aphotic

aphotic (comparative more aphotic, superlative most aphotic)

more aphotic (comparative)
most aphotic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-aphotic.wav

From a- (prefix meaning ‘not; without; opposite of’) + photic.

prefix

As experiment has shown that light waves capable of effecting chemical changes do not penetrate the water deeper than 400 meters and as the other conditions of assimilation are met above this line, it is proposed to distinguish a diaphanic region including the land and the water to a depth of 400 m. and inhabited by assimilating organisms and an aphotic region including the ocean and lakes below the assimilation-line and the dark caves of the crust, where plant life is impossible.

1894 November–December, E. C. Quereau, “Einleitung in die Geologie als historische Wissenschaft. By Johannes Walther. Jena, 1893–4. [book review]”, in The Journal of Geology, volume II, number 8, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 857–858:

We have bacteria classified as aërobic and anaërobic, according as they thrive with or without access of air. We need to classify bacteria as photic and aphotic.

1894 July 2, Julius Nelson, The Use of Koch’s Lymph in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis of Cattle (New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station Bulletin; 101), [North Brunswick, N.J.]: [New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station], →OCLC, § 2 (What is Known about Tuberculosis), page 12:

Photographically the light of the sun is detectable in exceptionally clear-water tropical seas to a depth of about 2,000 feet, but Johnstone places the average depth for all waters at 650 feet, beyond which there is more or less of total darkness, the aphotic realm.

1910 June, Charles Schuchert, “Biologic Principles of Paleogeography”, in J[ames] McKeen Cattell, editor, The Popular Science Monthly, volume LXXVI, New York, N.Y.: The Science Press, →OCLC, page 596:

Respiration and organic matter decomposition occur through the water column, and depending on the amount of organic matter present and the extent of wind-mixing, can deplete the dissolved oxygen supply in aphotic (unlighted) layers.

1981, Bruce L. Kimmell, “The Ecological Role(s) of Aquatic Micro-organisms in Lakes and Reservoirs”, in Phillip E. Greeson, editor, Microbiology of the Aquatic Environment (Briefing Papers on Water Quality; Geological Survey Circular; 848-E), [Reston, Va.]: United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, →OCLC, page E5, column 2:

Large systems can always be subdivided. A large lake, for example, will have a surface photic environment, an aphotic system on the lakebed and a coastal system at the land–water interface.

2000, Adrian McDonald, “Ecosystems and Their Management”, in Ashley Kent, editor, Reflective Practice in Geography Teaching, London, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Paul Chapman Publishing, SAGE Publications, →ISBN, part 1 (Progress in Geography: Changing Viewpoints), page 11:

Although algae are frequently found below the photic zone, because of circulation or settling, they are not photosynthesizing under such conditions. In the aphotic, profundal zone food resources are provided exclusively through secondary productivity, consumption of settling detritus (or the organisms that feed on such detritus), and microbial food resources.

2003, Andrew S. Cohen, “The Biological Environment of Lakes”, in Paleolimnology: The History and Evolution of Lake Systems, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 96, column 2:

The deep aphotic zone accounts for the largest portion (90%) of the marine benthic environment. Owing to the lack of solar energy, vegetation and photosynthetic primary production are largely nonexistent and food webs are mainly driven by heterotrophy. [...] A special mode of nutrition in the aphotic benthic zone is chemoautotrophy. Here chemoautotrophic bacteria and archaea replace photosynthetic primary production by using geothermally produced inorganic energy as a food source near deep sea vents and cold seeps.

2018, Birte Matthiessen, Franziska Julie Werner, Matthias Paulsen, “Ecological Organization of the Sea”, in Markus Salomon, Till Markus, editors, Handbook on Marine Environment Protection: Science, Impacts and Sustainable Management, volume 1, Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, part I (Nature Science Basics), section 2.3.2 (Aphotic (Dark) Oceanic Benthic Zone), page 53:

(biology, oceanography) Describing that part of deep lakes and oceans where less than one per cent of sunlight penetrates and where photosynthesis is not possible.


fauces

en-noun

fauces pl (normally plural, singular faux)

Borrowing from Latin faucēs (“the upper part of a throat”).

bor

(botany) The throat of a calyx, corolla, etc.

There are two orange-coloured spots at the fauces of that Cypræa Isabella, whence its name, orange-tip.

1826, Mary Anne Venning, Rudiments of Conchology, page 94:

Even at that early age the lamella in the fauces may be distinctly traced through the translucent shell.

1872, American Journal of Conchology, volume 7, page 226:

The tubercle is the same color but with white fauces. The glossy shell coloring is extremely various; the background is white, yellow or black, with or without longitudinal zigzag lines, transverse bands or blotches covering the surface.

1993, Recovery Plan for the Oʻahu Tree Snails of the Genus Achatinella, page 14:

(zoology) That portion of the interior of a spiral shell which can be seen by looking into the aperture.


clypeus

Cuisinart stuck a human eyelash to his clypeus with saliva, twisted it into a handlebar mustache, and greeted citizens as they arrived at the rim of the sink.

1990, Daniel Evan Weiss, The Roaches Have No King (Serpent's Tail 2001, p.16)

When viewed from the front, the part of the carapace between the anterior eyes and the front edge of the carapace is called the clypeus.

1996, Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins 1996, p. 14)

(entomology) The shield-shaped front part of an insect's head or a spider's cephalothorax.


ascus

From New Latin ascus, from Ancient Greek ἀσκός (askós, “a sac”). Doublet of askos.

The one important character which distinguishes the Ascomycetes from all other fungi is the ascus (plural, asci). This is a sac-like structure in which ascospores are formed following karyogamy and meiosis.

1967, Constantine. J. Alexopoulos, Harold C. Bold, Algae and Fungi, page 101:

(mycology) A sac-shaped cell present in ascomycete fungi; it is a reproductive cell in which meiosis and an additional cell division produce eight spores.

itiökotelo

a sac-shaped cell present in ascomycete fungi


tocopherol

From Ancient Greek τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”) + φέρειν (phérein, “to bear or carry”) + -ol.

compound

(biochemistry) Any of several isomers of the principal component of vitamin E, each containing a chromanol ring and an isoprene side-chain.

E308 and E309 when used as an antioxidant


-gyny

From Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ, “woman, female”).

derived

(botany) a situation with respect to female plant organs

(botany) having a specified number or type of female plant organs


nasus

Borrowed from Latin nāsus (“the nose; the nozzle or spout”).

bor+

(entomology) A horn-like elongated rostrum on the head of soldier termites of the subfamily Nasutiterminae, capable of producing and spraying noxious secretions for defense.

(entomology) A prolongation on the front of the head of a cranefly.


gazania

(botany) Any flowering plant of the genus Gazania, native to southern Africa.


debark

en-verb

debark (third-person singular simple present debarks, present participle debarking, simple past and past participle debarked)

debarks (present singular third-person)
debarking (participle present)
debarked (participle past)
debarked (past)

From de- + bark (“(of a dog) make the noise”).

prefix

(transitive, veterinary medicine) To devocalize (a dog).


plumbago

en-noun

plumbago (countable and uncountable, plural plumbagos or plumbagoes)

Borrowed from Latin plumbāgō (“type of lead ore”), from plumbum (“lead”).

(botany) A plant of the genus Plumbago; leadwort.


plume moth

(zoology) Any one of numerous small, slender moths, belonging to the family Pterophoridae, most of which have wings deeply divided into two or more plumelike lobes, some species of which are injurious to the grapevine.


plumicorn

From Latin pluma (“feather”) + cornu (“horn”).

(zoology, rare) An ear tuft of feathers, as in the horned owls.


plumiped

From Latin plumipes, plumipedis, from pluma (“feather”) + pes.

(zoology) Having feet covered with feathers.


metamorphism

metamorphism (countable and uncountable, plural metamorphisms)

From metamorphosis + -ism, after French métamorphisme.

(zoology) The process by which insects develop through life stages, for example, those of embryo, larva, pupa and imago. The life cycle of the butterfly is one of complete metamorphosis, in which the embryo grows within the egg, hatches into the larval stage caterpillar, enters the pupal stage within its chrysalis, and finally emerges as an adult butterfly imago.


plumule

From Latin plūmula, diminutive of plūma (“feather”); compare French plumule.

(botany) The first bud, or growing point, of a plant embryo, situated above the cotyledons.

кълн

(zoology) One of the featherlike scales of certain male butterflies.


plumularian

(zoology) Belonging or relating to the plumularia.


veronica

meadows full of wildflowers that seemed to Kit enormous, violets as big as your hand, yellow lilies and blue veronica you could shelter from the rain under

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 871:

There are also (placed there by man or nature?) quite a lot of skinny fuchsias and dense veronicas, all in flower, and some kind of rather attractive grey-leaved sage.

1978, Iris Murdoch, The Sea, The Sea, Vintage, published 1999, page 11:

(botany) A flower of the genus Veronica, usually having blue petals.


plumulaceous

en-adj

plumulaceous (comparative more plumulaceous, superlative most plumulaceous)

more plumulaceous (comparative)
most plumulaceous (superlative)

(zoology, ornithology) Downy; bearing down.


polleniferous

polleniferous (comparative more polleniferous, superlative most polleniferous)

more polleniferous (comparative)
most polleniferous (superlative)

(botany) Synonym of polliniferous (“producing pollen”).


polliniferous

From pollen + -i- + -ferous, or directly from New Latin pollinifer, polliniferus.


pollinium

(palynology) A coherent mass of pollen, as in the milkweed and most orchids, which is dispersed as a single unit during pollination.

polyad

any group of more than four pollen grains


pollinose

pollinose (comparative more pollinose, superlative most pollinose)

more pollinose (comparative)
most pollinose (superlative)

(zoology) Having the surface covered with a fine yellow dust, like pollen.


pervious

pervious (comparative more pervious, superlative most pervious)

more pervious (comparative)
most pervious (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin pervius (“having a passage through; passable, penetrable, traversable”) + English -ous (suffix denoting the presence of a quality in any degree (typically an abundance)). Pervius is derived from per- (prefix denoting doing something all the way through or entirely) + via (“road, street; method, way; (figurative) course, route”) + -us (suffix forming adjectives)

bor

The noſtrils are very large, and pervious: the vvhole plumage is duſky, daſhed vvith purple and green: legs of a dirty fleſh-color: clavvs black.

