epigenome

/ˌɛpɪˈd͡ʒiːnoʊm/

It is now possible to define whole epigenomes, representing the totality of epigenetic marks in a given cell type. Epigenetic processes are essential for packaging and interpreting the genome, are fundamental to normal development and are increasingly recognized as being involved in human disease.

2008 August 7, The American Association for Cancer Research Human Epigenome Task Force, European Union, Network of Excellence, Scientific Advisory Board, “Moving AHEAD with an international human epigenome project”, in Nature, volume 454, →DOI, page 711:

(genetics) The total epigenetic state of a cell.

(genetics) A chemical responsible for the activation of a particular gene.


NURF

(genetics) Abbreviation of nucleosome remodeling factor: one of several ISWI-containing protein complexes that catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitate transcription of chromatin in vitro.


nucleosome

From nucleo- + -some, and to evoke the older name nu body. Coined by P. Oudet et al. in 1975 (see quotation below).

We have termed these particles “nucleosomes,” to evoke their nuclear origin and their resemblance to the “nu” (ν) bodies described by Olins and Olins (1974).

1975, P. Oudet, M. Gross-Bellard, P.Champon, “Electron Microscopic and Biochemical Evidence that Chromosome Structure Is a Repeating Unit”, in Cell, →PMID, page 9:

(genetics) Any of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a core of eight histones.


ORF

open reading frame
open reading frame#English

(genetics) Initialism of open reading frame.


open reading frame

en-noun

open reading frame (plural open reading frames)

open reading frames (plural)
as: ORF (abbreviation)

(genetics) A sequence of DNA triplets, between the initiator and terminator codons, that can be transcribed into mRNA and later translated into protein.

开放阅读框

a span of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons


paramutation

paramutation (countable and uncountable, plural paramutations)

(genetics) A mutation in which a heritable change in one allele is induced by another in the same locus


actinopterygian

[…] actinopterygians have 'ray fins' which are supported by a series of narrow cartilaginous or bony rods called radials, while sarcopterygians have 'lobe fins' supported by a single basal bone and with muscles that can modify the posture of the fin.

1997, Michael J. Benton, Vertebrate Palaeontology, 2nd edition, Chapman & Hall, →ISBN, page 64:

The ear of all nonteleostean actinopterygian fishes (Grande and Bemis 1996) does not differ much from that of ratfish (considered by most an ancient line of cartilaginous fish), with the notable exception of the position of the ultricular macula.

1999, Bernd Fritzsch, “2: Hearing in Two Worlds”, in Richard R. Fay, Arthur N. Popper, editors, Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians, page 19:

The otico-orbitotemporal region is formed by a single ossification in primitive actinopterygians but by many separate ossifications in advanced actinopterygians, expecially teleosts.

2004, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook, page 108:

2004, M. L. J. Stiassny, E. O, Wiley, G. D. Johnson, M. R, de Carvalho, 24: Gnathostome Fishes, Joel Cracraft, Michael J. Donoghue (editors), Assembling the Tree of Life, page 416,
The most basal of living actinopterygians are the bichirs (Polypteridae), a small group (11 spp.) of African fishes previously thought to be related to the lobefin fishes (sarcopterygians), or to form a third group.

(zoology) Any of the ray-finned fish of the taxonomic class Actinopterygii.

actinopterígio

any of the ray-finned fish of the class Actinopterygii


base pair

base pairs (plural)
basepair (alternative)

(biology) In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected with hydrogen bonds.

鹼基對 /碱基对

molecular biology: two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands


syconium

From New Latin sȳconium, from Ancient Greek σῦκον (sûkon, “fig”) + -ium.

(botany) A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig; a hollow ball with a stalk at one end and an opening (ostiole) at the other, with flowers or fruits on the inside


anthesis

Ancient Greek ἄνθησις (ánthēsis, “flowering”), from ἀνθέω (anthéō), from ἄνθος (ánthos).


declinate

en-adj

declinate (comparative more declinate, superlative most declinate)

more declinate (comparative)
most declinate (superlative)

Latin dēclīnātus, past participle of dēclīnō (“I decline”).

(botany) Bending downward in a curve; declined.


scopate

scopate (comparative more scopate, superlative most scopate)

more scopate (comparative)
most scopate (superlative)

(zoology) Having the surface closely covered with hairs, like a brush.


cancellate

cancellate (comparative more cancellate, superlative most cancellate)

more cancellate (comparative)
most cancellate (superlative)

From Latin cancellatus, past participle of cancellare.

cancellate leaves

(botany) Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma; lattice-like.

(zoology) Having the surface covered with raised lines, crossing at right angles.


Ogopogo

The ogopogo made no attempt to devour the sailboat crew, as he is reported to have done some years ago in the case of some Indians.

1930 July 19, “Mysterious Ogopogo Is Accused of Capsizing a Canadian Boat”, in The New York Times, page 17:

(Canada, cryptozoology) A large serpentlike aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which is said to live in Lake Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada.


Igopogo

The story of Lake Simcoe's monster started 11 years ago, when Wellington Charles, a fishing guide on the lake for many years, first sighted a mysterious marine animal. He described it as having a neck like a stovepipe with a face like a boxer dog. At the time, he named the thing Igopogo.

1963 July 1, “Igopogo, Simcoe Monster, Reported Sighted Again”, in The Globe and Mail, page 1:

(Canada, cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada.


nahuelito

(in Argentina, cryptozoology, mythology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Nahuel Huapi Lake, Argentina.


Manipogo

The creature was dubbed Manipogo in 1957, from a blend of Manitoba + Ogopogo.

(Canada, cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Manitoba, Canada.


coli

Ellipsis of Bacterium coli or Bacillus coli, obsolete taxonomic names of the species (now called Escherichia coli). The word itself derives from Latin colī, genitive of colon (“colon, large intestine”).

Five of the strains of E. coli are related to only one of the S. dysenteriae strains. Three of the coli are related to two of the strains of S. dysenteriae, four are related to three of the S. dysenteriae strains, and one, A-H6, is related to all.

1939 January, Thomas T. Mackie, “The Specificity of the Agglutinin Reaction for Shigella dysenteriae: II. Agglutinin Absorption Relationships between Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli”, in Journal of Bacteriology, volume 37, number 1, →PMID, archived from the original on 2020-06-10, page 47:

Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli#Translingual

(often attributive, bacteriology) Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.


Memphre

While there have been more than 100 reported sightings of a Lake Memphremagog creature called Memphre, a photograph submitted by two unnamed Quebec residents will not be recorded among them.

1986 October 11, “Photo of monster exposed as hoax”, in The Gazette, Montreal, Que., page F12:

(Canada, cryptozoology) A large aquatic creature, similar to the Loch Ness monster, which supposedly lives in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec, Canada.


coprophage

Borrowed from Latin coprophagus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek κοπροφάγος (koprophágos), from κόπρος (kópros, “dung”) + -φάγος (-phágos, “eater; glutton”). Equivalent to copro- + -phage.

(zoology) A living organism that feeds on feces or fecal matter.


problematica

From Latin problēmatica (“problematic things”).

bor

(paleontology) Fossil specimens or elements that cannot be identified or assigned to a taxon.


aulic

From Ancient Greek αὐλός (aulós, “hollow tube, pipe”).

der

The first reference to the internal anatomy of species of Cassidula was by Odhner (1925), who divided the Ellobiidae H. and A. Adams in Pfeiffer, 1854, into two large groups, on the basis of the aulic condition of the pallial gonoducts.

1998, Brian Morton, The Marine Biology of the South China Sea III, page 25:

The term aulic refers to a pipe, and considerable confusion has been caused by applying this term to the number of sexual openings instead of the number of separate ducts (Beeman, 1977).

2013, E. R. Trueman, M. R. Clarke, Evolution, page 237:

(biology) Pertaining to the reproductive ducts of certain organisms.


kneed

(botany) Having angular joints like the knee.


SV

en-noun

SV (countable and uncountable, plural SVs)

SVs (plural)
S.V. (alternative)
S. V. (alternative)
S.V. (alternative)
S. V. (alternative)
S/V (alternative)
Sv (alternative)
Sv. (alternative)
SV. (alternative)

Previous studies have identified tens of megabases of sequence contained within structural variants (SVs) that are polymorphic within the population⁵.

2023 May 11, Wen-Wei LiaoMobin AsriJana Ebleret al., “A draft human pangenome reference”, in Nature, volume 617, →DOI, page 313:

(genetics) Initialism of structural variant.


marginate

en-adj

marginate (comparative more marginate, superlative most marginate)

more marginate (comparative)
most marginate (superlative)

Latin marginatus, past participle of marginare (“to margin”).

(mycology, biology) With a well marked edge or margin.


species name

Meronyms: genus name, generic name, generic epithet; specific epithet, species epithet, specific name

(taxonomy) A scientific name at the rank of species, with two terms: the generic name (or generic epithet, the genus of the species) and the specific name (a term used only in zoology, never in botany, for the second part of a binomial) or the specific epithet (the term always used in botany, which can also be used in zoology).

Every animal that has been described by scientists has a scientific name, which consists of both a genus and species name. [...] The genus name is capitalized and given first, and the species name is given next [...]

1983, Richard E. White, Peterson Field Guides: Beetles. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America, page 54:

According to this system, each organism, whether plant or animal, bears two names : the first is generic name and second is the species name. [...] For example, the scientific name of modern man is Homo sapiens sapiens, where Homo is the generic name, and sapiens is the species name.

2006, V.B. Rastogi, B. Kishore, A Complete Course in ISC Biology. Vol I for Class XI, Unit II p. 7:

(taxonomy) specific epithet, species epithet, specific name


scrambling

scrambling (comparative more scrambling, superlative most scrambling)

more scrambling (comparative)
most scrambling (superlative)

1998, Kerp, Hans, and Michael Krings. "Climbing and scrambling growth habits: common life strategies among Late Carboniferous seed ferns", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Series IIA-Earth and Planetary Science 326.8 (1998): 583-588.
All three types of climbing organs here demonstrated for Late Palaeozoic seed ferns are also found in modern angiosperms. This leads to the conclusion that several taxa of Late Palaeozoic seed ferns were well-adapted to climbing and scrambling growth habits.

(botany) Having a stem too weak to support itself, instead attaching to and relying on the stems or trunks of stronger plants.


microRNA

(genetics) A single-stranded, non-coding form of RNA, having only about 20-30 nucleotides, that has a number of functions including the regulation of gene expression


NDP

en-noun

NDP (countable and uncountable, plural NDPs)

nucleoside diphosphate
w:nucleoside diphosphate

(biochemistry) Initialism of nucleoside diphosphate.

