biomass

en-noun

biomass (usually uncountable, plural biomasses)

From bio- (prefix denoting organic life) + mass (“matter, material”).

prefix

Since protein constitutes the majority of the biomass of a cell, building new protein is a major way that cells increase their size.

2005, David A. Guertin, David M. Sabatini, “Cell Size Control”, in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, volume IV, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, →DOI, →ISBN:

The total mass of a living thing or a part thereof (such as a cell).

biomassa

In the untouched Shangri-la-like Kingman Reef in the Line Islands in the central Pacific, sharks make up 75 per cent of the fish biomass.

2012 August 2, Theo Tait, “Don’t Wear Yum-yum Yellow [review of Demon Fish: Travels through the Hidden World of Sharks (2012) by Juliet Eilperin]”, in London Review of Books, volume 34, number 15, London: LRB Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-04:

The total mass of all, or a specified category of, living things within a specific area, habitat, etc.


stringer

[T]hose fellows know how to spot a stringer at work.

1980, Bill Oddie, Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book, page 82:

(birdwatching) A person who deliberately states that a certain bird is present when it is not; one who knowingly misleads other birders about the occurrence of a bird, especially a rarity.


rubisco

rubiscos (plural)
RuBisCO (alternative)
Rubisco (alternative)

Coined by David Eisenberg, from r(ib)u(lose) + bis(phosphate) + c(arboxylase) + o(xygenase).

To turn light into food takes several steps, but the key is an extremely inefficient enzyme called RuBisCO.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 29:

(biochemistry) A enzyme (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase) which catalyzes both the fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the reverse process of photorespiration.


centromere

Borrowed from German Centromer, corresponding to centro- + -mere (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”)).

The aberrant bivalents with single terminal chiasmata are specially liable to this failure of orientation, presumably because their centromeres lie exceptionally far apart, as is the case in similar circumstances in a Lilium hybrid with reduced chiasma-frequency.

1936, C. D. Darlington, “The Analysis of Chromosome Movements, I. Podophyllum versipelle”, in Cytologia, volume 7, numbers 1-2, page 242:

Every chromosome has a long arm and a short arm separated by a pinch point known as a centromere.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2000, page 16:

(genetics) The central region of a eukaryotic chromosome where the kinetochore is assembled.


kinetochore

From kineto- + Ancient Greek χῶρος (khôros, “space”).

(biology) The protein structure in eukaryotes which assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis.


eukaryotic

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

(biology) Having complex cells in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei.

(biology) Of or pertaining to a eukaryote.


centriole

/ˈsɛntɹɪˌəʊl/

From Latin centriolum, diminutive of centrum. English equivalent centri- + -ole.

The aster is at this period closely similar to those of Ascaris at certain periods, as figured by Boveri, and the red mass with its central group of granules corresponds exactly, I think, to Boveri's "centrosome" with its "Centralkorn" or "centriole" ("centrosphere" with its "centrosome" in Strasburger's terminology).

1895, Edmund B. Wilson, “Archoplasm, centrosome, and chromatin in the sea-urchin egg”, in Journal of Morphology, volume 11, number 1:

(biology) A barrel-shaped microtubule structure found in most animal cells, important in the process of mitosis (nuclear division).


puff

en-noun

puff (countable and uncountable, plural puffs)

From Middle English puff, puf, from Old English pyf (“a blast of wind, puff”), imitative. Cognate with Middle Low German puf, pof.

onomatopoeic

imitative

(genetics) A region of a chromosome exhibiting a local increase in diameter.


isoleucine

en-noun

isoleucine (countable and uncountable, plural isoleucines)

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₃NO₂, isomeric with leucine, found in most animal proteins.


leucine

leucine (countable and uncountable, plural leucines)

Derived from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -ine, equivalent to leuco- + -ine.

der+

Thus, leucine is already being seen as a pharmaconutrient of great relevance for the supplementary feeding of malnourished and frail elderly and for specific subpopulations.

2015 October 15, “Buffalo Cheese Whey Proteins, Identification of a 24 kDa Protein and Characterization of Their Hydrolysates: In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₃NO₂, isomeric with isoleucine, found in most animal proteins; it is essential for growth in children.


methionine

en-noun

methionine (countable and uncountable, plural methionines)

/mɪˈθʌɪəniːn/

/mɪˈθʌɪənɪn/

/mɛˈθaɪəˌniːn/

The purpose was to make soya beans more healthy for those for whom they are a staple food by correcting soya beans' natural deficiency in a chemical called methionine.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 253:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A lipotropic, sulphur-containing essential amino acid, C₅H₁₁NO₂S, found in most protein.


lipotropic

en-adj

lipotropic (comparative more lipotropic, superlative most lipotropic)

more lipotropic (comparative)
most lipotropic (superlative)

(biochemistry) helping to metabolize lipids


metabolize

en-verb

metabolize (third-person singular simple present metabolizes, present participle metabolizing, simple past and past participle metabolized)

metabolizes (present singular third-person)
metabolizing (participle present)
metabolized (participle past)
metabolized (past)
metabolise (alternative)

From Ancient Greek μετᾰβολή (metăbolḗ, “change, mutation”) + -ize.

der

(biology, intransitive) To undergo metabolism.

Among the many types of juice, grapefruit stands out from the pack because it changes the way some people absorb and metabolize different drugs.

2004, Walter C. Willett, “News About What You Drink”, in Mother Earth News:

The genes in question encode two enzymes that metabolize alcohol and its breakdown products; the two enzymes are known as alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase.

2004–05, Dustin Stephens, Robert Dudley, “The Drunken Monkey Hypothesis”, in Journal of Natural History, page 43:

(biology, transitive) To cause a substance to undergo metabolism.

أَيَّضَ

to cause a substance to undergo metabolism

(biology, transitive) To produce a substance using metabolism.


phenylalanine

en-noun

phenylalanine (countable and uncountable, plural phenylalanines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₉H₁₁NO₂ found in most animal proteins; it is essential for growth; the inability to metabolize it leads to phenylketonuria; it is a constituent of aspartame.


dipeptide

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound formed from two amino acids joined by a peptide bond.


polypeptide

(biochemistry) Any such polymer that is not folded into a secondary structure of a protein.

多肽

biochemistry: any such polymer that is not folded into a secondary structure of a protein

(biochemistry) A small protein containing up to 100 amino acids; see also oligopeptide.

多肽

biochemistry: a small protein containing up to 100 amino acids


actinomycin

actinomycin (countable and uncountable, plural actinomycins)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of a class of toxic polypeptide antibiotics found in soil bacteria of genus Streptomyces.

اکتینومایسین

antibiotic found in bacteria of genus Streptomyces


threonine

threonine (countable and uncountable, plural threonines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₄H₉NO₃ found in most animal proteins.


alanine

alanine (countable and uncountable, plural alanines)

From aldehyde + -anine, in reference to aldehyde, with the infix -an- for ease of pronunciation, when the German chemist Adolph Strecker first synthesized alanine in 1850 by mixing acetaldehyde (then just known as aldehyde) with ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrochloric acid.

Potatoes can be a good source of alanine.

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry, uncountable) A nonessential amino acid 2-aminopropanoic acid found in most animal proteins


aspargine

aspargine (countable and uncountable, plural aspargines)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of asparagine.


cysteine

cysteine (countable and uncountable, plural cysteines)

(biochemistry) A sulphur-containing nonessential amino acid C₃H₇NO₂S found in most animal proteins; it readily oxidizes to cystine.

Cys when viewed as a monomer in proteins


glutamine

glutamine (countable and uncountable, plural glutamines)

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid C₅H₁₀N₂O₃ found in most animal and plant proteins.


glycine

glycine (countable and uncountable, plural glycines)

Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + -ine

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, amino-acetic acid, C₂H₅NO₂ found in most proteins but especially in sugar cane; the simplest amino acid.


proline

proline (countable and uncountable, plural prolines)

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid C₅H₉NO₂ found in most animal proteins, especially collagen; its cyclic structure leads to kinks in the peptide chain of proteins.


peptide chain

(biochemistry) a chain of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds, that forms the 'backbone' of proteins


tyrosine

tyrosine (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosines)

From Ancient Greek τῡρός (tūrós, “cheese”) + -ine (since first discovered in cheese); surface analysis is approximately tyro- + -ine.

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid found in most animal proteins, especially casein


corymb

From the French corymbe, from the Latin corymbus, from the Ancient Greek κόρυμβος (kórumbos). Doublet of corymbus.

Hoya carnosa (Thick-leaved).—Foliage large, flowers in large drooping corymbs; they are of a pinkish-white colour, and contain, or rather yield, drops of pure sweet honey; hence this fine old plant is known as the Honey plant.

1855 June 5, T. Appleby, “Plants for Baskets”, in George W. Johnson, Robert Hogg, editors, The Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman’s Companion: A Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany, and Natural History, volume XIV, number CCCXLIX, London: Published for the proprietors, […], →OCLC, page 161, column 2:

(botany) A cluster of flowers with a flat or convex top.


pendulous

en-adj

pendulous (comparative more pendulous, superlative most pendulous)

more pendulous (comparative)
most pendulous (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin pendulus (“pendant”), from pendeō (“I hang”).

(biology) Having branches etc. that bend downwards; drooping or weeping


gladius

From Latin gladius (“Roman short sword, gladius”). Doublet of glaive.

bor

From the Cretaceous of North America fossilised gladii in the enigmatic genus Tusoteuthis have been estimated to give a mantle length (body size) of 1.8m, just less than that of the giant squid’s.

2017 October 31, Mark Carnall, The Guardian:

(zoology) A pen, a hard internal bodypart of certain cephalopods, made of chitin-like material.


flowering plant

en-noun

flowering plant (plural flowering plants)

(botany) Any plant that produces flowers and fruit; an angiosperm.


silky

en-adj

silky (comparative silkier, superlative silkiest)

silkier (comparative)
silkiest (superlative)

From Middle English sylky, equivalent to silk + -y.

(botany) Covered in long, slender, glistening hairs pressed close to the surface; sericeous.


waved

waved (comparative more waved, superlative most waved)

more waved (comparative)
most waved (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waved.wav

(biology) Having on the margin a succession of curved segments or incisions.


eavesdropping

en-noun

eavesdropping (countable and uncountable, plural eavesdroppings)

(zoology) The act of one organism listening for another's calls, so as to exploit them.


bilateral symmetry

bilateral symmetry (usually uncountable, plural bilateral symmetries)

(biology) the characteristic, in animals, of being symmetric about a plane running from head to tail


prevalent

prevalents (plural)
prævalent (alternative)
prevailent (alternative)

From Latin praevalēns. By surface analysis, pre- + -valent.

