protoplasm

en-noun

protoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural protoplasms)

From German Protoplasma, coined by Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + πλάσμα (plásma, “something molded”). The word Protoplasmus was used in Late Latin, meaning “first created human” (i.e. Adam), and may have existed in Byzantine Greek in a different sense.

coin

(cytology) The entire contents of a cell comprising the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is a semi-fluid, transparent substance which is the living matter of plant and animal cells.


autophagy

en-noun

autophagy (countable and uncountable, plural autophagies)

Near-synonym: autocytolysis

(cytology) The process of self-digestion by a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell, and often a defensive or self-preservation measure.

(cytology) A type of programmed cell death accomplished through self-digestion.


transition

transition (countable and uncountable, plural transitions)

/tɹɑːnˈzɪ.ʃən/

Etymology tree
Middle French transitionbor.
English transition
From Middle French transition, from Latin transitio. By surface analysis, transit + -ion.

etymon

filtered-popping recursive transition network

(genetics) A point mutation in which one base is replaced by another of the same class (purine or pyrimidine); compare transversion.


denature

en-verb

denature (third-person singular simple present denatures, present participle denaturing, simple past and past participle denatured)

denatures (present singular third-person)
denaturing (participle present)
denatured (participle past)
denatured (past)
denaturise (alternative)

Sugars are wonderfully robust materials! Unlike proteins that easily denature and coagulate, unlike fats that are damaged by air and heat and go rancid, unlike starch chains that break apart into smaller chains of glucose molecules, sugars themselves are small and stable molecules.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 12, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

Because the activity of an enzyme depends on its structure, any change in that structure will destroy its effectiveness. So cooking foods sufficiently will denature and inactivate any enzymes they may contain.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 15, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(transitive, intransitive, biochemistry) To alter its original form or state, especially of a protein, by heat, acidity etc.

denaturoida

to subject a protein to conditions altering its original form


aril

1785. From New Latin arillus (compare modern French arille and the English doublet arillus), from Medieval Latin arilli.

(botany) A tissue surrounding the seed in certain fruits such as pomegranates.


associate

associate motions ― motions that occur sympathetically, in consequence of preceding motions

These associate ideas are gradually formed into habits of acting together, by frequent repetition, while they are yet separately obedient to the will; as is evident from the difficulty we experience in gaining so exact an idea of the front of St. Paul's church, as to be able to delineate it with accuracy, or in recollecting a poem of a few pages.

1794, Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; Or, The Laws of Organic Life, page 36:

(biology, dated) Connected by habit or sympathy.


dichromatic

en-adj

dichromatic (comparative more dichromatic, superlative most dichromatic)

more dichromatic (comparative)
most dichromatic (superlative)

From di- + Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + -ic.

(zoology) having two independent channels for conveying color information in the eye.

(biology) occurring or existing in two different ornamentations or colors, typically as a form of sexual dimorphism.


promoter

(genetics) The section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription as a product of a gene.


sustained yield

en-noun

sustained yield (plural sustained yields)

(ecology) The continuing yield of a biological resource by controlled periodic harvesting


pelagic

en-adj

pelagic (comparative more pelagic, superlative most pelagic)

more pelagic (comparative)
most pelagic (superlative)

/pəˈlæd͡ʒɪk/

/pɛˈlæd͡ʒɪk/

From Latin pelagicus (and possibly pelagus); from Ancient Greek πελαγικός (pelagikós), from πέλαγος (pélagos, “sea”).

Besides, seeing a shark in an aquarium tank is not the same as seeing a shark in the wild, in its natural, pelagic habitat.

1983, Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, Knopf, →ISBN, page 13:

The main fish species in freshwater ponds in China are silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp, common carp, crucian carp, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), etc. According to their live habitat, they can be divided relatively into pelagic and benthic fish.

2023 April 4, Shuang-Lin Dong, Xiang-Li Tian, Qin-Feng Gao, Yun-Wei Dong, Aquaculture Ecology, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 342:

(biology) Living in the open sea rather than in coastal or inland waters.


pelagic

/pəˈlæd͡ʒɪk/

/pɛˈlæd͡ʒɪk/

(biology) Any organism that lives in the open sea rather than in coastal or inland waters.


clematis

en-noun

clematis (plural clematises or clematis)

From Latin clematis, from Ancient Greek κληματιτής (klēmatitḗs), κληματίς (klēmatís), from κλήμα (klḗma, “vine, branch with vines”).

Noiselessly she laid the clematis and wattle on her bed, then stood near the covered face, and, looking down at her untied bootlaces, sighed an impatient sigh always well known and understood by this now unresponsive father.

1907, Barbara Baynton, edited by Sally Krimmer and Alan Lawson, Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, published 1980, page 127:

(botany) Any plant of the genus Clematis, vigorous climbing lianas found throughout the temperate zones.


sucker

From Middle English souker, sokere, sukkere, soukere, equivalent to suck (verb) + -er. Compare Saterland Frisian Suuger, West Frisian sûker (“sucker”), Dutch zuiger (“sucker”), German Sauger (“dummy; vacuum”).

(ichthyology) Any fish in the family Catostomidae of North America and eastern Asia, which have mouths modified into downward-pointing, suckerlike structures for feeding in bottom sediments.


Jurassic

/d͡ʒʊˈɹæs.ɪk/

Borrowed from French Jurassique, named for the discovery and type location in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland.

[p 108] Like the Forest Marble Beds in the Middle Jurassic, the Purbeck Beds of the Upper Jurassic are deltaic or estuarine in origin, so as well as mammals they contain small, presumably freshwater, crocodiles and the first indisputable lizards.
[p 109] This is less surprising if it is recalled that in the Upper Jurassic, Europe and North America were joined to form Laurasia and the Atlantic Ocean still had to be formed …

D. M. Kermack, K. A. Kermack, The Evolution of Mammalian Characters

(geology, paleontology) The period from 201.3±0.2 to 145 million years ago, after the Triassic and before the Cretaceous; the geologic systems of this period.


cordon

From Middle English cordon, from Middle French cordon, from Old French cordon, diminutive of corde. More at cord.

(botany) A woody plant, such as a fruit tree, pruned and trained to grow as a single stem on a support. [from 19th c.]


radiant

en-adj

radiant (comparative more radiant, superlative most radiant)

more radiant (comparative)
most radiant (superlative)
radient (alternative)

From Middle English radyant, from Latin radiāns, radiantis, present participle of radiāre (“to emit rays or beams”).

(botany) Having a ray-like appearance, like the large marginal flowers of certain umbelliferous plants; said also of the cluster which has such marginal flowers.


climbing

From Middle English clymbyng; equivalent to climb + -ing.

(botany, of a plant) That climbs; that grows upwards by gripping onto a surface.


guild

From Middle English gilde, from Old Norse gildi (“payment, guild”). Related to geld, yield, yauld.

(ecology) A group of diverse species that share common characteristics or habits.


primula

The genus Primula was named by botanist Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778) after Latin primus (“first”) because it flowers early.

(botany) Any plant of the genus Primula; the primroses.


scarlet pimpernel

en-noun

scarlet pimpernel (plural scarlet pimpernels)

[T]ogether they went north and were at Silloth in August, where James picked a scarlet pimpernel to press for her album[.]

1977, K.M. Elizabeth Murray, Caught in the Web of Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 65:

Anagallis arvensis
Anagallis arvensis#Translingual

(botany) A flowering plant, Anagallis arvensis, of the Primulaceae family, having small orange flowers.


viviparousness

(biology) The quality of being viviparous; viviparity.


vigour

vigour (countable and uncountable, plural vigours)

vigours (plural)
vigor (alternative)
vygour (alternative)

From Middle English vigour, from Old French vigour, from vigor, from Latin vigor, from vigeō (“thrive, flourish”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be lively”).
Related to vigil, vegetable, vajra, and waker.

der

A plant grows with vigour.

(biology) Strength or force in animal or vegetable nature or action.

сила

strength or force in animal or force in animal or vegetable nature or action; as, a plant grows with vigor


silent

en-adj

silent (comparative silenter or more silent, superlative silentest or most silent)

silenter (comparative)
more silent (comparative)
silentest (superlative)
most silent (superlative)
scilent (alternative)

From Latin silēns (“silent”), present participle of sileō (“be silent”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyl- (“still, windless, quiet, slow”). Related to Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (anasilan, “to cease, grow still, be silent”), Old English sālnes (“silence”).

der

(genetics) Not implying significant modifications which would affect a peptide sequence.

hiljainen

not implying significant modifications which would affect a peptide sequence


woody

en-adj

woody (comparative woodier, superlative woodiest)

woodier (comparative)
woodiest (superlative)

From Middle English woodi, wody, wodi, equivalent to wood + -y.

Subshrubs, shrubs, trees and lianas are all woody plants.

the woody parts of a plant


shank

From Middle English schanke, from Old English sċanca (“leg”), from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô (compare West Frisian skonk, Low German Schanke, German Schenkel (“shank, leg”), Danish skank, Norwegian skank, Swedish skänkel), from *skankaz (compare Old Norse skakkr (“wry, crooked”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (compare Middle Irish scingim (“I spring”), Ancient Greek σκάζω (skázō, “to limp”).

(ornithology, colloquial) A redshank or greenshank, various species of Old World wading birds in the genus Tringa having distinctly colored legs.


tertiary

/ˈtɜː.ʃə.ɹiː/

/ˈtɜː.ʃə.ɹiː/

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
Peterhouse, Cambridge
University of Cambridge

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from the Latin tertiārius (“of the third part or rank”), from tertius (“third”) (from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós, whence English third) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French tertiaire.

bor

The primary, secondary, and tertiary wing feathers (remiges) of adult mourning doves are shed and replaced yearly in an orderly sequence, so flight is possible during molt. […] Little is known about the shedding sequence of the secondary or tertiary feathers or the related coverts. If it is similar to that of passerines, however, loss of the outermost tertiary feather occurs coincident with loss of the fifth or sixth primary[…]. The molt then would continue sequentially until the last or innermost tertiary was shed and replaced.

