sustainability

sustainability (countable and uncountable, plural sustainabilities)

[səˌstæɪnəˈbɪlɪɾi]

None of the processing happens out in the open ocean, said Gaurav Sant, an Equatic founder and professor of sustainability at UCLA, “this is important because it allows you to measure everything that you’re doing perfectly.”

2024 April 21, Laura Paddison, “Can this ocean-based carbon plant help save the world? Some scientists are raising red flags”, in CNN:

(ecology) A means of configuring civilization and human activity so that society, its members and its economies are able to meet their needs and express their greatest potential in the present, while preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems, planning and acting for the ability to maintain these necessary resources for future generations.


phosphatase

en-noun

phosphatase (countable and uncountable, plural phosphatases)

These results are in accordance with the observations of Pirani et al., who found that in normal pregnancy there was no correlation between serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase activity and crude baby weight or placental weight.

2018, A.S. Curry, Biochemistry of Women Methods, page 241:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze phosphate esters, and are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and phospholipids, and in the formation of bone.

磷酸酶

an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate esters


phospholipase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphate ester bonds of phospholipids.


commensal

From Middle English commensal, from Old French commensal, from Medieval Latin commensālis, from com- + mensa (“table”) + -ālis.

(ecology) Of a form of symbiosis in which one organism derives a benefit while the other is unaffected.


commensal

The tree did indeed grow right out of the algae, as I had seen from the lifeboat. There was not the least trace of soil. Either there was soil deeper down, or this species of tree was a remarkable instance of a commensal or a parasite.

2001, Yann Martel, Life of Pi, Canongate, published 2003, →ISBN, page 260:

(ecology) An organism partaking in a commensal relationship.


auxin

auxin (countable and uncountable, plural auxins)

From Ancient Greek αὐξάνειν (auxánein, “to grow”).

der

In Arabidopsis roots, cold stress may reduce shootward auxin transport and alter the intracellular auxin gradient.

2015 July 2, Yang Y-W, Chen H-C, Jen W-F, Liu L-Y, Chang M-C, “Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shoots and Roots of TNG67 and TCN1 Rice Seedlings under Cold Stress and Following Subsequent Recovery: Insights into Metabolic Pathways, Phytohormones, and Transcription Factors”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and cytokinins, during the proembryogenic early stages, and ethylene and gibberellic and abscisic acids later in the development of somatic embryos.

2015 August 18, Clelia De-la-Peña et al., “The role of chromatin modifications in somatic embryogenesis in plants”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

(botany, biochemistry) A class of plant growth substance (often called phytohormones or plant hormones) which play an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant life cycle.


constitutively

(biochemistry, of a metabolic process) at a constant rate regardless of physiological demand


scur

(veterinary) A distorted horn, regrown after the disbudding operation of a goat, sheep, or cow.


pleochroism

en-noun

pleochroism (countable and uncountable, plural pleochroisms)

pleochroisms (plural)
pleochromism (alternative)

(biology) The presence of various colours in the cell wall.


lignify

en-verb

lignify (third-person singular simple present lignifies, present participle lignifying, simple past and past participle lignified)

lignifies (present singular third-person)
lignifying (participle present)
lignified (participle past)
lignified (past)

(intransitive, botany) To develop woody tissue as a result of incrustation of lignin during secondary growth.


convolute

en-adj

convolute (comparative more convolute, superlative most convolute)

more convolute (comparative)
most convolute (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin convolūtum, past participle of convolvere (“to roll together”).

(botany, of a leaf) Coiled such that one edge is inside, and one outside the coil, giving a spiral effect in cross section.


papovavirus

(archaic, virology) Any of the former family Papovaviridae, now split into the Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae families, of viruses that cause papillomas or polyomas in animals.


diakinetic

(biology) of, relating to, or produced by diakinesis


dysgenic

dysgenic (comparative more dysgenic, superlative most dysgenic)

more dysgenic (comparative)
most dysgenic (superlative)

From dys- + -genic, produced from New Latin dys- from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) and γένος (génos, “offspring”).

(genetics, medicine) Of or relating to, or causing degeneration or deterioration in offspring.

(genetics, medicine) Of or relating to dysgenics.


protandry

(biology) The condition in which an organism begins life as a male and then changes into a female.

(botany) The condition of flowers whose male parts mature before the female ones.

(ecology) The emergence of males before females from dormancy, or more rapid development of male brood leading to their appearance earlier in a season.


protogyny

(biology) The condition in which an organism begins life as a female and then changes into a male.

(botany) The condition of flowers whose female parts mature before the male ones.

(ecology) The emergence of females before males from dormancy, or more rapid development of female brood leading to their appearance earlier in a season.


crampon

(botany) An aerial rootlet for support in climbing, as of ivy.


congenic

(genetics) (of different strains of an organism) That are genetically identical except for a variation in a limited genetic region or locus


DNA sequence

(genetics) The string of base pairs (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) which, when arranged in triplets to form codons, create a DNA string which encodes polypeptides.


buttress

buttresses (plural)
buttrice (alternative)

From Old French ars bouterez (noun, literally “supporting arcs”), from bouterez (adjective), oblique plural of bouteret (rare in the singular), from Frankish *bôtan, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną (“to push”). Ultimately cognate with beat.


fragmentation

en-noun

fragmentation (countable and uncountable, plural fragmentations)

/ˌfɹæɡmənˈteɪt͡ʃən/

/ˌfɹæɡmənˈtæɪt͡ʃən/

asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction

(biology) A form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism splits into one or more pieces. Those pieces then become new individuals.


doodlebug

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-doodlebug.wav

(entomology) An antlion larva (Myrmeleontidae).

(entomology, UK) A cockchafer (genus Melolontha).

Common names for woodlice vary throughout the English-speaking world. They include roly-poly, pill bug (usually applied only to the genus Armadillidium), sow bug, doodle bug, carpenter (Newfoundland),[…] cheesybug (Kent), and cheeselog.

2018 June 25, “Pillbugs”, in Niles Biological, Inc.:


baldie

The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States. Plus the bird is endangered. So, yeah, I'd probably have a problem with sitting down to a plate of baldie for dinner.

1999 August 15, Staca Hiatt, “Re: Anyone ever tried emu?”, in alt.support.diet.low-fat (Usenet):

They are almost always accompanied by immature bald eagles that, although about the same size as a mature baldie, have a darkened head and mottled feathers.

2010, Bruce Squiers, “Winter's Majesty”, in Marty Becker, Gina Spadafori, Mikkel Becker Shannon, editors, The Ultimate Bird Lover: Stories and Advice on Our Feathered Friends at Home and in the Wild, Health Communications, Inc., →ISBN, page 161:

Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Haliaeetus leucocephalus#Translingual

(birdwatching, slang) A bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).


hot-blooded

en-adj

hot-blooded (comparative more hot-blooded or hotter-blooded, superlative most hot-blooded or hottest-blooded)

more hot-blooded (comparative)
hotter-blooded (comparative)
most hot-blooded (superlative)
hottest-blooded (superlative)
hotblooded (alternative)

For my own part, judging from experiments ranging from the cold-blooded to the hottest-blooded animals—from the alligator to the common fowl—I am constrained to say, that after decapitation, the sensational phenomena and voluntary motion are far more strongly indicated in the headless body, than in the separated head.

1851 June, Bennet Dowler, Experimental Researches, Illustrative of the Functional Oneness, Unity, and Diffusion, of Nervous Action; in Opposition to the Anatomical Assumption, of Four Sets of Nerves, and a Fourfold Set of Functions, and Transmitted Impressions; […], New Orleans, La.: […] Joseph Cohn, […], pages 16–17:

By taking little or no exercise, in passing most of the time in sleep, and residing in a tropical climate, or in a temperate one during the hottest summer months, while the experiment lasts, it will be found that the system needs but little food, the waste of the tissues being reduced to a minimum, and there being but little need for the heat produced on account of the high temperature of the surroundings. By living in this way, man can transform himself almost into a cold-blooded or hot-blooded hibernating animal.

1887, Henry C[adwalader] Chapman, “Food”, in Treatise on Human Physiology. For the Use of Students and Practitioners of Medicine., Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea Brothers & Co., page 85:

Most hot-blooded animals cannot sweat as we do to get rid of excess body heat, so big “radiator” ears are a common desert adaptation.

1992, Diana Kappel-Smith, Desert Time: A Journey Through the American Southwest, Tucson, Ariz.: The University of Arizona Press, →ISBN, page 109:


chlorosis

en-noun

chlorosis (countable and uncountable, plural chloroses)

From international scientific vocabulary, from New Latin; by surface analysis, chlor- + -osis, where chlor- in this instance refers to pale yellow-green colorations and not to chlorine.

Chlorosis (medicine)
Chlorosis (plant disorder)

jaundice

also involves pale and yellowish complexions

en:yellowing of plants from chlorophyll disturbances

(botany, phytopathology, uncountable) A yellowing of plant tissue due to loss or absence of chlorophyll.


heteronomous

en-adj

heteronomous (comparative more heteronomous, superlative most heteronomous)

more heteronomous (comparative)
most heteronomous (superlative)

/ˌhɛtəˈɹɒnəməs/

(biology, of parts of an organism) Differing in development or in specialization.


aphyllous

19th century, from New Latin aphyllus, from Ancient Greek ἄφυλλος (áphullos, “leafless”) (ἀ- (a-) + φύλλον (phúllon)).


guanylic acid

guanosine monophosphate
guanosine monophosphate

(biochemistry) the nucleotide guanosine monophosphate formed during protein synthesis


guanylate

From guanylic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of guanylic acid; the salts are used as flavour enhancers.


inosinic acid

(biochemistry) a nucleotide, inosine phosphate, found in muscle tissue


ching

en-noun

ching (countable and uncountable, plural chings)

(zoology) A high-pitched mating call made by the male kakapo.


ching

en-verb

ching (third-person singular simple present chings, present participle chinging, simple past and past participle chinged)

chings (present singular third-person)
chinging (participle present)
chinged (participle past)
chinged (past)

(zoology, intransitive) Of the male kakapo: to make its high-pitched mating call.


globose

en-adj

globose (comparative more globose, superlative most globose)

more globose (comparative)
most globose (superlative)
globous (alternative)

From Latin globosus (“round as a ball, spherical, globular”).

uder

(anatomy or botany) Having a globular form.


specific epithet

en-noun

specific epithet (plural specific epithets)

Holonyms: species name (the binomial unit), binominal name, binomial name

(taxonomy) The second (uncapitalized) word in the scientific name of a species, following the name of the genus.

