leporine

/ˈlɛpəˌɹaɪn/

The adjective is a learned borrowing from Latin leporīnus + English -ine (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’). Leporīnus is derived from leporis (the genitive singular form of lepus (“hare”)) + -īnus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’).
The noun is derived from the adjective.

(hare):

(rabbit):

His leporine ears perked up at the mention of dessert.

This [the harp seal] inhabits the ſame countries vvith the Rough and Leporine Seal; but loves the coldeſt parts of the coaſt.

1784, Thomas Pennant, “Harp Seal”, in Arctic Zoology, volume I (Introduction. Class I. Quadrupeds.), London: […] Henry Hughs, →OCLC, paragraph 77, page 164:

Thus it is that one injustice generates another, and that the breed is propagated, with more than leporine fecundity, through every successive measure which these third-rate Legislators, these Statesmen in waiting, are sent to inflict upon Ireland.

1824, Captain Rock [pseudonym; Thomas Moore], chapter X, in Memoirs of Captain Rock, the Celebrated Irish Chieftain, with Some Account of His Ancestors. […], 3rd edition, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orms, Brown, and Green, →OCLC, pages 322–323:

[T]he fur [of the hispid hare] is very remarkable for an animal of the Leporine group, on account of its harshness, which is well expressed by the specific appellation hispidus.

1846 March, E[dward] Blyth, “XXIV.—Description of Caprolagus, a New Genus of Leporine Mammalia.”, in The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, volume XVII, number 111, London: R[ichard] and J[ohn] E[dward] Taylor, →OCLC, page 164:

I further give an anatomical systematic revision of the adult leporine tapeworms, together with their generic relationship to the cestodes of cattle, sheep, and horses.

1897, Ch[arles] Wardell Stiles, “A Revision of the Adult Tapeworms of Hares and Rabbits”, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum, volume XIX, number 1105, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 146:

Glad as she was to eat of the leporine family, she detested sport for sport's sake, even the fox-hunting, though her poultry-run had just been raided and a dog-fox had snarled fearlessly at Nip from the ditch.

1919, Israel Zangwill, “Winter’s Tale”, in Jinny the Carrier, London: William Heinemann, →OCLC, section I, page 448:

This is basic Peter Rabbit economics that everyone can understand [quoting Thomas G. Ayers]. / Having little faith in economists, even leporine ones, I propose to examine Ayers' thesis carefully.

1975 February, Dennis J. Chase, “A Commentary: Clouding the Nuclear Reactor Debate”, in Eugene Rabinowitch, editor, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: A Magazine of Science and Public Affairs, volume XXXI, number 2, Chicago, Ill.: Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 41, column 1:

This curious passage begins with an intimation of a level of awareness in Uncle Remus, associated with his leporine "quick ear," which allows him to shift from the "senseless affair" into "a recitation of nonsense."

1990, Craig Werner, “The Framing of Charles W. Chesnutt: Practical Deconstruction in the Afro-American Tradition”, in Jefferson Humphries, editor, Southern Literature and Literary Theory, Athens, Ga., London: University of Georgia Press, →ISBN, page 348:

Mr Todd launched into a forceful disquisition, […] At last he stopped and sat gazing at her with the same desperate, leporine look as before, audibly breathing, his lips drawn back in a sort of leer and those teeth on show again.

2005 June 3, John Banville, “Part I”, in The Sea, London: Picador, →ISBN, page 17:

The aforementioned rodent and leporine studies represented some of the first in vivo reports of intra-amniotic injection of fetal cells in mammals.

2021, Stefanie P. Lazow, Dario O. Fauza, “Transamniotic Stem Cell Therapy”, in Kürşad Türkşen, editor, Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; 1237), volumes 7 (Stem Cells and Therapy: Emerging Approaches), Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 68, column 1:

(chiefly mammalogy, also figuratively) Of, relating to, or resembling a hare or rabbit.

أَرْنَبِيّ

of, relating to, or resembling a hare or rabbit


leporine

/ˈlɛpəˌɹaɪn/

The most frequent intestinal parasite of rodents is probably Oxyuris ambigua, but Strong. retortæformis is tolerably abundant in the hare, and Trichocephalus unguiculatus is liable to occur in all leporines. […] Acari infest rats and mice, and especially leporines.

1879, T[homas] Spencer Cobbold, “Parasites of Animals”, in Parasites; a Treatise on the Entozoa of Man and Animals, including Some Account of the Ectozoa, London: J[ohn] & A[ugustus] Churchill, […], →OCLC, book II, page 319:

It will be seen that the variability in any one formula (excepting the anomaly of m. ⁴⁄₄) is confined to the premolars; that these only vary in one instance in the Hystricines; and that the incisors only vary from ²⁄₂ to ⁴⁄₂ in the Leporines.

1888, Elliott Coues, “Order II.—Rodentia.”, in John Sterling Kingsley, editor, The Riverside Natural History, volume V (Mammals), London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., […], →OCLC, page 70:

+Trischizolagus has been proposed as a probable Oryctolagus ancestor, as well as for Lepus and other leporines, although no transitional populations have yet been found.

2008, Nieves Lopez-Martinez, “The Lagomorph Fossil Record and the Origin of the European Rabbit”, in Paulo C[élio] Alves, Nuno Ferrand, Klaus Hackländer, editors, Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, page 41:

The western Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera) have an insular history since the Miocene, and are famed for the unique caprine Myotragus (a goat relative) and endemic leporines (rabbits). […] [R]aptors coevolved with the insular radiations of rodents, leporines, and larger mammals.

2009, Trevor H[enry] Worthy, “Fossil Birds”, in Rosemary G. Gillespie, David A. Clague, editors, Encyclopedia of Islands (Encyclopedias of the Natural World; 2), Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 321, column 1:

They [the Mexican volcano rabbit and the South African red rock hare] may be leftovers of a primitive stock because their distribution is peripheral to that of the advanced leporines.

2021, Alexandra van der Geer, George Lyras, John de Vos, “Japan: the Southern and Central Ryukyu Islands”, in Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands, 2nd edition, Hoboken, N.J., Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, →ISBN, page 370:

Synonym of leporid (“any mammal of the family Leporidae: the hares and rabbits”)

leporid

I come now to the more interesting part of my subject, viz. that of the Leporines—hybrids, so called, between the hare and the rabbit. It has been stated that M. Rouy, of Angoulême, has bred for the market a thousand of these Leporines yearly—that they are fertile both with the hare and the rabbit, and with each other.

1861 February 26, Edwards Crisp, “On Some Points Relating to the Habits and Anatomy of the Oceanic and of the Freshwater Ducks, and also of the Hare (Lepus timidus) and of the Rabbit (L. cuniculus), in Relation to the Question of Hybridism”, in Prideaux John Selby, Charles C[ardale] Babington, John Edward Gray, William Francis, editors, The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, volume VIII (Third Series), number 43, London: Taylor and Francis […], published July 1861, →OCLC, page 75:

In France there is a hybrid bred between the rabbit and the hare, known as the leporine, that is said to be fertile; I do not know much about it. I tried to get some definite information on the matter and failed. I simply know that I have seen numers of statements going the rounds of the press that the leporine is a valuable poultry animal raised for food, and is a cross between the hare and the rabbit, and that it is fertile. If so, it is the only case I know of where the continued fertility is kept up.

1887, W[illia]m H[enry] Brewer, “Syllabus of Lectures on the Principles of Stock Breeding [Fourth Lecture. Crossing—Breeding to Points.]”, in Report of the Department of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota: Supplement I to the Fourth Biennial Report of the Board of Regents. 1886, St. Paul, Minn.: The Pioneer Press Company, →OCLC, page 213:

Mr. Thomas Christy enquired what position the so-called Belgian Hare or Leporine occupied in relation to the question of hybridity; and was answered that the popular notion of that animal being a hybrid between Hare and Rabbit was fallacious, since it was nothing more than an overgrown tame Rabbit coloured like a Hare.

1897 February, “Editorial Gleanings”, in W[illiam] L[ucas] Distant, editor, The Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History, volume I (4th series), number 668, London: West, Newman, & Co., […]; Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., →OCLC, page 96:

[…] [Charles] Darwin was intrigued by contemporary experiments claiming to have produced hare–rabbit crosses or ‘leporines’ (‘most curious, if true’), […] [T]hose supporting the existence of leporines were giving credence to a creature as actually imposible and fabulous as the horned hare.

2010, Simon Carnell, “Lagographia Curiosa: The Natural and Unnatural History of the Hare”, in Hare (Animal Series), London: Reaktion Books, →ISBN, page 16:

(historical) A supposed hybrid between a hare and a rabbit, now known not to exist; a leporide.


climb

en-verb

climb (third-person singular simple present climbs, present participle climbing, simple past climbed or (archaic) clomb, past participle climbed or (archaic) clumb)

climbs (present singular third-person)
climbing (participle present)
climbed (past)
clomb (archaic past)
climbed (participle past)
clumb (archaic participle past)
climb (infinitive)

From Middle English climben, from Old English climban (“to climb”), from Proto-West Germanic *klimban, from Proto-Germanic *klimbaną (“to climb, go up by clinging”), believed to be a nasalised variant of Proto-Germanic *klibaną, *klibāną (“to stick, cleave”), from Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to stick”). Cognate with West Frisian klimme (“to climb”), Dutch klimmen (“to climb”), German klimmen (“to climb”), Old Norse klembra (“to squeeze”), Icelandic klifra (“to climb”). Related to clamber. See also clay, glue.

inh

(botany) Of plants, to grow upwards by clinging to something.

gabear

of plants: to grow upwards by clinging to something


cheek

en-noun

cheek (countable and uncountable, plural cheeks)

From Middle English cheeke, cheke, cheoke, choke, from Old English ċēce, ċēace, ċēoce (“cheek; jaw”), from Proto-West Germanic *kākā, *keukā (“jaw, cheek”), from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ, *keukǭ (“jaw; palate; pharynx”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (“to chew”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Sooke (“cheek”), West Frisian tsjeak (“jaw”), Dutch kaak (“jaw; cheek”), Swedish käke (“jaw; jowl”), Norwegian kjake (“jaw”), Old Norse kók (“mouth; gullet”).

der

(biology, informal) One of the genae, flat areas on the sides of a trilobite's cephalon.


canker

en-noun

canker (countable and uncountable, plural cankers)

From Middle English canker, cancre, from Old English cancer, akin to Dutch kanker, Old High German chanchar. Ultimately from Latin cancer (“a cancer”). Doublet of cancer, a later borrowing from Latin, and chancre, which came through French.

