esculent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-esculent.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin ēsculentus (“fit for eating, eatable, edible; good to eat, delicious; nourishing; full of food”) + English -ent (suffix forming adjectives with the sense of causing, doing, or promoting a certain action). Ēsculentus is derived from ēsca (“food; dish prepared for the table; bait”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’ forming adjectives).

lbor

In a raw state, a piece the size of a pea of either of the three fungi above-mentioned, if placed on the tongue, would cause intolerable agony. Possibly if well cooked some of the poisonous principles might vanish, but we question whether such species should be mentioned amongst esculents in a popular book, simply because a wild "Russian" could eat some of the plants mentioned, possibly to the accompaniment of a draught of rancid train-oil. Some of the so-called esculents are tough subjects, as Polysporus squamosus and P. fomentarius; we venture to say that if anyone should succeed in getting a slice of the first into his inside it would be a matter of surprise to his friends if he ever got a slice of anything else in.

1887 January, W. G. S., “Text-book of British Fungi. By W. De Lisle Hay [i.e., William Delisle Hay], F.R.G.S. Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co. [book review]”, in James Britten, editor, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume XXV, London: West, Newman & Co., […], →OCLC, page 121:

[Morchella] esculentoides [is] similar to Morchella esculenta, a European esculent, whose name, appropriately, means "edible".

2015, Vera Stucky Evenson, Denver Botanic Gardens, Mushrooms of the Rocky Mountain Region: Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, →ISBN:

(mycology, specifically) An edible mushroom.


succulent

en-adj

succulent (comparative more succulent, superlative most succulent)

more succulent (comparative)
most succulent (superlative)

Borrowed from French succulent, from Latin succulentus.

(botany) Having fleshy leaves or other tissues that store water.

druz

botany: having fleshy leaves or other tissues that store water


costal

From French costal, from Medieval Latin costālis, from Latin costa (“rib”). As a Spanish unit, via Spanish costal. Doublet of coastal.

(entomology) Pertaining to the costa or to the wing areas next to it.


siphon

→ Welsh: seiffon

→ Irish: siofón

From Middle French siphon, from Old French sifon, from Latin sipho, from Ancient Greek σίφων (síphōn, “pipe, tube”), of uncertain origin; possibly related to Latin tibia (“pipe, flute of bone”), with the irregular forms suggesting a non-Indo-European loan source, perhaps of the shape *twi-, *twibh.

der

As a result, although corbinas commonly utilize mollusks, they are limited to the siphons, foot, or other soft parts that either extend from the shell or can be picked from it.

1962, Fish Bulletin, numbers 118-130, Department of Fish and Game, page 48:

(botany, zoology) A tubelike organ found in animals or elongated cell found in plants.


plasmid

From plasma + -id, coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

coin

These discussions have left a plethora of terms adrift: pangenes, bioblasts, plasmagenes, plastogenes, chondriogenes, cytogenes and proviruses, which have lost their original utility owing to the accretion of vague or contradictory connotations. At the risk of adding to this list, I propose plasmid as a generic term for any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant.

1952 October 7, J. Lederberg, “Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis”, in Physiological Reviews, volume 32, number 4, page 403:

This is how the F (for "fertility") plasmid, which forms the basis of a lot of classical E. coli genetics, is transferred from one cell to another.

1995, Christopher Howe, Gene Cloning and Manipulation, page 144:

Bacteria are happy to absorb little rings of DNA called plasmids and adopt them as their own.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 247:

Plasmids have an essential impact on productivity. Related factors are plasmid copy number, structural plasmid stability and segregational plasmid stability.

2004, Karl Friehs, “Plasmid Copy Number and Plasmid Stability”, in M. Beyer, T. Scheper, editors, New Trends and Developments in Biochemical Engineering, volume 86, page 47:

(cytology) A loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from — and replicates independently of — the chromosomes; such loops are most commonly found in bacteria, but they are also sometimes found in archaeans and eukaryotic cells, and they are used in genetic engineering as a vector for gene transfer.

plásmidu

loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes


pseudogene

(genetics) A segment of DNA that is part of the genome of an organism, and which is similar to a gene but does not code for a gene product.


episome

(cytology) A segment of DNA that can exist and replicate either autonomously in the cytoplasm or as part of a chromosome, mainly found in bacteria.


cardiac

From Middle French cardiaque, from Latin cardiacus, from Ancient Greek καρδιακός (kardiakós, “relating to the heart”), from καρδία (kardía, “heart”); by surface analysis, cardi- + -ac.

der

the cardiac arteries

(biology, medicine) Pertaining to the heart.

(biology, medicine) Pertaining to the cardia of the stomach; cardial (cardial is the usual adjective in this sense).


brachiate

en-adj

brachiate (comparative more brachiate, superlative most brachiate)

more brachiate (comparative)
most brachiate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin brachiātus, from brachium (“arm, branch”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


extranuclear

(biology) Outside the nucleus but within the cell cytoplasm.


organotroph

(biology) An organism that obtains its energy from organic compounds.


lithotroph

(biochemistry) An organism that obtains its energy from inorganic compounds (such as ammonia) by means of electron transfer.


hitchhiker

hitchhikers (plural)
hitch-hiker (alternative)

(informal, botany) A bur that attaches and clings to clothing, or a bur-bearing plant.


turbo

From the New Latin name of the genus Turbo.


bivalve

(botany) A pericarp in which the seedcase opens or splits into two parts or valves.


marker

en-noun

marker (countable and uncountable, plural markers)

marker interface → marker interface pattern

Markers are mapped relative to one another on chromosomes and used as signposts against which to map genes of interest that are linked with marker. This process of finding the linked markers/genes is referred to as grouping.

2012, N Manikanda Boopathi, Genetic Mapping and Marker Assisted Selection: Basics, Practice and Benefits, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 88:

Someone or something used to mark a position or amount, particularly

(biology) A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.

merker

a gene or DNA sequence with a known location

Nurse Hall: Is there any reason we shouldn't do a full workup? / Steve Denube: Ignorance is bliss; that's about it. Hangover's worse than usual but that's probably from the drinking and recreational drug use. / Nurse Hall: We'll ignore the ganja and booger sugar markers.

2019, Justin Benson, directed by Justin Benson, Synchronic, spoken by Nurse Hall and Steve Denube (Rhonda Johnson Dents and Anthony Mackie), XYZ Films, →OCLC:

(biology, medicine) A substance used as an indicator for diagnosis or other analysis, a biomarker.


progesterone

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛstəɹəʊn/

/pɹoʊˈd͡ʒɛstəˌɹoʊn/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-progesterone.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-progesterone.wav

From pro- (“supporting”) + Latin gestāre (“to bear, to carry”) + -one (“a ketone”).

af

Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">gestāre</i>

(biochemistry, steroids, uncountable) A steroid hormone, secreted by the ovaries, whose function is to prepare the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and to maintain pregnancy.

(biochemistry, steroids, countable) A synthetic version of the compound, used in contraceptive pills and other pharmaceutical products.


medusa

en-noun

medusa (plural medusas or medusae or (obsolete) medusæ)

medusas (plural)
medusae (plural)
medusæ (obsolete plural)

Typically, what we think of as the jellyfish, the medusa, reproduces sexually, spawning sperm and eggs which, once fertilised, turn into sea anemone-like polyps, which attach themselves to the jellyfish’s bottom or other surfaces.

2014, Theo Tait, ‘Water-Borne Zombies’, London Review of Books, volume 36, number 5:

(zoology) A jellyfish; specifically, a non-polyp form of individual cnidarians, consisting of a gelatinous umbrella-shaped bell and trailing tentacles.


fruiting body

(mycology) The structure on a fungus which houses the spore-producing organs.


skeletal

skeletals (plural)
sceletal (alternative)

(paleontology, informal) Shorthand for skeletal diagram (a black-and-white drawing of a [usually extinct] animal’s skeleton to be used as a reference for paleoart)


cellula

(anatomy, botany) A small compartment or chamber.


alignment

alignment (countable and uncountable, plural alignments)

alignments (plural)
alinement (alternative archaic)
allignment (alternative archaic)
alignement (alternative obsolete)

From French alignement, by surface analysis, align + -ment.

(bioinformatics) A way of arranging DNA, RNA or protein sequences in order to identify regions of similarity.

yhteensovittaminen

a way of arranging DNA, RNA or protein sequences


acrospire

(botany) The sprout at the end of a seed when it begins to germinate.


appressorium

From New Latin. By surface analysis, appress + -orium.

(mycology) A bulbous formation produced by parasitic fungi that is well attached to the cuticle of the host and from where a peg-shaped hypha is formed that penetrates the cuticle.

apressori

a bulbous formation produced by parasitic fungi


chromatin

chromatin (countable and uncountable, plural chromatins)

/ˈkɹəʊmətɪn/

Borrowed from German Chromatin, from (combining form of) Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour”) + -ινος (-inos, “made of”). Analyzable as chromatic (“of colour”) + -in (“substance”).

suffix

(biology) A complex of DNA, RNA and proteins within the cell nucleus out of which chromosomes condense during cell division.


metaphase

en-noun

metaphase (countable and uncountable, plural metaphases)

(biology) The stage of mitosis and meiosis that follows prophase and comes before anaphase, during which condensed chromosomes become aligned before being separated.


anaphase

anaphase (countable and uncountable, plural anaphases)

19th century: from Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-, “back, backward”) + φάσις (phásis, “appearance”).

derived

(cytology) The stage of mitosis and meiosis during which the chromosomes separate, the chromatid moving to opposite poles of the cell.


scapular

From Middle English scapelar, from Latin scapulāre, from Latin scapula (“shoulder”). Compare scapulary.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-scapular.wav

(ornithology) One of a special group of feathers which arise from each of the scapular regions and lie along the sides of the back.


modulation

en-noun

modulation (countable and uncountable, plural modulations)

/ˌmɑd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

From Late Middle English modulacion, modulacioun (“act of making music or singing; harmony; melody, song”), from Middle French modulation (modern French modulation), and directly from its etymon Latin modulātiō (“regular or rhythmical measure, modulation; inflection of tone; (architecture) calculation of measurements from a standard unit; (Late Latin) act of making music or singing; melody, song”), from modulātus (“modulated”) + -iō (suffix forming abstract nouns from verbs). Modulātus is a perfect participle of modulor (“to beat time; to make music or sing; to measure; etc.”), from modulus (“rhythmical measure, interval; rhythm; small interval or measure, etc.”) + -or (suffix forming certain inflections of verbs); and modulus is from modus (“measure; method; etc.”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure; etc.”)) + -ulus (diminutive suffix). By surface analysis, modulat(e) + -ion (suffix denoting an action or process, or its result).

listen/core

Modulation vocal music example duple.mid

изменение

modification or regulation of something to achieve an appropriate measure or proportion; an instance of this

(uncountable) Modification or regulation of something to achieve an appropriate measure or proportion; (countable) an instance of this.