1785, Thomas Pennant, “Class II. Birds. Div[ision] I. Land Birds. Order I. Rapacious. I. Vulture, Gen. Birds I.”, in Arctic Zoology, volume II, London: […] Henry Hughs, →OCLC, page 191:

(botany, zoology) Of a body structure (especially the nostril of a bird): having a hole, perforate; also, wide open.


phyllomania

(botany) The over-production of leaves by a plant (usually a tree), at the expense of flowers, seeds, etc.


pathogenomics

(genetics, pathology) genomic research on pathogenic microorganisms


polyextremophile

Indeed, their ability to survive many different types of extreme qualify them as 'polyextremophiles'.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 95:

(biology) An organism which can tolerate two or more extreme environmental factors.


remotion

en-noun

remotion (countable and uncountable, plural remotions)

From Old French or directly from Latin remōtiō.

By simple promotion and remotion, assisted by some flexure and extension, the distal spines of each would reach and scratch the substratum and, on remotion, sweep coarse particles posteriorly and dorsally.

1995, Cladocera as Model Organisms in Biology, →ISBN, page 63:

In other arthropods, promotion-remotion of the leg is accomplished at other joints. For example, in spiders promotion-remotion occurs at the coxa-trochanter joint, insects utilize the body-coxa joint, and […]

2008, John L. Capinera, Encyclopedia of Entomology, volume 4, →ISBN, page 3326:

(zoology, chiefly entomology) Backward motion.


germen

From Latin germen (“germ, seed”). Doublet of germ.

(biology) The basic form of an organism; the seed or germ.


mechanoreceptor

(biology) any receptor that provides an organism with information about mechanical changes in its environment, such as movement, tension and pressure


receptor

From Middle English receptour, from Old French receptour or Latin receptōrius, from recipiō (“receive”), from re- (“back”) + capiō (“I hold”).

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor

continuous erythropoietin receptor activator

In the target organ, the drug is recognised by ‘receptors’. These are large molecules, usually proteins, to which the drug binds tightly and with a high degree of specificity.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 24:

White blood cells of the immune system, the gut and the spleen also have another type of cannabinoid receptor, known as CB2.

2019 May 14, Moises Velasquez-Manoff, “Can CBD Really Do All That?”, in The New York Times Magazine:

(biochemistry, medicine) A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions.

مُسْتَقْبِل

a protein on a cell wall that responds to sensory stimuli

(biology) Any specialized cell or structure that responds to sensory stimuli.

reseptori

any specialized cell or structure that responds to sensory stimuli


polycotyledon

(botany) A plant that has many, or more than two, cotyledons in the seed.


polycarpic

polycarpic plant

polycarpic growth

(botany) Bearing fruit repeatedly, or year after year.

yl-vessagh

bearing fruit repeatedly, or year after year

(botany) Having several carpels in one flower.


polycarpellary

The orange is a polycarpellary fruit.

(botany) Composed of several or numerous carpels.


polyadelphous

From poly- + Ancient Greek ἀδελφός (adelphós) + -ous.

(botany) Having stamens combined in more than two groups.


auricularia

/ɔːˌɹɪk.jʊˈlɛəɹi.ə/

/ɔˌɹɪk.jəˈɛɹi.ə/

From Latin auriculāria (“ear-shaped things”).

(zoology) The larvae of the sea cucumber.


auriculars

The more inland, lighter race is distinguished from A. u. uropygialis in being much paler on the back, by the edgings of the forehead scallopings and auriculars being paler, and by having the brown of the forehead less deep and less rufescent.

1937, The Emu: Official Organ of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union:

(zoology) A circle of feathers surrounding the opening of the ear of birds.


auriculate

en-adj

auriculate (comparative more auriculate, superlative most auriculate)

more auriculate (comparative)
most auriculate (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) Having two lobes, often curved, often near the base.


auriculated

(biology, rare) Having ears or appendages like ears; eared.

(botany, rare) Having lobes or appendages like the ear; shaped like the ear; auriculate.

(zoology, rare) Having an angular projection on one or both sides, as in certain bivalve shells, the foot of some gastropods, etc.


aurited

(zoology) Having lobes like the ear; auriculate.


aurochs

en-noun

aurochs (plural aurochs or aurochses or aurochsen)

aurochs (plural)
aurochses (plural)
aurochsen (plural)
auroch (alternative)
aurox (alternative)

Borrowed from German Aurochs, an early variant of Auerochse, from Middle High German ūrochse (“aurochs”), from Old High German ūrohso (“aurochs”), a compound consisting of ūro (“aurochs”) (from Proto-Germanic *ūraz, *ūrô (“aurochs”)) + ohso (“ox”). Akin to Old English ūr (“aurochs”), Old Norse úrr (“aurochs”), Middle Low German ūrosse (“aurochs”), Old English oxa (“ox”). More at ox.

(zoology) The European bison (Bos bonasus, or Europæus).


gorget

/ˈɡoɹ.d͡ʒɪt/

/ˈɡoɹ.d͡ʒɛt/

/ˈɡoɹ.d͡ʒət/

From Middle English gorget, from Old French gorgete, from gorge (“throat”).

There was […] the golden-winged woodpecker, with his crimson crest, his broad black gorget, and splendid plumage […]

1917, Washington Irving, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow:

(zoology) A crescent-shaped coloured patch on the neck of a bird or mammal.


tegula

Borrowed from Latin tegula (“a tile”), from tegō (“to cover”). Doublet of tile.

(entomology) A small sclerite situated above the base of the costal vein in the wings of various insects, and attached to the anterolateral portion of the mesonotum.

tégula

sclerite in the wings of various insects

(malacology) Any sea snail in the genus Tegula.


hydrolase

→ Polish: hydrolaza

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a substrate.


gracile

en-adj

gracile (comparative more gracile, superlative most gracile)

more gracile (comparative)
most gracile (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gracile.wav

/ˈɡɹeɪˌsaɪl/

Borrowed from Middle French gracil, gracile (“slender, thin”) (modern French gracile (“gracile”)), or directly from its etymon Latin gracilis (“slender, slim, thin; lean, meagre, scanty; simple, unadorned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kerḱ- (“to become thin; to wane”). The sense “graceful or gracefully slender” was apparently influenced by the non-cognate word grace. The English word is cognate with Italian gracile (“delicate, frail; slender, thin”), Portuguese grácil, Spanish grácil (“graceful; delicate; slender”), and a doublet of gracilis.

cog

This tentative comparison, plus consideration of individual skulls, shows the Neolithic pre-Greeks more Mediterranean than the Greeks, with emphasis on intermediate or gracile Mediterranean rather more than on the rugged Basic White trend, [...]

1945, J. Lawrence Angel, “Neolithic Ancestors of the Greeks”, in American Journal of Archaeology, volume 49, number 3, →DOI, page 256:

Where stratified fossil sequences are known, "gracile" fossils precede robust ones. The extremely robust hominids do not appear on the scene until about 2 million years ago, followed shortly thereafter by an "advanced" gracile. Both the advanced gracile and robust forms probably evolved from earlier gracile australopithecines.

1981, Nancy Makepeace Turner, “Early Hominid Lifeways: The Critical Role of an Interpretive Framework”, in On Becoming Human, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 254:

At various times since Homo first appeared in Africa, it shared the continent with more robust hominids, perhaps several different species of them. [...] They seem to have evolved from more ‘gracile’ apes (gracile being the opposite of robust). The gracile apes are also placed in the genus Australopithecus, and we too almost certainly emerged from among gracile australopithecine ranks.

2004, Richard Dawkins, “Ape-men”, in The Ancestor’s Tale: The Dawn of Life, New York, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, pages 86–87:

We would also expect increasing home-range size in Neanderthals in 'edge' regions (bordering the MLB and the plains), such as south-west France, in response to habitat fragmentation during periods of expansion of open vegetation. A more gracile morphology would have been far more efficient over larger areas.

2004, Clive Finlayson, “Comparative Behaviour and Ecology of Neanderthals and Modern Humans”, in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 117:

(chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an animal or skeletal element: having a slender frame.


heterothallic

(botany, of some algae and fungi) Producing male and female reproductive structures in different plants


homogamy

(botany) Fertilization of a flower by pollen from the same plant.

(botany) The quality of being homogamous.

(biology) Breeding between similar individuals.


stopple

From Middle English stopple, stoppel, stoppell, partly from Old French estopail, estopaille, and partly equivalent to stop + -le.

(botany) A projection or lid in a pollen grain that falls away to allow the passage of the pollen tube.


baccivorous

baccivorous birds

(zoology) Eating, or having a diet based on, berries


orchidaceous

en-adj

orchidaceous (comparative more orchidaceous, superlative most orchidaceous)

more orchidaceous (comparative)
most orchidaceous (superlative)

From Orchidaceae; equivalent to orchid + -aceous.

In keeping with the orchidaceous theme of the wedding, the decorator draped the walls with lavenders and pinks.


saurian

saurian (comparative more saurian, superlative most saurian)

more saurian (comparative)
most saurian (superlative)

From Sauria (suborder of lizards) + -an (suffix forming adjectives), under influence from earlier French saurien.

compound

(zoology) Of or related to the members of the suborder Sauria.


IPTG

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside.


cell line

(genetics) A biological tissue or group of individual cells that are genetically identical as a result of dividing mitotically from a single progenitor cell.


reticulum

en-noun

reticulum (plural reticula or reticulums)

Borrowed from Latin rēticulum (“net”). Doublet of reticle, reticule, and Reticulum.

doublet

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biology) A network. For example, the endoplasmic reticulum forms a network of cellular components that functions as a transportation system within the cell.

As the young ruminant consumes forages, the reticulum, and particularly the rumen, develop rapidly.

2013 [1966], Robert E. Hungate, The Rumen and Its Microbes, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 162:

en:second compartment of stomach of ruminant

(zoology) The second compartment of the stomach of a cow or other ruminant.


crosier

From Middle English ; originally referring to the staff bearer, from a merger of Old French words crocier (“bearer of a cross”) and croisier (“one who bears or has to do with a cross”), ultimately from Latin crux (“cross”).

(botany) A young fern frond, before it has unrolled; fiddlehead


polyembryonate

(botany) Consisting of, or having, several embryos; polyembryonic.


polyembryonic

Polyembryony is common in mango cultivars that originated and are grown in the moist tropics. In Knight et al. (Chapter 3, this volume), there is a survey of the major polyembryonic and monoembryonic mango cultivars.

2009, Richard E. Litz, The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses, →ISBN, page 369:

However, the phenomenon of sporadic polyembryony might be underreported for many sexual species because, to my knowledge, no one has searched methodically- using suitable genetic markers- for polyembryonic (clonemate) progeny in nature.

2013, John Avise, Evolutionary Perspectives on Pregnancy, →ISBN, page 157:


polyembryony

By its nature, that is whether it develops with or without fertilization, simple polyembryony can be sexual or asexual.

2012, B. M. Johri, Embryology of Angiosperms, →ISBN, page 447:

Polyembryony was first reported by Leeuwenhoek in citrus as early as 1719 and the different cases of polyembryony were studied by Braun in 1859.