Norrie disease protein
w:Norrie disease protein

(biochemistry) Initialism of Norrie disease protein.


macula

From Middle English macula (“spot on the skin or in the eye”), borrowed from Latin macula (“spot, stain”). Doublet of macchia and macule.

inh

(anatomy, biology) A small chamber of the inner ear of certain vertebrates filled with endolymph and containing an otolith.


tholus

From Latin tholus (“dome, rotunda”). Doublet of tholos.

(lichenology) Part of the apical structure of the asci of some lichen species.


leaf-footed

(zoology) Having feet that resemble leaves.


leaf-hopper

leaf-hoppers (plural)
leaf hopper (alternative)
leafhopper (alternative)

The prominent leaf defoliators, as the rose-chafer and flea-beetle, frequently destroy or vastly injure the crop over large districts, and the little leaf-hopper, though rarely preventing a partial crop, is so uniformly present and widely distributed as to probably levy a heavier tribute on the grape in this country than any other insect.

1898, C. L. Marlatt, The Principal Insect Enemies of the Grape, page 3:

1907, Altus Lacy Quaintance, Cornelius Lott Shear, Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape East of the Rocky Mountains, Farmers' Bulletin 284, US Department of Agriculture, page 19,
Throughout the United States and Canada, wherever the grape is grown, this small leaf-hopper (Typhlocyba comes Say) will almost invariably be found in greater or less numbers infesting the lower surface of the leaf, where it feeds and breeds, increasing in numbers as the season progresses, until by late summer and fall the vines are often literally swarming with it.

1933, Eubanks Carsner, Curly-top resistance in sugar beets and tests of the resistant variety U. S. No. 1, Technical Bulletin 360, US Department of Agriculture, page 3,
Attacks on the leaf hoppers with insecticides and mechanical means have, in the past, been conducted mainly in sugar-beet fields.

One of the chief failings of this species is the susceptibility of the leaves to the attack of the leaf-hopper.

2008, U. Hedrick, Cyclopedia of Hardy Fruits, page 230:

(zoology) Any insect of the family Cicadellidae.


artiodactyl

/ˌɑːtɪəʊˈdaktɪl/

From scientific Latin Artiodactyla (suborder name), from Ancient Greek ἄρτιος (ártios, “even”) + δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger, toe”).

I have been unable to find out if these are linked in some way to the 1945 Budapest hippos, with the possibility this would create of a parallel history of Central Europe seen through the endurance of one brave African artiodactyl family.

2013, Simon Winder, Danubia, Picador, published 2014, page 397:

(zoology) Any ungulate mammal with an even number of toes and belonging to the Artiodactyla, including pigs, sheep, deer, cattle, and most grazing animals. In contrast, horses have an odd number of toes and as such are not Artiodactyla, but Perissodactyla.

Чифтокопитен

any ungulate mammal with an even number of toes


polyplastid

(obsolete, biology) A multicellular organism


polygoneutism

(zoology) The state of being polygoneutic


leaf miner

leaf miners (plural)
leaf-miner (alternative)

(ecology) An insect larva that lives between the epidermis of a leaf and consumes the leaf tissue.

minadora de fulles

insect larva that lives within leaf tissue


placoderm

From placo- + -derm, after German Placoderm.

Out to sea are placoderms – heavily armoured fish, some of them more than six metres (twenty feet) long and equipped with massive, powerful jaws.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 12:

(paleontology) A member of an extinct paraphyletic class (Placodermi) of jawed fish with armored heads and thoraces; the group lived during the Silurian and Devonian periods.


placoderm

en-adj

placoderm (comparative more placoderm, superlative most placoderm)

more placoderm (comparative)
most placoderm (superlative)

Research published recently on placoderm fish fossils from Scottish Devonian lakes (around 365 myo) found evidence for how this extinct group of animals copulated.

2018 January 24, Elsa Panciroli, The Guardian:

(paleontology) Pertaining to the paraphyletic class Placodermi.


leaf spot

(phytopathology) Any of various fungal or bacterial diseases of plants that cause blemishes on their leaves.


puddle

en-verb

puddle (third-person singular simple present puddles, present participle puddling, simple past and past participle puddled)

puddles (present singular third-person)
puddling (participle present)
puddled (participle past)
puddled (past)

From Middle English podel, diminutive of Old English pudd (“ditch”), from Proto-Germanic *puddaz (compare Low German Pudel (“puddle”), Middle High German podel (“quagmire, mudhole”), Hunsrik Puttel, dialectal German Pfudel (“puddle”), German pudeln (“to splash about”)), ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative

(entomology) Of butterflies, to congregate on a puddle or moist substance to pick up nutrients.


arvicole

From Latin arvum (“field”) + colo (“I inhabit”); compare Italian arvicola.

A single species, A. quasiater, is known from Mexico. Evotomys rutilus, a form very closely related to the arvicoles, inhabits the circumpolar regions of both hemispheres.

1887, Angelo Heilprin, The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals, page 356:

(zoology, dated) field mouse (US, Canada), vole


stipula

en-noun

stipula (plural stipulas or stipulae or stipulæ)

stipulas (plural)
stipulae (plural)
stipulæ (plural)

From Latin stipula (“stalk, stem”). Doublet of stubble.


telson

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τέλσον (télson, “headland”).

bor

Although Crangonya evidently comes very close to Niphargus, it appears to be a good genus, and to differ constantly from Niphargus in the more robust body and in the telson, which is always entire and never cleft as in Niphargus.

1894, Charles Chilton, “The Subterranean Crustacea of New Zealand”, in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd Series, Volume VI: Zoology, Linnean Society of London, page 219:

The basic number of segments in the abdomen is eleven plus the postsegmental telson which bears the anus, although Matsuda (1976) regards the telson as a twelfth segment.

1998, R. F. Chapman, The Insects: Structure and Function, 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, page 259:

The two documented examples of telson abnormalities are on juvenile moults (Fig. 2a, b).

2022, Russell D. C. Bicknell et al., “Applying Records of Extant and Extinct Horseshoe Crab Abnormalities to Xiphosurid Conservation”, in John T. Tanacredi et al., editors, International Horseshoe Crab Conservation and Research Efforts: 2007-2020, Springer, page 88:

(zoology) The part of an arthropod or crustacean posterior to the last segment, often resembling an armored tail or tip of the tail.


monocarpic

From mono- + -carpic. Analyzable as monocarp + -ic.

A nire accurate division of plants, as connected with flowering and fructification, is into monocarpic, or those which flower but once, and perish; and into polycarpic, or those which flower and ripen seeds several times before the entire plant, root and branch, perish.

1839 July 27, Robert Dickson, “Contributions to the Natural Theology of the Vegetable Kingdom”, in The Church of England Magazine, volume 7, number 175, page 52:

(botany) (of a plant) That flowers and bears fruit only once before dying.


understory

en-noun

understory (plural understories or (rare) understorys)

understories (plural)
understorys (plural rare)
understorey (alternative)

PIE word
 *h₁n̥dʰér
From under- (prefix meaning ‘beneath, under’) + story (“a floor or level”).

prefix

Throughout the pre-European tussock grassland, and more especially in gullies, on terrace edges and wherever the surface configuration of the plains was broken, woody plants occurred, including occasionally surviving residues of podocarp forest understoreys.

1971, Kenneth B[railey] Cumberland, “Climatic Change or Cultural Interference? New Zealand in Moahunter Times”, in S. R. Eyre, editor, World Vegetation Types (Geographical Readings), London: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN, page 219:

The very tall trees and dense understorey of shrubs and ferns found in ash forests provide magnificent scenery, and afford an excellent habitat for well known wildlife species, such as lyrebirds, possums, and wallabies.

1986, Erle Bourke, “Forestry”, in Victorian Year Book 1986, number 100, Melbourne, Vic.: Victorian Office, Australian Bureau of Statistics, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 222–223:

In order to further narrow down the field of formation types reference is now made to the type of understorey that is found beneath the crowns or canopies of the dominant plants.

1994, Ian G. Read, “The Classification of Vegetation”, in The Bush: A Guide to the Vegetated Landscapes of Australia, Sydney, N.S.W.: University of New South Wales Press, →ISBN, part 2 (The Structural Formations of Australia’s Vegetation), page 28, column 1:

The understory was mainly composed of regeneration of the more shade-tolerant species and a variety of common shrubs, such as buckleberries (Vaccinium spp.) and hawthorns (Crataegus spp.).

1997, Michael G. Shelton, Paul A. Murphy, “Methods”, in Understory Vegetation 3 Years after Implementing Uneven-aged Silviculture in a Shortleaf Pine-oak Stand (Research Paper; SO-296), Asheville, N.C.: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, pages 1–2:

This species is found in both maritime and continental climates. It is a dominant component of understorys of various Pacific northwest and western boreal forests, often forming dense, nearly impenetrable pure thickets, but also occurring in some understorys with other shrubs and (or) herbaceous plants.

1999, Ernest Small, Paul M. Catling, “Oplopanax horridus (J. E. Smith) Miq. Devil’s Club”, in P. B. Cavers, editor, Canadian Medicinal Crops, Ottawa: NRC Research Press, published 2007, →ISBN, page 103, column 2:

Light availability is the primary limiting resource for understory plants of eastern deciduous forests, and their long-term persistence in these habitats depends on adaptations that enable photosynthesis sufficient to maintain a positive annual carbon balance[…]. However, in addition to low light, understory plants may also be limited by water stress[…].

2003, Howard S. Neufeld, Donald R. Young, “Ecophysiology of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Deciduous Forests”, in Frank S. Gilliam, Mark R. Roberts, editors, The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 38:

An understorey is typically defined as the vegetation layer between the ground layer (up to approximately one metre) and the overstorey. Some woodland vegetation types support only a sparse understorey.

2011, David B. Lindenmayer, “What Makes a Good Remnant?”, in What Makes a Good Farm for Wildlife?, Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, page 24:

In the absence of fire, oaks do not establish well in either shaded understorys or sunlit openings, because they are neither shade tolerant nor fast growing[…].

2012, Mark S. Ashton, Mary L. Tyrrell, Deborah Spalding, Bradford Gentry, editors, Managing Forest Carbon in a Changing Climate, Dordrecht, South Holland, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, page 94, column 1:

In Hawaii, Red-billed Leiothrix were 92% more abundant in discontinuous forest that had dense understoreys with abundantly fruiting bushes as opposed to continuous forest with bare understoreys[…].

2020, Lorinda A. Hart, “Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea Scopoli, 1786)”, in Colleen T. Downs, Lorinda A. Hart, editors, Invasive Birds: Global Trends and Impacts, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Boston, Mass.: CABI, →ISBN, page 66, column 1:

(ecology, also attributively) The (layer of) plants that grow in the shade of the canopy of a forest above the forest floor.

أشجار الطبقة السفلى

(layer of) plants that grow in the shade of the canopy of a forest above the forest floor — see also undergrowth


contig

Clipping of contiguous (as in contiguous sequence of DNA).