種名 /种名

(taxonomy) second word in the scientific name of a species


TR

thioredoxin reductase
w:thioredoxin reductase

(biochemistry) Initialism of thioredoxin reductase.


parvclass

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below infraclass and above order.


regulator

منظِّم

device that controls or limits something

(genetics) A gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.


LAMP

LAMP (countable and uncountable, plural LAMPs)

(genetics) Acronym of loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

(cytology) Acronym of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein.


papain

papain (countable and uncountable, plural papains)

Attested since the late 1800s. From papaya + -in.

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme in papaya fruit which can be used to tenderize meat.


whorl

(botany) A circle of three or more leaves, flowers, or other organs, about the same part or joint of a stem.

венче

circle of three or more leaves, flowers, or other organs.

(zoology) A volution, or turn, of the spire of a univalve shell.


weel

weels (plural)
weal (alternative dialectal)

From Middle English wele, wyle, welle, likely a fusion of Old Norse vél ("device"; compare Icelandic vél (“a contrivance to catch fish”)) and Middle English welwe, wilwe (“a weir, trap, or other device made of willow branches”), from Old English wilige, wylige (“basket”), related to Old English welig (“willow”).

gloss

"device"; compare Icelandic <i class="Latn mention" lang="is">vél</i> (“a contrivance to catch fish”)

(botany) An arrangement of hairs that keeps insects out of flowers.


ALP

alkaline phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of alkaline phosphatase.


dehiscent

en-adj

dehiscent (comparative more dehiscent, superlative most dehiscent)

more dehiscent (comparative)
most dehiscent (superlative)

From Latin dehiscentem, present participle of dehiscō (“I divide, split open, gape”), from hiscō (“I yawn, gape”).

(botany) Which dehisces or presents dehiscence


decussate

decussate (comparative more decussate, superlative most decussate)

more decussate (comparative)
most decussate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin decussātus from decussāre (“to divide crosswise, arrange crosswise or mark with a cross”), from decussis (“a 10 asses coin”), from decem (“ten”) + as (“a Roman coin”). Based on the cross marking on the decussis coin.

(zoology) Having anatomical structures or markings crossing each other, typically in an X shape or at right angles.

Juniperites, ju-ne-per-i′tis, s[ubstantive]. A genus of fossil plants, in which the branches are ranged irregularly; leaves short, obtuse, inserted by a broad base, opposite, decussate, and arranged in four rows.

1849, John Craig, “Juniperites”, in A New Universal Etymological, Technological, and Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, Embracing All the Terms Used in Art, Science, and Literature, volumes II (Jac–Zyt), London: Published (for the proprietors,) by Henry George Collins, 22 Paternoster Row, →OCLC, page 15:

(botany) Having opposite leaves arranged alternately at right angles.


biogeography

en-noun

biogeography (countable and uncountable, plural biogeographies)

(biology, geography, uncountable) The study of the geographical distribution of living things.

biogeografie

study of geographical distribution of living things

First, any international traveler knows that many pathogenic microbes, both viral and bacterial, have distinct biogeographies.

2004, Brian P. Hedlund, James T. Staley, “Microbial Endemism and Biogeography”, in Alan T. Bull, editor, Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting, →ISBN, page 225:

(biology, geography, countable) The geographical distribution of a particular living thing.


pachysandra

From the New Latin genus name, equivalent to English pachy-, from Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús) [Term?].

(botany) A genus, Pachysandra, of four or five species of evergreen shrubs or subshrubs, belonging to the boxwood family, Buxaceae, used ornamentally as groundcover.


hygroscopic

en-adj

hygroscopic (comparative more hygroscopic, superlative most hygroscopic)

more hygroscopic (comparative)
most hygroscopic (superlative)

The tissues of Ralfsia are dense and the cells are extremely hygroscopic. The plants may become almost crisp dry in the sun, yet remain alive and continue growth with the first splash of the incoming tide.

1966, E. Yale Dawson, Seashore Plants of Southern Califonria, 3rd printing, Berkley: University of California Press, published 1975, →ISBN, →LCCN, pages 23–24:

All fertilizers tested are drillable at relative humidities below 50 per cent, but no fertilizer remains drillable when exposed to a humidity above its hygroscopic point.

1930, Experiment Station Record - Volume 63, page 582:

(physical chemistry, botany) Readily taking up and retaining water, especially from the atmosphere.


invaginate

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-invaginate.wav

From Medieval Latin invāgīnātus, past participle of Medieval Latin invāgīnāre, from in- + vāgīna (“sheath”).

(biology) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion.


autotroph

/ˈɔːtə(ʊ)tɹəʊf/

/ˈɔtəˌtɹoʊf/

From auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 7, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(ecology) Any organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy.

独立栄養生物

どくりつえいようせいぶつ


aptamer

From Latin aptus (“apt, proper”) + -mer (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part, portion”); compare mero-).

uder

Aptamers are oligomers of RNA or DNA that spontaneously fold into specific three-dimensional shapes that can bind defined targets. The specificity of the shape of the binding site arises from the base sequence of the aptamer, which determines the base-pairing pattern of the oligomer.

2005, (US) National Research Council, Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks, page 117:

2009, Corinne Ravelet, Eric Peyrin, Chapter 10: Aptamers in Affinity Separations: Stationary Separation, Yingfu Li, Yi Lu (editors), Functional Nucleic Acids for Analytical Applications, page 271,
The use of DNA or RNA aptamers as tools in analytical chemistry is a very promising field of research because of their capabilities to bind specifically the target molecules with an affinity similar to that of antibodies.

The field of aptamer research is also more targeted, with many more catalytic aptamers being examined rather than for binding alone.

2010, Dabid Loakes, “Nucleotides an Nucleic Acids; Oligo- and Polynucleotides”, in D. W. Allen, J. C. Tebby, John C. Tebby, David Loakes, editors, Organophosphorus Chemistry, page 144:

2015, Caroli J et al, "APTANI: a computational tool to select aptamers through sequence-structure motif analysis of HT-SELEX data", Bioinformatics, 32 (2): 161-164, "3 Results".
To test APTANI performances and validate its findings, we analyzed a sequence library corresponding to an HT-SELEX experiment designed to isolate aptamers specific for murine IL4Ra (Roth et al., 2012).

(biochemistry, genetics) Any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein, selected from a large random sequence-pool, used to bind to a specific target molecule.

aptameeri

any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein used to bind to a specific target molecule


cornstalk

Holonym: cornfield

As we all know, witches ride through the air on a broom, but sometimes their means of locomotion was a bulrush, a branch of thorn, mullein stalks, cornstalk, or ragweed, called fairies' horse in Ireland.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 267:

(botany) The tough, fibrous stalk of a corn (maize) plant, often ground for silage after harvest.

tarmu

the tough, fibrous stalk of a corn (maize) plant

(botany) A single specimen of a corn plant once past the seedling stage and which may, at maturity, bear multiple ears of corn.


aad

alloxazine adenine dinucleotide
alloxazine adenine dinucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of alloxazine adenine dinucleotide.


prickle

(botany) On various plants, such as roses and Vachellia, sharp, hard extensions of the cortex and epidermis, informally called "thorns" in colloquial speech.


frameshift mutation

en-noun

frameshift mutation (countable and uncountable, plural frameshift mutations)

(genetics) A genetic mutation that either inserts or deletes a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three (i.e., a non-integer number of codons), altering the reading frame of the portion of the gene downstream of the mutation and causing it to code for a completely different protein sequence.


acoel

From group name Acoela, from Ancient Greek ἄκοιλος (ákoilos, “not hollow”).

der

Acoels have no brain or ganglia but a network of nerves beneath the skin that is slightly more concentrated towards the front end.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 89:

(zoology) A member of the Acoela group of marine flatworms, which lack a digestive cavity with definite walls.


paedophage

(zoology) An organism that eats or consumes the young of other species.


parallelism

en-noun

parallelism (countable and uncountable, plural parallelisms)

From parallel + -ism and from Late Latin parallelismus.

(biology) Similarity of features between two species resulting from their having taken similar evolutionary paths following their initial divergence from a common ancestor.


subsection

(taxonomy, zoology) An informal taxonomic category below section and above family.

(taxonomy, botany) A taxonomic rank below section and above species.


flagellum

flagellum (plural flagella or flagellums or (proscribed) flagellae)

flagella (plural)
flagellums (plural)
flagellae (plural proscribed)

From Latin flagellum (“whip”), diminutive of flagrum, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlag- (“to strike”).

der

(biology) In protists, a long, whiplike membrane-enclosed organelle used for locomotion or feeding.

(biology) In bacteria, a long, whiplike proteinaceous appendage, used for locomotion.


GHB

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) Initialism of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, often used as a date rape drug.


ramus

(biology) A branching, as of nerves or blood vessels.

(ornithology) The stem of a barb of a feather, from which the barbules extend.


honey plant

honey plants (plural)
honey-plant (alternative)

HOYA CORIACEA. Thick leaved Hoya. […] Those of our readers unacquainted with the genus will, perhaps, understand us better by saying, that this is a kind of honey plant, familiar to most persons, with its waxy white flowers, and often grown in windows. The Hoya coriacea appears to be a thicker foliaged plant, stronger in its stem, and perhaps less inclined to become a twiner or creeper than the common honey plant.

1839 May, “Notices of New Plants”, in Robert Marnock, editor, The Floricultural Magazine, and Miscellany of Gardening, volume III, number XXXVI, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., […]; Sheffield, South Yorkshire: G. Ridge, page 286:

Hoya carnosa (Thick-leaved).—Foliage large, flowers in large drooping corymbs; they are of a pinkish-white colour, and contain, or rather yield, drops of pure sweet honey; hence this fine old plant is known as the Honey plant.

1855 June 5, T. Appleby, “Plants for Baskets”, in George W. Johnson, Robert Hogg, editors, The Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman’s Companion: A Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany, and Natural History, volume XIV, number CCCXLIX, London: Published for the proprietors, […], →OCLC, page 161, column 2:

The flowers [of the Hoya carnosa] are produced in umbels on short stems sometimes as many as a dozen on a stem; in the centre of each flower there is, as it were, a drop of thick liquid distilled, which if tasted has the luscious flavor of honey; hence the plant in England and Scotland goes under the name of Honey Plant; but quite the reverse in this country, where it is called Wax Plant.

1875 August, Roderick Campbell, “Hoya”, in Thomas Meehan, editor, The Gardener’s Monthly: Devoted to Horticulture, Arboriculture & Rural Affairs, volume XVII (Old Series; volume VIII (New Series)), number 8, Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, publisher, […], page 234, column 1:

Hoya carnosa (honey-plant). Although this is a hot-house plant it can be grown in the window of the sitting-room, and I have grown and flowered it exceedingly well in an ordinary greenhouse; […]

1876, Samuel Wood, “Division III. The Flower Garden.”, in A Plain Guide to Good Gardening: Or How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers: […], 2nd edition, London: Crosby Lockwood & Co., […], →OCLC, book I (Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower Gardens), section 6 (Window Gardening), page 130:

Hoya imperialis […] Honey plant.