The species I found to be most prevalent on the Spring Green study site were compared with lists of prevalents in compositionally related communities of Wisconsin developed by Curtis (1959).

1983, Donna K. McBain, Influence of Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus Virginiana L.) on Soil Properties and Vegetative Composition of a Sand Prairie in Southwestern Wisconsin, page 26:

(biology) A species that is prevalent in a certain area.


circadian rhythm

circadian rhythm (plural circadian rhythms)

(biology, sleep medicine) The internal body clock that regulates the roughly 24-hour cycle of biological processes in animals and plants.


eudicot

Probably a back-formation from eudicots, short for eudicotyledons, from the New Latin coinage eudicotylēdōn, from the Ancient Greek components εὐ- (eu-, “good, well”) + δι- (di-, “two”) + κοτυληδών (kotulēdṓn, “cup-shaped cavity”); equivalent to eu- (“true”) + dicot.


indicator

From Late Latin indicātor (“one who points out”), from Latin indicō (“point out”); see indicate.

der

(ecology) A plant or animal whose presence is indicative of some specific environment.


tricolpate

The pollen grains are tricolpate to tricolporoidate.

Tricolpate pollen, the signature of eudicots, first appears ca. 110 million years ago.

(botany, palynology, of a pollen) Having three grooves, or colpi, on each grain.


tricolpate

(botany, taxonomy) A plant with tricolpate (three-grooved) pollen, including any dicot.


Linnaean

From Linnaeus + -an. After Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), Swedish naturalist who helped to standardize biological nomenclature.

(biology) Of or relating to Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish naturalist, either personally or in a wider sense, to the era influenced by him.

Nowhere was the victory of Linnaeanism more complete than in Britain. When William Hudson's Flora Anglica, organized in the Linnaean manner, appeared in 1762, it displaced all previous floras.

2000, Daniel R. Headrick, When Information Came of Age, page 26:

(taxonomy) Of or relating to the binomial nomenclature originated by him

linnéläinen

of or relating to the binomial nomenclature


phocine

From Latin phōca (“seal”) (from Ancient Greek φώκη (phṓkē)) + -ine.

Phocines anchor their hands by flexing their fingers, digging them into the substrate, and then pulling their body forward by elbow and shoulder flexion.

2007, Brian Keith Hall, Fins into Limbs, page 313:

(zoology) A member of the subfamily Phocinae, comprising the "true" or "earless" seals.


pantropical

(biology) Occurring in tropical areas on all the major continents, i.e. in Africa, Asia and America.


palaeotropical

en-adj

palaeotropical (comparative more palaeotropical, superlative most palaeotropical)

more palaeotropical (comparative)
most palaeotropical (superlative)

(biology, geography) Occurring in tropical Africa and Asia, i.e. the tropics of the Old World.


neotropical

neotropical (comparative more neotropical, superlative most neotropical)

more neotropical (comparative)
most neotropical (superlative)

(biology) Occurring in tropical America, i.e. the tropics of the New World.


arcus

Borrowed from Latin arcus. Doublet of arc and arco. Distantly related to arrow.

(entomology) An elastic band around the base of the arolium, a pad at the end of the leg of certain insects

(palynology) An arc-shaped band of thickened sexine extending between two apertures on a pollen grain or spore


extremophile

They had found the world's first extremophiles – organisms that could live in water that had previously been assumed to be much too hot or acid or choked with sulphur to bear life.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, page 207:

Lichens are 'extremophiles', organisms able to live, from our point of view, in other worlds.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 95:

(ecology) An organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity etc; commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditions.


halophile

(biology) An organism that lives and thrives in an environment of high salinity, often requiring such an environment; a form of extremophile

halófilo

organism that thrives in high-salinity environments


hyperthermophile

Meanwhile, scientists were finding even hardier microbes, now known as hyperthermophiles, which demand temperatures of 80 degrees Celsius or more.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, page 208:

(biology) An organism that lives and thrives in an extremely hot environment, such as a deep sea smoker vent; often a member of the Archaea.


thermophile

(biology) An organism that lives and thrives at relatively high temperatures; a form of extremophile; many are members of the Archaea.

termòfil

organism that lives and thrives at relative high temperatures


thermophilic

thermophilic (comparative more thermophilic, superlative most thermophilic)

more thermophilic (comparative)
most thermophilic (superlative)

(biology) of, or relating to a thermophile; living and thriving at relatively high temperatures


softwood

en-noun

softwood (countable and uncountable, plural softwoods)

The bodies are sheeted in softwood, a double layer of ⅝-in. boards on the quarters, with a single thickness lining inside the steel ends.

1952 January, “British Railways Standard Wagons”, in Railway Magazine, page 61:

(uncountable, chiefly botany) The wood from any gymnosperm, without regard to how soft this wood is.


maquis

Borrowed from French maquis, from Corsican machja (related to Italian macchia), ultimately from Latin macula. Doublet of macula.

The older man claims to find a measure of peace in Corsica’s wild landscape, and as Mitchell explores the foothills of maquis, fragrant with “the sharp resinous smell of laurel rose and thyme,” he too succumbs.

2007 May 27, Alida Becker, “Season in the Sun”, in New York Times:

(botany) Dense Mediterranean coastal scrub.


competent

en-adj

competent (comparative more competent, superlative most competent)

more competent (comparative)
most competent (superlative)

From Middle English competent, conpetent, from Old French competent (modern French compétent), from Latin competens, competentem, present participle of competō (“coincide, be equal to, be capable of”). Compare Dutch competent (“competent”), German kompetent (“competent”), Danish kompetent (“competent”).

a competent sphincter;   a competent cervix;   a competent immune system

(biology, medicine, of an organ, tissue, or system) Functionally in order; functioning adequately.

(biology, of a cell wall) Permeable to foreign DNA.


heterotypic

(genetics) Relating to the first nuclear division in meiosis.


homotypic

(botany) Said of a taxon name which shares the exact same type as a different name and thus must necessarily refer to the same taxon.


DNA polymerase

en-noun

DNA polymerase (countable and uncountable, plural DNA polymerases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that assists DNA replication.


polymerase chain reaction

polymerase chain reaction (plural polymerase chain reactions)

genetic fingerprinting
genetic fingerprinting

(genetics, molecular biology, organic chemistry) A technique in molecular biology for creating multiple copies of DNA from a sample; used in genetic fingerprinting etc.

ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応

ポリメラーゼれんさはんのう


-ome

Back-formation of mitome, reinforced by chromosome. Early examples include biome (1916) and genome, from German Genom (1920). Some association with genetics due to occurrence in chromosome and genome.

(biology) The complete whole of a class of substances for a species or an individual.


saccharine

en-adj

saccharine (comparative more saccharine, superlative most saccharine)

more saccharine (comparative)
most saccharine (superlative)

From New Latin saccharum (“sugar”) + English -ine (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Saccharum is derived from saccharon (“syrupy liquid from bamboo or reeds”), from Ancient Greek σάκχαρον (sákkharon), from Pali sakkharā (“sugar; gravel; granule, grain; crystal; potsherd”), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar; cotton sugar, sugarmaple; gravel, grit, pebbles; potsherd”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂ (“boulder; gravel”).

der

(chiefly botany, geology) Resembling granulated sugar; saccharoid.

سُكَّرِيّ

of or relating to sugar — see also sugary


blood test

(law, genetics) An analysis of blood performed on two subjects to determine whether they are biologically related, such as a paternity test.


mapping

en-noun

mapping (countable and uncountable, plural mappings)

(biology) The process of locating genes on a chromosome.


cacique

caciques (plural)
cazic (alternative)
cazique (alternative)

Borrowed from Spanish cacique, from Taíno *kasike or Lokono kassequa, cazaqah (“chieftain; power”).

(ornithology) Any of a number of tropical blackbirds from Central America and South America, family Icteridae.


tendril

From Middle French tendrillon (“bud, shoot, cartilage”), perhaps a diminutive of tendron (“cartilage”), from Old French tendre (“soft”) (see tender (adj.)), or else from Latin tendere (“to stretch, extend”) (see tender (v.)).

uder

(botany) A thin, spirally coiling stem that attaches a plant to its support.


phagocytize

en-verb

phagocytize (third-person singular simple present phagocytizes, present participle phagocytizing, simple past and past participle phagocytized)

phagocytizes (present singular third-person)
phagocytizing (participle present)
phagocytized (participle past)
phagocytized (past)
phagocytise (alternative)

(immunology, cytology, US) To ingest (something) by phagocytosis.


sida

(botany) any of the flowering plants of the genus Sida in the mallow family


cycadean

en-adj

cycadean (comparative more cycadean, superlative most cycadean)

more cycadean (comparative)
most cycadean (superlative)

(botany) Belonging to the same taxonomic order as the cycad.


photoautotroph

From photo- (from the combining form φωτω- (phōtō-) of Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs, “light”)) + autotroph, from auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) an organism, such as all green plants, that can synthesize its own food from inorganic material using light as a source of energy


antivitamin

(biochemistry) Any compound that inhibits the metabolic action of a vitamin.

antywitamina

any compound that inhibits the metabolic action of a vitamin


antiparallel

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-antiparallel.wav

Upon interaction with ss- nucleic acid (NA) targets (deoxyribooligonucleotides (ODNs) or ribooligonucleotides), they form very stable anti-parallel and parallel duplexes [3 ], and the melting temperatures of the antiparallel duplexes are 10 to 15°C higher than those of the parallel duplexes.

2015 October 16, “Polyanionic Carboxyethyl Peptide Nucleic Acids ( ce -PNAs): Synthesis and DNA Binding”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(mathematics) (of vectors) Parallel but in opposite directions.

(biochemistry) Describing the orientations of the two strands of DNA.

secondary structure
secondary structure#English

(biochemistry) Describing two beta strands comprising a protein's secondary structure that are aligned and hydrogen bonded but where the vectors describing the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends of each strand are oriented 180° relative to one another.


chanterelle

/ˈtʃæntəɹɛl/

Borrowed from French chanterelle, from New Latin cantharellus, diminutive of Latin cantharus (“drinking vessel”), from Ancient Greek κάνθαρος (kántharos). Probably of Pre-Greek origin, cognate with Akkadian 𒃶𒁺𒊒𒌑 (/kanduru/, “kind of vessel”), from Sumerian 𒄑𒃶𒉡𒌉 (/gannu-tur/, “small vessel; potstand”, literally “little vessel, container, holder”).

cog

Even the homely wood blewits, that you cook like tripe, with milk and onions, and the egg-yolk yellow chanterelle with its fan-vaulting and faint smell of apricots, all spring up overnight like bubbles of earth, unsustained by nature, existing in a void.

