homopeptide

(biochemistry) A peptide containing multiple occurrences of a single amino acid moiety


fourspine

the fourspine cichlid

the fourspine sculpin

the fourspine stickleback

(zoology) Having four spines; used in the names of species.


clavation

en-noun

clavation (countable and uncountable, plural clavations)

the clavation of the antennae

(biology) A becoming clavate or club-like.


piezosphere

(ecology) The deep-sea environment inhabited by piezophiles


protobiology

(biology) The study of very small biological structures, such as ultraviruses and bacteriophages


amyloid beta

amyloid-beta (alternative)
amiloid-beta (alternative)

(biochemistry) The class of peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients.


amyloid-beta

(biochemistry) Alternative form of amyloid beta.


coprozoic

(zoology) Capable of living in deposits of feces.


psicopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of psicose


lysosomotropism

Lysosomotropism refers to the propensity of any molecule to specifically and significantly associate with lysosomes; however, it is important to note that this term does not imply a mechanism for the observed compartmentalization.

2009 November 7, Stephen DB Goldman, “Mechanisms of amine accumulation in, and egress from, lysosomes”, in Bioanalysis, volume 1, number 1, page 1445:

(biochemistry) The propensity of any molecule to specifically and significantly associate with lysosomes.


karyosomal

en-adj

karyosomal (comparative more karyosomal, superlative most karyosomal)

more karyosomal (comparative)
most karyosomal (superlative)

(cytology) Of, or related to karyosomes.


virocell

(biology, virology, pathology) Any cell, infected by a virus, whose primary function is to produce virions


calathea

Even the plants look expensive. A humidifier hisses beneath her calatheas.

2023, R. F. Kuang, Yellowface, The Borough Press, page 11:

(botany) Any of the genus Calathea of plants belonging to the family Marantaceae.


cambiform

cambiform (comparative more cambiform, superlative most cambiform)

more cambiform (comparative)
most cambiform (superlative)

(botany) Resembling the cells of the cambium.


carpogonium

carpogonia (plural)
carpogone (alternative)

(biology) The female organ in the red algae (Rhodophyta), having an elongated process which is the receptive organ for the male gametes


ceresine

There were also additional mesquite trees up top, off which I again beat a single Agrilus sp. along with a few other things, notably a series of ceresine treehoppers.

2022 May 14, Ted C. MacRae, Cupressaceae:

(entomology) Related to treehoppers of the tribe Ceresini.


chalonic

(biochemistry) Relating to the chalones.


bicolpate

(botany, palynology, of a pollen) Having two grooves, or colpi, on each grain.


RNA expression profile

en-noun

RNA expression profile (plural RNA expression profiles)

(genetics) A diagram that shows the differing levels of gene expression of a particular gene / protein) in different parts of an organism


GERP score

(genetics) A genomic evolutionary rate profiling score that measures the evolutionary conservation of a particular genetic sequence across a species.


enhancer RNA

(genetics) A short form of non-coding RNA transcribed from an enhancer region of DNA


matrix diagram

(genetics) A triangular diagram that shows the pairwise correlation of gene expression in a specific condition


chromosome conformation capture

chromosome conformation capture (plural chromosome conformation captures)

chromosome conformation captures (plural)

(genetics) A set of molecular biology methods used to analyze the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell


poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation

poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (usually uncountable, plural poly(ADP-ribosyl)ations)

polyation (canonical)
poly(ADP-ribosyl)ations (plural)
poly ADP-ribosylation (alternative)

(biochemistry, genetics) The transfer of multiple ADP-ribose molecules to a target protein


ADP-ribose

adenosine diphosphate
adenosine diphosphate

(biochemistry) A phosphate ester of ribose and adenosine diphosphate


RNA polymerase

(genetics, biochemistry) An enzyme that is involved in the transcription of RNA.

RNA-polymeraasi

enzyme involved in the transcription of RNA


epoxycarotenoid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any epoxy derivative of a carotenoid, especially one involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid


synurbization

(ecology) The adaptation of an organism to live predominantly in an urban ecosystem


filariid

(zoology) Any member of the family Filariidae of worms.


anhydroglucose

(biochemistry) The moiety, in a polysaccharide such as cellulose, consisting of a glucose molecule that has lost the elements of water (actually a -H and an -OH group)


arabino

(biochemistry) A univalent radical derived from arabinose


tragule

(zoology, obsolete) A chevrotain (genus Tragulus).


traguline

(zoology) Belonging to the infraorder Tragulina.


autohaemorrhaging

(zoology) The action of an animal (such as certain beetles and lizards) that deliberately ejects haemolymph or blood from its body as a defense mechanism.


trollius

(botany) Any of the genus Trollius of mostly herbaceous perennial plants in the family Ranunculaceae.


subursine

a subursine plantigrade

(zoology, rare) Not perfectly ursine; only somewhat like a bear.


syncarpy

(botany) The quality of being syncarpous


halogeton

(botany) Any plant of the genus Halogeton in the family Amaranthaceae.


monocarpellate

Early Aptian Torres Vedras mesofossil flora includes several small monocarpellate, usually uniovulate, fruiting units.

2011, Else Marie Friis, Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution, page 409:


heterokaryosis

heterokaryosis (usually uncountable, plural heterokaryoses)

(biology) The condition of being a heterokaryon.


ectoplast

(cytology) The ectoplasmic content of a cell.


oxytrope

From translingual Oxytropis, from Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp, pointy”) + τρόπις (trópis, “keel”).


bienzymatic

(biochemistry) Relating to, or using, two enzymes


negative eugenics

(biology) The applied science of avoiding the reproduction of members of an animal species with inferior genetics.

(biology, sociology) A social philosophy which advocates for human enhancement by discouraging those with inferior genetics from reproducing.


counterstrand

(genetics) The strand of a nucleic acid that is joined to a particular strand


cyclogenase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases


fluorodisaccharide

(biochemistry) Any fluoro derivative of a disaccharide


Cas

(genetics) Acronym of CRISPR-associated.


Taq polymerase

From the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

Another use of Taq polymerase is directly in DNA sequencing, where the high temperatures employed help reduce problems caused by secondary structure in the template and allow an increase in the stringency of primers used. Taq polymerase has, for the reasons mentioned earlier, become a very important tool for the molecular biologist.

2009, A.N. Shukla, Industrial Enzymology, →ISBN, page 237:

Taq polymerase lacks a proofreading activity and as a result is unable to correct its errors.

2010, Terry Brown, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, →ISBN, page 157:

If a PCR is performed with Taq polymerase and with 10,000 template molecules, producing a product that is 1000 bp long, 1% of the newly generated fragments will have a mutation in the first cycle.

2010, Cornel Mulhardt, Molecular Biology and Genomics, →ISBN, page 73:

(biochemistry) A thermostable DNA polymerase known for its relatively high rate of transcription errors.


Bruton's tyrosine kinase

(biochemistry) A tyrosine-protein kinase that has a role in the development of B cells

Ogden Bruton
en:Bruton's tyrosine kinase


sthenurine

(zoology) Characteristic of the extinct kangaroo subfamily †Sthenurinae.


-nema

From Ancient Greek νῆμᾰ (nêmă, “thread”). Compare nemat-.

(chiefly biology) Characteristic of, pertaining to, or possessing a filiform structure.


velocitization

en-noun

velocitization (countable and uncountable, plural velocitizations)

A single gradient (part B) usually will suffice, although to obtain maximum purity (e.g., for use as a probe), a velocitization step (part D) and a second CsCl-PI gradient (part E) are added. The velocitization differs from equilibrium gradients in that molecules are pelleted at a rate proportional to their size and largeley independent of conformation.

1996, David M. Hillis, Craig Moritz, Barbara K. Mable, Molecular Systematics, page 283:

For most enzymatic manipulations, including restriction endonuclease digestion, end-labelling, nick translation, or primer extension labelling (random priming), it is usually not necessary to perform the velocitization and final gradient steps.

1998, A. Rus Hoelzel, Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations: A Practical Approach, →ISBN:

A velocitization is sometimes used between two density-gradient ultracentrifugations to [19] mitochondrial genomics 317.

2005, Molecular Evolution, Producing the Biochemical Data, →ISBN:

(microbiology) The process of subjecting a sample to extreme speeds


koinophilia

Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós, “common, general”), and -philia.

uder

(biology) An evolutionary hypothesis proposing that, during sexual selection, animals preferentially seek mates with a minimum of unusual or mutant features.


rosetted

a rosetted cell


sublocus

Holonyms: locus < subband < band < region

(biology) A locus within a locus, such as araB, araA, araD within locus ara.


cortexillin

en-noun

cortexillin (countable and uncountable, plural cortexillins)

Here, we examined the arrangement and orientation of two rod-like coiled-coil proteins, cortexillin and tropomyosin, around patterned gold nanostructures.

2015, Jae-Byum Chang, Yong Ho Kim, Evan Thompson, Young Hyun No, Nam Hyeong Kim, Jose Arrieta, Vitor R. Manfrinato, Amy E. Keating, Karl K. Berggren, “Single-molecule study on the orientation of coiled-coil proteins attached to gold nanostructures”, in arXiv:

(biochemistry) A coiled-coil protein found in Dictyostelium cells


pantropic

(biology) Relating to, or affecting many types of tissue


r/K selection theory

Coined by the American ecologists Robert H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson in 1967. The choice of the letter K came from the German Kapazitätsgrenze (“capacity limit”), while r came from rate.

der

(ecology) A theory regarding the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that represent a trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring.

E. O. Wilson
Robert H. MacArthur
r/K selection theory


agamospermous

en-adj

agamospermous (comparative more agamospermous, superlative most agamospermous)

more agamospermous (comparative)
most agamospermous (superlative)


supercharacter

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercharacter.wav

The combination of characters contributing to the supercharacter need not be logically or genetically related.

1986, Behavior genetics - Volume 16, page 206:

Winter hardiness of plants is not a simple character, rather a supercharacter composed of several components whose impact will vary with the climatic conditions.

2012, O.A. Rognli, E.T. Solberg, I. Schjelderup, Breeding Fodder Crops for Marginal Conditions, →ISBN:

Under natural selection the supercharacter must equate with fitness of the phenotype in a particular environment; where fitness is defined in the Darwinian sense of the capacity to survive and leave offspring.

2012, M.D. Hayward, N.O. Bosemark, T. Romagosa, Plant Breeding: Principles and prospects, →ISBN, page 18:

These, together with yield, may be taken as components of a supercharacter which is itself the overall merit of the plant.

2013, Kenneth Mather, John L. Jinks, Biometrical Genetics: The Study of Continuous Variation, →ISBN, page 47:

(genetics) An amalgamation of characters that respond to the same selective pressure.


biostimulator

From bio- + stimulator or biostimulate + -or.


menk

Borrowed from Mansi (compare Northern Mansi менкв (menkv)).

This figure is called menk in Ob-Ugrian folklore and ritual.

1996, Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia, page 79:

Although doors were jammed shut, the menk burst in with huge birch masks covered with hair made of hay.

1999, Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective:

A new documentary, “Russian Yeti: The Killer Lives” airing June 1 on the Discovery Channel explores the remote possibility that a “menk” — the Russian^([sic – meaning Mansi]) word for Yeti — may have been responsible.