(genetics) A set of overlapping DNA segments, derived from a single source of genetic material, from which the complete sequence may be deduced.


supercontig

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercontig.wav

(genetics) An ordered and oriented set of contigs that still contains some gaps. See also scaffold.

(genetics) A set of joint contigs from the individuals of a study group or population.


ultracontig

(genetics) An ordered and oriented set of supercontigs obtained by use of supporting evidence


reflectin

en-noun

reflectin (countable and uncountable, plural reflectins)

(biochemistry) A protein, found in certain squids, that self-organizes into a film of regularly spaced stripes, the separation of which functions as a tunable diffraction grating to produce a range of reflective colours in the animal's skin


recombinant DNA

(genetics) DNA that has been engineered by splicing together fragments of DNA from multiple species and introduced into the cells of a host.


syngameon

(genetics) A grouping of genetically related organisms that may or may not be morphologically similar and are recognized by systematists as being in different species or subspecies and may even belong to different genera.


free-living

(biology) Of an organism: living independently of other organisms rather than as part of a symbiotic or parasitic relationship, either as a life stage (for example, in some parasites) or for the organism's entire lifespan.


nervose

A foot or more high, leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper usually ovate-lanceolate and sessile by a nervose veined base; pedicels shorter than the acute lobes of the calyx ; the lower lip or the corolla violet or rose-purple and the upper paler to nearly white; the saccate throat very oblique to the true tube, fully as broad as long; gland short.

1879, Volney Rattan, A Popular California Flora, page 91:

(botany) nerved; having prominent veins.


halved

(botany) Appearing as if one side were cut away.


sequenced

(genetics) Whose sequence (of bases or genes) has been determined


schipperke

From Belgian Dutch (Flemish), but unclear at the word level.
* Conventionally taken to be schipper (“skipper”) + -ke (“diminutive suffix”), allegedly alluding to a role as watchdog and/or rodent catcher on canal boats.
* Alternatively, a mutation of scheperke, a diminutive of scheper (“shepherd, sheepdog”), referring to the breed's purported descent from an extinct larger breed of sheepdogs.
Related to the etymological debate is a longstanding informal one about whether the dog itself should be regarded as a spitz or a miniature sheepdog.
For more, see Schipperke § History on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

pedia

(zoology) A small breed of dog developed in Belgium, sometimes used as a watchdog on boats.


transthyretin

en-noun

transthyretin (countable and uncountable, plural transthyretins)

transthyretins (plural)
TTR (abbreviation)

From trans- (“denoting change or transfer”) + thyr(oxine) + ret(inol) + -in (“protein”).

af

(biochemistry) a protein found in human blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid that functions as a carrier of the thyroid hormone thyroxine and the retinol-binding protein


DNase

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of deoxyribonuclease.


deoxyribonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of DNA.


waterleaf

Hydrophyllaceae
Hydrophyllum
Talinum fruticosum
Waterleaf (architecture)

en-noun

waterleaf (plural waterleafs or waterleaves)

waterleafs (plural)
waterleaves (plural)
water-leaf (alternative)

(botany) Any plant of the genus Hydrophyllum.

(botany) Any plant of Hydrophyllaceae, the waterleaf family.


talin

Talin showed two isoforms in rohu, where as talin-1 and talin-2 in model vertebrates produces two talins through alternative mRNA splicing [75 ].

2015 July 6, “Construction, De-Novo Assembly and Analysis of Transcriptome for Identification of Reproduction-Related Genes and Pathways from Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytoskeletal proteins


myomere

(biology) A block of zig-zagging W- or V-shaped muscle fibers commonly found in fish and chordate fossils.


primosome

From Latin primus (“first”) + -some (“nucleic unit”).

af

(biochemistry, genetics) A complex of proteins required for the initiation of bacterial DNA synthesis


Iriomote cat

(zoology) A small wild cat, Prionailurus iriomotensis, found only on the Japanese island of Iriomote. It has a long, dark brown coat with darker rows of horizontal spots.


circulus

(herpetology) A social group of reptiles where there is interaction and personal exchange between individuals.

(ichthyology) A concentric growth ring found on the scales of fish. This ring develops around the focus of the fish's scale.


cyclic nucleotide

en-noun

cyclic nucleotide (plural cyclic nucleotides)

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two hydroxyl groups on the same sugar


hematocyte

(hematology, cytology) Any blood cell produced by hematopoiesis, but especially a red blood cell


decliner

(biology) A species that is undergoing population decline.


describer

(taxonomy) A person who scientifically describes a new taxon.


cytochalasin

From Ancient Greek κύτος ("a vessel") + χαλαρός ("to slacken, loosen').

(biochemistry) Any of several related fungal metabolites that have an effect on cytokinesis while not affecting karyokinesis


cotylosaurian

en-adj

cotylosaurian (comparative more cotylosaurian, superlative most cotylosaurian)

more cotylosaurian (comparative)
most cotylosaurian (superlative)

(paleontology) Of or pertaining to cotylosaurs.


cotylosaur

(paleontology, dated) A member of the Cotylosauria, a synonym of the family †Captorhinidae, the earliest group of true reptiles from the Carboniferous through the Permian.


overpopulation

en-noun

overpopulation (countable and uncountable, plural overpopulations)

/ˌəʊvəˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃn̩/

From over- (prefix meaning ‘excessive; excessively’) + population.

prefix

I hope for another end, though not, indeed, from any of the three remedies for over-population commonly suggested by economists. These three are, in brief—Colonization; Bringing in of waste lands; or Discouragement of Marriage.

1860 August–December, John Ruskin, “Essay I. The Roots of Honour.”, in “Unto This Last:” Four Essays on the First Principles of Political Economy, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1862, →OCLC, page 162:

Over the whole extent of the South Seas, from one tropic to another, we find traces of a bygone state of over-population, when the resources of even a tropical soil were taxed, and even the improvident Polynesian trembled for the future.

1891 February–December, Robert Louis Stevenson, “Depopulation”, in In the South Seas […], New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, published 1896, →OCLC, part I (The Marquesas), page 37:

(biology, demography) An excessive number of occupants (people, animals, plants, etc.) in a particular area; specifically, when the number of occupants exceeds the ability of that area to provide for them.

mbipopullim

excessive number of occupants in a particular area; specifically, when the number of occupants exceeds the ability of that area to provide for them


circinate

From Latin circinatus, past participle of circinō (“to make round”).

(botany) Used of leaves or similar parts that are coiled on themselves from the apex toward their base.


proception

(biology) Sexual behaviour that leads to conception. The term “proceptivity” was introduced into general sexological use by Frank A. Beach in 1976


proceptive

en-adj

proceptive (comparative more proceptive, superlative most proceptive)

more proceptive (comparative)
most proceptive (superlative)


anandamide

en-noun

anandamide (countable and uncountable, plural anandamides)

From Sanskrit आनन्द (ānanda, “bliss, happiness”) + -amide.

af

(biochemistry) A derivative of arachidonic acid that occurs naturally in the brain and in some foods (such as chocolate) and that binds to the same brain receptors as the cannabinoids (such as tetrahydrocannabinol) derived from cannabis.


mucronate

From mucro(n) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix) or directly from Latin mūcrōnātus.

(biology) Terminating in a mucro (an abruptly tapering point or a sharp spine) such as at the end of a leaf.


coronate

Borrowed from Latin corōnātus (“crowned”), past perfect participle of corōnō (“I crown”), from corōna (“crown”).

/ˈkɒɹəˌneɪt/

/ˈkɔɹəˌneɪt/

(zoology) Having a crest or a crownlike appendage.

(zoology) Having the coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished.

(zoology, of a spiral shell) Girt about the spire with a row of tubercles or spines.


F1 hybrid

(genetics) The first filial generation of seeds or animal offspring, which are usually vigorous and uniform. Produced by crossing two distinctly different parents.


protease inhibitor

en-noun

protease inhibitor (plural protease inhibitors)

(biochemistry) Any molecule that inhibits the function of proteases (enzymes that aid the cleavage of proteins), e.g. alpha-1 antitrypsin.


HAART

(pharmacology, virology) Initialism of highly active antiretroviral therapy.


antibiosis

(ecology) An association between organisms that is detrimental (harmful) to one or more of them; especially that due to a metabolic substance produced by one of them.

antibiosi

an association between organisms that is detrimental to one of them


strobila

From New Latin strobila, from Ancient Greek στροβίλη (strobílē).

(zoology) A jointed series of segments of an organism, as of the body of a tapeworm, posterior to the unjointed collum.


synthetic biology

(biology) The application of genetic engineering to generate modified or even completely new forms of life.


palmed

a palmed deer

(zoology) Having or bearing a palm or palms.


felted

(botany) Having interlocked hairs to the extent of being matted.


bioelectronic

(biology, electronics) Of or pertaining to bioelectronics.


succise

en-adj

succise (comparative more succise, superlative most succise)

more succise (comparative)
most succise (superlative)

(botany) Appearing as if a part were cut off at the extremity.


deme

From Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos, “district”).

(ecology) A distinct local population of plants or animals.


lignocellulose

en-noun

lignocellulose (countable and uncountable, plural lignocelluloses)

(biochemistry) The combination of lignin and cellulose in the structural cells of woody plants.

лигноцеллюло́за

the combination of lignin and cellulose in the structural cells of woody plants


lignocellulosic

Lignocellulosic materials represent the most significant fraction of the terrestrial phytobiomass, the largest source of organic compounds in the biosphere.

2011, Marcos Silveira Buckeridge, Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol, page 54:

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or derived from lignocellulose; used especially to describe the products of biomass.


bioremediation

bioremediation (countable and uncountable, plural bioremediations)

(biochemistry) The use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove contaminants, especially from polluted water

bioremediació

use of biological organisms to remove contaminants


rewild

en-verb

rewild (third-person singular simple present rewilds, present participle rewilding, simple past and past participle rewilded)

rewilds (present singular third-person)
rewilding (participle present)
rewilded (participle past)
rewilded (past)

desc

Dutch: → rewilden, → herwilderen (calque)

Told in the form of a personal journey, Paul Martin's book covers his own boyhood bird-watching, graduate work in evolutionary biology, and a distinguished academic career; it culminates in a daring plan to truly rewild North America.

2005, Paul Schultz Martin, Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America, University of California Press, →ISBN, page XIII:

Some scientists and others now argue that we should be bringing some of those ghosts back, part of a controversial movement to “rewild” parts of Europe and North America, whether by reintroducing extant species, reviving extinct ones, or attempting to reconstruct ecosystems.

2016 January 26, John Carey, “Core Concept: Rewilding”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, →DOI, pages 806–808:

She is not alone in her concerns. The push from local authorities to rewild spaces is causing consternation in villages, towns and cities across the country.