2014, Kishan Gopal Ramawat, Jean-Michel Mérillon, K. R. Shivanna, Reproductive Biology of Plants, →ISBN, page 356:

(botany) The production of two or more embryos in one seed, due either to the existence and fertilization of more than one embryonic sac or to the origination of embryos outside of the embryonic sac.

In all these groups cloning, where it occurs, must be through polyembryony or parthenogenesis.

1989, Roger Neville Hughes, Functional Biology of Clonal Animals, →ISBN, page 90:

Despite their utility in research, litters produced by polyembryony lack the advantages conferred by either asexual or sexual reproduction.

2005, Roger E. Stevenson, Judith G. Hall, Human Malformations and Related Anomalies, →ISBN, page 1381:

One form of clonal reproduction begins when a fertilized egg divides a few times in the womb before initiating embryonic development. In humans, this can lead nine months later to the birth of identical (monozygotic) twins. This phenomenon, known as polyembryony, occurs sporadically in many mammal species. However, only in armadillos does polyembryony happen consistently, in each and every pregnancy.

2014, John C. Avise, Genetics in the Wild, →ISBN:

(biology) The production of two or more embryos from a single fertilized egg.


polygastrian

(zoology, obsolete) One of the Polygastrica, an obsolete classification of microorganisms.


polygastric

(zoology) Pertaining to the Polygastrica.


polygenetic

(biology) Of or pertaining to polygenesis; polyphyletic.

(genetics, sometimes proscribed) Polygenic.


polygynous

/pəˈlɪd͡ʒɪnəs/

(botany) Having many styles; belonging to the order Polygynia.


polymeniscous

(zoology) Having numerous facets; said of the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans.


polymerous

(biology) Having many parts or members in each set.


polymorphosis

(zoology) The assumption of several structural forms without a corresponding difference in function; said of sponges, etc.


polymorphous

en-adj

polymorphous (comparative more polymorphous, superlative most polymorphous)

more polymorphous (comparative)
most polymorphous (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-polymorphous.wav

From New Latin polymorphus, from Ancient Greek πολύμορφος (polúmorphos, “multiform, manifold”), from πολυ- (polu-, “many, much”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “form, shape”). By surface analysis, poly- + -morphous.

der

1913, R. Chodat in Popular Science Monthly Volume 82 Janauay 1913, A Grain of Wheat
In order to establish itself in any locality a plant must hold its own against competitors which, masters of the soil from time immemorial, have been selected to fit the soil and climate. Moreover, emmer is not cultivated anywhere in Palestine. This wild wheat is furthermore a different plant from any known in cultivation, a polymorphous race, no doubt, but a distinct one.

(biology) Having, or occurring in, several distinct forms


schizophyte

From schizo- (“split, cleft”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

Of 100 flagellates observed, stained so as to demonstrate Fusiformis unmistakably, 22 had an abundance of the schizophyte, 78 had none or very few. Many flagellates had a few forms identical in appearance with Fusiformis hilli adherent by one end to the posterior end of the body.

1940, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, volume 81, page 14:

(dated, biology) Any of a class of primitive organisms that reproduce solely by fission.


serotinous

/sɪˈɹɒtɪnəs/

/səˈɹɑtɪnəs/

Borrowed from Latin sērōtinus (“late (in ripening, etc.); relating to the evening”) (see further at serotine) + English -ous (suffix forming adjectives denoting pertinence or relation to something).

bor

serotine

(biology) Synonym of serotine (“developing at a later time or later in a season, especially than is customary with allied species; specifically (botany), of a plant: flowering late in a season”).

(botany) Of conifer cones: requiring the heat of a wildfire to open, in order to disperse its seed.


postsynaptic

(cytology) In a synapse, of or pertaining to the neuron that bears receptors for neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic neuron.


regnum

From Latin rēgnum (“kingdom”). Doublet of reign.

(biology, taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below dominium and above divisio.


pyridoxine

en-noun

pyridoxine (countable and uncountable, plural pyridoxines)

/ˌpɪɹɪˈdɒksɪn/

(biochemistry) A derivative of pyridine, 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, found in fish, liver, cereals and yeast, and essential for the metabolism of amino acids and starch.


exothermic

en-adj

exothermic (comparative more exothermic, superlative most exothermic)

more exothermic (comparative)
most exothermic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-exothermic.wav

From French exothermique, from exo- (“outside”) + thermique (“of heat”), both ultimately from Ancient Greek. By surface analysis, exo- + -thermic.

(zoology) Of an animal: whose body temperature is regulated by external factors; cold-blooded.


endothermic

endothermic (comparative more endothermic, superlative most endothermic)

more endothermic (comparative)
most endothermic (superlative)

/ˌɛndəʊˈθəːmɪk/

Borrowed from French endothermique, from endo- (“inside”) + thermique (“of heat”), both ultimately from Ancient Greek. By surface analysis, endo- + -thermic.

(zoology) Of an animal whose body temperature is regulated by internal factors.

эндатэрмічны

zoology: of animal with regulated temperature


apo

In this scenario, unbound proteins are predominantly in the ligand-free ("apo") structure.

2009 January 30, Robert B. Best, Gerhard Hummer, “BIOCHEMISTRY: Unfolding the Secrets of Calmodulin”, in Science:

(biochemistry, of a protein) In an inactive, unbound state


apo

(biochemistry) Clipping of apolipoprotein.


monoamine oxidase

en-noun

monoamine oxidase (plural monoamine oxidases)

monoamine oxidases (plural)
as MAO (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes, found in the outer membrane of mitochondria, that degrade biogenic amines and are thus responsible for the destruction of transmitter substances at neuronal synapses.

monoaminooxidasa

biochemistry: enzyme that degrades biogenic amines


oxidase

From oxide + -ase introduced by Gabriel Bertrand.

The effects of hemoglobin in anemia and chlorosis, and even in tuberculosis, are due to its triple action; it acts opotherapeutically, through the blood oxydases, which it contains when properly prepared.

1915, “Hemoglobin in Anemia”, in American Medicine, volume 21, page 22:

(biochemistry) Any of many enzymes which catalyze oxidation reactions, especially ones using molecular oxygen.


pyrrolysine

(biochemistry) An amino acid found in methanogenic bacteria.


rostrum

Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”), from rōd(ō) (“gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- + *-trom. The pulpit sense is a back-formation from the name of the Roman Rōstra, the platforms in the Forum where politicians made speeches. The Rōstra were decorated with (and named for) the beaks (prows) of ships from naval victories.

lbor

(zoology) The beak-shaped projection on the head of insects such as weevils.

rostrum

beak-shaped projection on the head of some insects

(botany) The inner segment of the coronal lobes in asclepiads.


revertant

en-adj

revertant (comparative more revertant, superlative most revertant)

more revertant (comparative)
most revertant (superlative)

(genetics) That has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype by means of a subsequent mutation.

revertente

that has reverted to its former genotype


zoonosis

zoonoses (plural)
zoönosis (alternative)

From zoo- + (itself from Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion, “animal”)) + Ancient Greek νόσος (nósos, “disease”) (compare also nosology); the surface analysis is almost, although not quite, zoo- + -osis; compare also anthroponosis.

1982 February 11, A.L. Ritterson, “Valentine's day: is love really a zoonosis?”, in New England Journal of Medicine, volume 306, archived from the original on 2023-10-04, pages 372-373:

In his first book since the 2008 essay collection Natural Acts: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature, David Quammen looks at the natural world from yet another angle: the search for the next human pandemic, what epidemiologists call “the next big one.” His quest leads him around the world to study a variety of suspect zoonoses—animal-hosted pathogens that infect humans.

2013 January 7, Katie L. Burke, “Ecological Dependency”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 1, archived from the original on 2017-02-09, page 64:

(biology, microbiology) An animal disease, such as rabies or anthrax, that can be transmitted to humans.

zoonoz

animal disease that can be transmitted to humans


organogenesis

en-noun

organogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural organogeneses)

(biology) the formation and development of the organs of an organism from embryonic cells

organogenèse

formation and development of the organs from embryonic cells


pullus

(ornithology) A chick; a young bird in the downy stage.


mosaicism

mosaicism (countable and uncountable, plural mosaicisms)

Some but not all of the cells that made up the fetus […] had an extra chromosome on the twentieth pair. A mosaicism, it was called.

2007, Michael Chabon, The Yiddish Policemen’s Union, 4th Estate (2010), page 14:

(genetics) The condition in which more than one genetically distinct population of cells coexist within one individual.


tornus

(entomology) The bottom corner of a wing.


tonus

tonus (countable and uncountable, plural tonuses or toni)

Borrowed from Latin tonus (“strain, tension”). Doublet of tone.

muscular tonus

The amount of stretch possible increases with the range in the joint and decreases with the cross section of the muscle and the amount of tonus or contraction in these antagonists .

1942, Myrtle Gladys Scott, Analysis of Human Motion: A Textbook in Kinesiology, page 51:

Dr. H. S. Sullivan, for example, is known to many for his acute understanding of the postural tonuses of his patients.

1956, Personal character and cultural milieu: a collection of readings:

At the same time, from the vasomotor point of view the artrioles are an extremely active part of the vascular bed , and every important change in the peripheral resistance is traceable to a corresponding change in the tonus of the arterioles .

1964, Vasillĭ Vasilʹevich Parin, F. Z. Myerson, An Outline of the Clinical Physiology of the Circulation, page 210:


tubus

Learned borrowing from Latin tubus. Doublet of tube.


coelacanthine

en-adj

coelacanthine (comparative more coelacanthine, superlative most coelacanthine)

more coelacanthine (comparative)
most coelacanthine (superlative)

(ichthyology) Pertaining to, or having the properties of, a coelacanth (fish).


flavoprotein

(biochemistry) any of a group of enzymes, containing flavin, that act as dehydrogenases


pinus

I have been invited to see the garden of Baron Zanoli, situated on the high road from Monza to Milan, in which I am told there are fine exotic trees and shrubs, and especially a rich collection of pinuses.

1839, J. C. Loudon, The Gardener's Magazine, page 420:

As the generality of pinuses grow by nature into magnificent and gigantic forest-trees, they should, I think, be planted in our parks as well as in our flower-gardens, shrubberies, and lawns.

1853, George Greenwood, The tree-lifter, page 265:

(botany) Any member of the genus Pinus; a pine.


calico

en-noun

calico (countable and uncountable, plural calicos or calicoes)

calicos (plural)
calicoes (plural)
callico (alternative archaic)

From Calicut, from where the cloth was originally exported, from Malayalam കോഴിക്കോട് (kōḻikkōṭŭ, “Kozhikode”), from കോഴി (kōḻi, “palace”) + കോട് (kōṭŭ, “fortified palace”).

af

Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus#Translingual

(uncountable, botany) The plant disease caused by Tobacco mosaic virus.


cuneus

Borrowed from Latin cuneus. Doublet of coign and coin.