1993, Ralph E. Mirarchi, “Growth, Maturation, and Molt”, in Thomas S. Baskett, Mark W. Sayre, Roy E. Tomlinson, Ralph E. Mirarchi, editors, Ecology and Management of the Mourning Dove (Wildlife Management Institute Book), Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, →ISBN, page 141:

(ornithology) Of quills: growing on the innermost joint of a bird's wing; tertial.


tertiary

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
Lay Carmelites
Peterhouse, Cambridge
Saint-Étienne Cathedral
University of Cambridge

/ˈtɜː.ʃə.ɹiː/

/ˈtɜː.ʃə.ɹiː/

The feathers [of the least sandpiper (Calidris minutilla)], black centrally, are margined with bright rufous, especially on the back, scapulars, and tertiaries, and with white tips on the latter; the stripes on the middle of the throat and chest are indistinct or almost absent, more evident on sides of breast.

1955, Thomas S. Roberts, “Key to Shore Birds”, in Manual for the Identification of the Birds of Minnesota and Neighboring States, rev. edition, Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, published 1980, →OCLC, page 583:

Coincident with the dropping out of the fifth or sixth primary is the molt of the outermost tertiary, followed by the adjoining tertiary, and then the third tertiary, which in most passerine birds is the last or innermost.

1956, Olin Sewall Pettingill, [Jr.], A Laboratory and Field Manual of Ornithology, 3rd rev. edition, Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 142:

(ornithology) A tertiary feather; a tertial.


nominal

→ Afrikaans: nominaal

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From the Middle English nominalle (“of nouns”), borrowed from Latin nōminālis (“of names”), from nōmen (“name”).

Since then, a good deal of research has documented and concluded that the nominal species A. fraterculus actually comprises an unresolved complex of cryptic species.

2015 November 26, Mosè Manni et al., “Relevant genetic differentiation among Brazilian populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)”, in ZooKeys, volume 540, →DOI:

(taxonomy) Of a species, the species name without consideration of whether it is a junior synonym or in reality consists of more than one biological species.


adnate

en-adj

adnate (comparative more adnate, superlative most adnate)

more adnate (comparative)
most adnate (superlative)

From Latin adnatus, past participle of variant form of agnascor (“born or growing at or upon”).

Adnate mushroom gills are broadly attached to the stalk slightly above the bottom of the gill, with most of the gill fused to the stem.

An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament.

The ovary is more adnate to the calyx than in any other species of the genus.

1889, John Gilbert Baker, Handbook of the Bromeliaceae, page 116:

Morphologically and chemically X. isidiigera is also similar to X. australasica, but the isidia are typically thinner and more coralloid branched and the thallus more adnate in the latter species.

1995, Thomas H. Nash, Corinna Gries, J. A. Elix, A Revision of the Lichen Genus Xanthoparmelia in South America, page 61:

Morphologically, Hypotrachyna kriegeri closely resembles more adnate morphotypes of H. imbricatula.

2009, Flora Neotropica, number 104, page 88:

(botany, mycology) Linked or fused to a structure of a type different from itself; for example, attachment of a stamen to a petal is adnate, while attachment of a stamen to another stamen is connate.

It differs from N. eleutherus by possessing a more adnate adipose fin and more prominent saddles and from N. albater by having 8 soft pectoral rays, a submarginal adipose bar, and no prominent basicaudal bar (Douglas 1972).

1988, Henry W. Robison, Thomas M Buchanan, Fishes of Arkansas, page 312:

(zoology) Growing with one side adherent to a stem; applied to the lateral zooids of corals and other compound animals. in fish, having the eyes fused and unable to rotate independently


spotless

spotless (comparative more spotless, superlative most spotless)

more spotless (comparative)
most spotless (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-spotless.wav

From Middle English spotles, equivalent to spot + -less.


illegitimate

illegitimate (comparative more illegitimate, superlative most illegitimate)

more illegitimate (comparative)
most illegitimate (superlative)

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmət/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmɨt]

/ɘlɘˈdʒɘtɘmɘt/

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmeɪt/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmeɪt]

Based on Latin illegitimus; equivalent to il- + legitimate.

illegitimate union; illegitimate fertilization

[…] the legitimate unions between the two forms of the above nine species of Primula are much more fertile than the illegitimate unions; although in the latter case pollen was always taken from a distinct plant of the same form.

1877, Charles Darwin, chapter 1, in The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species:

(botany) Involving the fertilization of pistils by stamens not of their own length, in heterogonously dimorphic and trimorphic flowers.


derived

(comparable, archaic, taxonomy) Possessing features believed to be more advanced or improved than those other organisms.


sloth

en-noun

sloth (countable and uncountable, plural sloths)

sloths (plural)
sleuth (alternative)
sloath (alternative)
slowth (alternative)

From Middle English slouthe, slewthe (“laziness”), from Old English slǣwþ (“sloth, indolence, laziness, inertness, torpor”), from Proto-West Germanic *slaiwiþu, from Proto-Germanic *slaiwiþō (“slowness, lateness”), equivalent to slow + -th. Cognate with Scots sleuth (“sloth, slowness”).

inh

(countable) Any animal in the suborder Folivora.

(paleontology) Any of the extinct group of ground sloths.


excision

en-noun

excision (countable and uncountable, plural excisions)

From Middle French excision, from Latin excīsiō.

(genetics) The removal of a gene from a section of genetic material.


gula

Learned borrowing from Latin gula (“throat, gullet”).

lbor

(zoology) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum.


proto-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).

prot- (alternative)
Proto- (alternative)

All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.

(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of.

վաղնջա-

(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages


substrate

(biochemistry) A substance acted upon, as by an enzyme.

substrat

the material or substance on which an enzyme acts

The rock surface of a rockpool is the substrate for a sessile organism such as a limpet.

This definition [of "tool"] is not simple, but contains several elements. The tool must not be part of the animal's body (a beak is not a tool); the user must manipulate the tool in some way for it to realise its function; and, finally, a tool cannot be attached to the substrate. This is a fairly clear definition, but does seem to produce some rather arbitrary distinctions (Hansell 1987b). The spider Dinopis, for example, makes a small web which it holds in its legs, thrusting it down on passing ants. This is a tool, but all other webs, however complex, are not since they are anchored to the substrate. The woodpecker finch […] that uses a fine stick held in the beak to extract insect prey from wood, is a tool user, but a shrike […] that impales an insect on a thorn still attached to the bush is not.

2000, Mike Hansell, Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour, →ISBN, page 90:

Detach/subtract [tasks involve] Severing a fixed attachment between environmental objects (or the substrate) or removing object(s) from another unattached object, so the latter is a more useful tool.

2006, Edward A. Wasserman, Thomas R. Zentall, Comparative Cognition: Experimental Explorations of Animal Intelligence, →ISBN, page 520:

Amphisteginids and peneroplids were among the few taxa found in the bay environments, probably due to their preferences for phytal substrates and tolerance to moderate levels of eutrophication.

2015 December 29, “Spatial Patterns in the Distribution, Diversity and Abundance of Benthic Foraminifera around Moorea (Society Archipelago, French Polynesia)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) A surface on which an organism grows, or to which an organism or an item is attached.

substrat

a surface on which an organism grows or is attached


optimum

From New Latin, neuter of Latin optimus (“best, very good”), from the root or in ops (“work”), omnis (“all”).

(geology, paleontology, climatology) Any long period of time marked by a persistently warm climate; a climatic optimum.


coherent

en-adj

coherent (comparative more coherent, superlative most coherent)

more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)
cohærent (alternative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

From Middle French coherent, from Latin cohaērēns, from co- + haereō. By surface analysis, cohere + -ent.

(botany) Attaching or pressing against an organ of the same nature.


fringe

From Middle English frenge, from Old French frenge, from Vulgar Latin *frimbia, a metathesis of Latin fimbriae (“fibers, threads, fringe”, plural), of uncertain origin. Compare German Franse and Danish frynse. Eclipsed native Middle English fnæd (“fringe”), Middle English byrd (“fringe”), Middle English fasel (“fringe”) from Old English fæs (“fringe”), and Old English fnæs (“fringe”). Doublet of fimbria.

der

(botany) The peristome or fringe-like appendage of the capsules of most mosses.


construct

Borrowed from Latin cōnstrūctus, from cōnstruō (“to heap together”), from com- (“together”) + struō (“I heap up, pile”). Doublet of construe.

(genetics) A segment of nucleic acid, created artificially, for transplantation into a target cell or tissue.


escapee

(botany) A plant that has escaped from cultivation.


tamarind

en-noun

tamarind (countable and uncountable, plural tamarinds)

From Late Middle English thamarynde, from Old French tamarinde, from Medieval Latin tamarindus, from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, literally “Indian date”).

der

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ

Tamarindus indica
Tamarindus indica#Translingual

(botany) A tropical tree, Tamarindus indica.


preantepenultimate

Nominal sense attested since 1746; adjectival sense attested since 1791: pre- + antepenultimate.

First or Preantepenultimate Milk-molar; Second or Ante- penultimate Milk-molar.

1874, Andrew Leith Adams, On the Dentition and Osteology of the Maltese Fossil Elephants, Zoological Society of London, page 10:

In the tautala leaga [colloquial Samoan] the shortening of normal vowels in the antepenultimate and preantepenultimate syllables is very common.

1992, Ulrike Mosel, Even Hovdhaugen, “Phonology and orthography”, in Samoan Reference Grammar, Oslo: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture; Scandinavian University Press, via National Library of Norway, →ISBN, page 27:

…PWs with preantepenultimate and even fifth-but-last stress occur,…

2010, Editors Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith, Adam Ledgeway, The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 1, Structures, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 82:

(chiefly phonetics and biology) Three before the end; fourth to last.


vagrant

From Late Middle English vagraunt (“person without proper employment; person without a fixed abode, tramp, vagabond”) [and other forms], probably from Anglo-Norman vagarant, wakerant, waucrant (“vagrant”) [and other forms] and Old French walcrant, waucrant (“roaming, wandering”) [and other forms], perhaps influenced by Latin vagārī, the present active infinitive of vagor (“to ramble, stroll about; to roam, rove, wander”). Old French walcrant is the present participle of vagrer, wacrer, walcrer (“to wander, wander about as a vagabond”) [and other forms], from Frankish *walkrōn (“to wander about”), the frequentative form of *walkōn (“to walk; to wander; to stomp, trample; to full (make cloth denser and firmer by soaking, beating and pressing)”), from Proto-Germanic *walkōną (“to roll about, wallow; to full”), *walkaną (“to turn, wind; to toss; to roll, roll about; to wend; to walk; to wander; to trample; to full”),
from Proto-Indo-European *walg-, *walk-, *welgʰ-, *welk-, *wolg- (“to turn, twist; to move”), ultimately from *welH- (“to turn; to wind”).
The English word is cognate with Latin valgus (“bandy-legged, bow-legged”), Middle Dutch walken (“to knead; to full”), Old English wealcan (“to roll”), ġewealcan (“to go; to walk about”), Old High German walchan, walkan (“to move up and down; to press together; to full; to walk; to wander”), Old Norse valka (“to wander”). See further at walk.

cog

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-vagrant.wav

(biology, especially ornithology) An animal, typically a bird, found outside its species' usual range.

