hymenophore

From Ancient Greek ὑμήν (humḗn, “membrane”) + -o- + -phore.

af

The Agaricales have basidiocarps which are fleshy to subfleshy or rarely, almost leathery (but if the latter then the hymenophore is not poroid).

1965, C. G. Ainsworth, Frederick K[roeber] Sparrow, Alfred S. Sussman, editors, The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise, volume IVB (A Taxonomic Review with Keys: Basidomycetes and Lower Fungi), New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 422:

(mycology) The part of a fungus fruiting body which produces spore-bearing cells.


hymenophoral trama

en-noun

hymenophoral trama (usually uncountable, plural hymenophoral tramas)

(mycology) The inside flesh of the hymenophore.


inamyloid

en-adj

inamyloid (comparative more inamyloid, superlative most inamyloid)

more inamyloid (comparative)
most inamyloid (superlative)

(mycology) Not turning red or blue when stained with Melzer's reagent.


intervenose

intervenose (comparative more intervenose, superlative most intervenose)

more intervenose (comparative)
most intervenose (superlative)

(mycology) Used to describe a mushroom which has veins in the spaces between the gills.


cystidium

(mycology) A relatively large cell found on the hymenium of a basidiomycete


ixocutis

(mycology) The outer surface of a mushroom where the hyphae are a gelatinous horizontal layer and lying flat.


laccate

laccate (comparative more laccate, superlative most laccate)

more laccate (comparative)
most laccate (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Having a waxy covering that gives the appearance of lacquer


sterigmatum

(mycology) Alternative form of sterigma.


lamellar face

(mycology) The side of a mushroom gill; not the edge.


lamellar trama

(mycology) The tissue inside a mushroom gill.


lamellula

(mycology) A short mushroom gill which does not extend all the way from the edge of the cap to the stem.


lateral stratum

(mycology) The area of divergent hyphae which is on either side of the central zone (mediostratum).


lecythiform

lecythiform (comparative more lecythiform, superlative most lecythiform)

more lecythiform (comparative)
most lecythiform (superlative)

From Ancient Greek λήκυθος (lḗkuthos, “oil flask or bottle”) + -iform (“having the shape of”).

uder

(biology, mycology) shaped like a bowling pin, a flask, or a bottle.


lepiotoid

en-adj

lepiotoid (comparative more lepiotoid, superlative most lepiotoid)

more lepiotoid (comparative)
most lepiotoid (superlative)

(mycology) Describes any mushroom that has free gills and an annulus but lacks a volva.


leptocystidium

(mycology) A cystidia on the subhymenium which has smooth, thin walls and no visible contents.


lubricous

lubricous (comparative more lubricous, superlative most lubricous)

more lubricous (comparative)
most lubricous (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin lūbricus (“slippery”). Doublet of lubricious.

lbor

But my Leech—a leech
Fit to suck blood, with lubricous round rings,
Capaciously expatiative, which make
His little body like a red balloon,
As full of blood as that of hydrogene,
Sucked from men’s hearts

1820, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:


mediostratum

(mycology) The central strand of a divergent gill trama.


merulioid

en-adj

merulioid (comparative more merulioid, superlative most merulioid)

more merulioid (comparative)
most merulioid (superlative)

(mycology) wrinkled with low, uneven ridges.


metuloid

(mycology) A cystidium which is not pointed at the end and has thick walls.


basidiomycete

The result is that over all these initiatives in classification have hovered the spectres of basidiomycete, and especially ascomycete, taxonomy.

1996, Brian Sutton, A Century of Mycology, page 135:

The majority of macroscopic fleshy fungi are basidiomycetes. Basidiomycetes produce spores on a basidium, the basic feature that separates them from other groups of fungi. Some of the basidiomycetes forcibly discharge their spores from the basidia, which remain after spore discharge. Other basidiomycete groups release their spores by collapse of the basidia, which are not present in the mature fruiting body.