(biology, uncountable) Variation in the activity or form of a cell in response to changes in the environment; (countable) an instance of this.

muuntautuminen

variation in the activity or form of a cell in response to changes in the environment; an instance of this


fusiform

en-adj

fusiform (comparative more fusiform, superlative most fusiform)

more fusiform (comparative)
most fusiform (superlative)

Fusobacteria are fusiform bacilli (spindled rods).

Acorns come in spherical and fusiform varieties.

(chiefly botany, zoology) Shaped like a spindle with yarn spun on it; having round or roundish cross-section and tapering at each end.


mucositis

en-noun

mucositis (countable and uncountable, plural mucositides)

(biology, medicine) Inflammation of a mucosa (mucous membrane), or of multiple mucosae; as:

A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth.


cryptid

→ Catalan: críptid

→ German: Kryptid

From crypt + -id. English usage 1983; coined by John E. Wall in the ISC Newsletter.

Now comes perhaps the cleverest tag of all: cryptozoology. It refers to the search for new animals, animals dwelling in unexpected places, and most importantly for "X-Files" scriptwriters, "cryptids"—legendary creatures such as the yeti.

1999 August 16, Steve Burgess, “Loren Coleman, Loch Ness snowman of cryptozoology”, in salon.com:

(cryptozoology) A creature known only from folklore or legend, the existence of which is not proven by scientific observation.


helminthology

(zoology) The branch of zoology related to the study of helminths (parasitic worms).

helmintologia

branch of zoology related to study of helminths


three-cornered

a three-cornered stem

(botany) Having three prominent longitudinal angles.


thriftless

en-adj

thriftless (comparative more thriftless, superlative most thriftless)

more thriftless (comparative)
most thriftless (superlative)

From Middle English thrifteles, þriftles, equivalent to thrift + -less.

(botany, horticulture, dated) Not thriving.


pecker

From Middle English pekker, equivalent to peck (“to pick at something in the manner of a bird”) + -er (“forming agent nouns”).

af

The Titmouse, and the Peckers hungry Brood.

1697, Publius Virgilius Maro, translated by John Dryden, Georgics, section IV:

By far the greater number of modern birds belong to the... orders of the perchers, the peckers, and the birds of prey.

1884 January, George Allen, Longman's Magazine, page 294:

Someone who or something that pecks, striking or piercing in the manner of a bird's beak or bill, particularly:

(zoology) A bird, particularly a member of the group including the woodpeckers, flowerpeckers, oxpeckers, and berrypeckers.

The pecker was esteemed a sacred and divine bird.

1883, Jacob Grimm, translated by J.S. Stallybrass, Teutonic Mythology, volume III, page 973:

I've been feeding several downy ’peckers from my short-perched tubes for years.

(zoology, usually colloquial or US regional) Clipping of woodpecker (Picidae).


operculum

Hyoliths […] have a small, conical calcium carbonate shell, with a lid called an operculum.

2017 January 18, Susannah Lydon, The Guardian:

(zoology) A covering flap in animals, such as a gill cover.

(botany) The lidlike portion of a moss sporangium or of a fruit that detaches to allow the dispersal of spores or seeds.

درپوش

(botany) lidlike portion on a sporangium or fruit that detaches


chimerical

en-adj

chimerical (comparative more chimerical, superlative most chimerical)

more chimerical (comparative)
most chimerical (superlative)
chimaerical (alternative)
chimærical (alternative)

/kɪˈmɛɹɪkəl/

From chimera, from Latin chimaera, from Ancient Greek χίμαιρα (khímaira, “she-goat”). This term entered English in or around 1638.

uder

(genetics) Resulting from the expression of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins.

chimérique

resulting from the expression of two or more genes


nonpareil

en-noun

nonpareil (countable and uncountable, plural nonpareils)

nonpareils (plural)
non-pareil (alternative)
nonparella (alternative)
nonpareillo (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-nonpareil.wav

/ˌnɑnpəˈɹɛl/

From Late Middle English non-parail (“unparalleled, nonpareil”) [and other forms], from Middle French nonpareille, nonpareil (“unparalleled”) (obsolete), from non- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + pareil (“alike, like, same”). Pareil is derived from Old French pareil, from Late Latin pāriculus (“equal; like; of a number: even”), from Latin pār (“equal; like; of a number: even; suitable”) + -culus (a variant of -ulus (suffix forming diminutives)). Doublet of umpire.
Noun sense 4 (size of type standardized at 6-point) is usually taken to derive from the attractive type cut by the brothers Giovanni and Gregorio De Gregori (fl. 1482–1503 and 1496–1527 respectively) for their 1498 edition of the divine offices in Venice; it was for a long time the smallest-sized type in use.

nb...

nonparaille, nonpareyl, nounparalle, nowimparaile

der

The blue underwing or Clifden nonpareil (Catocala fraxini), a species of moth distributed across the Palearctic; also (obsolete) any of a number of moths of other species.

Platycercus eximius
Platycercus eximius#Translingual

(chiefly Australia, archaic) In full nonpareil parrot: an eastern rosella, of species Platycercus eximius, a rosella (parrot) native to southeastern Australia.

(chiefly US) A painted bunting (Passerina ciris), a brightly-coloured finch native to North America.

(archaic) In full nonpareil apple: an apple tasting both sweet and tart which ripens very late in the season; also, the tree producing this fruit.


norepinephrine

en-noun

norepinephrine (countable and uncountable, plural norepinephrines)

/ˌnɔːɹɛpɪˈnɛfɹɪn/

For quotations using this term, see Citations:norepinephrine.

(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter found in the locus coeruleus which is synthesized from dopamine.


noradrenaline

noradrenaline (countable and uncountable, plural noradrenalines)

noradrenalines (plural)
noradrenalin (alternative)

/nɔːɹəˈdɹɛnəlɪn/

Ranicide in rats was found to be reduced by injection of noradrenaline into the hypothalamus, as was muricide behaviour (Bandler, 1970).[…]Other sites in the unspecified ‘ventral midbrain’ were also found (Bandler, 1971) at which noradrenaline administration in crystalline form served to facilitate predatory aggression (ranicide and muricide).

1984, Stephen T. Mason, “Catecholamines and vegetative behaviour”, in Catecholamines and Behaviour, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section “Aggression”, page 333:

(biochemistry, chiefly UK) Synonym of norepinephrine.

noradrenalina

the compound norepinephrine — see also norepinephrine


pleroma

pleroma (countable and uncountable, plural pleromas)

Adam Black
David Don
Wernerian Natural History Society

Learned borrowing from Late Latin pleroma (“(Gnosticism) spiritual universe seen as the totality of the essence and powers of God”), from Koine Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă, “(biblical) perfect fullness”), Ancient Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă, “that which fills, a complement; a filling up, a completing”), from πληρόω (plēróō, “to make full, fill; to complete, finish”) (from πλήρης (plḗrēs, “complete, full”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”)) + -όω (-óō, suffix forming verbs with the sense of making someone be or do something)) + -μᾰ (-mă, suffix forming nouns denoting the result or effect of an action).
Sense 1.1 (“plant”) is borrowed from New Latin Pleroma, a genus name coined by the Scottish botanist David Don (1799–1841) in 1822, from Ancient Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōmă) (see above) to describe the way the seeds of the plant filled the capsule.
Sense 2 (“state of perfect fullness”) is chiefly used in reference to Colossians 2:9 of the Bible: “Ὅτι ἐν αὐτῶῳ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς θεότητος σωματικῶς (Hóti en autôōi katoikeî pân tò plḗrōma tês theótētos sōmatikôs) [For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form]”.

coinage

In his [Jakob Eriksson's] investigations of the meristem (the tissue from which the permanent tissues are formed) by dicotyledonous roots he found four types of growth, […] In the second type only two separate meristem tissues are present in the tips of the roots; a pleroma and a common tissue, from which the primary bark and epidermis and root-cap proceed.

1876 December 9, “[Punctum vegetationis, or Growing Point of Dicotyledonous Roots]”, in The Gardeners’ Chronicle. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects, volume VI (New Series), number 154, London: Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC, page 750, column 1:

[I]n the pleroma of the primary meristem of roots there is not only cambium (persistent parenchyma) and procambium (forerunner of fibres and vessels), but pericambium—i.e., a special outer layer of the plerome that remains for a long time as meristem.

1890 August 22, Edward Aveling, “Botany for Students. Chapter XXII.—The Root.”, in The English Mechanic and World of Science and Art. […], volume LI, number 1326, London: […] E[beneezer] J. Kibblewhite, […], →OCLC, page 543, column 2:

In the pleroma of hyacinth and pea roots, t#95;#123;min#125; increases along the meristem, especially in its basal part[…].

2001, Russian Journal of Developmental Biology: A Journal of Original Papers and Reviews on Developmental and Cell Biology, volume 32, Moscow: Pleiades Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 205, column 1:

(archaic or obsolete, rare) Synonym of plerome (“the central portion of the apical meristem in a growing plant root or stem which, according to the histogen theory, gives rise to the endodermis and stele”).


geniculate

PIE word
 *ǵónu
Learned borrowing from Latin geniculātus (“with bended knee”), from geniculum (“little knee”) + -ātus (participial adjective-forming suffix), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

a geniculate stem; a geniculate ganglion; a geniculate twin crystal

(anatomy, botany) Bent abruptly, with the structure of a knee.


intercalary

From Latin intercalārius, from intercalāris, from intercalō, from inter (“among”) + calō (“call out, proclaim”).

(sciences, by extension) Inserted between other things

(botany) of a meristem: situated between zones of permanent tissue, thus a shoot growing at the base of a leaf, in comparison with apical growth at the tip of a root or plant.

...two radial cells, second longer than first; intercalary fork fairly distinct; crossvein r-m vertical...

1953, Willis W. Wirth, “American Biting Midges of the Helid Genus Monohelea”, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum, volume 103, number 3320, pages 135–154:

(entomology) of a wing vein: between the major veins common to insect wings.


meristem

From German Meristem, from Ancient Greek μεριστός (meristós, “divided”), from μερίζω (merízō), from μέρος (méros) + στέμμα (stémma, “wreath, garland”). First used in 1858 by Swiss botanist Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891).

af

By looking back at a past populated by beings of grotesque difference, humans could place themselves at the apical meristem—the growing tip—of the future.

2020, Janet Chernela, quotee, “Life Finds A Way”, in Jonathan Elmore, editor, Fiction and the Sixth Mass Extinction, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN:

(botany) The plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growth.


apical

(botany, of a meristem) Situated at the growing tip of the plant or its roots, in comparison with intercalary growth situated between zones of permanent tissue.


liana

From French liane, influenced by lien (“link, bond”). The word comes from the western dialects of West Indian French.

Many of the older trees presented a very curious appearance from the tresses of a liana hanging from their boughs, and resembling bundles of hay.

1839, Robert FitzRoy, Phillip Parker King, Charles Darwin, chapter II, in Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle, between the Years 1826 and 1836, […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC:

1884, Achilles Daunt, Frank Redcliffe: A story of travel and adventure in the forests of Venezuela (A Book for Boys), London: T. Nelson & Sons, Chapter 5, p. 99,
Flowering lianas hung in long streaming lines from the outstretched boughs and dipped their pendulous bouquets in the water of the igarape, which reflected the cloudless blue of the sky.