(phytopathology) A plant disease marked by gradual decay.


curl

From metathesis of Middle English crulle (“curled, curly”), from Middle Dutch crul, crulle (“curl”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kruzlǭ (“bent or crooked object, curl”), of unknown origin; possibly from Pre-Germanic *grus-, contracted from Proto-Indo-European *gurus- (“twist, curl”), same source as Persian گرس (gors, “braid of hair”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Krulle (“curl, lock”), West Frisian krul (“curl”), Dutch krul (“curl”), German Low German Krull (“curl”), dialectal German Krolle (“curl”), Danish krølle (“curl”), Norwegian krull (“curl”). Related also to Saterland Frisian Kruus (“curl”), German kraus (“frizzy, crumpled, curly”), Danish krus (“curl”), Swedish krusa (“to crimp, curl”). Compare also Gothic 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan, “to grind, crush, gnash”).

unk

unknown

cog

These potatoes, however, planted the next year, have a fair yield, untouched by the curl.

1840, "Farmers' Department", The Family Magazine, volume 1, page 227:

(agriculture, phytopathology) Any of various diseases of plants causing the leaves or shoots to curl up; often specifically the potato curl.


complicated

en-adj

complicated (comparative more complicated, superlative most complicated)

more complicated (comparative)
most complicated (superlative)

(biology) Folded longitudinally (as in the wings of certain insects).


decay

en-noun

decay (countable and uncountable, plural decays)

From Middle English decayen, dekeyen (“to decrease, diminish”), from Anglo-Norman decaeir (“to fall away, decay, decline”), from Vulgar Latin *dēcadere, etymologically restored form of Latin dēcidere (“to fall away, fail, sink, perish”), from de (“down”) + cadere (“to fall”). Compare decadent and decadence.

der

I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

1895, H. G. Wells, chapter X, in The Time Machine:

(ecology, medicine) The process or result of being gradually decomposed; rot, decomposition.

דעיכה

e.g. radioactive decay - דעיכה רדיואקטיבית


ejaculate

en-verb

ejaculate (third-person singular simple present ejaculates, present participle ejaculating, simple past and past participle ejaculated)

ejaculates (present singular third-person)
ejaculating (participle present)
ejaculated (participle past)
ejaculated (past)

Borrowed from Latin ēiaculātus, perfect passive participle of ēiaculor (“hurl, shoot out”), from ē (“out”) + iaculor (“throw, dart”), from iaculum (“a missile, a dart”), from iaciō (“to throw, to hurl”).

The spermatophores begin to ejaculate immediately after leaving the penis and the whole process is completed in a very few seconds. Pulling the filament attached to the ejaculatory end of a spermatophore is all that is needed to start its ejaculation.

1910 June 20, Gilman A. Drew, “Sexual Activities of the Squid, Loligo pealii (Les.). I. Copulation, Egg-laying and Fertilization”, in Journal of Morphology, volume 22, number 2, Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, published 1911, page 334:

(biology, transitive) To eject or suddenly throw fluid or some other substance from a duct or other body structure.


alga

For example, the antitumour depsipeptide kahalalide F was isolated from the opisthobranch mollusc Elysia rufescens, and is used by both the mollusc and its dietary alga Bryopsis spp.

2016 January 21, “Choose Your Weaponry: Selective Storage of a Single Toxic Compound, Latrunculin A, by Closely Related Nudibranch Molluscs”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biology) Any of many aquatic photosynthetic organisms, including the seaweeds, whose size ranges from a single cell to giant kelps and whose biochemistry and forms are very diverse, some being eukaryotic.

algë

any of many aquatic photosynthetic organisms

green alga and red alga in Plantae)

Chlorophyta and Charophyta; Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta


anneal

anneal (third-person singular simple present anneals, present participle annealing, simple past and past participle annealed)

anneals (present singular third-person)
annealing (participle present)
annealed (participle past)
annealed (past)
aneal (alternative)

From Middle English anelen, onelen, from Old English onǣlan (“to burn, ignite, set fire to, consume, heat, enlighten, incite, inflame, inspire, kindle”), from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on”) + Proto-Germanic *ailijaną (“to burn”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”).
The word is related to Old English onāl (“that which is burnt, burning; incense”), Old English āl (“fire, burning”), Icelandic eldur (“fire”), Swedish eld (“fire, flame”), Danish ild (“fire”).

cog

National Archives and Record Administration

The 5′ junction is checked using a target gene-specific primer of ~21 nucleotides, which anneals upstream of the cassette integration site, together with a primer which anneals downstream of the first loxP site in the PCR cassette.

2007, Celine I. Maeder, Peter Maier, Michael Knop, “A Guided Tour to PCR-based Genomic Manipulations of S. Cerevisiae (PCR-targeting)”, in Ian Stansfield, Michael J. R. Stark, editors, Yeast Gene Analysis (Methods in Microbiology; 36), 2nd edition, London: Academic Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 68:

(genetics, ambitransitive) To make a double-stranded nucleic acid by pairing a single strand with a complementary strand.


atrium

From Latin ātrium (“entry hall”), from Etruscan.

(biology) Any enclosed body cavity or chamber.

Nexine 0.5μ thick, separating from the sexine about 5μ from the pore and forming a deep, well-defined atrium.

1965, Janet Kircher Warter, Palynology of a Lignite of Lower Eocene (Wilcox) Age from Kemper County, page 52:

(palynology) A cavity inside a porate aperture of a pollen grain formed by the separation of the sexine and nexine layers, widening toward the interior of the grain.


axon

(cytology) A nerve fibre which is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, and which conducts nerve impulses away from the body of the cell to a synapse.


biota

From New Latin biota, from Ancient Greek βιοτή (biotḗ), from βίος (bíos).

Although the broad macroevolutionary consequences of mass extinctions are well known (as in the dinosaurs-mammals changeover), their long-term effects on the temporal and spatial dynamics of clades and biotas are rarely investigated.

2009 February 6, Andrew Z. Krug et al., “Signature of the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction in the Modern Biota”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 767–771:

(ecology) The living organisms of a region.


biotic

From Ancient Greek βιωτικός (biōtikós, “of life”), from βίος (bíos, “life”). Equivalent to bio- + -otic.

der

This study and others at Bolinas Lagoon show that a number of variables, both biotic and abiotic, influence individual, local and regional distribution patterns of Dunlin.

1994, Nils D. Warnock, Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting the Distribution and Abundance of a Wintering Population of Dunlin, page 141:

(biology) Of, pertaining to, or produced by life or living organisms

حَيَوِيّ

of, pertaining to, or produced by life or living organisms


bract

bracts (plural)
bracte (alternative)
bractea (alternative)

From Latin bractea (“a thin plate of metal; gold leaf”).

In this vegetable monster the bractes, or divisions of the spike, become wonderfully enlarged; and are converted into leaves.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9:

A Verticil or Whirl may be[…]Naked; that is without involucre, bracte or brittle. Bracted - or Involucred

1793, Thomas Martyn, The Language of Botany:

Great dense patches of them grew, four and five and six feet deep, impenetrable swathes of dark green bracts that advertised their danger.

2017, Benjamin Myers, The Gallows Pole, Bloomsbury, published 2019, page 31:

(botany) A leaf or leaf-like structure from the axil out of which a stalk of a flower or an inflorescence arises.


casein

en-noun

casein (countable and uncountable, plural caseins)

From French caséine, formed from Latin cāseus (“cheese”) + -ine.

It’s the clumping nature of the caseins that makes possible most thickened milk products, from yogurt to cheese. The whey proteins play a more minor role; they influence the texture of casein curds, and stabilize the milk foams on specialty coffees.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A protein present in both milk and in the seeds of leguminous plants


catkin

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-catkin.wav

From Middle Dutch katteken (“catkin”, literally “little cat”), equivalent to cat + -kin. So named due to the resemblance of lengthier kinds to a kitten's tail, or, perhaps more probably, the fine fur found on some catkins (compare the pictures). Cognate with German Kätzchen, modern Dutch katje.

der

(botany) A type of inflorescence, consisting of an axis with many unisexual apetalous flowers along its sides, as in the willow and poplar.


chive

chives (plural)
chithe (alternative)
chire (alternative)

From Middle English chive, chyve, variant of chith, chyth, from Old English ċīþ (“shoot, scion, sprout”). Doublet of chit and scion.

inh

(botany) The filament which supports the anther of a flower; stamen.


codon

(biochemistry) A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides, which encode for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or translation.


corona

en-noun

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

laki

upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body

kruunu

Pentándria, Digynia. All as in Stapèlia; but the corolla is tuberculate, and the branches of the plant warted; and the outer corona of the corolla lacerately multifid.

1838, George Don, A General History of the Dichleamydeous Plants, […], volume IV (Corollifloræ), London: […] [Gilbert & Rivington] for J. G. and F. Rivington; […], page 122, column 2:

(biology) Any appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona (sense 4.1).

(botany) A ring or set of appendages of adaxial tissue arising from the corolla or the outer edge of the stamens, present in some plants (Narcissus, Passiflora, etc.); a paraperigonium.

kruunu

ring or set of appendages of adaxial tissue arising from the corolla or the outer edge of the stamens, present in some plants — see also paraperigonium

It [Epiphanes] has a ciliated corona at its anterior end and tapers to a narrow foot at the posterior end. The cilia of the corona are arranged more or less in two rings, with the mouth in the gap between them.

1979, R[obert] McNeill Alexander, “Rotifers”, in The Invertebrates, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 230:

An annular ciliated organ on the head of rotifers, used for locomotion and sweeping food into the mouth.

korona

In coronae of the sea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus in the marine bed overlying the oncoid layer, an original Mg_(0.10–0.13)-calcite was gradually replaced during diagenesis by a Mg_(0.03–0.05)-calcite[…].

1983, D. K. Richter, R. Sedat, “Brackish-water Oncoids Composed of Blue-green and Red Algae from a Pleistocene Terrace near Corinth, Greece”, in Tadeusz M. Peryt, editor, Coated Grains, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, part IV (Oncoids), page 306:

The main body of the test of an echinoid, consisting of ambulacral and interambulacral areas.

A normal Crinoid (Fig. III.) consists of a “crown” (corona) attached by its dorsal (i.e. aboral) extremity to a “stem” (columna), which is fixed to the sea-floor or to some solid body by a “root” (radix).

1900, F[rancis] A[rthur] Bather, J. W. Gregory, E[dwin] S[tephen] Goodrich, “The Crinoidea”, in E[dwin] Ray Lankester, editor, A Treatise on Zoology, part III (The Echinoderma), London: Adam & Charles Black, →OCLC, page 99:

The crown of a crinoid, consisting of a cuplike central body (theca) and a set of arms.

Coronaviruses are medium-sized, enveloped, ribonucleic acid viruses which, in negatively stained preparations, appear round and bear a corona of irregular, petal-shaped surface projections.