2023 August 26, Phoebe Weston, “Weed-choked pavements anger residents as ‘rewilding’ divides UK towns and cities”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(ecology) To return an area to a more wild state, especially to repopulate it with wild animals that have become extirpated.


hydrophyte

From hydro- (“water”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) A plant that lives in or requires an abundance of water, usually excluding seaweed.


proetid

(paleontology) Any trilobite of the order Proetida.


cytomorphology

(biology) The study of the structure of cells.


cypin

(biochemistry) A cytosolic protein that regulates neuron branching.


knop

From Middle English knop, from Middle Low German and Middle Dutch knoppe, from Proto-Germanic *knuppô, *knuppaz, *knappô, which is perhaps related to *knappō (“knob, boy”).

On these shawl borders the knop and flower are often also combined, the knop becoming the cone or Cypress-like trunk of a tree, the branches of which fam out like the fronds of the Hom. [Plate III., fig. 6]. In some Indian and Persian carpets the knop or cone throws out graceful Hom fronds, one on either side, from the ends of which hangs a large flower, presenting the alternation of a branching cone and flower.

1878, Sir George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood, Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878: Handbook to the British Indian Section, Offices of the Royal Commission, page 106:

(botany, art) A closed bud or bud-like, swelling protuberance of a plant, or the representation thereof in the decorative arts


disbud

en-verb

disbud (third-person singular simple present disbuds, present participle disbudding, simple past and past participle disbudded)

disbuds (present singular third-person)
disbudding (participle present)
disbudded (participle past)
disbudded (past)

(veterinary) To remove horn-buds from a young calf, lamb or goat kid, to prevent growth of horns.


supercoil

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercoil.wav

(genetics) A coil of the DNA helix upon itself, such as a figure eight.


supercoil

supercoil (third-person singular simple present supercoils, present participle supercoiling, simple past and past participle supercoiled)

supercoils (present singular third-person)
supercoiling (participle present)
supercoiled (participle past)
supercoiled (past)

After deproteination, the migration of the assembled form II DNA will remain unchanged, appearing not to have been supercoiled by nucleosomes.

1995, Sara J. Felts, “Assembly and Transcription of Chromatin Templates Using RNA Polymerase III”, in Martin J. Tymms, editor, In Vitro Transcription and Translation Protocols, →ISBN, page 58:

(genetics) To twist circular DNA into a supercoil.


supercoiling

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercoiling.wav

(genetics) The coiling of the DNA helix upon itself, which can disrupt transcription and lead to cell death.


topoisomerase

/ˌtɒpəʊˌaɪˈsɒməˌɹeɪs/

/ˌtɑpoʊˌaɪˈsɑməˌɹeɪs/

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that affect the topology of DNA, especially ones that relax supercoiling.


amb

This genus is distinguished from Duplopollis Krutzsch, 1959a, and Cupanieidites Cookson and Pike, 1954, by being syncolpate rather than syncolporate and by the islands at the angles of the amb.

1970, Robert Max Kosanke, editor, Symposium on Palynology of the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary:

(palynology) The outline of a spore or pollen grain, as seen in a polar view.


eradiate

(botany) Said of several types of capitulum that do not have petal-like florets.


Mbps

The main chromosome in E coli^([sic]) is 4.6 million base pairs (4.6 Mbps) in length, ...

2014, Alison Snape, Despo Papachristodoulou, William H. Elliott, Daphne C. Elliott, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 343:

Firstly, the set of mouse EST sequences having no homology to known mouse mRNAs was used (198323 sequences, 75.2 Million base pairs (Mbps)).

1999, Proceedings of the ... Annual International Conference on Computational Molecular Biology: RECOMB:

The total size of the C. ellipsoidea chromosomes is supposed to be about 40 mega base pairs (Mbps) (7).

1993, Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering:


maturation

en-noun

maturation (countable and uncountable, plural maturations)

From Middle English maturacioun, from Middle French maturation, from Latin maturatio. By surface analysis, mature + -ation.

(biology) The process of differentiation that produces the adult form of an organism.


indusium

(botany) A protecting membrane, especially that covering the developing spores of a fern.


nerveless

en-adj

nerveless (comparative more nerveless, superlative most nerveless)

more nerveless (comparative)
most nerveless (superlative)


habitus

en-noun

habitus (countable and uncountable, plural habiti or habitus or habituses)

habiti (plural)
habitus (plural)
habituses (plural)

From Latin habitus (“habit”), from habeō (“have; maintain”). The plural habiti is a misconstruction, as the Latin plural is in fact habitūs. This is reflected by the English plural habitus, which is occasionally encountered. habiti may have been influenced by Latin habitī, the plural of the participle habitus; however, it is not the etymon of the English term.

(zoology) habitude; mode of life; bearing.

[M]any species having eschariform zoaria in quiet water are able to assume the membraniporiform habitus in strongly agitated water.

1963, Alan H. Cheetham, Late Eocene Zoogeography of the Eastern Gulf Coast Region, page 30:

(zoology, chiefly invertebrates) General appearance.


interferon

From interfere + -on, from its role interfering with viral replication.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of glycoproteins, produced by the immune system, that prevent viral replication in infected cells.

干擾素

any of a group of glycoproteins, that prevent viral replication in infected cells


pinnule

(botany) Any of the ultimate leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf; a subleaflet.

(zoology) A part or an organ which resembles the barb of a feather, particularly the side branches on the stalks of crinoids; Any of the lateral divisions of the finger-like stalks of an encrinite.


DAG

DAG (countable and uncountable, plural DAGs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of diacylglycerol.


scours

(veterinary medicine) Diarrhea in horses and cattle caused by intestinal infection.


lemniscus

lemniscus (plural lemniscuses or lemnisci)

Borrowed from Latin lēmniscus (“pendent ribbon”), from Ancient Greek λημνῐ́σκος (lēmnĭ́skos), from Λῆμνος (Lêmnos, “a Greek island Lemnos”) + -ίσκος (-ískos, “noun-forming diminutive suffix”).

af

(zoology) One of two oval bodies hanging from the interior walls of the body in the Acanthocephala.


holometabolism

(entomology) The complete metamorphosis of an insect


maxillary

Borrowed from Latin māxillāris (“of or belonging to the jaw”), from māxilla (“the jawbone, jaw”) + -āris (“-ar, -ary”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to maxilla + -ary.

af

(zootomy) Of or pertaining to the maxillae of an arthropod.


lethargus

(biology) A quiescent sleeplike state in some arthropods and nematodes.


retroposon

The best-known retroposons are “copia” and the families similar to copia, which were discovered in Drosophila but are also found in many other animals and even in yeast and higher plants, and the similarly ubiquitous foldback (FB) element, "THE1" in humans and "VL30" in rats and mice.

1994, Klaus Urich, Comparative Animal Biochemistry, page 21:

reverse transcription
reverse transcription

(genetics) A fragment of DNA inserted into a chromosome following reverse transcription from RNA.


reverse transcription

en-noun

reverse transcription (countable and uncountable, plural reverse transcriptions)

(genetics) The process of creating double-stranded DNA from a single-stranded RNA template (the reverse of the standard process).


calmodulin

calmodulin (countable and uncountable, plural calmodulins)

Two distinct anti-allergic drugs, amlexanox and cromolyn, bind to the same kinds of calcium binding proteins, except calmodulin, in bovine lung extract.

2006, Journal of the National Cancer Institute:

(biochemistry) A calcium-binding protein found in all nucleated cells


snakehead

Through this plantation ran a creek full of snakeheads and eels, its overflow swelling the swamp around it.

2015, Eka Kurniawan, translated by Labodalih Sembiring, Man Tiger, Verso, page 1:

(zoology) A family of perciform fish native to Africa and Asia, Channidae.


microenvironment

A very small area that has different characteristics than its surroundings; the milieu (set of conditions) within this area.

As with the Lejeuneaceae, this pattern of massive speciation appears to be correlated with the Cretaceous explosion of the angiosperms and the simultaneous creation of a host of new microenvironments, differing in humidity, light intensity, texture, etc.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 3-4:

(biology) The very small environment in the immediate vicinity of an organism.


staff sergeant

(entomology) A nymphalid butterfly, Athyma selenophora, of tropical and subtropical Asia.


subtend

en-verb

subtend (third-person singular simple present subtends, present participle subtending, simple past and past participle subtended)

subtends (present singular third-person)
subtending (participle present)
subtended (participle past)
subtended (past)

From Latin subtendere, from sub (“under”) + tendere (“to stretch, extend”), itself a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ὑποτείνω (hupoteínō, “to subtend”), from which hypotenuse also derives. See tend.

semantic loan

(botany, transitive) To stand beneath or close to, as a bract at the base of a flower.


rewilding

en-noun

rewilding (usually uncountable, plural rewildings)

→ Dutch: herwildering (calque)

For rewilding North America, we need to find or restore some of the cogs and wheels we've already tossed into the dust bin.

2004 July 27, Dave Foreman, Rewilding North America, Island Press, →ISBN, page 134:

The beaver was hunted to extinction in Britain more than three centuries ago, but is today the rewilding movement’s pin-up.

2020 October 13, Patrick Barkham, “How maverick rewilders are trying to turn back the tide of extinction”, in The Guardian, retrieved 2020-11-09:

There's a colossal amount of tree planting, rewilding and other work going on to ensure that HS2 adds more to the environment than it takes away.

2022 March 23, Paul Bigland, “HS2 is just 'passing through'”, in RAIL, number 953, page 40:

(ecology) The act of restoring a natural area to its former wild state, especially by repopulating it with animals that have been extirpated.


TIC

TIC (countable and uncountable, plural TICs)

(cytology) Initialism of translocon on inner chloroplast membrane.


animal kingdom

(biology) The regnum Animalia; the set of all animals.


decurrent

en-adj

decurrent (comparative more decurrent, superlative most decurrent)

more decurrent (comparative)
most decurrent (superlative)

From Latin decurrens — de (“down”) + curro (“to run”).

(botany) Of plant parts: extending downward, most often in the case of leaf blades that partly wrap or have wings around the stem or petiole and extend down along the stem.

décurrent

pertaining to plant parts that extend downward

In this group of mushrooms, the attachment of the gills to the stipe is decurrent.

(mycology) Of lamellae (the gills of a mushroom): broadly attached and extending down the stipe of the mushroom.


limbal ring

(medicine, biology) A dark ring around the outside of the iris.


infraorder

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below suborder and above superfamily.


biophotolysis

en-noun

biophotolysis (plural biophotolysises or biophotolyses)

biophotolysises (plural)
biophotolyses (plural)

(biochemistry) The photolysis of a biochemical compound; but especially the production of hydrogen by the action of light on algae or any other organism


alate

en-adj

alate (comparative more alate, superlative most alate)

more alate (comparative)
most alate (superlative)

Beetles fly, many ants send forth massive swarms of reproductive alate females and males, arachnids and insect predators emerge from their hidden refugia, and termite swarm.