1979, Angela Carter, ‘The Erl-King’, The Bloody Chamber, Vintage, published 2006, page 98:

Cantharellus cibarius
Cantharellus cibarius#Translingual

(mycology) A widely distributed edible mushroom, Cantharellus cibarius, being yellow and trumpet-shaped; or any similar mushroom of the genera Cantharellus, Polyozellus or Gomphus, not all of which are edible.


differentiate

en-verb

differentiate (third-person singular simple present differentiates, present participle differentiating, simple past and past participle differentiated)

differentiates (present singular third-person)
differentiating (participle present)
differentiated (participle past)
differentiated (past)

equate

antonym(s) of “to show the distinction between things”

mix up

antonym(s) of “to perceive the difference between things”

From New Latin differentiātus, past participle of differentiō, from Latin differentia (“difference”); see difference.

In Chapter IV we learned that every animal consists of a body, or soma, formed of cells that are differentiated from the germ cells usually at an early stage of development.

1930, Robert Evans Snodgrass, Insects: Their Ways and Means of Living:

Osteoblasts are derived from stromal cells, a type of connective tissue cell in the bone marrow, whereas osteoclasts differentiate from macrophages, which are tissue-bound derivatives of monocytes, a type of white blood cell (see p. 402).

2013, Lauralee Sherwood, “The Peripheral Endocrine Glands”, in Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 8th edition, Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, →ISBN, page 723:

(transitive, intransitive, often in the passive voice, biology) To (cause to) go through a process of development called differentiation; to make or become different in form or function.


rutting

(zoology) Pairing; the period of time when certain ungulates mate.


APC

anaphase-promoting complex
anaphase-promoting complex#English

(cytology) Initialism of anaphase-promoting complex.


automimicry

(ecology) The advantage gained by some members of a species from their resemblance to others of the same species. Males of many bees and wasps, although defenseless, are protected from predators by their resemblance to females that are equipped with stingers.


introvert

From New Latin intrōvertere, from intro- (“within”) and vertere (“to turn”). Popularized as a psychological term by the German works of Carl Jung. By surface analysis, intro- + -vert.

Important distinctions which obtain amongst the various ‘introverts’ or intro- and e-versible tubes so frequently met with in animal bodies.

1883, E. Ray Lankester, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. XVI, p. 652, s.v. "Mollusca"

Peanut worms (phylum Sipunculida) are drab-colored bottom dwellers, most of which are less then four inches long. Their body is divided into two sections: the trunk and the introvert. The introvert, the narrow neck-like anterior section, is used as a probe.

1990, Deborah A. Coulombe, Seaside Naturalist, →ISBN, page 76:

When a peanut worm feeds, it extends and waves its introvert so that the mouth at the tip wanders across the seabed.

2006, Nematodes, Leeches, and Other Worms, →ISBN, page 38:

The introvert is everted by hydraulic pressure exerted by contraction of body muscles on the coelomic fluid.

2009, Lynn Marguli, Michael J Chapman, Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, →ISBN:

(zoology) An organ or other body part that is or can be turned inside out, especially an anterior portion of some annelid worms capable of retraction.


introvert

introvert (third-person singular simple present introverts, present participle introverting, simple past and past participle introverted)

introverts (present singular third-person)
introverting (participle present)
introverted (participle past)
introverted (past)

/ɪntɹəʊˈvəːt/

His awkward gait, his introverted toes,
Bent knees, round shoulders, and dejected looks […]

1785, William Cowper, "The Task", Cant. IV, ll. 633 ff.

(zoology) To withdraw an organ or body part within itself or its base.


resorb

resorb (third-person singular simple present resorbs, present participle resorbing, simple past and past participle resorbed)

resorbs (present singular third-person)
resorbing (participle present)
resorbed (participle past)
resorbed (past)

From Latin resorbere, from re- (“again”) + sorbere (“to suck in”).

(biology, transitive) To dissolve (bone, sinew, suture, etc.) and assimilate it.


chemotaxis

en-noun

chemotaxis (countable and uncountable, plural chemotaxes)

chemotaxes (plural)
chemiotaxis (alternative)

(biology, biochemistry) The movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant.

趨化性 /趋化性

the movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant


motile

en-adj

motile (comparative more motile, superlative most motile)

more motile (comparative)
most motile (superlative)

From Latin mōtus, perfect passive participle of moveō (“I move”) (English move).

1914 Shelford, Victor E.: The American Naturalist: Comparison of the Responses of Sessile and Motile Plants and Animals
Sessile organisms are those which are sedentary in habit, whether attached or possessing slight powers of locomotion. Motile organisms are those that habitually move about. Vagile or creeping forms as well as swimming, walking, flying, burrowing types are included. Most sessile animals are capable of moving their parts, while only a few sessile plants possess this capacity, and these only to a slight degree. There is no sharp distinction between sessile (sedentary) and motile organisms. Every possible gradation exists between fixed non-motile types as trees on the one hand and the pelagic fishes on the other.

It seemed to him that, if there were a Holy Trinity as the churches taught, this must be unified through a manner of capillary action, Father merging into Son and both into Holy Ghost. So God is motile as the blood is.

1993 May 6, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man in Deptford, London: Hutchinson, →ISBN, →OL:

And even if they use condoms, Wendell is young. His sperm is likely to be extremely motile.

2010 January 21, Bob Harris, “The Proof in the Pudding” (1:27), in Bones, season 5, episode 12, spoken by Dr. Temperance "Bones" Brennan (Emily Deschanel):

2010 Steven M. Carr: Origin of Evolutionary Novelty, The Garstang Hypothesis Memorial University of Newfoundland
Modern As (Subphylum Urochordata) typically have a motile tadpole larva that undergoes metamorphosis to a sessile adult.

(biology) In organisms: having the power to move spontaneously.

1857 Philip Henry Gosse: On the Presence of Motile Organs , and the Power of Locomotion, in Foraminifera ... .
These [Foraminifera] were always found, a few hours after the weed had been deposited in my vases, adhering to the glass, with the pseudopodia extended ... constantly roaming ; they crawled up and down the stems and branches of the Algae, and over the various objects in the tank, never remaining long in. one station ... it is by means of the adhesion and contraction of the pseudopodia, that the animal drags itself along....

Flagella and cilia are structurally conserved motile organelles found on diverse cell types, ranging from single-celled protozoa and algae to multicellular tissues in vertebrates. They have diverse roles, for example, they can propel cells such as sperm through their environment or move fluid across a cell surface, as in ciliated epithelia such as the respiratory tract and oviduct.

2001Susan K Dutcher: Motile organelles: The importance of specific tubulin isoforms: doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00250-0

(biology) In organs or organelles: capable of producing motion.


bipartite

From Latin bipartītus (“bisected”), perfect passive participle of bipartiō (“I divide into two parts, bisect”).

(botany, of leaves) Divided into two at the base.


ficus

(botany) Any plant belonging to the genus Ficus, including the rubber plant.


courtier

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English courteour, from Anglo-Norman corteour, Old French cortoiier, from cort (“court”).

(entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the Asian genus Sephisa.


cell membrane

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cell membrane.wav

(cytology) The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.

selmembraan

semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell


dominion

en-noun

dominion (countable and uncountable, plural dominions)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dominion

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dominion

From Middle English dominion, from Middle French dominion, from Latin dominium (“lordship, right of ownership”), from dominus (“lord”), from domus (“house”). See demain, demesne, domain, dominium.


androgenous

en-adj

androgenous (comparative more androgenous, superlative most androgenous)

more androgenous (comparative)
most androgenous (superlative)

The Leydig cells play a primary role in synthesis of androgenous hormones in gonochoristic fish.

1983, B.J. Duchac et al., “Electron microscopical studies of gonads in primary and secondary males of protogynous hermaphroditic fish”, in Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or producing androgens; androgenic


thylakoid

From Ancient Greek θύλακος (thúlakos, “sack, bag”) + -oid.

der

(biology) a folded membrane within plant chloroplasts from which grana are made, used in photosynthesis


granum

From the late 19th c., from Latin grānum (“grain, seed or small kernel”). Doublet of corn, grain, gram, and grao.

(biology) A stack-like structure in plant chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll; the site of photosynthesis.


chloroplast

/ˈklɔːɹəʊˌplæst/

(cytology) An organelle, found in the cells of green plants and in photosynthetic algae, where photosynthesis takes place, characterized by a high concentration of chlorophyll and two membranes.


circadian

From the Latin circā (“about”) and diēs (“a day”) with the English suffix -an. Compare circannual.

The circadian clock is involved in the regulation of the diurnal sleep-wake cycle, […].

2000, Arnold Sameroff, et al: Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology, page 310:

To summarize, the circadian system, particularly the SCN, controls the circadian pattern of melatonin release in mammals.

2002, Jill B. Becker, Behavioral Endocrinology, page 483:

The most obvious circadian rhythm is the daily cycle of sleep and activity.

2005, Paul Martin, Counting Sheep: The Science and Pleasures of Sleep and Dreams, page 114:

Circadian clocks developed early in evolution in single-celled organisms, before the animal and plant kingdom split from one another. The original clocks probably functioned to protect the cells from damage induced by high UV radiation.

2014 April 5, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend), page W22:

In addition, the truck driver’s schedule involved sleeping at irregular times, including times when the body’s circadian rhythms are geared toward being awake. He was also awake at times when his circadian rhythms were geared toward being asleep. The time of the crash, about 1:36 a.m., is when sleepiness tends to be greater and performance capabilities are lower.