1972 October, Lawrence S. Sturman, Kenneth K. Takemoto, “Enhanced Growth of a Murine Coronavirus in Transformed Mouse Cells”, in Infection and Immunity, volume 6, number 4, Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-03-22, page 501, column 1:

(virology) A fringe of large, bulbous surface projections on coronaviruses, formed by viral spike peplomers, creating an appearance reminiscent of the solar corona.

korona

fringe of large, bulbous surface projects on coronaviruses

[page 317] The lower jaw conſiſts of one large bone, with fore and hinder part, and five proceſſes; viz. two Condyles[…], two proceſſes of the Corona[…], and one proceſs of the chin […] [page 318] [T]his Sinus deſcends obliquely nine inches from the neck of the condyle, till it comes to the root of the teeth[…]; which ſpace does not appear ſo large in the figure, becauſe of the poſition of the jaw; and from the fore-part of the Coronæ backwards, till the jaw become thick, five inches and ⅓; […]

1740, [Patrick] Blair, “The Osteology of an Elephant, with a Brief Account of Its Parts”, in Baddam, Memoirs of the Royal Society; Being a New Abridgment of the Philosophical Transactions: […], volume V, London: […] G. Smith, […], and sold by T[homas] Cooper, […]; and W[alter] Shropshire, […], →OCLC, pages 317 and 318:


distemper

en-noun

distemper (countable and uncountable, plural distempers)

From Old French destemprer, from Latin distemperare.

(veterinary medicine, pathology) A viral disease of animals, such as dogs and cats, characterised by fever, coughing and catarrh.


cyanic

en-adj

cyanic (comparative more cyanic, superlative most cyanic)

more cyanic (comparative)
most cyanic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cyanic.wav

(botany, of a flower) Containing an anthocyanin


cycad

From translingual Cycas (“genus of tropical trees”).

bor

As has been already remarked, the occurrence of genuine Cycads in the Carboniferous vegetation has not been demonstrated, and the same holds good of all the Palaeozoic floras. True Cycads, therefore, so far as known, make their first appearance in the Trias, at the commencement of the Mesozoic period, where they are represented by the genera Pterophyllum, Zamites, and Podozamites.

1872, Henry Alleyne Nicholson, A Manual of Palaeontology for the Use of Students with a General Introduction on the Principles of Palaeontology:

Then, after incomputable years, he was no longer man but a man-like beast, roving in forests of giant fern and calamite, or building an uncouth nest in the boughs of mighty cycads.

I began to count the pools, each a flare of turquoise light lost behind the high walls of the villas with their screens of cycads and bougainvillaea.

2000, JG Ballard, Super-Cannes, Fourth Estate, published 2011, page 7:

(botany) Any plant of the division Cycadophyta, having a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves.


farina

en-noun

farina (countable and uncountable, plural farinas)

Borrowed from Latin farīna (“flour, meal”), from far (“kind of grain”).

(botany) A powdery, pale yellow, crystalline secretion consisting of flavonoids in Primula and other species.


fletch

A modification of fledge (“to acquire feathers”) due to the influence of fletcher (“arrow-maker”). Compare flèche.

(fisheries) A large boneless fillet of halibut, swordfish or tuna.


gall

From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).

Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.

1974, Philip P. Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas:

(phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii).


gape

gape (countable and uncountable, plural gapes)

From Middle English gapen, from Old Norse gapa (“to gape”) (compare Swedish gapa, Danish gabe), from Proto-Germanic *gapōną (descendants Middle English geapen, Dutch gapen, German gaffen), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰеh₂b-. Cognates include Russian зяпа (zjapa).

(zoology) The maximum opening of the mouth (of a bird, fish, etc.) when it is open.


gyrate

en-adj

gyrate (comparative more gyrate, superlative most gyrate)

more gyrate (comparative)
most gyrate (superlative)

From gyrus (“fold, convolution”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


hilum

Learned borrowing from Latin hīlum (“a trifle; a spot on a seed”).

lbor

The hilum is very prominent in some species and nearly flat in others.

1913, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, volume III, Washington, D.C.: Washington Academy of Sciences, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 141:

On the tip of each corn kernel is a hilum, collectively known as the "black layer," where it is attached to the cob. While corn is growing, nutrients are being transferred from the rest of the cob to the kernels through the hilum.

2005, David Feldman, Do Elephants Jump? (Imponderables Book), New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins Publishers, →ISBN, page 24:

(botany) The eye of a bean or other seed; the mark or scar at the point of attachment of an ovule or seed to its base or support.

In central hilum starch grains the grain is laid down around the hilum in the form of concentric layers.

1916, William Mansfield, Histology of Medicinal Plants, New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →OCLC, page 188:


hooper

Cygnus cygnus
Cygnus cygnus#Translingual

(ornithology) The European whistling, or wild, swan (Cygnus cygnus).


iris

irises (plural)
iris (plural)
irides (plural)

From Middle English [Term?], from Latin īris, from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris, “rainbow”). Presuming an earlier form *ϝῖρις (*wîris), possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *w(e)ih₁-ro- (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”). If so, it would be cognate to English wire.

der

Breezes blowing from beds of iris quickened her breath with their perfume; she saw the tufted lilacs sway in the wind, and the streamers of mauve-tinted wistaria swinging, all a-glisten with golden bees; she saw a crimson cardinal winging through the foliage, and amorous tanagers flashing like scarlet flames athwart the pines.

1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, “Afterglow”, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, page 168:

(botany) A plant of the genus Iris, common in the northern hemisphere, and generally having attractive blooms (See Iris (plant) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia).

(zoology) The inner circle of an oscillated color spot.


labial

Borrowing from Medieval Latin labiālis (“of or pertaining to the lips”), from labium (“a lip”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to labium + -al.

af

The wound that does not kill Christ is the magical labial wound; it is the seal of the resurrection and an expression of the myth of eternal recurrence.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 109:

(anatomy, zootomy) Of or pertaining to the lips or labia.


labial

(zootomy) Any of the scales bordering the mouth opening of a reptile.


lappet

→ Welsh: llabed

Some vultures have lappets of bare flesh on the sides of the head.

Tompot blennies are distinguished by a pair of lappets above the eyes and dark stripes along the body.

(zoology) A wattle or flap-like structure on the face.

heltta (wattle)

zoology: wattle or flap-like structure on the face


legume

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-legume.wav

Borrowed from French légume, from Latin legūmen (“bean”). Doublet of legumen.

(botany) The fruit or seed of leguminous plants (as peas or beans) used for food.

(botany) Any of a large family (Fabaceae, syn. Leguminosae) of dicotyledonous herbs, shrubs, and trees having fruits that are legumes or loments, bearing nodules on the roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and including important food and forage plants (as peas, beans, or clovers).

(botany) A pod dehiscent into two pieces or valves, and having the seed attached at one suture, as that of the pea.


lemma

From the Ancient Greek λέμμα (lémma), from λέπω (lépō, “I peel”).

(botany) The outer shell of a fruit or similar body.

(botany) One of the specialized bracts around the floret in grasses.

niðara blómuøgn

botany: one of the specialized bracts around the floret in grasses


ligand

Borrowed from Latin ligandus, gerundive of ligo (“bind”).

ربيطة

something that binds to another chemical entity

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) A molecule or moiety (ion, functional group, or radical) that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex; as, especially:

(biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, medicine) Such an entity that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.


lister

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lister.wav

(birdwatching) A birdwatcher who keeps track of birds using different checklists.


lobule

lobules (plural)
lobula (alternative)
lobulus (alternative)

The Jubulaceae have a leaf whose lobule, usually transformed into a water-sac, is normally very narrowly attached to the stem and to the dorsal lobe; indeed some Frullania taxa reproduce vegetatively by dropping the dorsal lobes, but not the lobules, and Neohattoria has caducous lobules but persistent lobes.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(botany) In liverworts with bilobed leaves, the smaller of the two lobes, sometimes modified to form a sac.


lumper

(biology, linguistics) A scientist in one of various fields who prefers to keep categories such as species or dialects together in larger groups.


lysine

en-noun

lysine (countable and uncountable, plural lysines)

From lysis + -ine, in reference to its tendency to participate in catalysis.

Lysine is an essential amino acid required for many body functions, including growth and bone development in children; calcium absorption and maintenance of the correct nitrogen balance in the body; maintenance of lean body mass; production of antibodies, hormones, and enzymes; collagen formation and repair of tissue.

2010, Michael T. Murray, Joseph Pizzorno, The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 65:

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₄N₂O₂.


medial

en-adj

medial (comparative more medial, superlative most medial)

more medial (comparative)
most medial (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-medial.wav

Borrowed from Latin mediālis (“middle”), from medius (“that is in the middle or midst”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

среден

The medial side of the knee faces the other knee, while the outer side of the knee is lateral.

Situated in or near the middle; not at either end.

(anatomy, zootomy) Pertaining to the inside; closer to the median plane of the body or the midline of an organ.

(entomology) Of or pertaining to the media and/or the areas of the wing next to it.


meson

From Ancient Greek μέσον (méson, “middle”).

(rare outside entomology) The mesial plane dividing the body into similar right and left halves.


monad

From Latin monas (“unit”) (from Ancient Greek μονάς (monás), from μόνος (mónos), from Proto-Indo-European *men-) + -ad.

(botany) A single individual (such as a pollen grain) that is free from others, not united in a group.

(biology, dated) A single-celled organism.


motif

From French motif (1848), with the meaning of "main idea or theme". Doublet of motive.

(biochemistry) In a nucleotide or aminoacid sequence, pattern that is widespread and has, or is conjectured to have, a biological significance.

motif

nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern


myosin

en-noun

myosin (countable and uncountable, plural myosins)

myo- (“relating to muscle”), from Ancient Greek μυός (muós), genitive of μῦς (mûs, “muscle”) + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues, allowing mobility in muscles.


nape

From Middle English nape, naape, of uncertain origin. Possibly from Old French hanap (“goblet”), from Frankish *hnapp, from Proto-Germanic *hnappaz ( > Old English hnæpp, hnæp (“cup, bowl, goblet”)), as there is a hollow at the base of the skull. More at nap.

(zoology) The part of a fish or bird immediately behind the head.


nereid

From the stem of Latin Nērēis (“sea-nymph”), from Ancient Greek Νηρηΐς (Nērēḯs), from Νηρεύς (Nēreús, “the sea-god Nereus”).


neural

From Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “a sinew, nerve”) + -al.

der

(biology) Of, or relating to the nerves, neurons or the nervous system.


neuron

neurons (plural)
neura (plural)
neurone (alternative)

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”), doublet of nerve and sinew. By surface analysis, neuro- + -on.