2006, “House Plants”, in Dennis R. Pittenger, editor, Retail Garden Center Manual (University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication; 3492), Oakland, Calif.: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services, →ISBN, table 4.3 (Plants for Specific Indoor Gardening Uses), page 66:

(botany) The name of a number of not closely related plants.

A plant of the genus Hoya, especially the porcelainflower or waxplant (Hoya carnosa) from the tendency for excess nectar to drip from its flowers.

Honey-plant [Melissa officinalis L[innaeus] [i.e., Carl Linnaeus] (family Lamiaceae)] contains a very low concentration of essential oil in leaves (0.02–0.2 vol%).

2003, Stjepan Pepeljnjak, Ivan Kosalec, Zdenka Kalodera, Danica Kuštrak, “Natural Antimycotics from Croatian Plants”, in Mahendra Rai, Donatella Mares, editors, Plant-derived Antimycotics: Current Trends and Future Prospects, Binghamton, N.Y.: Food Products Press, The Haworth Press, →ISBN, page 66:

Honey plant [Honey-plant] – Melissa officinalis L., […]

2015, “H”, in Elaine Nowick, compiler, Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants, with Scientific Names Index, volume 1 (Common Names), Lincoln, Neb.: Zea Books, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries, →ISBN, page 195:

Melissa officinalis
Melissa officinalis#Translingual

A plant of the genus Melissa, especially lemon balm (Melissa officinalis).

English name: Honey Plant […] Species and varieties: Ammi majus L. […]

2004, Azhar Ali Farooqi, B. S. Sreeramu, “Medicinal Crops [Honey Plant]”, in Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, revised edition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India: Universities Press (India), →ISBN, page 156:

Ammi majus Linnaeus […] in English: bishop's flower, bishop's weed, bullwort, crow's foot, devil's carrot, false Queen Anne's lace, greater ammi, herb william, honey plant, lace flower, large bulwort, mayweed, Queen Anne's lace, toothpick ammi

2012, Umberto Quattrocchi, “Ammi L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)”, in CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: […], Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 244, column 2:

false Queen Anne's lace
false Queen Anne's lace

Bishop's weed or false Queen Anne's lace (Ammi majus).

isosudenporkkana

Ammi majus — see also false Queen Anne's lace


radiation biology

(physics, biology) The study of the effect of ionizing and nonionizing radiation on biological systems.


cryptozoologist

From crypto- + zoologist or cryptozoology + -ist.

(cryptozoology) One who studies cryptozoology.


dropper

(botany) The young bulb of a tulip, not of flowering size.


cystine

en-noun

cystine (countable and uncountable, plural cystines)

From Ancient Greek κύστις (kústis, “bladder”), where it was found.

uder

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine; it contains two cysteine residues linked by a disulfide bond.


papilla

Borrowed from Latin papilla (“a nipple, teat”).

(botany) A small fleshy projection on a plant.


internode

(botany) A section of stem between two stem nodes.


sweating

en-noun

sweating (countable and uncountable, plural sweatings)

From Middle English sweting, swetynge, equivalent to sweat + -ing (gerund ending).


volute

From French volute, from Italian voluta, from Latin volūta, from the feminine of volūtus, perfect passive participle of volvō. Doublet of vault.

(zoology) The spirals or whorls on a gastropod's shell.

Common shells include frog-shells, distorsios, volutes, tulips, murex, cones, olives, marginellas, cowries, augers and the Florida horse conch, the state's official shell, which can grow up to 24in (6 1 cm) long.

2002, Don Philpott, Florida: Gulf Coast, page 16:

(zoology) Any marine gastropod of the family Volutidae.


murine

From Latin stem, mur-, of mus (“mouse”) + -ine.


AMP

AMP (countable and uncountable, plural AMPs)

adenosine monophosphate
adenosine monophosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosine monophosphate.

antimicrobial peptide
antimicrobial peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of antimicrobial peptide.


adenosine monophosphate

adenosine monophosphate (plural adenosine monophosphates)

adenosine monophosphates (plural)
AMP (abbreviation)

adenosine diphosphate
adenosine diphosphate

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide, found in all animal muscle cells, reversibly convertible to adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate.


vitamin A

(biochemistry) Any of several closely related fat-soluble vitamins that are essential for normal vision; retinol.

فِيتَامِين أَلِف

any fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision


vitamin A acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) Synonym of retinoic acid.


vitamin B

(biochemistry) Any member of the vitamin B complex.


retinol

retinol (countable and uncountable, plural retinols)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A fat-soluble carotenoid vitamin (vitamin A), present in fish oils and green vegetables, essential to normal vision and to bone development.


stigmatic

en-adj

stigmatic (comparative more stigmatic, superlative most stigmatic)

more stigmatic (comparative)
most stigmatic (superlative)

(botany, anatomy) Having or relating to a stigma or stigmata.


tibiiform

(mycology) Of a cystidium: almost ventricose and having a long narrow neck with an apex that is swollen into a knob, like a tibia bone.


vitamin B3

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) niacin


vitamin B12

(biochemistry) The compound cobalamin or cyanocobalamin.


biotin

en-noun

biotin (countable and uncountable, plural biotins)

Borrowed from German Biotin, from Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos, “life”) + the suffix -in.

(biochemistry) A sulfur-containing member of the vitamin B complex, 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid, found in liver, egg yolk, milk, and yeast, essential to the activity of multiple enzyme systems.


cyanocobalamin

cyanocobalamin (usually uncountable, plural cyanocobalamins)

The cyanocobalamin molecule contains the element cobalt (Co). Cattle and sheep grazing areas deficient in this element develop vitamin B12 deficiency, as the rumen microorganisms are then unable to manufacture the vitamin.

2013, David Frape, Equine Nutrition and Feeding, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A synthetic form of vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).


vitamin D

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-vitamin D.wav

From vitamin + D (“4th letter”). From being the fourth vitamin discovered. Coined in 1922 by Elmer McCollum, who discovered the vitamin.

(biochemistry) Any of a number of fat-soluble vitamins, required for normal bone development and that prevents rickets; can be manufactured in the skin on exposure to sunlight.


vitamin D1

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol and lumisterol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D2

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol or calciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D3

(biochemistry) Cholecalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D4

(biochemistry) Dihydroergocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D5

(biochemistry) Sitocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


heterogenous

(genetics) derived from a different individual or species


norovirus

/ˈnɒɹə(ʊ)vaɪɹəs/

The norovirus causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramping.

(virology) Norovirus, the genus of Norwalk virus, which causes gastric distress in humans.


laccase

laccase (countable and uncountable, plural laccases)

Higushi (54) reported on mushroom phenol oxidase prepared by the method of Freudenberg and its use for oxidation of coniferyl alcohol and related compounds and demonstrated that the enzyme product was a mixture of tyrosinase and laccase.

1962, Forest Products Journal, volume 12, page 142:

(biochemistry) Any of several copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in plants and microorganisms.


dehiscence

dehiscence (countable and uncountable, plural dehiscences)

From New Latin dehiscentia (in Linnaeus), from Latin dehiscentem, present participle of dehiscō. By surface analysis, dehisce + -ence.

(botany) Opening of an organ by its own means (such as an anther or a seed pod) to release its contents.

dehiszentzia

(botany) opening of an organ by its own means


lignum

(botany) Dead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens.


loculus

(zoology) One of the spaces between the septa in the Anthozoa.

(botany) One of the compartments of a several-celled ovary.


allometry

/ˈæləˌmɛtɹɪ/

Some organs may grow faster than the rest of the body so that their size increases not only in absolute terms, but also relatively to the rest of the body, which is positive allometry; or they may grow more slowly than the rest of the body, and so decrease in relative size, which is negative allometry.

1983 May 5, Paul Harvey, Tim Clutton-Brock, “The Survival of the Theory”, in New Scientist, volume 98, number 1356, London: New Science Publications, →ISSN, page 313:

(biology) Disproportionate growth of a part of a living organism in relation to the whole.

alometria

disproportionate growth of a part of a living organism in relation to the whole

(biology) The science studying the differential growth rates of the parts of a living organism.

异速生长

the science studying the differential growth rates of body parts


silverback

To be clear, there’s no reason to hate the actual Harambe. After the silverback gorilla was shot and killed at the Cincinnati Zoo in 2016, people used “RIP Harambe” to… comment on the irony of why we mourn animals but are quick to blame humans?

2019 December 31, AJ Willingham, “All the trends we loved and hated in the 2010s”, in CNN:

(mammalogy) A mature male gorilla leading a troop, so named from the silver streaking on its back.


multiple allelism

(genetics) The state of having three or more alleles, or distinctive forms of a gene.


protease

/ˈpɹəʊtɪeɪz/

As a matter of fact the casein protease digests boiled and coagulated serum far more easily than unboiled serum, as set forth by the following experiments.

1903 November 2, S. G. Hedin, “On the presence of a proteolytic enzyme in the normal serum of the ox”, in The Journal of Physiology, volume 30, number 2, page 195:

All were tested for their ability to clot milk and to hydrolyze denatured hemoglobin, egg albumin, protamine (salmon), histone (calf thymus), and benzoyl-l-arginineamide. In no case was any trace of protease activity detected.

1948 September 20, Margaret R. McDonald, “A method for the preparation of "protease-free" crystalline ribonuclease”, in Journal of General Physiology, volume 32, number 1, page 39:

For our purposes, it is sufficient to note that dysregulation of desquamatory protease activity in the SC is often involved in conditions of compromised skin barrier.

2015, Raja Sivamani, Jared R. Jagdeo, Peter Elsner, Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that cuts or cleaves proteins.

蛋白質分解酵素

たんぱくしつぶんかいこうそ


exaptation

exaptation (countable and uncountable, plural exaptations)

Elisabeth Vrba
Stephen Jay Gould
exaptation

Blend of ex- + adaptation. Coined 1982 by palaeontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Elisabeth Vrba to avoid the perceived teleological baggage of the existing term preadaptation.

Birds initially developed wings and feathers as a means of heat regulation. The use of wings for flight is an example of exaptation.

I believe that Stephen Gould and Elizabeth Vrba were correct in proposing exaptation as a missing term in evolutionary biology. I want to make a distinction between adaptation and exaptation here. Again it is about mechanistic differences. An exaptation can be viewed as the acquisition of a new and useful function once the novelty has spread and once the environment has changed.