2016, Justin O. Schmidt, The Sting of the Wild, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page 113:

(entomology, botany) Having wings or winglike extensions or parts; winged.


colour sergeant

en-noun

colour sergeant (plural colour sergeants)

(entomology) A nymphalid butterfly, Athyma nefte, of tropical Asia.


ceruloplasmin

ceruloplasmin (countable and uncountable, plural ceruloplasmins)

ceruloplasmins (plural)
caeruloplasmin (alternative)

cerulo (derived from Latin caeruleus (“colored blue”)) + plasmin

(biochemistry) A blue metalloprotein that contains copper; it acts as a ferroxidase in association with transferrin.


dismutase

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dismutation reactions.

Dismutase

any of several enzymes that catalyze dismutation reactions


dismutation

dismutation (countable and uncountable, plural dismutations)

(biochemistry) A disproportionation reaction, especially in a biological context, in which oxidized and reduced forms of a chemical species are produced simultaneously


dehydrogenase

This led to a search in the filtrate for a dehydrogenase which should activate lactate in preference to the other three substances.

1928, Marjory Stephenson, “On lactic dehydrogenase: A cell-free enzyme preparation obtained from bacteria”, in Biochemical Journal:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen (a proton) from biological compounds.


astragal

From Ancient Greek ἀστράγαλος (astrágalos). Doublet of astragalus.

(botany) Synonym of milkvetch: a plant of the genus Astragalus.


turreted

(biology, of a gastropod shell) Having or being in the shape of a long spiral.


demyelination

demyelination (countable and uncountable, plural demyelinations)

From de- + myelination or de- + myelin + -ation.

(biology, medicine) The removal of the myelin sheath from a nerve fibre, usually as a result of disease causing myelinolysis.


autocrine

Vasopressin could be an autocrine hormone in the olfactory epithelium.

Many scientific papers suggest an autocrine action of acetylcholin in the lung.

(biology) Of a hormone, neuropeptide, etc.: acting on the cell that produced it.


proinflammatory

en-adj

proinflammatory (comparative more proinflammatory, superlative most proinflammatory)

more proinflammatory (comparative)
most proinflammatory (superlative)
pro-inflammatory (alternative)

(biology) Producing or promoting inflammation.


brassinosteroid

(biochemistry) Any of a family of steroidal plant hormones produced by members of the genus Brassica; the brassins


cytonuclear

(biology) of or pertaining to the relationship between the nucleus of a cell and the cytoplasm


thromboregulation

(biology) The modulation of blood platelet activity; especially its promotion by erythrocytes and inhibition by neutrophils


neutrophil

From German Neutrophil, from neutro- (“neutro-”) + -phil (“-phile”), equivalent to neutro- + -phil.

(biology, medicine) Of a cell: being more easily or more fully stained by neutral dyes than by acidic or alkaline (basic) ones.


neutrophil

One litre of human blood contains about five billion neutrophils (around half of all white blood cells).

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 89:

(biology, medicine) Such a cell, especially a particular type of white blood cell.


transvestism

en-noun

transvestism (usually uncountable, plural transvestisms)


human chorionic gonadotropin

human chorionic gonadotropin (uncountable)

as hCG (abbreviation)
HCG (abbreviation)

(medicine, biochemistry) A peptide hormone, produced during pregnancy, that prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production.


genome transplant

genome transplant (plural genome transplants)

(genetics) A procedure in which DNA from one species is transplanted into a cell of another species, and after repeated division of hybrid cells the original cells are destroyed; only achieved in bacteria so far


phenotypically

These cells that result from genome transplantation are phenotypically identical to the M. mycoides LC donor strain as judged by several criteria.

2007 August 3, Carole Lartigue et al., "Genome Transplantation in Bacteria: Changing One Species to Another," doi:10.1126/science.1144622, Science, ISSN 0036-8075, volume 317, number 5838, page 632


monophyletic

(biology) Of, pertaining to, or affecting a single phylum (or other taxon) of organisms.

monofyleettinen

of, pertaining to, or affecting a single phylum

(biology) Deriving from a single clade (monophylum).

(biology) Descending from a single ancestral species.

Descending from a single ancestral species and containing all descendants of that single ancestor, holophyletic.

Descending from a single ancestral species but not containing all descendants of that ancestor, paraphyletic.


linkage disequilibrium

pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram
pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram

(genetics) A non-random association of two or more alleles at two or more loci; normally caused by an interaction between genes, and often illustrated on a pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram (HapMap)


pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram

pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram (plural pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagrams)

linkage disequilibrium
linkage disequilibrium

(genetics) A triangular graphical representation of linkage disequilibrium in which different colours represent different magnitudes of linkage between pairs of loci


cysteinyl

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or derived from the amino acid cysteine


cysteinyl leukotriene

cysteinyl leukotriene (plural cysteinyl leukotrienes)

(biochemistry) Any of several leukotriene that are combined with cysteine


pistillate

en-adj

pistillate (comparative more pistillate, superlative most pistillate)

more pistillate (comparative)
most pistillate (superlative)

From pistil + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


carpellate

From carpel + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

(botany) Having functional carpels (and lacking stamens).


fixism

(biology, chiefly historical) The theory that the species alive today are identical to those of the past and that evolution does not happen.


voluta

Borrowed from Latin volūta (“a spiral scroll”). See volute.

bor+

(zoology) Any of numerous species of large, handsome marine gastropods belonging to Voluta and allied genera.


hydrophile

Hydrophiles usually retain flight capability because they must recolonize unstable habitats.

1986, James Kenneth Liebherr, Cladistic Analysis of North American Platynini:

(zoology) Any organism that thrives in the presence of water.


cytometry

en-noun

cytometry (usually uncountable, plural cytometries)

(biology) The measurement or the counting and classification of cells


jasmonic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) An oxylipin lipid, containing a cyclopentanone ring, related to the prostaglandins; its esters, the jasmonates, are responsible for the smell of jasmine and act as plant hormones


oxylipin

(biochemistry) oxygenated natural products which are formed from fatty acids by pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation; many of them have physiological importance


axoneme

From Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn, “axis”) + νῆμα (nêma, “thread”).

(biology) A bundle of nine microtubules forming the internal scaffolding of a cilium, with two extra central microtubules connecting the others if the cilium is motile


obovate

en-adj

obovate (comparative more obovate, superlative most obovate)

more obovate (comparative)
most obovate (superlative)

From ob- (“inverse”) + ovate (“egg-shaped”).

(botany, mycology) Shaped like an egg, with the broad extremity located away from the base.


superposed

(botany) That grows vertically above another part


mutagenetic

From muta- + genetic, by analogy with mutagenesis.


vallecular

From vallecula + -ar, derived from diminutive of Latin valles (“valley”).

A transverse section of the internode shows a pattern of sub-epidermal strengthening tissue and chlorenchyma, vallecular canals in the cortex opposite the furrows, and carinal canals opposite the ridges.

2011 July 12, “An extensin-rich matrix lines the carinal canals in Equisetum ramosissimum, which may function as water-conducting channels”, in Annals of Botany, →DOI:

(botany) Of or relating to a channel between the nodes of the stem of some species of Equisetum.


primipara

en-noun

primipara (plural primiparas or primiparae)

/ˌpɹaɪˈmɪpəɹə/

/ˌpɹaɪˈmɪpɹə/

/pɹaɪˈmɪpəɹə/

Borrowed from Latin prīmipara (“pregnant for the first time; having given birth to only one offspring; primiparous”), from prīmus (“first”) + parere (from pariō (“to bear, give birth to; to beget, produce”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to carry forth”)). The word is cognate with French primipare.

der

(obstetrics, veterinary medicine) A woman or female animal during or after her first pregnancy.

първескиня

woman or female animal during or after her first pregnancy — see also primigravida

(obstetrics, veterinary medicine, specifically) A woman or female animal that has carried a first pregnancy to a viable gestational age.

primipara

woman or female animal that has carried a pregnancy to a viable gestational age


radiated

en-adj

radiated (comparative more radiated, superlative most radiated)

more radiated (comparative)
most radiated (superlative)


bridled

bridled (comparative more bridled, superlative most bridled)

more bridled (comparative)
most bridled (superlative)

(chiefly ornithology) Having bridle-shaped marks.


staminate

Latin staminatus (“consisting of threads”), from stamen (“thread”).

uder

(botany) Having functional stamens, but (typically) no carpels.


evolutionary theory

en-noun

evolutionary theory (countable and uncountable, plural evolutionary theories)

(biology) A theory of evolution, especially the scientific theory of evolution through natural selection.


arachnoid

19th century from translingual Arachnida + -oid.

/əˈɹæk.nɔɪd/

(arachnology, relational) Relating to or resembling spiders.


esca

(ichthyology) The fleshy growth from an anglerfish's head that acts as a lure for its prey.

(phytopathology) A fungal disease afflicting grapes.


manubrium

manubrium (plural manubria or manubriums)

(zoology) The tube extending from the central underside of a jellyfish and ending in a mouth.


sagittiform

en-adj

sagittiform (comparative more sagittiform, superlative most sagittiform)

more sagittiform (comparative)
most sagittiform (superlative)

This tree has sagittiform leaves, which lack divisions and subdivisions.

(biology) Having the form of an arrowhead, but lacking flaring lobes on the base.


drupelet

drupelets (plural)
druplet (alternative)

From drupe (“stone fruit”) + -let (diminutive suffix). Compare Late Latin drupella (“small ripe olive”).

cog

It is best to pick the berries while all drupelets are of a consistent, dark red coloration.

The passengers on the chock-full boat were packed across the deck like drupelets.

Aggregated Fruits are close clusters of simple fruits all of the same flower. The raspberry and blackberry are good examples. In these, each grain is a drupelet or stone-fruit, like a cherry or peach on a very small scale.

1858, Asa Gray, “How Plants are Propagated or Multiplied in Numbers”, in Botany for Young People and Common Schools. How Plants Grow, a Simple Introduction to Structural Botany. […], New York, N.Y.: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, & Co., →OCLC, section IV (Fruit and Seed), § 1 (Seed-vessels), paragraph 244, page 81:

The fruits of the genus Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) are aggregates of small drupes (drupelets) upon the receptacle of a single flower, each drupelet from a single pistil.

1931, A[lbert] S[pear] Hitchcock, “Fruits and Seeds”, in Field Work for the Local Botanist, Washington, D.C.: Published by the author […]; composed and printed at the Waverley Press, Inc. […], →OCLC, page 22:

Each fertilized pistil/ovule will develop into a fleshy drupelet containing one seed (a pyrene). Erect and semi-erect blackberry cultivars produce fruit with relatively large pyrenes compared to those of trailing blackberries.