2008, Donald M. Huffman, Lois H. Tiffany, George Knaphaus, Rosanne A. Healy, Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States, page 9:

Among basidiomycetes there are classic examples of farming interactions in which Old World termites cultivate a monophyletic group of fungi and New World leaf-cutting ants cultivate two distinct cultivar groups (Currie et al. 2003; Munkacsi et al. 2004; Little and Currie 2008).

2010, Meredith Blackwell, “Fungal evolution and taxonomy”, in Helen E. Roy, Fernando E. Vega, Dave Chandler, editors, The Ecology of Fungal Entomopathogens, page 7:

(mycology) Any fungus of the phylum Basidiomycota, that produces sexual spores on a basidium.


monotypic

Much more diffuse affinities occur to the Australasian monotypic Goebeliellaceae.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(taxonomy) Relating to or exhibiting monotypy.


muricate

From Latin muricatus, from murex (“a pointed rock or stone”).

(biology) covered with short rough points or studs


muscicolous

(biology, mycology) Growing with mosses.


mycelioid

(biology, mycology) With a resemblance to mycelium.


mycenoid

(mycology) Describes any mushroom with attached gills and a cone shaped cap and without a volva or annulus.


naucorioid

(mycology) Describes any mushroom with a fleshy stem, attached gills, and not having an annulus or volva.


nodulose

nodulose (comparative more nodulose, superlative most nodulose)

more nodulose (comparative)
most nodulose (superlative)
nodulous (alternative)


obtusely umbonate

obtusely umbonate (comparative more obtusely umbonate, superlative most obtusely umbonate)

more obtusely umbonate (comparative)
most obtusely umbonate (superlative)

(mycology) Having a broad and non-pointy umbo.


ocular micrometer

en-noun

ocular micrometer (plural ocular micrometers)

(mycology, biology) A measuring instrument that is inserted into the eyepiece of a microscope, used to measure microscopic features.


oleocystidium

(mycology) A cystidium which is leaking an oily substance.


omphalinoid

(mycology) Describing any mushroom with decurrent gill attachment, a cartilaginous stem, a broad or depressed cap surface and lacking an annulus and volva.


palisadoderm

(mycology) A type of outer skin of a fungus where all the ends of the hyphae all reach the same height and form a palisade of long inflated cells.


parallel gill trama

parallel gill trama (plural parallel gill tramas)

(mycology) A gill trama that is not divided and whose cells are parallel in a cross section.


partial veil

(mycology) A veil which covers the mushroom gills from the edge of the cap to the stem.


pavement cell

(mycology) Brachycystidia in the gills of some species of Coprinus.


differentia

/dɪfəˈɹɛnʃɪə/

From Latin differentia. Doublet of difference.

That character, it seems to me, should be regarded as the practically important differentia of religion for our purpose; and just what it is can easily be brought out by comparing the mind of an abstractly conceived Christian with that of a moralist similarly conceived.

1902, William James, “Lecture II: Circumscription of the Topic”, in The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature […] , New York, N.Y.; London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 45:

If genera are different and co-ordinate, their differentiae are themselves different in kind. Take as an instance the genus ‘animal’ and the genus ‘knowledge’. ‘With feet’, ‘two-footed’, ‘winged’, ‘aquatic’, are differentiae of ‘animal’; the species of knowledge are not distinguished by the same differentiae.

1928, E. M. Edghill, Categories, translation of original by Aristotle:

In the case of a word like “surfboard,” the differentiae seem pretty clear. How is this board different from all other boards?

2017, Kory Stamper, Word By Word, Vintage, published 2018, page 116:

(logic, semantics, taxonomy) A distinguishing feature which marks a species off from other members of the same genus.


adenyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any transferase that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from or to adenyl groups in nucleic acids


adenyl

I was told that he was a great biochemist but he was lost in a futile search for an active acetyl compound when “everybody knew” it was an adenyl acetyl complex.

1988, Samuel P. Bessman, Chandra Mohan, “The Intracellular Mechanism of Insulin Action”, in Horst Kleinkauf, Hans von Döhren, Lothar Jaenicke, editors, The Roots of Modern Biochemistry: Fritz Lippmann's Squiggle and its Consequences, Walter de Gruyter, page 663:

It is activated by 2'-5' oligoadenylates with at least three adenyl residues and one 5' phosphoryl group.