迷鳥 /迷鸟

animal found outside its species’ usual range


anatine

en-adj

anatine (comparative more anatine, superlative most anatine)

more anatine (comparative)
most anatine (superlative)

From Latin anatīnus, from anas, anatis (“a duck”) + -inus (“-ine”).

(zoology) Being of the family Anatidae, comprising the swans, geese, and ducks.


mutant

From Latin mūtāns, present participle of mūtō. By surface analysis, muta- + -ant.

Furthermore, it is possible that there occasionally arises what may be called a mutant of very desirable character from a eugenic point of view.

1918, Paul Popenoe, Roswell Hill Johnson, Applied Eugenics:

There does seem to have been some mutation among plants[…]but in animal life where are the mutants? When or where has a new species originated in this way?

"How did I ever get such ability?" he wondered. "No one else in our family has it. Am I some sort of a mutant? But if so, how or why? I never heard Dad or Mother mention it."

1953, E. Everett Evans, Man of Many Minds:

(genetics) That which has mutated, with one or more new characteristics from a mutation.


mutant

mutant DNA

Scientists have created a mutant enzyme that breaks down plastic drinks bottles—by accident.

2018 April 16, Damian Carrington, “Scientists accidentally create mutant enzyme that eats plastic bottles”, in The Guardian:

Researchers at the SSI found that antibodies from people who recovered from coronavirus were less effective at neutralising the mutant strain, but have not made details of their experiments public.

2020 November 8, Ian Sample, “UK scientists seek mutant Covid samples from Danish mink farms”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) Of, relating to, undergoing (i.e. mutating), or resulting from change or mutation; that has undergone mutation.


mens

(Philippines, biology, colloquial) Clipping of menstruation.


pectus

(anatomy, zoology) The breast, especially of a bird.


promotion

en-noun

promotion (countable and uncountable, plural promotions)

/pɹəˈmoʊʃən/

/pɹəˈməʊʃən/

Late Middle English, from Old French promocion, from Late Latin promotio, from Latin promoveo (“I move forward”).

By simple promotion and remotion, assisted by some flexure and extension, the distal spines of each would reach and scratch the substratum and, on remotion, sweep coarse particles posteriorly and dorsally.

1995, Cladocera as Model Organisms in Biology, →ISBN, page 63:

In other arthropods, promotion-remotion of the leg is accomplished at other joints. For example, in spiders promotion-remotion occurs at the coxa-trochanter joint, insects utilize the body-coxa joint, and […]

2008, John L. Capinera, Encyclopedia of Entomology, volume 4, →ISBN, page 3326:

(zoology, chiefly entomology) Forward motion. (Contrast remotion.)


radiate

en-verb

radiate (third-person singular simple present radiates, present participle radiating, simple past and past participle radiated)

radiates (present singular third-person)
radiating (participle present)
radiated (participle past)
radiated (past)

Learned borrowing from Latin radiātus, perfect passive participle of radiō (“to radiate, furnish with spokes, give out rays, radiate, shine”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from radius (“a spoke, ray”).

(ecology, intransitive) To spread into new habitats, migrate.


radiate

en-adj

radiate (comparative more radiate, superlative most radiate)

more radiate (comparative)
most radiate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin radiātus (see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more).

(botany) Having parts radiating from the center, like the petals in many flowers.

(botany) Consisting of a disc in which the florets are tubular.

(biology) Having radial symmetry, like a sea star.


radiate

From a substantivation of the above adjective through the associated taxon's name (Radiata), see -ate (noun-forming suffix).


pupil

From Middle English pupille, from Old French pupille, from Latin pūpilla (“pupil; little girl, doll”), named because of the small reflected image seen when looking into someone's eye.

der

(zoology) The central dark part of an ocellated spot.


locomotion

en-noun

locomotion (usually uncountable, plural locomotions)

/ləʊ.kəˈməʊ.ʃən/

/ləʉ.kəˈməʉ.ʃən/

From French locomotion, from Latin locō (literally “from a place”) (ablative of locus (“place”)) + mōtiōnem (“motion, a moving”) (nominative mōtio), from Latin movēre (“move; change, exchange, go in or out, quit”), from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move, drive”).

der

So it is that one of the characteristics that the sperm whale shares with all cetaceans is that it swims by flexing its tail flukes dorso-ventrally, a less efficient way of swimming than that of its distant piscine ancestors, but a mode of locomotion that derives directly from the galloping of its more recent terrestrial ones.

2011 September 22, Richard Shelton, “Sheep, pig, whale”, in Times Literary Supplement:

(biology, uncountable) Self-powered motion by which a whole organism changes its location through walking, running, jumping, crawling, swimming, brachiating or flying.


running

a running vine

(botany) Extending by a slender climbing or trailing stem.


scrotal

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-scrotal.wav

Learned borrowing from New Latin scrōtālis. Equivalent to scrotum + -al.

lbor

Male maturity is evident from descent of the testes; adult males are scrotal year-round, whereas subadult males are partially or nonscrotal.

2008, Melissa A. Hillegass et al., “The influence of sex and sociality on parasite loads in an African ground squirrel”, in Behavioral Ecology, volume 19, number 5, →DOI, pages 1006–1011:


align

en-verb

align (third-person singular simple present aligns, present participle aligning, simple past and past participle aligned)

aligns (present singular third-person)
aligning (participle present)
aligned (participle past)
aligned (past)
aline (alternative)

From Middle English alynen, alinen (“copulate”), from Middle French aligner, from Old French alignier, from a- + lignier, from Latin lineare (“make straight or perpendicular”), from the noun linea (“line”), from līneus (“flaxen; flaxen [thing]”), from līnum (“flax”), likely ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *līnom (compare linen).

der

(transitive, bioinformatics) To organize a linear arrangement of DNA, RNA, or protein sequences which have regions of similarity.


spatula

en-noun

spatula (plural spatulas or spatulae or spatulæ)

spatulas (plural)
spatulae (plural)
spatulæ (plural)

/ˈspæt͡ʃʊlə/

/ˈspæt͡ʃələ/

Borrowed from Latin spatula (“a flat piece”), the diminutive form of spatha (“broad or flat tool”), from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “a broad wood or metal blade”). Doublet of spauld; compare spatha and spathe.

der

The third instars are similar to other members of the genus except for a three-pronged spatula (typically two-pronged) and five lateral papillae (typically four) and with a nonbristled first instar.

2015 November 2, Donald B. Thomas, John A. Goolsby, “Morphology of the Preimaginal Stages of Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Candidate Biocontrol Agent for Giant Arundo Cane”, in Psyche, →DOI:

(entomology) A sclerotized, T-shaped plate in the prothorax of larvae of flies belonging to family Cecidomyiidae, the gall midges.


artifact

artifacts (plural)
artefact (alternative)

Alteration of artefact, from Italian artefatto, from Latin arte (“by skill”) (ablative of ars (“art”)) + factum (“thing made”) (from facio (“to make, do”)).

(biology) An appearance or structure in protoplasm due to death, the method of preparation of specimens, or the use of reagents, and not present during life.


blotto

Partial acronym of bovine lacto transfer technique optimizer.

acronym of

Secondary goat anti-rabbit antiserum coupled to horseradish peroxidase at a dilution of 1:500 in blotto was then incubated with the blot for 1 hour. Again the unbound antibodies were removed by three rinses in 10% blotto for 15 minutes.

2006, Kimberly Kay Kutz-Naber, Mass Spectral Characterization of Neuropeptides in Cancer Crabs: Method Development and Biological Application (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation), [Madison, Wis.]: University of Wisconsin–Madison, →OCLC, page 236:

Generalized background staining of colostral cell preparations was blocked most effectively with Blotto + 10% FBS.

2007, Anna Levitt Smith, Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Density-separated Bovine Colostral Cells (unpublished M.S. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 40:

Following transfer, the PVDF membrane was removed from the transfer cassette and placed in a sandwich tray and incubated in 20ml blotto (1×tBST, 7% nonfat dry milk and 0.1% Tween-20 pH 7.4) for 1 h while rocking.

2007, Jeffery Ray Williams, Alternate Substrates and Phosphorylation in the Function and Regulation of the Neuronal K-C1 Cotransporter, KCC2 (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 69:

Membranes were blocked at RT for 2 h with blotto [50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.185 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20, 3% nonfat dry milk]. Ape1 monoclonal antibody developed in our laboratory (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA) was diluted in blotto and incubated with the membrane overnight at 4°C (1:1000).