2014, “Mysterious Deaths Of College Students Blamed On ‘Russian Yeti’”, in Huffington Post:

(Russia, cryptozoology, folklore) An animal described by the Mansi as a "forest giant", with anatomical features similar to a yeti, said to live in the area of Khantia-Mansia, Russia.


buteonine

(ornithology) Any bird in the accipitrid subfamily Buteoninae


logseries

probability distribution
probability distribution

(statistics, biology) A class of continuous probability distributions developed in 1943 by the English statistician and biologist Ronald Fisher to fit some particular species distribution data sets.


Cowdry body

(biology) An eosinophilic nuclear inclusion composed of nucleic acid and protein, seen in cells infected with Herpes simplex virus, Varicella-zoster virus, and Cytomegalovirus.


brunfelsia

(botany) Any of the plants of the genus Brunfelsia.


seminule

Seminules appear to differ only from seeds by their minuteness. […] The seminules of cryptogamous plants are produced in ovaries to which stigmas are attached; but those of agamous plants are contained in a sort of ovary, to which no stigma being attached, they are disginguished by the peculiar name of conceptacles, either loose, or, as in some plants, in small cases called elytræ, the conceptacle itself then performing the office of an involucrum.

1819, The London Medical Repository, volume 11, page 289:

Germination of its seminule, as observed by Hedwig, very much magnified; showing the seminule throwing out a radicle, and a succulent thread, considered as a cotyledon, which appears to be jointed, and having nipples which elongate into branches.

1821, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants, page 270:

It was generally believed, before the experiments made by M. Kuhn, but without any foundation, and upon simple conjecture, that the seminules or spores of the ustilagoes and uredoes of the cereals penetrate by the radicles of the plant in order to arrive, creeping by degrees, to the leaves and seeds of those vegetables.

(botany, obsolete) A very small seed or spore.


endomycetous

Ascodesmis is a third type which might be derived either directly or through the erysiphaceous type from an endomycetous ancestor; the antheridium and oogonium are but little differentiated, but the latter is furnished with a trichogyne and becomes septate after fertilization; the ascogenous hyphae are few and the sheath simple.

2010, Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, Fungi: Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales, page 54:

(mycology) Belong to the Endomycetales (now Saccharomycetales) order of fungi.


pseudoalignment

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoalignment.wav

In particular, we show that the recent idea of pseudoalignment introduced in the RNA-Seq context is suitable in the metagenomics setting.

2015, Lorian Schaeffer, Harold Pimentel, Nicolas Bray, Páll Melsted, Lior Pachter, “Pseudoalignment for metagenomic read assignment”, in arXiv:

(genetics) A quick method of alignment (of genomic reads) using secondary information


North American wood ape

en-noun

North American wood ape (plural North American wood apes)

(cryptozoology) A large hairy apelike, though upright walking, creature of North America; a Bigfoot.


citrus black spot

(phytopathology) A disease of citrus plants caused by the Guignardia citricarpa fungus.


Monday morning disease

From the fact that this disease is triggered by excessive exercise after long periods of rest, e.g. on a Monday morning.

equine rhabdomyelosis
equine rhabdomyelosis#English

(veterinary medicine) Synonym of equine rhabdomyelosis.


critical period

critical period (plural critical periods)

(psychology, biology) A maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli.


thelastomatid

Representatives of the Mermithidae are the most common nematode parasites of tettigoniids, however spirurids and more rarely, subulurids and thelastomatids, also occur in some members of this family.

1975, George O. Poinar, Entomogenous Nematodes: A Manual and Host List of Insect-nematode Associations:

(zoology) Any member of the family Thelastomatidae of nematodes.


diplogasterid

The diplogasterid, Cephalobium microbivorum Cobb occurs in the alimentary tract of field crickets and apparently does little harm to its host (Ackert and Wadley, 1921).

(zoology) Any nematode of the family Diplogasteridae.


allantonematid

The thrips are the first or most primitive order to harbor allantonematid nematodes, which are more common in the higher Coleoptera and Diptera.

(zoology) Any nematode of the family Allantonematidae.


cultigroup

(taxonomy) A formal taxonomic category for assembling cultivars, individual plants or assemblages of plants on the basis of defined similarity, formerly denoted by cultivar-group and now by Group.


aphodiid

The aphodiids dominate dung in northern temperate zones.

2017, Richard Jones, Call of Nature: The Secret Life of Dung:

(zoology) Any beetle of the subfamily Aphodiinae (family Scarabaeidae).


beraeid

Beraeids live in small streams and springs where they are detritivorous; some European species live in wet leaves and moss above the water line.

2015, Glenn B. Wiggins, Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (trichoptera):

(zoology) Any caddisfly of the family Beraeidae.


dascillid

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Dascillidae</i>

Little has been recorded on the biology of dascillids. Larvae of Dascillus are found in moist soil or under rocks.

2002, Ross H. Arnett, American Beetles, Volume II:

(coleopterology, entomology) Any beetle of the family Dascillidae.


goerid

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Goeridae</i>

All three families arose in the Northern Hemisphere (5.3.2) and, except for a few of the more derived goerids, are confined to that hemisphere.

2015, Glenn B Wiggins, Caddisflies: The Underwater Architects:

(zoology) Any caddisfly of the family Goeridae.


melolonthid

In wetter periods Scarabaeidae dominated light trap catches, particularsubly rutelids and melolonthids.

2003, Koen Martens, Aquatic Biodiversity: A Celebratory Volume in Honour of Henri J. Dumont:

(zoology) Any beetle of the subfamily Melolonthinae.


proctotrupid

Larval proctotrupids are mostly parasitoids of litter or rotten wood-inhabiting larvae.

2015, Vladimir V. Gouli, Concise Illustrated Dictionary of Biocontrol Terms, page 116:

(zoology) Any wasp of the family Proctotrupidae.


raphidiid

Inocelliids are larger than most raphidiids, with the front wing varying in length from 11 to 17 mm.

1989, Donald Joyce Borror, An Introduction to the Study of Insects, page 363:

Like raphidiids, xyelids have the mesopleuron divided into an episternum and epimeron by a distinct mesopleural suture, but the suture is angled much more obliquely and the epimeron is much smaller than the episternum (Figs. 8-10).

1993, Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada:

(zoology) Any snakefly of the family Raphidiidae.


sericostomatid

These can resemble the cases of Odontoceridae, but the latter has the posterior end partially closed by a single large sand grain, whereas those of sericostomatids have a membrane with a central round hole.

2011, Peter C. Barnard, The Royal Entomological Society Book of British Insects:

(zoology) Any caddisfly of the family Sericostomatidae.


throscid

Throscids resemble very small and stout click beetles (Elateridae) with rigid bodies.

2014, Arthur V. Evans, Beetles of Eastern North America:

(zoology) Any beetle of the family Throscidae.


trogiid

Trogiids lay their sculptured eggs singly, without any covering.

2012, Clarke H. Scholtz, Eric Holm, Insects of Southern Africa:

(zoology) Any insect of the family Trogiidae.


ypsolophid

Large pleural lobes enclose the male genitalia in ypsolophids but are small and narrow in plutellids.

2003, Vincent H. Resh, Encyclopedia of Insects, page 648:

(zoology) Any moth of the family Ypsolophidae.


craseonycterid

However genetic data now indicate that the rhinolophoid microbats (rhinolophids, megadermatids, craseonycterids, hipposiderids, and rhinopomatids) are in fact more closely related to megabats than to other microbats.

2009, David MacDonald, The Encyclopedia of Mammals:

(zoology) Any bat of the family Craseonycteridae.


omnitig

(genetics) A particular assemblage of contigs.


meandrine

en-adj

meandrine (comparative more meandrine, superlative most meandrine)

more meandrine (comparative)
most meandrine (superlative)

The surface may be almost smooth or thrown into meandrine folds, to an extent far greater than suggested by Ridley and Dendy's illustration; and there are all stages between these two extremes.

1932, Isabella Gordon, Pycnogonida, page 302:

(biology, geology) Winding and convoluted.


masarine

In contrast to the majority of bees, which transport pollen externally, masarines take pollen mixed with nectar from flowers with deep corollas (Gess 1996).

2007, James H. Hunt, The Evolution of Social Wasps, page 28:

(entomology) Any wasp in the subfamily Masarinae.


multichimera

The formation of Botryllus multichimeras sets the 'group level' (the assemblage of several genotypes into one unified entity) as the key level at which natural selection acts.

2004, Jules Hoffmann, Primitive Immune Systems - Issue 198, page 31:

Around the time of the events that led to your birth, there was no longer anything new even about multichimeras.

2006, Rusty Morrison, Ken Edward Keegan, ParaSpheres: Extending Beyond the Spheres of Literary and Genre Fiction, →ISBN:

However, it was suggested that potentially losing genotypes (defined as such in bi-chimeras scenario) might survive in multichimera entities as stem cells in refugia and successfully propagate to succeeding generations.

2009, Baruch Rinkevich, Valeria Matranga, Stem Cells in Marine Organisms, →ISBN, page 12:

(genetics) A chimera containing genetically distinct cells originating from three or more zygotes.


ureterolith

(biology, medicine) A stone in a ureter.

bladder stone

Stones of the renourinary tract; more specifically


phaneranthous

phaneranthous (comparative more phaneranthous, superlative most phaneranthous)

more phaneranthous (comparative)
most phaneranthous (superlative)

(botany) showy (having conspicuous colourful flowers that advertise their presence to pollinators)


population biology

(biology, ecology) The study of populations of organisms, especially the growth and regulation of population sizes and genetics, and the effects of interactions between species.


ergotropy

Jansen's experiments on noise-induced nervous stress establish that the effect of noise is to create a higher activation of the organism, that is, a transition of the general state from trophotropy to ergotropy.

1971, United States, An Assessment of Noise Concern in Other Nations, Environmental Protection Agency, page 8:

This shifts the attention towards the states of ergotropy and trophotropy.

2008, Bernadette von Dawans, Neuropeptidergic Modulation of Social Behavior in Health and Social Phobia:

(biology) A state of active adaptation to the demands of stress or physical or mental work; arousal.


multicorn

The tricorn protease was first identified in thermophilic bacteria, but a related larger protease called multicorn exists in mammalian cells including hepatocytes (49).

2001, Irwin M. Arias, James L. Boyer, The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, page 221:

Candidates for these downstream proteases are THIMET, tricorn, multicorn, TPPII, and leucine aminopeptidase.

2012, Peter Zwickl, Wolfgang Baumeister, The Proteasome — Ubiquitin Protein Degradation Pathway, →ISBN, page 48:

Seven intracellular proteolytic enzymes in this yeast have been described: one aminopeptidase yspI, two endoproteinases named yspA and yspB, one dipeptidyl aminopeptidase yspI, one carboxypeptidase yspI, and two cytosolic proteolytic complexes, the multicorn peptidase and the 26S proteasome.

2012, Alan J. Barrett, Neil D. Rawlings, J. Fred Woessner, Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, →ISBN, page 1476:


PUP

(biochemistry) Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein


nondisperser

Nesting data from dispersers and nondispersers came from the same set of colonies and were thus directly comparable.