(entomology) A wedge-shaped section of the forewing of certain heteropteran bugs.


sere

From Latin serere, present active infinitive of serō (“to entwine, interlace, link together; to join in a series, string together”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, tie together; to thread”).

der

We examined one of several seres found in the middle Rocky Mountains that progress from a subalpine or montane forb-dominated meadow to a climax forest dominated by Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii).

1980 August, Douglas C. Andersen, James A. MacMahon, Michael L. Wolfe, “Herbivorous Mammals along a Montane Sere: Community Structure and Energetics”, in Journal of Mammology, volume 61, number 3, Baltimore, Md.: American Society of Mammalogists, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-07-21, page 501:

[C]ommunity types may represent either climax plant associations or successional communities within a sere.

1988 December, Walter F. Mueggler, “Approach”, in Aspen Community Types of the Intermountain Region (General Technical Report; INT-250), Ogden, Ut.: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 5, column 1:

[S]ome communities persisted as repeating early successional seres ("disclimaxes"), while climax communities could contain small areas of different sere communities.

2007, Thomas J. Stohlgren, “History and Background, Baggage and Direction”, in Measuring Plant Diversity: Lessons from the Field, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part I (The Past and Present), page 31:

(ecology) A natural succession of animal or plant communities in an ecosystem, especially a series of communities succeeding one another from the time a habitat is unoccupied to the point when a climax community is achieved.


pecten

(zoology) One of the genus Pecten of scallops.


ketoacidosis

en-noun

ketoacidosis (countable and uncountable, plural ketoacidoses)

(biology, medicine) A severe form of ketosis, most commonly seen in diabetics, in which so much ketone is produced that acidosis occurs.


fettered

en-adj

fettered (comparative more fettered, superlative most fettered)

more fettered (comparative)
most fettered (superlative)

(zoology) Of the feet: bent backward and apparently unfit for walking.


hydrogen cycle

(biochemistry) the transmission of hydrogen from water to carbohydrates etc and back to water by living organisms


guttate

en-verb

guttate (third-person singular simple present guttates, present participle guttating, simple past and past participle guttated)

guttates (present singular third-person)
guttating (participle present)
guttated (participle past)
guttated (past)

Recovery from this extreme wilt began only in the early evening, but by dawn all plants were fully turgid and guttating.

1999, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology:

(botany) To exude drops of xylem sap on the edges of leaves.


respire

respire (third-person singular simple present respires, present participle respiring, simple past and past participle respired)

respires (present singular third-person)
respiring (participle present)
respired (participle past)
respired (past)

From Middle English respiren, borrowed from Old French respirer or Latin respīrō (“to blow back, breathe out”), from re- (“back”) + spīrō (“to breathe, blow”).

af

All living things respire or breathe. To many of us this means that they take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.

1964, H. Webb, M. A. Grigg, Modern Science, Book 3, page 155:

(cytology, intransitive) To take up oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (as animals do), or vice versa (as plants do).

tukupūngao

to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide and produce energy in the process


adaptability

en-noun

adaptability (countable and uncountable, plural adaptabilities)

(biology) Variability in respect to, or under the influence of, external conditions; susceptibility of an organism to that variation whereby it becomes suited to or fitted for its conditions of environment; the capacity of an organism to be modified by circumstances.

изменчи́вост

variability in respect to, or under the influence of, external conditions


adaptational

(biology) Applied to physiological or functional modifications of parts or organs, as distinguished from morphological or structural changes.


adaptional

en-adj

adaptional (comparative more adaptional, superlative most adaptional)

more adaptional (comparative)
most adaptional (superlative)

adaptional swellings

(biology) Applied to the process by which an organism is fitted or adapted to its environment

адапти́вен

relating to an organism's process of adaptation to its environment


photohydrogen

(biochemistry) hydrogen produced (along with oxygen) by the photolytic decomposition of water in certain anaerobic algae etc


linkage

en-noun

linkage (countable and uncountable, plural linkages)

Genetic linkage
Linkage (linguistics)
Linkage (mechanical)
Linkage (policy)
linkage

(genetics) The property of genes of being inherited together.


mycotoxin

They damaged his nervous system with a wartime Russian mycotoxin.

1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 6:

(biochemistry) Any substance, produced by a mold or fungus, that is injurious to vertebrates upon ingestion, inhalation or skin contact.


reclining

(botany) Bending away from the perpendicular; recumbent.


prepotency

prepotency (countable and uncountable, plural prepotencies)

(biology) The capacity, on the part of one of the parents, as compared with the other, to transmit more than his or her own share of characteristics to their offspring.


prepotent

When one parent alone displays some of the newly-acquired and generally inheritable character, and the offspring do not inherit it, the cause may lie in the other parent having the power of prepotent transmission.

1868, Charles Darwin, chapter 13, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, volume 2, London: John Murray, page 28:

[…] the mother strain, if not prepotent in the sense of science, seems to me to have outweighed that of any other relative of whom we have record.

1916, C. Alphonso Smith, O. Henry Biography, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, Chapter 3, p. 45:


solen

(zoology) Any marine bivalve mollusk belonging to Solen; a razor clam.


amniotic fluid

amniotic fluid (countable and uncountable, plural amniotic fluids)

(zoology) In placental mammals, a fluid contained within the amnion membrane that surrounds a developing embryo or fetus.

سُخْد

fluid that surrounds a developing embryo or fetus


emergence

emergence (countable and uncountable, plural emergences)

Borrowed from French émergence. Doublet of emergency. By surface analysis, emerge + -ence.

изплуване

the act of rising out of a fluid, or coming forth from envelopment or concealment, or of rising into view

(botany) An outgrowth from the surface, such as a prickle or wart, differing from hairs in arising from more than the superficial cells, and from spines in arising from a few layers only.


CHE

Carnian humid episode
Carnian humid episode#English

(paleontology, geology) Initialism of Carnian humid episode.


ascendant

en-adj

ascendant (comparative more ascendant, superlative most ascendant)

more ascendant (comparative)
most ascendant (superlative)
ascendent (alternative)

PIE word
 *h₂éd
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English ascendent (“ascending, rising; increasing in quantity; (astronomy) rising above the horizon”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French ascendant, from Latin ascendentem, the accusative singular of ascendēns (“ascending, rising”), the present participle of ascendō, adscendō (“to climb up, go up, move upwards; to rise; to spring up”), from ad- (prefix meaning ‘(up) to’) + scandō (“to ascend, climb, mount; to clamber”) (from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to climb, scale; to dart; to jump; to scan (poetry)”)). The English word is analysable as ascend (verb) + -ant (suffix forming adjectives from verbs with the sense of ‘doing [the verbal actions]’).
The noun is probably derived from the adjective, though it is attested earlier than the latter.

suffix

suffix forming adjectives from verbs with the sense of ‘doing 􂀿the verbal actions􂁀’

Artere ſouſclaviere. The aſcendant branch of the great Arterie.

1611, Randle Cotgrave, compiler, “Sousclavier”, in A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, signature Eeee iij, recto:

(botany, physiology) Of a part of an organism: synonym of ascending (“leading or sloping upwards”).


UNA

unlocked nucleic acid
unlocked nucleic acid#English

(genetics) Initialism of unlocked nucleic acid.


cappa

Learned borrowing from Late Latin cappa. Doublet of capa and cape.

(palynology) The thick wall on the proximal side of the corpus of a pollen grain.


chaperone

/ˈʃæ.pəˌɹoʊn/

/ˈʃæ.pəˌɹəʊn/

(biochemistry) A protein that assists the non-covalent folding/unfolding and the assembly/disassembly of other macromolecular structures, but does not occur in these structures when the latter are performing their normal biological functions.

protein that aids in folding other proteins

分子伴侣 (fēnzǐ bànlǚ, literally “molecular companion”)


pilocarpine

en-noun

pilocarpine (countable and uncountable, plural pilocarpines)

From translingual Pilocarpus (“genus name”) + -ine.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A miotic alkaloid C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₂ obtained from jaborandi that is used chiefly in the form of its hydrochloride or nitrate especially in the treatment of glaucoma.


muscarine

en-noun

muscarine (countable and uncountable, plural muscarines)

From the fungus Amanita muscaria, from Latin musca (“fly”).

(biochemistry) An extremely poisonous alkaloid, obtained from fly agaric, that disrupts the action of acetylcholine neurotransmitter.


false fruit

(botany) A fruit which includes tissue not derived from the ovary but some adjacent tissue.

falsk frukt

A fruit with tissue not derived from ovary


accessory fruit

accessory fruit (plural accessory fruits)

(botany) A fruit which includes tissue not derived from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue, as for instance, a strawberry.


funicular

en-adj

funicular (comparative more funicular, superlative most funicular)

more funicular (comparative)
most funicular (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-funicular.wav

From Latin fūniculus (“cord”), diminutive from fūnis (“cord”) + -culus.

(botany) Having a fleshy covering of the seed formed from the funiculus, the attachment point of the seed.


nicotinamide

en-noun

nicotinamide (countable and uncountable, plural nicotinamides)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The amide of nicotinic acid (or niacin).

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


ketoaldose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide which contains both an aldehyde and a ketone functional group in equilibrium with one or more hemiacetal forms.


aldose

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a class of monosaccharides having an aldehyde or hemiacetal functional group.


allo-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-allo-.wav

From Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”), from Proto-Hellenic *áľľos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (English else).

alloresponse

alloreaction

alloresponsive

(biology, medicine) Nonself; nonself but of the same species.

(immunology) Alloimmunity; (biology, medicine, transplantation) transplantation of cells or tissues from one person to another.

alloalbumin

allomorph

alloidentical

(chemistry, biology) An arbitrary member of a heterogenous-but-interrelated group.

allogeneous

allorecognition

alloimmunity

allohaploid

allopolyploid

allohexaploid

External, outside, or from a separate location.

(genetics) Hybridization of multiple species.


metallicolous

(biology, of a plant species) adapted to grow preferentially in soils containing a higher than normal concentration of a particular metal (such as zinc or copper)


neurohypophysis hormone

neurohypophysis hormone (plural neurohypophysis hormones)

(biochemistry) either of two peptide hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis


virescence

virescence (countable and uncountable, plural virescences)

Late 19th century. From Latin virescens, present participle of virescō.

(biology) The abnormal development of green pigmentation in plants that are not normally green, like flowers and shoots. It may indicate phytoplasma infection.


bilateran

Humans are bilateran organisms.