2009 April, Christopher N. Batuello, Mark R. Kelley, Joseph R. Dynlacht, “Role of Ape1 and Base Excision Repair in the Radiation Response and Heat-radiosensitization of HeLa Cells”, in Anticancer Research, volume 29, number 4, →ISSN, →PMID, page 1320, column 1:

(biochemistry) A reagent made from non-fat dry milk, phosphate buffered saline, and sodium azide, which is used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques such as blots and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

بلوتو

reagent used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques


verge

Borrowed from Middle French verge (“rod or wand of office”), hence "scope, territory dominated", from Latin virga (“shoot, rod stick”), of unknown origin. Earliest attested sense in English is now-obsolete meaning "male member, penis" (c.1400). Modern sense is from the notion of 'within the verge' (1509, also as Anglo-Norman dedeinz la verge), i.e. "subject to the Lord High Steward's authority" (as symbolized by the rod of office), originally a 12-mile radius round the royal court, which sense shifted to "the outermost edge of an expanse or area." Doublet of virga.

bor

(zoology) The external male organ of certain mollusks, worms, etc.


neophyte

Borrowed from Latin neophytus, from Ancient Greek νεόφυτος (neóphutos, “newly planted”), from νέος (néos, “new”) + φυτόν (phutón, “plant, child”). By surface analysis, neo- + -phyte.

der

(botany) A plant species recently introduced to an area (in contrast to archaeophyte, a long-established introduced species).


farcical

(veterinary medicine, obsolete, rare) Pertaining to farcy.


restriction

en-noun

restriction (countable and uncountable, plural restrictions)

/ɹɪˈstɹɪkʃən/

From Middle English restriccioun, from Anglo-Norman restriction, Middle French restriction, and their source, Late Latin restrictiō, from Latin restringō.
Morphologically restrict + -ion.

Echinorhagata is likewise supported by typical echinoderid autapomorphies, inclusive the number of trichoscalids that is reduced from 14 to 6; restriction of lateral accessory spines to females only; and an apparent restriction of the middorsal spines to appear only on segments 4 to 8.

2015 July 23, “Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha Based on Morphology and Two Molecular Loci”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) The mechanism by which a cell degrades foreign DNA material.


morphine

morphine (countable and uncountable, plural morphines)

morphines (plural)
morphin (alternative)
morphina (alternative)

Borrowed from French morphine or German Morphin, from Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús, “the god and personification of dreams”).

der

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline alkaloid (7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-morphinan-3,6-diol), extracted from opium, the salts of which are soluble in water and are used as analgesics, anaesthetics and sedatives; it is one of a group of morphine alkaloids.


vasodilator

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, pharmacology) A drug or chemical agent that causes dilation of the blood vessels thereby reducing blood pressure.


mutualism

en-noun

mutualism (countable and uncountable, plural mutualisms)

From mutual + -ism. Compare French mutualisme and Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish mutualismo.

(ecology) Any interaction between two species that benefits both; typically involves the exchange of substances or services.


fissiparous

en-adj

fissiparous (comparative more fissiparous, superlative most fissiparous)

more fissiparous (comparative)
most fissiparous (superlative)

/fɪˈsɪpəɹəs/

An adaptation of New Latin fissiparus, from fissus (“split, cleft”) + pariō (“I bring forth”) by analogy with vīviparus.

Reproduction may be divided into two main classes, namely, sexual and asexual. The latter is effected in many ways—by the formation of buds of various kinds, and by fissiparous generation, that is by spontaneous or artificial division.

1868, Charles Darwin, “Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis”, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. […], volume II, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, part I, page 358:

(cytology) Of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two.

zich door celdeling voortplantend

of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two


production

en-noun

production (countable and uncountable, plural productions)

→ Japanese: プロダクション (purodakushon)

/pɹəˈdʌkʃən/

From Middle English produccioun, from Old French production, from Latin prōductiō, prōductiōnem (“a lengthening, prolonging”). See produce.


sebaceous

Borrowed from Latin sebaceus, from Latin sebum, from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out”), which Proto-Germanic *saipǭ ("soap") is also derived from.

a sebaceous plant secretion


xenobiotic

en-adj

xenobiotic (comparative more xenobiotic, superlative most xenobiotic)

more xenobiotic (comparative)
most xenobiotic (superlative)

en:foreign to the body of the referent organism

(biology) Relating to a substance foreign to the body or ecological system.


xenobiotic

This enzyme is characteristic of harmful bacteria species, and it has deconjugative properties that support the transformation of xenobiotics into more toxic substances.

2016 February 17, “Anthocyanins in Strawberry Polyphenolic Extract Enhance the Beneficial Effects of Diets with Fructooligosaccharides in the Rat Cecal Environment”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any foreign compound not produced by an organism's metabolism.


African hunting dog

en-noun

African hunting dog (plural African hunting dogs)

Lycaon pictus
Lycaon pictus#Translingual

(zoology) A wild canid, Lycaon pictus, typically black, white and tan, found in Tanzania, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa.

Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ łééchąąʼí ałchiní


cross-pollination

cross-pollination (countable and uncountable, plural cross-pollinations)

cross-pollinations (plural)
crosspollination (alternative)

(botany) Fertilization by the transfer of pollen from an anther of one plant to a stigma of another.


pollination

pollination (countable and uncountable, plural pollinations)

pollinations (plural)
pollenation (alternative)

/ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən/

/ˌpɑləˈneɪʃən/

/ˌpɔləˈnæɪʃən/

/ˌpɒləˈnæɪʃən/

(botany) The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma; effected by insects, birds, bats and the wind etc.


anther

From French anthère, from Ancient Greek ἀνθηρός (anthērós, “flowery, blooming”), from ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).

der

(botany) The pollen-bearing part of the stamen of a flower.


stigma

stigmata (plural)
stigmas (plural)
stigmat (alternative)
stigmate (alternative)
stigme (alternative)

From Latin stigma, from Ancient Greek στίγμα (stígma, “brand”), from στίζω (stízō, “I mark”). Distantly related to stick.

Black crowberry. Empetrum nigrum. Crowberry Family. Fruit. — The black drupe is berrylike, globular, and incloses six to nine seedlike nutlets with a seed in each. The calyx is at the base and the stigma is at the apex. The drupes are solitary in the leaf axils. They are juicy, acid, edible, and serve as food for the Arctic birds.

1905, Maude Gridley Peterson, How to Know Wild Fruits: A Guide to Plants When Not in Flower by Means of Fruit and Leaf, Macmillan, page 202:

Now you see just how the stamen gets its lusty dust onto the stigma / And why this frenzied chlorophyllous orgy starts in spring is no enigma!

1982, Dennis Linde (lyrics and music), “Reproduction”, in Grease 2:

(botany) The sticky part of a flower that receives pollen during pollination.


lipo-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Greek combining form, from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lĭ́pos, “animal fat”).

bor

(biology, medicine, usually) lipids: oils, cholesterols, fat/lard, tallow, and so on.


stoma

From New Latin stoma, from Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

(botany) One of the tiny pores in the epidermis of a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor pass.

estoma

botany: tiny pore in the epidermis of a leaf

(zoology) A mouthlike opening, such as the oral cavity of a nematode.


symbiosis

en-noun

symbiosis (countable and uncountable, plural symbioses)

From Ancient Greek συμβίωσις (sumbíōsis, “living together”). By surface analysis, sym- + -biosis.

der

A relationship of mutual benefit, especially among different species.

(ecology) A close, prolonged association between two or more organisms of different species that normally benefits both members. An interspecies cooperation.

(biology) A close, prolonged association between two or more organisms of different species, regardless of benefit to the members.


didymous

en-adj

didymous (comparative more didymous, superlative most didymous)

more didymous (comparative)
most didymous (superlative)

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek δίδυμος (dídumos, “twin”).

(botany, zoology) Twin, twinned; growing or occurring in pairs.


edema

edemas (plural)
edemata (plural)
oedema (alternative)
œdema (alternative)

From New Latin edema, from Ancient Greek οἴδημα (oídēma, “swelling”), from οἰδέω (oidéō, “I swell”).

der

(American spelling, botany) A similar swelling in plants caused by excessive accumulation of water.


epithet

From Middle French épithète, from Latin epithetum, epitheton, from Ancient Greek ἐπίθετον (epítheton, “epithet, adjective”), the neuter of ἐπίθετος (epíthetos, “additional”), from ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi, “to add on”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “in addition”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “to put”) (suf. possibly related to title in the sense of "ascribed appellation") (from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, to do”)).

der

(taxonomy) A word in the scientific name of a taxon following the name of the genus or species. This applies only to formal names of plants, fungi and bacteria. In formal names of animals the corresponding term is the specific name.


heliotrope

en-noun

heliotrope (countable and uncountable, plural heliotropes)

PIE word
 *sóh₂wl̥
The noun is borrowed from French héliotrope, from Latin hēliotropium (“plant which turns to face the sun; bloodstone”), from Ancient Greek ἡλῐοτρόπῐον (hēlĭotrópĭon, “European heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum); bloodstone; solar clock, sundial”), from ἥλῐος (hḗlĭos, “the sun”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“the sun”)) + τρόπος (trópos, “a turn”) (from τρέπω (trépō, “to rotate; to turn”) (from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns from verbs)) + -ῐον (-ĭon, diminutive suffix forming nouns).
The French-derived spelling displaced Middle English elitrope, eliotropius, elitropium (“plant which turns to face the sun; bloodstone”) [and other forms], from Old English eliotropus, from Latin hēliotropium (see above); and Old English siġelhweorfa, sōlsece, and sunnfolgend (“heliotrope flower”).
Sense 6 (“synonym of bloodstone”) is from the fact that a piece of the mineral placed in water is said to change the sun’s rays to a blood-red colour: see the 1601 quotation.
The adjective is probably derived from the noun.

ref

From the B. A. Colonna collection, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A.

nb...

eliscrope, eliotropia, elitrepie, elitropius

garden heliotrope

Heliotropium arborescens or Valeriana officinalis

As they entered now, it seemed a blaze of roses and carnations, though one recognised in a moment the presence of the lily, the heliotrope, and the stock.

1870, B[enjamin] Disraeli, chapter XXIX, in Lothair. […], volume III, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 326:

Here's newyearspray, the posquiflor, a windaborne and heliotrope; there miriamsweet and amaranth and marygold to crown.

1939 May 4, James Joyce, Finnegans Wake, London: Faber and Faber Limited, →OCLC; republished London: Faber & Faber Limited, 1960, →OCLC, part III, page 561:

(countable, botany, also figuratively) A plant with flowers which turn to face and follow the sun, such as (archaic) marigolds and sunflowers.

(specifically) A plant of the genus Heliotropium, especially the common heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens) which has clusters of purple flowers with a strong fragrance.

heliotrooppi

plant of the genus Heliotropium; any of various plants resembling those of the genus Heliotropium

With a qualifying word: any of various plants resembling those of the genus Heliotropium.