2024, NTSB, Highway Investigation Report, HIR-24-05:

(biology) Of, relating to, or showing rhythmic behaviour with a period of 24 hours; especially of a biological process.

circadiari

relating to rhythmic behavior with a period of 24 hours


plectrum

plectrums (plural)
plectra (plural)
plectron (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin plēctrum, from Ancient Greek πλῆκτρον (plêktron, “anything to strike with, an instrument for striking the lyre, a spear point”), from πλήσσειν (plḗssein, “to strike, to smite, to sting”).

uder

(anatomy, zoology) A projection of bone or other stiff tissue, such as the ridges in some insects' stridulatory organs.


saprobe

(biology) An organism that lives off of dead or decaying organic material


stipulate

From stipule + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany) Having stipules; that is, having outgrowths borne on either side of the base of the leafstalk.


spinescence

en-noun

spinescence (countable and uncountable, plural spinescences)

(botany) The quality of being spinescent


emasculate

en-verb

emasculate (third-person singular simple present emasculates, present participle emasculating, simple past and past participle emasculated)

emasculates (present singular third-person)
emasculating (participle present)
emasculated (participle past)
emasculated (past)

From Medieval Latin ēmasculātus, perfect passive participle of ēmasculō (“to emasculate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from ē(x)- (“out, from, apart”) + masculus (“male, masculine”) + -ō (first conjugation verb-forming suffix), further from mās (“a man, a male”) + -culus (diminutive suffix).

скопявам

to deprive of virile or procreative power; to castrate

It is well understood that in artificial cross-fertilizing, in order to prevent self-fecundation, we emasculate the flower from which we wish to obtain the seeds for new varieties; that is, we remove the anthers from that flower, and in the proper season apply to the stigma the pollen from some other distinct flower.

1854 March, Charles G[rafton] Page, “Article IV. Artificial Fecundation of Flowers. [From the American Polytechnic Journal.]”, in M. Tarver, H. Cobb, editors, The Western Journal and Civilian, Devoted to Agriculture, Manufactures, Mechanic Arts, Internal Improvement, Commerce, Public Policy, and Polite Literature, volume XI (volume V, New Series), number VI, St. Louis, Mo.: Printed by M. Niedner & Co., cor[ner] of Pine & Third Streets, →OCLC, page 409:

Legume flowers are emasculated by removing the corolla, staminal tube, and anthers with small forceps, leaving the pistil intact. Anthers and pollen are sometimes removed from flowers with suction, washed off with a jet of water, or killed by immersing the flower in an alcohol solution or hot water. In crops that have a high degree of self-sterility, such as red clover, it may be unnecessary to emasculate, especially if the pollen parent has a dominant marker gene so that plants originating by self-pollination may be identified.

1987, John Milton Poehlman, “Breeding Forage Crops”, in Breeding Field Crops (An AVI Book), 3rd edition, New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, page 639:

(transitive, botany) Of a flower: to deprive of the anthers.


baguette

Borrowed from French baguette (“stick”), from Italian bacchetta.

(zoology) One of the minute bodies seen in the divided nucleoli of some Infusoria after conjugation.


thresher

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-der.?
Proto-Germanic *þreskaną
Old English þrescan
Middle English threschen
Latin -ariusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -er
Middle English thresshere
English thresher
From Middle English thresshere; equivalent to thresh + -er. The shark's tail is thought to resemble the implement.


kinesis

en-noun

kinesis (usually uncountable, plural kineses)

From Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “motion, movement”).

der

(biology) The movement of an organism in response to an external stimulus.

kinesie

the movement of an organism in response to an external stimulus


aliped

From Latin ala (“wing”) and pes (“foot”) (ali- + -ped).

(zoology) A wing-footed animal; a chiropter or a bat.


aliped

(zoology) Wing-footed; having a membrane connecting the digits.


prostrate

From Latin prōstrātus, past participle of prōsternere (“to prostrate”).

(botany) Trailing on the ground; procumbent.


molecular biology

(biology, biochemistry) the branch of biology that studies the macromolecules of life, such as proteins, lipoproteins and nucleic acids

(genetics) the branch of biology that studies the manipulation of genetic sequence of DNA

(genetics) the technology of gene manipulation


molecular biologist

en-noun

molecular biologist (plural molecular biologists)

(biochemistry, genetics) a scientist who specializes in molecular biology


molecular knife

molecular knife (plural molecular knives)

(cytology, molecular biology) An enzyme capable of removing specific genes from a sequence of DNA, especially to disable the replication of a virus.


molecular medicine

(medicine, genetics) the branch of medicine that studies the manipulation of genes, and the subsequent effect on genetic diseases


grenadier

From French grenadier, corresponding to grenade + -ier.

(ornithology) Any of various African weaverbirds or waxbills, especially the common grenadier or the red bishop.

(zoology) Any of various deep-sea fish of the family Macrouridae that have a large head and body and a long tapering tail; a rattail.

(entomology) Either of two red and black libellulid dragonflies, Agrionoptera insignis and Lathrecista asiatica, of Asia and Australia.


amphipathic

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From amphi- + Ancient Greek παθικός (pathikós, “remaining passive in a sexual intercourse”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides”).

der

(biochemistry) Of the surface(s) on a protein, particularly an alpha helix, where one surface of the alpha helix has hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite face has hydrophobic (or lipophilic) amino acids.

anfipático

of an alpha helix: having one surface with hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface with hydrophobic or lipophilic aminoacids


secondary structure

en-noun

secondary structure (countable and uncountable, plural secondary structures)

(biochemistry) The general three-dimensional structure of a biopolymer such as DNA or a protein.


structural biology

X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography

(chemistry, biology) A branch of biochemistry or biophysics in which the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA, or RNA, are obtained using X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).


biomolecule

Zinc oxide is biosafe and, therefore, there are no toxic effects for biomedical applications that immobilize and modify biomolecules (Kumar and Shen, 2008).

2011, Sam Zhang, Biological and Biomedical Coatings Handbook: Applications, page 343:

In the close vicinity of a chiral nanostructure, the circular dichroism of a biomolecule could be greatly enhanced, due to the interaction with the local superchiral fields.

2016, S. Hamed Shams Mousavi, Sajanlal R. Panikkanvalappil, Mostafa A. El-Sayed, Ali A. Eftekhar, Ali Adibi, “Large Enhancement of Circular Dichroism Using an Embossed Chiral Metamaterial”, in arXiv:

(biochemistry) Molecules, such as amino acids, sugars, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, DNA, and RNA, that occur naturally in living organisms; any such molecule, even if created outside a living thing (as for example in a test tube or bioreactor).


biopolymer

Coordinate term: biometal

There are three main classes of biopolymers: polynucleotides (such as RNA and DNA), polypeptides (such as collagen and actin), and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch).

Products based on durable biopolymers have begun appearing in the marketplace.

2007 March 21, Susan Moran, “The new bioplastics, more than just forks”, in The New York Times:

CJ Biomaterials was the first company in the world to produce amorphous PHA, it says, which is a softer, rubberier version of PHA that offers fundamentally different performance characteristics than crystalline or semi-crystalline forms of the biopolymer.

2023 June 29, Mike Edwards, “Collaboration leads to eco-friendly straw made with polyhydroxyalkanoate”, in CPECN:

(biochemistry) Any macromolecule of a living organism that is formed from the polymerization of smaller entities; a polymer that occurs in a living organism or results from life.


glycogen

glycogen (countable and uncountable, plural glycogens)

Specifically the liver converts glucose into glycogen — a more compact chemical. It is a little bit like shrink-wrapping food so you can pack more of it into your freezer.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 175:

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals; converted to glucose as needed.


semelparous

From Latin semel (“once, a single time”) + pariō (“give birth, produce, bring forth”). Coined by Lamont Cole in 1954.

(biology) reproducing only once in a lifetime


iteroparous

From Latin iterum (“again, a second time”) + pariō (“give birth, produce, bring forth”). Coined by Lamont Cole in 1954.

(biology) reproducing more than once in a lifetime


nucleobase

(biochemistry) The base of a nucleic acid, such as thymine, uracil, adenine, cytosine and guanine.

含氮碱基 (hándàn jiǎnjī, literally “nitrogenous base”)


stop codon

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) a sequence of three RNA nucleotides (A, C, G or U) that instruct the synthesis, or translation, of a protein to stop. The three-letter stop codon sequences have been given names: "UAG" is amber, "UGA" is opal, and "UAA" is ochre.

lopetuskodoni

codon that instructs protein synthesis to stop


error catastrophe

error catastrophe (plural error catastrophes)

(biology) The extinction of an organism (usually microorganisms) due to excessive RNA mutations.


decomposer

(ecology) An organism, such as a bacterium or fungus, which carries out the process of decomposition of organic material.


resilin

(biology) An elastic protein found in the exoskeletons of insects, facilitating, for example, folding wings or jumping relatively great distances.


monocotyledonous

Strange to say, the islet of Ronde, about 16 miles north of Mauritius, forms a separate biological kingdom, possessing one peculiar species of cabbage-palm, some lizards, two snakes, and relatively more monocotyledonous plants than any other region in the world.

1890, [Jacques] Élisée Reclus, “The Mascarenhas”, in A. H. Keane, editor, Oceanica (The Earth and Its Inhabitants; 14), New York: D. Appleton and Company, Flora and Fauna:

(botany) Of or pertaining to a flowering plant having a seed with one embryonic leaf (a single cotyledon).

μονοκοτυλήδονος

of or pertaining to a flowering plant having a seed with one embryonic leaf (a single cotyledon)


undifferentiated

en-adj

undifferentiated (comparative more undifferentiated, superlative most undifferentiated)

more undifferentiated (comparative)
most undifferentiated (superlative)

This further exacerbated the diagnostic challenge posed by undifferentiated febrile illness during a “twindemic” of both COVID-19 and dengue, as both illnesses could potentially present with febrile syndromes.

2022 May 7, Liang En WeeEdwin Philip ConceicaoJean Xiang-Ying SimMay Kyawt AungAung Myat Ooet al., “Dengue and COVID-19: Managing Undifferentiated Febrile Illness during a ‘Twindemic’”, in Tropical medicine and infectious disease, →DOI:

(biology) describes tissues where the individual cells have not yet developed mature or distinguishing features, or describes embryonic organisms where the organs cannot be identified.

(botany) Describes a plant body where the vascular tissue has not developed, as in the thallophytes.


bryophyte

/ˈbɹʌɪ̯.əˌfʌɪt/

From Bryophyta, from Ancient Greek βρύον (brúon, “moss”) + φυτόν (phutón, “plant”) ( + -phyte).

Without going into their reasons, Bold, Alexopoulos, & DelBevoryas (1980) and Crandall-Stotler (1980) believe that there are at least three independent lines of bryophytes and that this is best reflected by establishing three divisions - the Bryophyta (mosses), Hepatophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts).