Allow friendly natives to walk in front of you on the track. They have sharp eyes for pitfalls, snakes, hornets, and stinging plants. They will cut the lianas and thorny trailers. They like to do it.

1943 April 4, Allied Geographical Section, Southwest Pacific Area, Getting About in New Guinea, page 6:

They left the drive and stood among the wild tannia under the saman tree. Mrs Tulsi held a liana and offered it to Mr Biswas. While he felt it, she held a thinner liana and pulled it down. ‘As strong as rope,’ she said. ‘The children could skip with this.’

1961, V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, Vintage International, published 2001, Part Two, Chapter 3:

(botany) A climbing woody vine, usually tropical.


doublet

doublets (plural)
doubtlet (alternative)

From Middle English doublet, a borrowing from Old French doublet, from double, duble, doble + -et.

zeke

(historical in English) a man’s waistcoat

(botany) A very small flowering plant, Dimeresia howellii.


midden

From Middle English midding, myddyng, from Old Danish mykdyngja, (a compound of Old Norse myk, myki (“muck, manure”) and dyngja (“dung, dungpile”)), whence also Danish møgdynge and mødding, Norwegian mødding, dialectal Swedish mödding.

(zoology) A shelter made of vegetation and other materials by packrats.

(zoology) An accumulation of dried urine and fecal deposits made by hyraxes.


taenia

taenias (plural)
taeniae (plural)
tænia (alternative)
tenia (alternative)

From Latin taenia, from Ancient Greek ταινία (tainía, “ribbon, tape”).

uder

About an hour after the last dose, that is, in three hours after commencing the remedy, an entire tænia was voided alive, no other effect than a slight nausea having been experienced by the patient.[…]On plunging living tæniae either into the decoction, or into the mixture of the pomegranate bark and water, they writhe and manifest great suffering.

1835, W. B. Joy, “Worms”, in John Forbes, Alexander Tweedie, John Conolly, editors, The Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine, volume 4, page 545:

(biology) Any species of the genus Taenia of tapeworms.


trigamous

(botany) Having three kinds of flowers — male, female, and hermaphrodite — in the same flower head.


incumbent

en-adj

incumbent (comparative more incumbent, superlative most incumbent)

more incumbent (comparative)
most incumbent (superlative)

From Latin incumbentem + English -ent (suffix denoting the causing, doing, or promoting of an action). Incumbentem is the accusative singular of incumbēns (“reclining”), the present active participle of incumbō (“to lay upon, to lean or recline on; to fall upon, to press down on”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘against; into; on, upon’) + *cumbō (“to lie down, recline”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb-).

rusten op

[T]he anther either looks inwards or outwards. When it is turned inwards, or is fixed to that side of the filament which looks towards the pistil or centre of the flower, the anther is incumbent or intorse, as in Magnolia and the Water-Lily. When turned outwards, or fixed to the outer side of the filament, it is extorse, as in the Tulip-tree.

1857, Asa Gray, “Lesson XVII. Morphology of the Stamens.”, in First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology, […], New York, N.Y.: Ivison & Phinney and G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam & Co., […], →OCLC, paragraph 293, page 113:

Chiefly followed by on or upon: leaning, or lying, reclining, or resting, on something else.

(botany) Of an anther: lying on the inner side of the filament; also, of a cotyledon: having its back lying against the radicle.

poikkitelainen

of an anther: lying on the inner side of the filament; of a cotyledon: having its back lying against the radicle

the incumbent toe of a bird

(zoology) Of a body part such as a hair, spine, or wing: bent downwards or otherwise positioned so that it, or part of it, rests on or touches something else; specifically (ornithology), of the hind toe of a bird: fully resting on a support.

rusten op

of a body part: bent downwards or otherwise positioned so that it, or part of it, rests on or touches something else; of the hind toe of a bird: fully resting on a support


sylph

First attested in 1657. From New Latin sylphes, coined by Paracelsus in the 16th century. The coinage may derive from Latin sylvestris (“of the woods”) and nympha (“nymph”). Ultimately from the root silva (“woods, forest”). Related to sylvan.
More at Wikipedia.

(ornithology) Any of the mainly dark green and blue hummingbirds (genus Aglaiocercus), the male of which has a long forked tail.


suspended

(botany, of an ovule) Attached slightly below the summit of the ovary.


loveliness

en-noun

loveliness (countable and uncountable, plural lovelinesses)

From Middle English luflynes; equivalent to lovely + -ness.

'A loveliness of ladybirds,' whispers Roisin to her sleeping child, and looks at her husband proudly. He grins back. 'Aye, the plague of last summer. Couldn't pick up a glass of lemonade without finding a hundred ladybirds using it as a bubble-bath.'

2016, David Mark, Dead Pretty, Hachette UK, page 10

A loveliness of ladybugs is enjoying lunch - little aphids that pepper a crop of soybeans.

2018, Natalie Rompella, The World Never Sleeps, Tilbury House, p18

Sparks of sunlight caught on a loveliness of ladybirds that had floated into the waiting room through an open door.

2019, Jayne Fresina, A Loveliness of Ladybirds, Twisted-E Publishing LLC, page 71

(zoology, collective) A group of ladybirds.


connive

en-verb

connive (third-person singular simple present connives, present participle conniving, simple past and past participle connived)

connives (present singular third-person)
conniving (participle present)
connived (participle past)
connived (past)

From French conniver (“to ignore and thus become complicit in wrongdoing”), or directly from its etymon Latin con(n)īvēre (“close or screw up the eyes, blink, wink; overlook, turn a blind eye, connive”) (perhaps alluding to two persons involved in a scheme together winking to each other), from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several objects) + *nīvēre (related to nictō (“to blink, wink”), from Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ- (“to bend, droop”)).

der

This species [...] differs from other species of this genus in the upper pinnæ being contracted, which are sinuously lobed, each lacinæ and lobe bearing a sorus, furnished with a nearly orbicular indusium, the free exterior margin of which connives with the margin of the lobe, [...]

1875, John Smith, “118.—Nephrolepis, Schott. (1834).: Hook Sp. Fil.”, in Historia Filicum; an Exposition on the Nature, Number, and Organography of Ferns, […], London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, part 2 (General Arrangement and Characteristics of Tribes and Genera, […]), page 227:

(intransitive, botany, rare) Of parts of a plant: to be converging or in close contact; to be connivent.


pathobiology

en-noun

pathobiology (usually uncountable, plural pathobiologies)

(biology) The branch of biology that deals with pathology with greater emphasis on the biological than on the medical aspects.


birder

Many of the crofters on Fair Isle and Shetland know as much about the birds as the birders.

1980, Bill Oddie, Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book, page 47:

It's good to be the king. Even if the kingdom is rather small. It is amazing how often really good birders are borderline megalomaniacs.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 37:


twitching

twitching (countable and uncountable, plural twitchings)

(birdwatching) Compulsive birdwatching by people (twitchers) who travel long distances to see rare species.


birdwatcher

birdwatchers (plural)
bird watcher (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-birdwatcher.wav

Alec Warner was gazing like a bird-watcher at Charmian, who plucked at the rug round her knees, waiting to tell her own story.

1959, Muriel Spark, chapter 5, in Memento Mori, London: Macmillan:

(birdwatching) A person who observes or identifies wild birds in their natural environment.

觀鳥者 /观鸟者

a person who observes or identifies wild birds in their natural environment


lepidopterology

From Ancient Greek λεπίς (lepís, “scale”) + πτερόν (pterón, “wing”) + -λογία (-logía, “-logy, branch of study”), or, more recently, from translingual Lepidoptera + -ology.

(biology, zoology, entomology) The scientific study of butterflies and moths (the Lepidoptera).


cavernous

en-adj

cavernous (comparative more cavernous, superlative most cavernous)

more cavernous (comparative)
most cavernous (superlative)

Late Middle English cavernous, cavernose, borrowing from Old French caverneux or Latin cavernōsus (“full of hollows or cavities”), from caverna (“a hollow, cavity, cave”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to cavern + -ous.

af

(anatomy, zootomy) Composed largely of vascular sinuses and capable of dilating with blood to bring about the erection of a body part.


murrain

en-noun

murrain (countable and uncountable, plural murrains)

murrains (plural)
murrein (alternative)
murrion (alternative)

The noun is derived from Late Middle English morein, morine, moreyn (“(widespread) death; widespread sickness, plague; fatal disease; carnage; carrion”), from Anglo-Norman morine, mourine, moreyn (“death; widespread sickness, plague; carrion; cattle disease”), Middle French morine, and Old French morine, mourine, murine (“widespread sickness, plague; animal which has died from a disease”), from Late Latin morina (“plague”), probably from Latin morior (“to die; to decay, wither”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).
The adjective and adverb are derived from the noun.
Cognates
* Italian morìa (“plague”)
* Latin morticīnus (“that has died naturally, dead; (relational) carrion”) (Medieval Latin morticinium)
* Occitan moria (“death; plague”)
* Old French morie (“death”) mourie (“flesh of animals that have died of disease”) (Middle French murie)
* Portuguese morrinha (“cattle plague”)
* Spanish morriña (“cattle plague”)

cog

water murrain

Il'e ſtrike thee [Earth] vvith a laſting barrenneſſe. / No more ſhall plenty crovvne thy fertill brovves, / Il'e breake thy plovves, thy Oxen murren-ſtrike: […]

1613, Thomas Heywood, The Silver Age, […], London: […] Nicholas Okes, and are to be sold by Beniamin Lightfoote […], →OCLC, Act III, signature H, verso:

[A] Church-mans Juriſdiction is no more but to vvatch over his Flock in ſeaſon, and out of ſeaſon, to deal by ſvveet and efficacious Inſtructions, gentle Admonitions, and ſometimes rounder Reproofs; […] againſt a perſiſting ſtubbornes, or the fear of a reprobate ſenſe, a timely ſeparation from the Flock by that interdictive Sentence, leſt his Converſation unprohibited, or unbranded, might breath a peſtilential murrein into the other Sheepe.

1642 April, John Milton, An Apology for Smectymnuus; republished in A Complete Collection of the Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous Works of John Milton, […], volume I, Amsterdam [actually London: s.n.], 1698, →OCLC, page 159:

The murrain among Bees is very rare: other diſeaſes they are ſubject too, eſpecially to a ſcovvring, by gathering, or feeding on Tithymal, […]

1657, Samuel Purchas, “Of Bees, Enemies and Sicknesses”, in A Theatre of Politicall Flying-Insects. […], London: […] R. I. for Thomas Parkhurst, […], →OCLC, page 122:

The next year vvas calamitous, bringing ſtrange fluxes upon men, and murren upon Cattel.