2000, Gabriel A. Dover, Dear Mr. Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature, University of California Press, page 226:

These presumed exaptations can be assigned to major categories associated with theories of movement (Nathan et al. 2008). In table 1.2, we list five categories of exaptations that we believe make resident birds possessing them preadapted for migration.

2013, John H. Rappole, The Avian Migrant: The Biology of Bird Migration, Columbia University Press, page 22:

An interesting consequence of this way of characterizing exaptations is that whether or not a trait counts as an exaptation depends upon how we describe it. Human legs are adaptations for locomotion, but exaptations for walking.

2013, Heather Dyke, James MacLaurin, “30: Evolutionary Explanations of Temporal Experience”, in Adrian Bardon, Heather Dyke, editors, A Companion to the Philosophy of Time, Paperback edition, Wiley, published 2016, page 522:

(biology, evolutionary theory) The use of a biological structure or function for a purpose other than that for which it initially evolved.


receptive

en-adj

receptive (comparative more receptive, superlative most receptive)

more receptive (comparative)
most receptive (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-receptive.wav

From Late Middle English receptive, receptyue (“capable of receiving something; acting as a receptacle”), borrowed from Medieval Latin receptivus (“capable of receiving something”), from Latin receptus (“retaken, having been retaken; received, having been received”) + -īvus (suffix added to the perfect passive participial stems of verbs, forming a deverbal adjective meaning ‘doing; related to doing’). Receptus is the perfect passive participle of recipiō (“to regain possession, take back; to recapture; to receive; to accept, undertake”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards; again’) + capiō (“to capture, catch, take; to take hold, take possession; to take on; to contain, hold; to occupy; to possess; to receive, take in; to comprehend, understand; to captivate, charm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-, *keh₂p- (“to hold; to seize”)).

der

(botany) Of a female flower or gynoecium: ready for reproduction; fertile.

(zoology) Of a female animal (especially a mammal): prepared to mate; in heat, in oestrus.

разгонена

of a female animal: prepared to mate — see also in heat


mesoblastic

en-adj

mesoblastic (comparative more mesoblastic, superlative most mesoblastic)

more mesoblastic (comparative)
most mesoblastic (superlative)

(biology) of, relating to, or resembling the mesoblast


mesoblast

(biology) the middle, germinal layer of undifferentiated cells of an early embryo; it becomes the mesoderm


metagenesis

en-noun

metagenesis (usually uncountable, plural metageneses)

/ˌmɛtəˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

(biology) The production of sexual and asexual organisms in alternate generations.


metaplasia

metaplasia (countable and uncountable, plural metaplasias)

(biology) The conversion of one type of tissue into another.


scabrous

en-adj

scabrous (comparative more scabrous, superlative most scabrous)

more scabrous (comparative)
most scabrous (superlative)

From Latin scaber (“scabrous, rough; scabby, mangy, itchy”) (from scabō (“to scratch, scrape, abrade”), from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to scratch”)) + English -ous; compare French scabreux, Late Latin scabrōsus.


coxy

Phonetic respelling of a clipping of coccidiosis.

Now your laying birds, too, can have protection against cecal coccidiosis. AMPROL* SOLUTION can be safely given to all chickens at the first sign of coxy or when a diagnosis of coccidiosis has been made.

1967, Canadian Poultry Review, volume 91, page 6:

(veterinary medicine, informal) Coccidiosis.


polarity

en-noun

polarity (countable and uncountable, plural polarities)

(microbiology) Spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. ᵂᵖ


mirabilis

From the genus name, from Latin mīrābilis. Doublet of mirable.

(botany) Any of the plant genus Mirabilis; a four-o'clock.


pentacyclic

(botany) Of a flower: composed of five whorls or organs.


mobilization

mobilization (countable and uncountable, plural mobilizations)

mobilizations (plural)
mobilisation (alternative)

From French mobilisation or mobilize + -ation.

(genetics) The transport of a copy of a gene from one chromosome, or one organism to another.


mangal

From Portuguese mangal, from Portuguese mangue (“mangrove”) + Portuguese -al (“-al”)

(ecology) A tropical and subtropical coastal intertidal swampland ecosystem characterized by mangroves or similar shrubs and trees.


monadic

From Ancient Greek μοναδικός (monadikós, “single”), from μονάς (monás, “a unit”); see monad. By surface analysis, monad + -ic.

uder

(biology) of or relating to the Monas genus of microorganisms


monomorphism

(biology) the absence of sexual dimorphism


mushroom body

From mushroom + body, after German pilzhutförmiger Körper.

In fruit flies the cyclic AMP system seems to be especially active in brain regions called mushroom bodies, toadstool-shaped extrusions of neurons in the fruit fly brain.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 226:

(entomology) Either of a pair of structures in the brains of insects and some other arthropods thought to be involved in learning and memory.


myo-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “mouse; muscle”).

der

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary


virginal

en-adj

virginal (comparative more virginal, superlative most virginal)

more virginal (comparative)
most virginal (superlative)

/ˈvɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒɪnəl/

From Middle English virginal, from Middle French virginal, from Latin virginālis. The musical instrument is probably so called from being played by young girls.


endorphin

Borrowed from French endorphine, from endo(gène) (“endogenous, produced within”) and morphine.

The explanation for the depression-reducing effects of exercise that clearly has been the most popular with the media is the endorphin hypothesis (see Hoffmann, 1997), which has also been discussed as a possible explanation in nearly every exercise-depression literature review.

2019, Curt L. Lox, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, Heather L. Gainforth, Steven J. Petruzzello, The Psychology of Exercise: Integrating Theory and Practice, Routledge, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of peptide hormones found in the mammalian brain that act as neurotransmitters and have properties similar to morphine.


protoplast

From Middle French prothoplaste, and its source Late Latin protoplastus, from Hellenistic Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos, “first-formed”), from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-) + πλαστός (plastós, “formed, moulded”).

uder

πρωτόπλαστος


panne

en-noun

panne (countable and uncountable, plural pannes)

Borrowed from French panne. Doublet of pen, penna, and pinna.

(ecology) A wetland consisting of a small depression, with or without standing water, often in a salt marsh or other coastal wetland.


paralogue

paralogues (plural)
paralog (alternative)

(genetics) A pair of genes that derives from the same ancestral gene and now reside at different locations within the same genome.


dry rot

dryrot (alternative)
dry-rot (alternative)

(phytopathology) A fungal infection which affects plants, in particular potatoes.


pennaceous

en-adj

pennaceous (comparative more pennaceous, superlative most pennaceous)

more pennaceous (comparative)
most pennaceous (superlative)

(ornithology) having the structure of a normal feather


petalomania

(botany) The state of a flower having a larger multiple of the usual number of petals.


phytology

en-noun

phytology (usually uncountable, plural phytologies)


polygenic

A risk score based on multiple genetic differences, or polygenic risk score, predicted significantly more cases of early-onset heart disease than standard tests for single genetic defects, according to new research in the American Heart Association’s journal Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine.

2018, American Heart Association, “Multi-gene Test Predicts Early Heart Disease Risk”, in Drug Discovery & Development:

polygenetic[Appendix:Glossary#proscribed|proscribed]] in this sense>

(genetics) controlled by the interaction of more than one gene


proteolytic

desc

протеоли́тик

→ Russian: протеоли́тик (proteolítik)

A recent study focused on the enzymatic and cytotoxic functions of jellyfish metalloproteases and identified diverse proteolytic effects including gelatinolytic, caseinolytic, and fibrinolytic activities.

2015 June 18, Mahdokht Jouiaei et al., “Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins”, in Toxins, volume 7, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or promoting proteolysis.

protéolytique

of, relating to, or promoting proteolysis


proteolysis

en-noun

proteolysis (countable and uncountable, plural proteolyses)

(biochemistry) The hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids, especially as part of the digestion of food.


pseudogamy

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudogamy.wav

(botany) any reproductive process that requires pollination but does not involve male inheritance.

(botany) a type of agamospermy in which the endosperm is fertilized but the embryo is not.


anthropomorphology

(biology) The study of human morphology.


recombine

en-verb

recombine (third-person singular simple present recombines, present participle recombining, simple past and past participle recombined)

recombines (present singular third-person)
recombining (participle present)
recombined (participle past)
recombined (past)

(genetics, ambitransitive) To combine again, especially to reassemble the parts of something previously taken apart in a different manner.

(genetics, intransitive) To undergo recombination.


trematode

From translingual Trematoda, from Ancient Greek τρημᾰτώδης (trēmătṓdēs, “having a vent to the intestinal canal”), from τρῆμᾰ (trêmă, “perforation, aperture”) + -ώδης (-ṓdēs, “full of, -like”).

af

He passed under the last of the bridges and around the bend in the river, through peaceful farmland, high fields tilted on the slopes and rich turned earth in patches of black corrugation among the greening purlieus and small cultivated orchards like scenes of plenitude from picturebooks suddenly pasted over the waste he was a familiar of, the river like a giant trematode curling down out of the city, welling heavy and septic past these fine homes on the north shore.

1979, Cormac McCarthy, Suttree, Random House, page 119:

(zoology) a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda


reduviid

Borrowed from translingual Reduviidae, from Reduvius (genus name) + -idae (taxonomic suffix), from Latin reduvia (“a remainder, remnant, fragment”), describing the habit of the nymph of Reduvius personatus camouflaging itself with small pieces of debris.

der

(entomology) of, relating to, or characteristic of the family Reduviidae


reduviid

(entomology) any member of the Reduviidae family of insects, which comprises predatory and blood-sucking bugs, including the vectors of Chagas disease


coriaceous

en-adj

coriaceous (comparative more coriaceous, superlative most coriaceous)

more coriaceous (comparative)
most coriaceous (superlative)

1997, JinShuang Ma, "New Species of Euonymus (Celastraceae) from East and South Asia", Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 93-111, Abstract.
This species is similar to E. vagans Wallich in the texture of the leaves, which are more thickly coriaceous and have fewer crenulations on margin; the large globose capsules are white spotted.


cornuate

cornuate (comparative more cornuate, superlative most cornuate)

more cornuate (comparative)
most cornuate (superlative)

From Latin cornuātus (“horn-shaped”), from cornū (“horn”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

[…] that in the higher apes, Troglodytes, Pithecus, the posterior cavity of the tricornate ventricle becomes of larger dimensions than in Cercopithecus, although far inferior in size and diverse in shape, from the much deeper, and more incurved cornuate bay which forms the digital cavity of man.

1863, Thomas Henry Huxley, “Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature”, in The Edinburgh Review: Or Critical Journal, volume 117, page 557:

Five species of cornuate osteostracans have been discovered at Devils Hole, and a further three or four species are probably represented by indeterminate fragmentary material.