1993, Wilson Nichols Stewart, Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, page 77:

2002, William R. Buck, Bryophytes, entry in Niles Eldredge (editor), Life on Earth, page 202,
Because of their small size and often delicate structure, bryophytes have a poor fossil record, dating back only about 290 million years.

And so it was that I was introduced to Len Ellis and the quiet world of bryophytes – mosses to the rest of us.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 312:

(botany) Any plant of the division Bryophyta, defined sensu lato to comprise the mosses, liverworts and hornworts and corresponding to all embryophytes that are not vascular plants.

briofito

member of the Bryophyta; moss, liverwort, or hornwort


pleomorphic

pleomorphic (comparative more pleomorphic, superlative most pleomorphic)

more pleomorphic (comparative)
most pleomorphic (superlative)

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Of, related to, or exhibiting pleomorphism.

(biology, especially microbiology) Having a lifecycle whose stages involve embodiment in diverse forms.


declivity

1610s, from French déclivité, from Latin declivitatem, dēclīvitās,
from dēclivis (“a sloping downward”), from de (“down”) + clīvus (“a slope”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleywo-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”) (English lean).

1979, Entomology Circular, Issue 200, Part 366, Division of Plant Industry, page number not shown,
Males of all species have more developed armature of the elytral declivity than females (Figs. S, 6, 8, 9, 11-14).

Propodeum in profile with upper lobe of declivity elongate and narrow, subspiniform, almost as long as lower lobe.

2000, Barry Bolton, “The Ant Tribe Dacetini”, in American Entomological Institute, volume 65, number 2, page 500:

(entomology) An inward curve of the exoskeleton of an insect, such as between body segments; a segment of an insect's body where the exoskeleton curves inward.


pleomorphism

en-noun

pleomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural pleomorphisms)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pleomorphism.wav

(biology) The occurrence of multiple structural forms during the life cycle of an organism.


life cycle

life cycles (plural)
lifecycle (alternative)

→ Japanese: ライフサイクル (raifusaikuru)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-life cycle.wav

Plants’ life cycles are an attractive subject of study for citizen science because they are relatively easy to discern. In fact, the name for the field in which we work, phenology, literally means “the science of appearance.” The word was coined just a few years after Thoreau made his phenological observations, from the Greek phaino (to show or appear) and logos (to study).

2013 September-October, Kayri Havens, Sandra Henderson, “Citizen Science Takes Root”, in American Scientist:

(biology) The course of stages through which an organism passes from fertilized zygote until maturity, reproduction, and death.


follicle

(botany) A type of primitive dry fruit produced by certain flowering plants.


nitrogen fixation

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially such conversion, by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants


speciation

speciation (usually uncountable, plural speciations)

In both groups, however, we find copious and intricate speciation so that, often, species limits are narrow and ill defined.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 3:

No one had ever seen a new species produced, nor, according to Darwin, should they expect to. Speciation was so drawn out as to be, for all intents and purposes unobservable.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Picador, →ISBN, page 55:

(taxonomy) The process by which new distinct species evolve.


guanodine

guanosine monophosphate
guanosine monophosphate

guanosine diphosphate
guanosine diphosphate

guanosine triphosphate
guanosine triphosphate

(biochemistry, genetics) any of the three nucleotides guanosine monophosphate, guanosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate


guanosine

guanosine (countable and uncountable, plural guanosines)

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from guanine and ribose


adenosine

From German Adenosin, corresponding to aden(ine) + (rib)os(e) + -ine.

Caffeine acts as an antagonist at receptors in the brain for one of the chemical messengers called adenosine.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 82:

Think of adenosine as a chemical barometer that continuously registers the amount of elapsed time since you woke up this morning.

2017, Matthew Walker, Why We Sleep, Penguin, published 2018, page 27:

SAM: Readings confirmed. Based on the levels of adenosine in your system, the neural implant is functioning properly.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Hyperion:

Adenosine levels can be quickly righted after a few nights of good sleep, however.

2022 June 24, Oliver Whang, “The Sleep Debt Collector Is Here”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from adenine and ribose, found in striated muscle tissue.


crepuscular

en-adj

crepuscular (comparative more crepuscular, superlative most crepuscular)

more crepuscular (comparative)
most crepuscular (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin crepusculum + -ar.

lbor

That's why cats are crepuscular — most active at dawn and dusk — because mice and rats forage for food during these hours when fewer of their natural enemies are around.

1999, J. Anne Helgren, Communicating with Your Cat, →ISBN, page 51:

(zoology) Active at or around dusk, dawn or twilight.

crepuscular

active at or around dusk, dawn or twilight


bryology

(botany) The study of bryophytes (non-vascular plants including mosses, liverworts and hornworts).


mantle

From Middle English mantel, from Old English mæntel, mentel (“sleeveless cloak”), from Proto-West Germanic *mantil; later reinforced by Anglo-Norman mantel, both from Latin mantēllum (“covering, cloak”), diminutive of mantum (French manteau, Spanish manto), probably from Gaulish *mantos, *mantalos (“trodden road”), from Proto-Celtic *mantos, *mantlos, from Proto-Indo-European *menH- (“tread, press together; crumble”). Compare Icelandic möttull. Doublet of manteau.

der

He grasps the female from slightly below about the mid-mantle region and positions himself so his arms are close to the opening of her mantle.

1990, Daniel L. Gilbert, William J. Adelman, John M. Arnold (editors), Squid as Experimental Animals, page 71

Molluscan bodies are broadly divided into two parts: a muscular foot and a shell-secreting mantle.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 8:

(malacology) The body wall of a mollusc, from which the shell is secreted.

(ornithology) The back of a bird together with the folded wings.


insectivore

/ɪnˈsɛktəˌvɔː/

/ɪnˈsɛktəˌvɔɹ/

From French insectivore. In the zoological sense, coined by English philosopher and historian of science William Whewell in 1840 as an adaptation of Cuvier's coinage, French insectivore. The French terms reflect scientific New Latin origins. By surface analysis, insect + -i- + -vore.

surf

(zoology, dated) mammal of the now abandoned order Insectivora.


conformer

(physical chemistry, biochemistry) A particular folded state or conformation of a protein, especially an abnormal conformation of a prion


simulant

(chiefly biology) Simulating, replacing, or having the form or appearance of something else.


crochet

crochets (plural)
crotchet (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-crochet.wav

From French crochet, from Middle French crochet, from Old French crochet, crokét (“curved instrument, hook”), diminutive of Old French croc (“hook”), from Old Frankish *krōk (“hook”) or from Old Norse krókr (“hook, bend, bight”), both from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerg- (“tracery, basket, twist”). Cognate with Middle English crōc (“crook, hook”), Middle Dutch croec, crōc (“curl”). Doublet of crocket, croquet, and crotchet. More at crook, crooked.

doublet

(zoology) A certain crest of enamel on the molar teeth of some rhinoceroses.


encode

en-verb

encode (third-person singular simple present encodes, present participle encoding, simple past and past participle encoded)

encodes (present singular third-person)
encoding (participle present)
encoded (participle past)
encoded (past)

Berg, Jeremy M. with Tymoczko, John and Stryer, Lubert (2002) “RNA Synthesis and Splicing”, in Biochemistry, Fifth eidtion edition, W H Freeman and Company, →ISBN, retrieved 2009-12-05: “The ability of one gene to encode more than one distinct mRNA and, hence, more than one protein may play a key role in expanding the repertoire of our genomes.”

(biology) To constitute the code necessary for the biosynthesis of a protein by means of a matrix so as to transcribe DNA material.


AFP

(biochemistry) Initialism of alpha-fetoprotein.


cycloamylose

(biochemistry) any of a class of cyclic oligomers of glucose; they have a toroidal shape and bind tightly with many aromatic compounds, the guest molecule fitting into the cavity like a key and lock; they mimic the action of several enzymes


gen

I had some recent gen that they had been seen quite recently at Kunoth Well, a little dot on the map on the edge of the Tanami Desert.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 172:

(birdwatching) Information about the location of a bird.


cytochemistry

en-noun

cytochemistry (usually uncountable, plural cytochemistries)

(biochemistry) The biochemistry of cells, especially that of the macromolecules responsible for cell structure and function.


equine rhabdomyelosis

(veterinary medicine) A condition that affects the muscles of horses, ranging from stiffness and mild cramps to the horse becoming unable to stand and producing discoloured urine.


hormonal

en-adj

hormonal (comparative more hormonal, superlative most hormonal)

more hormonal (comparative)
most hormonal (superlative)


roseate

roseate (comparative more roseate, superlative most roseate)

more roseate (comparative)
most roseate (superlative)

From Middle English roseat, from Anglo-Latin roseātus, equivalent to rose + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

The countess took the roseate palm and snowy fingers of this lovely child.

1826, [Mary Shelley], chapter VII, in The Last Man. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC:

Now the rum, as has been said, was criminally overproof, and they had had no intoxicants for a long time. And so a couple of stiff drinks produced a beautiful and generous expansion of soul. The mean cabin became larger, the fire warmer and more cheerful, and life generally of a more roseate hue. They began to feel the prodigal Thanksgiving spirit, and to regret their limited opportunities for satisfying it.

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:

On Professor Solanka’s street, well-heeled white youths lounged in baggy garments on roseate stoops, stylishly simulating indigence while they waited for the billionairedom that would surely be along sometime soon.

2001, Salman Rushdie, Fury: A Novel, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN, page 4:

(formal, chiefly zoology) Like the rose flower; pink; rosy.


nodding

(botany) Having the flower facing downwards.


degraded

degraded (comparative more degraded, superlative most degraded)

more degraded (comparative)
most degraded (superlative)

/dɪˈɡɹeɪdɪd/

/dɪˈɡɹeɪdɪd/

[dɪˈɡɹeɪɾɪd]

/dɪˈɡɹæɪdɪd/

[dɪˈɡɹæɪɾɪd]

See degrade and compare French degré (“step”).