2005, Peter Palese, editor, Modulation of Host Gene Expression and Innate Immunity by Viruses, Springer, page 45:

(biochemistry) The univalent radical derived from adenine.


apomorphic

en-adj

apomorphic (comparative more apomorphic, superlative most apomorphic)

more apomorphic (comparative)
most apomorphic (superlative)

The possession of cilia is an apomorphic trait of this family.

(taxonomy, of a characteristic) Distinguishing an organism or taxon from others that share the same ancestor

apomórfico

distinguishing an organism or taxon from others that share the same ancestor

The genus is highly apomorphic.

(taxonomy, of a taxon) Distinguished by such characteristics


gymnospermous

(botany) Having seeds that are not protected in a capsule

nagozalążkowy

having seeds that are not protected in a capsule

(botany) Of or pertaining to a gymnosperm


lactamase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the opening of a lactam ring, especially one that deactivates a lactam-containing antibiotic


nitrosylation

posttranslational modification
posttranslational modification

(biochemistry) The reaction of nitric oxide with a biological compound, especially with a sulfur containing part of a protein as a posttranslational modification.


posttranslational modification

en-noun

posttranslational modification (plural posttranslational modifications)

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several types of modification made to a protein subsequent to the translation phase of its biosynthesis


perisperm

From French périsperme. See peri- and sperm.

(biology) The layer of nutritive tissue, derived from the nucellus, that surrounds the embryo of a seed in some angiosperms.


totipotency

(biology) The ability of a cell to produce differentiated cells upon division

全能性

ability to produce differentiated cells on division


papillose

en-adj

papillose (comparative more papillose, superlative most papillose)

more papillose (comparative)
most papillose (superlative)

(botany) Bearing, covered with or resembling papillae.


pappus

Via Latin pappus from Ancient Greek πάππος (páppos), an affectionate term for elderly men (referencing beards).

(botany) The markedly reduced sepals of an Asteraceae floret that take the form of trichomes or scale attached to the ovary or seed.


perigone

From French périgone, doublet of perigonium.

(zoology) A sac surrounding the generative bodies in the gonophore of a hydroid.


volvate

From volva + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).


verruculose

verruculose (comparative more verruculose, superlative most verruculose)

more verruculose (comparative)
most verruculose (superlative)

(botany, mycology) Having moderate-sized growths.


universal veil

(mycology) A thin layer of tissue which completely surrounds a developing mushroom.


type species

The type species [of genus Esox] is E. lucius, the northern pike. The species of this genus are known as the pike. (Wikipedia article on Esox)

(taxonomy) A species which has been designated as typical of a genus, and is chosen as the species according to which the genus is named.


type collection

en-noun

type collection (plural type collections)

(taxonomy) A collection from which the original concept of a taxonomic group was described.


neuroglia

neuroglia (plural neuroglia or neuroglias)


serotinal

/sɪˈɹɒtɪnəl/

/ˌsɛɹəˈtaɪnəl/

/səˈɹɑtɪnəl/

/ˌsɛɹəˈtaɪnəl/

From serotine + -al (suffix forming adjectives).

affix

Soon, however, the allantois undergoes changes of development looking towards the formation of the placenta at the base of the ovum, where the chorionic villi becomes more and more developed, the serotinal tissue growing toward and around them and encapsulating them, while at the same time the vessels of the serotinal layer become dilated to form the material system of placental blood-supply.

1878 June 22, Dr. Ford, “Aborted Ovum, and Fœtal Monstrosity”, in Tho[ma]s F. Rumbold, Hiram Christopher, editors, The Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, volume XXXV, St. Louis, Mo.: Geo[rge] O. Rumbold & Co., […], published October 1878, →OCLC, page 116:

The inner (chorionic) surface [of the placenta] exhibits ramifications of the umbilical vessels, and is closely covered on its fœtal side by the amnion; from its placental (outer, serotinal) side multitudes of arborescent vasculi villi arise[…].

