cupin

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins and enzymes that have a domain in the form of a small barrel


hydroxylase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of compounds by the introduction of hydroxyl groups.


hyperaccumulation

en-noun

hyperaccumulation (countable and uncountable, plural hyperaccumulations)

(biology) The abnormally high accumulation of trace elements by a plant from its environment


hyperaccumulator

Hyperaccumulator species are able to accumulate higher metal concentrations in their shoots than surrounding nonaccumulator plants, even from soils containing nonphytotoxic background levels of metals [35-37].

2000, Donald L. Wise, Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils, page 735:

Also, the progress of constructing ideal hyperaccumulators by using biological technologies is slow.

2008, M. N. V. Prasad, Trace Elements as Contaminants and Nutrients, page 72:

To date, over 400 species have been identified as hyperaccumulators, with this number increasing continuously as new species are identified (Baker et al., 2000).

2010, Peter M. Kopittke, Enzo Lombi, Neal W. Menzies, Ravi Naidu, “21: Principles of Plant-based Remediation of Contaminated Soils”, in Bharat P. Singh, editor, Industrial Crops and Uses, page 448:

(biology) Any plant that can accumulate large quantities of trace elements from its environment, and thus may be used in phytoremediation or phytomining.


hypertolerance

(biology) The abnormally high tolerance of environmental trace elements by a plant


cornus

(botany) Any of the genus Cornus of dogwoods.


morphogenetic

(biology) Of or pertaining to morphogenesis


phenotyping

phenotyping (countable and uncountable, plural phenotypings)

(genetics) The construction, recording and analysis of phenotypes


photoentrainment

photoentrainment (usually uncountable, plural photoentrainments)

(biology) The entrainment of an organism's circadian rhythm to the pattern of light and dark in its environment


phototransduction

(biology) The process whereby the various bodies in the retina convert light into electrical signals


bioanalyzer

bioanalyzers (plural)
bioanalyser (alternative)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any of various devices used to analyze the nucleic acids, proteins, sugars etc. of a biological sample


teichoic acid

(biochemistry) Any of several polymers of glycerol or ribitol, linked via phosphodiester bonds, that are found in the cell walls of many bacteria


acropetal

From Ancient Greek ἄκρον (ákron, “the top”) + Latin petō, petere (“fall, rush out”) + -al.

(botany) That develops, matures or opens from the base towards the apex in sequence.


apoplast

(botany) The space outside of a plant's plasma membrane through which water and soluble nutrients are transported across a tissue or organ

apoplasme

the space outside of a plant's plasma membrane


basipetal

(botany) That develops, matures or opens from the apex towards the base in sequence


bioabsorption

(biology) The process whereby substances are absorbed by the tissues and organs of organisms


biocontrol

biocontrol (countable and uncountable, plural biocontrols)

This included work on 3 species of Psyttalia and on Tetrastichus giffardii by S. Mohamed. Identifications were provided for biocontrol programs on olive fly, and we made several attempts to collect more olive fly parasitoids in Kenya.

(Can we date this quote?), United States Department of Agriculture, AFRICAN TEPHRITIDAE: INVASIVE SPECIES THREATENING U.S. FRUIT & VEGETABLE PRODUCTS:

(biology) The biological control of pests by the use of organisms that are natural predators, parasites, or pathogens


biometer

(biology) A device that is used to detect the presence of life by detecting and measuring minute amounts of evolved carbon dioxide.


carboxylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes either a carboxylation or decarboxylation reaction.

羧化酶

any enzyme that catalyzes either a carboxylation or decarboxylation reaction


cutin

cutin (countable and uncountable, plural cutins)

The structure of the enzyme looked very similar to one evolved by many bacteria to break down cutin, a natural polymer used as a protective coating by plants.

2018 April 16, Damian Carrington, The Guardian:

(biochemistry) A waxy polymer of hydroxy acids that is the main constituent of plant cuticle.


deconjugation

/diːˌkɒndʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

(biology) The disruption of conjugated bacterial cells


desaturase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of single to double bonds, especially in the production of essential fatty acids.


cryptonephridial

(biology) Describing a kidney-like organ in some beetles that allows them to survive in very dry environments.


ecotype

From eco- + type, coined by Swedish botanist Göte Turesson in 1922 and modeled on the earlier ecospecies.

coinage

These four Japanese introductions probably were of the Japonica ecotype.

1995, C. Wayne Smith, Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology, page 234:

She collected rhizomes of two ecotypes, a northern ecotype originally from Yellowstone County, Montana, and a southern ecotype from an agricultural field near Hollister, California.

1997, Steven R. Radosevich, Jodie S. Holt, Claudio Ghersa, Weed Ecology: Implications for Management, page 78:

The more interesting question is, What is the difference between an endemic and an ecotype?

1997, Mark R. Macnair, “The evolution of plants in metal-contaminated environments”, in Rudolf Bijlsma, Volker Loeschcke, editors, Environmental Stress, Adaptation, and Evolution, page 19:

(ecology) A phenotype that is adapted to a specific environment.


elongase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of an aliphatic chain, but especially one that elongates a fatty acid


protoporphyrinogen

(biochemistry) Any of several precursors in the biosynthesis of protoporphyrin


symplast

(biology) The inner side of the plasma membrane of a plant in which water can freely diffuse.


uncoupler

(biochemistry) Any substance that inhibits ATP synthesis by breaking its connection with the electron transport system.


VRE

(medicine, microbiology) vancomycin-resistant enterococcus


VRSA

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus#Translingual

(medicine, microbiology) Initialism of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.


enterococcus

enterococcus Wikispecies (canonical)
enterococci (plural)

gastrointestinal tract
gastrointestinal tract

(bacteriology) Any of a group of streptococci bacteria, of the genus Enterococcus, that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract and have great resistance to antibiotics


acetogenic

en-adj

acetogenic (comparative more acetogenic, superlative most acetogenic)

more acetogenic (comparative)
most acetogenic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Capable of converting carbon dioxide or sugars into acetic acid or acetate; used especially of bacteria.

acetogénico

capable of converting carbon dioxide or sugars into acetic acid or acetate


bioelectrocatalysis

(biochemistry) biochemical electrocatalysis (The biological catalysis of electrochemical processes)


biomacromolecule

(biochemistry) Any macromolecule (such as protein, nucleic acid or polysaccharide) of biological origin


bioregulator

(biochemistry) Any substance that regulates a biological process


biosystem

(biology) Any system of mutually interacting biological organisms


cotranslational

(biology) Occurring at the same time as the translation stage of protein synthesis.


silene

(botany) Any of several plants of the genus Silene - the campions


lipidome

(biochemistry) The set of all lipids in a cell or organism


lipidomics

(biochemistry) The study of the lipidome of an organism or cell


mesophylic

mesophylic (comparative more mesophylic, superlative most mesophylic)

more mesophylic (comparative)
most mesophylic (superlative)

(biology) That lives in a medium temperature range


postgenomic

postgenomic (comparative more postgenomic, superlative most postgenomic)

more postgenomic (comparative)
most postgenomic (superlative)

(genetics) Describing any of various fields of study that are only possible after the publication of the genome of an organism.


postgenomics

(genetics) Any of various fields of study that are only possible after the publication of the genome of an organism


selenoproteome

(biochemistry) A proteome of selenoproteins.


biospecific

(biochemistry) Whose properties or activities vary according to the specific biological molecule that it interacts with.

(biology) Of or relating to a biospecies.


birch bracket

Piptoporus betulinus
Piptoporus betulinus#Translingual

(mycology) A polypore mushroom that grows almost exclusively on birch trees, Piptoporus betulinus.


heliophyte

(botany) Any plant that thrives in bright sunlight


immunoglobin

(immunology, biochemistry) Any protein that functions as an antibody


metabonomics

Metabonomics broadly aims to measure the global, dynamic metabolic response of living systems to biological stimuli or genetic manipulation. The focus is on understanding systemic change through time in complex multicellular systems. Metabolomics seeks an analytical description of complex biological samples, and aims to characterize and quantify all the small molecules in such a sample.

2008 October 22, Jeremy K. Nicholson, John C. Lindon, “Metabonomics”, in Nature, →DOI:

All metabonomics studies result in complex multivariate data sets the require visualisation software and chemometric and bioinformatic methods for interpretation.

2011, The Handbook of Metabonomics and Metabolomics, page 11:

Metabonomics has great potential for intensive care medicine, where patients are complex and understanding the relationship of host factors, disease and treatment effects is key to improving care.

2016 March 16, David Antcliffe, Anthony C. Gordon, “Metabonomics and intensive care”, in Critical Care, →DOI:

(biochemistry, genetics) The study of the metabolic responses of organisms to stimuli such as disease or injury.


delamination

en-noun

delamination (countable and uncountable, plural delaminations)

(biology) The formation of a gastrula by the splitting of the blastoderm


biophotoreactor

(biochemistry) A vessel, usually of glass, in which a biochemical product is manufactured by illumination of a colony of an organism such as algae.


hematoporphyrin

(biochemistry) The porphyrin portion of heme (minus the iron atom)


proto-oncogene

proto-oncogenes (plural)
protooncogene (alternative)

Typically, proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes that, when activated by mutation or overexpression, promote cancer.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 534:

(genetics) A gene, promoting the specialization and division of normal cells, that could become an oncogene due to mutation.

esisyöpägeeni

gene promoting the specialization and division of normal cells that could become an oncogene due to mutation


deadenylate

en-verb

deadenylate (third-person singular simple present deadenylates, present participle deadenylating, simple past and past participle deadenylated)

deadenylates (present singular third-person)
deadenylating (participle present)
deadenylated (participle past)
deadenylated (past)

(biochemistry, genetics) To remove an adenylate group from a protein; especially to activate an enzyme by this means


deadenylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes a deadenylation reaction


deadenylation

(biochemistry) The removal of an adenylate group from a protein


parasporal

en-adj

parasporal (comparative more parasporal, superlative most parasporal)

more parasporal (comparative)
most parasporal (superlative)

(biochemistry) Describing a crystalline protein that forms around a spore in some bacteria that acts as a toxin precursor when digested


(medicine, biology) Abbreviation of carbon dioxide production.


antiport

(cytology) A structure in a cell membrane that simultaneously transports different molecules or ions through the membrane in opposite directions

antiporte

a structure in a cell membrane that simultaneously transports different molecules or ions through the membrane in opposite directions


antiporter

(biochemistry) A cell protein that acts within an antiport to transport different molecules or ions across the membrane in opposite directions

antiportteri

a cell protein that acts within an antiport


archaeal

‘Anyway, so we think an archaeal cell and a bacterial cell formed a close chemical dependency, and – we can’t say how this happened; this is the miracle – the two cells fused, became a single, chimerical identity.’