The Grapsoid species are represented of a degraded form in Porcellana

(biology) Having the typical characters or organs in a partially developed condition, or lacking certain parts.


replication

en-noun

replication (countable and uncountable, plural replications)

/ɹɛplɪˈkeɪʃən/

Inherited from Middle English replicacioun, replicacion, from Anglo-Norman replicacioun and Old French replicacion (“reply, answer”), from Latin replicātiō, replicātiōnem. By surface analysis, replicate + -(at)ion.

surf

(biology) The process of producing replicas of DNA or RNA molecules.


dendrochronology

(biology, archaeology) The science that uses the spacing between the annual growth rings of trees to date their exact year of formation.


aecidium

aecidia (plural)
aecidiums (plural)
æcidium (alternative)

From New Latin aecidium, the diminutive form of Ancient Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā, “injury”).
However Merriam-Webster takes the origin from Ancient Greek οἰκίδιον (oikídion) and refers to the botanist John Hill, in his A General Natural History, or New and Accurate Descriptions of the Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, of the Different Parts of the World, vol. II, A History of Plants (London: Printed for Thomas Osborne, 1751), p. 64: "We have called this genus, distinguished by its peculiar cells, Æcidium, from the Greek οικιδιον, cellula." Compare also many other fungal spore-related terms in -idium, most coined after this one.

(mycology) A member of the form genus Aecidium.


rachitis

Unadapted borrowing from New Latin rachitis, used by the British physician Francis Glisson (1597–1677) to refer to rickets, from Koine Greek ῥαχῖτις (rhakhîtis) (in ῥαχῖτις νόσος (rhakhîtis nósos, “spinal inflammation”, literally “spinal disease”)), the feminine form of ῥαχίτης (rhakhítēs, “in or of the spine, spinal”), from Ancient Greek ῥάχῐς (rhákhĭs, “lower part of the back; (anatomy) backbone, spine”) (probably ultimately Pre-Greek) + -ῖτις (-îtis) (feminine form of -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs, suffix forming nouns with the sense ‘one connected to’)). By surface analysis, rachi- + -itis.

nb...

operâ primò ac potissimm Francisci Glissonii Doctoris & publici professoris medicinæ in almâ Cantabrigiæ academiâ, & socii collegii medicorum Londinensium, conscriiptus: adscitis in operis societatem Georgio Bate, & Ahasuero Regemortero medicinæ quoque doctoribus, & pariter sociis collegii medicorum Londinensium

First and Most Powerfully by Francis Glisson Doctor & Public Professor of Medicine in the University of Cambridge, & a Member of the College of Physicians of London: Approved in affiliated works by George Bate, & Assuerus Regimorter also doctors of medicine, & fellow members of the College of Physicians of London

apud quos veneunt in vico vulgò-vocato Little Britain

and to be sold in the neighbourhood commonly known as Little Britain

der

(botany) A disease that produces abortion in the fruit.


riboflavin

en-noun

riboflavin (countable and uncountable, plural riboflavins)

(biochemistry) Yellow or orange-yellow water-soluble compound, a member of the vitamin B complex, that acts as a growth-promoting factor in humans and other animals.


lyse

en-verb

lyse (third-person singular simple present lyses, present participle lysing, simple past and past participle lysed)

lyses (present singular third-person)
lysing (participle present)
lysed (participle past)
lysed (past)

(biology) To burst or cut a cell or cell structure; to induce lysis.

(biochemistry) To break down molecularly into smaller molecules; to induce lysis.


anadromous

From Ancient Greek ἀνάδρομος (anádromos, “fish entering a river from the sea”). By surface analysis, ana- + -dromous.

der

(botany) Of a fern: in which the first veins in a frond segment are produced towards the apex of the frond.


pro-

Coordinate term: prepro-


cruciferous

From Late Latin crucifer (“cross-bearing”) + -ous. By surface analysis, crucifer + -ous.

suffix

And cruciferous vegetables—broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, cabbage—are loaded with sulforaphane.

2007 November, Elizabeth Drake, “Combine and conquer: Use these winning food pairings to protect your health”, in Men's Health, volume 22, number 9, →ISSN, page 126:

(botany) Of or relating to the crucifer plants or products from these plants; of the family Cruciferae, the cabbage family, including cabbage and mustard.


crucifer

From Latin crucifer (“cross-bearer”), from crux (“cross”) + ferō (“I carry, bear”).

(botany) A member of the family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae), the cabbage family, including cabbage and mustard.

kruisbloem

(botany) a member of the family Cruciferae


pectoral fin

(ichthyology) Either of two fins located on each side of a fish just behind the head.


anal fin

(ichthyology) A fin located on the underside of a fish behind the anus.


caudal

Borrowed from Latin caudālis (“having a tail”).

The male widow-bird, remarkable for his caudal plumes, […]

1871, Charles Darwin, “Principles of Sexual Selection”, in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. […], volume I, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Part II (Sexual Selection), page 269:

Dassoud […] stepped forward with a lash composed of the caudal appendages of half a dozen wildebeests.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 3:

(zoology) Pertaining to the tail or posterior or hind part of a body.


pelvic fin

(ichthyology) Either of a pair of fins on either side and towards the rear of a fish.


vexillum

Borrowed from Latin vēxillum (“flag, banner”).

(botany) The upper petal of a papilionaceous flower.

vexilo

the upper petal of a papilionaceous flower

(ornithology) The rhachis and web of a feather taken together.


homeomorphy

(biology) The evolution of similar external forms from very distant ancestors.

omeomorfia

biology: the evolution of similar external forms from very distant ancestors


dextran

en-noun

dextran (countable and uncountable, plural dextrans)

(biochemistry) A biopolymer of glucose produced by enzymes of certain bacteria; used as a substitute for blood plasma, and as a stationary phase in chromatography.

dextran

a biopolymer of glucose produced by enzymes of certain bacteria


dextrin

dextrin (countable and uncountable, plural dextrins)

dextrins (plural)
dextrine (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of a range of oligomers of glucose, intermediate in complexity between maltose and starch, produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch; used commercially as adhesives.


PAE

postantibiotic effect
postantibiotic effect#English

(pharmacology, microbiology) Initialism of postantibiotic effect.


checklist

a checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield

(taxonomy) An inventory, especially of species.


zoophagous

/zəʊˈɒfəɡəs/

/zuːˈɒfəɡəs/

A zoophagous insect.

My homicidal maniac is of a peculiar kind. I shall have to invent a new classification for him, and call him a zoöphagous (life-eating) maniac; what he desires is to absorb as many lives as he can, and he has laid himself out to achieve it in a cumulative way.

1897, Bram Stoker, chapter VI, in Dracula, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, page 67:


inarticulate

en-adj

inarticulate (comparative more inarticulate, superlative most inarticulate)

more inarticulate (comparative)
most inarticulate (superlative)

From Latin inarticulatus and from in- + articulate. See -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

(biology) Not having joints or other articulations.

несъчленен

not having joints or other articulations


inarticulate

From the substantivation of the above adjective through the associated taxon's name (Inarticulata). Used by contrast with Articulata.

(zoology, obsolete) An animal belonging to the subphylum Inarticulata.


EIA

(biology) Initialism of enzymoimmunoassay.


exogenous

(biology) Produced or originating outside of the referent organism.

en:originating outside the referent organism

exogen

Produced or originating outside of an organism.

(biology) Growing as an exogen, by successive additions to the outside.

(biology, dermatology, uncommon) Related to the exogen growth phase.


metalloprotein

(biochemistry) a protein, such as haemoglobin or chlorophyll, that contains a metal atom as a cofactor

metalloproteiini

a protein that contains a metal atom as a cofactor


cofactor

(biochemistry) A substance, especially a coenzyme or a metal, that must be present for an enzyme to function.

輔因子 /辅因子

substance that must be present for an enzyme to function

(biochemistry) A molecule that binds to and regulates the activity of a protein.


epigenetics

/ˌɛpɪd͡ʒəˈnɛtɪks/

Blend of epigenesis + genetics; coined by C. H. Waddington in 1942.

Epigenetics deals with the regulation of genetic activity within a cell - which genes are switched on or off, and when it happens.

2010 November 6, “Sins of the Fathers”, in New Scientist:

The nuts and bolts of how this happens revolves around the massively trendy field of “epigenetics,” revealing how early life experience causes long-lasting changes in gene expression in particular brain regions.

2023, Robert M. Sapolsky, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

(genetics) The study of the processes involved in the genetic development of an organism, especially the activation and deactivation of genes.

(genetics) The study of heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in DNA sequence.


epigenesis

en-noun

epigenesis (countable and uncountable, plural epigeneses)

Coordinate term: syngenesis

Ignored for two millennia, Aristotle, in his book On the Generation of Animals, first proposed the theory of epigenesis in biology, suggesting that development of a plant or animal from an egg or spore follows a sequence of steps in which the organism changes and the various organs form.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 100:

(biology) The theory that an organism develops by differentiation from an unstructured egg rather than by simple enlarging of something preformed.


epinephrine

epinephrine (countable and uncountable, plural epinephrines)

From Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + νεφρός (nephrós, “kidney”) + -ine.

At the ER, after deflating me with a cocktail of epinephrine, a steroid and an antihistamine, the doctors scolded me for not coming in more quickly: I could have died of asphyxiation.

2023 November 1, “‘We’re sedating women with self-care’: how we became obsessed with wellness”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, medicine) A catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter; as a hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress (when it stimulates the autonomic nervous system); as a neurotransmitter, synthesized from norepinephrine. It is also used as a medication.


adrenaline

adrenaline (usually uncountable, plural adrenalines)

adrenalines (plural)
adrenalin (alternative)

→ Catalan: adrenalina

→ Dutch: adrenaline

→ French: adrénaline

→ Spanish: adrenalina

→ Swahili: adrenalini

/əˈdɹɛnəlɪn/

From adrenal + -ine, coined by Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi in 1901.

coin

(biochemistry) Epinephrine, the hormone and neurotransmitter.


tropism

en-noun

tropism (countable and uncountable, plural tropisms)

From -tropism (suffix meaning ‘growth towards; movement, turning’) (possibly based on geotropism and heliotropism), from Latin tropus + English -ism (suffix forming nouns of action, process, or result). Tropus is derived from Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos, “a turn; a manner, style, way; figure of speech, trope; etc.”), from τρέπω (trépō, “to turn; to divert; to rotate or change orientation”) (from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns of result or abstract nouns of action).
Sense 1 (“turning of an organism or part of an organism towards or away from a stimulus”) is modelled after German Tropismus.

der

Orientation and tropism are synonymous expressions; that gatherings [of Paramecium] take place is a consequence of the orientation, and therefore throws no light whatever upon the tropisms. (Gatherings, however, are not always indicative of a tropism, i.e., of an orientation, but may be due to kinesis […]

1900 January, Walter E[ugene] Garrey, “The Effects of Ions upon the Aggregation of Flagellated Infusoria: A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculties of the Graduate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science, in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Department of Physiology)”, in American Journal of Physiology, volume 3, number 6, Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 313:

Phototropic orientation of an embryo plant in zero gravity […] On earth, a germinated seedling can be placed in any position and the radicle will invariably turn the embryo plant "downward" and the hypocotle "upward". This is because positive root tropism toward gravity and negative stem tropism away from gravity. In the absence of gravity, will the plumules and the stem of the embryo plant reacting positively to phototropism guide the entire plant including the root system for its directional orientation?