1670, John Milton, “The Sixth Book”, in The History of Britain, that Part Especially now Call’d England. […], London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for James Allestry, […] , →OCLC, page 245:

[page 47] [B]ecauſe Murreins among the Larger Cattle, and Rots among the Smaller, are the moſt Fatal of Diſeaſes, and ſvveep them avvay by Herds and Flocks, I ſhall (from Long Experience) ſhovv the neareſt vvay to fore-ſee the approaching Danger, […] [page 48] To prevent therefore this Murrein, Long-ſought; or as ſome call it, Gurget: If you are conſtrained to Paſture your Beaſts, bleed them as ſoon as ever the Leaf begins to fall; peg their Ears and Devv-laps vvith Helebore, or Bears-foot, a Plant ſo called; […]

1700, C. P. [pseudonym], “Signs of Murrein, Rot, or Such Like Destroying Diseases in Cattle; how to Prevent or Remedy Them”, in The Sheepherd’s New Kalender: or, The Citizen’s & Country Man’s Daily Companion: […], London: […] A. M. for J. Blare, […], →OCLC, pages 47–48:

(countable, veterinary medicine, chiefly historical) Any of several highly infectious diseases of cattle or other livestock, such as anthrax, babesiosis, or rinderpest; or a particular epizootic thereof; also, an infectious disease affecting other animals, such as poultry.

مَوْتَان

any of several highly infectious diseases of cattle, etc.; or a particular epizootic thereof

potato murrain

[H]e had reason to think that a murrain had fallen over the whole of the potato crops in England, and that, if it extended to Ireland, the most serious consequences must ensue.

1880, [Benjamin Disraeli], chapter XIV, in Endymion […], volume III, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, pages 141–142:

(countable, by extension, phytopathology) An infectious disease affecting plants.


aecium

aecia (plural)
aeciums (plural)
æcium (alternative)

From New Latin aecium, from Ancient Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā, “injury, insult”). However Merriam-Webster relates that aecium is a back-formation from aecidium and is not related to the Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā). The word aecium was "introduced as a substitute for aecidium by the Purdue University plant pathologist J. C. Arthur (1850–1942) in an effort to reform terminology for rust fungi; see Terminology of the Spore-Structures in the Uredinales, Botanical Gazette, vol. 39 (Mar., 1905), pp. 219-22."

der

1932 August, Ralph Ulysses Cotter, Factors Affecting the Development of the Aecial Stage of Puccinia Graminis, US Dept of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 314, page 29,
The writer therefore made observations to determine the conditions under which the aecia open and discharge spores most readily.

The receptive hyphae with binucleate cells eventually form the basal cells of the aecium.[…]Many cup-like structures, called aecia, appear on the lower surface of leaf.

2010, N. K. Soni, Vandana Soni, Fundamentals of Botany, volume 1, page 127:

It is a heteroecious rust and its aecia are produced on species of Oxalis, namely O. stricta, according to Arthur (1929).

2010, M. S. Patil, Anjali Patil, “16: The Rust Fungi: Systematics, Diseases and Their Management”, in Arun Arya, Analía Edith Perelló, editors, Management of Fungal Plant Pathogens, page 209:

(mycology) A cuplike fruiting structure of some parasitic rust fungi that contains chains of aeciospores.


aeciospore

aeciospores (plural)
æciospore (alternative obsolete)

[ˈiʃiəˌspɔː]

(botany) A binucleate spore of a rust fungus, formed in a chainlike series in an aecium.


basidium

A Latinized form of Ancient Greek βάσις (básis, “base”) + -idium.

The walls of these scleroid basidia often reach 1 μm or more in thickness and the walls stain deeply with congo red.

1981, Timothy J. Baroni, A Revision of the Genus Rhodocybe Maire (Agaricales), page 24:

(mycology) A small structure, shaped like a club, found in the Basidiomycota division of fungi, that bears four spores at the tips of small projections. [from 19th c.]


zymosan

en-noun

zymosan (countable and uncountable, plural zymosans)

(biochemistry) an insoluble carbohydrate, obtained from the cell walls of yeast, used in the bioassay of blood serum


replicate

en-adj

replicate (comparative more replicate, superlative most replicate)

more replicate (comparative)
most replicate (superlative)

/ˈɹɛpləˌkət/

From Latin replicātus, past participle of replicāre (“to fold or bend back; reply”), from re (“back”) + plicāre (“to fold”); see ply. Doublet of reply and replica.

a replicate leaf or petal

the replicate margin of a shell

(botany, zoology) Folded over or backward; folded back upon itself.


macrocephalous

macrocephalous (comparative more macrocephalous, superlative most macrocephalous)

more macrocephalous (comparative)
most macrocephalous (superlative)

(botany) Having the cotyledons of a dicotyledonous embryo confluent, and forming a large mass compared with the rest of the body.


macrophyllous

macrophyllous (comparative more macrophyllous, superlative most macrophyllous)

more macrophyllous (comparative)
most macrophyllous (superlative)


macropodal

macropodal (comparative more macropodal, superlative most macropodal)

more macropodal (comparative)
most macropodal (superlative)


propagation

en-noun

propagation (countable and uncountable, plural propagations)

From Middle French propagation, from Old French propagacion, from Latin propagatio.
Morphologically propagate + -ion

разпространение

the dissemination of something to a larger area or greater number

(genetics) The elongation part of transcription.


macropodous

en-adj

macropodous (comparative more macropodous, superlative most macropodous)

more macropodous (comparative)
most macropodous (superlative)

(botany) (of a leaf) Having a long stalk.

(botany) (of a plant embryo) Having a large hypocotyl.

(botany, obsolete) (of a plant embryo) Having a large radicle.


macrosporangium

(botany) A megasporangium; sporangium or conceptacle containing only large spores.


macrozoospore

(botany) A large motile spore having four vibratile cilia; found in certain green algae.


maculation

en-noun

maculation (countable and uncountable, plural maculations)

Females [of the species Speyeria nokomis] are cream above with heavy black maculation accompanied by much dark suffusion.

1975, William H. Howe, editor, The Butterflies of North America, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, page 217:

1990, Mason E. Hale, A Synopsis of the Lichen Genus Xanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae), Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 195,
[This lichen] species […] is recognized by […] more or less distinct maculation on the upper surface, and pale brown lower surface.

(zoology, botany, chiefly uncountable) A pattern of spots.


maculose

en-adj

maculose (comparative more maculose, superlative most maculose)

more maculose (comparative)
most maculose (superlative)

(geology, zoology, botany) Having spots on the surface; spotted


madreporite

/ˌmædɹəˈpɔɹaɪt/

From madrepore + -ite; the echinoderm sense is in reference to how it resembles the coral.

water vascular system
water vascular system

(zoology) A calcareous opening in the body of echinoderms which connects the water vascular system to the environment.

a similar Madreporite deposite is noticed a few feet above the coal seam

1839, Report of the progress of the Geological Survey for the year 1839:

Whether madreporite occurs naturally in Spain, I do not know

1943, “Publications of the Folklore Society (Great Britain)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), page 138:

Madreporite was regarded as a variety of calcite and anthraconite a lamellar variety of madreporite

1989, Society for the Bibliography of Natural History (Great Britain), Archives of Natural History, page 199:

(archaic, paleontology) A fossil stony coral, or a deposit composed of the same.


aestivation

en-noun

aestivation (countable and uncountable, plural aestivations)

aestivations (plural)
æstivation (alternative)
estivation (alternative)

Derived from Latin aestīvō, aestīvāre (“to spend or pass the summer in a place”), from aestīvus (“of or pertaining to summer”), from aestās (“summer”) + -īvus.

der+

(biology) A state of inactivity and metabolic depression during summer: the summer version of hibernation.

夏眠

(botany) The arrangement (vernation) of the parts of a flower inside a bud; prefloration.

silmuasento

vernation of the parts of flower inside a bud; prefloration


botanical name

Plantae, Betulaceae, Helianthemum, Zea mays and Stellaria media subsp. media are botanical names.

(botany) A formal scientific name of a plant, especially as conforming to the ICBN.


ICBN

(botany, superseded by ICN) Abbreviation of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, a body of rules and recommendations governing botanical names.


circumscription

en-noun

circumscription (countable and uncountable, plural circumscriptions)

The circumscription in the APG system of the family Malvaceae includes the former families Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae.

(taxonomy) The definition of what does and does not belong to a given taxon, from a particular taxonomic viewpoint or taxonomic system.

rajaus

taxonomy: definition of what belongs in a taxon


magistery

magistery (countable and uncountable, plural magisteries)

/ˈmæd͡ʒɪstəɹi/

/ˈmæd͡ʒəˌstəɹi/

PIE word
 *méǵh₂s
From Middle English magisteri, magistery (“academic degree of Master”), from Latin magisterium (“office of a chief, director, president, or superintendent; teaching office or authority of the Roman Catholic Church; authoritative statement”) (compare Late Latin magisterium (“philosopher’s stone”)), from magister (“master (title for a person in authority or one having a licence from a university to teach liberal arts and philosophy); teacher”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“big, great”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns, sometimes denoting groups and offices). Doublet of magisterium. Cognate with French magistère, Old French magisteire.

der

(countable, pharmacology, veterinary medicine) A medicine prepared for a specific use.


irruption

en-noun

irruption (countable and uncountable, plural irruptions)

From Middle French irruption, from Latin irruptiō(n).

Extreme rainfall events predict irruptions of rat plagues in central Australia.

(ecology) An abrupt increase of an animal population.


adhesion

adhesion (usually uncountable, plural adhesions)

adhesions (plural)
adhæsion (alternative)

From French adhésion, from Latin stem of adhaesio, from past participle of adhaerare.

(biochemistry) The binding of a cell to a surface or substrate.


crossover

crossover (countable and uncountable, plural crossovers)

(genetics) The result of the exchange of genetic material during meiosis.

tekijäinvaihdunta

the result of the exchange of genetic material during meiosis


taxonomic system

taxonomic system (plural taxonomic systems)

(taxonomy) A coherent system of taxonomic judgements on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. A taxonomic system is restricted to a large but limited part of the living world.


cyclosis

cyclosis (countable and uncountable, plural cycloses)

(biology) The circulation of protoplasm within a cell.


Aalenian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Middle Jurassic epoch or series.


Aalenian

(geology, paleontology) Of or pertaining to the Aalenian epoch.


allogeneic

/ˌæləd͡ʒəˈniɪk/

(genetics) Genetically different because of being derived from separate individuals of the same species.


mosaic

mosaic (countable and uncountable, plural mosaics)

mosaics (plural)
mosaick (alternative obsolete)
musaic (alternative archaic)

From Middle French mosaïque, from Italian mosaico, from Medieval Latin musaicum, from Late Latin musivum (opus), from Latin museum, musaeum, probably from Ancient Greek Μουσεῖον (Mouseîon), shrine of the Muses (Μοῦσα (Moûsa)).

(genetics) An individual composed of two or more cell lines of different genetic or chromosomal constitution, but from the same zygote.