1999, David L. Dineley, Fossil fishes of Great Britain, page 121:

Surgical treatment consisted of excision of the accessory tarsal navicular or medial protuberance of a prominent cornuate-shaped navicular combined with simple replication of the tibialis posterior tendon without altering its course.

1990 July 7, Bennett GL, Weiner DS, Leighley B., “Surgical treatment of symptomatic accessory tarsal navicular”, in Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, volume 10, number 4, pages 445–9:

(medicine, zoology) Horn-shaped, as with a bicornuate uterus.


root rot

en-noun

root rot (countable and uncountable, plural root rots)

root rots (plural)
rootrot (alternative)

(phytopathology) Any of several plant fungal diseases caused by having overwet roots.


cincinnus

cincinni (plural)
cicinnus (alternative)

From Latin cincinnus (“a lock of hair”).

(botany) A type of monochasium on which the successive axes arise alternately in respect to the preceding one; a scorpioid cyme.


snowshoe hare

Lepus americanus
Lepus americanus#Translingual

(zoology) A North American hare (Lepus americanus) that has large, furry feet; its fur is white in winter and brown in summer.


respiratory pigment

respiratory pigment (plural respiratory pigments)

(biochemistry) any of several coloured metal-containing protein pigments which combine reversibly with oxygen and which are found in the tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates and whose role is to transport oxygen


chlorocruorin

From chloro- + cruor + -in (see also cruorin). Named by British zoologist Ray Lankester in 1868.

Later it was shown that the α-bands of the pyridine haemochromogens of both cytochrome a and chlorocruorin resemble each other closely (Keilin, 1933 a).

1966, David Keilin, edited by Joan Keilin, The History of Cell Respiration and Cytochrome, University of Cambridge, page 174:

The affinity of chlorocruorin for oxygen is equivalent to the haemoglobin. It is interesting that within the same family of worms like [S]abellidae, [S]erpulidae and [A]mphotritidae same^([sic]) species have chlorocruorin while others have haemoglobin.

2003, Ashok Kumar, Animal Physiology, Discovery Publishing House, page 192:

1992, N. B. Terwilliger, Chapter 8: Molecular Structure of the Extracellular Heme Proteins, Ch. P. Mangum (editor), Advances in Comparative & Environmental Physiology 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers, Springer-Verlag, 1992 softcover reprint, page 203,
It was earlier thought that chlorocruorin was very different from hemoglobin based on a subunit structure with a mass of 34-35 kDa (Antonini et al. 1962; Guerratore and Zito 1977). […] Some writers have questioned the value of drawing a distinction between the chlorocruorins and hemoglobins, especially from an evolutionary point of view (Mangum 1985; see also Toulson, Chap. 9, this Vol.). The visual phenomenon of green blood has perhaps led to a stronger distinction between chlorocruorin and hemoglobin than warranted.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A green respiratory pigment found in many annelids.

chlorocruorine

respiratory pigment found in some annelids


hemerythrin

hemerythrin (countable and uncountable, plural hemerythrins)

hemerythrins (plural)
haemerythrin (alternative)
hæmerythrin (alternative)

(biochemistry) A respiratory pigment found in sipunculids, priapulids and brachiopods.


hemocyanin

hemocyanin (countable and uncountable, plural hemocyanins)

hemocyanins (plural)
haemocyanin (alternative)

(biochemistry) a blue copper-containing respiratory pigment (a metalloprotein) found in most molluscs, and some arthropods


restriction enzyme

restriction enzyme (plural restriction enzymes)

We now know of 400 different kinds of restriction enzymes, each of which recognises a different sequence of DNA letters and cuts there, like a pair of scissors that cuts the paper only where it finds the word ‘restriction’.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 244:

(genetics) An endonuclease that catalyzes double-strand cleavage of DNA containing a specific sequence.


striga

(botany) A sharp bristle or hair-like scale.


unfed

From Middle English un-fedd, unfedd, equivalent to un- + fed.

The captured mosquitos were divided into feds and unfeds.

(biology) A mosquito that has not had a blood meal.


splint

From Middle English splint, splent, splente, from Middle Low German splinte, splente or Middle Dutch splint, splinte. Cognate with Old High German splinza (“bar, bolt, latch”). All ultimately from Proto-Germanic *splintǭ, *splintō (“piece of wood, splinter”), from Proto-Germanic *splint-, *splind- (“to split”), from a nasalized form of *splītaną (“to split”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pley- (“to split, splice”).

der

(zootomy) A bone found on either side of a horse's cannon bone; the second or fourth metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bone.

(zootomy, veterinary medicine) A disease affecting the splint bones, as a callosity or hard excrescence.


viroid

A short section of RNA but without the protein coat typical of viruses, that are plant pathogens

Any of certain defective viruses, such as hepatitis D, a human pathogen.


scaled

(zoology) Covered with scales or scale-like structures.


immersed

en-adj

immersed (comparative more immersed, superlative most immersed)

more immersed (comparative)
most immersed (superlative)

Sori in the axils of lamina branches, partly immersed; involucre bell- or trumpet-shaped, or obconical, usually 2-lipped; receptacle generally exserted.

(botany) Lowered or sunken relative to a reference surface.


indented

indented (comparative more indented, superlative most indented)

more indented (comparative)
most indented (superlative)

(zoology) Notched along the margin with a different colour, like the feathers of some birds.


dipping

en-noun

dipping (countable and uncountable, plural dippings)

That same trip would have to go down as the greatest dipping fest in Australian birding history. I had five target species and never saw one, despite spending a week looking for them.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 35:

(birdwatching) The act or fact of missing out on seeing a bird.


hitchhiking

hitchhiking (usually uncountable, plural hitchhikings)

(genetics) A form of evolution caused by genetic drift.


hatching

hatching (countable and uncountable, plural hatchings)

We got a good hatching from the swallowtail eggs.

(zoology) A group of birds, reptiles, fish, insects, etc., which emerge from their eggs at the same time.

люпило

group which emerge from eggs at the same time

(zoology) The act of an egg hatching, eclosion.


beardless

en-adj

beardless (comparative more beardless, superlative most beardless)

more beardless (comparative)
most beardless (superlative)

From Middle English bērdlēs, from Old English beardlēas (“beardless”), from Proto-West Germanic *bardalaus (“beardless”), equivalent to beard + -less. Cognate with Scots berdles (“beardless”), Saterland Frisian boartloos (“beardless”), West Frisian burdleas (“beardless”), Dutch baardeloos (“beardless”), German Low German baartlos (“beardless”), German bartlos (“beardless”).

cog

(ornithology) Lacking a beard (a defined patch of feathers below the beak).


aphtha

en-noun

aphtha (countable and uncountable, plural aphthae)

From Ancient Greek ἄφθα (áphtha, “mouth ulcer”).

der

Foot-and-mouth disease
foot-and-mouth disease

(veterinary medicine) Foot-and-mouth disease.


tethered

(veterinary medicine) Tied, strapped, especially with tethers or hobbles.


ferine

en-adj

ferine (comparative more ferine, superlative most ferine)

more ferine (comparative)
most ferine (superlative)

From Latin ferīnus, from fera (“wild animal”). The zoological sense was coined by William Whewell in 1840.

(zoology, obsolete) Belonging to the proposed taxon of bats, carnivorans, and insectivorans.


ferine

(zoology, obsolete) A member of the proposed taxon of bats, carnivorans, and insectivorans.


rhamnose

From translingual Rhamnus "genus of buckthorns" + -ose (“used to form names of sugars”).

(biochemistry) A methyl-pentose, 6-deoxy-L-mannose, which occurs in the leaves and flowers of poison ivy and is a constituent of many plant glycosides.


ribulose

en-noun

ribulose (countable and uncountable, plural ribuloses)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a ketopentose whose phosphate derivatives participate in photosynthesis

ribulosa

ketopentose whose derivatives participate in photosynthesis


ketopentose

(biochemistry) A pentose that is also a ketose.


aldopentose

(biochemistry) A pentose that is also an aldose.


tectonic

1650s, in sense of building, from Late Latin tectonicus, from Ancient Greek τεκτονικός (tektonikós, “pertaining to building”), from Ancient Greek τέκτων (téktōn, “carpenter, joiner, maker”), from Proto-Indo-European *teḱ- (“to make”) (from which also texture). In sense of geology, attested 1894. By surface analysis, Ancient Greek τέκτων (téktōn) + -ic (“pertaining to”).


black spot

en-noun

black spot (countable and uncountable, plural black spots)

black spots (plural)
blackspot (alternative)

In areas where black spot is only a problem after heavy rain or later in the season, restrict spraying to these times, or if yellowing or spotted foliage is detected.

2006, Mary Moody, Mary Moody's Roses, Allen & Unwin, →ISBN, page 20:

(phytopathology, uncountable) A fungal disease among plants, particularly roses, that results in black spots on the leaves.


life history

life history (countable and uncountable, plural life histories)

(biology) The set of stages that an organism, or a species, experiences over its lifetime, from conception to death.


palmated

From Latin palmātus (“embroidered with palms”).

der

(ornithology, zoology) Having digits connected by a thin membrane; webbed.

räpylä-

having digits connected by thin membrane

(zoology) Having broad, flattened parts with short extensions similar to a webbed appendage.


anamorphosis

en-noun

anamorphosis (countable and uncountable, plural anamorphoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀναμόρφωσις (anamórphōsis).

der

(biology) A form of limited metamorphosis in some arthropods.

(mycology, lichenology) An abnormal form of some lichens or fungi that gives the appearance of a different species.


clipper

Dutch: (nautical) klipper, klipperaak m or f

From Middle English clipper, equivalent to clip (“cut, shorten”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns). The type of sailing ship is probably also from clip, in the sense of “move or run rapidly”. Perhaps influenced by Middle Dutch klepper (“swift horse”), from kleppen (“to clap”), which is onomatopoeic.

suffix

er<id:agent noun><pos:suffix forming agent nouns>

(entomology) An Asian butterfly of species Parthenos sylvia, family Nymphalidae.


allelomorph

→ German: Allel

→ English: allele

From allelo- (“other”) + -morph (“shape”), from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”). Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

In such cases each member acts as the allelomorph of any other member, and only two can occur in any one female, and only one in any male.