1996, Charles R. Brown, Mary Bomberger Brown, Coloniality in the Cliff Swallow:

(ecology) An organism that is not a disperser.


leaf bud

(botany) A bud which develops into a leaf or a leafy branch.


otophysic

Melanoids were formerly placed in the family Moridae; however, they lack an otophysic connection and X-Y caudal bones, and, therefore, are considered to be a separate family (Marshall 1965).

2005, William J. Richards, Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes:

The common features among these species are that (1) the bilateral input originates in whole or in part from the otolithic end organ that is at the point of coupling between the inner ear and a gas-filled structure, and (2) this otophysic coupling is paired.

2012, Richard R Fay, Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians, page 206:

(ichthyology) Of or pertaining to a connection between the swim bladder and inner ear in certain species of fish.


synapto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek συνάπτω (sunáptō, “to conjoin, to connect”).


osteolepidid

(zoology) Any extinct sarcopterygian in the superorder Osteolepidida


thelodont

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Thelodonti</i>

(zoology) Any extinct fish of the class Thelodonti, having small, spiny scales.


alpha globin

(biochemistry) One of the two globin subunits in the most common form of haemoglobin in humans.


time crystal

Coined by American biologist Arthur Winfree in 2001. An analogue to crystals, which have repetitive patterns in space.


effigurate

Borrowed from New Latin effiguratus; compare figurate (figuratus).

Thallus thin, whitish to somewhat greyish, continuous, occasionally minutely rimulose, margin somewhat darkened and determinate but not clearly effigurate;

1948, A. Grenfell Price, The winning of Australian Antarctica. Mawson's B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. voyages: 1929-31: based on the Mawson papers, page 105:

Thallus about 1 cm. in diameter, light gray irregular areoles 0:30,4 mm. in diameter on a black hypothallus, giving a deciussate appearance, marginal areoles slightly radially elongate and very narrowly black margined but not clearly effigurate;

1965, Nova Hedwigia, volumes 15-16, page 326:

(botany, lichenology) Having a definite (lobed) shape; not effuse.


dysnatremia

en-noun

dysnatremia (countable and uncountable, plural dysnatremias)

From dys- + natremia or dys- + natr- + -emia.

(biology, physiology, medicine) The presence of an unusual (high or low) amount of sodium in the blood; abnormal serum sodium level.


hydroxyproteome

(biochemistry) The set of hydroxyproteins related to a particular genome


hydroxyprotein

(biochemistry) Any protein containing significant amounts of the hydroxyamino acids serine, threonine and/or tyrosine


robust australopithecine

robust australopithecine (plural robust australopithecines)

(paleontology) Any member of the species sometimes considered to belong to the genus Paranthropus.


gracile australopithecine

gracile australopithecine (plural gracile australopithecines)

(paleontology) Any member of the species belonging to the genus Australopithecus, excluding those sometimes considered to belong to the genus Paranthropus.


macrobiome

From macro- + biome, by analogy with microbiome.

(rare, biology) Macrofauna or macroflora, taken as a whole; that part of the biome composed of larger organisms.


demibranch

(zoology) A structure in the gills of bivalves, consisting of a pair of lamellae containing blood vessels


arginyl aminopeptidase

(biochemistry) The enzyme aminopeptidase B, which catalyses the release of N-terminal Arg and Lys from oligopeptides when P1' is not Pro.


auxoheterotrophic

(biology) That requires exogenous stimulation in order to grow


spongology

Spongology, the study of all aspects of the sponge biology, ecology, taxonomy, and chemistry of sponges, has full fledged into a discipline attracting a progressively increasing population of hundreds of scientists worldwide, numerous of whom devote a lifetime career to the study of this group.

2016, Ramjee Pallela, Marine Sponges: Chemicobiological and Biomedical Applications:


pterylology

He gives some minute and valuable descriptions of the species, particularly as regards its pterylology and structure in comparison with other birds, as well as a detailed account of its habits, so as almost to justify the use of poisoned grain, which he seems to have tried in order to obtain specimens.

(ornithology, obsolete, rare) The study of distribution of feathers on birds.


Mitochondrial Eve

Mitochondrial Eve (plural Mitochondrial Eves)

In reference to Eve, the first woman according to the Bible.

(genetics) The matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all currently living humans, i.e., the most recent woman from whom all living humans descend in an unbroken line purely through their mothers, and through the mothers of those mothers, back until all lines converge on one woman.


wildlife corridor

wildlife corridor (plural wildlife corridors)

For example, a single landowner may be required to conserve a wildlife corridor as mitigation for developing the site.

2006, Jodi A. Hilty, William Z. Lidicker Jr., Adina Merenlender, Corridor Ecology: The Science and Practice of Linking Landscapes for Biodiversity Conservation, →ISBN, page 209:

This type of wildlife corridor will be key to maintaining population stability and longevity for species such as bear, moose and caribou, especially as the 6-mile-wide Sterling Highway development corridor becomes fully realized, and should the planned Cooper Landing bypass become reality.

2009, U.S. Fish, Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge: Revised Comprehensive Conservation Plan and Environmental Impact Statement, page D-22:

Gaps in the wildlife corridor may be barriers to the movement of some species but inconsequential for other species.

2012, James Gleeson, Deborah Gleeson, Reducing the Impacts of Development on Wildlife, →ISBN, page 90:

(ecology) A strip of vegetation that differs from its surrounding environment and which connects otherwise separate habitat areas.


GOS

Ninety per cent of the roughage in human breast milk is GOS; the remaining 10 per cent is made up of other indigestible fibre.

2015, Giulia Enders, translated by David Shaw, Gut, Scribe, published 2016, page 241:

(biology) Initialism of galactooligosaccharides.


cnephasiine

(zoology) Relating to or characteristic of the Cnephasiini, a tribe of tortrix moths.


parasociality

The two commonalities of parasociality are the exhibition of parental investment and socialisation in a single cooperative dwelling (i.e., a nest).^([Wikipedia])

(sociobiology) The exhibition of behaviour that is communal, quasisocial or semisocial.


sexually mature

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sexually mature.wav

(biology, of an organism) Having reached the age or stage of being able to reproduce.


lophid

en-adj

lophid (not generally comparable, comparative more lophid, superlative most lophid)

more lophid (comparative)
most lophid (superlative)

From lopho- (“ridge”) + -id (“pertaining to”).

confix

Similarities include minimal division of the paracristid and cristid obliqua, paucity of enamel crenulations on the lophid faces and, to a lesser degree, anterior turn of the lophid ends

2004, Gavin Prideaux, Systematics and Evolution of the Sthenurine Kangaroos, page 64:

(zoology, palentology, archaeology, usually of teeth) Featuring or characterized by a crest or ridge.


lophid

There is a very small wear facet on the tip of the first lophid.

1967, David Whistler, Oreodonts of the Tick Canyon Formation, Southern California, page s.n.:

In early Elephantoidia, the mesial root supports only the first lophid of the molar.

2009, Yohannes Haile-Selassie, Giday WoldeGabriel, Ardipithecus Kadabba: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia, page 471:

(zoology, palentology, archaeology) A ridge on molars or other teeth formed by a modification of cusps.


loph

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λόφος (lóphos, “crest”); compare lopho-, lophid.

The plates are closely cemented together and in the early tooth they extend above the surface in a series of lophs. Because there are many of them that make up the whole molar, the tooth is called a polylophodont.

1937, Cleveland Sylvester Simkins, History of the Human Teeth: An Introduction to Comparative Dental Anatomy, page 177:

I include only 15 cheektooth features, although one could define a great many more in a loph-by-loph analysis.

2005, Louise Emmons, “A revision of the genera of arboreal echimyidae”, in James L. Patton, Eileen A. Lacey, Philip Myers, editors, Mammalian Diversification: From Chromosomes to Phylogeography, page 252:

(zoology, dentistry) A ridge of enamel connecting the cusps of a molar or cheek tooth.


African Eve

Mitochondrial Eve
Mitochondrial Eve#English

(genetics) Synonym of Mitochondrial Eve.


molecular clock

en-noun

molecular clock (plural molecular clocks)

(biology) A technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.


protacanthopterygian

Rosen (1973) separated the stomiiforms (= Stomiatoidei) from other protacanthopterygian groups, placing them as the sister-group of all other neoteleosts (Eurypterygii).

1996, Antony S. Harold, “Interrelationships of Stomiiform Fishes”, in Melanie L.J. Stiassny, editor, Interrelationships of Fishes, page 333:

(zoology) Of or from the superorder Protacanthopterygii of ray-finned fish.


neoteleost

(zoology) A member of the clade Neoteleostei of bony fish.


stomiiform

(ichthyology) Of or from the order Stomiiformes of ray-finned fish.


ctenosquamate

Several other characteristics, mostly associated with improved locomotion and feeding, also mark the ascendancy of teleosts above the ctenosquamate level of development.

2009, Gene Helfman, The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology:

(zoology) Of or from the section Ctenosquamata of bony fish.


cirral

Moreover, most species have a cirral pattern which - at least partially - closely resembles that of 18-cirri hypotrichs, including the formation from six (I-VI) anlagen.

2011, Helmut Berger, Monograph of the Gonostomatidae and Kahliellidae:

(anatomy, zoology) Of or pertaining to a cirrus.


ascalabotan

Scientists have made our work a bit easier by dividing living lizards into two major groups: the ascalabotans and the autarchoglossans.

1987, Arthur Rosenfeld, Exotic Pets, page 84:

(zoology) A squamate of the clade Ascalabota


psammon

From psammo- + -on, to be analogous to plankton.

Rotifers also are present in the psammon, the sandy habitat along the wet reaches of shorelines.

2014, James H. Thorp, D. Christopher Rogers, Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Ecology and General Biology:

(ecology) The community of organisms living in the sandy, moist habitat along a shoreline.


epipelon

The seasonal succession of algal species in the epipelon of shallow, mesotrophic pond Bezednik (Czech Republic) with special attention to diatoms (particularly Sellaphora) is described.

2009, Jana Špačková1, “Seasonal succession of epipelic algae: a case study on a mesotrophic pond in a temperate climate.”, in Fottea, volume 9, number 1, page 121:

(botany) The cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae that live on or in association with fine-grained substrata or sand.


red forest

* (ecology): Due to the colouration found in forest that has been killed.

(ecology) A forest that has died, leaving foilage that reddens and trees that redden.

(ecology) A forest contaminated with nuclear fallout.

mountain pine beetle
mountain pine beetle#English

(ecology) A forest killed by an infestation of mountain pine beetle.


beloniform

(zoology) Any fish in the order Beloniformes


noto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek νότος (nótos) "south".


pinnal

(anatomy, botany, zoology) Relating to a pinna


anthecology

/ˌænθəˈkɑləd͡ʒi/

(botany, zoology) The study of the relationships between flowers and pollinators


libristomate

Thus, Fortey later began grouping natant trilobites and their offspring as libristomate to designate the non-attached, or formerly detached, nature of their hypostomes.

2009, George P. Hansen, Trilobites of Black Cat Mountain, page 144:

(zoology) Of a trilobite, of the subclass Libristoma, and having a detached hypostome.


corynexochoid

The generic reference of these cranidia is uncertain in the absence of a pygidium, since a number of corynexochoid genera are almost indistinguishable from the cranidia, especially in immature stages.