(phytopathology) Any of several viral diseases that cause mosaic-like patterns to appear on leaves.


cathemeral

en-adj

cathemeral (comparative more cathemeral, superlative most cathemeral)

more cathemeral (comparative)
most cathemeral (superlative)

/kəˈθɛməɹəl/

(biology) Relating to organisms' behaviour in which food is acquired at random intervals during the day or night.


cnidarian

From translingual Cnidaria + -an, derived from New Latin Cnīdāria, derived from Ancient Greek κνῑ́δη (knī́dē, “sea nettle”).

der+

A general feature of cnidarians, as I noted above, is their stinging cells.

2016, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Other Minds, William Collins, published 2018, page 35:

(zoology) Any of various invertebrate animals, such as jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, corals and formerly sponges and ctenophores that belong to the phylum Cnidaria.

cnidario

any of various invertebrate animals that belong to the phylum Cnidaria


cion

1621–1626 (published posthumously in 1627): Francis Bacon, Sylva Sylvarum : or, A Natural History ; in ten centuries, century V, Experiments in consort touching the putting back or retardation of germination, ¶ 421; reprinted in:

421. Men have entertained a conceit that showeth prettily ; namely, that if you graft a late-coming fruit upon a stock of a fruit-tree that cometh early, the graft will bear early ; as a peach upon a cherry ; and contrariwise, if an early-coming fruit upon a stock of a fruit-tree that cometh late, the graft will bear fruit late ; as a cherry upon a peach. But these are but imaginations, and untrue. The cause is, for that the cion overruleth the stock quite : and the stock is but passive only, and giveth aliment, but no motion to the graft.

1838, The works of Lord Bacon : with an introductory essay, and a portrait ; in two volumes, volume 1, page 133 (London : William Ball, Paternoster Row ; stereotyped and printed by John Childs and son)

(chiefly botany) Alternative spelling of scion.


nonhomologous

The nonhomologous RNA recombination resulted in an enhanced hemagglutinin cleavability.


stuffer fragment

en-noun

stuffer fragment (plural stuffer fragments)

(genetics) A section of DNA contained within the genome of lambda vector that is replaced by the DNA to be cloned.


antrum

From Latin antrum, from Ancient Greek ἄντρον (ántron, “cave”). Doublet of antre.

In forms with a modified outer antral fence, both this and the adjacent distal band of the domiciliar wall may be concave and form the antrum (Figs. 6 J-K; 7 B), and in some forms the antrum apparently is formed by the dolon alone (dolonal antrum).

(biology) A bodily cavity, especially one having bony walls, especially one in the sinuses.


influent

From Latin influent-, the present participle stem of īnfluere.

(ecology) An organism having an important effect on a plant or animal community.


influent

en-adj

influent (comparative more influent, superlative most influent)

more influent (comparative)
most influent (superlative)

(ecology) Having an important effect on a plant or animal community.


polylinker

(genetics) A short sequence of DNA containing several restriction enzyme recognition sites that is contained in cloning vectors


primary producer

en-noun

primary producer (plural primary producers)

(biology) An autotrophic organism producing complex organic matter, using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.


shi

Clipping of shibire. Coined by Japanese-Canadian geneticist and zoologist David Suzuki, the person who also coined "shibire".


generic name

Holonyms: species name (the binomial unit), binominal name, binomial name

Its generic name is Staphylococcus, but you may know it better by the common name staph.

(taxonomy) The first word in a binominal name, which identifies the genus of the lifeform considered.

sukuosa

(taxonomy) first word in a binominal name, which identifies the genus of the lifeform considered — see also specific epithet


leader sequence

en-noun

leader sequence (plural leader sequences)

(genetics) The sequence at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule that is not translated into protein.


holotype

The holotype of this species is subglobular in shape and ammoniticonic in its mode of growth.

1938, A. K. Miller, Devonian Ammonoids of America, Geological Society of America, page 75:

The surface of the holotype bears seven rounded annulations which slope very slightly orad from the venter.

1942, E. O. Ulrich, Aug. F. Foerste, A. K. Miller, A. G. Unklesbay, Ozarkian and Canadian Cephalopods: Part III: Longicones and Summary, Geological Society of America, page 77:

Primary types include holotypes, lectotypes, and neotypes, while all other types (e.g., paratypes) are secondary types. A holotype is a unique, name-bearing type specimen designated by the original author. The holotype is the single individual of a species that serves as a voucher for a given species name. A holotype can be designated only by the original author and in the publication in which that author established its name.

2005, David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, Evolution of the Insects, Cambridge University Press, page 35:

The species to which the holotype belongs is then referred to by the name proposed by the author, at least when the same name has not previously been applied to another species.[…]If his specimen is not the same species as any of the holotypes preserved in museums, he should prepare a description of his specimen and have it published with his proposed name for the new species or give it to a specialist who is interested in doing this.

2008, Charles W. Heckman, Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Odonata - Zygoptera, Springer, page 3:

(taxonomy) The single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used to formally describe the species (or lower-order taxon), subsequently to be kept as a reference.

holotip

single physical example or illustration of an organism used to describe the taxon


multinucleate

(biology) having more than one nucleus; multinuclear


hematopoiesis

hematopoiesis (usually uncountable, plural hematopoieses)

hematopoieses (plural)
hæmatopœsis (alternative)
haematopoiesis (alternative)

(hematology, cytology) The process by which blood cells are produced.


hemicellulose

The changes in texture that occur during ripening and cooking result from changes in the cell-wall materials, in particular the cement carbohydrates. One group is the hemicelluloses, which form strengthening cross-links between celluloses. They are built up from glucose and xylose sugars, and can be partly dissolved and removed from cell walls during cooking.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 5, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A mixture of several plant polysaccharides, of smaller molecular weight than cellulose, that are soluble in dilute alkali; they are involved in the manufacture of paper, and are used in the production of furfural and ethanol.


oligosaccharide

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide of low molecular weight, being a polymer of between three and eight monosaccharide units.


herbivory

Herbivory is a paradoxical interspecific interaction. On the one hand, upward of a quarter of all species are herbivorous insects (Strong et al., 1984) and some additional fraction of the noninsect species is also herbivorous, so plant-herbivore interactions are common. On the other hand, the simple observation is that, to a first approximation, the earth is green (Hairston et al., 1960), despite the combined effect of those herbivores.

1998, Sam Scheiner, Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 183:

2009, J. Wiebe, E. Mouton, Nutria Harvest and Distribution 2008-2009 and a Survey of Nutria Herbivory Damage in Coastal Louisiana in 2009:

(ecology) The consumption of living plant tissue by animals.

kasvinsyönti

the consumption of living plant tissue by animals


zoon

zoa (plural)
zoons (plural)
zoön (alternative)

zooid

antonym(s) of “an animal which is the sole product of a single egg”

First adopted by Herbert Spencer in Principles of Biology (see 1864 quotation): from New Latin zōon, from Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion, “animal”).

(biology) An animal which is the sole product of a single egg.

(biology) Any one of the perfectly developed individuals of a compound animal.


replicon

During cell division there is a probability that either or both of the master replicons will misreplicate and one of the daughter cells will be missing a master copy.

1970, Michael Abercrombie, Jean Brachet, Thomas Joseph King, Advances in Morphogenesis - Volume 8, page 177:

(genetics) A DNA molecule or a region of DNA that replicates as an individual unit. A replicon may be, for instance, a chromosome, a plasmid or a phage.


reversion

reversion (countable and uncountable, plural reversions)

/ɹɪˈvɜːʒ(ə)n̩/

/ɹɪˈvɜːʃ(ə)n̩/

Borrowed into late Middle English from Old French reversion (modern réversion), from Latin reversio, from revertō. By surface analysis, revert + -sion.

(genetics) The return of a genetic characteristic after a period of suppression.


ascendancy

ascendancy (countable and uncountable, plural ascendancies)

ascendancies (plural)
ascendency (alternative)

From ascend + -ancy or ascendant + -cy. The use in ecology is due to Robert Ulanowicz.

Ascendency was found to be a useful indicator for the health assessment of marine benthic ecosystems over space and time.

2009, Sven Erik Jørgensen, editor, Ecosystem Ecology, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 63:

(ecology) A quantitative attribute of an ecosystem, defined as a function of the ecosystem's trophic network, and intended to indicate its ability to prevail against disturbance by virtue of its combined organization and size.


divaricate

en-adj

divaricate (comparative more divaricate, superlative most divaricate)

more divaricate (comparative)
most divaricate (superlative)

The verb is first attested in 1623, the adjective in 1788; borrowed from Latin dīvāricātus, perfect passive participle of dīvāricō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from dis- + vāricō (“to straddle, to stretch (the legs) apart”), from vāricus (“straddling”).

(botany) Having wide angles between the branches.


STR

en-noun

STR (countable and uncountable, plural STRs)

These observations lead us to predict that structural genomic variants are as important as SNPs, short tandem repeats (STRs) and other small changes in their contribution to genome variation.

2006, Lars Feuk et al., “Structural variation in the human genome”, Nature, 7:85

We estimated that the following percentage of elements were correctly assembled: 95.4% of alpha satellites; 91.5% of human satellites 2 and 3; 97.7% of segmental duplications (SDs); 94.3% of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs); 94.2% of short tandem repeats (STRs); and 98.8% of all human repeats²⁶.

2023 May 11, Wen-Wei LiaoMobin AsriJana Ebleret al., “A draft human pangenome reference”, in Nature, volume 617, →DOI, page 313:

short tandem repeat
short tandem repeat#English

(genetics) Initialism of short tandem repeat.


CNV

CNV (countable and uncountable, plural CNVs)

"During the past year alone, fast on the heels of two breakthrough studies, hundreds of submicroscopic copy-number variants (CNVs) and inversions have been described in the human genome."

2006, Lars Feuk et al., “Structural variation in the human genome”, in Nature, 7:85:

2006, Freeman et al., "Copy number variation: New insights into genome diversity" Genome Res 2006; 16: 949-61.
"DNA copy number variation has long been associated with specific chromosomal rearrangements and genomic disorders, but its ubiquity in mammalian genomes was not fully realized until recently. Although our understanding of the extent of this variation is still developing, it seems likely that, at least in humans, copy number variants (CNVs) account for a substantial amount of genetic variation."

copy-number variant
copy-number variant#English

copy number variation
copy number variation#English

(genetics) Initialism of copy-number variant or copy number variation.


copy-number variant

copy-number variant (plural copy-number variants)

(genetics) A DNA sequence, 1000 nucleotides (or synonymously base pairs) in length or longer, that is present a variable number of times as copies in a genome relative to a reference genome.


chromo-

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From Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”).


zygodactylous

/ˌzeɪɡəʊˈdæktələs/

From zygo- + Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”).

der

(ornithology) Having two toes pointing forward, and two toes pointing backward.


DEB

en-noun

DEB (countable and uncountable, plural DEBs)

dynamic energy budget
w:dynamic energy budget

(biology) Initialism of dynamic energy budget.


adipocyte

(cytology) a type of cell, present in adipose tissue, where fat is stored as a source of energy


blastocyte

(cytology, embryology) An undifferentiated cell in the blastula stage of an embryo.


choanocyte

(cytology) any of the cells in sponges that contain a flagellum, and are used to control the movement of water


granulocyte

This is easily explained, because pathological cells that are only occasional wanderers into the free circulation, aside from the granulocyte group, probably all are "mononuclear" , "non-granular", and "large" , characteristics which, all authors agree, brand cells as belonging to the "large lymphocytes".