1972 November, “Samples of the Student Proposals as Submitted by Students”, in Skylab Student Project: Information for Teachers (including Classroom Activities) (NASA EP; 106), Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, →OCLC, page 17, column 1:

Tropism means that the roots or branches move by turning towards or turning away from environmental stimuli. We have implemented this behavior in the roots of the plantoid [i.e., a robot or synthetic organism designed to act like a plant], integrating sensors and using an adaptive material for growing.

2021, Michael Friedman, Karin Krauthausen, Barbara Mazzolai, quoting Barbara Mazzolai, “Interview with Barbara Mazzolai: Plants, Plantoids, and Active Materials”, in Peter Fratzl, Michael Friedman, Karin Krauthausen, Wolfgang Schäffner, editors, Active Materials, Berlin; Boston, Mass.: Walter De Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN, page 139:

(uncountable, biology) The turning of an organism (chiefly a plant) or part of an organism either towards or away from a stimulus; (countable) an instance of this.

tropisme

turning of an organism or part of an organism either towards or away from a stimulus; an instance of this

host tropism    tissue tropism

Studies similar to those describe above for cells cultivated in vitro were performed using homogenates of tissues and organs from humans and rhesus monkeys to investigate tissue tropisms in susceptible species […] McLaren (personal communication) found an excellent correlation between poliovirus tissue tropisms and presence or absence of receptor activity in human and rhesus tissues and organs.

1964, J. J. Holland, “Viruses in Animals and in Cell Culture”, in Joan Taylor, editor, Microbial Behaviour, ‘in Vivo’ and ‘in Vitro’: Fourteenth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Held at the Royal Institution, London, April 1964, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press for the Society for General Microbiology, →OCLC, page 271:

Virus tropism can be defined at two levels: host tropism being the range of host species that a virus can productively infect, and tissue tropism reflecting the particular tissues or organs within the host that are the site(s) of virus replication. […] The primary determinant of virus tropism is the presence on the cell surface of a suitable receptor which the virus can utilize to gain entry to the cell.

1977, D. J. Evans, “Picornavirus Receptors, Tropism and Pathogenesis”, in M. A. McCrae, J. R. Saunders, C. J. Smyth, N. D. Stow, editors, Molecular Aspects of Host–pathogen Interactions: Fifty-fifth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Held at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, March 1997, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press for the Society for General Microbiology, →ISBN, page 23:

HBLV [human B-cell lymphotropic virus] has a broad range of cell tropisms, and it infects B cells, T cells, megakaryocytes, and glioblastoma cells.

1989 January 4, Susan P. Spring, Ann Scluederberg, William P. Allen, Jack Gruber, “Commentary: Pathogenic Diversity of Epstein-Barr Virus”, in Robert E. Wittes, editor, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, volume 81, number 1, Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health & Human Services, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19, column 1:

A very wide spectrum of tissue tropism among the animal adenoviruses is evident, e.g. porcine adenovirus type 3 shows a tropism for columnar epithelial cells whereas bovine adenoviruses prefer capillary endothelial cells; however, it is not clear how far tissue tropism relates to pathogenesis and disease.

1994, William C. Russell, Mária Benkö, “Animal Viruses”, in Robert G[ordon] Webster, Allan Granoff, editors, Encyclopedia of Virology, volume 1, London; San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, →ISBN, pages 16–17:

The capacity of a virus to selectively infect cells in particular organs is referred to as tropism[…]. Viral tropism depends on viral and host factors.

1999, Frederick A. Murphy, E. Paul J. Gibbs, Marian C. Horzinek, Michael J. Studdert, “Mechanisms of Infection and Viral Spread through the Body”, in Veterinary Virology, 3rd edition, San Diego, Calif.; London: Academic Press, →ISBN, part I (Principles of Virology), page 97, column 1:

Orthoreovirus has primary tropisms associated with its acquisition and transmission as an upper respiratory infection and those include the facial sinuses, lungs, pharynx, and tonsils, presumably its tropism towards the intestines represents a secondary tropism (assuming that fecal-oral transmission does not also represent a primary route of disease spread, in which case the intestines would have to be considered a primary tropism), […]

2011, Christon J. Hurst, “The Relationship between Humans, Their Viruses, and Prions”, in Christon J. Hurst, editor, Studies in Viral Ecology: Animal Host Systems, volume 2, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section II (Viruses of Macroscopic Animals), page 361, column 1:

(countable, by extension, chiefly virology) A capability or tendency for a pathogen (chiefly a virus) to infect a type of cell, tissue, organ, or host organism.

tropismi

capability or tendency for a pathogen to infect a type of cell, tissue, organ, or host organism


hydrostatic skeleton

en-noun

hydrostatic skeleton (plural hydrostatic skeletons)

(biology) a fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the soft bodies of certain invertebrates such as jellyfish


cavitation

cavitation (countable and uncountable, plural cavitations)

/ˌkævɪˈteɪʃən/

(biology) The formation of cavities in an organ, especially in lung tissue as a result of tuberculosis.

onteloituminen

biology: formation of cavities in an organ


genetics

From Ancient Greek γένεσις (génesis, “origin”). Coined by English biologist William Bateson in 1905 in a letter to zoologist Adam Sedgwick, and first used publicly by Bateson at a lecture to the International Conference on Plant Hybridization in 1906.

coin

If we want to raise mangels that will not run to seed, or to breed a cow that will give more milk in less time, or milk with more butter and less water, we can turn to Genetics with every hope that something can be done in these laudable directions.

1908, William Bateson, The Methods and Scope of Genetics: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered 23 October 1908:

Genetics has shown that people are different, and these differences cluster according to geography and culture, but never in a way that aligns with the traditional concepts of human races.

2017, Adam Rutherford, A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived, The Experiment, →ISBN, page 263:

(biology) The branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, in particular chromosomes and DNA.

As a result of your father’s, mother’s, and their parents genetics, you are born with a genetic structure that is dealt to you at conception. […] Our ancestry determines our genetics.

2005, Mark Linden O’Meara, The Feeling Soul: A Roadmap to Healing and Living, Soul Care Publishing, →ISBN, page 45:

This amazing occurrence made my head go bong to say the least; it was obvious that Elizabeth had not been “schizophrenic” because of her genetics, nor because of stress, nor malnutrition, nor hypoglycemia, nor because of any of the causes of mental illness that I had learned and rectify, but because of food allergies

2006, Jay Irvin, Fire Your Doctor!: How and When to be Your Own Best Medical Advisor, →ISBN, page 18:

Anthony knew he could excel in boxing because of his genetics. He fought 168 pounds and fought in fights around the Tri-Cities.

2010, Mike Furches, The Keystone Kids, →ISBN, page 238:

(biology) The genetic makeup of a specific individual or species.


EPO

en-noun

EPO (countable and uncountable, plural EPOs)

Alternative form: Epo

(biochemistry) Short for erythropoietin.


ruderal

Borrowed from New Latin ruderalis, from Latin rudus (“rubble”).

(botany) Any plant growing in rubbish or very poor soil

(botany) A plant tending to volunteer in disturbed soil.


ruderal

en-adj

ruderal (comparative more ruderal, superlative most ruderal)

more ruderal (comparative)
most ruderal (superlative)

Rafinesque perfected his variant of this honorable philosophy while botanizing in the literal backyards of my childhood, examining ruderal plants I've known all my life, and so I have appropriated it from him, with minor tweaks.

(botany) That grows in rubbish or poor soil


zymogen

(biochemistry) A proenzyme, or enzyme precursor, which requires a biochemical change (i.e. hydrolysis) to become an active form of the enzyme.


zygospore

(botany) A spore formed by the union of several zoospores.


zygosis

en-noun

zygosis (countable and uncountable, plural zygoses)

Near-synonym: zygogenesis

(biology) The union of gametes to form a zygote; conjugation.


zygobranchiate

en-adj

zygobranchiate (comparative more zygobranchiate, superlative most zygobranchiate)

more zygobranchiate (comparative)
most zygobranchiate (superlative)

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the Zygobranchia


zymophyte

From zymo- (“yeast”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biochemistry) A fermentation produced by bacteria, yeasts or similar micro-organisms.


zymogene

It thus prevents these from converting the zymogene into the ferment.

1892, American Journal of Pharmacy and the Sciences Supporting Public Health, page 203:

(biology) One of a physiological group of globular bacteria that produce fermentations of diverse nature; — distinguished from pathogene.

From these researches, it is concluded that a portion of the amylase is present in the potato in the form of zymogene which is transformed into an active enzyme towards the end of the resting stage;

1916, International Review of the Science and Practice of Agriculture, page 1094:


soredium

Latinate form from Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”).

(lichenology) A common scalelike reproductive structure in lichens consisting of algal cells enveloped in a network of hyphae.


zygosperm

(botany) A spore formed by the union of the contents of two similar cells, either of the same or of distinct individual plants. They are found in certain orders of algae and fungi.


zygophyte

From zygo- (“union; pair”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(botany, obsolete) Any plant of a formerly proposed class or grand division (Zygophytes, Zygophyta, or Zygosporeae), in which reproduction consists in the union of two similar cells.


zygodactyl

(ornithology) Any bird with toes of this kind, such as the parrot.


zygenid

(zoology) Any one of numerous species of moths of the family Zygaenidae, most of which are bright colored.


naiad

From Latin Nāïas, from Ancient Greek Νᾱϊάς (Nāïás, “naiad”), from νάω (náō, “to flow”).

(entomology) The aquatic larva (nymph) of a dragonfly or damselfly.


zoönite

(zoology) Alternative spelling of zoonite


zooid

From zoo- + -oid. Compare Ancient Greek ζῴδιον (zṓidion, “animal”).

cog

(biology) An organic body or cell having locomotion, as a spermatic cell or spermatozoid.

(zoology) An animal in one of its inferior or early stages of development, as one of the intermediate forms in alternate generation.