1967, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, page 86:

(zoology) Of a trilobite, of the order Corynexochida.


agnostoid

(zoology) Any trilobite in the superfamily Agnostoidea


adenase

(biochemistry) An enzyme found especially in animal tissue (as liver) that hydrolyzes adenine to hypoxanthine and ammonia.


bispecificity

(usually biochemistry) Specificity for two given conditions.


planulinid

Accessory benthic foraminiferal events reported by Berggren and Miller (1989) to occur in the late Eocene are the migrations into the bathyal realm from the neritic realm of planulinids and siphoninids.

2003, Donald R. Prothero, From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition:

(zoology) A foraminifer of the family Planulinidae.


siphoninid

(zoology) A foraminifer of the family Siphoninoidea.


anomalinid

(zoology) A foraminifer of the family Anomalinidae.


gavelinellid

(zoology) A foraminifer of the family Gavelinellidae.


anabolize

en-verb

anabolize (third-person singular simple present anabolizes, present participle anabolizing, simple past and past participle anabolized)

anabolizes (present singular third-person)
anabolizing (participle present)
anabolized (participle past)
anabolized (past)

(biochemistry) To cause, or to undergo anabolism


sigmurethrous

Indeed, with the possible exception of Agriolimax laevis (Müll.), I do not know of any other British sigmurethrous snail or slug in which anything at all comparable has been found.

1930, The Journal of Conchology, volume 19, page 42:

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the informal taxonomic group Sigmurethra of molluscs.


nymphosis

There are probably similarities between morphology and development with the Sagrinae, but the nymphosis here occurs within the soil.

2012, P. Jolivet, Biology of Chrysomelidae, page 6:

(entomology) The passage from the larval state to the nymph state of an insect.


loxonematoid

Specimens minute, high-spired, loxonematoid shells with slightly sinuate transverse costae on ephebic whorls.

1953, Journal of Paleontology, volume 27, page 698:

(zoology) Resembling or belonging to the genus †Loxonema of extinct gastropods.


loxonematoid

(zoology) Any gastropod resembling or belonging to the genus †Loxonema.


orthocone

(malacology) A long straight shell of a nautiloid cephalopod.


tonnoidean

This is the only shallow-water tonnoidean that probably originally had a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical seas.

2002, American Malacological Bulletin, page 107:

(zoology) A sea snail of the superfamily Tonnoidea.


eupyrene

After the completion of copulation, the number of eupyrene sperm bundles in a spermatophore gradually decreased.

2016, Mamoru Watanabe, Sperm Competition in Butterflies, page 55:

(zoology) Of sperm in species that exhibit sperm heteromorphism, fertile.


eusperm

[…] the eusperm (i.e. the fertilizing spermatozoa) are filamentous cells with a tapered, tubular, terminal acrosome, an extremely elongate nucleus, a cylindrical sometimes spiral midpiece formed by two to six radially adpressed mitochondria […]

2009, Daniel H. Shain, Annelids in Modern Biology, page 322:

(zoology) In species that exhibit sperm heteromorphism, fertile sperm.


apyrene

Counter to this latter hypothesis, Cook and Gage (1995) have shown that, unlike eupyrene numbers, apyrene sperm numbers do not vary with sperm competition risk (see fig 7.7).

2001, Leigh W. Simmons, Sperm Competition and Its Evolutionary Consequences in the Insects:

(zoology) Of sperm in species that exhibit sperm heteromorphism, infertile.


parasperm

First, it is possible that parasperm have no adaptive function. Most consider this unlikely given the large number of parasperm produced (parasperm may make up half of an ejaculate) and the presumed costs of their production.

2009, Judith Goodenough, Perspectives on Animal Behavior, page 316:

(zoology) In species that exhibit sperm heteromorphism, infertile sperm.


VLDL

very low-density lipoprotein
w:very low-density lipoprotein

(biochemistry) Initialism of very low-density lipoprotein.


ULDL

(biochemistry) Initialism of ultra low-density lipoprotein.


MTOC

microtubule-organizing center
w:microtubule-organizing center

(biochemistry) Initialism of microtubule-organizing center.


mutatively

en-adv

mutatively (comparative more mutatively, superlative most mutatively)

more mutatively (comparative)
most mutatively (superlative)

(genetics, biochemistry) Through a mutation or a series of mutations.


SNA

spherical nucleic acid
spherical nucleic acid#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of spherical nucleic acid.


equilobate

en-adj

equilobate (comparative more equilobate, superlative most equilobate)

more equilobate (comparative)
most equilobate (superlative)

(biology) Equally lobed; divided into similar lobes.


NRBC

(hematology, cytology) Initialism of nucleated red blood cell.


premax

The rhynchactids possess a premax with few (0-2) curved teeth, but the dentaries are toothless.

2005, William Richards, Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide for the Western Central North Atlantic, page 820:

(zoology, informal) Clipping of premaxilla.


Acrita

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek meaning "indiscernible"; see a- and compare criterion.

(zoology, obsolete) The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed. Today it roughly corresponds to the protozoans


halysitid

(zoology) Any member of the family †Halysitidae of cnidarians.


carissa

(botany) Any plant of the genus Carissa.


tracrRNA

en-noun

tracrRNA (countable and uncountable, plural tracrRNAs)

Trans-activating crRNA
w:Trans-activating crRNA

(biochemistry) Initialism of Trans-activating crRNA.


crRNA

(biochemistry) Initialism of CRISPR RNA.


trigenic

(genetics) produced by (the interaction of) three genes


CTCF

transcription factor
transcription factor

(genetics, biochemistry) A transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene.


PTGS

(biology, genetics) Initialism of posttranscriptional gene silencing.


kleptogenesis

/ˌklɛptəʊˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

From Ancient Greek κλέπτω (kléptō, “steal”) + γένεσις (génesis, “origin, creation, generation”).

(biology) Reproduction by a unisexual species using sperm 'stolen' by mating with members of a related bisexual species.


triaulic

In androdiaulic and triaulic forms the movement of sperm is largely by muscular action, but the function of congealing the sperm into a more or less unitary mass is retained by the prostate.

1964, Michael T. Ghiselin, Reproductive Function and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods:

Cervera et al. (2000) described three distinct patterns of division of reproductive systems of pleurobranchids producing three different triaulic arrangements.

2010, Janet Leonard, The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, page 161:

(biology) Having three reproductive duct systems, one for the deposit of sperm, one for receiving sperm, and one for depositing eggs.


sessilely

en-adv

sessilely (comparative more sessilely, superlative most sessilely)

more sessilely (comparative)
most sessilely (superlative)

The species, so far as the shape of the lorica is concerned, resembles the sessilely attached fresh-water Salpingaeca fusiformis, S. K., but is excluded from the section to which Kent has relegated the latter, by the possession of the pedicle.

1886, Journal of the Trenton Natural History Society, volume 1, page 138:


schizocarpic

(botany) Of or relating to a schizocarp.


LINE

long interspersed nuclear element
w:long interspersed nuclear element

(genetics) Acronym of long interspersed nuclear element, a type of retrotransposon in genomics.


SINE

short interspersed element
w:Retrotransposon#SINEs

(genetics) Acronym of short interspersed element, a type of retrotransposon in genomics.


phyllidium

The five species described above form an interesting series illustrating the gradual modification of the entire phyllidium into a sucker, just as individual loculi become modified into suckers.

1927, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London - Part 2, page 526:

The excretory vessels form a hairpin loop just inside the phyllidium (Pl. 5 Fg.1). It seems strange that the excretory vessels do not extend to the margins of these giant phyllidia since they invariably do in other forms with large phyllidia such as Phyllobothrium lactuca, etc.

1949, Nathan W. Riser, Studies on the Tetraphyllidea, page 84:

The four phyllidia are arranged in pairs with each phyllidium occupying a corner of the rectangular scolex.

1957, Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington:

(zoology) A muscular, leaf-shaped or cuplike outgrowth from the lateral wall of the scolex of some cestodes.

(zoology) A rudimentary form of ctenidium found in some gastropods.


phyllidium

The lateral lobes of each opposite phyllidium being thus brought together and forming an apparent whole, botanists supposed they had before them two stigmata in this order opposed to the placentae, which was contrary to all analogy.

1848, Sir William Jackson Hooker, London Journal of Botany - Volume 7, page 14:

The forward margin of each dorsolateral phyllidium overlaps the rear margin of the adjacent phyllidium. This arrangement tends to channel drainage water toward the ventral surface of the gametophyte, where some of it is retained in tiny pockets that are bounded on the lower side by the ventral lobes of the dorsolateral phyllidia.

1982, Arthur Cronquist, Basic Botany, page 278:

Interference-contrast micrograph through the abaxial surface of a proximal cell of a phyllidium of Tortula ruralis ten minutes after rehydration from the desiccated state.

1984, Advances in Bryology, →ISBN, page 122:

(botany) Alternative form of phyllodium.


shaking rat Kawasaki

(biology, zoology) A reeler-phenotype neuronal mutant rat.


tetragenous

The leaves are arranged in four longitudinal rows along the stem. There are two rows of smaller leaves attached to the upper side of stem and two rows of larger leaves attached laterally. The strobili are tetragenous (four-angled) […]

2006, Anil Kumar, Botany for Degree Pteridophyta, page 184:

Mussels that employ all four demibranchs for brooding are referred to as tetragenous.

2010, James H. Thorp, Alan P. Covich, Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates:

Eggs are incubated in all four gills (tetragenous). In the other groups the gill structure is stabilized by increasing the number of connectives and by organizing them into continuous walls (Kat 1984).

2012, G. Bauer, K. Wächtler, Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida, page 234:

(botany, zoology) Involving groups of four; arranged in fours.


superfertile

en-adj

superfertile (comparative more superfertile, superlative most superfertile)

more superfertile (comparative)
most superfertile (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superfertile.wav


superfertility

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superfertility.wav

(biology) The property of being superfertile.


rhachitome

The sequence of vertebral types led Watson to conclude that the primitive labyrinthodonts, embolomeres, had given rise to the rhachitomes and that these forms had eventually produced the ungainly, doomed stereospondyls.

2005, Dev Raj Khanna, Biology of Amphibia, page 56:

(zoology) Any amphibian of the clade Rhachitomi.


stereospondyl

(zoology) Any amphibian of the suborder Stereospondyli.


dissorophoid

From Ancient Greek δῐσσός (dĭssós) ("double, twofold") + Ancient Greek ὀροφή (orophḗ) ("ceiling, roof") + -oid.

This diet appears to have been diversified in two clades of relatively small largeheaded and shortbodied temnospondyls, the zatracheids and dissorophoids.

2014, Rainer R. Schoch, Amphibian Evolution: The Life of Early Land Vertebrates:

(zoology) Any amphibian of the clade Dissorophoidea.


plagiostomy

From its original subcerebral position (orthognathism) it shifts into a precerebral position (proguathism). That in connection with this rotation plagiostomy changes into teleostomy we will pass over in silence, although this phenomenon would give amble scope for interesting observations.

1922, Proceedings of the Section of Sciences - Volume 25, page 375:

They are comparatively large, without outgrowths, of a rounded shape, with a flattened ventral surface and cryptostomy or plagiostomy with a lip.