1883, Harrison Allen, “Embryology and the Study of Malformations”, in A System of Human Anatomy. […], section VI (Organs of Sense, of Digestion and Genito-urinary Organs), Philadelphia, Pa.: Henry C[harles] Lea’s Son & Co., →OCLC, page 763, column 2:

serotine

(biology) Synonym of serotine (“developing at a later time or later in a season, especially than is customary with allied species; specifically (botany), of a plant: flowering late in a season”)

The psoraleas, prairie clovers and blazing stars would probably occur to all us among the most the most abundant of the secondary species in the vernal, estival and serotinal aspects of the prairies respectively.

1898 June 15, Roscoe Pound, Frederic E[dward] Clements, “A Method of Determining the Abundance of Secondary Species”, in Conway MacMillan, editor, Minnesota Botanical Studies: Reports of the Survey and Bulletin of the Department (Botanical Series; IV), volume II, Minneapolis, Minn.: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, →OCLC, page 19:

Whenever societies are well developed, they regularly manifest a fairly definite seasonal sequence, producing what have long been known as aspects[…]. As phenomena of the growing season, these were first distinguished as early spring or prevernal, vernal proper, estival, and serotinal or autumnal, but there may also be a hiemal aspect, especially for animals, in correspondence with an actual and not merely a calendar winter as in California.

1936, Frederic E[dward] Clements, “Nature and Structure of the Climax”, in A[rthur] G[eorge] Tansley, editor, Journal of Ecology, volume XXIV, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press [for the British Ecological Society], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 276:

My knuckles and my bony wrists / show early signs of drying out; / […] / The night condenses into me, allays / the bonds of my serotinal blight. / Count Dracula and I share in this flight: / we seek moist shadows underneath the quays, / in marrow-darkness bid our bodies twist.

1983, Philip K. Jason, “Body Language”, in Near the Fire: Poems, Takoma Park, Md.: Dryad Press, →ISBN, stanza 2, page 67:

In these population dynamic trends obvious differences exist between the aestival and serotinal aspects.

1986, Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, volume 83, Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 114:

Botanists use the word serotinous to describe late-blossoming, and serotinal refers to the late-summer season of the year, especially used in descriptions of life-histories of freshwater organisms[…].

[1995, Robert J. Whelan, “Survival of Individual Organisms”, in The Ecology of Fire (Cambridge Studies in Ecology), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 96:

Cutting across the wide range of seasonal systems in different countries, ecologists have their own more-or-less universal system, at least in temperate regions, for describing animal behaviour. There are six of these ecological seasons, […] Late summer, serotinal, is from mid-February to mid-March, still in my summer but breaking into Vivaldi autumn. […] [I]t doesn't gel with me as a way of tracking the seasonal changes here in Australia.

2014, Timothy J. Entwisle, “Sprummer, the Cranky One”, in Sprinter and Sprummer: Australia’s Changing Seasons, Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, page 77:

can we let all of this short life's / vestigial metaphors fade away. Prepare ourselves / the taking for granted of most everything – start our disservice to memory / and bid adieu to the old melancholy of the serotinal dusk.

2014, Juan-Paolo Perre, “Águas de Março: Elis Regina & Tom Jobim”, in A Confederacy of Joy: Poems (The Legacy Poetry Prize Series), Los Angeles, Calif.; London: Siena Press, →ISBN, part V, page 97:

With the warm, serotinal weather continuing in September, the deserted beaches become a poignantly vacant stage for summer's last drama, its decline.