2023, Martin MacInnes, In Ascension, Atlantic Books, page 174:


autophosphorylation

en-noun

autophosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural autophosphorylations)

(biochemistry) The phosphorylation of a kinase protein catalyzed by its own enzymatic activity


chromodomain

(genetics, biochemistry) A sequence of amino acids, common to the protein of many species, that is responsible for the manipulation of chromatin.


dinucleosome

(biochemistry, genetics) A short complex of nucleosomes that is formed as the first step in the production of chromatin


ectodermal

(biology) Of or pertaining to the ectoderm.


encephalitozoon

(biology) Any protozoa, of the genus Encephalitozoon, responsible for encephalitozoonosis.


endocytic

(cytology) Of or pertaining to endocytosis


immunostained

(cytology) stained by means of immunostaining.


magnetoception

(biology, physics) The ability of birds or other animals to detect magnetic fields as an aid to navigation.


osteoclast

From osteo- (“bone”) + -clast (“break”).

Inhibition of osteoclast activation and differentiation is an effective strategy for blocking bone resorption.

2022, Yajing Yang, Zhipeng Zeng, with Lei Yuan, Hong Cao, Jianmin Guo, and Xuchang Zhou, “Application and Molecular Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoporosis”, in Current issues in molecular biology, volume 44, number 12, →DOI:

(physiology, cytology) A large multinuclear cell associated with the resorption of bone.


phosphopeptide

(biochemistry) Any peptide that incorporates a phosphate group as a result of phosphorylation

fosfopeptidi

peptide that incorporates a phospate group as a result of phosphorylation


polyhedrin

(biochemistry) A protein that forms the crystalline matrix of viral polyhedral bodies


protomitochondrion

protomitochondria (plural)
proto-mitochondrion (alternative)

(biology) The ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria are thought to be derived


ubiquitylate

en-verb

ubiquitylate (third-person singular simple present ubiquitylates, present participle ubiquitylating, simple past and past participle ubiquitylated)

ubiquitylates (present singular third-person)
ubiquitylating (participle present)
ubiquitylated (participle past)
ubiquitylated (past)

From ubiquityl + -ate (verb-forming suffix).


amphitropic

(biology) Having both lipotropic and hydrotropic characteristics (used especially of proteins)


mesogenic

en-adj

mesogenic (comparative more mesogenic, superlative most mesogenic)

more mesogenic (comparative)
most mesogenic (superlative)

(biology) Describing a relationship between a parasite and a host in which the host survives despite the dominance of the parasite.


discoid

discoid (comparative more discoid, superlative most discoid)

more discoid (comparative)
most discoid (superlative)

(botany, of a capitulum) Having only disk florets, without petal-like ray florets.


aggregate species

en-noun

aggregate species (plural aggregate species)

(taxonomy) A grouping of closely-related species that are treated like a single species for practical purposes.


monotropic

(biology, of a pollnator) That collects pollen the flowers of only one species.


nematogen

nematogens (plural)
nematogene (alternative)

Formed as nemat- + -o- + -gen, in zoölogical use after the French nématogène. Compare nematogenous and nematogenic, as well as the scientific Latin Nēmatogena.

(zoology) One of the dimorphic forms of the species of Dicyema, which produce vermiform embryos; opposed to rhombogen.


acyltransferase

/ˌeɪsʌɪlˈtɹɑːnzfəɹeɪz/

(biochemistry) Any of several transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups between lipids.

asyylitransferaasi

any of several enzymes that catalyse the transfer of acyl groups between lipids


biomembrane

(biology) Any biological membrane, but especially that of a cell


biopotency

(biochemistry) A measure of the ability of a material (such as a hormone or vitamin) to have a specified biochemical function


calcitriol

From calci- (“vitamin D analog/derivative”) + triol.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A physiologically active metabolic derivative C₂₇H₄₄O₃ of cholecalciferol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) that is synthesized in the liver and kidney and stimulates the intestinal absorption of calcium.


ericaceous

en-adj

ericaceous (comparative more ericaceous, superlative most ericaceous)

more ericaceous (comparative)
most ericaceous (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to the heath family (Ericaceae).


organology

en-noun

organology (countable and uncountable, plural organologies)

(biology) The study of the organs of plants and animals.

organologia

the study of the organs of plants and animals


glucagon

/ˈɡluːkəɡən/

/ˈɡluːkəɡɒn/

/ˈɡlukəˌɡɑn/

From gluco- + Ancient Greek ἄγων (ágōn), present participle of ἄγω (ágō, “push forward, put in motion; stir up; excite, urge”).
Alternatively, possibly gluco- + -a- + -gon.

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, produced by the pancreas, that opposes the action of insulin by stimulating the production of sugar


gossypol

(biochemistry) Any of a class of toxic polyphenols found in the seeds of the cotton plant.


hypanthium

From hypo- + Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos) + -ium.

affix

(botany) The bowl-shaped part of a flower on which the sepals, petals, and stamens are borne


argonaute

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of proteins responsible for the gene silencing phenomenon known as RNA interference

Argonauta

any of a group of proteins responsible for RNA interference


biocentre

biocentres (plural)
biocenter (alternative)

(biology) Any of a number of institutions, often attached to a university, that are centres for biotechnology research and development


cyclin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins whose presence in a cell varies through its cycle, and that regulates this cycle by forming a complex with kinase


cytokinin

The rate-limiting step for cytokinin biosynthesis involves a group of isopentenyltransferase (IPT) enzymes.

2015 April 23, Simon Moore et al., “Spatiotemporal modelling of hormonal crosstalk explains the level and patterning of hormones and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutant roots”, in The New Phytologist, volume 207, →DOI:

SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and 'cytokinins, during the proembryogenic early stages, and ethylene and gibberellic and abscisic acids later in the development of somatic embryos.

2015 August 18, Clelia De-la-Peña et al., “The role of chromatin modifications in somatic embryogenesis in plants”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of plant hormones involved in cell growth and division.


enucleation

en-noun

enucleation (countable and uncountable, plural enucleations)

From Latin ēnucleātus, perfect passive participle of ēnucleō (“to remove the kernel, stone, etc. from (a fruit, grape)”). Equivalent to enucleate + -ion.

(microbiology) The removal of the nuclear body of a cell.


intergenic

(genetics) Describing the noncoding sections of nucleic acid between genes


morphometrics

(biology) The study of the relationships between the form and function of organisms.


phosphorelay

(biology) The multi-stage process, involving the movement of phosphoryl groups by histidine kinases, of bacterial signal transduction

fosforinsiirto

phosphorus based signal transduction method


tropho-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”).

bor

(biology, medicine, zoology) nourish; nourishment.


lipogenesis

en-noun

lipogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural lipogeneses)

(biochemistry) The biochemical production of fat, especially the conversion of carbohydrate into fat so that it may be stored as a long-term source of energy when food is scarce


lipolysis

(biochemistry) The reverse of lipogenesis in which stored fat is broken down.


lipoxin

(biochemistry) Any of group of compounds, related to prostaglandins, that regulate inflammation


lipoxygenase

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids


prothrombin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, produced in the liver, that is converted into thrombin during bleeding and subsequent clotting.


provitamin

From pro- (“forward, facing, favouring, toward”) + vitamin.

prefix

(biochemistry) Any biologically inactive compound that may be converted into a vitamin within an animal organism


scute

Borrowed from Latin scutum (“shield”). Compare scutum, escudo, scudo, and écu.

Then one afternoon, as he's stripping the scutes and hide from a shortnose sturgeon, an idea hits him.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 71:

(zoology) A horny, chitinous, or bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle or the skin of crocodiles.

(genetics) A proneural gene, often associated with achaete, that is required for the formation of many larval and adult sense organs


pentosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of a pentose


xylosyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of xylose.


holo

We compared the holo and apo forms of the protein.

(biochemistry, of a protein) Bound by ligands


apoprotein

(biochemistry) The polypeptide part of a conjugated protein; for example, an apolipoprotein plus a lipid particle yields a lipoprotein.


conjugated protein

en-noun

conjugated protein (plural conjugated proteins)

(biochemistry) Any protein that consists of both a polypeptide (the apoprotein) and a prosthetic group such as a lipid (in lipoproteins), sugar (in glycoproteins) or porphyrins and metals (in hemoglobin etc)


biomethylation

(biochemistry) Any bioalkylation reaction in which a methyl group is attached


bioalkylation

(biochemistry) Any biochemical reaction in which an alkyl group is attached to a molecule or to a metal


ferrioxamine

(biochemistry) Any of a class of siderophore produced in several bacteria that mediates iron uptake


GISS

Variant of jizz as though originating from initialism of general impression size and shape (a popular folk etymology).

initialism of

(birdwatching) The general look of a bird.


arsenosugar

(biochemistry) Any of several carbohydrates that contain arsenic, found in certain marine algae.

arsenoaçúcar

any of several carbohydrates that contain arsenic


basal bristle

(ornithology) A small feather located at the base of a bird's bill that has little or no vane.


polysaprobic

(biology) Of, pertaining to, or inhabiting a body of water containing decomposing organic matter and thus little dissolved oxygen


cultigen

From culti(vated) + -gen or from Latin cultus (“cultivated”) + gēns (“kind”). Coined by American botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey in 1918.

(botany, horticulture) A plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans, that is it has resulted from artificial rather than natural selection.


transactivation

(genetics) The activation of a gene by the presence of another at a different locus, especially following infection by a virus


threatened species

en-noun

threatened species (plural threatened species)

(ecology) Any species of organism that is vulnerable to extinction in the near future


somatotroph

(biology) One of a set of cells, in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that produces the growth hormone somatotropin.


somatocrinin

(biochemistry) A hormone, produced in the hypothalamus, that promotes the secretion of growth hormones.


ophiology

From ophio- (“snake”) + -logy (“study of”).

(zoology) The study of snakes, a branch of herpetology.


labrum

(entomology) The uppermost of the mouthparts (trophi) of a typical insect, such as a cockroach. Typically resembles an upper lip and forms part of the roof of the mouth in such insects.

labro

the uppermost of the mouthparts of insects


animacy

animacy (usually uncountable, plural animacies)

These may differ radically in their linguistic animacy, as briefly discussed above, without this having any consequences for their biological animacy.

2011, Seppo Kittilä, Katya Västi, Jussi Ylikoski, Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles, page 6:


corticotropin

corticotropin (countable and uncountable, plural corticotropins)

corticotropins (plural)
corticotrophin (alternative)

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone#English

(biochemistry, endocrinology) Synonym of adrenocorticotropic hormone


corepressor

(genetics) Any substance that reacts with a genetic repressor in order to activate it and decrease gene expression


gerontic

en-adj

gerontic (comparative more gerontic, superlative most gerontic)

more gerontic (comparative)
most gerontic (superlative)

/d͡ʒɛˈɹɑːnt.ɪk/

First attested in the late 19th century. From Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn, “old man”).