1991, Biology Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, page 279:

Two other morphological features, plagiostomy and cryptostomy, are considered to be adaptations to life in soil; both involve a reduction in the size of the pseudostome in proportion to the test and the formation of a vestibule (Fig. 11) and both tend, therefore, to protect the cell against dessicaation (Bonnet, 1961a, 1964).

2012, A Burgers, Soil Biology, page 170:

(biology) An adaptation in which the mouth is diminished, firmly closed, and located on the ventral side protected deeply within a carapace.


cryptostomy

The slit-like pseudostome is hidden by the dorsal lip and an extension of the ventral shell wall (cryptostomy).

2000, John J. Lee, Gordon F. Leedale, Phyllis Clarke Bradbury, An illustrated guide to the protozoa:

(biology) An adaptation in which the mouth is reduced to a slit and its location is concealed.


pleurembolic

From Ancient Greek πλευρά (pleurá, “a rib, a side of something”) + Ancient Greek ἔμβολος (émbolos, “peg, stopper”).

uder

Some scattered melanophores in fundus of atrium, a few pigment cells along seminal groove. Male atrium (a) narrow in front, wide behind. Its fundus forms a deep fold which receives seminal groove and functions as pleurembolic penis (p).

1970, Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and Other Caribbean Islands:

The proboscis wall itself is highly muscular and has longitudinal, circular and diagonal muscle layers. It is of the pleurembolic type characteristic of the Buccinacea.

2003, Harold Barnes, Oceanography and Marine Biology, →ISBN, page 373:

The acrembolic type has appeared independently several times in gastropods, including some heterobranchs, while the pleurembolic proboscis may have appeared only once.

2008, Winston Ponder, David R. Lindberg, Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca, →ISBN, page 346:

(biology) Capable of being withdrawn by a backward movement of the parts from which it protrudes so that it becomes engulfed.


polyembryo

But sour and swee oranges have a number of characters in common -- small-panicled inflorescences, tight peel, whitish polyembryo, etc.

1932, Taihoku Teikoku Daigaku. Ri-nogakubu, Memoirs, page 68:

A complicating feature of conifers, when estimating the number of lethals, is that polyembryos are common during seed development.

1977, M. Thompson Conkle, Knobcone Pine Self Compatibility and Isozyme Inheritance, page 61:

This method is effective because unlike other fructiferous plants, citrus possesses the polyembryo property, thus obtaining from a single seed more than one plant with identical properties to the parent plant.

2013, Giovanni Dugo, Ivana Bonaccorsi, Citrus bergamia: Bergamot and its Derivatives, →ISBN, page 26:

(botany) A single seed that contains multiple embryos.

Mitochondria, like the phospholipids, have been investigated when the polyembryo of Ageniaspis had the form of a tube (string).

1964, Kazimierz Sembrat, Zoologica Poloniae: Archivum Societatis Zoologorum Poloniae, page 264:

The phenomenon, nevertheless, is probably greatly underreported, because to my knowledge no one has searched methodically—using suitable nuclear genetic markers—for vertebrate polyembryos in nature.

Furthermore, in certain species having polyembryos development (e.g., armadillo), all the embryos that have develope from a single fertilized egg are of the same sex.

2010, Rehana Khan, A Textbook of Biotechnology Volume-I Genetics and Molecular Biology, →ISBN:

(biology) One of a set of genetically identical embryos that develop from a single fertilized egg.


strigilator

These little crickets belong to a group of Synoeketes which Wheeler has called Strigilators. They lick the surfaces of ants and seem to feed very largely, if not exclusively, on the cutaneous secretions and the thin coating of saliva with which ants cover one another.

1927, Horace St. John Kelly Donisthorpe, The guests of British ants: their habits and life-histories:

The Myrmecophila are true strigilators. They are perpetually licking the oily secretions on the bodies and limbs of their ants, which they caress the while with their antennæ.

1928, Auguste Henri Forel, The Social World of the Ants Compared with that of Man:

Synoëketes — guests unnoticed or tolerated because the ants are unable to deal effectively with them. They are mostly harmless scavengers or nuisances or strigilators and are classified by Wheeler as being: a. Neutrals — scavengers that are not mimetic: mites; collembolens; staphylinid, trichopterygid, chrysomelid, and scarabæid beetles; phorid and syrphid flies; and caterpillars of certain microlepidopterans.

1942, Edward Oliver Essig, College Entomology, page 672:

(zoology) Any of various myrmecophiles that feed on the oily secretions on the bodies of ants.


gasterosteiform

Dermal plates, which are composed exclusively of bone, are known for representatives of taxa like syngnathiforms, tetraodontiforms and gasterosteiforms.

2014, Hermann Ehrlich, Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates, page 230:

(zoology) Any fish of the order Gasterosteiformes.


syngnathiform

(zoology) Any fish of the order Syngnathiformes.


tetraodontiform

(zoology) Any fish of the order Tetraodontiformes.


coextinct

(biology, of two or more species) No longer in existence; having died out.


forestem

forestems (plural)
fore-stem (alternative)

Nearby, Marikosan picked the rising and curling forestems for later cooking.

2016, George C. Zidbeck, Observations and Reflections of a Country Squire:

(botany) The forward or projected-most part of a stem


bursicle

These are joined by slender stalks to sticky discs, the viscidia, which are protected from contact with the air by a membranous pouch called the bursicle. At a touch from a visiting bee the bursicle ruptures and the insect's head, probing towards the nectar, is bound to touch one or both viscidia which immediately stick to it and become detached from the flower.

1977, Michael Willmer Forbes Tweedie, Insect Life, page 106:

(botany) A sheath that covers the viscidium in some plants.


teleoconch

en-noun

teleoconch (plural teleoconchs or teleoconches)

teleoconchs (plural)
teleoconches (plural)

the shell produced after metamorphosis is referred to as adult shell or teleoconch.

1995, Haszprunar, G., Salvini-Plawen, L. von, & Rieger, R. M. (1995). Larval planktotrophy—a primative trait in the Bilateria? Acta Zoologica, 76(2), 141–154., page 143:

Teleoconch: The postlarval, postmetamorphic, or postnuclear whorls of the shell. Because Conus shells continue to grow throughout life, the number of teleoconch whorls varies considerably within as well as among species.

2014, Alan J. Kohn, "Conus" of the Southeastern United States and Caribbean, page 48:

(zoology) The portion of a shell of a conchiferan mollusc formed immediately after the larval stage of the life cycle of the organism.


symbiotroph

Although their life history is not fully known, observed behavior of one of the well-known species, Thalassomyces marsupii, a symbiotroph with the amphipod Parathemisto, is shown here.

1999, Lynn Margulis, Diversity of Life: The Illustrated Guide to the Five Kingdoms, page 104:

(zoology) An organism that derives nourishment through a symbiotic relationship with another organism.


symbiotrophy

(zoology) The state of being a symbiotroph


patellogastropod

Clipping of translingual Patellogastropoda, equivalent to patello- + gastropod

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Patellogastropoda</i>

However the prevailing opinion that the patellogastropods form the first offshoot of the gastropods is not supported by palaeontological data. The oldest indisputable evidence of the Patellogastropoda is from Late Triassic strata.

2012, John A. Talent, Earth and Life: Global Biodiversity, Extinction Intervals and Biogeographic Perturbations Through Time:

(zoology) Any gastropod of the clade Patellogastropoda.


polydesmid

(zoology) An millipede in order Polydesmida (flatbacked millipedes.

(zoology) An millipede in family Polydesmidae.


taenioglossan

(zoology) Any member of the Taenioglossa.


rachiglossan

(zoology, obsolete) Any member of the Rachiglossa, a former classification that included a number of carnivorous marine neogastropod families.


toxoglossan

(zoology) Any mollusk of the superfamily Toxoglossa.


ptenoglossan

(zoology) Any sea snail of the clade Ptenoglossa.


stenoglossan

In addition to the more highly developed siphon, stenoglossans usually have only three radular teeth in each transverse row.

1974, Alan Solem, The Shell Makers: Introducing Mollusks, page 107:

(zoology) Any marine snail of the suborder Stenoglossa.


cryptocaryosis

(ichthyology) A parasitic infection of marine fish caused by the ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans.


entelegyne

(zoology) Any spider of the clade Entelegynae.


haplogyne

(zoology) Any spider of the clade Haplogynae.


erigonine

(zoology) Any spider of the subfamily Erigoninae.


mynoglenine

(zoology) Any spider of the linyphiid subfamily Mynogleninae.


cymbium

Concocted from Latin cymbium, not used in such a meaning.

The tarsus consists of two parts, the cymbium and paracymbium. The cymbium is the spoon-shaped base of the tarsus. The paracymbium is only a prominent apophysis arising from the base of the cymbium and is articulated with the cymbium by a movable joint.

2009, P. A. Sebastian, Spiders of India:

(zoology) The tarsus of the copulatory pedipalp in certain spiders.


paracymbium

(entomology) In certain male spiders, an appendage extending from the cymbium.


cymbial

The male first inserted his cymbial hook into the laterally facing atrium on one side of the epigynum and then held it there while he inserted his conductor into the atrium on the opposite side.

2015, Alfredo V Peretti, Anita Aisenberg, Cryptic Female Choice in Arthropods: Patterns, Mechanisms and Prospects:

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the cymbium.


palpimanoid

(zoology) Any spider of the superfamily Palpimanoidea.


araneofauna

Therefore, a Jurassic araneofauna existed of orb-web weavers (Orbiculariae) including both cribellate uloborids and ecribellate araneoids.

2007, David M. Martill, The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World:

(zoology) The population of spiders inhabiting a region.


spination

The internal defensive spicula are very numerous, and appear all to spring from the basal membrane, their diameter is nearly the same at the base, but they vary greatly in their length and also in the degree of their spinations; in some the spines are quite in an incipient state, while in others they are well and distinctly produced.

1866, J. S. Bowerbank, A Monograph of the British Spongiadae, page 150:

They share few characters: 25 vertebrae; compact, triangular gut; inconspicuous gas bladder; and some head spination.

2000, Jeffrey Martin Leis, The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes: An Identification Guide:

(zoology) The distribution of spines on an organism.


pseudocryptic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudocryptic.wav

pseudocryptic species

(biology) Morphologically recognisable as distinct only after other methods have unveiled their existence.


pre-mine

(ecology) Before the opening of a mine in a region.


orbicularian

The orbicularian common ancestor had perhaps seven different types of silk gland.

2010, Leslie Brunetta, Catherine L. Craig, Spider Silk: Evolution and 400 Million Years of Spinning, Waiting, Snagging:

(zoology) Any spider of the clade Orbiculariae.


deinopoid

Comparison between deinopoid and araneoid orb webs suggests that araneoid silks and webs are far superior with respect to functional capabilities.

2003, Catherine L. Craig, Spiderwebs and Silk: Tracing Evolution From Molecules to Genes to Phenotypes:

(zoology) Any spider of the superfamily Deinopoidea.


araneoid

(zoology) Any spider of the superfamily Araneoidea.


amaurobioid

Amaurobioids are characterized by slender unbranched tracheal tubes, while dictynoids should have at least the median tracheae strongly branched.