2019, Christopher Dewdney, “Apollo’s Chariot: The Seasons”, in 18 Miles: The Epic Drama of the Atmosphere and Its Weather, London: Bloomsbury Sigma, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 186:

(often ecology) Occurring in or pertaining to late summer.

myöhäiskesäinen

pertaining to or occurring in late summer


tricholomatoid

en-adj

tricholomatoid (comparative more tricholomatoid, superlative most tricholomatoid)

more tricholomatoid (comparative)
most tricholomatoid (superlative)

(mycology) Describes any mushroom with notched gill attachment, a thick fleshy stem and lacking an annulus or volva.


monstrose

monstrose (comparative more monstrose, superlative most monstrose)

more monstrose (comparative)
most monstrose (superlative)

(botany) Having an abnormal, distorted and disfigured growth of the body (especially of a cactus)


glutaryl

(biochemistry) Derived from glutaric acid


glyoxylate cycle

en-noun

glyoxylate cycle (plural glyoxylate cycles)

(biochemistry) A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organisms utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates


petaloid

en-adj

petaloid (comparative more petaloid, superlative most petaloid)

more petaloid (comparative)
most petaloid (superlative)

From whence he concludes, that no apetalous can be a perfect Flower, since the only Fence of a Flower consists in its being petaloid.

1720, Patrick Blair, Botanick essays, London:

A peach tree, flowering in July for the second time in Kew Gardens, had double flowers, all of which were proliferated, and many of the outermost carpels were petaloid in part.

1916, Wilson Crosfield Worsdell, The Principles of Plant-teratology, volume 2, Ray Society, page 204:

On a single bush of Warai-gishi one usually can find some few normal single flowers, flowers with flaglike appendages to the otherwise normal anthers, petaloid filaments with traces of anther left, and completely transformed stamens.

1954 January, FJ HERMANN, A Synopsis of the Genus Arachis (Agriculture Monograph; No. 19), United States Department of Agriculture, page 15:

(botany) Resembling the petal of a flower.


petaloid

Comparative transcriptomic studies among petal, stamen petaloid and stamen through RNA-seq were conducted, which identified several candidate genes involved in stamen petaloid, especially some MADS-box genes.

2020, Tingyun Kuang, Xuchu Wang, Xiaochun Qin, Shaojun Dai, Pingfang Yang, Ling Li, editors, Plant Protein and Proteome Altlas--Integrated Omics Analyses of Plants under Abiotic Stress, MDPI, page 355:

One or more rows of large outer petals lying flat or undulating, with a mass of intermingled petaloids and stamens in the center.

2024 September 30, Wikipedia contributors, “Camellia japonica”, in English Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation:

(botany) A petaloid structure in a flower.


prostriate

(entomology) Describing ticks (of the order Ixodida) in which the anal groove of the adult is in front of the anus


retuse

retuse (comparative more retuse, superlative most retuse)

more retuse (comparative)
most retuse (superlative)

(botany, of a leaf) Having a rounded apex with a small central notch.

retús

having a rounded apex with a small central notch


sarmentose

sarmentose (comparative more sarmentose, superlative most sarmentose)

more sarmentose (comparative)
most sarmentose (superlative)

From Latin sarmentōsus, from Latin sarmentum.

(botany) Having long, slender, prostrate stolons (runners)


sarmentose

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide, with the molecular formula C₇H₁₄O₄


pyin

(biochemistry, dated) An albuminoid constituent of pus, related to mucin, possibly a mixture of substances rather than a single body.


harpy eagle

Harpia harpyja
Harpia harpyja#Translingual

(ornithology) A neotropical eagle, Harpia harpyja.


Chinese mountain cat

en-noun

Chinese mountain cat (plural Chinese mountain cats)

(zoology) A small wild cat, Felis bieti, living in western China.


schizocarp

(botany) A dry fruit that develops from multiple carpels and splits into multiple, one-seeded mericarps at maturity


sympetalous

en-adj

sympetalous (comparative more sympetalous, superlative most sympetalous)

more sympetalous (comparative)
most sympetalous (superlative)


synsepalous

synsepalous (comparative more synsepalous, superlative most synsepalous)

more synsepalous (comparative)
most synsepalous (superlative)


synpetalous

synpetalous (comparative more synpetalous, superlative most synpetalous)

more synpetalous (comparative)
most synpetalous (superlative)


stameniferous

stameniferous (comparative more stameniferous, superlative most stameniferous)

more stameniferous (comparative)
most stameniferous (superlative)


strophiole

Diminutive of Ancient Greek στροφή (strophḗ, “a turn, bend, twist”).