1916, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila, page 11:


NASBA

(microbiology, biochemistry) Initialism of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification: a transcription-based isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique.


cyclical

en-adj

cyclical (comparative more cyclical, superlative most cyclical)

more cyclical (comparative)
most cyclical (superlative)

a cyclical embryo


cloudless sulfur

en-noun

cloudless sulfur (plural cloudless sulfurs)

(entomology) A yellow pierid butterfly, Phoebis sennae, found in the Americas.


sulfur cycle

(chemistry, biochemistry) the natural cycle which includes the mineralization of organic sulfur to sulfide, oxidation of this to sulfate, and reduction of this to sulfide followed by microbial incorporation of this into organic compounds


tenderizer

окрехкотител за месо

any other instrument used for tenderizing meat

(biochemistry) Any substance added to meat, especially papain, before cooking in order to make it more tender.


recurrent

From Latin recurrens, present participle of recurrere. Morphologically recur + -ent.

a recurrent nerve or artery

(botany, anatomy) Running back toward its origin.

(entomology) Turned back toward the base.


sulphur tree

(botany) Alternative spelling of sulfur tree.


sulfur tree

(botany) Any tree whose branches are covered with yellow club moss spores


lycopod

From lyco- + -pod. Calque of English wolf's-foot.

(botany) Any member of the Lycopodiophyta.


acarid

Circa 19th century; from New Latin Acaridae (“biological family”), from Acarus (“genus”), from acarus (“mite”), from Ancient Greek ἄκαρι (ákari, “mite”). By surface analysis, acar- + -id

(zoology) Any parasitic arachnid, such as mites and ticks, of the subclass Acarina.

acarídeo

any parasitic arachnid of the subclass Acarina


sulphatase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of sulfatase.


sulfatase

sulfatases (plural)
sulphatase (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes, in animals and bacteria, which catalyze the hydrolysis of organic sulfates


fenestrated

en-adj

fenestrated (comparative more fenestrated, superlative most fenestrated)

more fenestrated (comparative)
most fenestrated (superlative)

Latin fenestro, from the noun fenestra (“window”).

(botany) Having perforations through the leaves or fistulate/hollow/tubular stems/trunks.


nodus

Borrowed from Latin nōdus (“a knot”). Doublet of knot, knout, and node.

(zoology) In the Odonata, a prominent crossvein near the centre of the leading edge of a wing.


taxonomist

Hepaticology, outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, still lies deep in the shadow cast by that ultimate "closet taxonomist," Franz Stephani—a ghost whose shadow falls over us all.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

Ant taxonomists have decided that anything that's worth separating should be separated at the species level, and have no truck with subspecies at all. Butterfly taxonomists, however, like the triple-barrelled name approach and dote on subspecies. As a result, the numbers of ant species and butterfly species are not directly comparable.

2007 March 14, Emma Marris, “The Species and the Specious”, in Nature, number 446:

“People have biases towards species that are glamorous,” said Dr. Ernie Small, author of the study and taxonomist for Agriculture Canada.

2012 May 6, Eoghan Macguire, “Beauty trumps beast in conservation efforts”, in CNN:

Dr. Michela Mitchell, a taxonomist at the Queensland Museum Network, said in a statement released by Ocean Census it could be a type of deep-sea coral called octocoral.

2024 March 11, Katie Hunt, “Scientists discover 100 potential new deep-sea species, including mystery creature”, in CNN:

(taxonomy) Someone whose profession is taxonomy, or who performs taxonomy at a professional level.


raphe

raphae (plural)
raphes (plural)
rhaphe (alternative)

Borrowed from New Latin raphē, from Ancient Greek ῥᾰφή (rhăphḗ, “seam; suture”).

bor

The vast majority of the raphes do not bifurcate (123 genera), but the raphes of 7 genera do.

2003, Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., Charles R. Gunn, Anna L. Weitzman, Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae), page 24:

(botany) The part of the stalk of an anatropous ovary that is united in growth to the outside covering and forms a ridge along the body of the ovule.

The invariant occurrence of adhesive EPS at both the driving and the non-driving raphes supports a model for constitutive, rather than induced, secretion of the raphe adhesive.

2007, Andrew M. Smith, James A. Callow, Biological Adhesives, page 87:

(botany) A longitudinal median groove in the valve of many diatoms.


osteohistology

(biology) The study of the microscopic structure, chemical composition and function of bone


suspensor

(biology) The cord which suspends the embryo, and which is attached to the radicle in the young state; the proembryo.


second messenger

en-noun

second messenger (plural second messengers)

(biochemistry) Any substance used to transmit a signal within a cell, especially one which triggers a cascade of events by activating cellular components


anisogamy

(cytology) Sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes.

heterogàmia

sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes


exocarp

exo- + Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”); exo- + -carp.

(biology) The outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits; the skin or epicarp


exocytosis

exocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural exocytoses)

(biology) The secretion of substances through cellular membranes, either to excrete waste products or as a regulatory function.


foliate

en-adj

foliate (comparative more foliate, superlative most foliate)

more foliate (comparative)
most foliate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin foliātus (“having leaves, leafy, leaved”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), a participial adjective derived from folium (“leaf; (Late Latin) leaf or sheet of paper”) + -ātus (participial adjective-forming suffix) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“blossom, flower”) or *dʰelh₁- (“to be green”)).

der

Of a leaf: having a (certain number of) leaflets.

-lehdykkäinen

of a leaf: having a (certain number of) leaflets


foliate

en-verb

foliate (third-person singular simple present foliates, present participle foliating, simple past and past participle foliated)

foliates (present singular third-person)
foliating (participle present)
foliated (participle past)
foliated (past)

From Latin folium (“leaf”) + -ate (verb-forming suffix) (more at etymology 1)

af

(intransitive)
(botany) Of a plant: to produce leaves.


sedoheptulose

en-noun

sedoheptulose (countable and uncountable, plural sedoheptuloses)

(biochemistry) A heptose ketose widely distributed in plants of the family Crassulaceae especially in the leaves of the sedum; it plays a part in the fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis


exoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, generated by a cell, that functions outside of that cell.


endoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was generated.


exon

Combination of the prefix ex of the term expressed (region) and the term intron.

(genetics) A region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule.


exonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of enzymes which cleave single nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) chain.


exopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes which catalyze the removal of a single amino acid from the end of a polypeptide chain


endopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and elastase, which catalyze the splitting of polypeptide chains away from the ends


peapod

(botany) The pod of the pea plant, that holds the seeds (the peas) until they ripen


exosporium

(botany) The outer layer of a pollen grain or spore; the exine.


exine

From German Exine, from Latin ex- + German -ine.

(botany, palynology) The outer layer of a pollen grain or spore; the exosporium.


chupacabra

chupacabras (plural)
chupacabras (alternative)

/ˌt͡ʃʰupəˈkʰabɹə/

Variant spelling of chupacabras used in English cryptozoological publications by misanalysis of the Spanish chupacabras as a plural.

(cryptozoology, sometimes proscribed) Alternative spelling of chupacabras.


fabids

(botany) Introduced as a more user-friendly alternate for eurosids I.


lamiids

lamiids pl (normally plural, singular lamiid)


campanulids

Presumably based on subclass Campanulidae


sinistral

dextral

antonym(s) of “of, facing, or on the left side”

(zoology, of certain spiral shells) Having the whorls of the spire revolving or rising to the left; reversed.


siderophore

From sidero- + -phore, literally iron carrier.

(biochemistry) Any medium-sized molecule that has a high specificity for binding or chelating iron; they are employed by microorganisms to obtain iron from the environment


endocarp

Holonyms: pyrena < drupe, stone fruit

(botany) The woody inner layer of the pericarp of some fruits that contains the seed.


endocytosis

endocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural endocytoses)

/ˌɛndəʊsaɪˈtəʊsɪs/

(cytology) The process by which the plasma membrane of a cell folds inwards to ingest material.


specific name

Holonyms: species name (the binomial unit), binominal name, binomial name

(zoology) The second word in the scientific name of an animal species, following the name of the genus.


subspecific name

subspecific name (plural subspecific names)

(zoology) The third word in the scientific name of an animal subspecies, following the name of the species.


endomitosis

endomitosis (usually uncountable, plural endomitoses)

(biology) A type of cell cycle variation where mitosis is initiated, but some of the processes of mitosis are not completed. This will give rise to either a mononucleated or binucleated polyploid cell. Not to be confused with endoreplication.


endonuclease

(biochemistry) Any enzyme which catalyzes the cleavage of nucleic acids so as to produce variously sized fragments.


endoplasm

endoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural endoplasms or endoplasma)

(cytology) The inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell.

loobkaphay

the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell


endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum (plural endoplasmic reticula)

(cytology) A network of membranes within the cytoplasm of cells, where proteins and lipids are synthesized.


endosperm

(biology) The tissue surrounding the embryo of flowering plant seeds, that provides nutrition to the developing embryo; usually triploid.


triploid

(genetics) Having three sets of chromosomes.


intine

(botany, palynology) The innermost wall of a spore or pollen grain


endostatin

(biochemistry) A protein which inhibits the formation of the blood vessels that supply tumours.

endostatiini

protein which inhibits the formation of blood vessels


endosteum

endosteum (plural endostea or endosteums)

From end- (“inside, internal, within”) (from Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “within”)) + Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”).

Hyaline cartilage is insensitive, and radiographic changes imputed to it can have no bearing on pain from it unless it is so worn away that the endosteums of the articulating bones are rubbing on each other.

1992, John McM[illan] Mennell, “The Musculoskeletal System”, in The Musculoskeletal System: Differential Diagnosis from Symptoms and Physical Signs, Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen Publishers, →ISBN, page 5:

The cortical and trabecular endosteums are the inner linings of bone. The osteonal endosteum lines the osteonal canals […] and is the internal lining of bone. It is continuous with the periosteal and cortical endosteums.

1993, William J. Banks, Applied Veterinary Histology, 3rd edition, St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby-Year Book, →ISBN, page 110:

Periosteum and endosteum are connective tissue sheaths of bone. […] The endosteum is a less well-defined layer of connective tissue and osteogenic cells applied to the wall of a bony cavity. / a. The endosteum lies between the bone tissue and the bone marrow. / b. Unlike periosteum, endosteum lacks a distinct fibrous layer.

1997, Ray C. Henrikson, Gordon I. Kaye, Joseph E. Mazurkiewicz, “Bone”, in Histology (National Medical Series for Independent Study), Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 131:

The periosteum is constrained and interrupted by tendons, ligaments, and fibrocartilage, whereas the endosteum is awash with hematopoitic bone marrow[…].

2011, Corey M. Maggiano, “Making the Mold: A Microstructural Perspective on Bone Modeling during Growth and Mechanical Adaptation”, in Christian Crowder, Sam Stout, editors, Bone Histology: An Anthropological Perspective, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 52:

Tibial endostea isolated from 19-day-old chick embroys and cultured for 10 days became populated with multinucleated cells that arise from monocytes.