(biology) Having bilateral symmetry, i.e. an axis of symmetry that goes down from the top to the bottom.


checkpoint

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-checkpoint.wav

(biology) A biological control mechanism ensuring correct progression through the cell cycle.


canaliculate

en-adj

canaliculate (comparative more canaliculate, superlative most canaliculate)

more canaliculate (comparative)
most canaliculate (superlative)

From Latin canāliculātus (“channelled”).

The leafstalks of most palms are canaliculate.


co-agonist

(biochemistry) A drug or other chemical that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiologic reaction typical of a naturally occurring substance. Co-agonist implies it is one of other agonists working in conjunction.


kenning

From ken (“to beget, bring forth”), from Middle English kennen (“to beget, conceive (offspring); to give birth to”), from Old English cennan, gecennan (“to beget (offspring); to give birth to; to bring forth, produce”); see further at etymology 1.

inh

The ſtreine or kenning of the egge.

1585, “Oui vmbilicus”, in Iohn Higins, transl., The Nomenclator, or Remembrancer of Adrianus Iunius, London: Ralph Newberie and Henrie Denham, page 54:

(zoology, obsolete, rare) A chalaza or tread of an egg (a spiral band attaching the yolk of the egg to the eggshell); a cicatricula.


NAD

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.


NADP

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

en-noun

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (uncountable)

The treatment in mice involved boosting their levels of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) – a natural protein that already controls DNA repair in our body.

2017 March 24, Tom Bawden, Not getting any older may be possibility after key discovery, in the i, № 1,975, page 15/5:

(biochemistry) An organic coenzyme involved in biological oxidation and reduction reactions.


nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide

nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide (uncountable)


TPN

triphosphopyridine nucleotide
triphosphopyridine nucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of triphosphopyridine nucleotide.


DPN

DPN (countable and uncountable, plural DPNs)

diphosphopyridine nucleotide
diphosphopyridine nucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of diphosphopyridine nucleotide.


tetraploidy

tetraploidy (countable and uncountable, plural tetraploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being tetraploid, having four sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being tetraploid.


diphosphopyridine nucleotide

diphosphopyridine nucleotide (plural diphosphopyridine nucleotides)

diphosphopyridine nucleotides (plural)
as DPN (abbreviation)

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide


triphosphopyridine nucleotide

triphosphopyridine nucleotide (plural triphosphopyridine nucleotides)

triphosphopyridine nucleotides (plural)
as TPN (abbreviation)

nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide

(biochemistry) nicotinamide adenine trinucleotide


ELL

ELL (countable and uncountable, plural ELLs)

RNA polymerase II elongation factor
w:ELL (gene)

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of RNA polymerase II elongation factor: an enzyme found in Cajal bodies.


spatulate

en-adj

spatulate (comparative more spatulate, superlative most spatulate)

more spatulate (comparative)
most spatulate (superlative)
spathulate (alternative)

(botany) Of a leaf: having a broad, flat end and tapering into a narrower base.


cuticula

From Latin cutīcula (“skin, cuticle”). Doublet of cuticle.

(zoology, botany) A tough protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants; cuticle.


decumbent

From the present participle of Latin dēcumbō.

(botany) Of a plant, which lies on the ground with tips turned upwards.


clonal

(biology) That lives with others of the same kind

(cytology) Related to the descendants through cell division of a single identifiable cell, either in vitro or in vivo


cardo

Borrowed from Latin cardō (“hinge”). Doublet of kern.

(zoology) The basal joint of the maxilla in insects


self pollination

(botany) the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a plant of the same species


self-splicing

(genetics, of an intron) Able to splice without the addition of any protein factors.


enose

(biochemistry) any monosaccharide having a carbon-carbon double bond


faeder

Learned borrowing from Old English fæder (“father”). Doublet of ayr, father, padre, pater, and père.

doublet

Here, we describe a rare female-like morph of ruffs: the ‘missing’ third alternative mating strategy, which we have called ‘faeder’. Faeders are slightly larger than females and in late April have testes 2.5 time the size of testes of normal males.

2006 June 22, Joop Jukema, “Permanent female mimics in a lekking shorebird”, in Biology Letters:

Faeders, male ruffs that mimic females in plumage and "sneak" copulations at leks, secrete monoesters like other males.

2007, Jeroen Willem Hendrik Reneerkens, Functional aspects of seasonal variation in preen wax composition of sandpipers (Scolopacidae), page 49:

It has recently been discovered that a third mating strategy exists for males - the 'faeder' or 'sneaker', which number only about 1% of the Ruff population.

2009, Richard J. Chandler, Shorebirds of North America, Europe, and Asia: A Photographic Guide:

These “faeder” males, as they are called, were found to have testes 2.5 times larger than those of normal males during the peak breeding time of late April and are delightfully termed “sneakers.”

2016, Clifford B. Frith, Charles Darwin's Life With Birds: His Complete Ornithology:

Philomachus pugnax
Philomachus pugnax#Translingual

(ornithology) A male ruff (bird, Philomachus pugnax, syn. Calidris pugnax) that permanently mimics a female so as to gain access to mating territories and "steal" matings.


aggregation number

en-noun

aggregation number (plural aggregation numbers)

(biochemistry, physical chemistry) the number of molecules that are associated together to form a micelle


exfiltration

exfiltration (countable and uncountable, plural exfiltrations)

(biology) A gradual movement of a substance to exterior (as through cell membrane to extracellular fluid or medium).


explant

(biology) Any portion taken from a plant or an animal that will be used to initiate a culture. It can be a portion of the shoot, or of the leaves, or even just some cells.


flexure

flexure (countable and uncountable, plural flexures)

(zoology) The last joint, or bend, of the wing of a bird.


patently

en-adv

patently (comparative more patently, superlative most patently)

more patently (comparative)
most patently (superlative)

abaxial surface patently pilose-puberulous

(botany) Outspread, or spreading at right angles to the axis.


phylotype

But DNA sequencing isolated the 167,000 different phylotypes (roughly equivalent to species) contained in the samples.

2014 October 2, Andy Newman, “Beneath Central Park, a Teeming Universe”, in New York Times City Room:

(microbiology, taxonomy) A phenetic grouping.


cell theory

(biology) The scientific theory that all living organisms are made of cells as the smallest functional unit.


oncogene

It was obvious from the start what kinds of genes oncogenes would turn out to be – genes that encourage cells to grow.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 234:

(oncology, genetics) Any gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels.


glycopeptide

(biochemistry) any compound of a carbohydrate and a peptide


glycosaminoglycan

From glycosamino- (“combining form of glycosamine”) + glycan (“polysaccharide”); compare aminoglycan.

prefix

Subcellular fractionation techniques have indicated that the greatest percentage of these glycosaminoglycans that is not extracted with water is contained within the microsomal fraction (36-60%).

1982, Stanislav Reinis, Jerome Goldman, The Chemistry of Behavior: A Molecular Approach to Neuronal Plasticity, page 229:

1998, Christopher C. Rider, 9: Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans, Elizabeth F. Hounsell (editor), Glycoanalysis Protocols, 2nd Edition, page 131,
The biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans appears to be a ubiquitous function in mammalian cells.

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of inherited disorders caused by specific enzyme deficiencies in the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides).

2008, Reuben Matalon, Kimberlee Michals Matalon, Gita Bhatia, “Chapter 22: The Mucopolysaccharidoses and the Mucolipidoses”, in Roger N. Rosenberg, editor, The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disease, 4th edition, page 245:

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide that is a polymer of amino sugars; they are the carbohydrate units of proteoglycans.


glycose

en-noun

glycose (countable and uncountable, plural glycoses)

Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + -ose


glyco-amino-acid

(biochemistry) any glycoside of an amino acid (linked via O-, N- or S-)


heteropolysaccharide

(biochemistry) any polysaccharide formed from two or more different kinds of monosaccharide


xeromorphic

en-adj

xeromorphic (comparative more xeromorphic, superlative most xeromorphic)

more xeromorphic (comparative)
most xeromorphic (superlative)

/zɪəɹəˈmɔɹfɪk/

(biology) Of, relating to, or characteristic of the xerophytes, especially having the ability to store water in leaves and stems.

xéromorphe

biology: of, relating to, or characteristic of the xerophytes, especially having the ability to store water in leaves and stems


histography

(biology) The process of describing or creating pictures of biological tissues and cells.


planula

Borrowed from Latin plānula, diminutive of plāna (“plane”).

(biology) In embryonic development, a vesicle filled with fluid, formed from the morula by the divergence of its cells in such a manner as to give rise to a central space, around which the cells arrange themselves as an envelope; an embryonic form intermediate between the morula and gastrula.

(zoology) The larva of a hydrozoan, which is free-swimming and covered in cilia.


frill

A large admiral lizard leapt up on a rail, stood on hind legs with fore legs raised like hands and watched for a moment […], then loped down the cess-path with arms swinging and iridescent frill flying out like a cape […]

1943, Xavier Herbert, chapter 14, in Capricornia, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton-Century, page 227:

She reminded Bojan of a desert lizard throwing up its frill to frighten predators.

1997, Richard Flanagan, chapter 54, in The Sound of One Hand Clapping, New York: Grove Press:

(zoology) The relatively extensive margin seen on the back of the heads of reptiles, with either a bony support or a cartilaginous one.


cirrus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-cirrus.wav

(zoology) A thin tendril-like appendage.


iron-sulfur cluster

en-noun

iron-sulfur cluster (plural iron-sulfur clusters)

iron-sulfur clusters (plural)
iron-sulphur cluster (alternative)

(biochemistry) A unit comprising two or more iron atoms and bridging sulfur ligands in an iron-sulfur protein.


iron-sulfur protein

iron-sulfur protein (plural iron-sulfur proteins)

iron-sulfur proteins (plural)
iron-sulphur protein (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any protein in which iron is coordinated with cysteine sulfur and sometimes also with inorganic sulfur; they have electron transfer and enzymatic function.


isozyme

(biology, medicine) Synonym of isoenzyme.


isoenzyme

Near-synonym: allozyme

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have structures that are (minorly or substantially) different and have physical, biochemical, and immunological properties that are (minorly or substantially) different.


metalloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that contains a metal atom which is essential for its biological activity


phosphorylation

phosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural phosphorylations)

Src worked by unleashing an indiscriminate volley of phosphorylation—throwing “on” dozens of molecular switches.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 359:

(biochemistry) the process of transferring a phosphate group from a donor to an acceptor; often catalysed by enzymes.


prostaglandin

From German Prostaglandin. Equivalent to prosta(te) + gland + -in. So called because it was originally believed to be secreted by the prostate.