der

(botany) An excrescence or tubercle around the hilum of certain seeds.


suffruticose

en-adj

suffruticose (comparative more suffruticose, superlative most suffruticose)

more suffruticose (comparative)
most suffruticose (superlative)

(botany) Having a woody base, but herbaceous higher up

suffruticoso

botany: having a woody base, but herbaceous higher up


tubulous

tubulous (comparative more tubulous, superlative most tubulous)

more tubulous (comparative)
most tubulous (superlative)
tubulose (alternative)

From tubule + -ous. Compare French tubuleux.

a tubulose flower

(botany) Having a hollow cylindrical corolla, often expanded or toothed at the border.

a tubulous compound flower

Constructed of, or containing tubular parts.

(botany) Composed wholly of tubular florets.


uniparous

(zoology) Producing a single egg or offspring at one time

(botany) Having a cluster of flowers that form a single axis at each branching


trigone

From French trigone, from Latin trigōnum, from Ancient Greek τρῐ́γωνον (trĭ́gōnon). Doublet of trigon and trigonon.

Leaf cells are about 25–30 μm, with thin walls and bulging trigones.

1992, Marie L. Hicks, Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina, page 66:

The epidermal cells of the capsule wall of Jubulopsis, with nodose "trigones" at the angles, are very reminiscent of what one finds in Frullania spp.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, pages 4-5:

(botany) One of the thickenings of the cell wall at the angles where several cells join.


divarication

en-noun

divarication (countable and uncountable, plural divarications)

Unattested Latin *dīvāricātiō, from the verb dīvāricō (“I spread out”), from di- + vāricō (“I spread apart”).

(botany) The growth habit of some low-growing shrubs; with wide angles where they diverge, the branches may interlace.


gis

From the military term GIS, "general impression and shape".

Applied to birding, the gis approach involves a deemphasis of separate field marks in favor of the gestalt, the essence that tells us a dog is a dog […]

1988 April 8, Jerry Sullivan, “Field & Street”, in Chicago Reader:

(ornithology, slang) Alternative spelling of jizz


argentate

en-adj

argentate (comparative more argentate, superlative most argentate)

more argentate (comparative)
most argentate (superlative)


mesomeric

(biology) Of or pertaining to a mesomere


methylate

en-verb

methylate (third-person singular simple present methylates, present participle methylating, simple past and past participle methylated)

methylates (present singular third-person)
methylating (participle present)
methylated (participle past)
methylated (past)

From methyl + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(biochemistry) To add a methyl group to a nucleic acid as part of the process of gene expression


virilescent

en-adj

virilescent (comparative more virilescent, superlative most virilescent)

more virilescent (comparative)
most virilescent (superlative)

(biology) Having masculine physical characteristics.


stylet

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-stylet.wav

From French stylet (“stiletto”), from Middle French stilet (“stiletto”), from Old Italian stiletto. Doublet of stiletto.

Even octopuses without stylets almost certainly retain the molecular machinery necessary to build them.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 120:

(zoology) A stiff, slender organ of an animal.


anhinga

From New Latin anhinga or Portuguese anhingá, from Old Tupi ajíŋa, áyinga, or ayingá.

(zoology) Synonym of darter: any bird of the genus Anhinga.