2001, Diana Silva, A phylogenetic approach to the classification and diversity of ctenid spiders (Araneae : Ctenidae) with a taxonomic revision of the Malagasy genera:

(zoology) Any spider of the superfamily Amaurobioidea.


dionychan

This is so even though the closest relatives of Anyphaenidae are not yet determined, as is true for most dionychan families (Coddington and Levi, 1991), because anyphaenids are quite uniform in some characters not commonly found on other spiders (the details of the claw tufts and the tracheal system).

2003, Martín J. Ramírez, The Spider Subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae): A Phylogenetic Revision at the Generic Level:

(zoology) Any spider of the clade Dionycha.


metaltelline

No one would claim that Chilean metaltellines are representative even of the Chilean biota in general, but consider the results of spider sampling in Bolivia (Coddington, personal communication; Colwell and Coddington 1994).

1999, Joel Cracraft, Francesca T. Grifo, The Living Planet in Crisis: Biodiversity Science and Policy, page 46:

(zoology) Any spider of the subfamily Metaltellinae.


clubionoid

(zoology) Any spider of the family Clubionidae.


entodiniomorphid

(zoology) Any member of the Entodiniomorphida.


retromargin

(zoology) The posterior margin of the fang furrow in the chelicera.


dictynoid

(zoology) Any member of the Dictynoidea, a group of araneomorph spiders that have been treated as a superfamily.


patelloid

(zoology) Any member of the gastropod superfamily Patelloidea.


bellerophontoid

(zoology) Any member of the superfamily Bellerophontoidea of extinct planospirally-coiled globose molluscs.


murchisoniacean

suf

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Murchisoniacea</i>

(zoology, obsolete) Any member of the Murchisoniacea, an extinct superfamily of gastropod molluscs.


rhynchonellid

However, it is the large-sized rhynchonellids that have been most readily identified to date as members of ancient hydrocarbon seep communities.

2010, Steffen Kiel, The Vent and Seep Biota: Aspects from Microbes to Ecosystems:

(zoology) Any brachiopod of the order Rhynchonellida.


subulitacean

Subulitaceans have spindle- or awl- shaped shells, commonly slender and pointed at the apex of the spire.

1982, Ida Thompson, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils, page 421:

(zoology) Any gastropod of the superfamily Subulitacea an obsolete form of Subulitoidea.


cyclostomatous

(zoology) Of or relating to the Cyclostomata, a group of agnathans that comprises the living jawless fishes: the lampreys and hagfishes.


delthyrium

In the present species the two plates are directed, not toward the margin of the delthyrium, from which at the hinge line the cardinal teeth presumably project, but to the oblique intersecting line.

1908, George Herbert Girty, The Guadalupian fauna, page 208:

(zoology) The opening between the beak and the hinge in certain brachiopods, through which the pedicle passes.


trepostomatous

(zoology) Of or relating to the Trepostomata, an extinct bryozoan order.


palintrope

Many hinged genera have a flat or curved shelf, called the palintrope, between the beak and the hinge line. The ventral palintrope is divided at the middle by the delthyrium, a triangular opening for the pedicle.

2010, John P. Rafferty, The Paleozoic Era: Diversification of Plant and Animal Life, page 71:

(zoology) A part of the ventral valve of some brachiopods between the beak and the hinge line.


delthyrial

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the delthyrium.


fenestellid

(zoology) Any member of the Fenestellidae, a family of bryozoans.


productoid

(zoology) Any member of the suborder Productoidea, a large group of Upper Paleozoic brachiopods.


billingsellacean

The Obolellida and the basic articulate stock, the billingsellaceans, appear later in the lower Cambrian. The orthide billingsellaceans with their strophic hinge lines, deltidiodont dentition and invariably calcareous shells, comprise two families which, although morphologically similar, have a fundamentally different style of shell secretion, reflected in their various descendants.

1979, Michael Robert House, The Origin of major invertebrate groups, page 235:

(zoology) Any brachiopod of the superfamily Billingsellacea.


euomphalacean

(zoology) Any member of the Euomphalacea (now Euomphaloidea), a former extinct superfamily of marine molluscs.


kutorginid

(zoology) Any brachiopod in the family Kutorginidae.

(zoology) Any brachiopod in the order Kutorginida.


stringocephalid

This environmental behaviour suggests that all of these thick-shelled groups (and possibly similar groups like the stringocephalids and rensselandids) may have become so modified during the process of natural selection as not to have been able to have moved from the positions into which they found themselves.

2011, A.J. Boucot, Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls, page 232:

(zoology) Any brachiopod of the family Stringocephalidae.


dielasmatid

(zoology) Any brachiopod in the family Dielasmatidae.


amplicant

(chemistry, biology) A factor that amplifies a response.


chilidium

From chil(o)-, alternative form of cheilo- + -idium.

The chilidium is a convex plate often covering the cardinal process of the dorsal valve in the Protremata.

1895, Charles Schuchert, A Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda Including Bibliography and Synonymy:

The chilidium is not often visible in the dorsal valve of Billingsella but when seen proves to be an arch with its piers built against the notothyrial edge.

1938, Edward Oscar Ulrich, Ozarkian and Canadian Brachiopoda, page 73:

(zoology) A plate covering a portion of the dorsal valve in certain brachiopods.


ex vitro

(botany) In an environment outside the artificial tissue culture, usually in soil or potting mixture.


spermatidogenesis

(cytology) The creation of spermatids from secondary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis.


hypogenous

(botany) Produced or growing on the undersurface.


crownshaft

(botany) A leafbase which forms on some palms above the trunk and below the crown and above the trunk.


synaptic cleft

(biochemistry) A small space, adjacent to a neuron, that receives neurotransmitter molecules from another neuron.


pruritogenesis

(biology) The development of pruritis (an itching sensation).


psammophobic

M . capensis is psammophilic and tolerant of extreme wave action, whereas A. orbitosa is psammophobic (Bolton and Levitt 1992, Bolton and Joska 1993).

1995, South African Journal of Marine Science - Volumes 15-16, page 57:


zoarcoid

en-adj

zoarcoid (comparative more zoarcoid, superlative most zoarcoid)

more zoarcoid (comparative)
most zoarcoid (superlative)

(zoology) Of or pertaining to the perciform suborder Zoarcoidei.


zoarcoid

(zoology) Any fish in the suborder Zoarcoidei.


pseudoproct

From pseudo- + Ancient Greek πρωκτός (prōktós, “anus”).

The pseudostome and pseudoproct become obscure and are shortly obliterated, the sarcoid forming a thick, smooth, uniform layer over the stem and over its terminal disk.

1865, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, page 524:

The pseudembryo moves rapidly in the water, rolling round and swinging from side to side ; as a rule, and especially when at rest, the surface bearing the pseudostome and pseudoproct is turned downwards.

1866, The Record of Zoological Literature, page 759:

The pseudembryo or echinopzrdium, at first cilisted and spheroidal, becomes after a time wedge-shaped; at its broad end appears the mouth or psaudostome, and at the other the anus or pseudoproct.

1878, Thomas Spencer Baynes, The Encyclopedia Britannica:

The larva now fixes itself by the 'pseudoproct.'

1888, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report, page 735:

(biology) The anal opening on the pseudembryo of an echinoderm.

(biology) A false osculum or secondary opening which replaces the original osculum of a sponge.


pseudostome

In all the cases which I have observed, the ciliated bands so characteristic of the pseudembryonic form have made their appearance before the rupture of the vitelline sac; and frequently the pseudembryo has become somewhat reniform, a depressed ciliated patch indicating the position of the pseudostome.

1865, Wyville Thomson, “On the Embryogeny of Antedon rosaceus, Linck (Comatula rosacea of Lamarck”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, page 521:

The sarcodic body of the pseudembryo begins to shrink, the pseudostome and the two lower bauds of cilia disappear, and afterwards the two upper bands, and the embryo then becomes fixed to a stone, seaweed, or some other object.

1903, Day Otis Kellogg, Thomas Spencer Baynes, William Robertson Smith, The Encyclopædia Britannica: A-ZYM, page 637:

On one side of the body it has formed an arch forwards, its apex nearly touching the second band; and in the wider space thus left between the third band and the fourth, the pseudostome forms a deep involution of the sarcode, keyhole-shaped, richly ciliated, shallow anteriorly and deepening posteriorly into the short curved pseudocele, which merely dips under the fourth band, breaking through immediately behind it as a small round anal aperture.

1954, The Record of Zoological Literature - Volume 2, page 759:

(biology) The oral opening on the pseudembryo of an echinoderm.


pseudoscule

Another characteristic is the presence of a 3-6 cm wide large pseudoscule with a transparent membrane.

2007, Naglaa M. Mohamed, Ecophysiology of Microbial Communities Associated with Marine Sponges (Ircinia Strobilina) and (Mycale Laxissima), →ISBN:

The height is 11 cm; the largest diameter, just below the pseudoscule, 4–6 by 9 cm; the thickness of the walls, 2–20 mm.

2013, F. Wiedenmayer, Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas, →ISBN, page 107:


diplogenesis

en-noun

diplogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural diplogeneses)

(medicine, botany) The double formation of something that is normally single, such as a body organ.


ecoduct

From eco- (prefix meaning ‘ecology; the environment’) + (via)duct (“bridge with several spans that carries traffic over a valley or other obstacles”).

affix

An ecoduct was installed above the road to help wildlife cross safely.

Several measures can be taken to influence the circumstance for the badger in a positive way. Apart from protection and restoration of potential habitats, important measures are: restoration or development of dispersal corridors (woodlots, hedgerows), construction of tunnels or ecoducts for crossing roads, reduction of speed limits, and closure of roads for traffic at night.

1994, J. P. Knaapen, H. C. van Engen, R. C. van Apeldoorn, P. Schippers, J. Verboom, “Badgers in the Netherlands: Evaluation of Scenarios with Models”, in Job F. Th. Schoute, Peter A. Finke, Frank R. Veeneklaas, Henk P. Wolfert, editors, Scenario Studies for the Rural Environment: Selected and Edited Proceedings of the Symposium Scenario Studies for the Rural Environment, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 12–15 September 1994 (Environment & Policy; 5), Dordrecht, South Holland; Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 552:

[S]pecies preferred a particular type of passage: fox and rabbit used the pipes more than the culverts and roe deer, hare and red squirrel were only observed on the ecoduct; […] It appears that an ecoduct with a variety of habitat-types is better for a broader range of species. Design of an ecoduct is important and so is the context, […]

1997, G. J. (Hans) Bekker, “Fragmentation and Road-infrastructure in the Netherlands: From History to Future”, in James Randy Williams, John W. Goodrich-Mahoney, Jan R. Wisniewski, Joe Wisniewski, editors, The Sixth International Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-way Management, 24–26 February 1997, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Kidlington, Oxfordshire; New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science, →ISBN, part VII (Biodiversity), page 364, column 1:

A large budget was reserved for purchasing ground, developing new natural areas, and for making "ecoducts" (wildlife bridges or tunnels) under/over main highways that dissected natural areas.