This enzyme generates an inflammatory mediator known as prostaglandin, which triggers pain and other aspects of inflammation.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 51:

Indeed, it’s possible to create the full storm of cold symptoms with no cold virus at all, but only a potent cocktail of the so-called inflammatory mediators that the body makes itself[,] among them, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins and interleukins, powerful little chemical messengers that cause the blood vessels in the nose to dilate and leak, stimulate the secretion of mucus, activate sneeze and cough reflexes and set off pain in our nerve fibers.

2010 October 4, Jennifer Ackerman, “How Not to Fight Colds”, in The New York Times:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of naturally occurring lipids derived from the C₂₀ acid prostanoic acid; they have a number of physiological functions and may be considered to be hormones.


invasive species

invasive species (plural invasive species)

Grey squirrels are an invasive species in the UK, introduced from North America in the 1870s. They pose a problem for wildlife including endangered red squirrels, which they outcompete.

2022 July 11, Helena Horton, “Oral contraceptives could help reduce grey squirrel numbers, research finds”, in The Guardian:

(biology) Any species that has been introduced to an environment where it is not native, and that has since become a nuisance through rapid spread and increase in numbers, often to the detriment of native species.

نَوْعٌ مُجْتَاحٍ

species that has been introduced to an environment where it is not native and is a nuisance


proteome

/ˈpɹəʊtɪəʊm/

Blend of protein + genome or proteo- + -ome.

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis allows the separation of thousands of proteins, and provides the means for separating the proteome (the PROTEin complement expressed by a genOME) of a simple species, or the protein component of a complex tissue.

1996 January 7, Marc R. Wilkins, “From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Amino Acid Analysis”, in Nature Biotechnology, volume 14, page 61:

So now the quest is to crack the human proteome – a concept so novel that the term proteome didn't even exist a decade ago.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 367:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome.


chlorophyllous

(botany) having chlorophyll and, hence, able to engage in photosynthesis


achlorophyllous

(botany) not having chlorophyll and, hence, unable to engage in photosynthesis


mouthbrooder

However, [Franz] Steindachner (1875), in describing Arius planiceps, a catfish from Panama, found that at the breeding season the innermost edges of the ventral fins of the female are developed so as to form a kind of pocket. He conjectured that the eggs are extruded into this, fertilized by the male, and then taken into his mouth. He found a similar structure on the female of A. kessleri, the male of which is also a mouth brooder.

1918, E. W. Gudger, “Oral Gestation in the Gaff-Topsail Catfish, Felichthys felis”, in Papers from the Department of Marine Biology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, volume XII, number III, Washington, D.C.: Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, →OCLC, page 33:

Mozambique mouthbrooders are native to coastal streams of southeast Africa, especially the Zambesi River, Mozambique.

1976, Peter B. Moyle, “Cichlid Family, Cichlidae”, in Inland Fishes of California, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 330:

In almost all mouthbrooders, guarding the young is undertaken by the female (uniparental maternal family) though the male may participate exceptionally, notably in S. mossambicus [...] In S. galilaeus [...] and S. multifasciatus [...] the two sexes form a stable couple and both practice mouthbrooding. This seems, therefore, to be an intermediate stage between the biparental family of substrate-spawners and the uniparental family of mouthbrooders [...].

1982, J-Cl. Philippart, J-Cl. Ruwet, “Ecology and Distribution of Tilapias”, in R[oger] S. V. Pullin, R[osemary] H[elen] Lowe-McConnell, editors, The Biology and Culture of Tilapias: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Biology and Culture of Tilapias, 2–5 September 1980 […], Makati, Philippines: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, →ISBN, →ISSN, session 1 (Biology), page 48:

The very small Tanganicodus irsacae is a typical biparental mouthbrooder that collects eggs immediately upon deposition and retains them in the buccal cavity for about 14 days at which time fully formed young 11mm long are released and begin oral feeding.

1991, E[ugene] K[ornel] Balon, “Probable Evolution of the Coelacanths Reproductive Style: Lecithotrophy and Orally Feeding Embryos in Cichlid Fishes and in Latimeria chalumnae”, in John A. Musick, Michael N. Bruton, Eugene K. Balon, editors, The Biology of Latimeria chalumnae and Evolution of Coelacanths: […] (Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes; 12), Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 252–253:

[A]lmost all mouthbrooding species are found in Africa, and many are restricted to one of the African Great Lakes. Among the few exceptions are Sarotherodon melanotheron, a paternal mouthbrooder which is widely distributed in West African rivers and estuaries, and S. galilaeus, a biparental mouthbrooder with an even broader distribution across North-central Africa [...].

1991, M[iles] H. A. Keenleyside, “Parental Care”, in Miles H. A. Keenleyside, editor, Cichlid Fishes: Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution (Fish and Fisheries Series; 2), London, New York, N.Y.: Chapman & Hall, →ISBN, page 205:

The cardinalfishes are interesting in their reproductive biology. They are mouthbrooders, in that the eggs are held, usually in the mouth of the male, until hatching; this is one of the only marine fish families to reproduce in this way.

2000, Yvonne Sadovy, Andrew S. Cornish, “Cardinalfishes: Apogonidae”, in Reef Fishes of Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, page 93:

(zoology) Any animal that cares for its offspring, either eggs or juveniles, by holding them in its mouth for extended periods of time.

muilbroeder

animal that cares of its offspring by holding them in its mouth


caudal peduncle

caudal peduncle (plural caudal peduncles)

(ichthyology) The narrow part of a fish's body to which the caudal or tail fin is attached. Its proportions, such as the length and breadth, and attached organs, such as spines of surgeonfishes or caudal keels and finlets of Scombridae often are important in descriptions of fish species.


ventral fin

(ichthyology) A fin, usually paired, located ventrally below the pectoral fins of a fish.


adipose fin

(ichthyology) A soft, fleshy fin located behind the dorsal fin and just forward of the caudal fin, found fish of certain families, believed to have some sensory function.

rasvaevä

a soft, fleshy fin found on the back of a fish


finlet

(ichthyology) Small non-retractable fins, generally on the caudal peduncle between the last dorsal or anal fin and the caudal fin of some fishes. In some groups, such as tuna, finlets are rayless.


cephalic fin

(ichthyology) One of a set of fins that look like horns on either side of the broad head of a manta ray.


caudal keel

(ichthyology) A lateral ridge found just anterior to each side of the tail fin on the caudal peduncle of some types of fast-swimming fish. The keels improve the stability of the fish's attitude at speed in the water, and strengthen the support of the caudal fin.


regular star macromolecule

regular star macromolecule (plural regular star macromolecules)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a star macromolecule having identical arms


variegated star macromolecule

variegated star macromolecule (plural variegated star macromolecules)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A star macromolecule having arms composed of different types or numbers of monomers.


subculture

(biology) A culture made by transferring microorganisms from a previous culture to a fresh growth medium


subculture

en-verb

subculture (third-person singular simple present subcultures, present participle subculturing, simple past and past participle subcultured)

subcultures (present singular third-person)
subculturing (participle present)
subcultured (participle past)
subcultured (past)

Cultures were subcultured by 20-fold dilution into fresh MS2D medium approximately every 7 d.

1990, Heidi F. Kaeppler et al., “Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells”, in Plant Cell Reports, volume 9, number 8:

(biology) To transfer (microorganisms) to a fresh growth medium in order to start a new culture


glycosphingolipid

(biochemistry) a lipid that contains at least one monosaccharide unit and either a sphingoid or a ceramide


ceramide

Blend of cerebroside + amide, or from Latin cēra (“wax”) + amide.

(biochemistry) Any of various lipids formed by linking a fatty acid to sphingosine and found widely but in small amounts in plant and animal tissue


pepsin

en-noun

pepsin (countable and uncountable, plural pepsins)

From German Pepsin, corresponding to Ancient Greek πέψις (pépsis, “digestion”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that chemically digests, or breaks down, proteins into shorter chains of amino acids.


native species

(biology) A species that normally lives and thrives in a particular ecosystem. This can include any species that developed with the surrounding habitat, and can be assisted by or affected by a new species.


byssus

en-noun

byssus (usually uncountable, plural byssi or byssuses)

From New Latin byssus (“sea silk”), from Latin byssus (“fine cotton or cotton stuff, silk”), from Ancient Greek βύσσος (bússos, “a very fine yellowish flax and the linen woven from it”), from Hebrew בּוּץ (búts), Aramaic בּוּצָא (būṣā).

der

Aramaic בּוּצָא (būṣā)

(mycology) The stipe or stem of some fungi which are particularly thin and thread-like.


tetrapyrrole

(biochemistry) any of several natural pigments having a structure of four pyrrole rings connected by a one-carbon unit

tetrapirrolo

any of several natural pigments with four pyrrole rings


familial

From French familial (“relating to a family; familial”), from Latin familia (“family (in the sense of the slaves working for a household); household”) (from famulus (“servant; slave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁-m-eló-, from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, place, put”)) + French -al (adjective-forming suffix) (from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Indo-European *-li-). Doublet of familiar.

Having milky latex is a familial characteristic of Apocynaceae.

(taxonomy) Pertaining to a taxon at the rank of family.


dominance

en-noun

dominance (countable and uncountable, plural dominances)

(biology, genetics) of an allele, the degree to which it expresses its phenotype when heterozygous, such as whether it is dominant or recessive.


bine

The tangled bine-stems scored the sky
Like strings of broken lyres,
And all mankind that haunted nigh
Had sought their household fires.

1900, Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush:

(botany) A climbing plant which climbs by its shoots growing in a helix around a support (distinct from a vine, which climbs using tendrils or suckers).


excavate

From a substantivization of Latin excavātus through the associated taxon's name (Excavata), see -ate (noun-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more.

(zoology) Any member of a major grouping of unicellular eukaryotes, of the clade Excavata.


pyknotic

en-adj

pyknotic (comparative more pyknotic, superlative most pyknotic)

more pyknotic (comparative)
most pyknotic (superlative)
pycnotic (alternative)

From pyknosis. See Ancient Greek πυκνωτικός (puknōtikós, “serving to close the pores”).

uder

a pyknotic nucleus

Several intensely labeled pycnotic bodies point to the occurrence of cell death [...]

rectum of T. derasa showing one morphologically intact zooxanthella and two pycnotic algal cells


pyknosis

en-noun

pyknosis (usually uncountable, plural pyknoses)

pyknoses (plural)
pycnosis (alternative)

From Ancient Greek πύκνωσις (púknōsis, “thickening”), from πυκνός (puknós, “compact”).

uder

(biology) Shrinkage and condensing, such as that of a dying cell or the appearance of a cell's nucleus.


nymphaea

From Latin nymphaea, from Ancient Greek νυμφαῖα (numphaîa), feminine singular form of νυμφαῖος (numphaîos, “sacred to the nymphs”), from νύμφη (númphē, “nymph”).