Then the gerontic or senescent portion is seen, recognizable by an increasing simplicity, comparable to that of the neanic shell but retrogressive rather than progressive in the assumption of characters.

2004, Richa Arora, Encyclopaedia of Evolutionary Biology, Anmol Publications PVT, →ISBN, page 139:

(biology) Of or pertaining to senescent animals or plants.


anemochorous

(botany) Adapted for dispersal via wind.


silicatein

en-noun

silicatein (countable and uncountable, plural silicateins)

(biochemistry) An enzyme used by sponges to capture silicate and build silica nanostructures


brachybasidiole

(mycology) A cell that resembles a basidiole but is larger and more inflated.


cryptomorphic

Coined by Garrett Birkhoff before 1967, for use in the third edition of his book Lattice Theory.

Three types of genes, namely, immunoglobulin genes, dimorphic genes and cryptomorphic genes, are classified as complex genes.

2002, Gurbachan S. Miglani, Advanced Genetics, page 193:

Hence, among the lower vertebrates, the cistron may be diplomorphic rather than cryptomorphic.

1987, Lawrence S. Dillon, The Gene: Its Structure, Function, and Evolution, page 487:

(genetics) Having a cryptic structure in which the ultimate active product is carried by the precursorial protein rather than the protein actually encoded by the gene.


medullary

From medulla + -ary; compare also Late Latin medullaris.


sorus

From New Latin sōrus, from Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”).

(mycology, lichenology) Any reproductive structure, in some lichens and fungi, that produces spores.

itiöpesäkeryhmä

mycology, lichenology: Any reproductive structure that produces spores

AGLAOMORPHIA, [...] Sori non-indusiate, rotundate, [...] Fronds coriaceous, dimorphous, the sterile sessile querciform, brown rigid; [...]

1857, Thomas Moore, Index Filicum: A Synopsis, with Characters, of the Genera, and an Enumeration of the Species of Ferns : with Synonymes, References:

(botany) A cluster of sporangia on the edge or underside of a fern frond.


cryopyrin

(biochemistry) A nucleotide-binding and leucin-rich protein which activates the inflammasome in response to toxins.


toeprinting

From toe + printing, on the model of DNA footprinting.

(genetics) the use of primer extension inhibition to examine formation of the translational initiation complex, autogenous regulation of gene expression, and to map the boundaries of mRNA-associated complexes


epimutation

From epi- + mutation; compare epigenetic.

The first sign of cellular abnormality in some tumors is an epimutation—a change in heritable chromatin marks, such as an increase or decrease in the density of DNA methylation.

2005, Eva Jablonka, Marion J. Lamb, Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 248:

(genetics) A heritable change in gene expression that does not affect the actual base pair sequence of DNA.


epigenotype

From epi- + genotype; compare epigenetic.

(genetics) The stable pattern of gene expression that is outside the actual base pair sequence of DNA.


polyubiquitination

(biochemistry) The addition of a series of ubiquitin molecules to another protein.


temnospondyl

From translingual Temnospondyli, from Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō, “I cut”) + σπόνδυλος (spóndulos), Ionic/Attic form of σφόνδυλος (sphóndulos, “vertebra”).

Experts disagree over whether temnospondyls were ancestral to modern amphibians (frogs, salamanders and caecilians), or whether the whole group died out without leaving descendants.

Nigerpeton is a temnospondyl, more closely related to modern amphibians than to amniotes, but far bigger than today's diminutive amphibians.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 178:

(biology) Any of many extinct primitive amphibians (labyrinthodonts) of the order Temnospondyli, from the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic periods.


dissorophid

(biology) Any of several extinct temnospondyl amphibians, of the family †Dissorophidae, from the Pennsylvanian epochs and Permian period


salientian

(biology) Any amphibian of the clade Salientia; frogs and toads, those of order Anura and extinct relatives of other orders.


caudatan

(zoology) Any amphibian of the order Caudata; the salamanders


pleckstrin

Abbreviation of platelet + leukocyte C kinase substrate + KSTR (amino acids) + string.

abbrev

(biochemistry) A protein found in platelets


cuticulin

en-noun

cuticulin (countable and uncountable, plural cuticulins)

(biochemistry) A structural protein, in the cortical layer of large ascarids, which does not exhibit the striations characteristic of collagen, and which is not attacked by collagenase


phasmid

From Latin phasma (“apparition, specter, phantom”) + -id (nominal suffix), from Ancient Greek φάσμα (phásma, “apparition, phantom”).

der

A giant phasmid (or stick insect) from India whose cage was over two metres tall spent long hours standing upon a perpendicular branch and staring into Mother's eyes.

1993, Rikki Ducornet, The Jade Cabinet, Dalkey Archive Press, page 19:

(entomology) Any insect of the order Phasmida: a leaf insect or walking stick (stick insect).

(nematology) Either of the two caudal chemoreceptors in some nematodes.


vanadium-associated protein

en-noun

vanadium-associated protein (plural vanadium-associated proteins)

(biochemistry) Any protein, such as hemovanadin, that contains vanadium in an associated molecule


vanadium bromoperoxidase

(biochemistry) A haloperoxidase, used by some algae to synthesize halogen compounds, that has a requirement for the element vanadium


haloperoxidase

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that oxidize organic halogen compounds; they are hemoproteins or similar


peristome

Its removal does not, however, leave the mouth of the capsule wide open, for around the margin are two circles of pointed teeth forming the peristome.

1911, “Bryophyta”, in Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition:

(botany) One or two rings of tooth-like appendages surrounding the opening of the capsule of many mosses.

We can distinguish therefore in the body of a polyp the column, circular or oval in section, forming the trunk, resting on a base or foot and surmounted by the crown of tentacles, which enclose an area termed the peristome, in the centre of which again is the mouth. […] The mouth may be level with the surface of the peristome, or may be projecting and trumpet-shaped.

1911, “Polyp”, in Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition:

(zoology) The parts of or surrounding the mouths of numerous invertebrates.


chromagen

(biochemistry) Any compound, such as heme, that forms a biological pigment when attached to a protein


anticodon

(genetics) A sequence of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that binds to the complementary triplet (codon) in messenger RNA to specify an amino acid during protein synthesis.


transfer RNA

transfer RNA (countable and uncountable, plural transfer RNAs)

(biochemistry) A short-chain version of RNA that transfers individual amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.


autacoid

From aut- + Ancient Greek ἄκος (ákos, “remedy”) + -oid.

(biochemistry) A hormone or similar compound that has a short-term, local effect


biocatalyst

biomolecular condensate
biomolecular condensate

(biochemistry) A biochemical catalyst, such as an enzyme (either a protein enzyme or a ribozyme) or a biomolecular condensate that has biocatalytic ability.


bacteriostasis

bacteriostasis (countable and uncountable, plural bacteriostases)

(biology) A phase in which microbial organisms are prevented from undergoing further cell growth, without being actually killed.


actinal

From Ancient Greek ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖν- (aktís, aktîn-, “ray”) + -al. The usage was coined by Louis Agassiz (See quotations below.).

der

ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖν-

The so-called mouth is always placed at one of these poles, and from it radiate the most prominent organs, in consequence of which I have called this side of the body the oral or actinal area ...

1857, Professor Louis Agassiz, Natural History of North America, Vol. IV, page 376:

(zoology) Pertaining to the side or surface around the mouth in an animal that has radial symmetry such as a starfish.

[Professor Agassiz] gives the names of two axes of the animals; that around which the motion of the animal occurs is the actinal axis ...

1861, John Timbs, Charles W. Vincent, James Mason, The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art, Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., page 214:

(zoology) Pertaining to the axis of rotational symmetry in radiate animals.


GABAergic

GABAergics (plural)
GABA-ergic (alternative)
gabaergic (alternative)
GABAnergic (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any drug or substance that interacts with the GABA system.


plasminogen

en-noun

plasminogen (countable and uncountable, plural plasminogens)

(biochemistry) The inactive precursor to plasmin; profibrinolysin


plasmin

plasmin (countable and uncountable, plural plasmins)

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme that dissolves the fibrin in blood clots.


coacervate

/kəʊəˈsɜːvət/

(biochemistry, physical chemistry, organic chemistry) The microsphere droplet that results from coacervation.


monogoneutic

From mono- + Ancient Greek γονεύω (goneúō, “to produce offspring”) + -tic, from γονεύς (goneús, “parent”).

af

(entomology) Having only one brood per season.


cooperativity

(biochemistry) An interaction between the substrate binding sites of an allosteric enzyme in which binding at one site increases or decreases binding at another


hematogenesis

1903, James Ewing, “Progressive pernicious anemia is believed by some to result through defective hematogenesis, and by others primarily from excessive...”, in Clinical Pathology of the Blood: A Treatise on the General Principles and Special Application of Hematology, page 215:

1965, William Bloom, Hal Downey, “This has not as yet been accomplished for mammalian material, although studies have been made of hematogenesis in vivo in Fundulus embryos...”, in Handbook of Hematology, page 867:

2005, C. Edward Collins, “...or wrinkled skin blood cyst formation of blood cells adjectival form of hematogenesis abnormal blood condition pain in a nerve stretched nerve synonym...”, in A Short Course in Medical Terminology, page 302:

(hematology, cytology) Blood cell formation in the human body, especially the bone marrow, hematopoiesis.


trophic cascade

en-noun

trophic cascade (plural trophic cascades)

(ecology) The secondary disruptions that go cascading through a system from which a keystone species has been removed.


keystone species

keystone species (plural keystone species)

Megafauna are called ʻkeystone speciesʼ because when they become extinct the entire arch of the ecosystem can collapse.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 227:

(ecology) A species that exerts a large, stabilizing influence throughout an ecological community, despite its relatively small numerical abundance.


remipede

remipedes (plural)
remiped (alternative)

From French rémipède, partly modelled on Latin.

(zoology) Any of several small, marine, cave-dwelling crustaceans, of the class Remipedia, characterized by a short head and a long trunk bearing setose swimming appendages


entatic

en-adj

entatic (comparative more entatic, superlative most entatic)

more entatic (comparative)
most entatic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Describing the state of an atom or group, bound to a protein (especially to an enzyme), that has its geometric or electronic condition adapted for function


ferredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of iron and sulfur-containing proteins, found in green plants, that function in electron transport and in photosynthesis.


phenotypic plasticity

(genetics) The ability of an organism with a given genotype to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment, including changes that occur during the adult life of the organism.


protocell

(biology) A self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of phospholipids proposed as a stepping-stone to the origin of life


metaprotocell

(biology) A proposed protocell that could use sunlight to synthesize ATP and then polynucleotides.


homodetic

(biochemistry) Describing a polypeptide consisting of all eupeptides


ossein

en-noun

ossein (countable and uncountable, plural osseins)

(biochemistry) The collagen component of bone


campanula

From translingual Campanula, from Latin campānula, diminutive of campāna (“bell”).

