organism or taxon can or does move or spread within an environment.


labellum

From Latin labellum (“small lip”), diminutive of labrum (“lip”).

(entomology) Part of the mouth of an insect, especially the sucking mouthparts of a fly.


assurgent

en-adj

assurgent (comparative more assurgent, superlative most assurgent)

more assurgent (comparative)
most assurgent (superlative)

From Latin assurgens, present participle of assurgo (“rise up”).


engager

To address this limitation, strategies for redirecting T cells to treat cancer are being intensively investigated, while the bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) therapy constitutes one of the most promising therapeutic approaches.

2021 May 26, Shujie Zhou, Mingguo Liu, Fei Ren, Xiangjiao Meng, Jinming Yu, “The landscape of bispecific T cell engager in cancer treatment”, in Biomarker Research, volume 9, →DOI, article 38, page 1:

(biochemistry) A particle or compound which engages certain cells in a process.


aldosterone

/ælˈdɒstəɹəʊn/

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From aldo- (“related to aldehydes”) + -sterone, modelled on German Aldosteron; coined in the 1950s.

af

(biochemistry, steroids) A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body.


corticosteroid

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(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in a large range of physiological systems.

Wúràọlá’s first patient was a man who had not noticed any significant improvement after a regimen of corticosteroids had been prescribed for his spondylosis.

2023, Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀, A Spell of Good Things, Canongate Books, page 209:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of several synthetic hormones of related structure.


androsterone

en-noun

androsterone (countable and uncountable, plural androsterones)

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(biochemistry, steroids) An androgenic hormone, excreted in the urine, somewhat less active than testosterone.


androgenic

en-adj

androgenic (comparative more androgenic, superlative most androgenic)

more androgenic (comparative)
most androgenic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or being an androgen.


X-linked gene

(genetics) Any gene located on the sex chromosomes. Typically, these genes are found on the X chromosome and not on the Y chromosome.


insistent

insistent (comparative more insistent, superlative most insistent)

more insistent (comparative)
most insistent (superlative)

From Latin insistens, participle of insisto.

(ornithology) Standing on end: specifically said of the hind toe of a bird when its base is inserted so high on the shank that only its tip touches the ground: correlated with incumbent.


corticosterone

en-noun

corticosterone (countable and uncountable, plural corticosterones)

“The brain doesn’t get the rest it needs, resulting in a drop in executive function and accompanied by an increase in corticosterone levels.”

2022, Bonnie Garmus, Lessons in Chemistry, Penguin (2023), page 206:

(biochemistry, steroids) A corticosteroid hormone, produced in the adrenal glands, involved in metabolism.


cortisone

cortisone (countable and uncountable, plural cortisones)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-cortisone.wav

(biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A corticosteroid hormone, closely related to corticosterone, produced by the adrenal cortex. One of the glucocorticoids, it is also made synthetically for use as an anti-inflammatory and antiallergy agent. 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone, with formula C₂₁H₂₈O₅.


antiandrogen

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any substance that inhibits the release or the biological effects of an androgen.

抗雄激素

any substance that inhibits the release or biological effects of an androgen


deoxycorticosterone

deoxycorticosterone (countable and uncountable, plural deoxycorticosterones)

deoxycorticosterones (plural)
DOC (abbreviation)
desoxycorticosterone (alternative US)
desoxycortone (alternative)
deoxycortone (alternative)

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone, produced in the adrenal cortex; sometimes manufactured synthetically for use in cases of adrenal insufficiency.


estrone

estrone (countable and uncountable, plural estrones)

estrones (plural)
oestrone (alternative UK)

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(American spelling, biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A natural estrogenic hormone that is a ketone C₁₈H₂₂O₂ found in the body chiefly as a metabolite of and less potent than estradiol, that is also secreted especially by the ovaries, and that is used to treat various conditions (such as ovarian failure and menopausal symptoms) relating to estrogen deficiency.


theelin

The isolation of the crystalline hormone seems to justify the selection of a new name which should be reserved for the crystalline material and which in reality becomes the name of a new and probably hitherto unknown chemical substance. Accordingly, we suggest the term “theelin.“ This word is derived from the Greek word “theelus” used both adjectively and nominally to signify “female.”

1930 June, CD Veler, “The preparation of the crystalline follicular ovarian hormone: Theelin”, in Journal of Biological Chemistry, page 357:

(biochemistry, steroids) The steroid hormone estrone.


estrogenic

Assuming, for the moment, that one is of some definite genetic sex, at birth […] Suppose, in addition, I am born with a vagina and an estrogenic capability toward femininity.