1908 September 7, Charles A. Elliott, “The atypical and large mononuclear cells of the blood”, in Quarterly Bulletin of the Northwestern University Medical School, volume 10, number 2, page 2:

(cytology, immunology) Any of various white blood cells that have granules in their cytoplasm.

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor


hemocyte

hemocytes (plural)
haemacyte (alternative)
haemocyte (alternative)
hemacyte (alternative)

(cytology) Any blood cell, especially that of an invertebrate


histiocyte

histiocytes (plural)
histocyte (alternative)

From histio- (“tissue”) + -cyte (“cell”).

(biology) a macrophage, derived from bone marrow, found in connective tissue


macrocyte

(hematology, cytology) an unusually large red blood cell that is associated with pernicious anemia


melanocyte

As previously stated, it is pigmented, this pigmentation depending upon the so-called melanocytes.

1905, Willy Edward Alexander Wyman, Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary Surgery, page 06:

(medicine, biochemistry, cytology) A cell in the skin that produces the pigment melanin.


microsporocyte

(biology) A cell that produces (typically four) microspores during meiosis.


oligodendrocyte

With the Hortega silver carbonate stain, or one of its modifications, oligodendrocytes are observed. These cells are usually small and correspond to the small cortical oligodendrocyte of Robertson.

1933, LB Cox, “The cytology of the glioma group; with special reference to the inclusion of cells derived from the invaded tissue”, in The American Journal of Pathology:

(biology) Any of the cells of the oligodendroglia in the nervous system


spongiocyte

(cytology) Any of the cells of the neuroglia that have spongy vacuolated protoplasm


thrombocyte

/ˈθɹɒmbə(ʊ)sʌɪt/


enzymology

enzymology (usually uncountable, plural enzymologies)

(biochemistry) The branch of science that studies enzymes.


truncate

/ˈtɹʌŋˌkeɪt/

From Latin truncātus, perfect passive participle of truncō (“maim, reduce to a trunk”); see trunk as a verb.

(botany, anatomy) Having an abrupt termination.

κολοβός

botany, anatomy: having an abrupt termination


inositol

inositol (countable and uncountable, plural inositols)

From its former name inosite + -ol (“an alcohol”), from Ancient Greek ἰνός (inós, genitive singular of ἴς (ís, “sinew, tendon”)) + -ite.

af

genitive singular of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἴς</i> (ís, “sinew, tendon”)

(biochemistry) A simple carbocyclic sugar (hexahydroxycyclohexane; chemical formula: C₆H₁₂O₆) which occurs in animal and plant tissue. Once treated as part of the vitamin B complex, but is not a vitamin as it can be synthesized by the body.


graminivorous

en-adj

graminivorous (comparative more graminivorous, superlative most graminivorous)

more graminivorous (comparative)
most graminivorous (superlative)

/ɡɹæmɪˈnɪvəɹəs/

From Latin graminivorus, from gramen (“grass”) + -vorus.

We passed a large jaguar, glaring fiercely at a calf ten feet from him; […] Had we powder to waste, we would certainly have rid the graminivorous from many of their carnivorous neighbours, but we were now entering a tract of country celebrated for the depredations of the Texians and Buggles free bands, and every charge of powder thrown away was a chance the less, in case of a fight.

1843, [Frederick] Marryat, chapter XII, in Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Monsieur Violet, in California, Sonora, & Western Texas. […], volume II, London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans, […], →OCLC, page 257:

"Bitzer," said Thomas Gradgrind. "Your definition of a horse." / "Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth; namely, twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive. Sheds coat in the spring; in marshy countries, sheds hoofs, too. Hoofs hard, but requiring to be shod with iron. Age known by marks in mouth." Thus (and much more) Bitzer.

1854, Charles Dickens, chapter II, in Hard Times. For These Times, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], →OCLC:

If woman had a free hand in the world's marketing the race would become graminivorous.

1906, Ambrose Bierce, “Abdomen”, in The Cynic’s Word Book, London: Arthur F. Bird […], →OCLC, page 4:

(entomology) That eats grasses and seeds.


pedate

pedate (comparative more pedate, superlative most pedate)

more pedate (comparative)
most pedate (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having deeply divided lobes.


hastate

hastate (comparative more hastate, superlative most hastate)

more hastate (comparative)
most hastate (superlative)

From Middle English hastate, from Latin hastātus (“armed with a spear”), from hasta (“spear”) + -ātus.

(botany, of leaves) Shaped similarly to a halberd, with pointed lobes pointed outward from the base.

keihästyvinen

botany, of leaves: with lobes pointing outward from base


hypostasis

en-noun

hypostasis (countable and uncountable, plural hypostases or hypostaseis)

hypostases (plural)
hypostaseis (plural)

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From Ecclesiastical Latin hypostasis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόστασις (hupóstasis, “sediment, foundation; substance, existence, essence”), from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + στάσις (stásis, “standing”). Morphologically hypo- + -stasis.

bor

When penetrance is suppressed altogether, the term ‘epistasis’ (and ‘hypostasis’ of the suppressed gene) is used.

1997, Vogul & Motulsky, Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches, page 141:

(genetics) The effect of one gene preventing another from expressing.


hypostatic

en-adj

hypostatic (comparative more hypostatic, superlative most hypostatic)

more hypostatic (comparative)
most hypostatic (superlative)

From mediaeval Latin hypostaticus, from Ancient Greek ὑποστατικός (hupostatikós), from ὑποστατός (hupostatós). Equivalent to hypostasis + -tic.

uder

(genetics) Of a gene, affected by hypostasis.


involution

en-noun

involution (countable and uncountable, plural involutions)

(biology) The migration of a cell layer inward, sliding over an outer layer of cells. It occurs at gastrulation during embryogenesis.


heterochrony

(biology) the variation in ontogeny of individuals of a species that gives rise to evolution


coronavirus

coronavirus (countable and uncountable, plural coronaviruses)

coronaviruses (plural)
corona virus (alternative)
corona-virus (alternative)

→ Samoan: koronavairusi

→ Tokelauan: kolonavailuhi

/kəˈɹəʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

/kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

From corona (“crown-like circle of light appearing around the sun”) + virus. Corona is derived from Latin corōna (“garland, wreath; crown”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “something curved; curved stern of a ship; end, point, tip”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, turn”). The name refers to the characteristic appearance of its virions by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a solar corona. Compare the former genus name Coronavirus.

der

A new group of viruses with the name of coronaviruses has been recognized by an informal group of virologists who have sent their conclusions to Nature. […] In the opinion of the eight virologists these viruses are members of a previously unrecognized group which they suggest should be called the coronaviruses, to recall the characteristic appearance by which these viruses are identified in the electron microscope.

[1968 November 16, “Virology: Coronaviruses”, in Nature, volume 220, number 5168, page 650:

This characteristic structural resemblance and other shared properties of these viruses have caused certain virologists to propose the name coronavirus for this previously unrecognized group.

[1969 November, Harold S. Kaye, Walter R. Dowdle, “Some Characteristics of Hemagglutination of Certain Strains of ‘IBV-Like’ Virus”, in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, volume 120, number 5, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, →PMID, page 576, column 1:

The virus, designated as rat coronavirus (RCV), exhibits properties representative of the coronavirus group: characteristic surface structure, particles somewhat variable in size averaging approximately 90 mμ, apparent RNA content, essential lipid, heat sensitivity, and a close serologic relationship with the mouse hepatitis virus complex.

1970 September, J. C. Parker, S. S. Cross, W. P. Rowe, “Rat Coronavirus (RCV): A Prevalent, Naturally Occurring Pneumotropic Virus of Rats”, in Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, volume 31, numbers 3–4, New York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, →ISSN, →OCLC, summary, page 293:

In 1971 a canine coronavirus was isolated from feces of military dogs that were suffering from severe vomiting and diarrhea. [...] Diagnosis usually is based on the history and physical examination and the identification of coronavirus by electron microscope examination of feces or by performing other laboratory tests on the feces.

1984, Johnny D. Hoskins, John D. Rhoades, “Distemper, Other Infectious Dog Diseases”, in Jack Hayes, editor, 1984 Yearbook of Agriculture: Animal Health: Livestock and Pets, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 388:

Some accompanying cytotoxicity has also been observed as well as slight activity against A59 corona virus without concurrent cytotoxicity [...].

1993, Kenneth L. Rinehart, Lois S. Shield, Martha Cohen-Parsons, “Antiviral Substances”, in David H. Attaway, Oskar R. Zaborsky, editors, Marine Biotechnology, volumes 1 (Pharmaceutical and Bioactive Natural Products), New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press, →ISBN, section 4.7 (Thyrsiferol and Related Triterpenes), page 319:

[T]he replication of the corona-virus and the herpes-simplex virus is blocked by cystatin C [...]

1997, Michiel F. J. Blankenvoorde et al., “Antibacterial Activity against Porphyromonas Gingivalis by Cystatins”, in V. K. Hopsu-Havu, M. Järvinen, H. Kirschke, editors, Proteolysis in Cell Functions, Amsterdam: IOS Press, →ISBN, page 532:

There are many viruses that have been implicated as the cause of 'colds'. Among the most common are coronaviruses, rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Coronaviruses are so called because they look like crowns when viewed in an electron microscope, [...]

1999, J. Heritage, E[mlyn] G[lyn] V[aughan] Evans, R. A. Killington, “Microbial Infections”, in Microbiology in Action, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, published 2000, →ISBN, section 7.6.8 (What Causes Sore Throats and Glandular Fever?), page 191:

[T]he common cold is attributed to rhinoviruses and corona viruses; [...]

2005, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, “Sampling for Pollutants of Biological Origin”, in Occupational Exposure Assessment for Air Contaminants, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 14.1 (Introduction), page 221:

SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome] is caused by a coronavirus. Viewed under a microscope, the virus looks like a crown, or corona. This is the same type of virus that causes the common cold and pneumonia. The coronavirus that causes SARS is called SARS-CoV.

2008, Carol Ballard, “SARS”, in AIDS and Other Epidemics (What If We Do Nothing?), Pleasantville, N.Y.: Gareth Stevens Publishing, →ISBN, page 22:

It took four months to identify the culprit of the new disease as a virus of the corona-virus family that had jumped to infect humans from wild small animals handled and consumed as food in the Guangdong province of China.

2010, Rodolfo Saracci, “What is Epidemiology?”, in Epidemiology: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

Coronaviruses are worrying because epidemics caused by other members of the viral family, SARS and MERS, have had high death rates: 10 percent for SARS, and about 35 percent for MERS.

2020 January 24, Denise Grady, “Chicago woman is second patient in U.S. with Wuhan coronavirus”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(virology) A member of the family Coronaviridae, comprising viruses which infect animals and human beings, and the genome of which consists of a single strand of RNA.

A woman in her 70s was confirmed as the first coronavirus death in the UK on Thursday as Downing Street warned that it was now highly likely that the virus would spread in “a significant way”.