(botany) Any plant of the genus Campanula.


lipopolysaccharide

(biochemistry) Any of a large class of lipids conjugated with polysaccharides


lyase

(biochemistry) Any of many classes of enzyme that catalyze the breaking of a specific form of bond


orientating response

orientating response (plural orientating responses)

(zoology) An animal's response to a stimulus in which the animal moves in a way that allows it to better evaluate the nature of the stimulus. It can then better respond to danger through "fight or flight".


rod-shaped

en-adj

rod-shaped (comparative more rod-shaped, superlative most rod-shaped)

more rod-shaped (comparative)
most rod-shaped (superlative)

Anthrax goes through two very different stages in its life cycle. One is a microscopic rod-shaped bacterium called bacillus anthracis, easy to grow in the lab but fragile and easily killed in the open.

S. pombe is a rod shaped organism, and during its cell cycle it grows mostly in length with little change in diameter.

1981, PCL John, The Cell Cycle, page 86:

The rod-shaped E. coli phages share a common host range with the RNA-containing E. coli phages, a coincidence which probably unites unrelated viruses.

1965, “Small Bacteriophages”, in Advances in Virus Research, volumes 1-11, pages 343–4:

(biology) Specifically, describing a form of bacterium.


heteroecious

heteroecious (comparative more heteroecious, superlative most heteroecious)

more heteroecious (comparative)
most heteroecious (superlative)
heterœcious (alternative)

(biology) Of dependent organisms, spending portions of the life cycle on different types of hosts.


electrolocation

(zoology) the ability of an animal to detect an object by its distortion of the animal's electric field, as in the electric fishes such as the electric eel.


puccoon

en-noun

puccoon (countable and uncountable, plural puccoons)

puccoons (plural)
paucon (alternative)
pauson (alternative)
pocones (alternative)

Borrowed from Powhatan poughkone. Doublet of poke.

The puccoon dye was used as a sort of body rouge; it rubbed off on English linen quite easily, as Byrd's men discovered.

2002, Stephen G Ausband, Byrd's line, page 62:

(countable, botany) Any one of several plants yielding a red pigment which is used by the North American Indians, such as the bloodroot and two species of Lithospermum, Lithospermum hirtum and Lithospermum canescens.


microcarrier

(biology) Small, bead-like material used to immobilize biocatalysts, or to anchor growing cells


microheterogeneity

microheterogeneity (countable and uncountable, plural microheterogeneities)

(biochemistry) The occurrence of different forms of a carbohydrate in a specific glycoprotein


multienzyme

(biochemistry) Any protein having two or more catalytic functions


orthokinetic

en-adj

orthokinetic (comparative more orthokinetic, superlative most orthokinetic)

more orthokinetic (comparative)
most orthokinetic (superlative)

the orthokinetic behaviour of the woodlouse


lipophore

(biology) A lipochrome-containing chromatophore, usually a xanthophore


xanthophore

(biology) A xanthochrome-containing chromatophore, frequently a lipophore.


porphyrinogen

(biochemistry) A reduced form of porphyrin that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of heme


prototroph

(biology) Any microorganism that can synthesize its nutrients from inorganic material

prototrophe

biology: any microorganism that can synthesize its nutrients from inorganic material


psychosine

en-noun

psychosine (countable and uncountable, plural psychosines)

(biochemistry) An intermediate (sphingosine galactoside) in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides.


radioenzymatic

(biochemistry) Describing any investigation into an enzyme by the use of a radioactive substrate.


rotenoid

(biochemistry) Any of a class of polycyclic compounds related to rotenone


rubredoxin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of iron-sulfur proteins found in some bacteria


syntrophy

syntrophy (countable and uncountable, plural syntrophies)

(biology) The relationship between the individuals of different species (especially of bacteria) in which one or both benefit nutritionally from the presence of the other


biodeterioration

biodeterioration (countable and uncountable, plural biodeteriorations)

(biology) Any undesirable change in the properties of a material, a construction, or a process caused by the vital activities of organisms.


bioinorganic

(biochemistry, inorganic chemistry) Describing the influence of inorganic compounds (especially metals) on biological processes, or the metabolism and biosynthesis of inorganic materials (such as silica)


bionanomaterial

(biology) Any nanomaterial of biological origin.


osteoclastogenesis

osteoclastogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural osteoclastogeneses)

(biology) The development of osteoclasts


polyuridine

(biochemistry) A long section of nucleic acid containing only the uridine nucleoside


telomerization

(biochemistry) Any reaction that increases the length of a telomer (oligomer) stepwise


lotic

en-adj

lotic (comparative more lotic, superlative most lotic)

more lotic (comparative)
most lotic (superlative)

From Latin lotus, past participle of lavare (“to wash”), + -ic.

The stream-dwelling species are among the most lotic of anisopterous dragonflies.

1975, J. G. Needham, A Manual of the Dragonflies of North America, page 94:

Waugoshance point is an ideal consolidated substrate, wave zone habitat, and this was evidenced by the more lotic benthic fauna found there.

1986, Ronald Rossmann, editor, Impact of the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant, page 244:

Very few lotic insects are strong swimmers, probably because of the energy expenditure required to swim against a current.

2006, Timothy D. Schowalter, Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach, page 43:

(biology) Living in flowing water; adapted to life in flowing water.

virtaavassa vedessä elävä

living in flowing water; adapted to life in flowing water


trochoid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-trochoid.wav

From Ancient Greek τροχοειδής (trokhoeidḗs), from τροχός (trokhós, “wheel”) + εἶδος (eîdos, “form, image”).

(malacology) An organism or fossil with a trochoid shell (especially one in the gastropod family Trochidae), or the shell itself.


trochoid

trochoid (comparative more trochoid, superlative most trochoid)

more trochoid (comparative)
most trochoid (superlative)

(malacology, of a shell or fossil) High-spired; conical.


ocrea

ocreas (plural)
ocreae (plural)
ochrea (alternative)

(botany) A sheath around a plant stem forming from the stipule of a leaf and extending above the point of insertion of the leaf.


haltere

From Ancient Greek ἁλτῆρες (haltêres, “weights held in the hand to give an impetus in leaping”). Note that in the original Greek, there seems to have been no singular for ἁλτῆρες (haltêres), and some authorities maintain that halteres is a plurale tantum, but in English entomological usage, haltere sometimes appears as a back-formation. Sometimes the singular halter is used instead, but this may lead to confusion with other, unrelated meanings of halter.

uder

Whenever the fly changes direction at an angle to the hinge, the shaking bends the halteres at their base and turns them into a gyroscope.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 166:

(entomology) A small knobbed structure in some two-winged insects, one of a pair that are flapped rapidly and function as accelerometers to maintain stability in flight.


caenogenesis

caenogeneses (plural)
cænogenesis (alternative)
cainogenesis (alternative)
cenogenesis (alternative)
kainogenesis (alternative)
kenogenesis (alternative)

From Ancient Greek καινός (kainós, “new”) + -genesis.

af

(biology) The embryotic development of structures or characteristics not present in the species before.


antithyroid

A RECENT report by Anderson et al. on the antithyroid activity of a series of alkyl derivatives of thiouracil shows that peak activity is reached at the n-propyl compound.

1946 May 18, E. M. Bavin, D. A. Goodchild, “Antithyroid Activity of Thiouracil Derivatives”, in Nature, 157, 659-660:

Postmortem histological examination of the thyroid gland and measurement of serum antithyroid antibodies were performed in 70 patients without overt thyroid disease.

1978, H. Yoshida et al., “Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: studies of seventy autopsied cases”, in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 46(6):859-862:

Antithyroid drugs, which have been in use for more than half a century, remain cornerstones in the management of hyperthyroidism, especially for patients with Graves' disease.

2005 March, D. S. Cooper, “Antithyroid Drugs”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(9):905-917:

2005, The American Thyroid Association, "Hyperthyroidism",
Drugs known as antithyroid agents—methimazole (Tapazole®) or propylthiouracil (PTU)—may be prescribed if your doctor chooses to treat the hyperthyroidism by blocking the thyroid gland’s ability to make new thyroid hormone.

(biochemistry) Reducing the production or effects of thyroid hormones.

antitiroideo

reducing the production or effects of thyroid hormones


hyperparasite

From hyper- (prefix meaning ‘over, above, or beyond’) + parasite.

prefix

Nose′ma [...] A genus of protozoa, including the supposed hyperparasite of the malarial organism; [...]

1914, Thomas Lathrop Stedman, “Nose′ma”, in A Practical Medical Dictionary [...], 3rd revised edition, New York, N.Y.: William Wood and Company, →OCLC, page 628:

Tuberculina maxima Rost., a fungus hyperparasite of blister rust, was variably common to abundant over the area during the test period, and it caused some uncertainties in assessing effectiveness of fungicidal treatments.

1967, Clarence R. Quick, “Methods”, in Chemical Control of Blister Rust on Sugar Pine … Two Fungicides Show Promise in California Tests (U.S. Forest Service Research Note; PSW-147), Berkeley, Calif.: Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 2:

[page 22] Among the most illuminating and certainly the most bizarre of self-replicators are the digital organisms invented by Thomas Ray of the University of Delaware. [...] [page 23] A peculiar creature that is 80 instructions long, but differs from the ancestral sequence by 20 or so alterations, has sometimes been observed; it is a hyperparasite able to force parasites to replace themselves with copies of itself.

1997, Graham Bell, “Simple Selection”, in The Basics of Selection, New York, N.Y., London: Chapman & Hall, →ISBN, section 14 (Self-replicating Algorithms Evolve in Computers), pages 22 and 23:

In a second instance, two parasitic fungi (Dicyma pulvinata and Cylindrosporium concentricum) were introduced against a fungal pathogen causing black crust on the foliage of rubber, Phyllachora huberi, in the Amazon basin of Brazil and long-term control was documented [...]. These antagonists are obligate pathogens living as hyperparasites and their increase is dependent on the presence of the plant pathogen.

2004, Ann E. Hajek, “Microbial Antagonists”, in Natural Enemies: An Introduction to Biological Control, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section 17.3 (Strategies for Using Antagonists to Control Plant Pathogens), page 281:

(biology) Any parasite whose host is a parasite.

Parasites and Hyperparasites.— [...] How the Pteromalus contrived to introduce its eggs into the Tetrastichus, and how the Tetrastichus managed to oust the Microgaster must for the present remain open questions for the consideration of the learned.

1863, Edward Newman, “Parasites and Hyperparasites”, in Edward Newman, editor, The Zoologist: A Popular Miscellany of Natural History, volume XXI, London: John Van Voorst, […], →OCLC, page 8609:

Though itself attacked by several hymenopterous hyperparasites, it [Paratheresia claripalpis, a species of fly] is still capable of maintaining a high rate of borer parasitization, one recorded instance being 73.7%; [...]