1978 April 15, Sally Anne Douglas, “Who Am I?”, in Gay Community News, page 5:

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or acting like estrogen.

estrogeeni-

of, relating to, or acting like estrogen


gram-positive

From Gram (“a surname”) + positive, after Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who invented the Gram staining method.

(medicine, bacteriology, of a bacterium) That is stained violet by Gram's method


cortisol

cortisol (countable and uncountable, plural cortisols)

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There is experimental evidence showing that cortisol restrains the intensity and duration of the emergency reaction to stress, and catecholamines have been shown to enhance emotional memory in the amygdala (see subsection on "Noradrenaline"). Thus, individuals lacking cortisol would overstore traumatic memories .

2006, Marcus Lira Brandão, Frederico Guilherme Graeff, Neurobiology of Mental Disorders, page 36:

“While chronic stress can lead to increased levels of cortisol in the body, those levels don’t usually rise high enough to create a moon face,” said dermatologist Dr. Rajani Katta, a clinical assistant professor at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.

2024 October 17, Sandee LaMotte, “Stress and ‘moon face’: What experts say about this TikTok trend”, in CNN:

(biochemistry, steroids) A glucocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that mediates various metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis), has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, and whose levels in the blood may become elevated in response to physical or psychological stress. When used medicinally it is known as hydrocortisone.


phytoestrogen

Furthermore, Kumar et al. investigated the synergistic effects of three phytoestrogens (genistein, quercetin and biochanin A) and found that these phytoestrogens in combination had a more potent inhibitory effect on androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell growth in vitro.

2015 July 25, “Divide and Conquer May Not Be the Optimal Approach to Retain the Desirable Estrogenic Attributes of the Cyclopia Nutraceutical Extract, SM6Met”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

“Overall, we did not find an association between phytoestrogens and night sweats,” Muka said, though a single experiment with red clover found a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. This is insufficient, though, to draw any firm conclusions.
“A main concern of our study was the length of follow-up,” Muka said. Since most of the research included just 12 to 16 weeks of follow-up, he and his colleagues cannot define the long-term effects of phytoestrogen and whether they might have adverse effects over time.

2016 June 21, Susan Scutti, “Herbal remedies improve early menopause symptoms”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) A substance found in certain plants (such as genistein) which can produce effects like that of the hormone estrogen when ingested into the body.


syrinx

/sɪˈɹɪnd͡ʒiːz/

Learned borrowing from Latin sȳrinx (“reed; reed pipe, panpipes”), from Ancient Greek σῦριγξ (sûrinx, “panpipes; pipe-shaped object”), from Pre-Greek. Doublet of syringe.
The plural form syringes is a learned borrowing from Latin sȳringes.

der

This tube is named the Windpipe, Trachea, or Aspera-arteria; […] its lower extremity, or the part at which it bifurcates, is the Lower Larynx, or the Syrinx. Besides acting as a pipe to the lungs, it is also the organ of the voice, the air in passing through it causing its membranes so to vibrate, and being so acted upon by the muscles attached to it, as to give rise to the various cries and notes emitted by birds, although the palate, the tongue, and the mandibles also operate in modifying the sounds thus produced.

1839, William MacGillivray, “Practical Ornithology. Fifth Lesson.”, in A History of British Birds, Indigenous and Migratory: […], volume II (Cantatores, Songsters), London: […] [W. Burness] for Scott, Webster, and Geary, […], →OCLC, page 19:

The role of the syrinx in psittacine sound production is still under examination, and probably differs from that of songbirds. […] For species with relatively simple syringes but complex vocal behavior (such as Grey parrots), these data imply that other structures must modify syringeal output.

1999, Irene Maxine Pepperberg, “How Does a Grey Parrot Produce Human Speech Sounds?”, in The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots, Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, published 2002, →ISBN, page 293:

The primary sound-producing organ in a bird is the syrinx and the secondary system aiding sound production consists of the larynx, mouth, tongue and laryngeal muscles. […] Birds vocalise by expelling air over the elastic membranes of the syrinx housed within the inter-clavicular sac, an air sac in the pleural cavity.

2007, Gisela Kaplan, “Emotions, Vocal Behaviour and Communication”, in Tawny Frogmouth (Australian Natural History Series), Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, page 121:

The organ responsible for producing sounds during song is the syrinx, located where the trachea joins the bronchi of the two lungs[…]. Four to six muscles on either side are attached to the syrinx, and sound is produced when air is expelled through it. The flow of air induces part of the syrinx wall to vibrate and generate sound, in a similar way to the operation of the human larynx.