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

(cytology) A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites. Neurons are connected by synapses.

(zoology) A nervure of an insect's wing.


niacin

in 1942 derived from nicotinic + acid + vitamin, chosen to dissociate it from nicotine, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins.

Mixing the alkali into the recipe in the right way chemically releases the otherwise unavailable niacin in the corn, which stops pellagra in its tracks, and allowed corn-based agricultural populations to grow and spread.

2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 7, in The Secret of Our Success […] , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A water-soluble vitamin, a component of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast, and dairy products; it is essential to metabolism.

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


notate

Back-formation of notation or from Latin notātus, past participle of notāre. Morphologically note + -ate.

(botany) Marked with coloured spots or lines.


oocyte

(cytology) A cell that develops into an egg or ovum; a female gametocyte.


opal

In Florio’s A World of Words 1598 as opale, from French opale, from Latin opalus, from Byzantine Greek ὀπάλλιος (opállios), from Sanskrit उपल (upala, “gem, stone”), from उपरि (upári, “the upper millstone”). Distantly related to over.

أُوبَال

a mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) A colloquial name used in molecular biology referring to a particular stop codon sequence, "UGA."


opine

Derived from Ancient Greek ὀπός (opós, “juice of a plant”) + -ine.

der+

(biochemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds, derived from amino acids, found in some plant tumours

冠瘿氨基酸

any of a class of organic compounds, derived from amino acids, found in some plant tumours


ovate

en-adj

ovate (comparative more ovate, superlative most ovate)

more ovate (comparative)
most ovate (superlative)

(botany, of leaves) With the broadest extremity near the base.

puikea

botany, of leaves: broadest near the base


phloem

phloems (plural)
phlœm (alternative)
phloëm (alternative)
phlöem (alternative)

First attested in 1872. From German Phloëm, coined by Swiss botanist Carl Nägeli in 1858 from Ancient Greek φλόος (phlóos, “husk, bark”) + a Greek-sounding ending -em (cf. System).

der

(botany) A vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients manufactured in the shoot.


pith

en-noun

pith (usually uncountable, plural piths)

The noun is derived from Middle English pith, pithe (“central tissue of a plant’s stem or a tree’s trunk and branches; other spongy inner tissue in a plant; flesh of a fruit, pulp; inner tissue in a body; inner part of an object; essential part, essence, quintessence; importance, value; energy, force, strength, vigour; severity”) [and other forms], from Old English piþa [and other forms], from Proto-Germanic *piþô, from earlier *piþō (oblique *pittan); further etymology unknown. Doublet of pit (“seed or stone inside a fruit”).
The verb is derived from the noun (Middle English pethen (“to give courage or strength”), from pith (noun), did not survive into modern English).
Cognates
* Dutch peen (“carrot”)
* Middle Low German peddek, peddik, piddek (“bone marrow; medulla; spinal cord; inner part of a horn or quill; (figurative) core, essence”) (the last spelling rare) (Low German Peddik (“core; pulp”))
* West Frisian piid (“pulp, kernel”)

nb...

peth, peþe, pight, piþ, piþe, piþþe, pyght, pyth, pythe, pytthe, pyþe, (Early Middle English) piþa

cog

This ſvveete ſmelling Reede is of a darke dun colour, full of ioints and knees eaſie to be broken into ſmall ſplinters, hollovv and full of a certaine vvhite pith, cobvveb vviſe, ſomevvhat gummie in eating, and hanging in the teeth, and of a ſharpe bitter taſte.

1597, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], “Of Aromaticall Reedes”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant, for Bonham and Iohn Norton, →OCLC, book I, page 56:

Some make inciſion into the very Vine braunch, as farre as to the pith and marrovv vvithin (to divert the moiſture that feedeth the grape:) others lay the cluſters a drying upon tile-houſes: and all this is done vvith the grapes of the Vine Helvenaca.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XIV.] Foureteene Sorts of Sweet Wines.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 1st tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 417:

Atop the [Palmito] tree is a pith, in taſte better then Cabbage; and eating it takes avvay the future benefit of grovvth or fructifying, theſe and the Date-tree thriue not, except the male and female be vnited, and haue copulation: the ſhe is only fruitfull.

1634, T[homas] H[erbert], “Mohelia, Its Description”, in A Relation of Some Yeares Trauaile, Begunne Anno 1626. into Afrique and the Greater Asia, […], London: […] William Stansby, and Jacob Bloome, →OCLC, page 24:

VVhy are the Annual Grovvths of all both Herbs and Trees, vvith great Piths, the quickeſt and longeſt? But hovv are the Pores and Bladders of the Pith permeable? That they are ſo, both from their being capable of a repletion vvith Sap, and of being again vvholly emptied of it, and again, inſtead thereof fill'd vvith Aer, is as certain as that they are Pores.

1671 December 17 (Gregorian calendar), Nehemiah Grew, “The Anatomy of Plants, Begun. […] The First Book. […] Chapter III. Of the Trunk.”, in The Anatomy of Plants. […], 2nd edition, [London]: […] W. Rawlins, for the author, published 1682, →OCLC, page 25:

The food often grows in one country, and the sauce in another. The fruits of Portugal are corrected by the products of Barbadoes, and the infusion of a China plant is sweetened by the pith of an Indian cane.

1711 May 30 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “SATURDAY, May 19, 1711”, in The Spectator, number 69; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume I, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 278:

The soft, spongy substance inside plant parts; specifically, the parenchyma in the centre of the roots and stems of many plants and trees.

نُخَاع

The albedo (“whitish inner portion of the rind”) of a citrus fruit.


plasm

en-noun

plasm (countable and uncountable, plural plasms)

From Late Latin plasma (“mold”) or Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma, “something formed”), in some cases via German Plasma or French plasme, like English plasma.

der

"And that the germ plasm is different from the parthenogenetic egg?" "Why, surely!" I cried, and gloried in my own audacity.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:


pleura

From Middle English, borrowed from Medieval Latin pleura.

(zootomy) A lateral part in an animal body or structure.


puffin

From Middle English poffin, poffoun, puffon, equivalent to puff + -ing, or perhaps ultimately from Middle Cornish (compare Breton poc'han (“puffin”)).

(entomology) Any of various African and Asian pierid butterflies of the genus Appias. Some species of this genus are also known as albatrosses.


radix

Learned borrowing from Latin rādīx (“a root”). Doublet of radish.


reeler

(genetics) An autosomal-recessive mouse mutant in which cortical neurons are generated normally but abnormally placed, a lack of reelin causing disorganization of cortical laminar layers. It has a reeling gait.


ribose

From German Ribose, formed from Ribonsäure, the first element of which comes from a rearrangement of English arabinose.

(biochemistry) A naturally occurring pentose sugar, which is a component of the nucleosides and nucleotides that constitute the nucleic acid biopolymer, RNA. It is also found in riboflavin.


ruff

Clipping of ruffle, or possibly from rough.

I ſhall call this bird the painted vulture. […] the head and neck bare of feathers nearly down to the ſtomach, when the feathers begin to cover the ſkin, and ſoon become long and of a ſoft texture, forming a ruff or tippet, in which the bird by contracting his neck can hide that as well as his head: […]

1794, William Bartram, chapter V, in Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of those Regions; together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians. Embellished with Copper-plates, 2nd London edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: Printed by James and Johnson; London: Reprinted for J. Johnson, in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC, pages 148–149:

In the ruffed grouse, the special "ruff" feathers are borne on the lateral branches of the lower cervical feather tract.

2016, Paul A[ustin] Johnsgard, “Introduction to the North American Grouse”, in The North American Grouse: Their Biology and Behavior, Lincoln, Neb.: Zea Books, →ISBN, page 9, column 1:

(ornithology) A set of lengthened or otherwise modified feathers on or around the neck of a bird.

höyhenkaulus

set of feathers on or around the neck of a bird

The Afghan urial, which is smaller than the Transcaspian urial, is found in the mountains near Iran's eastern frontier, and is the wild sheep of Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Its ruff is black sprinkled with white hairs and its bib is white.

2005, Eskandar Firouz, “Mammals of Iran”, in The Complete Fauna of Iran, London, New York, N.Y.: I.B. Tauris, →ISBN, page 88:

The creature coming toward me went instantly still. On the other side of the fire, one of them jerked upright and popped its ruff as wide as it would go. The other lunged to the side of the second and clamped one clawed hand around its muzzle.

2017 April, Marie Brennan [pseudonym; Bryn Neuenschwander], chapter 10, in Within the Sanctuary of Wings: A Memoir by Lady Trent, New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN, page 151:

(zoology) A collar of lengthened or distinctively coloured fur on or around the neck of an animal.

kaulus

collar of fur on or around the neck of an animal


rut

en-noun

rut (countable and uncountable, plural ruts)

From Middle English rutte (noun) and rutten (verb), from Old French rut (“noise, roar, bellowing”), from Latin rugītus, from rugīre (“to roar”).

der

(zoology) Sexual desire or oestrus of cattle, and various other mammals.


sambar

sambars (plural)
sambhar (alternative)
sambhur (alternative)
sambur (alternative)
sambre (alternative)

Borrowed from Hindi सांभर (sāmbhar), साँभर (sāmbhar), from Sanskrit शम्बर (śambara, “a kind of deer”).

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sambar.wav

(zoology) A Southeast Asian deer (Rusa unicolor).


scat

en-noun

scat (countable and uncountable, plural scats)

scats (plural)
skat (alternative)
skatt (alternative)

Origin uncertain. Both the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster suggest derivation from Ancient Greek σκῶρ (skôr, “excrement”), compare English scato-, but Random House Dictionary suggests that the popular character of the word makes this unlikely. Perhaps from English dialectal scat (“to scatter, fling, bespatter”), or an alteration of shit, which is also used for "drugs, heroin".

They turned to polar bear feces, or scat, as it is commonly called. […] She and Quinoa [a dog] worked with Dr. Rockwell to collect and study samples of polar bear scat for several years and found that the bears were eating lots of geese.

2014 September 22, James Gorman, “For polar bears, a climate change twist [print version: For hungry polar bears, a climate change twist, International New York Times, 24 September 2014, p 12]”, in The New York Times:

2018 Brent Butt as Brent Herbert Leroy, "Sasquatch Your Language", Corner Gas Animated
Wherever legitimate tracks are found there's always some fresh scat, y'know, poo, flop, dumplings.

(biology) Animal excrement; droppings, dung.


scutum

Borrowed from Latin scūtum (“shield”). Doublet of escudo, scudo, scute, and écu.

doublet

A tick's eye, if present, is a mere roundish lucent area at the margin of the scutum about opposite the second coxa.