1951 February, H. M[artin]-L[eake], “The Sugar Cane Mouth Borer in Peru”, in James P. Ogilvie, editor, The International Sugar Journal: A Technical & Commercial Periodical Devoted Entirely to the Sugar Industry, volume LIII, number 626, London: The International Sugar Journal Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 42, column 2:

Secondary parasites, or hyperparasites, are parasites of primary parasites and have quite the opposite ecological effect since they constrain the population of the primary parasite. [...] A few species are able to function as facultative hyperparasites, attacking both the host and its primary parasites.

1982, John Feltwell, “Parasitic Control”, in Large White Butterfly: The Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Entomologica; 18), The Hague, Boston, Mass.: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, →ISBN, page 402:

Eupteromalus parnarae Gahan [...] is also a recorded hyperparasite of Apanteles rifucrus Haliday on Naranga aenescens Moore, [...]

1983 December, A. T. Barrion, J. A. Litsinger, “Trichornalopsis apanteloctena (Crawford) [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]: Correct Name for the Larval Parasite of the Rice Skipper”, in International Rice Research Newsletter, volume 8, number 6, Manila: International Rice Research Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 14:

[page 12] The colour loss of the rust on Araza was found to be accelerated by the presence of a hyperparasite indicated by the white mycelia surrounding the urediospores [...] [page 13] The hyperparasite on the Uromyces sp. affecting Araza is yet to be identified but may have potential in the future for the development of biological control programs for this organism.

1995 May, Paulette Ann Tai Chun, “Results and Discussion”, in Pre and Post Harvest Pests and Diseases of Araza (Eugenia stipitata) in Costa Rica: Report on Activities at the Agronomic Center for Tropical Agriculture Research and Training (CATIE): […], Costa Rica: Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture Headquarters, pages 12 and 13:

(entomology, specifically) An insect that parasitizes another parasitic insect.


homophile

en:reacting only with homologous antigens

(biology, medicine, of an antibody) Reacting only with homologous antigens.


homophile

homophiles (plural)
homophil (alternative)

en:antibody that reacts only with homologous antigens

(biology, medicine) An antibody that reacts only with homologous antigens.


autolyze

en-verb

autolyze (third-person singular simple present autolyzes, present participle autolyzing, simple past and past participle autolyzed)

autolyzes (present singular third-person)
autolyzing (participle present)
autolyzed (participle past)
autolyzed (past)
autolyse (alternative)

(biology, said of a cell) To destroy itself: to be destroyed by its own enzymes.


helotism

en-noun

helotism (usually uncountable, plural helotisms)

(zoology) A form of mutualism in which one species is forced to perform tasks for another, for their mutual benefit


dulosis

From Ancient Greek δοῦλος (doûlos, “servant, slave, thrall”) + -osis.

der

(entomology) process by which parasitic ants steal pupae from the nests of other ants and raise them in their own nest, so that they become part of the colony and perform tasks in it.


aquilegia

As for what to plant, stick to the tough, reliable types that will overwinter easily: perennials such as anemones, sedums, echinops (Echinops ritro is a beast – just a warning), aquilegias, Rudbeckia fulgida and its like, heucheras, Brunnera macrophylla, geraniums, geums and Knautia macedonica are made for autumn planting.

2015 November 14, Alys Fowler, “Alys Fowler: get a head start on spring”, in The Guardian:

(botany) Any member of the genus Aquilegia.


homomer

Coordinate term: heteromer

(biochemistry) A complex formed from a single type of subunit.


heteromer

Coordinate term: homomer

(biochemistry) A complex formed from several types of subunits.


homopolyriboadenine

(biochemistry) A homopolymer composed of riboadenine subunits


homopolyuridine

(biochemistry) A homopolymer composed of uridine subunits


homoserine

en-noun

homoserine (countable and uncountable, plural homoserines)

(biochemistry) The amino acid 2-amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of methionine, threonine and isoleucine


metarhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several forms of rhodopsin activated by light


presomitic

en-adj

presomitic (comparative more presomitic, superlative most presomitic)

more presomitic (comparative)
most presomitic (superlative)
presomite (alternative)

(biology) Able to form somites and express segmentation


feminizer

(biology) Any substance that causes feminization.


hemizygous

(genetics) Having some single copies of genes in an otherwise diploid cell or organism


lymphangiogenesis

(biology) The formation of lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels


microvasculature

en-noun

microvasculature (countable and uncountable, plural microvasculatures)

(biology) The smallest vessels of the circulatory system: the capillaries, arterioles, and venules


subfunctionalization

subfunctionalization (countable and uncountable, plural subfunctionalizations)

(genetics) The independent specialization of the two gene copies formed by duplication.


myelo-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek μυελός (muelós, “marrow”).

myelosuppression; myelodysplasia

(anatomy, biology, medicine) Bone marrow.

myelomeningocele; myelomeningitis

(anatomy, biology, medicine) Spinal cord.


unguis

From Latin unguis (“nail, claw, hoof”). Doublet of onyx.

(zoology) The nail, claw, talon, or hoof of a finger, toe, or other appendage.

(botany) The slender base of a petal in some flowers; a claw; an ungula.


collum

Borrowed from Latin collum (“the neck”). Doublet of col.


stirps

Borrowed from Latin stirps (“rootstock, stem”).

(zoology, botany) A superfamily of animals or plants.


stirp

(biology, anthropology) A line descended from a single ancestor.


unspecialized

en-adj

unspecialized (comparative more unspecialized, superlative most unspecialized)

more unspecialized (comparative)
most unspecialized (superlative)

Having no speciality, or particular purpose.

(biology, of a cell or tissue) Having no special function.


gular

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gular.wav

From gula (“upper throat”) + -ar (suffix forming adjectives). Gula is derived from Latin gula (“gullet, throat; palate”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“throat”).

suffix

Iguanæ. [...] Inhabits America, on the gular pouch of the Iguana.

1806, Charles Linnè [i.e., Carl Linnaeus], “Order VII. Aptera.”, in William Turton, transl., A General System of Nature, through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, […], volume III (Animal Kingdom), part II (Insects), London: […] Lackington, Allen, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 702:

The back of the guana is very strongly serrated; and this, together with the gular pouch, which it has the power of extending or inflating occasionally to a great degree, gives a formidable appearance to an animal otherwise harmless.

1816, G[eorge] Gregory, “LACERTA, lizard”, in A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. […], 1st American edition, volume II, Philadelphia, Pa.: […] Isaac Peirce, […], →OCLC:

The Field Woodpecker. P. Campestris. [...] Head, chin, and throat, black; front of neck, yellowish; gular streak black; body beneath, white. America.

1829, [Georges] Cuvier, Edward Griffith, “The Third Order of Birds, Scansores, or Climbers”, in The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with Its Organization, […], volume VII, London: […] Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 449:

THE SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE. Trionyx ferox. [...] Neck long, smooth, with a gular fold.

1842, James E[llsworth] De Kay, “Class III. Reptiles.”, in Zoology of New-York; or The New-York Fauna; […] (Natural History of New York; I), part III (Reptiles and Amphibia), Albany, N.Y.: […] W. & A. White & J. Visscher, →OCLC, page 6:

Cyclanosteus senegalensis. [...] The five gular callosities are very similar in disposition; but they vary greatly in form and size, compared with each other, in the different speciments of this species.

1870, John Edward Gray, “Cyclanosteus”, in Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). […], London: […] Trustees [of the British Museum], →OCLC, page 112, column 2:

Evaporative cooling via the respiratory tract in birds is enhanced by increased movement of the air by panting or by gular flutter.

1995, Gordon Lindsay Maclean, “Thermoregulation”, in Ecophysiology of Desert Birds (Adaptation of Desert Organisms), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →ISBN, section 6.2.1 (Evaporative Heat Loss (EHL)), page 91:

Ladyfishes are elongate, slender, and robust, with a terminal mouth and a deeply forked caudal fin. [...] Gular plate, located between limbs of lower jaw, is well developed.

1998, John D. McEachran, Janice D. Fechhelm, “Elopiformes”, in Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, volume 1 (Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes), Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, →ISBN, page 204:

(chiefly zoology) Particularly of an animal: of, pertaining to, or located at the gula (“the upper front of the neck next to the chin”) or the throat.

gularni

of, pertaining to, or located at the gula or the throat


gular

Cnemidophorus maximus [...] Plates of the collar graduating in the posterior gular, the marginal largest, the series concave anteriorly in the middle. Anterior gulars abruptly larger, their median largest.

1863, E[dward] D[rinker] Cope, “Descriptions of New American SQUAMATA, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington”, in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.: […] Academy [of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia], published 1864, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 104:

A small tortoise, females larger than males, with a maximum carapace length of 110 mm and mass of 150 g. [...] The plastron is composed of paired gulars, which together are more than twice as wide than long; [...]

1989, Richard C. Boycott, “Homopus boulengeri …”, in Ian R[ichard] Swingland, Michael W. Klemens, editors, The Conservation Biology of Tortoises […] (Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC); no. 5), Gland, Vaud, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature, →ISBN, page 78:

The plastral scutes are represented by a complete set including the gulars, extragulars, humerals, pectorals, abdominals, femorals, and four pairs of inframarginals. The gulars are very short medially and do not reach the entoplastron.

2013, Igor G. Danilov, Vladimir B. Sukhanov, Elena V. Syromyatnikova, “Redescription of Zangerlia dzamynchondi (Testudines: Nanhsiungchelyidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia, with a Reassessment of the Phylogenetic Position and Relationships of Zangerlia”, in Donald B. Brinkman, Patricia A. Holroyd, James D. Gardner, editors, Morphology and Evolution of Turtles […] (Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series), Dordrecht: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 412, column 1:

(zoology) A plate or scale in the throat region of the body of a fish or reptile (especially a snake).


alligatorid

This species is large compared with known Eocene alligatorids, although its character states present a mosaic of resemblances to earlier and later alligatorids.

1956, Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, volume 31, page 554:

Although most alligatorids have ventral osteoderms, the American alligator usually has only poorly developed single osteoderms in the pectoral and midventral regions, if at all (Fig. 6C and D).

1989, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Crocodiles: Their Ecology, Management, and Conservation, page 24:

The oldest alligatorid, Navajosuchus mooki, is from the lowermost Paleocene (66-62 Ma).

2009, S. Blair Hedges, Sudhir Kumar, The timetree of life, →ISBN, page 403:

(zoology) Any reptile of the family Alligatoridae; a caiman or alligator.


subgenus

en-noun

subgenus (plural subgenera or subgenuses)

Any hope that the pierines would help to define “the level at which r-K phenomena should be sought has been dashed: apparently species groups (or subgenera, or splitters' genera) are r- or K-selected in the holarctic, whereas in Tatochila the same amount of differentiation is found among populations in a complex in which the process of speciation has not yet been completed.