2010, Peter Simmons, David Young, “Nerve Cells and Animal Signalling: Songs of Crickets, Electric Fish and Birds”, in Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour, 3rd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 247:

(ornithology, zootomy) The voice organ in birds, located at or near where the trachea and the bronchi join.


plastoquinone

en-noun

plastoquinone (countable and uncountable, plural plastoquinones)

(biochemistry) a quinone, related to the carotenoids, involved in the electron transport process of photosynthesis


glucocorticoid

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(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties.


ribonuclease

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid.

ribonucléase

enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid


midrib

(botany) The strengthened vein down the middle of a flower petal or simple leaf or leaflet.

gihoy

(botany) The continuation of the petiole of a pinnately compound leaf around which the leaflets attach.


miotic

Opium is a miotic drug.

(biology) Causing miosis (the constriction of the pupil of the eye).


monospecific

en-adj

monospecific (comparative more monospecific, superlative most monospecific)

more monospecific (comparative)
most monospecific (superlative)

(taxonomy, Of a genus) containing only one known species.

(microbiology, Of a group of antibodies) with affinity for the same antigen.


CSP

en-noun

CSP (countable and uncountable, plural CSPs)

CSPs (plural)
C.S.P. (alternative)
C. S. P. (alternative)
C S P (alternative)

circumsporozoite protein
circumsporozoite protein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of circumsporozoite protein.


inga

Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese ingá, borrowed from Old Tupi ingá, from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *iŋa.

etymon

Here are the mimosas, the ingas, the acacias, the maples, the beautiful ailantus, and the fine fruit tree, the mango.

1838, The British cyclopaedia, page 605:

Fruit trees such as ingas are underutilized in reforestation efforts.

1989, “Lost crops of the Incas”, in U.S, National Research Council, page 279:

(botany) Any of the genus Inga of small tropical trees and shrubs.


acetylcholine

en-noun

acetylcholine (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholines)

Acetylcholine build-up in the body can be toxic.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 11:

(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter in humans and other animals. It is an ester of acetic acid and choline with chemical formula CH₃COOCH₂CH₂N⁺(CH₃)₃.


acetylcholinesterase

acetylcholinesterase (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholinesterases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.


abstract term

(taxonomy) A name for an order, genera, or species of things in which there is a combination of similar qualities.


stopper

Red Stopper. Leaves ovate-oblong, contracted at the apex into long points, coriaceous. Eugenia Garber

1890, Charles Sprague Sargent, The Silva of North America: A Description of the Trees which Grow Naturally in North America Exclusive of Mexico:

(botany) Any of several trees of the genus Eugenia, found in Florida and the West Indies.


lettered

(botany) Bearing spots or blotches that resemble letters.


porus

1923, J. W. Moll, Hindrik Haijo Janssonius, Botanical Pen-Portraits
[…] sometimes both guard-cells flattened, only the porus being distinct.


-enchyma

From Ancient Greek ἔγχυμα (énkhuma, “infusion”).


-ergic

(chiefly biochemistry) Produced or activated by (the specified thing).


deliquescent

en-adj

deliquescent (comparative more deliquescent, superlative most deliquescent)

more deliquescent (comparative)
most deliquescent (superlative)

Latin deliquescens, present participle of deliquesco; de + liquesco (“I melt”): compare French déliquescent.

1850, Asa Gray, The Botanical Text-Book, New York: Putnam, 3rd edition, rewritten and enlarged, Chapter 4, p. 102,
In other cases, the main stem is arrested, sooner or later, either by flowering, by the failure of the terminal bud, or the more vigorous development of some of the lateral buds, and thus the trunk is lost in the branches, or is deliquescent, as in most of our deciduous-leaved trees.

(botany) Branching so that the stem is lost in branches, as in most deciduous trees.

The spores, so soon as they are ripe, either drop out of the sporiferous membrane (hymenium), or, as more frequently happens, are projected from it with an elastic jerk, or else, as is the case of Agarics of a deliquescent kind, return to the earth mixed up with the black liquid into which these ultimately resolve themselves.

1847, Charles David Badham, A Treatise on the Esculent Funguses of England, London: Reeve Brothers, page 51:

(mycology, of the fruiting body of a fungus) Becoming liquid as a phase of its life cycle.


delomorphous

(biology, of a cell, tissue culture etc) Having a precise and well-formed limit or boundary.