In the Opale, there be obſerved alſo divers blemiſhes and imperfections as vvell as in other ſtones; namely, if the colour reſemble the floure of that hearbe vvhich is called Heliotropium, id eſt, Turneſole:[…]

[1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XXXVII.] Of the Pretious Stone Opalus, and All the Sundrie Kinds. The Faults in Them and the Means to Trie which be Good. Also Divers Sorts of Other Gems and Pretious Stones.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 2nd tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 614:

Lac[o]. Theſe forked tricks, I vnderſtand 'hem not. / VVould he vvould tell vs vvhome he loues, or hates, / That vve might follovv, vvithout feare, or doubt. / Arr[untius]. Good Heliotrope! Is this your honeſt man? / Let him be yours ſo ſtill. He is my knaue.

1603 (first performance), Ben[jamin] Jonson, Seianus His Fall, London: […] G[eorge] Elld, for Thomas Thorpe, published 1605, →OCLC, Act IV, signature [I4], verso:

AGRYPNIA, or Vigilance, […] her chaplet of Heliotropium, or turneſole; in her one hand a lampe, or creſſet, in her other a bell. The lampe ſignified ſearch and ſight, the bell vvarning. The Heliotropium care; and reſpecting her obiect.

[1604 March 25 (first performance; Gregorian calendar; published 1604), Beniamin Ionson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Part of the Kings Entertainment in Passing to His Coronation [The Coronation Triumph]”, in The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, →OCLC, pages 846–847:

Cordials. […] Flovvers of Heliotrope, […]

a. 1627 (date written), Francis Bacon, edited by [Thomas Tenison], Baconiana. Or Certain Genuine Remains of Sr. Francis Bacon, […], London: […] J. D. for Richard Chiswell, […], published 1679, →OCLC, page 166:

Flovvers in Prime, or yet laſting. […] Star-vvort, Heliotrop, French Mary-gold, […]

1664, J[ohn] E[velyn], “Kalendarium Hortense: Or, The Gard’ners Almanac; […] [August.]”, in Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions. […], London: […] Jo[hn] Martyn, and Ja[mes] Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 73:

[S]till as on the night before, slouched Ahab stood fixed within his scuttle; his hid, heliotrope glance anticipatingly gone backward on its dial; sat due eastward for the earliest sun.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “The Chase—Second Day”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 621:


calyx

calyces (plural)
calyxes (plural)
calix (alternative)

From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch.

der

Meronym: sepal

(botany) The outermost whorl of flower parts, comprising the sepals, which covers and protects the petals as they develop.

(zoology, anatomy) Any of various cup-like structures.

A chamber in the mammalian kidney through which urine passes.

The crown containing the viscera of crinoids and similar echinoderms, entoprocts, and the polyps of some cnidarians.

A funnel-shaped expansion of the vas deferens or oviduct of insects.

A flattened cap of neuropil in the brain of insects.


chlorophyll

en-noun

chlorophyll (usually uncountable, plural chlorophylls)

chlorophylls (plural)
chlorophyl (alternative)

Borrowed from French chlorophylle, from Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”) and φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”).

(biochemistry) Any of a group of green pigments that are found in the chloroplasts of plants and in other photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria.


climax

climax (countable and uncountable, plural climaxes or (rare) climaces)

climaxes (plural)
climaces (plural rare)

From Latin clīmax, from Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder, staircase, [rhetorical] climax”), from κλίνω (klínō, “I lean, slant”).

bor

The succession of associations leading to a climax represents the process of adjustment to the conditions of stress, and the climax represents a condition of relative equilibrium. Climax associations[…] are the resultants of certain climatic, geological[…] conditions.

1915 July 17, Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory:

(now often) A culmination or acme: the last term in an ascending series, particularly:

(ecology) The culmination of ecological development, whereby species are in equilibrium with their environment.

kliimaksi

ecology: stage in ecological development


crypt

From Latin crypta (“vault”), from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”). Doublet of grotto.

der

(botany) Any of the genus Cryptocoryne of aquatic plants of southern and southeastern Asia.

(botany) Any of the genus Cryptopus of orchids of Madagascar and Mauritius.


mimesis

en-noun

mimesis (countable and uncountable, plural mimeses)

From Ancient Greek μῑ́μησις (mī́mēsis), from μιμεῖσθαι (mimeîsthai, “to imitate”), from μῖμος (mîmos, “a mime”).


gallery

From Middle English galery, gallerye, from Middle French galerie, gallerie, from Old French galerie, gallerie (“a long portico, a gallery”), from Medieval Latin galeria (“gallery”), perhaps an alteration of galilea (“church porch”), probably from Latin Galilaea, Galilee, region of Israel. More at Galilee.

beetle gallery

en:boring trails produced by an insect in wood

(entomology) The boring trails produced by an insect in wood.


pharynx

Borrowing from New Latin pharynx, from Ancient Greek φᾰ́ρῠγξ (phắrŭnx, “throat”).

der

(zootomy) The part of the alimentary canal immediately behind the mouth in invertebrates that may be thickened and muscular, eversible and toothed, or adapted as a suctorial organ.


pneumatic

en-adj

pneumatic (comparative more pneumatic, superlative most pneumatic)

more pneumatic (comparative)
most pneumatic (superlative)
pneumatick (alternative)

From Latin pneumaticus, from Ancient Greek πνευματικός (pneumatikós, “relating to wind or air”), from πνεῦμα (pneûma, “wind, air, breath, spirit”), from πνέω (pnéō, “I blow, breath”).

der

pneumatic cells or bones

(zoology) Having cavities filled with air

hol-

zoology: having cavities filled with air


cow-tree

cow-trees (plural)
cow tree (alternative)

(botany) Any of various South American trees which, when wounded, exude a rich milky liquid.

(botany) Brosimum utile, native to Brazil and Venezuela

(botany) Couma macrocarpa of the family Apocynaceae, a tropical rain forest tree native to Colombia.

(botany) Gymnema lactiferum, native to Ceylon.

Manilkara bidentata
Manilkara bidentata#Translingual

(botany) Manilkara bidentata, native to Brazil


molid

(zoology) Any fish in the family Molidae.


bundle

From Middle English bundel, from Middle Dutch bondel or Old English byndele, byndelle (“a binding; tying; fastening with bands”); both from Proto-Germanic *bundil-, derivative of *bundą (“bundle”). Compare also bindle, Dutch bundel, German Bündel.

(biology) A cluster of closely bound muscle or nerve fibres.

spierbundel

biology: cluster of closely bound muscle or nerve fibres


measles

en-noun

measles pl (normally plural, singular measle)

measle (singular)
measle (alternative)
the measles (alternative)

Either from Middle Dutch masels (“blood blisters, measels”) or Middle Low German maselen (“red blemishes, measels”), both from Old High German masala (“blood blister, phlegmon”). Doublet of measlings. Cognate with mazer & mase and Middle Low German masele & māsel. Influenced in pronunciation and some senses by mesel (“leprous, leper”).

der

The Swyne dyed of the Measils.

Porcine measles, thought by classical writers to be leprosy, is actually the result of tapeworm cysts which cause ulcerations of the pig's tongue.

1992, Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, translated by Anthea Bell, The History of Food, page 416:

(veterinary medicine) Synonym of cysticercosis: A disease of livestock or meat caused by the presence of tapeworm larvae.

cysticercosis

Their fruit-trees are subject to two diseases, the Meazels... and lowsiness.

1674, John Josselyn, An Account of Two Voyages to New-England, page 190:

(botany, obsolete) Any disease causing a tree's bark to become rough and irregular.


virulent

en-adj

virulent (comparative more virulent, superlative most virulent)

more virulent (comparative)
most virulent (superlative)

PIE word
 *wisós
From Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).
Sense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.

nb...

éditeurs, Libraris de l’Académie de Médecine, 120, Boulevard Saint-Germain

(microbiology) Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis.


scope

en-verb

scope (third-person singular simple present scopes, present participle scoping, simple past and past participle scoped)

scopes (present singular third-person)
scoping (participle present)
scoped (participle past)
scoped (past)

From Italian scopo (“purpose”), from Latin scopus (“target”), from Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-. Etymologically related to skeptic and spectrum.

`Maybe there was another darker bird and it had flown away before we could scope it?' `Yes there must have been,' came the grim-faced reply.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 199:

(birdwatching, informal) To observe a bird using a spotting scope.


plumage

en-noun

plumage (countable and uncountable, plural plumages)

From Old French plumage (14c.), itself from plume (“feather”) (from Latin plūma (“feather, down”), from a Proto-Indo-European base *plews- (“to pluck, a feather, fleece”) + -age.

Somewhat like a heron she was, but stouter, and shorter of leg, and her beak shorter and thicker than the heron’s; and so long and delicate was her pale gray plumage that hard it was to say whether it were hair or feathers.

1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros, London: Jonathan Cape, page 33:

[Owner]: No no he's not dead, he's, he's restin'! Remarkable bird, the Norwegian Blue, idn'it, ay? Beautiful plumage!
[Mr. Praline]: The plumage don't enter into it. It's stone dead.

1969, Monty Python, “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”, in Dead Parrot sketch:

(ornithology, collective noun) Layer or collection of feathers covering a bird’s body; feathers used ornamentally; feathering.


epicene

epicœne (alternative)
epicoene (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-epicene.wav

From Late Middle English epicene, epicen, epicin, epcyn, episcen, epycen, epycene, epycyn, ypsen (“(grammar) having only one form for masculine and feminine gender, common”), from Late Latin epicoenos, epicoenus (“of a noun: applicable to either males or females”), Latin epicoenon (“noun applicable to either males or females; grammatical gender of such nouns”), from Ancient Greek ἐπίκοινος (epíkoinos, “common to many people, things, etc.; promiscuous, sluttish”) (compare γένος ἐπίκοινον (génos epíkoinon, “common gender”)), from ἐπι- (epi-, prefix meaning ‘on, upon; on top of; all over’) + κοινός (koinós, “common; general, public”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by, near, with”) + *-yós (suffix forming adjectives from noun stems)).

refn

From the collection of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany.

der

Five High School boys came down the road abreast. Ellis saw them coming, a row of yellow, malicious faces—epicene faces, horribly smooth and young, grinning at him with deliberate insolence.