2012, Fritz Taylor, The Evolution of Insect Life Cycles, page 156:

Using this approach, a recent study that included genetic data from four of the new species described here proposed that tetraploidization occurred at least once in subgenus Silurana and once in subgenus Xenopus, octoploidization occurred at least three times in subgenus Xenopus, and that dodecaploidization occurred at least three times in subgenus Xenopus [21 ].

2015 December 17, “Genetics, Morphology, Advertisement Calls, and Historical Records Distinguish Six New Polyploid Species of African Clawed Frog ( Xenopus, Pipidae) from West and Central Africa”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


biometal

(biochemistry) Any metal that has a biochemical function.

(often, especially) One of the principal ones (calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, or copper), as opposed to trace ones (such as lithium).


cohesin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins responsible for binding the sister chromatids during mitosis


deglycosylated

(biochemistry) Describing a glycoside (but especially a glycoprotein) from which the sugar entity has been removed


deglycosylation

deglycosylation (countable and uncountable, plural deglycosylations)

(biochemistry) The removal of the sugar entity from a glycogen (but especially from a glycoprotein)


glycosylated

(biochemistry) Describing a glycoside (but especially a glycoprotein) that has the sugar entity intact


glycoarray

(biochemistry) A microarray of carbohydrates or glycosides.


herpesvirus

(virology) Any of the family Herpesviridae, double-stranded DNA viruses, many of which are responsible for diseases such as chickenpox, herpes simplex, and shingles, and others affecting animals.


homoiotherm

homoiotherms (plural)
homeotherm (alternative)


metallomics

(biochemistry) The study of the complete metallome of an organism


metallome

(biochemistry) All the biologically active compounds of an organism that contain a metal atom


minichromosome

(genetics) A structure, resembling chromatin, formed from the DNA of a virus and histones from the host.


neurotrophin

(biochemistry) Any of a group of proteins that stimulate the growth of nerve cells


basepair

en-verb

basepair (third-person singular simple present basepairs, present participle basepairing, simple past and past participle basepaired)

basepairs (present singular third-person)
basepairing (participle present)
basepaired (participle past)
basepaired (past)

(biochemistry) To bind separate DNA or RNA sequences by base pairs.


recombining

(genetics) The exchanging of genetic material


recombining

en-adj

recombining (comparative more recombining, superlative most recombining)

more recombining (comparative)
most recombining (superlative)


rabbit board

rabbit boards (plural)
Rabbit Board (alternative)
rabbit-board (alternative)

Rabbits are fastened upon rabbit-boards and anesthetized with a mixture of three parts of ether and one of alcohol.

1902, Harold Clarence Ernst, Animal Experimentation, page 97:

The laboratory should be supplied with chemical work tables and sinks ; a fume chamber; large water bath for 40 and 100 degrees C.; dog and rabbit boards; analytical balance; scales weighting 0.01 gm. to 20 gm.;[…].

1902, American Medical Association, The Journal of the American Medical Association, volume 39, page 544:

The animal is restrained on the rabbit board, with the level of the head slightly below the level of the heart, the neck region shaved with small animal clippers, and then palpated to locate the trachea.

1978, Peter W. Jones, Ralph Freudenthal, Carcinogenesis—A Comprehensive Survey, volume 3, page 349:

(veterinary medicine) A board on which a rabbit may be immobilised.


bacteroid

bacteroid (comparative more bacteroid, superlative most bacteroid)

more bacteroid (comparative)
most bacteroid (superlative)

bacteroid particles


deinothere

deinotheres (plural)
dinothere (alternative)

From scientific Latin Deinotherium, Dinotherium (genus names), from Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós, “fearful, terrible”) + θηρίον (thēríon, “wild beast”).

der

Over the Miocene the European deinotheres became enormous, some reaching weights of 15 tonnes—making them among the largest land mammals ever to have existed.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 105:

(paleontology) Any of the genus †Deinotherium of large, extinct proboscidean mammals, a relative of modern elephants.


diaspore

en-noun

diaspore (countable and uncountable, plural diaspores)

From Ancient Greek διασπείρω (diaspeírō, “to scatter”), describing its decrepitation on heating.

der

(botany) seeds and fruit together regarded as a dispersal unit.


homosporous

(botany) producing spores of the same size and type.


homospore

(botany) any plant producing spores of the same size and type.


deamidation

en-noun

deamidation (countable and uncountable, plural deamidations)

(biochemistry) The conversion of glutamine, asparagine, glutamine residues in a polypeptide to glutamic acid or aspartic acid by treatment with strong acid, transamidase or deamidase.


suid

From the genus name Sus, from Latin sūs (“pig”), + -id.

(zoology) Any of the family Suidae of pigs and related creatures.


glycocalyx

glycocalyx (plural glycocalyces or glycocalyxes)

glycocalyces (plural)
glycocalyxes (plural)

Blood platelets and megakaryocytes from which they arise, both have ruthenium red positive glycocalyces in the form of globular particles; ruthenium red is known to react strongly with chondroitin sulphate.

1976, L. T. Threadgold, The Ultrastructure of the Animal Cell, 2nd edition, Pergamon Press, page 146:

The microvilli are in turn covered with a velvety meshwork made of countless sugar-based structures that look a little bit like antlers. These are called the glycocalyxes.

2015, Giulia Enders, translated by David Shaw, Gut, Scribe, published 2016, page 36:

2016, V. C. Hascall, P. H. Weigel, B. P. Toole, Hyalurolan, Ralph A. Bradshaw, Philip D. Stahl, Gerald W. Hart (editors), Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, Volume 1: Molecular Cell Biology, Elesvier (Academic Press), page 280,
Most cells are able to dynamically synthesize hyaluronan and form cell-associated glycocalyces that include chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (e.g., versican and aggrecan) bound to the hyaluronan (Figure 4).

In cancer, the glycocalyxes of circulating tumor cells play a fundamental role in the metastatic process.

2017, Stefania Marcotti, Gwendolen C. Reilly, “3: Sugar-Coating the Cell: The Role of the Glycocalyx in Mechanobiology”, in Simon C. F. Rawlinson, editor, Mechanobiology: Exploitation for Medical Benefit, Wiley, page 44:

(biology, anatomy) A filamentous coating of glycoprotein and polysaccharide on the surface of bacteria and some other cells.

glycocalyx

filamentous coating of glycoprotein and polysaccharide on the surface of some cells


cycler

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cycler.wav

We took samples from the tubes in the cycler at regular intervals

(biochemistry) Ellipsis of thermal cycler.; a machine for creating multiple copies of DNA sequences.


epipubic bone

(zoology) a rod-like bone that projects forward from the pelvis in monotremes and marsupials.

pankkaluu

rod-like bone projecting from the pelvis


epistome

epistomes (plural)
epistoma (alternative)

New Latin epistoma, corresponding to epi- + -stome.

(zoology) a mouth-covering lobe or ridge in bryozoans and phoronids


cholinergic

en-adj

cholinergic (comparative more cholinergic, superlative most cholinergic)

more cholinergic (comparative)
most cholinergic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, activated by, producing or having the same function as acetylcholine.

cholinergní

of, pertaining to, activated by, producing or having the same function as acetylcholine


cholinergic

(biochemistry) Any drug or substance producing or having the same function as acetylcholine.


sensorimotor

(biology) Of or pertaining to both sensory and motor activity

senzomotorický

of or pertaining to both sensory and motor activity


somatosensory

(biology) Of or pertaining to the perception of sensory stimuli produced by the skin or internal organs


nutlet

(botany) One of the lobes or sections of the mature ovary of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae.


vinblastine

en-noun

vinblastine (countable and uncountable, plural vinblastines)

vinblastines (plural)
vincaleucoblastine (alternative)

Madagascar periwinkle
Madagascar periwinkle

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A cytotoxic compound C₄₆H₅₈N₄O₉ of the alkaloid class obtained from the Madagascar periwinkle and used especially in the form of its sulfate in the treatment of lymphomas.


vincristine

vincristine (countable and uncountable, plural vincristines)

From vin- (“vinca alkaloid”) + Latin crista (“tuft of leaves on plants”) + -ine.

af

Although originally intended as an antidiabetic, vincristine at small doses was found to kill leukemia cells.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), pages 139–140:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A cytotoxic compound C₄₆H₅₆N₄O₁₀ of the alkaloid class obtained from the Madagascar periwinkle and used especially in the form of its sulfate to treat acute leukemia and other cancers.


corbicula

A learned borrowing from Latin corbicula, diminutive of corbis, a basket. Doublet of corbeil.

(entomology) A bee's pollen basket; in honeybees and close relatives, the corbiculae are located on the outer (lateral) surface of the hind tibia.


caecotroph

caecotrophs (plural)
caecotrope (alternative)
cecotrope (alternative)

Vocalizations include food recruitment calls, high-pitched contact and aggressive chirps, a mating call, a toilet-assembly call, and vocalizations specific to pups, such as squawks when pups are stepped on and caecotroph-solicitation chirps.

2002, J. Jarvis, P. Sherman, “Heterocephalus glaber Rüppell, 1842: Naked Mole-rat,”, in Mammalian Species, number 706, page 5:

He finds the caecotrophs revolting, consisting as they do of semi-digested herbage, discharged through the anus and reswallowed two or three times a week.

2003, Margaret Atwood, Oryx and Crake, →ISBN, page 158:

(biology) In certain mammals, especially rabbits and some rodents, a cake or pellet of food which is produced by means of digestion and expulsion through the anus.


caecotrophy

2008, A. Belenguer et al., "Alternative methodologies to estimate ingestion of caecotrophes in growing rabbits," Livestock Science, vol. 115, no.1, p. 13,
The second group (T-2: 6 rabbits) was also fed the labelled diet but only during the last ten days of the fattening period when animals were fitted a neck collar to prevent caecotrophy.

(biology) In certain mammals, especially rabbits and other lagomorphs, the consumption of food pellets which are naturally produced by means of digestion, retention in the caecum, and expulsion through the anus.


polyarch

en-noun

polyarch (plural polyarchs or polyarches)

From Latin, from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”) + ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “beginning”).

(botany) A root that has many xylem bundles.


ascaroside

Realized as ascar- + -ose + -ide rather than ascarylose + -ide.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of glycolipids, containing the sugar ascarylose, found in some nematode worms


autoinhibition

autoinhibition (usually uncountable, plural autoinhibitions)

(biochemistry) Any of several intramolecular interactions that regulate protein function.


cuproenzyme

(biochemistry) Any metalloenzyme that contains one or more copper atoms


cuproprotein

(biochemistry) Any metalloprotein that contains one or more copper atoms


dideoxysugar

From di- + deoxysugar or dideoxy- + sugar.