2020 March 6, “First UK death from coronavirus confirmed as cases surge to 116”, in The Guardian:

(often the intended sense, since 2020) SARS-CoV-2, the specific coronavirus that causes the infectious disease COVID-19.


-ite

From French -ite, from Old French, from Latin -ītēs, from Ancient Greek -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs).

-iet

used to form names of minerals and rocks

-lainen

a native or resident of a specified place

dendrite, somite

(biology) Used to form nouns denoting segments or components of the body or an organ of the body.

-iitti

part of the body or part of an organ of the body


languet

From Old French languete (modern French languette), diminutive of langue (“tongue”), from Latin lingua.

(zoology) A tongue-like organ found on certain tunicates.


-ate

From the substantivization of perfect passive participle of first conjugation Latin verbs; see Etymology 1. Partly taken from French animate substantives that began to be Latinized during the 14th century: see French avoué and its re-Latinized version avocat, whence English advocate which underwent further re-Latinization. Partly from inanimate substantives taken from neuter forms of Latin participles: see mandate. French -é (e.g., avoué, employé) later gave English -ee.

articulate — “An animal of the taxon Articulata”

(biology) forms nouns meaning "specimen of a corresponding taxon ending in -ata"


medulla

en-noun

medulla (plural medullas or medullae or medullæ)

medullas (plural)
medullae (plural)
medullæ (plural)

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Borrowed from Latin medulla (“pith, marrow”), perhaps from medius (“middle”).

(botany) The internal tissue of a plant.


ortholog

(genetics) Any of two or more homologous gene sequences found in different species related by linear descent.


primordial

From the Latin prīmōrdiālis (“of the beginning”). Compare primordium and -al.

a primordial leaf; a primordial cell

(biology) Characteristic of the earliest stage of the development of an organism, or relating to a primordium.


binominal

From Latin binōminis (“having two names”).

(taxonomy) Pertaining to the noun binomen.

The principle of binominal nomenclature is important in the ICZN.

(taxonomy) Pertaining to the nomenclature system for the rank of species in biological taxonomy.


binominal

(taxonomy) A scientific name, at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.


binomen

Latin bis (“double, twice”) + nōmen (“name”).

Each type species is cited in its original binomen (Recommendation 67B of the Code, ICZN 1999α), and if that name is a synonym then it is followed by the valid name of the species in parentheses.

2020 March 5, James E. O'Hara et al., Preliminary Checklist of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the World:

(taxonomy) A scientific name at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.


nates

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(zoology) The umbones of a bivalve shell.


gallstone

(biology, medicine) A small, hard object, in the shape of a pebble, that sometimes forms in the gallbladder or bile duct; composed of cholesterol, bile pigments and calcium salts.


tunic

tunics (plural)
tunick (alternative obsolete)

→ Welsh: tiwnig

Borrowed from Middle French tunique, from Latin tunica, possibly from Semitic (compare Aramaic [script needed] (kittuna), Hebrew כותנת (kuttoneth, “coat”), English chiton); or from Etruscan. Existed in Old English as tunece; unknown if that term was lost and then reborrowed later. Doublet of tunica.

Select individual bulbs that are firm and have no noticeable blemishes on them. Don't worry about the papery covering or tunic. That may or may not be in place, […]

2015, Charlie Nardozzi, New England Month-by-Month Gardening: What to Do Each Month to Have a Beautiful Garden All Year, Cool Springs Press, →ISBN, page 132:

(anatomy, botany) Any covering, such as seed coat or the organ that covers a membrane.

buroklevél

any covering, such as seed coat or the organ that covers a membrane


oestrus

oestrus (countable and uncountable, plural oestruses or oestri)

oestruses (plural)
oestri (plural)
œstrus (alternative archaic)
estrus (alternative US)

Borrowed from Latin oestrus (“gadfly, sting, frenzy”), from Ancient Greek οἶστρος (oîstros), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eys-, used to form words denoting passion; see also Latin īra (“anger”), Lithuanian aistra (“violent passion”), Avestan 𐬀𐬈𐬯𐬨𐬀 (aesma, “anger”).

In those monoestrous species in which the male is capable all the year round, it is found that the oestri of individual females come at different seasons.

1910, Cleveland Medical Journal, page 517:

A vasectomized Philippine carabao bull was used as a teaser to determine the occurrence and recurrence of oestri.

1939, The Philippine Agriculturist, page 289:

An evaluation was carried out so that the mean number of oestri per one animal was calculated for 14 days in the three periods: […]

Intervals between oestri and between ovulations in dairy cows within 100 days post partum

1980, The Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural Research, page 73:

It’s the supremely human act, freely to fuck, not because you are on heat, or in oestrus, like an animal, but to give and receive pleasure.

The substantial genital swelling of [female chimpanzees] during oestrus may facilitate transmission of viruses by making the mucosa more fragile.

2011, Jacques Pepin, “The Source”, in The Origins of AIDS, 1st edition, →ISBN, page 29:

(countable and uncountable, biology) A female animal's readiness to mate.


forceps

forceps (plural forceps or forcipes or forcepses)

forceps (plural)
forcipes (plural)
forcepses (plural)

(entomology) A pair of appendages on the abdomen of some insects, such as earwigs, resembling the medical instrument.


pallium

Borrowed from Latin pallium (“a cloak”). Doublet of pall.

(botany) A presumed gelatinous envelope of diatoms.


diakinesis

diakinesis (countable and uncountable, plural diakineses)

(cytology) the last stage of prophase, in which the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, spindle fibers form, and the chromosomes shorten in preparation for metaphase.


nucleolus

(cytology) A conspicuous, rounded body within the nucleus of a cell.


cytozoon

(cytology) A parasite, especially a protozoon, living within a cell


manchette

(biology) A sheath of microtubules which surrounds and extends tailwards from the nucleus of developing spermatids.


pheromone

From φέρω (phérō, “I bring, bear, carry”) and hormone.

(biology) A chemical secreted by an animal, especially an insect, that affects the development or behavior of other members of the same species, functioning often as a means of attracting a member of the opposite sex.


tailed

From Middle English tayled; equivalent to tail + -ed.

two-tailed pasha ExpressionsAfrican long-tailed shrikeband-tailed antshrikeband-tailed manakinbar-tailed godwitblack-tailed flycatcherblack-tailed godwitblack-tailed hawfinchblack-tailed jackrabbitblack-tailed trainbearerbright-eyed and bushy-tailedbright eyed and bushy tailedbrush-tailedbrush-tailed penguinbrush-tailed phascogalebrush-tailed possumbrushtail possumbuff-tailed bumblebeeElliot's short-tailed shrewfan-tailedfan-tailed warblerfat-tailed dunnartfat-tailed dwarf lemurfat-tailed dwarf lemursfat-tailed lemurfat-tailed sheepfiery-tailed awlbillfork-tailed bush katydidgray short-tailed opossumgreat-tailed gracklegreen-tailed towheegreen-tailed trainbearergrey-tailed tattlerhairy-tailed moleHarlan's red-tailed hawkhigh-tailedlarge-tailed antshrikeleaf-tailed geckolion-tailed macaquelobster-tailed potlong-tailedlong-tailed bluelong-tailed chinchillalong-tailed ducklong-tailed hawklong-tailed jaegerlong-tailed macaquelong-tailed meadowlarklong-tailed onelong-tailed pangolinlong-tailed planigalelong-tailed shrikelong-tailed titlong-tailed titmousemosaic-tailed ratnervous as a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairspaddle-tailed newtpen-tailed treeshrewpheasant-tailed jacanapig-tailedpig-tailed macaquepin-tailed sandgrousepin-tailed snipepony-tailedrat-tailed maggotred-tailed hawkred-tailed phascogalered-tailed shrikered-tailed squirrelred-tailed tropicbirdribbon-tailed astrapiaring-tailed lemurring-tailed macaucorufous-tailed hawkrufous-tailed rock thrushrufous-tailed scrub robinSeram long-tailed mosaic-tailed ratsharp-tailed sandpipersharp-tailed sparrowshort-tailed chinchillashort-tailed foxshort-tailed hawkshort-tailed parrotshort-tailed weaselsouthern pig-tailed macaquespiny-tailed lizardspotted-tailed quollstiff-tailed duckstub-tailed morphostump-tailed macaqueswallow-tailedswallow-tailed kitetailed frogtailed pepperthick-tailed bushbabytrumpet-tailed ratwedge-tailed eaglewhip-tailedwhite-tailed blue flycatcherwhite-tailed deerwhite-tailed eaglewhite-tailed hawkwhite-tailed lapwingwhite-tailed ploverwhite-tailed ptarmiganwhite-tailed sea eaglewhite-tailed shrikeyellow-tailed black cockatoozebra-tailed lizardzone-tailed hawk

(entomology) Of certain butterflies, having one or more filamentous projections on the tornal section of each hind wing.


PAR

pseudoautosomal region
w:pseudoautosomal region

(genetics) Abbreviation of pseudoautosomal region.


dimerous

From di- + -merous; compare also Ancient Greek διμερής (dimerḗs, “bipartite”).

der

Plants with dimerous flowers are fairly rare.

(botany) In two parts; having two parts in each whorl of a flower.


trimerous

From tri- + -merous; ultimately from tri-, from Ancient Greek τρία (tría, “three”); + Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”).

The monocots typically have trimerous flowers.

(botany) Organized in threes; having parts in numbers that are multiples of three.


tetramerous

As their name suggests, the crucifers have tetramerous flowers.

(botany) in four parts: such that each whorl (of flower parts) has four flower parts.


pentamerous

The Apocynaceae have pentamerous flowers.

(botany) In five parts; made up of five parts.


nestle

en-verb

nestle (third-person singular simple present nestles, present participle nestling, simple past and past participle nestled)

nestles (present singular third-person)
nestling (participle present)
nestled (participle past)
nestled (past)

From Middle English nestelen, nestlen, from Old English nistlan, nestlian, nistlian (“to make or build a nest”), from Proto-West Germanic *nistilōn (“to build or occupy a nest; nestle”), equivalent to nest + -le. Cognate with Middle Low German nëstelen (“to build a nest”), Dutch nestelen (“to nest, nestle”).

cog

The kingfisher […] nestles in hollow banks.

1692, Roger L’Estrange, “ (please specify the fable number.) (please specify the name of the fable.)”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC:

(archaic, ornithology, intransitive) To build or sit upon a nest.

This assimilates them more nearly to the natural conditions when the hen nestles her chicks on the earth, whilst the warmth is given chiefly over their backs.

1871, Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist, volume 31, page 123:

(archaic, ornithology, transitive) Of a bird: to look after its young.


nastic

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ναστός (nastós, “pressed together”), from νάσσω (nássō, “to press, cram full”), although the sense development is unclear.

der

Many flowers close themselves at night. This nastic movement is in response to the brightness of the sky.