1934 October, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Burmese Days, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, →OCLC; republished as chapter 22, in Burmese Days (ebook no. 0200051h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, November 2015:

The 1960's may well be remembered as the epicene era. Boys grew long hair and bangs; girls adopted trousers, vests and peaked caps – and with everyone wearing tight pants and boots, your guess is as good as ours whether that was a guy or a gal who just went by!

[1969], “Verbia” [pseudonym], with Miriam Berg, A Play on Words, [New York, N.Y.]: Macmillan, →OCLC, page 160:

There is a kind of aesthetic masturbation here akin to Elmer's love of impregnable, virginal epicene women.

1974, Thomas McHaney, “The Elmer Papers: [William] Faulkner’s Comic Portraits of the Artist”, in James B. Meriwether, editor, A Faulkner Miscellany, Jackson, Miss.: Published for the Mississippi Quarterly by the University of Mississippi Press, →ISBN, page 49; quoted in Panthea Reid Broughton, “The Economy of Desire: Faulkner’s Poetics, From Eroticism to Post-Impressionism”, in John T. Matthews and Judith Bryant Wittenberg, editor, The Faulkner Journal [Special Issue: Faulkner and Feminisms], volume 4, numbers 1 and 2, Akron, Oh.: University of Akron, fall 1988 – spring 1989, published fall 1991, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 167:

‘The actor was male. He wasn’t one of Jim’s regulars. But the character I recognize in the door is epicene.’

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 939:

A few boys still playing ringolievio, haphazard and half speed, the clumsy fatboy trapped in the den, always caught, always it, the slightly epicene butterfat bulk, the boy who's always reaching down to lift a droopy sock and getting swift-kicked by the witlings and sadists. Is that what being it means? Neutered, sexless, impersonalized.

1997, Don DeLillo, Underworld, New York, N.Y.: Scribner, →ISBN; 1st trade paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Scribner, 2003, →ISBN, part 6, page 675:

(biology and figuratively) Of indeterminate sex, whether asexual, androgynous, hermaphrodite, or intersex; of a human face, intermediate in form between a man's face and a woman's face.


epicene

Onely one Iſland they have, is call'd the Iſle of the Epecœnes, becauſe there under one Article both kindes are ſignified, for they are faſhioned alike, male and female the ſame, [...] you doe not know the delight of the Epicœnes in Moon-ſhine.

1620 January 17 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Benjamin Jonson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Newes from the New World Discover’d in the Moon. A Masque, […]”, in The Workes of Benjamin Jonson. The Second Volume. […] (Second Folio), London: […] Richard Meighen, published 1640–1641, →OCLC, page 44:

Again, the division of the higher forms of animal life into males and females—obnoxious as it is to the champions of the Woman's Rights Movement, and inconvenient as it proves to a certain class of world-betterers—can neither be abrogated nor explained away. There is, to be sure, a time in the life of hen pheasants, and other female gallinaceous birds, when they—in the magniloquent language of a weekly literary organ of epicœnes and garotters—"rise up and look their tyrant in the face," in the hope that, "ever after, he will sit uneasily on his" roost.

1875 January, “IV. The Boundary between Man and the Lower Animals.”, in William Crookes, editor, The Quarterly Journal of Science, and Annals of Mining, Metallurgy, Engineering, Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Technology, volume V (New Series; volume XII (Old Series)), London: Offices of the Quarterly Journal of Science, […], →OCLC, page 64:

(biology and figuratively) An epicene person, whether biologically asexual, androgynous, hermaphrodite, or intersex; an androgyne, a hermaphrodite.


lantern

lanterns (plural)
lanthorn (alternative)

→ Bengali: লন্ঠন (lonṭhon)

Hindi: लालटेन (lālṭen)

→ Irish: laindéar

→ Malay: lentera

Indonesian: lentera

→ Telugu: లాంతరు (lāntaru)

From Middle English lanterne (13th century), via Old French lanterne from Latin lanterna (“lantern”), itself a corruption of Ancient Greek λαμπτήρ (lamptḗr, “torch”) (see lamp, λάμπω (lámpō)) by influence of Latin lucerna (“lamp”). The spelling lanthorn was current during the 16th to 19th centuries and originates with a folk etymology associating the word with the use of horn as translucent cover. For the verb, compare French lanterner to hang at the lamppost. Displaced native Old English lēohtfæt (literally “light-container”).


lactose

en-noun

lactose (countable and uncountable, plural lactoses)

Borrowed from French lactose, from Latin lac (“milk”) + -ose (derivation of glucose). Coined by French chemist Marcelin Berthelot.

(biochemistry) The disaccharide sugar of milk and dairy products, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, a product of glucose and galactose used as a food and in medicinal compounds.


disaccharide

(biochemistry) Any sugar, such as sucrose, maltose and lactose, consisting of two monosaccharides combined together.

disacàrid

a sugar consisting of two monosaccharides


monosaccharide

(biochemistry) A simple sugar such as glucose, fructose or deoxyribose that has a single ring

monosacàrid

a simple sugar, composed of a single ring


palingenesis

palingenesis (countable and uncountable, plural palingeneses)

/ˌpælɪnˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpælɪnˈd͡ʒɛnəsəs/

Probably a variant of palingenesia + -genesis (suffix meaning ‘origin; production’). Palingenesia is a learned borrowing from Late Latin palingenesia (“rebirth; regeneration”), from Koine Greek παλιγγενεσία (palingenesía, “rebirth”), from Ancient Greek πᾰ́λῐν (pắlĭn, “again, anew, once more”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn (end-over-end); to revolve around; to dwell, sojourn”)) + γένεσις (génesis, “creation; manner of birth; origin, source”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”)) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā, suffix forming feminine abstract nouns). By surface analysis, palin- + genesis.
Sense 2 (“apparent repetition, during the development of a single embryo, of changes that occurred previously in the evolution of its species”) is from German Palingenesis; while sense 3 (“regeneration of magma by the melting of metamorphic rocks”) is from Swedish palingenes. Both are derived from the Greek word: see above.
The plural form is probably from palingenesis + Latin genesēs (a plural form of genesis).

der

παλιγγενεσία

a plural form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">genesis</i>

[P]alingenesis is to be seen in the Ectoprocta, cœnogenesis in the Entoprocta.

1882 August, “Summary of Current Researches Relating to Zoology and Botany (Principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia), Microscopy, &c., Including Original Communications from Fellows and Others”, in Frank Crisp, editor, Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society; […], volume II, part 2 (series II), London, Edinburgh: [F]or the [Royal Microscopical] Society by Williams & Norgate, →OCLC, page 493:

Now that all mammals are led back to a distant diphyodont stem, it is also true that the further we go back both in palingenesis and embryogenesis, the more widespread heterodontism is—all modern homodontism proving to be secondary.

1894, Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Address by Henry Fairfield Osborn, Vice President, Section F [Zoölogy]. The Rise of the Mammalia in North America.”, in Frederic W[ard] Putnam, editor, Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for the Forty-second Meeting, Held at Madison, Wisconsin, August, 1893, volume XLII, Salem, Mass.: Permanent Secretary [American Association for the Advancement of Science], →OCLC, page 197:

Fortunately enough we find that recently zoologists have become more and more convinced that it is necessary to relinquish the erroneous "fundamental biogenetic law" which sees whole phylogenies repeated in the ontogenies, with a very small number of deviations ("Fälschungen") which cover 10–0 per cent only of the total number; all the rest are, according to this interpretation, palingeneses, i.e. recapitulations.

1963, Jovan Hadži, “The Consequences of the New Interpretation of Cnidaria”, in [Janez Stanonik], transl., edited by Gerald A[llan] Kerkut, The Evolution of the Metazoa (International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology; Division: Zoology; 16), Oxford, Oxfordshire, London: Pergamon Press, →OCLC, page 342:

It is not, as [Michel] Foucault asserts, that [Charles] Bonnet's palingenesis is absolutely opposed to evolutionism; it is that his model of is internalist rather than externalist: […] Bonnet's palingenesis, while not development according to the externalist, scientific model of evolution founded by [Charles] Darwin, ranks as a "classical internalist theory" of development: a program placed in the germs at the Creation unfolds in its divinely preordained pattern.

1998, Arthur McCalla, “Palingenesis”, in A Romantic Historiosophy: The Philosophy of History of Pierre-Simon Ballanche (Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History; 82), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 156:

caenogenesis

in the writings of [[w:Ernst Haeckel|Ernst Haeckel]]

(uncountable, biology, chiefly historical or obsolete) The apparent repetition, during the development of a single embryo, of changes that occurred previously in the evolution of its species.


osteocyte

(cytology) A mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone.


cephalo-

Meronym: encephalo-

(biology, medicine) Relating to the head; sometimes, particularly, the brain.


histo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἱστός (histós, “web, tissue”).

bor

hist- (alternative)
histio- (alternative)


cyto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “container, receptacle”).

cyto- + pathology → cytopathology


arthro-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “a joint”).

der

(biology, medicine) articulation = joint (as for example in arthroplasty).

artro-

biology: referring to a joint or meaning articulation

(biology, medicine) articulation = speech (as for example in dysarthrophonia).


organelle

/ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/

Like organelles within a single cell, whole new specializations began to develop.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 161:

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

(cytology) A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles).

orgànul

a membrane bound compartment found within cells


monocyte

(immunology, cytology) A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that differentiates into a macrophage.


lymphocyte

(cytology, immunology) Any of several types of white blood cell with a spherical nucleus occurring in the lymphatic system, including B cells, T cells and natural killer cells.

leucocyte = leukocyte = white blood cell = WBC > agranulocyte


stifle

The noun is derived from Middle English stifle (“joint between the femur and tibia of a quadruped”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, probably derived from Anglo-Norman estive (“leg”), and Old French estive (“leg”) (compare Old French estival (“boot, shoe”)).
The verb is derived from the noun.

ref

From C[harles] J[ames] Korinek, A[lbie] W[illiam] Korinek (1915) “Diseases of the Horse: Cause, Symptoms and Treatment”, in Diseases of Domestic Animals and Poultry: Their Cause, Symptoms and Treatment, Portland, Or.: Korinek Remedy Company, →OCLC, page 10.

inh

(zootomy) The joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses, corresponding to the knee in humans.

polvi

(veterinary medicine) A bone disease of this region.


histology

en-noun

histology (countable and uncountable, plural histologies)

histologies (plural)
histiology (alternative)

Holonym: cytohistology

Coordinate term: cytology (cells without tissue context)

(biology) The study of the microscopic structure, chemical composition and function of the tissue or tissue systems of plants and animals.