(biochemistry) Any deoxysugar having two deoxy- groups


deoxysugar

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of deoxy sugar


endomembrane

(biology) All the membraneous components inside a eukaryotic cell, including the nuclear envelope, endoplastic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus


melanosome

(biology) Any organelle that contains melanin.


endocytose

en-verb

endocytose (third-person singular simple present endocytoses, present participle endocytosing, simple past and past participle endocytosed)

endocytoses (present singular third-person)
endocytosing (participle present)
endocytosed (participle past)
endocytosed (past)

(cytology) Of a cell, to ingest material by folding the plasma membrane inwards around it.


footrot

en-noun

footrot (countable and uncountable, plural footrots)

footrots (plural)
foot rot (alternative)

(veterinary medicine) A hoof infection, infectious pododermatitis, that is commonly found in sheep, goat, and cattle.


chimerism

chimerism (countable and uncountable, plural chimerisms)

(genetics) The property of being a genetic chimera.


Banksian

en-adj

Banksian (comparative more Banksian, superlative most Banksian)

more Banksian (comparative)
most Banksian (superlative)

(botany) Of or pertaining to Joseph Banks, English botanist and naturalist.


osselet

en-noun

osselet (countable and uncountable, plural osselets)

(zoology, archaic) The internal bone, or shell, of a cuttlefish.


cellomics

(cytology) The study of cell phenotypes and functions


intersex

intersex (countable and uncountable, plural intersexes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-intersex.wav

From German Intersexe; corresponding to inter- + sex. Doublet of intersect

Goldschmidt and others who have thought of the homosexual individual as an intersex have relied upon incidence figures which were pure guesses and which, as the data in the present chapter will show, bear little relation to the fact....

1948, Alfred Kinsey with Wardell Baxter Pomeroy and Clyde Eugene Martin, Sexual behavior in the human male, page 659:

Conversely, a fertilized egg with one X-chromosome would develop not into a male but into an intersex […]

1955, Curt Stern, Principles of Human Genetics, page 374:

Pseudo-hermaphrodites or other intersexes are not to be confused with transsexualists; transvestites may be transsexualists, but not necessarily.

Genital surgery on intersexes has been performed for about a century

2003, Peggy Tine Cohen-Kettenis with Friedemann Pfäfflin, Transgenderism and intersexuality in childhood and adolescence, page 155:

An intersex, then, is an animal that shows both male and female characteristics.

2009, Mary C Smith, David Sherman, Goat Medicine, page 609:

(countable, biology, zoology) An individual with any of these conditions.


papillomavirus

/papɪˈləʊməvʌɪɹəs/

(virology) Any variety of virus which causes warts.

Now specifically, a member of the genus Papillomavirus.


oil spot

oil spots (plural)
oilspot (alternative)

(botany) One of the yellow spots, often circular in shape, on the upper leaf surface of grapevines in the early stages of downy mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola infection).


ghrelin

ghrelin (usually uncountable, plural ghrelins)

From g(rowth) h(ormone)-rel(easing peptide) + -in (suffix forming names of chemical compounds), influenced by Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”): see the December 1999 quotation.

cog

We designate the GH-releasing peptide ‘ghrelin’ (ghre is the Proto-Indo-European root of the word ‘grow’).

1999 December 9, M[asayasu] Kojima et al., “Ghrelin is a Growth-hormone-releasing Acylated Peptide from Stomach”, in Nature, volume 402, number 6762, →DOI, →PMID, abstract, page 656:

Both human and rat ghrelins are 28 amino acid peptides, in which Ser3 is modified by a fatty acid, primarily n-octanoic acid.

2006, Masayasu Kojima, Kenji Kangawa, “Ghrelin, an Endogenous Ligand for the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor”, in Fred Nyberg, editor, The Somatotrophic Axis in Brain Function, Burlington, Mass.: Elsevier Academic Press, →ISBN, section III.A (Purification of Ghrelin), figure 2 caption, page 27, column 1:

[W]hen you increase ghrelin levels, you stimulate that growth hormone to kick in, and growth hormone builds you not only up but out as well. Your stomach secretes ghrelin in pulses every half hour, sending subtle chemical impulses to your brain—almost like subliminal biological messages (carrot cake, carrot cake, carrot cake).

2006, Michael F[redric] Roizen, Mehmet C[engiz] Oz, with Ted Spiker, Lisa Oz, and Craig Wynett, You, on a Diet: The Owner’s Manual for Waist Management, New York, N.Y.: Free Press, →ISBN, page 44:

Ghrelin is a 28‐amino acid acylated peptide predominantly secreted by the stomach but also by the brain. In mammals, ghrelin stimulates both GH [growth hormone] secretion and appetite, and it is the only GI [gastrointestinal] hormone with confirmed orexigenic properties[…].

2009, Hélène Volkoff, Saraj Unniappan, Scott P. Kelly, “The Endocrine Regulation of Food Intake”, in Nicholas J. Bernier, Glen Van Der Kraak, Anthony P. Farrell, Colin J. Brauner, editors, Fish Neuroendocrinology (Fish Physiology; 28), London, Amsterdam: Academic Press, →ISBN, section 2 (Endocrine Regulation), page 434:

Currently, ghrelin is considered as a “hunger hormone” that signals the brain the need to initiate food consumption. […] After food ingestion, plasma levels of ghrelin drastically decrease. Some but not all studies provided the evidence that in the cephalic phase of food ingestion the vagal efferent system promotes ghrelin secretion[…].

2011, Palmiero Monteleone, “New Frontiers of Endocrinology in Eating Disorders”, in Roger A. H. Adan, Walter H. Kaye, editors, Behavioral Neurobiology of Eating Disorders (Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences; 6), Heidelberg, Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, part III (Genetics, Gender and Heritability), page 194:

That is because sleep affects two appetite-controlling hormones, leptin and ghrelin.

2022 February 26, Ruth Alexander, “The surprising links between what you eat and how well you sleep”, in BBC News, BBC, retrieved 2022-02-27:

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted in the stomach when empty, that increases appetite and secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.


opiomelanocortin

en-noun

opiomelanocortin (countable and uncountable, plural opiomelanocortins)

(biochemistry) A polypeptide, found in the pituitary gland, associated with endorphins and other hormones


cyma

head

cyma (plural cymas or cymae or cymæ or cymata)

cymas (plural)
cymae (plural)
cymæ (plural)
cymata (plural)
sima (alternative)
syma (alternative)
cima (alternative)
scima (alternative)

From New Latin cȳma (“young sprout or shoot of cabbage”) (whence the botanic usage of cyme), from Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “swell, wave”, “cyma”, “sprout of a plant”), from κύω (kúō, “I conceive, I become pregnant”).
For more information, click to expand this box.
Most English coinages on this root are formed on its short stem, κῡμ- (kūm-). The fact that the Ancient Greek etymon only inflects as a third-declension neuter noun has led some writers to prescribe forms that preserve the root’s long stem, κῡματ- (kūmat-), for philological reasons (see, for example, the 1903 and 1908 citations of cymatoscope), but such forms are rare.
Latinate phrases that include cyma, namely cyma inversa, cyma recta, and cyma reversa, show that, when employed as a Latin word, cȳma is treated as a first-declension feminine noun rather than as third-declension neuter consonant-stem noun.
There are several Classical precedents, both from Latin and from Ancient Greek, for formations on the short stem (κῡμ- (kūm-)) of this root, although formations on the long stem (κῡματ- (kūmat-)) are more common in Ancient Greek; consequently, whereas formations on the long stem may be preferable, especially when combined with other Ancient Greek elements, formations on the short stem are by no means incorrect.


polyserositis

From poly- + serositis or poly- + seros(ae) + -itis.

serous membranes
serous membrane#English

(biology, medicine) Inflammation of multiple serosae (serous membranes), as a component of a disease process that is either inherently systemic or has some systemic sequelae.


alarm substance

en-noun

alarm substance (plural alarm substances)

(zoology) A chemical emitted from the skin of a fish after an injury that warns nearby fish of danger.


globin

Borrowed from German Globin, from Latin globus.

(biochemistry) Any globular protein that incorporates a globin fold.

Injuries and conditions that cause an acid pH environment cause the globin (protein) molecule to separate from the ferrihemate (iron-containing) component of the myoglobin molecule.

2005, Sharon G. Childs, “Rhabdomyolysis”, in Orthopaedic Nursing, volume 24, number 6, →PMID, page 445:

Globin switches in yolk sac–like primitive and fetal-like definitive red blood cells produced from human embryonic stem cells [title of article]

2008 February 8, Caihong Qiu, Emmanuel N. Olivier, Michelle Velho, Eric E. Bouhassira, “Globin switches in yolk sac–like primitive and fetal-like definitive red blood cells produced from human embryonic stem cells”, in Blood, volume 111, number 4, →DOI:

The results showed that the globin expression in the erythroid cells in individual clones changed in a time-dependent manner.

2008 October 2, Feng Ma et al., “Generation of functional erythrocytes from human embryonic stem cell-derived definitive hematopoiesis”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, volume 105, number 35, →DOI:

(biochemistry) One of several polypeptides that are the protein components of haemoglobin or myoglobin.


split antigen

(biochemistry) In the testing of cell surface antigens, an antigen that has a more refined or specific cell surface reaction relative to a broad antigen.(Example: HLA-B51 and HLA-B52 are split antigens of HLA-B5)


broad antigen

(biochemistry) In the testing of cell surface antigens, a serological specificity that is poor or broad relative to other specificities and can be defined as 2 or more split antigens.(Example: HLA-B51 and HLA-B52 are split antigens of the HLA-B5 broad antigen)


tryptophan synthetase

(biochemistry) An enzyme found in plants and bacteria, but not in animals, which catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of tryptophan.


velate

Latin velatus, past participle of velare (“to veil”). See veil.


immunohistochemistry

immunohistochemistry (countable and uncountable, plural immunohistochemistries)

immunohistochemistries (plural)
IHC (alternative)

(biology, chemistry) The analytical process of finding proteins in cells of a tissue microtome section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues.


arbovirus

(pathology, virology) Any virus that is transmitted by an arthropod.

arbovirus

any virus that is transmitted by an arthropod


integrase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that integrates viral DNA into that of an infected cell


neurogenesis

(biology) The creation and development of neurons


neurogenin

neurogenin (countable and uncountable, plural neurogenins)

(biology, genetics) A transcription factor involved in the differentiation of neurons


primase

(biochemistry) An RNA polymerase involved in the initiation of DNA synthesis.


virophage

/ˈvaɪɹəfeɪd͡ʒ/

(virology) Any virus that infects other viruses.


hypogeal

en-adj

hypogeal (comparative more hypogeal, superlative most hypogeal)

more hypogeal (comparative)
most hypogeal (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ὑπόγειος (hupógeios) + -al.

affix

grc:ὑπόγειος

(botany, of a cotyledon) Remaining under the surface of the ground after having germinated


sap ball

(botany) Any large fungus of the genus Polyporus.


apiculate

en-adj

apiculate (comparative more apiculate, superlative most apiculate)

more apiculate (comparative)
most apiculate (superlative)

(botany) Having a short, sharply pointed tip.


falcate

falcate (comparative more falcate, superlative most falcate)

more falcate (comparative)
most falcate (superlative)

Latin falx (falc-) (“sickle”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(zoology and botany) Shaped like a sickle.


aerobiosis

(biology) Any form of life that is sustained by the presence of air (or oxygen)


hind wing

hind wings (plural)
hindwing (alternative)

(entomology, in an insect with two pairs of wings) Either member of the pair of wings closer to the tail.


fore wing

fore wings (plural)
forewing (alternative)

hind wing

antonym(s) of “wing closest to the head”

(entomology, in an insect) Either member of the pair of wings closest to the head.


pleon

Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek πλέων (pléōn), present participle of πλεῖν (pleîn, “to sail”); from the fact that it bears the swimming limbs. Alternatively, perhaps in the sense of being longer or extended.


bacterioplankton

en-noun

bacterioplankton (countable and uncountable, plural bacterioplanktons)

(biology) The bacterial component of marine plankton


bacterivory

(biology) The ingestion of bacteria as food or as an energy supply


bacterivore

(biology) Any organism that ingests bacteria, whether as food or as a source of energy.


mixotrophy

Mixoplanktons adopt the mixed trophic strategy called mixotrophy.