(botany) Relating to the response of a plant to a stimulus that does not depend on the location of the stimulus.

nastinen

relating to the response of a plant to a stimulus


domestic cat

Felis silvestris catus
Felis silvestris catus#Translingual

(zoology) A domesticated cat, of the species Felis catus or subspecies Felis silvestris catus, especially one kept as a pet or for vermin control.


foot-and-mouth disease

So Joe starts telling the citizen about the foot and mouth disease and the cattle traders and taking action in the matter and the citizen sending them all to the rightabout and Bloom coming out with his sheepdip for the scab and a hoose drench for coughing calves and the guaranteed remedy for timber tongue.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 12: The Cyclops]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part II [Odyssey], pages 301–302:

(pathology, veterinary medicine) A highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease that can affect animals with cloven hooves.


toxication

(biochemistry) the metabolism of a drug or other compound to produce a toxic metabolite


positive sense

(biology) referring to an RNA strand that can serve directly as messenger RNA and be transcribed into DNA.


negative sense

(biology) of an RNA strand that is complementary to the positive sense and not transcribed into DNA.


corolla

en-noun

corolla (plural corollas or corollae or corollæ)

corollas (plural)
corollae (plural)
corollæ (plural)

From Latin corōlla (“small garland, chaplet or wreath”), diminutive of corōna (“garland, chaplet, wreath”).

bor

Our wet fingers touched and we formed a circle like the corolla of a flower, floating into the silence of the desert dawn with the ancient sun on our bodies.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 125:

(botany) The outermost-but-one whorl of a flower, composed of petals, when it is not the same in appearance as the outermost whorl (the calyx); it usually comprises the petal, which may be fused.


tepal

From French tépale, from New Latin tēpalum, coined 1827 by transposition of French pétale (“petal”).

1982, H. Q. Varekamp (translator and editor), Z. Botschantzeva, Tulips: Taxonomy, Morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology, page 27,
In Tulipa the pubescent tips of the tepals are quite interesting in particular those of T. fosteriana. The top of the tepal is initiated and develops before the reflexed, lateral parts.

The species bears creamy white flowers with a yellow base and tepals often streaked with rose-pink.

2001, Barbara W. Ellis, Taylor's Guide to Bulbs, page 400:

In our material of T. bulbosa, the abaxial outer tepal was larger at its inception than the lateral ones (Fig 8.4C), whereas the primordia of the outer tepals are of nearly equal size in both T. barrelieri (Fig 8.5E) and T. palustris (not shown).

2013, Margarita V. Remizowa, Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Paula J. Rudall, “8: Patterns of bract reduction in racemose inflorescences of early-divergent monocots”, in Paul Wilkin, Simon J. Mayo, editors, Early Events in Monocot Evolution, page 194:

(botany) Any component of the perianth (outermost whorls of flower parts, not involved in reproduction), especially when the components are not distinguished into sepals and petals.


pecking order

(zoology) The natural hierarchy of social status and dominance occurring in a group of birds.


abscise

en-verb

abscise (third-person singular simple present abscises, present participle abscising, simple past and past participle abscised)

abscises (present singular third-person)
abscising (participle present)
abscised (participle past)
abscised (past)

From Latin abscīsus, perfect passive participle of abscīdō (“cut off”); formed from abs- + caedō (“cut”).

(intransitive, botany) To separate by means of abscission; to shed or drop off.


punctum vegetationis

(botany) the terminal cell of a leaf bud or stem from which new growth originates


slant

Late Middle English, from a variant of the earlier form dialectical slent, from Old Norse or another North Germanic source, cognate with Old Norse slent, Swedish slinta (“to slip”), Norwegian slenta (“to fall on the side”), from Proto-Germanic *slintaną. Probably influenced by aslant.

kalteva lokero

depression with sloping bottom to hold watercolors

(biology) A sloping surface in a culture medium.

kalteva pinta

biology: sloping surface in a culture medium


zoological name

en-noun

zoological name (plural zoological names)

(zoology) a formal scientific name of an animal, especially as conforming to the ICZN.


montane

en-adj

montane (comparative more montane, superlative most montane)

more montane (comparative)
most montane (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-montane.wav

The adjective is derived from Latin montānus (“of or pertaining to a mountain”) + English -ane (variant of -an (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives)). Montānus is derived from mōns (“mount, mountain”) (from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stand out, to tower”)) + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’).
The noun is probably derived from the adjective.

der

This plant evidently occupies, like V. sabulosa and V. Curtisii, an intermediate position between lutea and tricolor; and, as I have indicated already, it is a montane, not an agrestal plant. Jordan compares it to V. vivariensis, which is also a montane plant, between V. tricolor and V. lutea.

1863 January, J[ohn] G[ilbert] Baker, “On Some of the British Pansies, Agrestal and Montane”, in [Berthold Carl Seemann], editor, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume I, London: Robert Hardwicke, […], →OCLC, page 12:

[T]he upper part of these peaks is very bare and monotonous, and almost destitute of damp precipice; and I know of only seven Montane species that grow there above 650 yards.

1871 January 1, J[ohn] G[ilbert] Baker, “On the Dispersion of Montane Plants over Hills of the North of England”, in Berthold [Carl] Seemann, J. G. Baker, H[enry] Trimen, editors, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume IX, London: Taylor and Co., […], →OCLC, page 261:

With a like lower limit of level there are found on hills numerous Sub-alpine or Montane plants, which do not grow in the North. We must therefore divide the Northern zone also into three parts—1, Northern (restricted); 2, Northern-montane; and 3, Montane only.

1875 March 4, Thomas Comber, “Geographical Statistics of the Extra-British European Flora”, in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, volume III (Third Series), Liverpool, Lancashire: Adam Holden, […], →OCLC, page 15:

The montane region in its lower belts has, at the equator, a still tropical although not equatorial character, but near the two tropics it has from the first a temperate character. The difference between the equatorial rain-forest of the basal region on the one hand, and the tropical forest of the lower montane region on the other, is confined to the systematic composition. In temperate montane formations, on the contrary, the lower temperature is reflected in purely oecological characteristics in the plant-life and impresses upon the formations the stamp of those of higher latitudes.

1903, A[ndreas] F[ranz] W[ilhelm] Schimper, “Mountain Regions in the Tropics”, in William R. Fisher, transl., edited by Percy Groom and Isaac Bayley Balfour, Plant-geography upon a Physiological Basis … The Authorized English Translation, Oxford, Oxfordshire: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, section I (General Considerations), page 721:

The temperatures are extremely constant and low as compared with those in the lowlands, although very rarely so low as to make frost possible, and the rainfall is abundant at all seasons. The Blue Mountain Region is, therefore, a tropical montane region, in the terms of [Andreas Franz Wilhelm] Schimper, lying above the hot lowlands and not attaining to a sufficient altitude for alpine influences to come into full play.

1914, Forrest Shreve, “The Physical Features of the Rain-forest Region”, in A Montane Rain-forest: A Contribution to the Physiological Plant Geography of Jamaica (Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication; no. 199), Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, →OCLC, page 8:

I[ndri] indri is a forest species, found in humid montane rain forest [...]. It has been observed as high as 1,300 m elevation [...].

1983, Jaclyn H. Wolfheim, “Indriidae: Avahi, Indris, and Sifakas”, in Primates of the World: Distribution, Abundance, and Conservation, Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, →ISBN, page 121:

The gorilla's ancestor had probably taken to the montane forests of a string of central African volcanoes, cutting itself off from the genes of other apes.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters, London: Fourth Estate, HarperCollins, →ISBN; paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN, page 27:

The key to sustainable tropical montane cloud forest land management lies in actively involving local rural populations in decision-taking processes relating to research, training, development and conservation strategies and initiatives.

2000, M. Kappelle, M. E. Juárez, “Case Study: Mountain Forests, Biodiversity and People in Costa Rica”, in M. F. Price, N. Butt, editors, Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: A State of Knowledge Report for 2000 (IUFRO Research Series; 5), Wallingford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: CABI Publishing, →ISBN, page 46:

At lower elevations, montane oak forests typically grade into cove forests, oak forests, or montane pine forests and woodlands. At higher elevations and in more protected sites, northern hardwood forests replace the montane oak forests. Montane oak forests may also grade directly into spruce-fir forests on south-facing slopes.

2014, Stephanie B. Jeffries, Thomas R. Wentworth, “Natural Community Overviews”, in Exploring Southern Appalachian Forests: An Ecological Guide to 30 Great Hikes in the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia (A Southern Gateways Guide), Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN, page 22:

(ecology) Of, inhabiting, or growing in mountain areas; specifically, the cool, moist upland slopes below the timberline.

montà

of, inhabiting, or growing in mountain areas


montane

The true Montanes comprise those species, of unmistakably Alpine, Scottish, or Highland type, which not merely with us but elsewhere throughout Britain are characteristic of high latitudes and altitudes—of mountain regions only.

1888, Frederic Arnold Lees, “Climatology”, in The Flora of West Yorkshire: With a Sketch of the Climatology and Lithology in Connection therewith (Botanical Series of the Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; II), London: Lovell Reeve & Co., […], →OCLC, page 53:

The wintergreens, and northern montanes such as Linnaea have their stronghold in these pinewoods and some of their rarity may be due to the reduction in the extent of the forest.

2005, Peter Taylor, “Restoring Ecological Processes: Regeneration of the Core Vegetation”, in Beyond Conservation: A Wildland Strategy, London, Sterling, Va.: Earthscan, →ISBN, page 84:

(ecology) An animal or a plant of a montane habitat.


crosstalk

en-noun

crosstalk (countable and uncountable, plural crosstalks)

crosstalks (plural)
cross-talk (alternative)
cross talk (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-crosstalk.wav

From cross- + talk.
Usage in reference to the Chinese comedic performance is probably a loose calque from Chinese 相聲／相声 (xiàngsheng).

(biology) The situation where one or more components of a signal transduction pathway affect another pathway.


indehiscent

The farmer wants indehiscent heads of a cereal which can be gathered without shedding their grain.

A rich and dark and indehiscent meat

2006 June, A. E. Stallings, “Olives”, in The New Criterion, volume 24, page 28:

(botany) Not dehiscing when mature; not dehiscent.


gametophyte

In liverworts like Marchantia, which lives in most soggy places worldwide, the gametophyte is the dominant phase – the thing you would think of as the plant.

2018 May 25, Susannah Lydon, The Guardian:

(botany) A plant (or the haploid phase in its life cycle) which produces gametes by mitosis in order to produce a zygote.


amorphic

en-adj

amorphic (comparative more amorphic, superlative most amorphic)

more amorphic (comparative)
most amorphic (superlative)

/ˌəˈmɔːɹfɪk/

(genetics, of a mutation) Causing a complete loss of gene function.


expressing

/ɛkˈspɹɛsɪŋ/

/ɪkˈspɹɛsɪŋ/

(biochemistry) That translates or transcribes nucleic acid.


sublate

From Latin sublatum, past participle of suffero.

Ovary 2-celled; style short, thick, sublate; stigma large, peltate.

1961, Gazetteer of Bombay State: Miscellaneous plants (page 219)

(botany) Such that the ovary has a support, real or apparent.