2014, Brian K[eith] Hall, “Cells to Make and Cells to Break”, in Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology, 2nd edition, London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 255:

(biology) A membranous vascular layer of cells which line the medullary cavity of a bone; an internal periosteum.


endothecium

From endo- + theca (“pollen-producing organ”) + -ium.

af

(botany) The tissue found in the walls of anthers, and in moss capsules


endotherm

(biology) An animal that maintains a constant body temperature.


ectotherm

(biology) An animal, such as an amphibian, fish, reptile, or arthropod, which has a limited ability to regulate its body temperature and whose body temperature thus depends on the ambient temperature.

vaihtolämpöinen

animal with limited ability to regulate its body temperature


endotrophic

(biology, of some parasitic fungi) obtaining nourishment from within another organism

iontrófach

biology: obtaining nourishment from within another organism


ectocommensal

(ecology) A commensal organism that lives on the surface of another organism


ectogenous

(zoology, of a pathogenic organism) Able to survive outside of its host


ectothermic

(zoology) Of or relating to an ectotherm; having a body temperature that varies depending on the outside temperature.

بَارِد الدَّم

of or relating to ectotherm; having an unregulated body temperature — see also endothermic


pulmonate

From New Latin pulmōnātus (“having lungs”), from pulmō (“lung”) + -ātus.

(biology) Of, relating to, or belonging to the gastropod order Pulmonata (slugs and snails).


CRS

Cambridge Reference Sequence
w:Cambridge Reference Sequence

(genetics) Initialism of Cambridge Reference Sequence.


somatostatin

en-noun

somatostatin (countable and uncountable, plural somatostatins)

From Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) + statin.

(biochemistry) A cyclopeptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that inhibits the production of certain other hormones


virologist

(virology) A scientist or doctor who studies or specializes in viruses.

վիրուսաբան

scientist or doctor specializing in virology


spiculum

From Latin spīculum (“a little sharp point”), from spīcum, alternative form of spīca (“point, spike”).

(zoology) A sharp, needle-like structure, especially those making up the skeleton of a sponge.


photobiotic

en-adj

photobiotic (comparative more photobiotic, superlative most photobiotic)

more photobiotic (comparative)
most photobiotic (superlative)

(biology) Dependent on light for life and growth.


epitope

Holonym: idiotope

(biochemistry) The part of a biomolecule (such as a protein) which is the target of an immune response


paratope

(biochemistry) That part of the molecule of an antibody that binds to an antigen.


infraspecific epithet

en-noun

infraspecific epithet (plural infraspecific epithets)

In the name "Cannabis sativa subsp. indica", the word indica is the infraspecific epithet.

(botany) The third word in the scientific name of an infraspecific taxon, following the name of the species. This applies only to formal names of plants and fungi, and not to the formal names of bacteria or animals.


infrasubspecific

Holonyms: infraspecific, subspecific < specific < generic < familial

(zoology, bacteriology) pertaining to a taxon at a rank lower than subspecies. The names of such taxa are not regulated by a nomenclatural code; they are not available names.


infraspecific

Holonyms: specific < generic < familial

Meronym: infrasubspecific

(taxonomy) Pertaining to a taxon at a rank lower than species, such as subspecies (in certain kingdoms only), strains, and varieties.


subspecific

(taxonomy) pertaining to a subspecies. (See Usage notes.)

(taxonomy) infraspecific. (See Usage notes.)


permissive

en-adj

permissive (comparative more permissive, superlative most permissive)

more permissive (comparative)
most permissive (superlative)

(biology) That allows the replication of viruses.


aigrette

Borrowed from French aigrette (“egret”). Doublet of egret.

Birds of many kinds skimmed the weedy flats. George pointed out a flock of aigrets, the beautiful wild fowl with the priceless plumes.

1912, Zane Grey, chapter 3, in Ken Ward in the Jungle, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, page 31:


subspecific epithet

en-noun

subspecific epithet (plural subspecific epithets)

(taxonomy) The third word in the scientific name of a subspecies, following the name of the species, but only in names of bacteria, plants and fungi. It is not used in formal names of animals.


suprageneric

(taxonomy) Pertaining to a taxon at a rank above that of genus.


isochore

From iso- + Ancient Greek χώρα (khṓra, “place”).

A model that accounts for the differential recognition of transgenes integrated at different chromosomal locations, is the isochore hypothesis.

1998, Lindsey R Lindsey, Alan R Lindsey, Transgenic Plant Research, page 268:

1999, Solomon Pavlovich Vasser, Eviatar Nevo, “Scheme of the isochore organization of the human genome”, in Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Papers in Honour of Eviatar Nevo, page 117:

(genetics) A sequence of DNA that has a reasonably constant proportion of pairs of guanine and cytosine bases, and is rich in genes.


maypole

maypoles (plural)
may-pole (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-maypole.wav

The male Golden Bowerbird is a beautiful bird that builds one of the greatest structures in the natural world, a maypole up to three metres tall constructed of sticks and festooned with decorative clusters of flowers and lichens.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 212:

(ornithology) A maypole-like structure of sticks placed about a sapling in the bowers of certain species of bowerbird.


deflorate

The deflorate rose-bushes take on a brownish tint.


deflorate

en-verb

deflorate (third-person singular simple present deflorates, present participle deflorating, simple past and past participle deflorated)

deflorates (present singular third-person)
deflorating (participle present)
deflorated (participle past)
deflorated (past)

The bush is often deflorated by browsing wildlife.

(transitive, botany) To remove the flowers from.


photogene

/ˈfəʊtəʊd͡ʒiːn/

(genetics) A gene involved in photosynthesis.


photoinhibition

(biochemistry) The inhibition of photosynthesis caused by protein damage due to high levels of light (especially ultraviolet)


photolyase

en-noun

photolyase (countable and uncountable, plural photolyases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that repairs DNA that has been damaged by light.

fótaláis

an enzyme that repairs DNA that has been damaged by light


photometric

(botany, of leaves) Adjusting position with respect to light.

photométrique

adjusting position with respect to light


photonegative

en-adj

photonegative (comparative more photonegative, superlative most photonegative)

more photonegative (comparative)
most photonegative (superlative)

(biology) having a negative phototropic or phototactic response; repelled by light


photopositive

photopositive (comparative more photopositive, superlative most photopositive)

more photopositive (comparative)
most photopositive (superlative)

(biology) having a positive phototropic or phototactic response; attracted by light


phototaxis

en-noun

phototaxis (usually uncountable, plural phototaxes)

(biology) The movement of an organism either towards or away from a source of light


photoperiod

(biology) The normal duration of natural daylight experienced by an organism; daylength


photophilic

en-adj

photophilic (comparative more photophilic, superlative most photophilic)

more photophilic (comparative)
most photophilic (superlative)

(biology) That thrives in bright sunlight


photophobic

photophobic (comparative more photophobic, superlative most photophobic)

more photophobic (comparative)
most photophobic (superlative)

(biology) That thrives at a relatively low light level.


photophore

From photo- (“light”) + -phore (“bearer”).

(biology) A light-emitting organ, found in some fish and other marine animals.


photophosphorylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is involved in the photosynthetic phosphorylation of ATP.


photophosphorylation

en-noun

photophosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural photophosphorylations)


photophygous

en-adj

photophygous (comparative more photophygous, superlative most photophygous)

more photophygous (comparative)
most photophygous (superlative)


stot

Likely derived from Middle Dutch stoten (“to push”) or Middle Low German stôten, from Old Saxon stōtan, from Proto-West Germanic *stautan, from Proto-Germanic *stautaną (“to push, jolt, bump”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).
Also compare Middle English steten (“to thrust, strike, push, knock down”), Old Norse stauta and steyta (whence Danish støde), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan), Old Saxon stotan.

cog

(zoology, of quadrupeds) A leap using all four legs at once.


stot

en-verb

stot (third-person singular simple present stots, present participle stotting or stottin, simple past and past participle stotted)

stots (present singular third-person)
stotting (participle present)
stottin (participle present)
stotted (participle past)
stotted (past)
stott (alternative)

This vigorous and conspicuous leaping in front of a predator is analogous to bird alarm calls, in that it seems to warn companions of danger while apparently calling the predator’s attention to the stotter himself. We have a responsibility to explain stotting Tommies and all similar phenomena, and this is something I am going to face in later chapters.

1976, Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Kindle edition, OUP Oxford, published 2016, page 14:

(intransitive, zoology, of quadrupeds) To leap using all four legs at once.


photoreceptor

(biology) A specialized neuron or other structure able to detect and react to light.

fotoreseptori

biology: a specialized neuron able to detect and react to light


hyalescent

The cruel crimson scar blanched and became a pale violet, and his vulturous eyes glazed, turned hyalescent […] as if the hell-fire that had raged behind them had burnt itself out […]

1989, Nick Cave, And the Ass Saw the Angel:

(medicine, botany) Which becomes translucent.


photosynthate

From photosynthesis + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

af

(biochemistry) Any compound that is a product of photosynthesis.


photosystem

(biochemistry) Either of two biochemical systems, active in chloroplasts, that are part of photosynthesis


venation

en-noun

venation (countable and uncountable, plural venations)

For instance, native plants in the Mascarenes developed several adaptations, such as serrated leafs^([sic]) and leafs^([sic]) with red venation, to deter tortoise browsing (Cheke & Hume, 2010).

2017 March 1, Hanneke Meijer, The Guardian:

(botany, entomology) The arrangement of veins in a leaf, wing, or similar structure.


MMO

methane monooxygenase
methane monooxygenase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of methane monooxygenase, see Methane monooxygenase.


anarthrous

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-anarthrous.wav

From an- + arthrous, from Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “joint; grammatical article”).

der

(biology, of an organism) Not having legs, wings, or other limbs.


taurine

Researchers found that a high daily dose of taurine, an amino acid commonly added to energy drinks and naturally found in various foods, helped to delay death and mitigate against the biological ravages of aging.

2023 June 8, Elie Dolgin, “From Energy Drinks to Extending Life? Supplement Slows Aging in Mice and Monkeys”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) An amino-sulfonic acid, NH₂CH₂CH₂SO₃H, that has regulatory functions in mammals.


specific leaf area

en-noun

specific leaf area (plural specific leaf areas)

(botany) a measure of leaf thickness, calculated by dividing the area of a portion of a leaf by the dry weight of that same portion of leaf.


acrocentric

en-adj

acrocentric (comparative more acrocentric, superlative most acrocentric)

more acrocentric (comparative)
most acrocentric (superlative)

(genetics) (of a chromosome) Having the centromere very near to one end, and thus having a long arm, and a very short arm.


cytophotometer

(biology) An optical device which measures the light passing through a stained section of tissue in order to analyze the compounds within its cells.


cytophotometry

(biology) The analysis of the chemical composition of cells using a cytophotometer


revolute

Borrowed from Latin revolūtus, perfect passive participle of revolvō (“roll back”).