(Can we date this quote?), “Plankton”, in Biology Online:

(biology) The derivation of metabolic energy from a combination of photosynthesis and an external energy source.


asymbiosis

(biology) A lack of symbiosis, especially in an organism that otherwise exhibits symbiosis.


presymbiosis

(biology) The stage in the development of an organism during which the necessary biochemical changes are made to allow a move from asymbiosis to symbiosis


biotroph

(biology) Any parasite that cannot survive in a dead host and therefore keeps it alive


mycotrophic

en-adj

mycotrophic (comparative more mycotrophic, superlative most mycotrophic)

more mycotrophic (comparative)
most mycotrophic (superlative)

(botany) Describing any plant that obtains (all or some of) its nutrients through symbiosis with fungi

microtròfic

obtaining one's nutrients through symbiosis with fungi


porin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that cross cellular membranes and act as pores through which small molecules can diffuse


rhizobium

(biology) Any of various bacteria, of the genus Rhizobium, that form nodules on the roots of legumes and fix nitrogen.

(biology, by extension) Any diazotrophic bacterium that can fix nitrogen and form root nodules in legumes.


convertase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that convert a compound into smaller, biologically-active compounds


imaginal disc

1982, John Feltwell, Large White Butterfly: The Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology of Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus), Kluwer Academic (Dr W. Junk Publishers), page 142,
The arrangement of the imaginal discs (buds) in situ in the anterior of the larva of P. brassicae has been illustrated by Gonin (1894) and their development has been shown in a series of six diagrams by Mercier in Portier (1949).

Experiments in which cells have been selectively destroyed by X-irradiation have shown that formation of imaginal discs occurs very early in embryogenesis and at specific sites.

2005, Cedric Gillott, Entomology, 3rd edition, Springer, page 634:

The developing BO^([Bolwig's organ, or larval eye]) is drawn inward at head involution, whereas the future imaginal disc cells invaginate to form a pouch in the late embryo that later forms the eye antenna imaginal disc.

2005, David J. Merritt, “Chapter 7: Evolution and Development of the Dipteran Nervous System”, in Brian Wiegmann, David K. Yeates, editors, The Evolutionary Biology of Flies, Columbia University Press, page 189:

(entomology) Any of several pairs of discs within the body of a larva that become part of the outside during the pupal stage of holometabolism (complete metamorphosis).


degranulation

en-noun

degranulation (countable and uncountable, plural degranulations)

/diːˌɡɹænjəˈleɪʃən/

(biology) The release by certain cells (for example mast cells) of substances (for example histamine) from or as secretory granules.


furin

furin (countable and uncountable, plural furins)

From FUR (acronym of FES Upstream Region) + -in.

(biochemistry) A protease found in certain animal cells


fusarium

From translingual Fusarium, from Latin fusus (“spindle”).

(biology) Any of various fungi, of the genus Fusarium, some of which are pathogenic to plants and animals.


proprotein

(biochemistry) Any protein that is cleaved by a convertase to form a smaller protein or biologically-active polypeptide


sympatric

en-adj

sympatric (comparative more sympatric, superlative most sympatric)

more sympatric (comparative)
most sympatric (superlative)

There is some evidence of sympatric speciation of cichlid fish in small African crater lakes.

2004, Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale, Phoenix, published 2005, page 349:

(biology, genetics) Occurring in the same, or in overlapping, territory, especially of species that do not interbreed.

speciation

living in same territory without interbreeding


allopatric

allopatric (comparative more allopatric, superlative most allopatric)

more allopatric (comparative)
most allopatric (superlative)

The similarly sized Burrowing Owl and Western Screech-Owl were the most allopatric of any species pair considered here; the percentage of similarity in their diets was 67%.

1989, Western Birds, volumes 20-21, page 9:

For example: the body length (varies intra- and inter-specifically in the other genera of the family), the tail shape (similar exceptions are found within the genus Paratrichodorus), the more allopatric distribution (but restricted to South America as are the other monodelphic species), to a lesser extent the position of the secretory-excretory pore (similar as in three species of Paratrichodorus, but showing variation as in some specimens of e.g. P. Anthurii where the position of the S-E pore shows a wide intraspecific variability), the absence of caudal pores (exceptions are also found in Paratrichodorus).

1995, W. Decraemer, The Family Trichodoridae: Stubby Root and Virus Vector Nematodes, page 36:

2012, Paul Wilson, 1: Macroevolition for plant reproductive biologists, Sébastien Patiny, Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships, page 20,
An exception that proves the rule is that the ranges of species in Selaginella, a heterosporous pteridophyte, tend to be much smaller and more allopatric (Valdespino 1993).

(biology) Not living in the same territory; geographically isolated and thus unable to crossbreed.


xerophytic

(botany) Of, pertaining to, or being a xerophyte


peripatric

peripatric (comparative more peripatric, superlative most peripatric)

more peripatric (comparative)
most peripatric (superlative)

peripatrinen

living in overlapping territories wothout interbreeding

(biology) Living in overlapping territories.

(genetics, biology) Living in overlapping territories without interbreeding.


strobilus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek στρόβιλος (stróbilos). According to Liddell and Scott, 8th ed. 1882: of various meanings such as a pine-cone, something screwed up into a lump like a pine-cone, a pine tree and more.

(botany) A cone-shaped fruiting body sensu stricto of gymnosperms and vascular plants other than angiosperms, bearing either seeds or spores, but sensu lato may refer to similarly structured catkins and cones in angiosperms; usage arbitrary according to preferences of various authorities.

(botany) Sensu strictissimo a more-or-less cone-shaped fruiting body of any of various vascular Pteridophyta, such as horsetail, that bear spores;

(botany) Sensu stricto according to source and context, a more-or-less cone-shaped fruiting body; a structure that might or might not be seen as an infructescence, usually woody, of either Pteridophyta or gymnosperms such as pines and cycads, that bear seeds — usage has varied arbitrarily among authors since the 19th century.

The strobilus in Selaginella is the sporangia-bearing region of the sporophyte. The sporangia arise in the axils of leaves called the sporophylls.

2006, Anil Kumar, Botany for Degree Pteridophyta, S. Chand Publishing, →ISBN:

As a term, female strobilus refers to the stage prior to pollination... The strobilus emerges slowly from its bud then its scales flex open. Once pollinated the strobilus now becomes a conelet. At fertilization the conelet becomes a cone.

2009, Claire G. Williams, Conifer Reproductive Biology, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:

(botany) Sensu lato according to source and context, A more-or-less cone-shaped fruiting body; a structure that might or might not be seen as an infructescence of either Pteridophyta, gymnosperms, or angiosperms; examples include the cones of Casuarina, or catkin-like strobili of Alnus

(zoology) A strobila, a layered reproductive stage in jellyfish, in which the swimming medusa form is produced.


SRS

en-noun

SRS (countable and uncountable, plural SRSes)

small RNA sequencing
small RNA sequencing#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of small RNA sequencing.


farinose

en-adj

farinose (comparative more farinose, superlative most farinose)

more farinose (comparative)
most farinose (superlative)

Borrowed from Late Latin farīnōsus, from Latin farīna.

(botany, zoology) Covered with a sort of white, mealy powder, like the leaves of some poplars, and the body of certain insects; mealy


endopodite

(biology) The innermost of two processes attached to the basal process of the limbs of some Crustacea.


autocide

en-noun

autocide (countable and uncountable, plural autocides)

Five different autocides have been isolated from Myxococcus xanthus.

2001, “Myxococcales”, in David R. Boone et al., editors, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, →ISBN, page 1065:

(bacteriology) A substance produced by a bacterium that is fatal to that bacterium.


syngenesious

(botany, archaic or very rare) synantherous


disbudding

disbudding (countable and uncountable, plural disbuddings)

(veterinary) In the raising of domesticated animals with horns, such as goats, sheep, and cows, the removal of the undeveloped horns from a young animal.


biopathology

(biology) The pathology (study of the diseases) of organs, tumours and similar biological structures


deubiquitinating

(biochemistry) That cleaves ubiquitin/protein bonds.


deubiquitination

(biochemistry) The cleavage of ubiquitin from protein


immunogenetics

(immunology, genetics) The study of the genetic basis for the immune response, and of the relationships between genetics and immunity from disease


isotype

(botany, taxonomy) A duplicate specimen of the holotype, from the same genetic individual.


mononuclear

(biology) A cell having a single nucleus.


phosphorylatable

en-adj

phosphorylatable (comparative more phosphorylatable, superlative most phosphorylatable)

more phosphorylatable (comparative)
most phosphorylatable (superlative)

(biochemistry) Capable of being phosphorylated


rhizobacterium

This study aimed to find out the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter vinelandii) either alone or in combination with different doses of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers on growth, seed yield, and oil quality of Brassica carinata (L.) cv. Peela Raya.

2013 October 4, Asia Nosheen, Asghari Bano, Faizan Ullah, “Bioinoculants: A sustainable approach to maximize the yield of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.) under low input of chemical fertilizers”, in Toxicology and Industrial Health, →DOI, →PMID, Abstract:

(ecology) Any bacterium that has a symbiotic relationship with legumes via its rhizomes


seroreactivity

en-noun

seroreactivity (countable and uncountable, plural seroreactivities)

(biology) The reactivity of blood serum, especially to a virus.


acidopore

(zoology, rare) A conical structure with a small terminal opening, at the posterior end of an ant’s gaster through which it sprays formic acid and associated hydrocarbons, collectively comprising the venom. This structure is unique to, but characteristic of all members of the ant subfamily Formicinae.


giraffe weevil

It derives its name from an extended neck, much like that of the common giraffe.

(entomology) A weevil (Trachelophorus giraffa) endemic to Madagascar.