2004, Brian K. Miller, Kenli Schaaf, Robert K. Swihart, Chester L. Arnold, Jr., “Historical and Human Dimensions of Nature-based Planning: Is Time on Our Side?”, in Robert K. Swihart, Jeffrey E. Moore, editors, Conserving Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes: Model-based Planning Tools, West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, →ISBN, page 231:

Not far from Brănișca [in Romania], an ecoduct crosses the motorway from the Apuseni mountains to the Retezat. Like bears, wolves have been known to travel enormous distances.

2025, Nick Thorpe, “On Chicken Mountain”, in Walking Europe’s Last Wilderness: A Journey through the Carpathian Mountains, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 322:

(ecology) A type of wildlife crossing in the form of a bridge or tunnel, usually covered with foliage and turf, which animals may use to cross roads without the risk of being hit by vehicles; a wildlife viaduct.


lanthanosuchid

(zoology) Any member of the Lanthanosuchidae, an extinct family of procolophonomorph parareptiles.


parareptile

(zoology) Any member of subclass or clade †Parareptilia of extinct reptiles.


parareptilian

(zoology) Of or relating to the Parareptilia.


procolophonomorph

(zoology) Any member of the Procolophonomorpha, an order or clade of parareptiles that appeared during the Middle Permian.


protomorph

(genetics) Something that has the most primitive character; that which is in the earliest form.


pareiasaur

(paleontology) Any member of the Pareiasauridae, a family of large parareptiles from the Permian period.


mastofauna

Superficially masto- (“relating to mammary organs”) + fauna, though perhaps calquing or borrowed directly from a term like Spanish mastofauna.

(rare, zoology) The mammals, or all kinds of mammals, inhabiting a region.


dvinosaur

(zoology) A member of the Dvinosauria, a clade of primitive semi-aquatic to completely aquatic amphibians.


canarium

(botany) Any of the genus Canarium of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical evergreen trees in the family Burseraceae.


defaunate

en-verb

defaunate (third-person singular simple present defaunates, present participle defaunating, simple past and past participle defaunated)

defaunates (present singular third-person)
defaunating (participle present)
defaunated (participle past)
defaunated (past)

From de- + fauna + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

af

(ecology, transitive) To remove the animals from.


viticetum

Borrowed from Latin vitices + Latin -etum


anomodont

Anomodonts are a group of therapsids that evolved in the Late Permian. The dicynodonts are by far the most important anomodonts and were the dominant herbivores of the Late Permian: they were the first truly abundant worldwide herbivores.

(zoology) Any therapsid of the suborder Anomodontia.


batrachomorph

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Batrachomorpha</i>

Batrachomorphs comprise the stegocephalians more closely related to lissamphibians than are other stegocephalians, as well as the lissamphibians themselves.

2012, Sebastien Steyer, Earth Before the Dinosaurs, page 61:

(zoology) Any animal of the clade Batrachomorpha.


stegocephalian

(zoology) Any amphibian of the clade Stegocephalia.


biarmosuchian

There is a set of scleral ossicles around the eye that are also found in another biarmosuchian, Lemurosaurus, and certain other pelycosaurs and therapsids, indicating that it is probably a plesiomorphic therapsid character.

2011, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan, Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation • Histology • Biology, page 10:

(zoology) Any therapsid of the suborder Biarmosuchia.


bennettitalean

Most bennettitalean foliage shows xeromorphic features such as small, reflexed pinnae, sunken stomata, and papillae or hairs on the leaf surfaces.

1992, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals:

(zoology) Any of the extinct plants of the order Bennettitales.


cycadeoid

Like the cycads many cycadeoids have trunklike stems that are unbranched or sparsely branched and clothed in spirally arranged persistent leaf bases.

1993, Wilson Nichols Stewart, Gar W. Rothwell, Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, page 350:


ictidorhinid

Biarmosuchians include most of the ictidorhinids and the more derived burnetiamorphs.

2012, Paul Selden, John Nudds, Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems, Second Edition, page 117:

(zoology) Any therapsid of the genus Ictidorhinus.


burnetiamorph

(zoology) Any therapsid of the clade Burnetiamorpha.


sphenacodontian

The keel of the angular does have the deep form characteristic of the group, but it is not reflected laterally as occurs in other sphenacodontians.

2005, Thomas Stainforth Kemp, The Origin and Evolution of Mammals, page 26:

(zoology) Any synapsid of the clade Sphenacodontia.


nycteroleterid

Although Ivakhnenko (1987) suggests that nycteroleterids are closely related to pareiasaurs, a more recent analysis suggests that the two groups are only remotely related (Lee, 1995).

2003, Michael J. Benton, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, page 83:

(zoology) Any parareptile of the family Nycteroleteridae.


procolophonoid

The presence of an ossified extrastapes in Youngina, however, seems to support a less specialized hearing function than that of procolophonoids.

2016, Jennifer A. Clack, Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear: Evidence from the Fossil Record:

(zoology) Any parareptile of the superfamily Procolophonoidea.


eupelycosaur

Ophiacodontids were a comparatively more depauperate group of early eupelycosaurs typified by marked elongation of the rostrum […]

2011, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan, Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation • Histology • Biology, page 94:

(zoology) Any synapsid of the clade Eupelycosauria.


transmethylase

Although the dimethylthetin transmethylase can be prepared free from the betaine transmethylase by further alcohol fractionation, all active betaine transmethylase preparations have had dimethylthetin transmethylase activity.

1948, JW Dubnoff, H Borsook, “Dimethylthetin and dimethyl-β-propriothetin in methionine synthesis”, in Journal of Biological Chemistry:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyses transmethylation.


crossandra

(botany) Any of the genus Crossandra of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae.


ANP

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (55) and insulin-like growth factor (56) have demonstrated no improvement in renal failure rates.

2011, Pauline K. Park, “Assessment of Noncardiac Perioperative Risk”, in Michael W. Mulholland, Gerard M. Doherty, editors, Complications in Surgery, 2nd edition, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 85:

atrial natriuretic peptide
atrial natriuretic peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of atrial natriuretic peptide.


testacid

This class include foraminiferans, radiolarians, acantharians, heliozoans and helioflage!- lates, most of the so-called proteomyxans, and the filose testacid amebas.

1965, The American Midland Naturalist - Volume 73, page 294:

Chardez (1957, 1960, 1965, 1967, and other papers) and with Krizelj (1970) has extensively catalogued the protozoan fauna (especially testacid amebas) of forest soils and of mosses (from sphagnum bogs, of forest floors, rocks and tree trunks).

1979, The University of Kansas Science Bulletin:

Subsequently, Wallich (1864) recorded 4 species of testacid rhizopods from Gangetic Sundarbans of Lower Bengal.

1991, Animal Resources of India: Protozoa to Mammalia : State of the Art:

Silicates and silica biopolymers are found in algae, e.g.: diatoms, chrysophytes, chrysomonads, and xanthophytes; sponge spicules; protozoans, e.g.: radiolarians, silicoflagellates, zoomastigophora, testacid sarcodina, siliceous foraminifera, and Rhizopod amebael and in nanoplankton like loricate choanoflagellates.

2005, Richard B. Hoover, Roland Paepe, Perspectives in Astrobiology - Volume 366, →ISBN, page 49:

(biology) Belonging to the protozoan order Arcellinida (formerly Testacida).


aphagy

(medicine, zoology) Inability to feed due to anatomical deficiencies.


pharyngostomy

(medicine, veterinary medicine) Creation of an artificial opening into the pharynx.


dumping ground

Several genera, e.g. Miltonia Lindl., Odontoglossum Kunth and Oncidium Sw., have historically been viewed as taxa of convenience and thus became dumping grounds for species of unclear relationships.

2008 December, Mark W. Chase et al., “Taxonomic transfers in Oncidiinae to accord with Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 5”, in Lindleyana:

(taxonomy) A presumably polyphyletic supraspecific taxon where species of unclear affinities are placed.


subendemic

In a few cases, this procedure had the effect that taxa changed their designation from endemic to subendemic because they have since been found in North African countries, such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunesia, or in parts of western Asia.

2013, Carsten Hobohm, Endemism in Vascular Plants, page 126:


sphenosuchian

(zoology) Any crocodylomorph of the Sphenosuchia.


urnigerate

en-adj

urnigerate (comparative more urnigerate, superlative most urnigerate)

more urnigerate (comparative)
most urnigerate (superlative)

From Latin urniger (“urn-bearing”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

Its urnigerate basidia are not found in any of the Exobasidiaceae, but they do occur in the related Brachybasidiaceae.

1975, RJ Bandoni, BN Johri, “Observations on the genus Exobasidiellum”, in Canadian Journal of Botany:

(mycology) Shaped like an urn with a stem.


axoplast

Centroaxoplastids have an axoplast at the centre of the cell, in a membrane-enclosed cavity within the nucleus, and radiating bundles of microtubules in a pin-wheel array (Fig. 6.13j), which is an extension of the cryptoaxoplastid pattern.

1991, Michael A. Sleigh, Protozoa and Other Protists, →ISBN, page 183:

According to the distributional pattern of the axopodia and the location and form of their intracapsular organizing center, the axoplast, Hollande and Enjumet identified the following taxa: (1) the anaxoplastidies lacking a well-defined axoplast -- the radial axopodia arise in the central capsule cytoplasm from isolated ponts, sometimes near the papillae of the nuclear memberanel (2) the periaxoplastidies possessing a distinct axoplast occurring outside the nucleus either in a juxtanuclear position or in a concavity formed by the slight invagination of the nuclear envelope, or variously embedded within the fold-like center of a capiform nucleus; and (3) the centroaxoplastidies, exhibiting a centronuclear axoplast. In the latter group, the axoplast is surrounded by the nucleus.

2012, O. Roger Anderson, Radiolaria, →ISBN, page 46:

All axopodia appear to arise either from the nuclear membrane or from an axoplast.

2012, Pierre Dustin -, Microtubules, →ISBN, page 155:

Large bundles of axopodia radiate from an axoplast granule at each smaller pore, and the large pore is said to act as a cytostome.

2013, P.C. Reid, Carol Turley, P.H. Burkill, Protozoa and Their Role in Marine Processes, →ISBN, page 27:

(biology) A dense structure, with no microtubules, located in the center or close to the nucleus of a cell, and from which radiate axopodia.


xylogalactan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide composed of xylose and galactose residues.


fructotransferase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that produce difructose anhydrides from fructans.


glucotransferase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that liberates glucose from amylose.


reineckeid

(zoology) Any member of the Reineckeidae.


zygozoospore

(botany) A spore formed by the union of several zoospores.


aulacopod

From Ancient Greek αὖλαξ (aûlax, “furrow”) + -pod.

It is only in the aulacopod land snails that there is a great diversity of shelled snails, slugs, and a wild variety of intermediates

1974, Alan Solem, The Shell Makers: Introducing Mollusks, page 212:

Webb (J 96l a) thought the aulacopod condition better adapted to burrowing in soil and the holopod condition, with less pronounced grooves, more dry-adapted.

1999, Fauna of New Zealand - Issue 38, page 21:

In an analysis of pallial and foot character evolution in Stylomatophora, Baker (1955) concluded that the ancestors of the Sigmurethra probably had, among other features, an aulacopod foot.