Guianerius, cap. 8, tract. 15, would have them used twice a day, and when they come forth of the baths, their backbones to be anointed with oil of almonds, violets, nymphæa, fresh capon-grease, etc.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 5, member 1, subsection v:

(botany) Originally, the European white water lily; later also, a species of the genus Nymphaea.


SIV

en-noun

SIV (countable and uncountable, plural SIVs)

simian immunodeficiency virus
simian immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology) Initialism of simian immunodeficiency virus.

(virology) Initialism of swine influenza virus, usually Influenza A virus.


cere

From Middle English sere, from Old French cire, from Latin cera (“wax, cere”), or via Latin cero (“I smear or coat with wax”).

The cere is the fleshy spot just above the beak where the nostrils, or nares, are located. In some species, like the parakeet, the cere is prominent; in others, the cere is covered by feathers. Both the cere and the nares should be clean[…]

2021, Nikki Moustaki, Parrots For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 182:

(ornithology) A fleshy, waxy area at the base of the upper beak in certain birds.


ennoble

en-verb

ennoble (third-person singular simple present ennobles, present participle ennobling, simple past and past participle ennobled)

ennobles (present singular third-person)
ennobling (participle present)
ennobled (participle past)
ennobled (past)

From Middle English ennoblen, from Old French ennoblir. Equivalent to en- + noble.

(botany, transitive, obsolete) To inarch.


LDA

en-noun

LDA (countable and uncountable, plural LDAs)

(veterinary) Initialism of left-displaced abomasum.


orotic acid

/əˌɹɑt.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd/

From Ancient Greek ὀρός (orós, “whey”) + -ic acid.

(biochemistry) A crystalline acid which was discovered in milk and is a growth factor for various microorganisms (as Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis; uracil-6-carboxylic acid, C₅H₄N₂O₄.


susceptibility

susceptibility (countable and uncountable, plural susceptibilities)

en:vulnerability of a pathogen to treatment

(biology, medicine, of a pathogen) Being vulnerable to a treatment (usually an antibiotic or antifungal); also, the degree of such vulnerability (i.e., weak, moderate, or strong).


azoturia

azoturia (usually uncountable, plural azoturias)

(veterinary medicine) A condition that affects the muscles of horses, ranging from stiffness and mild cramps to the horse becoming unable to stand, with discoloured urine


oxidoreductase

From its morphology, oxido- + reductase.

It remains to be seen whether oxidoreductase deficiency is a significant cause of non-syndromic ambiguous genitalia in newborn females and undermasculinized males of unknown diagnosis as assessed by urinary steroid analyses.

2011, Charles G. D. Brook, Peter Clayton, Rosalind Brown, Brook's Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, page 196:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.


carbon-based

carbon-based life


drench

From Middle English drench, drenche (“beverage, drink; cup of drink, specifically a poisoned drink; medicinal potion, specifically an emetic (?)”) [and other forms], from Old English drenċ (“drink; draft, potion; dose (of medicine, poison, etc.)”), from Proto-West Germanic *dranki, from Proto-Germanic *drankiz (“drink; potion; dose”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to draw, pull; to gulp; to sip”). Doublet of drink (noun).
Cognates
* Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌺 (draggk), 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺 (dragk, “beverage, drink”)
* Old Dutch *dranc, (Middle Dutch dranc, modern Dutch drank (“beverage, drink”))
* Old High German tranc, tranch (Middle High German tranc, modern German Trank (“drink; potion”))
* Old Saxon dranc

nb...

drænc, drænce, drenc, drencche, drence, dreinch, drenke, drunch

inh

O my ſvveet Harry ſaies ſhe! hovv manie haſt thou kild to day? Giue my roane horſe a drench (ſayes hee) and aunſvveres ſome foureteene, an houre after: a trifle, a trifle.

c. 1597 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The History of Henrie the Fourth; […], quarto edition, London: […] P[eter] S[hort] for Andrew Wise, […], published 1598, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv], signature D3, recto:

It [siler] ſtaieth the gurrie or running out of the belly in foure-footed beaſts, vvhether it bee given ſtamped by vvay of a drench and ſo injected, or chevved drie among their meat vvith ſalt.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XX.] Of the Serpentine Cucumber, Called otherwise the Wandering Cucumber: Also of the Garden Cucumbers, Melons or Pompions.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 2nd tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 41:

A Drench of VVine has vvith ſucceſs been us'd; / And through a Horn, the gen'rous Juice infus'd: / VVhich timely taken op'd his cloſing Javvs; / But, if too late, the Patient's [a horse's] death did cauſe.

1697, Virgil, “The Third Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 119:

(veterinary medicine) A dose or draught of liquid medicine administered to an animal.

annos

dose or draught of medicine administered to an animal


drench

en-verb

drench (third-person singular simple present drenches, present participle drenching, simple past and past participle drenched)

drenches (present singular third-person)
drenching (participle present)
drenched (participle past)
drenched (past)
drench (infinitive)
drench (first-person present singular)
drenched (first-person past singular)
drencht (archaic first-person past singular)
drench (present second-person singular)
drenchest (archaic present second-person singular)
drenched (past second-person singular)
drenchedst (archaic past second-person singular)
drencht (archaic past second-person singular)
drenches (present singular third-person)
drencheth (archaic present singular third-person)
drenched (past singular third-person)
drencht (archaic past singular third-person)
drench (plural present)
drenched (past plural)
drencht (archaic past plural)
drench (present subjunctive)
drenched (past subjunctive)
drencht (archaic past subjunctive)
drench (imperative present)
drenching (participle present)
drenched (participle past)
drencht (archaic participle past)

The verb is derived from Middle English drenchen, drench (“to drown; to flood, inundate; to consume (drink or food); to give (someone) a drink; to poison (someone) with a drink; to immerse, soak, drench; to descend, fall, sink; to penetrate, permeate; (figurative) to engulf, overwhelm”) [and other forms], from Old English drenċan (“to give (someone) a drink; to immerse, soak, drench”), from Proto-West Germanic *drankijan, from Proto-Germanic *drankijaną (“to cause (someone) to drink”), the causative of *drinkaną (“to drink”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to draw, pull; to gulp; to sip”). Doublet of drink (verb).
The noun is derived from the verb (sense 1.2).
Cognates
* Old High German trenchen (modern German tränken (“to give a drink; to water”))
* Old Norse drekkja, drenkja (Swedish dränka)
* Old Saxon dręnkian (Dutch drenke (“to get a drink”))

nb...

dreinche, dreinchen, drenche, drengen, drensche, drenshen, drinche, drynche

juottaa

to cause (someone) to drink; to provide (someone) with a drink; to administer a dose or draught of liquid medicine to (an animal), often by force

To cause (someone) to drink; to provide (someone) with a drink.

(specifically, veterinary medicine) To administer a dose or draught of liquid medicine to (an animal), often by force.


caldarium

en-noun

caldarium (plural caldariums or caldaria)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin caldārium (“room containing warm water for bathing”), substantive of caldārius (“of, pertaining to or suitable for bathing”), from caldus (“warm, hot”) + -ārius, alternative form of calidus, from caleō (“I am warm or hot; glow”).

ubor

There is a pretty large glass-house, one-half being a caldarium, the other a tepidarium

1851, The Floricultural Cabinet and Florist's Magazine (page 184)

(botany) An intermediate or warm greenhouse.


peroxisome

(cytology) An intracellular organelle found in all eukaryotes (except Archezoa) which is the source of the enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, and are responsible for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.


syntagma

en-noun

syntagma (plural syntagmata or syntagmas)

syntagmata (plural)
syntagmas (plural)
syntagm (alternative)

From Late Latin syntagma, from Ancient Greek σύνταγμα (súntagma, “orderly arrangement”), from συντάσσω (suntássō, “arrange together”, “to order”).

uder

(biology) An organized structural, functional unit of anatomical or chemical subunits: equivalent to "tagma", or a structure comprising several tagmata in various contexts.


dasyphyllous

From New Latin dasyphyllus (from Ancient Greek δασύς (dasús, “hairy, shaggy; dense”) + φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”)) + -ous.

der

dasyphyllous (Gr. dasus, hairy, rough; phullon, a leaf), woolly-leaved; syn. codio-, erio-phyllous.

[1899, R. L. Heinig, “dasyphyllous”, in Glossary of the Botanic Terms Used in Describing Flowering Plants, Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, →OCLC, page 26:

Therefore, the forest stands formed by the tree species that endure excessive moisture (the alder, dasyphyllous birch, and poplar) are dominant in the composition of forests.

2013 March, V. V. Furyaev, V. I. Zabolotskiy, S. D. Samsonenko, V. A. Chernykh, “Space-time Impact of Fire Events on Swamp-forest Ecosystems of the West Siberian Plain”, in Contemporary Problems of Ecology, volume 6, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 156–161:

However, compared to Masson pine needles, the waxy of camphor leaves showed thinner and more dasyphyllous.

2018 August, Jun Zhou, Zhangwei Wang, Xiaoshan Zhang, “Deposition and Fate of Mercury in Litterfall, Litter, and Soil in Coniferous and Broad‐Leaved Forests”, in Biogeosciences, volume 123, number 8, →DOI, pages 2590–2603:


parasitize

en-verb

parasitize (third-person singular simple present parasitizes, present participle parasitizing, simple past and past participle parasitized)

parasitizes (present singular third-person)
parasitizing (participle present)
parasitized (participle past)
parasitized (past)
parasitise (alternative UK)

(biology) To live on or in a host organism as a parasite.


nyctinasty

(botany) The movement of leaves or petals in response to darkness; the closing of a flower at night.

感受性

the movement of leaves or petals in response to darkness


recon

Contracted form of recombination + -on, coined by American molecular biologist Seymour Benzer in 1957 as " […] the smallest element in the one-dimensional array that is interchangeable (but not divisible) by genetic recombination."

coinage

(genetics) The smallest genetic unit that is capable of undergoing recombination.


PAH

phenylalanine hydroxylase
phenylalanine hydroxylase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of phenylalanine hydroxylase.


phoresy

phoresies (plural)
phoresis (alternative)

From French phorésie, from Ancient Greek φόρησις (phórēsis, “wearing, garment”), from φορέω (phoréō, “I wear, I bear”) + -σις (-sis, nominal suffix). See -phore.

af

(zoology) An association between two organisms in which one (e.g. a mite) travels on the body of another, without being a parasite.


dinitrogenase

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dinitrogenase reductase

(biochemistry) One of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dinitrogen reductase

dinitrogenase reductase
dinitrogenase reductase


nitrogen fixer

(biochemistry) a plant or other organism which performs nitrogen fixation


centrifugal

From New Latin centrifugālis, coined by Christiaan Huygens from Latin centrum (“center”) + fugiō (“to flee”) + -al.