2017, Bernadine C. Strik, “Growth and Development”, in Harvey K. Hall, Richard C. Funt, editors, Blackberries and Their Hybrids (Crop Production Science in Horticulture; 26), Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Boston, Mass.: CABI, →ISBN, page 29:

(botany) One of the small drupe-like subdivisions which compose the outer layer of certain fruit such as blackberries or raspberries.

drupennig

one of the small drupe-like subdivisions which compose the outer layer of certain fruit


impalement

en-noun

impalement (countable and uncountable, plural impalements)

impalements (plural)
empalement (alternative)

From Middle French empalement; equivalent to impale + -ment.

The parts of fructification are seven in number... The First part is the calyx, impalement, or flower cup.

1823, Charles Mead, The School Exercise:

(botany, obsolete) In the sense of an enclosure, the calyx of a flower. (In still older works, also spelt empalement.)


proliferative

en-adj

proliferative (comparative more proliferative, superlative most proliferative)

more proliferative (comparative)
most proliferative (superlative)

...stem cells may thus lose some of their proliferative potential and thus 'age'...

1988, Nydia G. Testa, Robert Peter Gale, Hematopoiesis: Long-Term Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation, Informa Health Care, →ISBN, page 327:

cultures of cells may be considered to have reached the end of their proliferative lifespan when the cell number fails to double.

2000, Yvonne A., Christopher R. Barnett, Aging: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press, →ISBN, page 40:

We conclude that aneuploidy causes not only a proliferative disadvantage but also a set of phenotypes...

2007, Eduardo M. Torres et al., “Effects of Aneuploidy on Cellular Physiology and Cell Division in Haploid Yeast”, in Science 317, (5840), 904, page 916:

(not comparable, cytology) of or pertaining to proliferation, especially of cells


LCA

en-noun

LCA (countable and uncountable, plural LCAs)

Against the backdrop of these global and local climatic changes, the LCA of African apes and humans split into a gorilline clade and Pan-Homo clade, and the latter split again into panin and hominin clades.

2012, David R. Begun, A Companion to Paleoanthropology:

last common ancestor
w:last common ancestor

(biology, paleontology, countable) Initialism of last common ancestor.


sporocarp

(mycology) The structure on a fungus and some algae which houses the spore-producing organs.

mushroom

fungus structure): basidiocarp, basidiome (in basidiomycete); ascocarp (in ascomycete


dopa

(biochemistry) The amino acid dihydroxyphenylalanine that is generated in the liver from tyrosine and then converted into dopamine in the brain.


protoplasmal

You will understand this when I tell you that I can trace my ancestry back to a protoplasmal atomic globule.

1885, W[illiam] S[chwenck] Gilbert, Arthur Sullivan, composer, […] The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu, London: Chappel & Co., […], →OCLC:

(cytology) Of or relating to protoplasm.


porta-

(biology, medicine) Alternative form of porto- (“portal vein”)


ringlet

From ring + -let. Compare Middle English ryngyl, ryngyll, rengel (“ringlet”).

(entomology) Any of various butterflies with small rings on the wings, in the tribe Satyrini of the family Nymphalidae, such as Aphantopus hyperantus.


aff.

(biology, taxonomy) affinis; having affinity with (but not identical to)


American Keuda

Initialism, from a 1980s study in the US southwest entitled Kitten Evaluation Under Direct Assessment, which sought to establish the characteristics of the ideal barn cat.

The only other breed said to have this flap is the American Keuda.

And if you aren't bored already here are some more: American Keuda, American Ringtail,[…].

2008, Vicky Halls, The Complete Cat, page 122:

This is not the first breed to be developed from street cats; as the American Shorthair, European Shorthair, and American Keuda all show.

2012, Nancy Robbins, Domestic Cats: Their History, Breeds and Other Facts, page 127:

(zoology) A domestic cat of a provisional breed originating in the United States.


Russian Blue

Russian Blues (plural)
Russian blue (alternative)

(zoology) A domestic cat of a breed with dense silver to grey fur.


sigillate

en-adj

sigillate (comparative more sigillate, superlative most sigillate)

more sigillate (comparative)
most sigillate (superlative)


decapod

Borrowed from French décapode, see deca- + -pod.


decapod

(zoology) Any of various animals having ten legs or similar appendages, especially mollusks such as squid and cuttlefish.

(zoology) Any crustacean, of the order Decapoda, such as crabs or lobsters.


ampliate

ampliate (comparative more ampliate, superlative most ampliate)

more ampliate (comparative)
most ampliate (superlative)

Latin ampliātus, past participle of ampliō (“to make wider”).

(zoology) Having the outer edge prominent; said of the wings of insects.


biotransformation

en-noun

biotransformation (countable and uncountable, plural biotransformations)

(biochemistry) The changes (both chemical and physical) that occur to a substance (especially a drug) by the actions of enzymes within an organism.


neutralism

neutralism (countable and uncountable, plural neutralisms)

(biology) The neutral theory of molecular evolution, holding that, at the molecular level, most evolutionary changes and variation within and between species are caused not by natural selection but by genetic drift of mutant alleles that are neutral.


cygnine

en-adj

cygnine (comparative more cygnine, superlative most cygnine)

more cygnine (comparative)
most cygnine (superlative)

From Latin cygnus (“swan”), with English -ine.

The genus Choristopus, Eyton, apparently Anserine rather than Cygnine, is said to possess this character […]

1869, Elliott Coues, On the Classification of Water Birds, Merrihew & Son, published 1870, page 26:

(zoology) Being of the genus Cygnus (swan), within subfamily Anserinae of the family Anatidae, though sometimes considered a distinct subfamily, Cygninae.


monadelphous

The stamens are monadelphous and are united for more than half their length into an open tube adnate to the petals

1988, Michael Hickey & Clive King, 100 families of flowering plants, Cambridge University Press, 2007 digital reprint, p. 326

(botany) Having all its stamens within a flower fused together at least partly by the filaments.

yksikuntainen

having all stamens fused together by filaments


quincuncial

quincuncial (comparative more quincuncial, superlative most quincuncial)

more quincuncial (comparative)
most quincuncial (superlative)

quincuncial aestivation

(botany) Having the leaves of a pentamerous calyx or corolla so imbricated that two are exterior, two are interior, and the other has one edge exterior and one interior.


biosynthetic

(biochemistry) of or pertaining to biosynthesis


parablepsis

en-noun

parablepsis (countable and uncountable, plural parablepses)

parablepses (plural)
parablepsia (alternative)
parablepsy (alternative)

From Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and βλέπω (blépō, “to look at”).

So too parablepses due to homoioteleuton in the Greek text are irrelevant for the Hebrew text.

1978, International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament, Congress Volume, →ISBN, page 400:

Vertical parablebsis does not fit either, since it should be in the range of several lines (two or three lines).

2009, Raymond De Hoop, Marjo Christina Annette Korpel, Stanley E. Porter, The Impact of Unit Delimitation on Exegesis, →ISBN, page 35:

(palaeography) A circumstance in which a scribe miscopies text due to inadvertently looking to the side while copying, or accidentally skips over some of it.


cirrous

en-adj

cirrous (comparative more cirrous, superlative most cirrous)

more cirrous (comparative)
most cirrous (superlative)

And Ivy divided from the root, we have observed to live some years, by the cirrous parts commonly conceived but as tentacles and holdfasts unto it.

1658, Sir Thomas Browne, The Garden of Cyrus, Folio Society, published 2007, page 198:

(botany, zoology) Pertaining to cirri; having filaments, fibrous.


allosteric

allosteric (comparative more allosteric, superlative most allosteric)

more allosteric (comparative)
most allosteric (superlative)

From allo- (“other”) + steric (“arrangement of atoms in space”).

prefix

(biochemistry, of an enzyme) That binds a compound on an inactive site and thus changes macromolecular conformation or dynamics in order to become either active or inactive

تَفَارُغِيّ

of an enzyme: that binds a compound on an inactive site


circination

/sɜːsɪˈneɪʃən/

From Latin circinationem, from circinare, from circinus.

The same is also observable underground in the circinations and sphærical rounds of Onyons, wherein the circles of the Orbes are ofttimes larger, and the meridionall lines stand wider upon one side than the other.

1658, Sir Thomas Browne, The Garden of Cyrus, Folio Society, published 2007, page 200:

(botany) A circular growth or foliation.


hominization

en-noun

hominization (usually uncountable, plural hominizations)

hominizations (plural)
hominisation (alternative)

From Latin homo (“human being”) + -ization.

The professional way to begin a study of the origins of human culture is to begin at the beginning with a discussion of hominization.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light:Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, page 8:

(paleontology) The process of becoming like a human.


anthropization

(ecology) The transformation or adaptation of the environment to meet the needs of humans, or by human activity.


palpebral

Borrowed from Late Latin palpebrālis (“of or on the eyelids”), from palpebra (“an eyelid”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), equivalent to palpebra + -al.

af

(zootomy) A dermal bone found near the eye socket of some animals.


hyracoid

en-adj

hyracoid (comparative more hyracoid, superlative most hyracoid)

more hyracoid (comparative)
most hyracoid (superlative)

(zoology) Of or relating to the hyraxes (order Hyracoidea).


arthropodean

/ˌɑːθɹəpɒˈdiːən/

…the tendency at present is to regard such stages as of hardly any importance at all. Then comparisons have constantly been made between Arthropodean and…

1904, Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, page 320:

Passing from the above vertebrate example to the old arthropodean type Periplaneta we find, as fig. 5 and the table on p. will show, that here the number of the types of gemini is reduced from six to five.

1906, John Edward Salvin Moore with Charles Edward Walker and the Liverpool Cancer Research Committee, First report on the cytological investigation of cancer, 1906, page 77:

Briefly the author endeavours to prove that vertebrates are derived directly from arthropods, that the arthropodean alimentary canal is represented by the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, the pituitary body and embryonic pharynx represent the mouth of the arthropod, and the neurenteric canal the primitive anus.

1909, Walter Edward Collinge et al., The Journal of Economic Biology, page 20:

1955: AUTHOR UNKNOWN, Research films, p429 or 119 (sources contradict) — MENTION ONLY
(888) MANTON, S. M. The Evolution of Arthropodean Locomotory Mechanisms. Part I. The Locomotion of Peripatus. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 1950, 41, 529.

…the arthropod inherited: — profuse segmentation and its segmental organs; its nervous system and sense organs, including segmental eyes from the peristome as well as from the succeeding segments; besides two pairs of eyes from the prostomium; a pair of antennae and anal cerci, besides the normal appendages, which in the interval between the polychaet and the pro-arthropod had acquired arthropodean character and were biramous; and pleura, which also are appendages, being derived from foliate lobes of…

2000, The Paleontological Society, the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Journal of Paleontology, page 84:

(zoology) Of, resembling, or relating to the Arthropoda.


kex

From Middle English kex. Origin unknown; but compare Welsh cecys (“hollow stalks”) and Welsh cegid (“hemlock”), apparently from the same source as Latin cicūta (“hemlock”).