(botany) Having the edges rolled with the abaxial side outward.

с извит надолу край

having the edges rolled with abaxial side outward


glob

Possibly a blend of blob + gob or a clipping of globule. An element of sound symbolism is clearly involved: compare such phonetically and semantically similar words as glop, gop, blob, clump and clod. (Still, globe, clump and clod may be related via the Proto-Indo-European root *gel-; compare clew.)
In the biological sense, proposed by Bevil R. Conway and Doris Y. Tsao, by analogy with the cytochrome-oxidase "blobs" of V1, an earlier stage in the hierarchical elaboration of colour.

(biology) A millimeter-sized colour module found beyond the visual area V2 in the brain's parvocellular pathway.


richness

en-noun

richness (usually uncountable, plural richnesses)

Inherited from Middle English richenesse; by surface analysis, rich + ness.

inh+

(ecology) The number of types in a community.


cineritious

en-adj

cineritious (comparative more cineritious, superlative most cineritious)

more cineritious (comparative)
most cineritious (superlative)

Its outer portion is composed exclusively of the white or fibrous neurine, and its interior contains a considerable portion of the cineritious or pulpy neurine, called sometimes the nucleus of the spinal marrow.

1843, Caspar Wistar, A System of Anatomy for the Use of Students of Medicine, volume 2, Thomas, Cowperthwait & Company, page 560:


panzootic

(biology, medicine, of a disease) Affecting nonhuman animals of many species and throughout a wide area.


panzootic

(zoology) An extremely widespread outbreak of a disease or disorder in a population of non-human animals.


blood serum

en-noun

blood serum (countable and uncountable, plural blood serums or blood sera)

blood serums (plural)
blood sera (plural)
bloodserum (alternative dated)

Holonyms: plasma, blood plasma < blood

(biology, medicine) The portion of whole blood that is not blood cells and not clotting factors; it can be separated as a clear yellowish liquid after the blood has been allowed to clot.


lordosis

lordosis (countable and uncountable, plural lordoses)

From Ancient Greek λορδός (lordós, “bent backward”) + -osis.

suffix

(zoology) A body posture of some female mammals, indicating receptivity to copulation. It involves lowering of the forelimbs but with the rear limbs extended and hips raised, ventral arching of the spine and a raising, or sideward displacement, of the tail.


trivial name

Trivial names such as "worm", "shrimp", "fish", "toad", "cobra", "vulture", and "mahogany", though convenient and popular, do not refer to any systematically-defined biological groupings of organisms.

(biology) A commonly used, non-systematic name for an organism.


epiphysis

(zoology) A small upper piece of each half of an alveolus of a sea urchin.


barrette

barrettes (plural)
barette (alternative)

Borrowed from French barrette, from barre (“bar”) + -ette, literally “small bar”.


amoebic

en-adj

amoebic (comparative more amoebic, superlative most amoebic)

more amoebic (comparative)
most amoebic (superlative)

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting New Latin combining forms: amoeb- + -ic.

(biology, pathology) Relating to, or caused by an amoeba.


nuclease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids.

核酸酶

any of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester


space biology

(biology) Any of various biological sciences that deal with living things in a space environment


mutagenesis

en-noun

mutagenesis (countable and uncountable, plural mutageneses)

(genetics) The creation or formation of a genetic mutation.


dichronism

(biology) The quality of exhibiting two opposite traits at different times; see especially sexual dichronism


sexual dichronism

(biology) The practice, in some insects, of all the offspring of one sex being produced before all the offspring of the other


elliptic

From Ancient Greek ἐλλειπτικός (elleiptikós), from ἐλλείπω (elleípō, “I leave out, omit”). By surface analysis, ellipse + -tic.

(botany, of leaves) Oval, with a short or no point.


ligularia

/ˌlɪɡ.jʊˈlɛəɹi.ə/

/ˌlɪɡ.jəˈlɛɹi.ə/

(botany) Any of several species of flowering plant, of the genus Ligularia, having heart-shaped leaves and bright, daisy-like flowers.


serrate

en-adj

serrate (comparative more serrate, superlative most serrate)

more serrate (comparative)
most serrate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin serrātus, past participle of serrō.

zubatý

having a row of sharp or tooth-like projections

(botany) Of leaves: having tooth-like projections pointed away from the petiole.


pectinate

Borrowed from Latin pectinātus (“combed”), from pectinō (“I comb”), from pecten (“comb”). First attested in the mid-18th century.

bor+

The moth's antennae were pectinate in shape, set with long teeth along one edge only.

(anatomy, zoology, botany) Having narrow ridges or projections aligned close together like the teeth of a comb.


clavate

en-adj

clavate (comparative more clavate, superlative most clavate)

more clavate (comparative)
most clavate (superlative)

First attested in 1661; borrowed from New Latin clāvātus, from Latin clāva (“club”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

an organism with clavate antennae

(biology) Resembling a club, becoming increasingly wide from the base to the distal end.


flabellate

flabellate (comparative more flabellate, superlative most flabellate)

more flabellate (comparative)
most flabellate (superlative)

From Latin flābellum + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(botany, zoology) Fan-shaped; having parts or segments that are flattened and lengthened on one side, such that they are long and narrow.


enhancer

(genetics) A short region of DNA that can increase transcription of genes


tardigrade

/ˈtɑɹdɪˌɡɹeɪd/

(zoology) A member of the animal phylum Tardigrada.


water bear

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-water bear.wav

Calque of German Wasserbär, used to describe these animals by Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773. Equivalent to water + bear.


APG

(botany) Any classification (of the Angiosperms) conforming to the publications of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.

(botany) The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: an international group of botanists.

(botany) The classification (of the Angiosperms) in the first, 1998, publication by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, as distinct from APG II (2003).


APG II

(botany) The classification (of the Angiosperms) in the second, 2003, publication by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, as distinct from previous and subsequent APG classifications published beginning in 1998.


saxicolous

en-adj

saxicolous (comparative more saxicolous, superlative most saxicolous)

more saxicolous (comparative)
most saxicolous (superlative)

From Latin saxum (“a rock”) + Latin colere (“to dwell”) + -ous.

(biology) Growing on, or living among rocks or stones


mydriatic

(biology, medicine) Pertaining to or causing mydriasis (the dilation of the pupil of the eye).


inocular

(zoology) Inserted in the corner of the eye, like the antenna of certain insects.


capitular

From Middle English capituler, from Medieval Latin capitulāris, from Latin capitulum (“a small head, a chapter”).

der

the capitular process of a vertebra

(botany, anatomy) pertaining to a capitulum


blooded

From Middle English bloded, equivalent to blood + -ed.

Mammals are warm-blooded.

Following a modifying word in a compound:

(zoology) Having a certain physiological characteristic, particularly in relation to blood or the circulatory system.

(zoology, of horses, cattle, etc.) Derived from ancestors of good blood; having a good pedigree.


evolutionary developmental biology

en-noun

evolutionary developmental biology (uncountable)

(biology) A branch of biology that studies the interaction of evolutionary and developmental processes.


pendrin

pendrin (countable and uncountable, plural pendrins)

(biochemistry) A protein involved in the exchange of chloride and iodide ions across biological membranes.


proteomics

The derived word "proteomics", which has come into use almost as an afterthought, may be equally useful since it indicates something less well-defined but more ambitious. Proteomics is a field, just as genomics is, rather than a closed and conceptually static body of knowledge (as are the genome and proteome, by definition).

1998, N. Leigh Anderson, “Proteome and proteomics: New technologies, new concepts, and new words”, in Electrophoresis, volume 19, page 1853:

(biochemistry) The branch of molecular biology that studies the set of proteins expressed by the genome of an organism.


leptin

leptin (countable and uncountable, plural leptins)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-leptin.wav

Ancient Greek λεπτός (leptós, “thin”) + -in

If we could control leptin, then presumably we could help people to control their weight.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 171:

That is because sleep affects two appetite-controlling hormones, leptin and ghrelin.

2022 February 26, Ruth Alexander, “The surprising links between what you eat and how well you sleep”, in BBC News, BBC, retrieved 2022-02-27:

(biochemistry) A protein hormone produced in adipose tissue; it plays a role in regulating appetite and metabolism.


alkenone

(biochemistry) Any long-chain di-, tri- and tetra- unsaturated methyl and ethyl ketones that are synthesized by a limited number of haptophyte microalgae; the degree of unsaturation is a function of the water temperature


haptophyte

From hapto- (“binding”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) A kind of unicellular marine phytoplankton, typically covered in tiny scales or plates composed of carbohydrates and calcium deposits


cytopathology

cytopathology (countable and uncountable, plural cytopathologies)

Holonym: cytohistopathology

Immune serum could block the cytopathology; a heatlabile factor was required.

2018, Douglas P. Fine, Complement Infectious Diseases:

fine-needle aspiration
fine-needle aspiration

(cytology, pathology) The branch of pathology that deals with abnormalities of cells, independently of the tissue architecture from which they came, as for example in aspiration biopsy such as fine-needle aspiration.


cytoplasmic

The fourth type of hybrid, the kind being developed in British universities, is called cytoplasmic. It is created by transferring the nuclei of human cells, such as skin cells, into animal eggs from which almost all the genetic information has been removed.

(cytology) Of or pertaining to cytoplasm.


araban

araban (countable and uncountable, plural arabans)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide composed of arabinose residues


vocalization

vocalization (countable and uncountable, plural vocalizations)

vowelization

supplying vowels/diacritics to Arabic and Hebrew words/texts

(biology) The production of communication sounds with the syrinx or larynx (in tetrapods) or with the swim bladder (in fish)


styled

en-adj

styled (comparative more styled, superlative most styled)

more styled (comparative)
most styled (superlative)

(botany, in combination) Having a style of the specified kind.


cryptozoological

/ˌkɹɪptoʊˌzoʊəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/

From crypto- + zoological or cryptozoology + -ical.

(cryptozoology) Of or pertaining to cryptozoology.


heteroduplex

en-noun

heteroduplex (plural heteroduplexes or heteroduplices)

heteroduplexes (plural)
heteroduplices (plural)

(biochemistry) A nucleic acid composed of two chains with each derived from a different parent molecule


disomy

(cytology) The normal state of a diploid eukaryotic cell or individual which has two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes in each nucleus. A normal chromosome is represented twice in a single cell.


concatemer

concatemers (plural)
concatamer (alternative)

(biochemistry) A segment of DNA composed of multiple repeated sequences linked end to end.


germinal

en-adj

germinal (comparative more germinal, superlative most germinal)

more germinal (comparative)
most germinal (superlative)