Anhinga anhinga
Anhinga anhinga#Translingual

(zoology) A fish-eating bird (Anhinga anhinga) of North America with a thin, pointed bill and a long, thin neck.


schistosome

From translingual Schistosoma, from Ancient Greek σχιστός (skhistós, “cleaved, divided”) + σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

af

(zoology) A parasitic flatworm which needs two hosts to complete its life cycle. The immature form infests freshwater snails and the adult lives in the blood vessels of birds and mammals, causing bilharzia in humans.


chemorepellent

(biochemistry) Any substance that produces negative chemotaxis


ephrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that are involved in cell signalling


histopathology

en-noun

histopathology (countable and uncountable, plural histopathologies)

Holonym: cytohistopathology

(biology) The microscopic study of tissue, especially of abnormal tissue as a result of disease.


vernation

vernation (countable and uncountable, plural vernations)

From New Latin vernātiō, from Latin vernāre (“to be verdant, to flourish”) + -tiō (“-tion”, suffix forming abstract nouns), from vernus (“springlike”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥. Equivalent to vernal + -tion.

der

(botany) The arrangement of multiple organs (such as leaves and flower parts) within a bud.

(botany) Arrangement of only leaves within the bud; prefoliation.


pyruvic

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to pyruvic acid or its derivatives.


euploidy

en-noun

euploidy (usually uncountable, plural euploidies)

(genetics) The condition of having a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of the haploid number for the species.


molimina

(biology) The premenstrual time frame, including any symptoms, other than bleeding, that precede menstruation.


abequose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar 3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose


aglyconic

(biochemistry) Describing part of a glycoside not related to the glycosidic link


aldofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of an aldose


ketofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a ketose


aldopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of an aldose


ketopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of a ketose


allopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of allose.


altrose

altr, from altruists + -ose
Chemist Emil Fischer is credited with the following mnemonic for the order of the configurations of the 8 aldohexoses (See Coordinate terms below.) about the chiral centers when ordered as 3-bit binary strings: All altruists gladly make gum in gallon tanks.

(biochemistry) An aldohexose epimeric with mannose


amylopectin

(biochemistry) A highly branched, insoluble form of starch (the soluble form being amylose)


anhydrosugar

(biochemistry) An intramolecular ether formed by the loss of the elements of water from neighbouring hydroxyl groups of a sugar


apiofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of apiose


apiose

(biochemistry) A branched-chain sugar, 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-D-glycerotetrose, that occurs in parsley and many other plants

apiose

a branched-chain sugar that occurs in parsley and other plants


arabinan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide that is mostly a polymer of arabinose

arabinana

a polysaccharide that is mostly a polymer of arabinose


arabinose

arabinose (countable and uncountable, plural arabinoses)

(biochemistry) An aldopentose that occurs most often in polysaccharides such as hemicellulose and pectin.


arabinofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of arabinose


altropyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of altrose


arabinopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of arabinose


ascarylose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar 3,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose


apoptotic

en-adj

apoptotic (comparative more apoptotic, superlative most apoptotic)

more apoptotic (comparative)
most apoptotic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to apoptosis.


bacillosamine

(biochemistry) The amino sugar 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose found in some bacilli


carbathymidine

(biochemistry) A thymine derivative of a deoxyribose


cellobiose

en-noun

cellobiose (countable and uncountable, plural cellobioses)

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, found mainly as a repeat unit in cellulose, in which two glucose units are joined with a 1, 4-β linkage

cel·lobiosa

disaccharide found as a repeat unit in cellulose


cellotriose

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide in which three glucose units are joined with 1, 4-β linkages


trisaccharide

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide consisting of three monosaccharide units joined together


cladinose

(biochemistry) A deoxy sugar, (4R,5S,6S)-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2,5-diol, that is a component of some antibiotics


colitose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar (2S,4S,5S)-2,4,5-trihydroxyhexanal, found in some bacteria


cyclodextrin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of glucopyranose residues linked as in amylose; cycloamylose.

ciclodextrina

any of a class of cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of glucopyranose residues


glucopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of glucose


cyclohexaamylose

(biochemistry) A cycloamylose having six glucose residues; α-cyclodextrin


cyclomaltohexaose

cyclomaltohexaose (countable and uncountable, plural cyclomaltohexaoses)

(biochemistry) Any cyclic maltohexaose, but especially α-cyclodextrin


cytidine

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleoside consisting of cytosine linked to ribose, occurring in human RNA


deoxycytidine

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleoside consisting of cytosine linked to deoxyribose


octose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing eight carbon atoms.