(obsolete, botany) A plant having such a stem; a weed, a kecksy.


inbreeding

en-noun

inbreeding (countable and uncountable, plural inbreedings)

Inbreeding can result in handicapped children.

(biology) Breeding between members of a relatively small population, especially one in which most members are related.

近親繁殖 /近亲繁殖

breeding between members of small population


physiologic pH

(biochemistry) The pH that normally prevails in the human body. It is approximately 7.4.


periostracum

Literally "surrounding shell", from peri- + ostracum.

(malacology) The proteinaceous outer sheath of many molluscan shells.


ostracum

From New Latin ostracum, from Ancient Greek ὄστρακον (óstrakon, “pottery fragment; shell”).

der

(malacology) The middle layer of a molluscan shell.


myocyte

From myo- + -cyte, thus literally "muscle cell."


individuation

en-noun

individuation (countable and uncountable, plural individuations)

(biology) The differentiation of tissues.


detritivorous

en-adj

detritivorous (comparative more detritivorous, superlative most detritivorous)

more detritivorous (comparative)
most detritivorous (superlative)

/ˌdɛtɹəˈtɪvəɹəs/

(ecology) That feeds on detritus; saprophagous


filter feeder

filter feeders (plural)
filter-feeder (alternative)

The best-protected species are the big, peaceful filter feeders, the basking shark and particularly the whale shark, with its photogenic polka dots and mysterious long-range migration patterns.

2015, Theo Tait, ‘Don't wear yum-yum yellow’, London Review of Books, volume 34, number 15:

(biology) Any aquatic animal that obtains nourishment by filtering particles of food from the water in which it lives.

filtervoeder

any aquatic animal that obtains nourishment by filtering particles of food from the water in which it lives


detritivore

/dɛˈtɹaɪtɪvɔː/

/dəˈtɹaɪtəvɔɹ/

From German Detritivore, from Latin dētrītus (“the act of rubbing away”) (from dēterō (“to rub away, to rub off, to wear out”), from dē- (“away; down”) + terō (“to rub; to wear away, to wear out”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, to rub by twisting; to twist, to turn”)) + Latin vorāre (from vorō (“to devour, to eat greedily; to swallow up”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”)). Analyzable as detritus + -i- + -vore.

der

Termites are herbivores and detritivores variously involved in the comminution and decomposition of vegetable matter, through most of the warm temperate and tropical zones.

1978, J. P. La Fage, W. L. Nutting, “Nutrient Dynamics of Termites”, in M. V. Brian, editor, Production Ecology of Ants and Termites (International Biological Programme; 13), Cambridge, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 165:

If one has sound data for microbial biomass dynamics in decaying litter, along with identities of the decomposer fungi, then one can make useful projections and hypotheses regarding nutrient flow, environmental controls on decay rates, and potential detritivore production founded upon basic knowledge of the properties of fungal species and their interactions with other microbes and animals[…].

1992, Steven Y. Newell, “Estimating Fungal Biomass and Productivity in Decomposing Litter”, in George C. Carroll, Donald T. Wicklow, editors, The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem (Mycology; 9), 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, →ISBN, page 521:

Fish are represented at several trophic levels in aquatic systems, from detritivore and herbivore to carnivore.

1992, S. J. Ormerod, “Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems”, in M[iroslav] Radojević, R[oy] M. Harrison, editors, Atmospheric Acidity: Sources, Consequences and Abatement (Environmental Management Series), Barking, Essex: Elsevier Science, →ISBN, page 382:

Others are detritivores (i.e. they feed off organic detritus), such as some pteropods.

2014, Louis Legendre, “Pelagic Marine Ecosystems and Biogeochemical Cycles”, in André Monaco, Patrick Prouzet, editors, Ecosystem Sustainability and Global Change (Seas and Oceans), London: ISTE Ltd.; Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 46:

, detritus feeder (“saprophage”)

(ecology) An organism that feeds on detritus; a detrivore, a saprophage.


head blight

(phytopathology) a blight afflicting the seed heads or inflorescences of cereal crops


submetacentric

Human chromosome 2 is submetacentric.

(cytology) (of a chromosome) having the centromere between one end and the middle, and thus having a long arm, and a short arm


primatology

(biology) The scientific study of primates; a sub-discipline of zoology.


fibronectin

en-noun

fibronectin (countable and uncountable, plural fibronectins)

(biochemistry) An adhesive blood glycoprotein that has several cellular functions


hominin

From translingual Hominini, from the stem of Latin homo (“man”). Compare hominid.

[...] prefer the third explanation for the advanced-looking features of Neandertals (Chapter 7) and the Ngandong hominins (Chapter 6), but they have had little to say about the post-Erectine archaics from China.

Caspari and Lee carried out comparisons ranging from ancient hominins such as australopithecines through to Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, assessing the ratios of young adults to old adults.

2011, Chris Stringer, The Origin of Our Species, Penguin, published 2012, page 151:

This means that, in addition to democracy and gorillas, we must now credit Greece with being the cradle of the hominins - of which we humans are the only living representatives.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 119:

(paleontology) Any member of the taxonomic tribe Hominini, the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now-extinct bipedal relatives.


trinomen

The subspecies (trinomen) is the only infraspecific taxon so recognized by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature... However, the category of subspecies has not been widely used in entomology, because, in most cases, the level of population differentiation within a species is not clearly determined and subspecies populations are difficult to identify.

1993 May 10, Ke Chung Kim, Bruce A. McPheron, Evolution of Insect Pests: Patterns of Variation, John Wiley, →ISBN, page 458:

Homo sapiens sapiens
Homo sapiens sapiens#Translingual

(taxonomy, zoology) A scientific name at the rank of subspecies: an expansion of a binomial name (a genus and a species) combined with the name of the subspecies; for example Anopheles gigas formosus or Homo sapiens sapiens.


blood corpuscle

blood corpuscle (plural blood corpuscles)


trifid

From Latin trifidus, from tri- (“three”) + -fidus, form of findere (“to split”).

The leafits are four or five pairs, with a trifid terminal leafit.

1850, George Luxford, Edward Newman, The Phytologist: A Popular Botanical Miscellany, page 1058:


coleopterist

Recently, another coleopterist collected Brachys barberi—more typically a southwestern species—on Quercus harvardii (shinnery oak) at this spot.

2022 May 14, Ted C. MacRae, Cupressaceae:


merogamy

From French mérogamie, corresponding to mero- + -gamy.


biobank

2016, Alysson Bessani et al, "BiobankCloud: A Platform for the Secure Storage, Sharing, and Processing of Large Biomedical Data Sets" (abstract), Biomedical Data Management and Graph Online Querying.
Biobanks store and catalog human biological material that is increasingly being digitized using next-generation sequencing (NGS).

(biology) Any of several types of repository of biological material (e.g. seeds) or information (e.g. DNA).

biobanc

any of several types of repository of material


biobank

en-verb

biobank (third-person singular simple present biobanks, present participle biobanking, simple past and past participle biobanked)

biobanks (present singular third-person)
biobanking (participle present)
biobanked (participle past)
biobanked (past)

(biology, transitive) To store (biological material) in a biobank.


bioorganic

(biochemistry) Of or relating to the role of organic compounds in biological processes.


genet

Coined in the 20th century from gene + -et.

asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction

(biology) A group of genetically identical individuals (plants, fungi, bacteria etc.) that have grown in a given location, all originating from asexual reproduction of a single ancestor; a group of ramets.

klooniyhdyskunta

(biology) group of genetically identical individuals


apicomplexan

(biology) Describing protists of the phylum Apicomplexa.

apicomplexo

describing protists of the phylum Apicomplexa


oblanceolate

en-adj

oblanceolate (comparative more oblanceolate, superlative most oblanceolate)

more oblanceolate (comparative)
most oblanceolate (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Of a reversed lanceolate shape: attached to the stem by the pointed end, with the other end rounded.


shanked

Your Muscat Grapes are both shanked and scalded ; the latter can be easily remedied, but the former is more difficult.

(botany) Affected with disease of the shank or footstalk


tritocerebrum

(entomology) The third set of fused ganglia comprising the insect brain.


ferritin

ferritins (plural)
ferratin (alternative)

From Latin ferrātus (“iron-bearing”) and -in; compare also ferri- and ferro-.

Coordinate term: transferrin (key protein of extracellular iron transport)

(biochemistry) Any of a family of iron-carrying globular protein complexes consisting of 24 protein subunits; the key protein of intracellular iron storage.

ferritina

any of a family of iron-carrying globular protein complexes consisting of 24 protein subunits


heritability

en-noun

heritability (countable and uncountable, plural heritabilities)

(countable, genetics) The ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance; i.e. the proportion of variability that is genetic in origin

遺傳力 /遗传力

the ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance


phenocopy

(genetics) A variation in an organism that resembles a genetic one, but has an environmental rather than a genetic cause, and is not inherited


phenocopy

en-verb

phenocopy (third-person singular simple present phenocopies, present participle phenocopying, simple past and past participle phenocopied)

phenocopies (present singular third-person)
phenocopying (participle present)
phenocopied (participle past)
phenocopied (past)

The wg- mutant can be phenocopied by injecting antisense RNA (complementary to the 3 kb wg+ transcript) into wild-type embryos.

1990, David de Pomerai, From Gene to Animal, →ISBN, page 275:

(genetics) To copy a genetic variation through environmental manipulation


entrainment

(biology) The alignment of an organism's circadian rhythm to an external rhythm in its environment


spermatogonium

spermatogonia (plural)
spermatagonium (alternative)

(biology) Any of the undifferentiated cells in the male gonads that become spermatocytes; a spermatoblast


gastrin

en-noun

gastrin (countable and uncountable, plural gastrins)

(biochemistry) A hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach


gastric acid

gastric acid (countable and uncountable, plural gastric acids)

(biochemistry) The acidic secretion of the stomach; mostly hydrochloric acid.


reuptake

reuptake (countable and uncountable, plural reuptakes)

The class of antidepressants most commonly associated with sexual dysfunction is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which treat depression by ultimately increasing levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.

2024 March 21, Kristen Rogers, “If antidepressants are killing your sex life, here’s what you can do”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) Specifically, the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neuron after the transmission of a neural impulse across a synapse.

recaptació neuronal

reabsorption of neurotransmitter by neuron


reuptake

en-verb

reuptake (third-person singular simple present reuptakes, present participle reuptaking, simple past reuptook, past participle reuptaken)

reuptakes (present singular third-person)
reuptaking (participle present)
reuptook (past)
reuptaken (participle past)

(chiefly biochemistry, transitive) To take up again; to reabsorb.


secretin

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted by the duodenum, that serves to regulate its acidity


adrenocorticotrophin

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone


adrenocorticotropic hormone

en-noun

adrenocorticotropic hormone (plural adrenocorticotropic hormones)

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that stimulates the secretion of other hormones


vascularization

vascularization (countable and uncountable, plural vascularizations)

vascularizations (plural)
vascularisation (alternative)


chemogenomics

(medicine, genetics) The study of the genomic effect of chemical compounds (especially drugs)


genomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to a genome.


druggable

en-adj

druggable (comparative more druggable, superlative most druggable)

more druggable (comparative)
most druggable (superlative)

With only 10% of the human genome representing druggable targets, and only half of those being relevant to disease, it is important to be able to predict how druggable a novel target is in early drug discovery.