(zoology) One of the individual animals in a composite group, as of Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Bryozoa; — sometimes restricted to those individuals in which the mouth and digestive organs are not developed.


zooid

en-adj

zooid (comparative more zooid, superlative most zooid)

more zooid (comparative)
most zooid (superlative)
zoöid (alternative)

(biology) Relating to, or resembling, an animal.


zoogloea

en-noun

zoogloea (plural zoogloeas or zoogloeae)

zoogloeas (plural)
zoogloeae (plural)
zoöglœa (alternative)
zooglea (alternative)

/ˌzəʊ.əʊ- -ɑː/

/ˌzəʊ.əˈɡliː.ə/

From zoo- + gloea, from Ancient Greek γλοία (gloía), γλία (glía, “glue”).

(biology) A colony or mass of bacteria embedded in a viscous gelatinous substance, characteristic of a transitory stage through which rapidly multiplying bacteria pass in the course of their evolution.


zoögeography

zoögeography (usually uncountable, plural zoögeographies)

(zoology) Alternative spelling of zoogeography


zoogamy

(zoology) The sexual reproduction of animals.


zooerythrine

(zoology) Alternative spelling of zooerythrin


zoëa

zoëas (plural)
zoëae (plural)
zoaea (alternative)
zoea (alternative)
zooea (alternative)

From New Latin zōaea, zōēa, from Ancient Greek ζωή (zōḗ, “life”) (compare ζῷον (zôion)).

(zoology) A larval stage of certain decapod crustaceans, especially of decapods such as crabs and certain Anomura, also called the copepod stage, characterized by spines on the carapace and rudimentary thoracic and abdominal limbs.


zoanthodeme

From zoanthid + deme (“ecological population”).

compound

(zoology) The zooids of a compound anthozoan, collectively.


cohesion

en-noun

cohesion (usually uncountable, plural cohesions)

cohesions (plural)
cohæsion (alternative)

Attested from the late 17th century, borrowed from French cohésion, from Latin cohaesiō, cohaesiōnem.

(biology) Growing together of normally distinct parts of a plant.

yhteen kasvaminen

the growing together of normally distinct parts of a plant


composite

en-adj

composite (comparative more composite, superlative most composite)

more composite (comparative)
most composite (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French composite, from Latin compositus, past participle of compōnō (“put together”). Doublet of compost, compote, and kompot.

(botany) Belonging to the Asteraceae family (formerly known as Compositae), bearing involucrate heads of many small florets.


composite

(botany) A plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, syn. Compositae.

mykerökukkainen

plant belonging to the family Compositae


emergent

emergent (comparative more emergent, superlative most emergent)

more emergent (comparative)
most emergent (superlative)

/ɪˈmɜːd͡ʒənt/

/ɪˈmɝd͡ʒənt/

(botany) Taller than the surrounding vegetation.

(botany, of a water-dwelling plant) Having leaves and flowers above the water.


emergent

/ɪˈmɜːd͡ʒənt/

/ɪˈmɝd͡ʒənt/

(botany) A plant whose root system grows underwater, but whose shoot, leaves and flowers grow up and above the water.


elongate

en-verb

elongate (third-person singular simple present elongates, present participle elongating, simple past and past participle elongated)

elongates (present singular third-person)
elongating (participle present)
elongated (participle past)
elongated (past)
elongate (infinitive)

/ˈiːˌlɒŋɡeɪt/

/əˈlɔŋˌɡeɪt/

From Late Middle English elongat, elongate (“kept away; different or remote in nature”, adjective), borrowed from Late Latin ēlongātus (“having been stretched out, elongated; prolonged, protracted; having been kept aloof, removed”) + Middle English -at (suffix forming participles). Ēlongātus is the perfect passive participle of elongō (“to prolong, protract; to keep aloof, remove; to depart, withdraw”), from Latin ē- (a variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + longus (“extended, long, prolonged; far”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos (“long”, adjective)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs). Doublet of eloign.
Cognates
* French éloigner

der

Shepherd’s-purse Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. […] FLOWERS White, blooming March–December; inflorescence of racemes, elongating greatly with fruit; […]

2009, Tom Reaume, “Mustard—Brassicaceae”, in 620 Wild Plants of North America—Fully Illustrated (Canadian Plains Studies; 57), Winnipeg, Man.: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 216:

(botany) Of a plant part: to grow long; also, to have a long and slender or tapering form.

olla pitkulainen

of a plant part: to have a long and slender or tapering form


co-

From Latin co-, allomorph of Latin con-.

coglucosidase is a coenzyme that activates a glucosidase, coprotease is a protease coenzyme, codehydrogenase is any dehydrogenase coenzyme


sclerotic

(mycology) Of or relating to sclerotium.


EDP

en-noun

EDP (countable and uncountable, plural EDPs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of elastin-derived peptide.


LNA

locked nucleic acid
locked nucleic acid#English

(genetics) Initialism of locked nucleic acid.


cortina

Borrowed from Late Latin cōrtīna (“curtain”). Doublet of curtain.

bor+

/Telamonia morphologically circumscribes a homogenous group of Cortinarii. Hygrophanous pilei, the lack of viscid or gelatinous veils and well-developed cortinas characterize most species.

2004, Ursula Peintner, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Rytas Vilgalys, “Toward a better understanding of the infrageneric relationships in Cortinarius (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)”, in Mycologia, volume 96, number 5, →DOI, page 1054:

(mycology) A cobweb-like annulus on certain types of mushroom.


fate map

(biology) a diagram of an embryo of some organism showing the structures that will develop from each part


invasive

en-adj

invasive (comparative more invasive, superlative most invasive)

more invasive (comparative)
most invasive (superlative)

PIE word
 *h₁én
The adjective is derived from Middle English invasif (“of a weapon: offensive”), from Middle French invasif, Old French invasif (“invasive”) (modern French invasif), from Medieval Latin invāsīvus, from Latin invāsus (“entered; invaded”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives). Invāsus is the perfect passive participle of invādō (“to enter; to invade”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside’) + vādō (“to go; to rush; to walk”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ- (“to go, proceed; to pass, traverse”)).
The noun is derived from the adjective.

der

an invasive species

(biology) Of an animal or plant: that grows (especially uncontrollably) in environments which do not harbour natural enemies, often to the detriment of native species or of food or garden flora and fauna.

غَازٍ

of an animal or plant: that grows (especially uncontrollably) in environments which do not harbour natural enemies


invasive

Is there ever a time to plant invasives—plants that are known to spread—in the garden? I believe the answer is a qualified "yes." There is never a time to plant exotic, that is non-native, invasives. Exotic invasives such as pampas grass and French and Scottish broom were sold by local nurseries in the past, before their destructive nature was understood. […] Native invasive plants are another story: there are situations in which they can be both practical and desirable.

2005, Barbara J. Euser, “A Place for Invasives?”, in Barbara J. Euser, editor, Bay Area Gardening: 64 Practical Essays by Master Gardeners, Palo Alto, Calif.: Solas House, Travelers’ Tales, →ISBN, page 174:

(biology) An invasive organism, such as an animal or plant.


speculum

(ornithology) A bright, lustrous patch of colour found on the wings of ducks and some other birds, usually situated on the distal portions of the secondary quills, and much more brilliant in the adult male than in the female.


merus

From Ancient Greek μηρός (mērós, “thigh”).

(zoology) The meropodite; the first segment of the raptorial appendage of a crustacean.


food web

food webs (plural)
foodweb (alternative)

Coordinate term: food chain (an older metaphor often considered less apt)

[T]he dynamic nature of rivers that flow westward from the peninsular range of San Diego county has been altered by man. […] Human modifications tend to alter the habitat values, water quality, flow regimes, and most importantly the food web by changing the trophic structure.

1996 September, Adam W. Whelchel, “Coastal Natural Resources of Northern San Diego County”, in Tissa Munasinghe, Phil Rosenberg, editors, Geology and Natural Resources of Coastal San Diego County, California: Guidebook to Accompany the 1996 Annual Field Trip of the San Diego Association of Geologists (SDAG Annual Field Trip Guides), [San Diego, Calif.]: [San Diego Association of Geologists], →OCLC, page 95, column 2:

No species exists in a vacuum. Rather, each species is embedded within a network of predator-prey interactions in what Charles Darwin referred to as an “entangled bank” and is now known in the most general sense as a food web. In its most basic form, a food web reveals to us something about the feeding relationships in a system. More broadly, food webs represent a way of thinking about an ecological system that considers trophic (consumer-resource) interactions among species or groups of similar species (trophic guilds or trophic levels).

2006, M. Jake Vander Zander, Julian D. Olden, Claudio Gratton, “Food-web Approaches in Restoration Ecology”, in Donald A. Falk, Margaret A. Palmer, Joy B. Zedler, editors, Foundations of Restoration Ecology (Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration), Washington, D.C.: Island Press, →ISBN, page 165:

Food web structure can be closely tied to biodiversity, with certain structural attributes such as 'connectance' (the proportion of potential interactions between species that are actually realised) being generally related to the number of species in the food web[…]. Thus, agricultural management may affect food web structure indirectly by altering local biodiversity.

2012, William E. Snyder, Jason M. Tylianakis, “The Ecology of Biodiversity—Biocontrol Relationships”, in Geoff M. Gurr, Steve D. Wratten, and William E. Snyder, with Donna M. Y. Read, editors, Biodiversity and Insect Pests: Key Issues for Sustainable Management, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 36, column 1:

In plant-dominated ecosystems the composition of the belowground foodweb shifts to a bacterial pathway when the source of organic matter is more labile, and to a fungal-dominated foodweb when the organic matter is more complex and recalcitrant.

2012, Diana H. Wall, “Global Change in a Low Diversity Terrestrial Ecosystem: The McMurdo Dry Valleys”, in Alex D. Rogers, Nadine M. Johnston, Eugene J. Murphy, Andrew Clarke, editors, Antarctic Ecosystems: An Extreme Environment in a Changing World, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 53, column 1:

(ecology) A diagram showing the organisms that eat other organisms in a particular ecosystem, predators being higher in the web than their prey; the network of interrelations that the diagram models.


hypomethylation

(genetics) a decrease in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA


hypermethylation

en-noun

hypermethylation (countable and uncountable, plural hypermethylations)

(genetics) an increase in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA.


methylation

methylation (countable and uncountable, plural methylations)

/ˌmɛθɪˈleɪʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-methylation.wav

(genetics) The addition of a methyl group to cytosine and adenine residues in DNA that leads to the epigenetic modification of DNA and the reduction of gene expression and protein production.