Holonyms: cytohistology, cytohistopathology


cytology

Holonym: cytohistology

Coordinate term: histology

(biology) The study of cells.
(often in medicine) Cytopathology.


mitochondrion

mitochondrion (plural mitochondria or mitochondrions)

mitochondria (plural)
mitochondrions (plural)

Coined in German by Carl Benda in 1898, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + χονδρίον (khondríon), diminutive of χόνδρος (khóndros, “grain, morsel”)

The consideration of the mitochondrion in the spermatocytes I shall pass over, as it is not within the bounds of this paper; yet I hope to study the earlier generations of my material, and shall then compare the results.

1902 February 27, W. J. Baumgartner, “Spermatid Transformations in Gryllus assimilis, with Special Reference to the Nebenkern”, in Kansas University Science Bulletin, volume 1, number 2:

(cytology) A spherical or ovoid organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and containing genetic material separate from that of the host; it is responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy in the form of ATP.


phagocytosis

phagocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural phagocytoses)

From German Phagocytosis; equivalent to phagocyte + -osis; compare French phagocytose.

On account of the possession of this property, Metschnikoff has suggested for these groups of cells the term phagocytes, as expressive of their most distinctive feature, and for the process in general the term phagocytosis.

1889 April 13, William Osler, “Original Lectures: On Phagocytes”, in Medical Record, volume 35, number 15, page 393:

(immunology, cytology) A form of endocytosis in which a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm.


vacuole

/ˈvækjʊˌəʊl/

From French vacuole, from Medieval Latin vacuola, formed as a diminutive of Latin vacuus (“empty”).

(cytology) A large membrane-bound vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm.


cytoplasm

cytoplasm (usually uncountable, plural cytoplasms)

cytoplasms (plural)
cytioplasm (alternative)

Borrowed from German Zytoplasma, Cytoplasma. Equivalent to cyto- + -plasm.

(cytology) The contents of a cell except for the nucleus. It includes cytosol, organelles, vesicles, and the cytoskeleton.

citoplasma

contents of a cell excluding the nucleus


vesicle

From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula.

(cytology) A membrane-bound compartment found in a cell.

Coordinate term: acinus

en:small bladder-like structure
en:compartment within fruit

A small bladder-like cell or cavity, as:

(botany) A small sac filled with juice, one of many constituting the pulp of a fruit such as an orange, lemon, or grapefruit.

(biology, medicine) A small sac or cyst or vacuole, especially one containing fluid. A blister formed in or beneath the skin, containing serum. A bleb.

Coordinate term: bulla

en:small bladder-like structure
en:small blister
en:small blister less than 5 mm

(biology, medicine) (usually and especially) Such a blister that is less than 5 mm in diameter.


cytosol

(cytology) The aqueous solution of a cell's cytoplasm, consisting of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.


white blood cell

white blood cell (plural white blood cells)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-white blood cell.wav

(hematology, cytology, immunology) A type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response, or part of the immune system.

witbloedselle

cytology: a type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response


catabolism

catabolism (usually uncountable, plural catabolisms)

From Ancient Greek καταβολή (katabolḗ, “throwing down”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw”).

uder

(biochemistry) Destructive (lytic) metabolism or metabolization, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials.


ribosome

/ˈɹaɪbəˌsəʊm/

/ˈɹaɪbəˌzəʊm/

(biology, cytology) A small organelle found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA.


univalent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-univalent.wav

(genetics) Of, or relating to, a chromosome that is not paired with its homologous chromosome during synapsis.


mtRNA

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of mitochondrial RNA.


mRNA

en-noun

mRNA (countable and uncountable, plural mRNAs)

When a cell “expresses” a gene, it translates the DNA first into a signature messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and subsequently into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein.

2015 November 28, Ferris Jabr, “How Humans Ended Up With Freakishly Huge Brains”, in Wired:

Because of their fragility, the mRNA molecules will quickly fall apart at room temperature. Moderna’s vaccine will need to be refrigerated, and should be stable for up to six months when shipped and stored at –4°F (–20°C).

2020 December 5, Jonathan Corum, Carl Zimmer, “How Moderna’s Vaccine Works”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of messenger RNA.

(countable, biochemistry) A strand of messenger RNA.


tRNA

tRNA (countable and uncountable, plural tRNAs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of transfer RNA.


fatty acid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fatty acid.wav

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a class of aliphatic carboxylic acids, of general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH, that occur combined with glycerol as animal or vegetable oils and fats. Only those with an even number of carbon atoms are normally found in natural fats.


functional group

functional group (plural functional groups)

(ecology) A collection of organisms of specific morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical properties.


bivalent

en-adj

bivalent (comparative more bivalent, superlative most bivalent)

more bivalent (comparative)
most bivalent (superlative)

(genetics) Of, or relating to a pair of homologous synapsed chromosomes that occur during meiosis.


regenerate

en-verb

regenerate (third-person singular simple present regenerates, present participle regenerating, simple past and past participle regenerated)

regenerates (present singular third-person)
regenerating (participle present)
regenerated (participle past)
regenerated (past)
regen (alternative)

/ɹiːˈd͡ʒɛnəɹeɪt/

From Latin regenerātus, perfect passive participle of regenerō, from re- + generō, from genus, generis (“descent, origin, birth”) + -ō, equivalent to re- + generate.

af

(transitive, biology) To replace lost or damaged tissue.


limnology

en-noun

limnology (countable and uncountable, plural limnologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-limnology.wav

Although limnology is a young discipline, it has, over the past century, experienced marked growth. Its early descriptive period was a long one, given the enormous diversity of biota and environments in freshwater ecosystems.

1999, Michael T. Arts, Bruce C. Wainmann, editors, Foreword: Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems, page v:

The exercises in this book were set forth initially because of our frustrations in teaching such a complex, multifaceted discipline as limnology.

2000, Robert G. Wetzel, Gene E. Likens, Preface to the Third Edition: Limnological Analyses, page vii:

Reservoir limnology and water quality management are associated with functions such as flood control, hydropower generation, irrigation, and fishery.

2011, Bo-Ping Han, Zhengwen Liu, editors, Preface: Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China: Theory and Practice, page v:

(ecology) The science concerning the biological, physical and geological properties of fresh water bodies, especially lakes and ponds.

freshwater science

scientific study of bodies of fresh water


typical

en-adj

typical (comparative more typical, superlative most typical)

more typical (comparative)
most typical (superlative)
typicall (alternative)

From Late Latin typicalis, from Latin typicus (“typical”), from Ancient Greek τυπικός (tupikós, “of or pertaining to a type, conformable, typical”), from τύπος (túpos, “mark, impression, type”), equivalent to typic + -al and type + -ical.

der

Celticecis species are definitely known only from the typical subgenus of Celtis, distributed through much of the Holarctic Region.

2013 September 9, Raymond G. Gagné, John C. Moser, “The North American gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of hackberries (Cannabaceae: Celtis spp.)”, in Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, volume 49:

(taxonomy) Of a lower taxon, containing the type of the higher taxon.


trisomic

(genetics) Having three copies of a given chromosome in each somatic cell instead of the usual number of two


suture

From Middle English suture, from Latin sūtūra (“suture”), from suere (“sew, join or tack together”) + -tūra (forms action nouns).

af

(botany) The seam at the union of two margins in a plant.


margin

→ Cantonese: 孖展 (maa¹ zin²)

→ Korean: 마진 (majin)

/ˈmɑːɹd͡ʒ(ə)n/

From Middle English margyn, from Latin marginem (possibly via Old French margin), accusative of margō (“edge, brink, border, margin”). Doublet of marge and margo.

Red Whortleberry leaves have a crenate margin.

1878, George Sampson V. Wills, A manual of vegetable materia medica - Issue 359, page 67:

(botany) The shape of the edge of a leaf.


deletion

en-noun

deletion (countable and uncountable, plural deletions)

From Latin dēlētiōnem (“destruction, effacement”), from the past-participle stem of dēlēre (“to blot out, destroy, efface”).

uder

(genetics) A mutation in which a gene, or other section of DNA, is removed from a chromosome.


mimic

en-verb

mimic (third-person singular simple present mimics, present participle mimicking, simple past and past participle mimicked)

mimics (present singular third-person)
mimicking (participle present)
mimicked (participle past)
mimicked (past)
mimick (alternative)

From Latin mīmicus, from Ancient Greek μῑμικός (mīmikós, “belonging to mimes”), from μῖμος (mîmos, “imitator, actor”); see mime.

uder

(biology, transitive) To take on the appearance of another, for protection or camouflage.

мимикрирам

biology: to take on the appearance of another, for protection or camouflage


extinct

PIE word
 *h₁eǵʰs
From Late Middle English extinct (“eliminated, eradicated, extinguished”), from Latin extīnctus, exstīnctus (“extinguished, quenched; destroyed, killed; made extinct”), the perfect passive participles of extinguō, exstinguō (“to extinguish, put out, quench; (figurative) to abolish; to destroy, kill”), from ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’) + stinguō (“to extinguish, put out, quench”) (from Proto-Indo-European *stengʷ- (“to push”)). The Middle English word displaced Middle English aqueint, aquenched (“extinct; extinguished”). Doublet of extinguish.

der

Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.

I vvent dovvn aftervvards into Yorkſhire; but my Father vvas dead, and my Mother, and all the Family extinct, except that I found tvvo Siſters, and tvvo of the Children of one of my Brothers; […]

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, page 331:

[M]any breeds, now extinct or rare, both of quadrupeds and birds, were still common. The fox, whose life is, in many counties, held almost as sacred as that of a human being, was considered as a mere nuisance.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter III, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 312:

I am fully convinced that species are not immutable; but that those belonging to what are called the same genera are lineal descendants of some other and generally extinct species, in the same manner as the acknowledged varieties of any one species are the descendants of that species.