2007 March 27, Joanna Owens, “Determining druggability”, in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, volume 6, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 187–187:

(genetics, medicine) Describing the ability of a biological molecule (for example, a protein) to be targeted by drugs, especially by small molecule drugs.


druggability

druggabilities (plural)
drugability (alternative)

A target's druggability is usually estimated by classifying it with known gene families that have previously been successfully targeted with drugs.

(genetics, medicine) The ability of a portion of a genome to be targeted by a drug, especially by a small molecule drug


intravaginal

(botany, of some grasses) Within a sheath.


transmembrane

(biology) Traversing a cellular membrane.


transmembrane

(cytology) a transmembrane protein, or the transmembrane portion of a protein


mobbing

en-noun

mobbing (countable and uncountable, plural mobbings)

(biology) The aggressive behaviour of a group of animals on another individual (especially a predator).


pars intercerebralis

(entomology) a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline.


orthologous

(genetics, of genes or sequences) Exhibiting orthology; having been separated by a speciation event. Usually while retaining the same function.


biomineralization

biomineralization (countable and uncountable, plural biomineralizations)

This process of ‘biomineralization’ is used today to reclaim gold from the Youanmi deposits of Western Australia.

2002, Philip Ball, The Elements: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, published 2004, page 51:

(biochemistry) The formation of hard mineral deposits within a living organism; especially the process whereby bone and similar structural material is formed.


androstadienone

androstadienone (countable and uncountable, plural androstadienones)

(biochemistry) A derivative of testosterone reported to have pheromone activity in humans


androstenone

androstenone (countable and uncountable, plural androstenones)

(biochemistry) A steroid, specifically 5α-androst-16-en-4-one, found in human sweat; reported to be a pheromone.


pedogenesis

paedogenesis (alternative)
pædogenesis (alternative)

(biology) Larval or preadult reproduction in some insects.

pedogenesi

biology:larval or preadult reproduction in some insects


planate

This species has several distinctively coloured planates across the head.

The planate, measuring several kilometres across, was formed by wind erosion.

(entomology, geography) flat or flattened area.


metapodial

(anatomy, zoology) Of or pertaining to the human metacarpal bones (between the wrist and fingers) or the metatarsal bones (between the ankle and toes); of or pertaining to the equivalent bones in animals.


plasmacytoid

(cytology) Of or pertaining to plasma cells


allelochemical

(biochemistry, ecology) Having allelopathic effects.


epistatic

Adjective form of epistasis; compare static and stasis. The adjectival use in genetics was coined by English biologist William Bateson in 1909 in his book Mendel's Principles of Heredity.

coin

(genetics) Of or pertaining to epistasis.


epistatic

(genetics) Any material that causes epistasis.


evolute

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-evolute.wav

(malacology) Having or being a (mollusc) spiral shell in which the whorls touch along a surface.


aromatase

en-noun

aromatase (countable and uncountable, plural aromatases)

/əˈɹoʊ̯məteɪ̯s/

/əˈɹoʊ̯məteɪ̯z/

(biochemistry) An enzyme responsible for aromatization of androgen hormones into estrogens.


cubozoan

From cubo(medusa) + -zoan, after class name Cubozoa.

Sume cubozoans have truly brutal venom in their stingers, strong enough to have killed large numbers of humans.

2016, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Other Minds, William Collins, published 2018, page 35:

(zoology) Any cnidarian of the class Cubozoa, including the cubomedusae; a box jellyfish.


cybrid

(genetics) An artificial hybrid cell produced by introducing nuclear material from one organism into a cell (of the same or different species) from which the nucleus has been removed


dehydroepiandrosterone

dehydroepiandrosterone (countable and uncountable, plural dehydroepiandrosterones)

(biochemistry) An androgen hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex; a synthetic version is used as a dietary supplement


dyskaryosis

dyskaryosis (countable and uncountable, plural dyskaryoses)

(cytology) Any abnormality in the nucleus of a cell


foregut

(biology, anatomy, embryology) The anterior part of the alimentary canal of an embryo, from the mouth to the duodenum, in humans and some other animals.

(biology, anatomy, medicine) The developed counterpart in the adult: the proximal part of the alimentary canal, which in humans runs from the mouth to the first half of the duodenum, up to the ampulla of Vater.


midgut

(biology, anatomy, embryology) The central loop of the alimentary canal of an embryo between the foregut and the hindgut, in humans and some other animals.

(biology, anatomy, medicine) The developed counterpart in the adult: the intermediate part of the alimentary canal, which in humans runs from the second half of the duodenum through the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon.


hindgut

putóg chúil

anatomy: the caudal part of the alimentary canal of an embryo

(biology, anatomy, embryology) The caudal part of the alimentary canal of an embryo, including the colon and the rectum, in humans and some other animals.

(biology, anatomy, medicine) The developed counterpart in the adult: the most distal part of the alimentary canal, which in humans is generally defined as comprising the distal third of the transverse colon, the splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and anorectal junction.


cheek pouch

(anatomy, zoology) A pouch in the cheek of some animals, usually used to carry food.


swimmeret

(zoology) In decapods such as lobsters, one of the legs primarily used for swimming but also used for brooding the eggs (except in prawns) and catching food.


pleopod

pleopods (plural)
pleopoda (plural)
pleiopod (alternative)
pleiopus (alternative)
pleopus (alternative)

From pleon (“the abdomen of a crustacean”) + -pod (“foot”).

af

Coordinate term: uropod

In decapods such as lobsters, pleopods are legs mainly used for swimming but sometimes used for brooding eggs or catching food. In some species certain pleopods of an animal may have been adapted to special functions such as reproduction.

(zoology) One of the abdominal legs of a crustacean.


retrogression

en-noun

retrogression (countable and uncountable, plural retrogressions)

(biology) A return to a less complex condition.

aisghabháil

biology: a return to a less complex condition


protocoel

(biology) The anterior part of a tripartite coelom in some invertebrates


pseudoautosomal

(genetics) Describing genes in the X- and Y- chromosomes that behave like autosomes during meiosis


pseudocoelomate

en-adj

pseudocoelomate (comparative more pseudocoelomate, superlative most pseudocoelomate)

more pseudocoelomate (comparative)
most pseudocoelomate (superlative)

From pseudocoelom + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

af

(biology) Of, pertaining to, or possessing a pseudocoel (pseudocoelom).


pseudocoelomate

From a substantivation of the above adjective. Equivalent to pseudocoelom + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

(biology) Any invertebrate animal with a three-layered body and a pseudocoel (pseudocoelom).


pseudocoel

(biology) The body cavity of certain nematodes (primitive invertebrates), which is analogous to a coelom but lacking mesodermal cells, i.e. not lined with mesothelium.


true leaf

(botany) Any leaves of a seed plant other than the cotyledons.

(botany) Any leaf containing vascular tissue.


trifolium

en-noun

trifolium (plural trifoliums or trifolia)

The larger species (Panax quinquefolium) is rather coarse and ordinary in its appearance; the flowers are very nearly like those of the trifolia, but grow in an irregular and elongated cluster.

1867, Wilson Flagg, “The Early Wild Flowers”, in The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries, page 155:

The majority of the trifoliums are native to Europe and Asia. Only comparatively few of the trifoliums native to the United States are of food production significance.

2012, Douglas M. Considine, Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia, page 441:

(botany) Any of the genus Trifolium of clovers and trefoils.


pseudocopulation

pseudocopulation (countable and uncountable, plural pseudocopulations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudocopulation.wav

(biology) Any of various processes, amongst diverse animals, in which male gametes are passed from one individual to another without sexual union.

(biology) The process by which an insect (such as a bee) attempts to mate with a flower (such as an orchid) that mimics a female insect, and in doing so pollinates the plant.


pseudovirion

(virology) A synthetic viral particle that cannot replicate, used to inject foreign nucleic acid into a cell.


pteridospermous

(botany) Of or pertaining to the pteridosperms.


pterygium

pterygium (plural pterygiums or pterygia)

From Ancient Greek πτερύγιον (pterúgion), diminutive of πτέρυξ (ptérux, “wing”).

(zoology) A generalized limb of a vertebrate


brachiation

brachiation (countable and uncountable, plural brachiations)

→ Portuguese: braquiação

Species that normally move by brachiation (swinging from hand to hand while hanging from supports) or vertical leaping and clinging require substantially different cage designs from conventional quadrapedal striders even if all are of similar body weight.

1998, National Research Council (U. S.), Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates, page 23:

(zoology) Movement by swinging the arms from one hold to the next.


haplogroup

A haplogroup comprises the genes present on one chromosome.

1984, Alfred Nisonoff, Introduction to Molecular Immunology, page 128:

The earlier Amerind migration carried with it only four Asian haplotypes, which subsequently evolved into Amerind-specific haplogroups A, B, C, and D.

1993, “mtDNA Variation of Aboriginal Siberians Reveals Distinct Genetic Affinities with Native Americans”, in American Journal of Human Genetics, volume 53, page 591:

(genetics) A group of closely related haplotypes.


haplotype

(genetics) A haploid genotype: a group of alleles that are transmitted together.


haplotype

en-verb

haplotype (third-person singular simple present haplotypes, present participle haplotyping, simple past and past participle haplotyped)

haplotypes (present singular third-person)
haplotyping (participle present)
haplotyped (participle past)
haplotyped (past)

(genetics) To characterize with respect to haplotype


haplo-

Combining form from Ancient Greek ἁπλόος (haplóos, “single, simple”).

der

haplodepletion, haplodiploid, haplosis

(genetics) Haploid: having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.


galactosidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a galactoside


galactoside

(biochemistry) Any of several glycosides containing galactose


catabolite

(biochemistry) Any substance produced during catabolism


repressor

(genetics) Any protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription.


model organism

(biology) Any organism (e.g. the fruit fly) that has been extensively studied as an example of many others, and from which general principles may be established


methylase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze methylation, especially of nucleic acids


transdifferentiate

en-verb

transdifferentiate (third-person singular simple present transdifferentiates, present participle transdifferentiating, simple past and past participle transdifferentiated)

transdifferentiates (present singular third-person)
transdifferentiating (participle present)
transdifferentiated (participle past)
transdifferentiated (past)

(biology, intransitive) To undergo transdifferentiation.