2009, Dwight D. Bowman, Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians:

(zoology) A shield-like protection, such as the scutum protecting the back of a hard tick (cf. alloscutum, conscutum)

(zoology) One of the two lower valves of the operculum of a barnacle.


sepal

From French sépale, from New Latin sepalum.

1836, The Family Magazine, Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge, Volume III, Redfield & Lindsay, page 367,
When the sepals are distinct, or separate from each other, the calyx is said to be polysepalous.

The sepal and the petal are essentially leaf-like in form and anatomy but generally simpler in detailed structure than a foliage leaf.

2009, Shubhrata R. Mishra, Understanding Plant Reproduction, Discovery Publishing House, page 164:

In tomato, for example, the first sepal primordium is formed as an outgrowth at the periphery of the apex and the subsequent sepal primordia are initiated in a helical fashion at an angle of approximately 137° from the previous one.

2017, Taylor A. Steeves, Vipen K. Sawhney, Essentials of Developmental Plant Anatomy, Oxford University Press, page 29:

(botany) One of the component parts of the calyx, particularly when such components are not fused into a single structure.


serine

en-noun

serine (countable and uncountable, plural serines)

From Latin sericus (“silken”). The compound was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865.

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, CH₂OH.CH(NH₂)COOH, found in most animal proteins, notably silk.

絲胺酸 /丝胺酸

nonessential amino acid; CH2OH.CH(NH2)COOH

絲氨酸 /丝氨酸 (sī'ānsuān, literally “silk amino acid”)


shunt

From Middle English shunten, schunten, schonten, schounten, shont, shonte, shount, shounten, shunte (“to move rapidly or suddenly, jerk; to swerve, turn away; to avoid, dodge, escape, evade”), either:
* possibly a back-formation from Middle English shǒnen (“to decline to do, refuse; to abandon, forsake; to disdain, dislike, hate; to avoid, escape; to be afraid, fear; to be wary of”), from Old English sċunian, sċyniġan; see shun. Or
* an alteration of Middle English shunden, *schunden, *schinden, from Old English sċyndan, sċendan (“to hasten, hurry”) (as in āsċyndan (“to remove, take away”), from Proto-West Germanic *skundijan, from Proto-Germanic *skundijaną (“to compel, drive, push; to accelerate, rush, speed up”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew(n)t- (“to rattle, shake”).
* from unrecorded Old English *sċunettan, a derivative of sċunian (“to shun, avoid”).
The English word is cognate with Danish skynde (“to hasten, hurry, speed”), Icelandic skynda, skunda (“to hasten”), Middle High German schünden (“to compel; to urge; to irritate”), Norwegian skynde (“to hurry, rush”), Swedish skynda (“to hasten, hurry; to scuttle, scurry”). Outside Germanic, compare Sanskrit स्कन्दति (skándati, “to dart, leap, spring, spurt or burst forth, ejaculate, assail, drop, split”), Albanian shkund (“to shake; to swig”).
As regards the noun sense, compare Middle English shunt (“swerve; sudden jerk”), derived from the verb.

cog

Portosystemic shunts can be congenital or acquired with congenital PSS commonly comprising a single communicating vessel between the portal venous circulation and the systemic circulation via the caudal vena cava or azygos vein. Of congenital shunts, 66–75% are extrahepatic. Intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are most commonly identified in larger breeds of dog (though we have also seen a number of terriers with intrahepatic shunts through our clinic).

2018, Jon[athan David] Wray, “Case 11 Presenting with Mentation Abnormalities”, in Canine Internal Medicine: What’s Your Diagnosis?, Hoboken, N.J., Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section C (Hepatobiliary Disease), page 127:

(medicine, veterinary medicine) An abnormal passage between body channels.


sib

From Middle English sib, sibbe, from Old English sibb (“relationship; gossip; friendliness, kindness; love, friendship, peace, concord, unity, tranquility; peace of mind; a relative, kinsman, kinswoman”), from Proto-West Germanic *sibbju, from Proto-Germanic *sibjō (“kinship”), from Proto-Indo-European *sebʰ-, *swebʰ- (“one's own”).
Cognate with West Frisian sibbe (“relative, family member”), Dutch sibbe (“sib”), German Sippe (“tribe, clan”), Icelandic sifjar (“in-laws”), Latin suus (“one's own”).

cog

(biology) Any group of animals or plants sharing a corresponding genetic relation


solute

en-adj

solute (comparative more solute, superlative most solute)

more solute (comparative)
most solute (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin solutus, past participle of solvo.

a solute stipule


soma

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

(biology) The body of an organism in contrast to the germ cells.

(cytology) The bulbous part of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.


spavin

en-noun

spavin (countable and uncountable, plural spavins)

The noun is derived from Middle English spavein, spaveine (“swelling on horse’s leg causing lameness; disease causing lameness in horses”), from Old French espavain, a variant of esparvain, esprevain, esprevin (modern French éparvin, épervin). The further etymology is unknown; one suggestion is that it is from Frankish *sparwan (“sparrow”), though this is seen as quite tenuous.
The verb is derived from the noun.

[H]is horſe hip'd vvith an olde mothy ſaddle, and ſtirrops of no kindred: beſides poſſeſt vvith the glanders, and like to moſe in the chine, troubled vvith the Lampaſſe, infected vvith the faſhions, full of VVindegalls, ſped vvith Spauins, raied vvith the Yellovvs, […]

c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 219, column 1:

Of ſpauens, there be tvvo kindes, the bone Spauen and the blood: for the bone Spauen, you ſhall dreſſe it in all things like the ſplent, and it vvil heale it. For the bloud ſpauen you ſhall take vp the veane, and vvhen it hath bled vve pull out the bladder vvhich holdes the ſpauen, and ſtop the vvound vvith Sage and ſalt, and it vvill heale it.

1607, Gervase Markham, “Of Spauens”, in Cauelarice, or The English Horseman: […], London: […] [Edward Allde and W[illiam] Jaggard] for Edward White, […], →OCLC, 7th book, page 78:

Doubtleſſe a Spauen is an euil ſorance, and cauſeth a horſe to haule principally in the beginning of his griefe, it appeareth on the hinder Legges vvithin, and againſt the ioynt, and it vvill bee a little ſvvolne, and ſome horſes haue a thorough Spauen, vvhich appeareth both vvithin and vvithout. Of the Spauen there are tvvo kindes, the one hard the other ſoft: That is: bone-Spauen, and a blood-Spauen, […] Caſt the horſe and vvith a hot yron ſlitte the fleſh that couereth the Spauen, and then lay vpon the Spauen, Cantharides and Euforbium boyled together in oile de Bay, […]

1607, Conradus Gesnerus [i.e., Conrad Gessner], Edward Topsell, “Of the Horsse. [Of the Spauen, both Bone and Blood.]”, in The Historie of Foure-footed Beastes. […], London: […] William Iaggard, →OCLC, page 407:

Mr. Field had seen the same horses brought to his forge from day to day, and year to year, with large spavins, yet continuing perfectly sound.

1829 November 19, “Veterinary Medical Society, 21st Oct. 1829. Discussion on Mr. W. Percivall’s Paper on Soundness.”, in [William] Percivall, [William] Youatt, editors, The Veterinarian, volume II, number 24, London: […] Compton and Ritchie, […] [for] Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, […], published December 1829, →OCLC, page 509:

(countable) A bony swelling which develops in a horse's leg where the shank and splint bone meet, caused by inflammation of the cartilage connecting those bones; also, a similar swelling caused by inflammation of the hock bones.

[N]ovv the Bots, the Spauin, and the Glanders, and ſome doſen diſeaſes more, light on him, & his Moyles.

1601, Ben Jonson, Poetaster or The Arraignment: […], London: […] [R. Bradock] for M[atthew] L[ownes] […], published 1602, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii, signature B2, verso:

(uncountable) A disease of horses caused by this bony swelling (sense 1.1).


spavin

en-verb

spavin (third-person singular simple present spavins, present participle spavining, simple past and past participle spavined)

spavins (present singular third-person)
spavining (participle present)
spavined (participle past)
spavined (past)

Mr. Lythe had seen many horses which Mr. Field had passed as sound although they were spavined; and he does not recollect a single instance of lameness among them.

The witches that dance on the Brocken on Valpurgis Eve would be spoken of in a different spirit from the village hag who spavins the horse and curdles the milk.

1867, John Hill Burton, “Heathendom”, in The History of Scotland from Agricola’s Invasion to the Revolution of 1688, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 224:

And oh! Onesiphorus, the old brown mare / Is spavining for love, as also we; […]

1884 February 23, “Astray from San Rafael” [pseudonym], “Dudetic Leap Year”, in The Wasp, volume XII, number 8, San Francisco, Calif.: E[dward] C[reamor] Macfarlane & Co., →OCLC, stanza 4, page 11, column 1:

The plaintiff introduced evidence tending to prove that the horse was spavined, and that Kuntzman had warranted the soundness of the horse. The fourth exception on the part of the defendant and the plaintiff in error was to the rejection of the evidence that the horse was not spavined while in Weaver's stable, some two months after the sale.

1886, A[braham] C[lark] Freeman, “Kuntzman v. Weaver”, in The American Decisions […], volume LIX, San Francisco, Calif.: Bancroft-Whitney Co. […], →OCLC, page 740:

In order to obviate the straining, spavining, and weakness of back, to which horses are subject, caused by the effort of starting heavy cars, Mr. Henry P. Holt designed a tramcar starting gear, patented in May, 1879, […]

1894, D[aniel] Kinnear Clark, “Resistance to Traction on Tramways”, in Tramways: Their Construction and Working […], 2nd edition, London: Crosby Lockwood and Son […], →OCLC, page 402:

(farriery, veterinary medicine) To cause (a horse or its leg) to have spavin (noun sense 1.2).

aiheuttaa kinnerpatti

to cause (a horse or its leg) to have spavin


taster

From Middle English taster; equivalent to taste + -er.

(zoology) A kind of zooid situated on the polyp-stem of certain Siphonophorae, resembling the feeding zooids, but destitute of mouths.


thrum

From Middle English thrum, throm (> Anglo-French trome), from Old English *þrum (found in tungeþrum (“ligament of the tongue”)) from Proto-Germanic *þrumą. Cognate with German Trumm, Trümmer and Old Norse thrǫmr (“edge, brim”).

(botany) A threadlike part of a flower; a stamen.

(botany) A tuft, bundle, or fringe of any threadlike structures, as hairs on a leaf, fibers of a root.


tibia

Borrowed from Latin tībia (“shin bone, leg”).

(entomology) The second segment from the end of an insect's leg, between the femur and tarsus.