(botany) Expanding first at the summit, and later at the base, as a flower cluster.

(botany) Having the radicle turned toward the sides of the fruit, as some embryos.


nitrophilous

(botany, of a plant) Thriving in a habitat rich in nitrogen

(ecology, of a habitat) Rich in nitrogen


nitrous

From Middle French nitreux, and its source, Latin nitrōsus (“nitrose”). Doublet of nitroso. By surface analysis, nitro- + -ous.

(mycology, biology) Having a sharp odor like ammonia or nitric acid.


dioxygenase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dioxygenation reactions


photomorphogenesis

(biology) the regulatory effect of light on the growth, development and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs


photoperiodism

en-noun

photoperiodism (usually uncountable, plural photoperiodisms)

(biology) The growth, development and other responses of plants and animals according to the length of day and/or night.

fótathréimhseacht

biology: growth, development and other responses of plants and animals according to length of day and/or night


photoreception

photoreception (usually uncountable, plural photoreceptions)

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ɹɪˈsɛpʃn̩/

(biology) The absorption of light energy by plants and animals, and its utilization for biologically important purposes


photorespiration

(biology) Light-dependent release of carbon dioxide and uptake of oxygen in photosynthetic organisms as an unavoidable side reaction of photosynthesis.


phototropism

phototropism (countable and uncountable, plural phototropisms)

phototropisms (plural)
phototrophism (alternative)

(biology) The movement of a plant towards or away from light.

héliotropisme

biology: the movement of a plant towards or away from light


phycobilin

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting New Latin roots/stems referring to plants and bile. By surface analysis, phyco- + bilin = phyco- + bili- + -in, although according to American Heritage Dictionary, bilin was back-formed from phycobilin (as opposed to phycobilin being derived from bilin as surface analysis suggests).

(biochemistry) Any of a group of bilins (pigments derived from porphyrins) found in some photosynthetic algae; they are open-chain tetrapyrroles related to mammalian bile pigments.

international scientific vocabulary
phycobilin

ficobilina

highly coloured pigment found in photosynthetic algae


phytochrome

(biochemistry) Any of a class of pigments that control most photomorphogenic responses in higher plants


Bessie

(cryptozoology) A lake monster supposed to exist in Lake Erie in the United States.


polygynandry

If you've never heard of polygynandry before, this isn't surprising because it is a very unusual mating system, found only in a tiny number of vertebrate species and in no other primates.

2016, David P. Barash, Out of Eden, Oxford, page 29:

(anthropology, zoology) A mating pattern involving multiple males and multiple females.


osteocalcin

osteocalcin (countable and uncountable, plural osteocalcins)

Comparison of the sequences of the various osteocalcins indicates that the central portion of the molecule is highly conserved.

1994, Hideaki Ogura, Pharmacological Approach to the Study of the Formation and the Resorption Mechanism of Hard Tissues, Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, page 134:

Osteocalcin has recently been identified as a bone-derived hormone with significant functional impacts on sex steroid production by the testis, completing the circle of mutual interdependence between the skeletal system and gonad (for reviews, see Refs 536–538).

2014, Lee B. Smith, William H. Walker, “16: Hormone Signaling in the Testis”, in Tony M. Plant, Anthony J. Zeleznik, editors, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 669:

Osteocalcin together with the other Gla-protein MGP belongs to a distinct subgroup of the larger vitamin K-dependent protein family, the constituents of which are primarily involved in blood coagulation.

2017, Olena V. Andrukhova, Reinhold G. Erben, “11: Kidney—Bone: Interaction”, in Susan Y. Smith, Aurore Varela, Rana Samadfam, editors, Bone Toxicology, Springer, page 349:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A protein, found in bone and dentin and manufactured by osteoblasts, that plays a role in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis.

ostéocalcine

protein found in bone and dentin, manufactured by osteoblasts


placentation

placentation (countable and uncountable, plural placentations)

Specialized hemophagous regions are a striking characteristic of some of these placentas yet absent in hyraxes, elephant shrews, and golden moles. It is possible that the common ancestor of the Afrotheria had an endotheliochorial placenta.

2004, “Placentation in species of phylogenetic importance: the Afrotheria”, in Animal Reproduction Science:

(biology) The local fusion of the embryonic stage of an animal to its parent for physiological exchange to promote the growth and development of the young; involves a placenta in non-egglaying mammals.

Parietal placentation occurs in the Brassicaceae family.

(botany) The manner in which the seeds are attached to the placenta within the ovary locules.


cline

John Ramsbottom (mycologist)
Julian Huxley
cline

From Ancient Greek κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to lean, incline”). Introduced by English evolutionary biologist and eugenicist Julian Huxley in 1938 after British mycologist John Ramsbottom suggested the term.

der

2000 Michael J. O'Brien and R. Lee Lyman: Applying Evolutionary Archaeology →ISBN
[A cline is a] character gradient, wherein a character such as length increases or decreases gradually and continuously. A cline distributed over geographic space is a "chorocline"; a cline distributed over time is a "chronocline." Compare with chorospecies and chronospecies. . .
Simpson termed the change through time a "chronocline", where a cline represents a character gradient. A chunk of a chronocline comprises a chronospecies. The difficulty with identifying a chronospecies resides, then, in first identifying a chronocline, or temporal gradient in a character or attribute. As pointed out by Kevin Padian, some characters "change more or less uniformly through time, but others change not at all, and still others vacillate with no clear trend. This is ... one reason to be suspicious of the evolutionary utility of clines: no criterion for identifying a cline seems to be in force. A cline is simply a gradient in character state along a continuum, and it may be broken, temporarily reversed, or stepped. Furthermore, there is no criterion for a cline's magnitude and no control on its probability."

2002 The Future of Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Recent studies have shown that invaders can rapidly adapt to the new environments in which they find themselves. Huey et al. demonstrated how an introduction of a new fruit fly into the west coast of North America resulted in the evolution, in only 20 years, of an apparently adaptive cline related to wing size, throughout the vast new latitudinal range extending from southern California to British Columbia. The cline that developed in North American female flies was similar to that found in the European native populations. Interestingly, the developmental basis for the cline of wing size was different in Europe than for the invader in North America, although the functional result was the same, providing additional evidence for the adaptive advantage of this set of traits.

2012 Donald W. Linzey. Vertebrate biology →ISBN
Subspecies of the song sparrow form a cline in body size, plumage coloration, and song characteristics. There is a dramatic difference in appearance between the small, pale Melospiza melodia saltonis subspecies of the southwestern desert region and the large, dark Aleutian subspecies, M. m. maxima. It seems unlikely that the desert-dwelling subspecies saltonis would easily breed with the large Alaskan subspecies maxima, even if the ranges of the two subspecies were to overlap in the future. If some catastrophe completely eliminated the central west coast populations of the song sparrow, the northern and southern ends of the cline would likely become two distinct species of sparrow.
Equus quagga is an extinct southern African mammal that resembled a zebra. . . Some observers considered it to be most closely related to the horse based on analyses of mainly cranial characters. Others thought it was a distinct species of zebra . . . Still others felt it was merely the southern end of a cline and a subspecies of the plains zebra. Both DNA and protein analyses of samples from quagga skin confirmed that it was, indeed, related to the plains zebra.
The deme is the ultimate systematic unit of species in nature. In some cases, a deme may correspond to a subspecies, but it is almost always a decidedly smaller group. Demes do not enter into classification, because they do not have long-continuing evolutionary roles and because adjacent demes often have no observable differentiation.
Demes often differ from one another in a geographic series of gradual changes. A gradual geographic shift in any one genetically controlled trait is known as a character cline. A series of samples from along a cline reveals a gradual shift in a particular character like body size, tail length, number of scales, or even intensity of coloration. Because such situations add to the difficulty of deciding the true phylogenetic relationships of populations, the experience and judgment of the systematist play an important role.

(systematics, evolution, biogeography) A gradation in a character or phenotype within a species, deme, or other systematic group.

systematics; evolution; systematics; evolution


anabolic steroid

en-noun

anabolic steroid (plural anabolic steroids)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-anabolic steroid.wav

Men may also have fertility challenges, especially if their hypogonadism was caused by anabolic steroid use. Anabolic steroids can affect testicular health, including reducing the production of sperm.

2018 June 25, James Roland, “What is Hypergonadism?”, in Healthline:

(biochemistry, steroids) A class of steroid hormones that promote growth of tissue.

“anabole Steroide”)

anaboles Steroid n (often referred to in plural

anabol steroid

often referred to in plural: “anabola steroider”


oxyproline

oxyproline (countable and uncountable, plural oxyprolines)

(biochemistry) a lactam of glutamic acid


pinhead

pinheads (plural)
pin-head (alternative)
pin head (alternative)

(mycology) The immature juvenile fruiting body of a mushroom prior to its gills opening.


plasmon

(genetics) All the genetic material outside the cell nucleus.


zoochore

(botany) A plant whose seeds, spores, or fruit are dispersed by animals.


pluripotent

As the embryo grows, ‘pluripotent’ stem cells appear, which are limited in their potency.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 99:

(biology) Able to develop into more than one mature cell or tissue type, but not all.


dimorphism

dimorphism (countable and uncountable, plural dimorphisms)

(biology) The occurrence within a plant of two distinct forms of any part.

dimorfisme

biology: occurrence of two distinct forms of any part

This is also done for Dizygopleura landesi Roth and Eukloedenella pontotocensis Lundin, new species, which illustrate domiciliar (kloedenellid) dimorphism.

1965, Robert F. Lundin, Bulletin - Issue 108, page 18:

(biology) The occurrence in an animal species of two distinct types of individual.

dimorfismus

biology: occurrence in an animal species of two distinct types of individual


activator

activators (plural)
activater (alternative)

(biology) Any chemical or agent which regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription.

aktivator

that which speeds up enzyme transcription

(biology) A type of effector that increases the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions.


sodium pump

(biochemistry) The transport of sodium ions across biological membranes using the metabolic energy of ATP.

natriumpumppu

transport of sodium ions across membranes


caulescent

en-adj

caulescent (comparative more caulescent, superlative most caulescent)

more caulescent (comparative)
most caulescent (superlative)

(botany) having a well-developed stem above ground; with a trunk


trinucleotide

(genetics) a codon containing three nucleotides


en-noun

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (uncountable)

(biochemistry) The phosphate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme important in fatty acid synthesis.


dinucleotide

(biochemistry) Any molecule consisting primarily of two nucleotide units