2001, G. M. Barker, The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, →ISBN, page 90:

(biology) Having a pair of parapodial grooves so that the ciliated sole extends above the foot margin.


acrembolic

In contrast to Archidoris, N. claurina has a swollen prostate, an acrembolic penis, a strange anastomosis of the vagina and the duct connecting the allosperm receptacles, and, most significantly, minute caryophyllid tubercles.

2003, Michael Schrödl, Sea slugs of southern South America:

The acrembolic type has appeared independently several times in gastropods, including some heterobranchs, while the pleurembolic proboscis may have appeared only once.

2008, Winston Ponder, David R. Lindberg -, Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca, →ISBN, page 346:

In the Pyramidellidae, attachment of the gastropod to its host is by way of a sucker situated at the tip of the long, acrembolic proboscis while the jaw, modified to form a buccal stylet, serves to pierce the integument of the host; there is no radula.

2013, Karl M. Wilbur, C. M. Yonge, Physiology of Mollusca - Volume 2, →ISBN, page 15:

(biology) Able to be withdrawn by muscles that cause the tip to sink inwards.


superparasite

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superparasite.wav

(biology) Any species that parasitizes another in very large numbers.


parasitengone

Thus it is possible that mechanisms of distastefulness evolved independently in terrestrial and aquatic parasitengones.

2013, Heather Proctor, Aquatic Mites from Genes to Communities, page 143:

(zoology) Any mite of the clade Parasitengona.


water mite

Water mites are a dominant feature of the fauna of all freshwater ecosystems. Over 400 species in 87 genera and 22 families have been recorded in Australia.

1998, MS Harvey, The Australian Water Mites: A Guide to Families and Genera:

(zoology) Any mite of the clade Hydracarina (syn. Hydrachnidia).


allosperm

en-noun

allosperm (countable and uncountable, plural allosperms)

They seem to have mechanisms that favour fertilization by allosperm (donated by a partner) over autosperm (produced endogenously).

2000, Robert T. Dillon, The Ecology of Freshwater Molluscs, →ISBN, page 80:

The latter have a well-defined allosperm storage organ, called spermatheca, attached to their fertilization pouch (Baur, this book).

2010, Janet Leonard, Alex Cordoba-Aguilar, The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, →ISBN, page 176:

This is consistent with theory that predicts a preference for the female mating role after periods of sexual isolation because of allosperm depletion.

2010, Nils Anthes, Peter M. Kappeler, Ralph Bergmüller, Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms, →ISBN, page 340:

During copulation, the penis deposits the autosperm (which now become allosperm) into the vaginal channel of the distal hermaphroditic duct of another animal. The allosperm then travel to the spermatotheca.

2011, Gregory A. Lewbart, Invertebrate Medicine, →ISBN, page 101:

(biology) Sperm that has been received from another organism.


autosperm

autosperm (countable and uncountable, plural autosperms)

Mating events whereby autosperm are donated to one partner while receiving allosperm from a third individual are known from sea slugs (see Chapter 8) and a monogenean flatworm (MacDonald and Caley 1975).

1998, Tim R. Birkhead, Anders Pape Møller, Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection, →ISBN, page 237:

(biology) Sperm that has been produced endogenously.


diaulic

These glands may be associated with either three (the triaulic condition, Fig. 4C) or two separate ducts (the diaulic condition). Two variants of the diaulic condition are found. A separation of the male functions from the other functions gives the andro-diaulic condition (Fig. 4A), while the separation of the female from the other functions gives the oodiaulic condition (Fig. 4B).

1988, K. G. Adiyodi, Rita G. Adiyodi, Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Accessory Sex Glands, →ISBN:

(biology, of a hermaphroditic organism) Having two reproductive duct systems.


androdiaulic

In androdiaulic and triaulic forms the movement of sperm is largely by muscular action, but the function of congealing the sperm into a more or less unitary mass is retained by the prostate.

1964, Michael T. Ghiselin, Reproductive Function and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods:

Two other species of Ringicula have either an incomplete separation of the female and male ducts or a complete separation, becoming an androdiaulic system (see below).

2010, Janet Leonard, Alex Cordoba-Aguilar, The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, →ISBN, page 157:

All of the nudibranchs seem to be derived from notaspidean-like stock with androdiaulic reproductive systems.

2012, Arthur Giese, Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, →ISBN:

(biology) Having two reproductive duct systems, one for the delivery of sperm, and the other for receiving sperm and depositing eggs.


oodiaulic

(biology) Having two reproductive duct systems, a hermaphroditic one for copulation and one for depositing eggs.


monaulic

In R. buccinea the reproductive system appears monaulic with only partial separation of male and female ducts.

2013, A. S. Tompa, Reproduction, →ISBN, page 232:

(biology, of a hermaphroditic organism) Having a single reproductive opening.


introgressively

en-adv

introgressively (comparative more introgressively, superlative most introgressively)

more introgressively (comparative)
most introgressively (superlative)

(genetics) By the means of introgression.


preformationary

(biology, historical) Relating to the theory of preformation.


zoidogamy

(biology) A form of plant reproduction in which male gametes swim towards the female gametes in a pool of water


river dolphin

(zoology) Any dolphin that is found only in fresh or brackish water, now considered in one of three superfamilies Platanistoidea, †Lipotoidea, Inioidea, all in parvorder Odontoceti or in a grouping with hippopotamuses.

jokidelfiini

dolphin found only in fresh and brackish water


sobole

(botany, archaic) Alternative form of soboles.


hymenopterist

suf

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Hymenoptera</i>

My collecting partner for this trip was long-time friend and hymenopterist Mike Arduser.

2022 May 14, Ted C. MacRae, Cupressaceae:

(entomology) An entomologist who studies hymenopterans.


hemobartonellosis

(veterinary science) An infectious disease found in cats, caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis.


holopod

The great majority of the holopod snails have a vegetarian diet.

At the same time a second way leading to the origin of the tripartite division of the sole is conceivable: namely as a consequence of the increase of weight on the central part of the holopod sole.

1985, A. A. Shileĭko, The system of the order Geophila (Helicida) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata):

Webb (196l a) thought the aulacopod condition better adapted to burrowing in soil and the holopod condition, with less pronounced grooves, more dry-adapted.

1999, Gary M. Barker, Naturalised Terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda):

In others, the holopod condition occurs, where the parapodial grooves may be fused and sited at the margin of the foot, such that the ciliated sole reaches to the lateral margin of the foot but not extending above.

2001, G. M. Barker, The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, →ISBN, page 90:

(biology) Having a longitudinally undivided sole.


apternodontid

Borrowed from translingual Apternodontidae.

(zoology) Any member of the Apternodontidae.


bioinventory

(ecology) An inventory of the plants and animals in a location


bioproductivity

(biology) The productivity of a biological process (at a specified organizational scale)


distiphallus

(entomology) The enlarged, apical part of the aedeagus in some insects


epandrium

(entomology) The dorsal saddle-shaped part of male terminalia in Diptera


phorocyte

(cytology) A mobile cell that transports the buds of doliolids


katepisternum

(entomology) The ventral part of the episternum of an insect.


oestroid

en-adj

oestroid (comparative more oestroid, superlative most oestroid)

more oestroid (comparative)
most oestroid (superlative)

(entomology) Of or pertaining to the superfamily Oestroidea


copynumber

(genetics) Alternative form of copy number.


lamellipodin

(biochemistry) A protein that promotes the formation of lamellipodia


mannanoligosaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide derived from mannan


exomewide

Therefore, implementation for a larger number of assays for these genes is challenging for laboratories that seek to offer comprehensive exomewide sequencing, including genes with homology.

2014 November, Diana Mandelker, “Comprehensive Diagnostic Testing for Stereocilin: An Approach for Analyzing Medically Important Genes with High Homology”, in The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, volume 16, number 6, page 639:


protelean

(biology) Describes an organism that begins as a parasite but emerges as a free-living adult


neoepithelialization

(biology) The formation of new epithelial tissue


antitaxic

(biology) relating to movement away from a stimulus


eukaryvory

On the pattern of herbivory, carnivory, etc.

(ecology, rare) Feeding on eukaryotes (by other eukaryotes).


bipotent

(biology, of a stem cell) Having the ability to develop into two types of cell


NADS

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase.


Muller's morphs

Introduced by Hermann J. Muller (1890–1967).

(genetics) A set of terms used to classify genetic mutations: amorph, hypomorph, hypermorph, antimorph, and neomorph.


physogastry

From physo- + Ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastḗr, “belly”) + -y.

One of the most bizarre modifications of the beetle abdomen is known as physogastry. Physogastry is a condition in which the abdomen is enlarged. usually through increased growth of the connective membranes, expansion of the internal fat bodies, and subsequent secondary sclerotization of the abdominal sclerites.

2000, Arthur V. Evans, An Inordinate Fondness for Beetles, page 64:

The development of queen physogastry is considered to mark the end of the founding stage. It is often difficult to determine the time required for a queen to become physogastric in termite colonies.

2014, Y. Abe, Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology, page 337:

The most striking characteristic of many termitophiles is physogastry, or the excessive enlargement of the abdomen, which closely resembles that of the hosts and especially that of the old queens.

2015, William Morton Wheeler, The Social Insects: Their Origin and Evolution, page 266:

(entomology) An enlargement of the abdomen in certain insects, especially in termite queens.


urinatorial

urinatorial (comparative more urinatorial, superlative most urinatorial)

more urinatorial (comparative)
most urinatorial (superlative)


urosomite

(zoology) One of the somites of the urosome.


vibrogen

(botany) Active cellular tissue arranged in layers in the cortex of certain tendrils, causing circumnutation.


alcoholase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that converts glucose or lactic acid to alcohol


pseudoaerial

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoaerial.wav

(botany) aerial but with some connection to the ground


undercurved

undercurved (comparative more undercurved, superlative most undercurved)

more undercurved (comparative)
most undercurved (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-undercurved.wav

(zoology) Curved so as to pass below the body; said of parts of the upper surface of an insect.


scatophage

From New Latin scatophagus, from Ancient Greek σκατοφάγος (skatophágos), from σκατο- (skato-, “shit”) and φάγος (phágos, “eater; glutton”), from φᾰγεῖν (phăgeîn, “to eat”) + -ος (-os, “-er”, forming agent nouns). Equivalent to scato- + -phage. In particular reference to dungflies, an anglicization of their genus Scatophaga.

(usually zoology) A shiteater: a human or animal that consumes excrement.


butyrine

(biochemistry) The alpha-amino acid derived from butyric acid


camphorin

(biochemistry) A ribosome-inactivating protein found in camphor seeds


cartilagein

(biochemistry) A protein found in cartilage


archeopyle

archeopyles (plural)
archaeopyle (alternative)

(zoology) A distinctive opening in the test of fossil dinoflagellates.


gymnodinialean

(zoology) Of or relating to the Gymnodiniales, an order of dinoflagellates of the class Dinophyceae.


isobilateral

(botany) Having the flanks of the organ flattened surfaces.

(botany) Able to be divided into two similar halves.


rhabdosteid

(zoology) Any extinct cetacean in the family Rhabdosteidae.


nematocerous

(zoology) Having long thread-like antennae, like a dipterous insect.


synthesis phase

en-noun

synthesis phase (plural synthesis phases)

(biology, cytology) The part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between the G1 phase and G2 phase.