(arachnology) The third segment from the end of an arachnid's leg, between the patella and metatarsus.


valine

en-noun

valine (countable and uncountable, plural valines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid found in most animal proteins.


winker

From wink (“blinking of only one eye”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).

silmäniskijä

There is a third inner eyelid, highly developed and of beautiful mechanism: this is the nictitating membrane, or "winker" (nictito, I wink), a delicate, elastic, translucent, pearly-white fold of the conjunctiva. While the other lids move vertically and have a horizontal commissure, the winker sweeps horizontally or obliquely across the ball, from the side next the beak to the opposite.

1884, Elliott Coues, “§ 4.—An Introduction to the Anatomy of Birds.”, in Key to North American Birds. […], 2nd edition, Boston, Mass.: Estes and Lauriat, →OCLC, part II (General Ornithology), page 180:

nictitating membrane
nictitating membrane#English

A thing which is used to wink with, or which winks.

(ornithology) The nictitating membrane (“transparent protective fold of skin acting as an inner eyelid”) of a birds's eye.


xylem

From German Xylem, from Ancient Greek ξύλον (xúlon, “wood”).

(botany) A vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of water and minerals taken up by the roots; also the primary component of wood.


troop

Attested in English since 1545, from French troupe (back-formation of troupeau, diminutive of Medieval Latin troppus "flock") and Middle French trouppe (from Old French trope (“band, company, troop”)), both of Germanic origin from Frankish *þorp (“assembly, gathering”), from Proto-Germanic *þurpą (“village, land, estate”), from Proto-Indo-European *treb- (“dwelling, settlement”).
Doublet of troupe, and possibly also of thorp, dorp, and trip. Cognate with German Dorf (“village”).

der

(mycology) A group of mushrooms that are close but not close enough to be called a cluster.


altruism

en-noun

altruism (countable and uncountable, plural altruisms)

altruisms (plural)
altruïsm (alternative)

From French altruisme, which was coined in 1830 by Auguste Comte from autrui (“of or to others”) + -isme, from Old French, from Latin alteri, dative of alter (“other”) (whence also English alter). Apparently inspired by the French Latin legal phrase l’autrui, from le bien, le droit d’autrui (“the good, the right of the other”). Introduced into English by George Henry Lewes in 1853, in his translation Comte’s Philosophy of the Sciences, 1, xxi.

Altruism is a behaviour of an individual that benefits another at its own expense.[…]She decided to investigate what motivates ants to undertake these dangerous missions, where they risk getting trapped themselves or, worse, eaten by predatory antlion larvae, which dig pits and lurk, semi-concealed, at the bottom with their jaws wide open. Such apparently selfless rescue behaviour is seen by many as one of the purest forms of altruism.[…]Being nice to relatives is not pure altruism because they share your genes so, by helping them, you promote your own genetic heritage.

2013 December 24, Laura Spinney, Goodwill hunting: Random ants of kindness, New Scientist:

(biology, sociobiology) Action or behaviour that benefits another or others at some cost to the performer.


asexual

(biology) Lacking distinct sex, lacking sexual organs.

asexual reproduction

(biology) Without sexual action; reproducing by some other method than sex.


asexual

11.2 Demonstrating the Status of Long-Lived Asexuals
… Indeed, if sex has so many advantages, then which special adaptations - if any - allow long-term survival without it? However, the main task of the research teams dealing with such putative ancient asexuals has thus far been to demonstrate that their respective groups (mainly bdelloids, darwinulids and certain lineages within orbatid mites) indeed merit the status.

2009, Isa Schön, Giampaolo Rossetti, Koen Martens, Darwinulid Ostracods: Ancient Asexual Scandals or Scandalous Gossip?, published as Chapter 11 of Lost Sex: The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis, Isa Schön, Koen Martens, Peter van Dijk (editors), page 221

(biology) A species which reproduces by asexual rather than sexual reproduction, or a member of such a species.


bifurcation

bifurcation (countable and uncountable, plural bifurcations)


bivouac

bivouacs (plural)
bivouack (alternative)
biouac (alternative)
bivoac (alternative)
bihovac (alternative)
bivy (alternative)
bivvy (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from French bivouac (earlier biouac, bivac), from Alemannic German Biiwacht (“reinforcements of guard or town watch”), from bii- + Wacht (“watch, guard”).

der

(zoology) A structure formed by migratory ants out of their own bodies to protect the queen and larvae.


bleb

Possibly onomatopoeic, similarly to blob and blubber.

Figure 4.20 reveals blebs on the surface of a bacterial cell. In many instances, these blebs are released from the cell into the surrounding media.

2005, Larry Barton, Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes, page 170:

2013, Louis Foucard, Xavier Espinet, Eduard Benet, Franck J. Vernerey, The Role of the Cortical Membrane in Cell Mechanics: Model and Simulation, Shaofan Li, Dong Qian (editors), Multiscale Simulations and Mechanics of Biological Materials, page 261,
As the bleb grows (the growth time is on order of a minute), the actin cortex starts reassembling beneath the bleb membrane.

A different approach is to use protrusions from the membrane, which are called blebs or blisters.[…]The absence of actin and tubulin from blebs formed on oocytes of Xenopus laevus clearly indicates the bleb membrane is detached from the cell cytoskeleton (Figure 3.29).

2014, Mary Luckey, Membrane Structural Biology: With Biochemical and Biophysical Foundations, page 64:

(cytology) An irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell undergoing apoptosis.


cataphract

From Latin cataphractes (“suit of armour”), from Ancient Greek κατάφρακτος (katáphraktos, “suit of armour”), from κατα- (kata-, prefix indicating a great degree or intensity) + φρακτός (phraktós, “protected; fenced in”) (from φράσσω (phrássō, “to fortify, secure; to fence in”)) + -της (-tēs, suffix forming nouns indicating a state of being).

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-cataphract.wav

(ichthyology, by extension, obsolete) An outer covering of some fish resembling armour or plate.


chimera

chimeras (plural)
chimaera (alternative)
chimæra (alternative)
chimere (alternative)
chymera (alternative)
chemera (alternative)
chymæra (alternative)

monolith

antonym(s) of “anything composed of very disparate parts”

Variant of Middle English chimere, chymere, & chymera under renewed Latin influence from the 16th century, from French chimère, from Latin Chimaera, from Ancient Greek Χίμαιρα (Khímaira, “fire-breathing mythological monster, fire-spewing Lycian or Cilician mountain”), from χίμαιρα (khímaira, “she-goat”, from χίμαρος (khímaros, “male goat”) + -α (-a)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey-. In reference to the fish, directly from Latin Chimaera, used by Linnaeus. In reference to organisms with distinct areas of different genetic makeups, a calque of German Chimäre, used by Hans Winkler in 1907.

af

[P]reembryo cells from different parents can combine and grow into a chimera (an individual with cells from two or more zygotes)—in this case, an entity containing genetic material from four parents! Spontaneous chimeras […] occur rarely in our species. Recent examples include a woman who resulted from the merger of two zygotes or the early fusion of two genetically distinct embryos.

2014, David A[lan] Grimes, Linda G. Brandon, “Miscarriage: The Healthy Winnowing of Pregnancy”, in Every Third Woman in America: How Legal Abortion Transformed Our Nation, Carolina Beach, N.C.: Daymark Publishing, →ISBN:

The DNA test returned a false negative because the killer was a chimera, having absorbed her twin in utero.

(genetics) An organism with genetically distinct cells originating from two or more zygotes.

quimera

organism with genetically distinct cells from two or more zygotes

The chimeras […] are an extant group of about 30 species. They have the upper jaw fused with the cranium and a gill cover over the four gill slits. They also have toothy plates that give them a ratlike appearance, thus the common name "ratfish." The group occurs in ocean depths worldwide, where they mainly feed on invertebrates.

2012, Harold M. Tyus, “Diversity 1: Chordates to Sharks”, in Ecology and Conservation of Fishes, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, pages 34–35:

(zoology) Alternative form of chimaera, a cartilaginous marine fish in the subclass Holocephali and especially the order Chimaeriformes, with a blunt snout, long tail, and a spine before the first dorsal fin.


ciliate

(zoology) Any of many protozoa, of the phylum Ciliophora, that have many cilia (fine hairs).


conservation

en-noun

conservation (countable and uncountable, plural conservations)

From Old French. By surface analysis, conserve + -ation.

(biology) The discipline concerned with protection of biodiversity, the environment, and natural resources

բնապահպանություն

the discipline concerned with protection of biodiversity, the environment, and natural resources

(biology) Genes and associated characteristics of biological organisms that are unchanged by evolution, for example similar or identical nucleic acid sequences or proteins in different species descended from a common ancestor

conservation

(biology) gene sequences or structures that are not changed in evolution


debacle

debacles (plural)
débâcle (alternative)
debâcle (alternative)
débacle (alternative)

From French débâcle, from débâcler (“to unbar; unleash”) from prefix dé- (“un-”) + bâcler (“to dash, bind, bar, block”) [perhaps from unattested Middle French and Old French *bâcler, *bacler (“to hold in place, prop a door or window open”)], from Vulgar Latin *bacculare, from Latin baculum (“rod, staff used for support”), from Proto-Indo-European *bak-.
Also attested in Old French desbacler (“to clear a harbour by getting ships unloaded to make room for incoming ships with lading”) and in Occitan baclar (“to close”).
The hypothesised derivation from Middle Dutch *bakkelen (“to freeze artificially, lock in place”), a frequentative of bakken (“to stick, stick hard, glue together”) no longer seems likely due to the lack of attestation of *bakkelen in Middle Dutch and by it having the limited meaning of "freeze superficially" in Dutch.

ncog

[…] so that in extreme cases the latter may even be dammed up for a time, and a debacle be the consequence, when the main river overcomes the resistance opposed to it, […]

1836, Henry De La Beche, How to Observe: Geology, page 69:

For several months after the debacle just described, the river Dranse, having no settled channel, shifted its position continually […]

1837, John Lee Comstock, Outlines of Geology, page 51:

When this débâcle commences […], the masses of ice, drifting with the current and unable to pass, are hurled upon those already soldered together; thus an enormous barrier is formed […]

1872, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, page 425:

(ecology) A breaking up of a natural dam, usually made of ice, by a river and the ensuing rush of water.


decoration

en-noun

decoration (countable and uncountable, plural decorations)

/ˌdɛkəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Latin decoratio: compare French décoration.
Morphologically decorate + -ion

(biochemistry, immunology) The use of exotic sugars as decoys to distract the immune system of a host


deleterious

en-adj

deleterious (comparative more deleterious, superlative most deleterious)

more deleterious (comparative)
most deleterious (superlative)
deletorious (alternative)

Borrowed (1640s, 1582 as deletorious) from Medieval Latin deleterius, deletorius, from Ancient Greek δηλητήριος (dēlētḗrios, “noxious, deleterious”), from δηλητήρ (dēlētḗr, “a destroyer”), from δηλέομαι (dēléomai, “I hurt, damage, spoil, waste”). Not related to delete.

der

A deleterious mutation


depolarization

en-noun

depolarization (countable and uncountable, plural depolarizations)

depolarizations (plural)
depolarisation (alternative)

hypopolarization:

shift in intracellular electrical charge distribution

The act of reducing polarity, or the result of such action; reduction to an unpolarized or less polarized condition.