1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, “Introduction”, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 6:

Wrex: And before you die, I want you to know I'm calling off our support for Earth! If my people go extinct, so do yours!

2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3, Redwood City, Calif.: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, P.C., scene: Citadel:

(chiefly biology) Of an animal or plant species, a class of people, a family, etc.: having died out completely; no longer in existence.

مُنْقَرِض

of an animal or plant species, a class of people, a family, etc.: having died out completely; no longer in existence


extinct

en-verb

extinct (third-person singular simple present extincts, present participle extincting, simple past extincted, past participle extincted or (obsolete) extinct)

extincts (present singular third-person)
extincting (participle present)
extincted (past)
extincted (participle past)
extinct (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English extincten (“to extinguish or put out (a fire, light, etc.); to destroy, kill; (figurative) to suppress (an uprising); (law) to quash or stop (legal proceedings); to cancel (a privilege, title, etc.); (medicine) to eliminate or reduce (inflammation, an ulcer, etc.)”), from extinct (adjective) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs).

inh

Paleontologists determine which animal species were extincted, and geomorphologists can find cycles of soil erosion. […] The first settlers were living along the coast of this very large island off Africa [Madagascar], but in about seven hundred years they had spread across the entire island and in the process extincted almost all large game, including hippos, tortoises, giant lemurs—some two dozen species in all.

2003, Steven A. LeBlanc, Katherine E. Register, “Was there Ever an Eden?”, in Constant Battles: Why We Fight, 1st St. Martin’s Griffin edition, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, published August 2004, →ISBN, page 34:

(obsolete, figurative) To put an end to (something) completely; to annihilate, to destroy.

(specifically, biology) To cause (an animal or plant species) to die out completely or become extinct (adjective sense 2.3).

изтребвам

to cause (an animal or plant species) to die out completely or become extinct


collagen

en-noun

collagen (countable and uncountable, plural collagens)

/ˈkɒləd͡ʒən/

/ˈkɒləd͡ʒɪn/

From French collagène, coined from Ancient Greek κόλλα (kólla, “glue”) and -γενής (-genḗs, “-forming”) (see -gen); it is the main substance that animal glues are derived from. Doublet of collage, colloid, and protocol.

doublet

Science cannot yet account for the conversion of collagen into gelatin.

1843, R. F. Marchand, “On the Chemical Composition of the Bones”, in The Chemist, volume 4, page 57:

(biochemistry) Any of more than 28 types of glycoprotein that form elongated fibers, usually found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.

كولاجين

glycoprotein that forms elongated fibers


glycoprotein

(biochemistry) A protein with covalently bonded carbohydrates.


hypermetamorphism

(zoology) An extreme form of metamorphosis occurring in certain insects (especially beetles of the family Meloidae) in which the animal passes through two or more different larval stages.


detritus

en-noun

detritus (usually uncountable, plural detritus or (rare) detrita)

From Latin dētrītus (“(that which is) rubbed away”), from dēterō (“rub away”).

bor

Woody detritus is an important component of forested ecosystems. It can reduce erosion and affects soil development, stores nutrients and water, provides a major source of energy and nutrients, and serves as a seedbed for plants and as a major habitat for decomposers and hetereotrophs.

2009, Christian Wirth, Gerd Gleixner, Martin Heimann, Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 159:

(biology, ecology) Organic waste material from decomposing dead plants or animals.


peptide bond

(biochemistry) The primary linkage of amino acids in proteins.


saccharide

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(biochemistry) The unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CₙH₂ₙOₙ. Either the simple sugars or polymers such as starch and cellulose. The saccharides exist in either a ring or short chain conformation, and typically contain five or six carbon atoms.

сахары́д

the unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CnH2nOn


cellulose

en-noun

cellulose (countable and uncountable, plural celluloses)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide containing many glucose units in parallel chains.


SAR

SAR (countable and uncountable, plural SARs)

(biology) Initialism of systemic acquired resistance.


scorch

scorch (countable and uncountable, plural scorches)

From Middle English scorchen, scorcnen (“to make dry; parch”), perhaps an alteration of earlier *scorpnen, from Old Norse skorpna (“to shrivel up”).

(phytopathology) Brown discoloration on the leaves of plants caused by heat, lack of water or by fungi.


auricle

/ˈɔː.ɹɪk.əl/

From Latin auricula (“the external ear”), diminutive of auris (“the ear”). Doublet of auricula.

(biology) Any appendage in the shape of an ear or earlobe.


triose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing three carbon atoms. Trioses are the smallest monosaccharides. Dihydroxyacetone and L-/D-glyceraldehyde are the only trioses.


tetrose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing four carbon atoms.


pentose

pentoses (plural)
pentaose (alternative)

Ribose, found in RNA, is a common pentose.

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing five carbon atoms.


hexose

Glucose is a common hexose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing six carbon atoms.


polysaccharide

Cellulose, starches, and complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen, are common polysaccharides in biology.

(biochemistry) A polymer made of many saccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.


ketose

(biochemistry) A saccharide containing a ketone functional group.


cloaca

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cloaca.wav

Borrowed from Latin cloāca (“sewer”), from cluō (“cleanse; purge”).

In birds the rectum, at the termination of its canal, forms an oval or elongated pouch […] and then expands into a cavity, which has been named cloaca.

1822, John Mason Good, The Study of Medicine, volume I, page 7:

(anatomy, zoology) The opening in reptiles, amphibians and birds, as well as elasmobranchians, lobe-finned fishes, marsupials and monotreme mammals, which serves as the common outlet for the urogenital ducts and rectum.

клоа́ка

anatomical feature of birds, reptiles, etc.

総排出腔

そうはいしゅつこう, sōhaishutsukō, そうはいしゅつくう, sōhaishutsukū

排出腔

はいしゅつこう, haishutsukō, はいしゅつくう, haishutsukū


floating

(veterinary medicine) A veterinary dental procedure involving the filing down of sharp surfaces on a horse's teeth.


consortium

consortium (plural consortia or consortiums)

Learned borrowing from Latin cōnsortium.

(biology) A group of symbiotic microbes.


CP

CP (countable and uncountable, plural CPs)

(virology) Initialism of capsid protein.


piping

piping (countable and uncountable, plural pipings)

(botany) A piece cut off to be set or planted; a cutting.


lactic

From Latin lactis (“of milk”), genitive form of lac (“milk”), with the suffix -ic.

lactic fermentation

In the morning the blood was crowded with commuters, the glucose peons, lactic and ureic sanitation workers, hemoglobinous deliverymen carrying loads of freshly brewed oxygen in their dented vans, […]

2001, Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections:

(biochemistry) Relating to, or producing, lactic acid.


territory

territory (countable and uncountable, plural territories)

/ˈtɛɹɪˌtɔɹi/

Inherited from Middle English territorie, from Latin territōrium.

inh+

(ecology) An area that an animal of a particular species consistently defends against its conspecifics.


cyclic

en-adj

cyclic (comparative more cyclic, superlative most cyclic)

more cyclic (comparative)
most cyclic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek κυκλικός (kuklikós). Possibly from cycle + -ic.

(botany) Having parts arranged in a whorl.


fusion

en-noun

fusion (countable and uncountable, plural fusions)

fission

antonym(s) of “nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine”

First appears c. 1555, in a translation by Richard Eden. From Middle French fusion, from Latin fūsiōnem (the accusative of fūsiō), from fusus, past participle of fundō (“I pour, I melt”) (see also found). Doublet of foison.

The act of merging separate things, or the result thereof.

(genetics) The result of the hybridation of two genes which originally coded for separate proteins.

(cytology) The process by which two distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic core, resulting in one interconnected structure.

fusion

lipid bilayers merging their hydrophobic core


spindle

spindles (plural)
spindel (alternative)
spinnel (alternative)

From Middle English spyndel, spindle, spyndylle, from Old English spindle, spindel, alteration of earlier spinel, spinil, spinl (“spindle”), from Proto-West Germanic *spinnilu (“spindle”), equivalent to spin + -le. Cognate with Scots spindil, spinnell (“spindle”), Dutch spindel ("spindle"; < Middle Dutch spille, spinle), German Spindel (“spindle”), Danish spindel (“spindle”), Swedish spindel (“spindle”).

gloss

(biology) A cytoskeletal structure formed during mitosis


wobble

From earlier wabble (“wobble”), probably from Low German wabbeln (“to wobble”). Compare Dutch wiebelen and wobbelen (“to wobble”), German wabbeln (“to wobble”), Old Norse vafla (“to hover about, totter”).

cog

(genetics) A variation in the third nucleotide of a codon that codes for a specific aminoacid.


cytotoxin

(cytology) Any substance having a specific toxic effect on certain cells.

solumyrkky

substance having a toxic effect on cells


lanceolate

en-adj

lanceolate (comparative more lanceolate, superlative most lanceolate)

more lanceolate (comparative)
most lanceolate (superlative)
lanceolated (alternative)

(botany, mycology) Having the general shape of a lance; much longer than wide, with the widest part lower than the middle and a pointed apex.

копиевиден

botany, mycology: longer than wide, pointed apex


diastema

en-noun

diastema (plural diastemas or diastemata)

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma, “interval, space between”). Compare diastasis.

der

(zoology, anatomy) A gap between teeth of different types, e.g. incisors and molars, which is a feature of some rodents and ungulates.

(cytology) The modified protoplasm at the equator of a cell, existing before mitotic division.


heterocerc

(zoology) Any fish having a tail with unequal lobes.


heterochromatin

en-noun

heterochromatin (countable and uncountable, plural heterochromatins)

(cytology) Heterochromatic tightly coiled chromosome material; believed to be genetically inactive


heterochronic

en-adj

heterochronic (comparative more heterochronic, superlative most heterochronic)

more heterochronic (comparative)
most heterochronic (superlative)

(biology) Occurring at different times or intermittently.


heterochronous

heterochronous (comparative more heterochronous, superlative most heterochronous)

more heterochronous (comparative)
most heterochronous (superlative)

(paleontology) formed at different periods