(biology, medicine) An intracellular shift in electrical charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared with outside; it is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the overall physiology of an organism.


dichotomy

dichotomy (countable and uncountable, plural dichotomies)

Audio (GA)

Audio (AU)

From Ancient Greek διχοτομία (dikhotomía, “dichotomy”).

der

(biology, taxonomy) The division of a genus into two species; a division into two subordinate parts.

dikotomi

taxonomy: division into two subordinate parts

1969, J. F. Rigby, Permian Sphenopsids from Antarctica, Geological Survey Professional Paper 613-F, page F-9,
In one forked leaf there is a distinct vein dichotomy, and the leaf boundary commences 1.5 mm above the dichotomy.

In most of the creeping species with dorsiventral stems (e.g., S. kraussiana, S. laevigata) roots arise at or close to the point of dichotomy; in species like S. rupestris and S. wallichii they arise at the point of dichotomy as well as other positions and in S. selaginoides and S. spinulosa they arise from knot like swellings present at the basal portion of the stem.

2010, V. Singh, P. C. Pande, D. K. Jain, Text Book Of Botany: Diversity Of Microbes And Cryptogams, 4th edition, page 511:

(botany) Division and subdivision; bifurcation, such as that of a stem of a plant or a vein of the body into two parts as it proceeds from its origin; often successive.


differentiation

en-noun

differentiation (countable and uncountable, plural differentiations)

/ˌdɪf.əˌɹɛn.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/

From differentiate + -ion, from different + -iate, from differ + -ent, from Middle English differen, from Old French differer, from Latin differō (“carry apart, put off, defer; differ”), from dis- (“apart”) + ferō (“carry, bear”); cognate with Ancient Greek διαφέρω (diaphérō, “to differ”).

видоизменение

gradual formation or production of organs or parts by a process of evolution or development

(biology) The process by which the components of multicellular life (cells, organs, etc.) are produced and acquire function, as when a seed develops the root and stem, and the initial stem develops the leaf, branches, and flower buds.

Any hope that the pierines would help to define “the level at which r-K phenomena should be sought has been dashed: apparently species groups (or subgenera, or splitters' genera) are r- or K-selected in the holarctic, whereas in Tatochila the same amount of differentiation is found among populations in a complex in which the process of speciation has not yet been completed.

2012, Fritz Taylor, The Evolution of Insect Life Cycles, page 156:

(biology, evolution) The evolutionary process by which one taxonomic group (species, genus, variety, etc.) becomes distinct from another, or acquires distinct features; the result of such a process: distinctness.


disc

From French disque, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disk, quoit, platter”). Doublet of dais, desk, discus, dish, disk, and diskos.

doublet

(botany) The flat surface of an organ, as a leaf, any flat, round growth.


dissimilation

en-noun

dissimilation (countable and uncountable, plural dissimilations)

/ˌdɪsɪmɪˈleɪʃən/

From dis- + -similation, after assimilation.

(microbiology) A dissimilatory process that supply a cell with energy only without the assimilation of nutrients.


dominant

→ Polish: dominant

Finally, if we suppose provisionally that the mutant genes are dominant just as often as they are recessive, selection will be far more severe in eliminating the disadvantageous dominants than in eliminating the disadvantageous recessives.

1930, R. A. Fisher, J. H. Bennett, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, page 50:

(genetics) Of an allele, that a heterozygote for the allele has the same phenotype as the homozygote.


duplication

duplication (countable and uncountable, plural duplications)

Borrowed from Middle French, from Late Latin duplicatio, duplicationem, from Latin duplico.
Morphologically duplicate + -ion

duplication of cartilage cells

(biology) The act or process of dividing by natural growth or spontaneous action.

(genetics) The act of copying a nucleotide sequence from one chromosome to another.

(genetics) A nucleotide sequence copied through such a process.


ejaculation

ejaculation (countable and uncountable, plural ejaculations)

From French éjaculation, borrowed from Latin ēiaculārī.

Dehiscence, or Ejaculation of Pollen or Seed.— The pollen of plants is the fecundating power, and consists of a number of small sacs, invisible to the naked eye, in which a fluid exists, which is analogous to the spermatic fluid in man and animals.

1837, Michael Ryan, The Philosophy of Marriage, in Its Social, Moral, and Physical Relations; with an Account of the Diseases of the Genito-urinary Organs which Impair or Destroy the Reproductive Function; and Induce a Variety of Complaints; with the Physiology of Generation in the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms …, London: John Churchill, Princes' Street, Soho, →OCLC, page 210:

The spermatophores begin to ejaculate immediately after leaving the penis and the whole process is completed in a very few seconds. Pulling the filament attached to the ejaculatory end of a spermatophore is all that is needed to start its ejaculation.

1910 June 20, Gilman A. Drew, “Sexual Activities of the Squid, Loligo pealii (Les.). I. Copulation, Egg-laying and Fertilization”, in Journal of Morphology, volume 22, number 2, Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, published 1911, page 334:

(biology) The act of ejecting or suddenly throwing, as a fluid from a duct or other body structure.

The moment of ejaculation in mammiferous animals is accompanied by universal excitement of the whole body, a kind of slight convulsion, which terminates in a comatose or exstatic state.

1837, Michael Ryan, The Philosophy of Marriage, in Its Social, Moral, and Physical Relations; with an Account of the Diseases of the Genito-urinary Organs which Impair or Destroy the Reproductive Function; and Induce a Variety of Complaints; with the Physiology of Generation in the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms …, London: John Churchill, Princes' Street, Soho, →OCLC, page 191:

By repeating this process several times before ejaculation and by practicing this procedure, the man will learn to control his ejaculation.

1995, Louis Diamant, Richard D. McAnulty, editors, The Psychology of Sexual Orientation, Behavior, and Identity: A Handbook, Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, →ISBN, page 190:

In all my life I had never seen a woman discharge like that. Not only did she shoot out fuck like a man, but she accompanied her ejaculation with such furious cries, such energetic blasphemy, and such violent spasms, that one would have thought she was having an epileptic fit […] [Translation of the Marquis de Sade's Histoire de Juliette, IX:428.]

2001, Peter [Maxwell] Cryle, “Producing the Voice in Erotic Narrative”, in Brian Nelson, Anne Freadman, Philip Anderson, editors, Telling Performances: Essays on Gender, Narrative, and Performance, Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, →ISBN, page 117:

One of the most challenging of male sexual disorders is that of delayed ejaculation (DE). The man who cannot readily ejaculate either alone or, most typically, with a partner, feels thwarted, anxious, and sexually incompetent.

2006, Sandra R. Leiblum, editor, Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, 4th edition, New York, N.Y.: Guilford Press, →ISBN, page 241:

Biologically described as the release of seminal fluid from the penis during the male sexual response cycle, male ejaculation is entangled with cultural beliefs about male sexual prowess and masculine authenticity. […] Due to the sexual, cultural, and personal significance of ejaculation, men and boys are vulnerable to prevalent messages about the timing, size, and frequency of their ejaculation. Ejaculation can be a visual representation of the measure of the man.

2014, Lisa Jean Moore, “Ejaculation (Male)”, in Michael Kimmel, Christine Milrod, Amanda Kennedy, editors, Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 55:

(specifically) A reflex in human beings and other mammals in response to sexual stimulation involving the forcible ejection from the urethra of, in males, semen; and, in females, vaginal fluid.


elimination

elimination (countable and uncountable, plural eliminations)

(biology) The act of discharging or excreting waste products or foreign substances through the various emunctories.


emendation

emendation (countable and uncountable, plural emendations)

/ˌɛmənˈdeɪʃən/

/ɪˌmɛnˈdeɪʃən/

From Middle English emendatioun, from Latin ēmendātiō; equivalent to emend + -ation.

The genus name Uramyia is an unjustified emendation of Uramya even though it uses a better transliteration of the Greek word μυῖα.

(zoology, taxonomy) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.


ethology

ethology (countable and uncountable, plural ethologies)

/ɪˈθɑl.ə.d͡ʒi/

From the Latin ēthologia (“the art of depicting or imitating character”), from the Ancient Greek ἠθολογία (ēthología, “painting of character, especially by mimic gestures”), from ἠθολόγος (ēthológos, “painting character by mimic gestures”), from ἦθος (êthos, “character, especially moral character”). Equivalent to etho- + -logy.

uder

Holonym: zoology

(zoology) The scientific study of animalian behavior, especially that of nonhuman animals.


eugenics

Coined by Francis Galton in 1883. From ἐΰς (eǘs, “good”) + γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “breeding”), “well-bred”, “good in stock”. Parallel to Eugene.

af

In keeping with the goals of the new eugenics movement, McCulloch was claiming to offer scientific evidence of the incorrigibility of poor rural whites.

2006, Matt Wray, Not Quite White, page 77:

(sociology, biology) A social philosophy or practice which advocates the improvement of human hereditary qualities through selective breeding, either by encouraging people with superior genetic qualities to reproduce (positive eugenics), or discouraging people with inferior genetic qualities from reproducing (negative eugenics), or by technological means.


feminization

feminizations (plural)
feminisation (alternative)

/ˌfɛmɪnɪˈzeɪʃən/

(biology) The development of female sex characteristics.


fermentation

en-noun

fermentation (countable and uncountable, plural fermentations)

From Middle English fermentacioun, from Latin fermentātiō, fermentātiōnem.

(biochemistry) Any of many anaerobic biochemical reactions in which an enzyme (or several enzymes produced by a microorganism) catalyses the conversion of one substance into another; especially the conversion (using yeast) of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide


fixation

fixation (countable and uncountable, plural fixations)

From Old French fixation. By surface analysis, fix + -ation.

fixació

a state of mind involving obsession with a particular person, idea or thing

(genetics) The change in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene (allele) to a situation where only one of the alleles remains.

(cytology, histology, pathology) preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction.


flagellation

From flagellum (“elongated filiform appendage”), itself a diminutive of Latin flagrum (“whip”), closely related to etymology 1.

/ˌflæd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

(botany) The formation by plants of flagella, or their arrangement


foliation

foliation (countable and uncountable, plural foliations)

/fəʊlɪˈeɪʃn/

From French foliation, from Latin folium (“leaf”).

(botany) The process of forming into a leaf or leaves.

(botany) The manner in which the young leaves are disposed within the bud.


footprint

My carbon footprint is very high.

(ecology) The ecological impact of a human activity, machine, etc.


fructification

fructification (countable and uncountable, plural fructifications)

In nature, the wild hop is usually shadowed during its growing period by bushes and trees, and it is only those aboveground parts which are intensively illuminated which pass into fructification period.

2012, V. Rybacek, Hop Production, page 104:

Lucuma salicifolia (canistal) and Micropholis mexicana (wild apricot) are the most infested fruit species. They have a very short fructification period.

2013, Martin Aluja, Fruit Flies: Biology and Management, page 384:

Studying the duration of the flowering-fructification period among interspecific first-generation back-cross progenies of African species showed that this trait is positively correlated (r=0.78) with 100-seed weight and caffeine content.

2014, Victor R. Preedy, Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention, page 43:

(botany) The act of forming or producing fruit; the act of fructifying, or rendering productive of fruit; fecundation.

The fructification is liable to become very convex in age.

1824, Robert Kaye Greville, Flora Edinensis: Or, A Description of Plants Growing Near Edinburgh, page 332:

The essence of the fructification consists in the flower and the fruit.

1836, William Paul Crillon Barton, Elements of Botany, page 89:

Postheterotopic transformations played a great role in the evolution of fructifications. The formation of specialized seed-like sporophylls in the Lepidocarpaceae, of strobilar fructifications in the Noeggerathiales, of various capsules and other seed-bearing organs of many gymnosperms belong here.

2012, Sergei Meyen, Fundamentals of Palaeobotany, page 380:

(botany) The collective organs by which a plant produces its fruit, or seeds, or reproductive spores.


gap

From Middle English gap, gappe, from Old Norse gap (“an empty space, gap, chasm”), from gapa (“to gape, scream”), from Proto-Germanic *gapōną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape”). Related to Danish gab (“an expanse, space, gap”), Old English ġeap (“open space, expanse”); compare English gape.

cog

(genetics) An unsequenced region in a sequence alignment.


core

en-noun

core (countable and uncountable, plural cores)

desc

Translingual: core eudicots, core Malvales

From Middle English core, kore, coor (“apple-core, pith”), of obscure and uncertain origin. Possibly of native English origin, from Old English *cor, related to Old English *coruc, *corc (diminutive) (> Middle English cork, crok (“core of an apple or other fruit, heart of an onion”)) and Old English corn (“seed", also "grain”); or alternatively perhaps from Old French cuer (“heart”), from Latin cor (“heart”); or from Old French cors (“body”), from Latin corpus (“body”). Compare also Middle English colk, coke, coll (“the heart or centre of an apple or onion, core”), Dutch kern (“core”), German Kern (“core”). See also heart, corpse.

unc

obscure and uncertain

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

сърцеви́на

something that produces a hollow space in a casting

The most important part of a thing or aggregate of things wherever located and whether of any determinate location at all; the essence.

A technical term for classification of things denoting those parts of a category that are most easily or most likely understood as within it.

(botany) Used to designate the main and most diverse monophyletic group within a clade or taxonomic group.

structural robustness
w:structural robustness

Hence particular parts of a subject studied or examined by technical operations, likened by position and practical or structural robustness to kernels, cores in the most vulgar sense above.

(biochemistry) The central part of a protein's structure, consisting mostly of hydrophobic amino acids.


gyration

en-noun

gyration (countable and uncountable, plural gyrations)

/ˌd͡ʒaɪˈɹeɪʃ(ə)n/

From gyre (“to spin around; to gyrate, to whirl; (rare) to make (something) spin or whirl around; to spin, to whirl”) + -ation (suffix indicating actions or processes). Gyre is from Late Middle English giren (“to turn (something) away; to cause (something) to revolve or rotate; to travel in a circle”), from Old French girer (“to turn”), and directly from its etymon Latin gȳrāre, the present active infinitive of gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle or revolve around”) (from gȳrus (“circle; circular motion; circuit, course”), from Ancient Greek γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; to curve”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

ĝirado

act of turning or whirling, especially around a fixed axis or centre — see also rotation

(conchology) One of the whorls of a spiral univalve shell.


hermaphroditic

(biology) Possessing the reproductive organs of both sexes.

hermafrodita

biology: possessing the reproductive organs of both sexes


hibernation

en-noun

hibernation (countable and uncountable, plural hibernations)

hibernations (plural)
hybernation (alternative)

From Latin hibernātus, from hibernō, from hībernus (“winter”).

إِسْبَات

(biology) state of minimum power consumption, inactivity and metabolic depression during winter

letargo

(biology, space) hypothetical state of minimum power consumption, inactivity and metabolic depression in humans

Coordinate term: aestivation (summer inactivity)

The bears are in hibernation.

The bears come out of hibernation in March.

(biology, sleep) A state of minimum power consumption, inactivity and metabolic depression in some animals during winter.

(biology, sleep, space science) A hypothetical state of minimum power consumption, inactivity and metabolic depression in humans during long space flights.


hive

en-verb

hive (third-person singular simple present hives, present participle hiving, simple past and past participle hived)

hives (present singular third-person)
hiving (participle present)
hived (participle past)
hived (past)

From Middle English hyve, from Old English hȳf, from Proto-West Germanic *hūfi, from Proto-Indo-European *kuHp- (“water vessel”), from *kew- (“to bend, curve”).
See also Dutch huif (“beehive”), Danish dialect huv (“ship’s hull”); also Latin cūpa (“tub, vat”), Ancient Greek κύπη (kúpē, “gap, hole”), κύπελλον (kúpellon, “beaker”), Sanskrit कूप (kū́pa, “cave”). Doublet of coupe, cup, and keeve. The computing term was chosen as an in-joke relating to bees; see https://web.archive.org/web/20150715222122/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2003/08/08/54618.aspx.

der

(entomology) Of insects: to enter or possess a hive.


hybridization

en-noun

hybridization (countable and uncountable, plural hybridizations)

hybridizations (plural)
hybridisation (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hybridization.wav

Hybridization, strictly speaking, is the art or act of obtaining an offspring or progeny between two different species of animals or plants; ...

1843, D. J. Browne, “Hybridization and Cross Fecundation of Plants”, in Agricultural Journal and Transactions of the Lower Canada Agricultural Society, section 135:

The act of hybridizing, or the state of being hybridized.

(biology, including botany) The process of breeding a mixed offspring from two different strains or species of animal or plant

(genetics) The formation of double-stranded nucleic acid by complementary base-pairing


hydration

hydration (usually uncountable, plural hydrations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hydration.wav

From hydrate + -ion. The programming terms come from the concept of data lake.

(biology) The process of providing an adequate amount of water to body tissues.


inbred

en-adj

inbred (comparative more inbred, superlative most inbred)

more inbred (comparative)
most inbred (superlative)

From the past participle of inbreed, equivalent to in- + bred.

(genetics) Describing a strain produced through successive generations of inbreeding resulting in a population of genetically identical individuals which are homozygous at all genetic loci.


incomplete

incomplete (comparative more incomplete, superlative most incomplete)

more incomplete (comparative)
most incomplete (superlative)

From Middle English incomplete, incompleet, from Late Latin incomplētus, from in- (“un-; not”) + complētus (“complete”), equivalent to in- (“not”) + complete.

(botany) Of a flower, wanting any of the usual floral organs.


innate

Borrowed from Latin innātus (“inborn”), perfect active participle of innāscor (“be born in, grow up in”), from in (“in, at on”) + nāscor (“be born”); see natal, native.

an innate anther

(botany) Joined by the base to the very tip of a filament.


innervation

en-noun

innervation (countable and uncountable, plural innervations)

/ɪˌnɝˈveɪ.ʃən/

(anatomy, zoology):
The act of innervating or stimulating.

Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, and the functions of the various organs.

The distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts.


inoculation

inoculation (countable and uncountable, plural inoculations)

/ɪˌnɒkjʊˈleɪʃən/

/ɪˌnɑkjəˈleɪʃən/

From Latin inoculātio. Equivalent to inoculate + -ion.

(microbiology) The introduction of a microorganism into a culture medium.

تَلْقِيح

introduction of microorganisms into culture medium


court

→ Bulgarian: корт (kort)

→ French: court

desctree

→ Russian: корт (kort)
→ Armenian: կորտ (kort)

caught (non-rhotic, horse–hoarse merger)

From Middle English court, from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrtem (accusative of cōrs), ultimately from cohors. Doublet of cohort.

مَلْعَب

place for playing the game of tennis and some other ball games

The male Wilson's bird of paradise clears an area of rainforest to create a court in which to perform an elaborate mating dance.

(ornithology) A space prepared and decorated by certain bird species in which to advertise themselves for a mate.


integration

en-noun

integration (countable and uncountable, plural integrations)

/ˌɪn.tɪˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɪn.təˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɪn.təˈɡɹæɪ.ʃən/

From French intégration, from Latin integratio.
Morphologically integrate + -ion

(biology) In evolution, the process by which the manifold is compacted into the relatively simple and permanent; supposed to alternate with differentiation as an agent in species' development.


lawn

lawn (countable and uncountable, plural lawns)

Early Modern English laune (“turf, grassy area”), alteration of laund (“glade”), from Middle English launde, from Old French lande (“heath, moor”), of Germanic or Gaulish origin, from Proto-Germanic *landą (“land”) or Proto-Celtic *landā, both from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”).
Akin to Breton lann (“heath”), Old Norse & Old English land. Doublet of land and lande.

der

(biology) An overgrown agar culture, such that no separation between single colonies exists.


lethal

Learned borrowing from Latin lētālis (“deadly, mortal, fatal”), improperly written lēthālis, from lētum (“death”), improperly written as lēthum, from a supposed connection with Ancient Greek λήθη (lḗthē, “oblivion, forgetfulness”).

ncog

(genetics) An allele that causes the death of the organism that carries it.


meiosis

en-noun

meiosis (countable and uncountable, plural meioses)

From Ancient Greek μείωσις (meíōsis, “a lessening”), from μειόω (meióō, “I lessen”), from μείων (meíōn, “less”). The biological sense was coined by British biologists John Bretland Farmer and John Edmund Sharrock Moore in 1905 as maiosis in a paper in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science, with the spelling corrected on etymological grounds later that year. Doublet of miosis.

coin

Meronyms: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, reduction division, equation division

Coordinate term: mitosis

(usually uncountable, cytology) Cell division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes.


node

→ Irish: nód

From Middle English node, borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knot, knout, and nodus.

(biology) A point in a cladogram from which two clades branch, representing the presumed ancestor.