nonose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing nine carbon atoms.


decose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing ten carbon atoms.


deoxyglucose

(biochemistry) A deoxy sugar derived from glucose


thymidine

(biochemistry, genetics) The nucleoside consisting of a combination of deoxyribose and thymine


dialdose

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide containing two aldehyde groups.


diketose

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide containing to ketone groups


dianhydride

(biochemistry) Any cyclic product of the condensation of two monosaccharide molecules with the elimination of two molecules of water


dienitol

(biochemistry) Any unsaturated sugar alcohol containing two double bonds


erythraric acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) mesotartaric acid


erythrofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of erythrose


erythrose

From erythro- + -ose, as the compound turns red under basic conditions.

(biochemistry) the aldotetrose (2R,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanal


aldotetrose

(biochemistry) Any aldose having four carbon atoms


fructofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of fructose


galactofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of galactose


fructopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of fructose.


fucopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of fucose.


galactopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of galactose


erythrulose

(biochemistry) The ketotetrose (R)-1,3,4-trihydroxybutan-2-one used in some artificial tanning preparations

eritrulosa

the ketotetrose used in some artificial tanning preparations


ketotetrose

(biochemistry) Any ketose having four carbon atoms


evalose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar 6-deoxy-3-C-methyl-D-mannose, which is a constituent of the antibiotic evaminomycin.


parvin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins involved in actin binding.


evernitrose

(biochemistry) The nitro sugar 2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-4-O-methyl-3-nitro-L-arabino-hexose that occurs as a component of the oligosaccharide antibiotic everninomicin


fructofuranan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide consisting of many fructofuranose residues


galactan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide consisting of many galactose residues.


galacturonan

galacturonan (countable and uncountable, plural galacturonans)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide consisting of many galacturonic acid residues


glycosan

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide (consisting of many glycose residues)


glycuronan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide consisting of many glycuronic acid residues


fructofuranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of fructofuranose


fructopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of fructopyranose


galactofuranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of galactofuranose


galactopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of galactopyranose


glucofuranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glucofuranose


glucopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glucopyranose


glucoseptanoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glucoseptanose


glucuronoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glucuronic acid


glycosylglycoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of glycosylglycose


gulofuranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of gulofuranose


gulofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of gulose.


fucitol

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar alcohol (2R,3S,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentanol, derived from a seaweed.


deoxy sugar alcohol

deoxy sugar alcohol (plural deoxy sugar alcohols)

(biochemistry) A sugar alcohol in which one on more hydroxy groups have been replaced by hydrogen


fucosamine

(biochemistry) The amino sugar 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-galactose derived from fucose


fucose

(biochemistry) The aldohexose (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-methyloxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol present in several glycans and mucopolysaccharides


furanoside

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a glycoside


galactitol

(biochemistry) The sugar alcohol (2R,3S,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol


iditol

(biochemistry) The sugar alcohol (2R,3S,4S,5R)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol


gentiobiose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide consisting of two D-glucose units


glucal

(biochemistry) The glycal derived from glucose


glucan

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose


curdlan

(biochemistry) A glucan produced by non-pathogenic bacteria such as Agrobacterium biobar.


laminarin

(biochemistry) A glucan produced by some brown algae


lentinan

Lentinula edodes
Lentinula edodes#Translingual

(biochemistry) A glucan found in the fruiting body of shiitake (Lentinula edodes).


lichenin

lichenins (plural)
lichenine (alternative)

(biochemistry) A glucan found in some lichens


pullulan

(biochemistry) A glucan produced by some fungi and used in manufacturing edible films.


glucuronide

(biochemistry) Any of various derivatives of glucuronic acid formed during the metabolism of phenols etc that serve to remove them from the bloodstream.


glucuronoglycan

(biochemistry) Any glycan derived from glucuronic acid


glyceraldehyde

(biochemistry) The aldotriose 2,3-dihydroxypropanal formed by oxidation of glycerol

gliceraldehid

the aldotriose formed by oxidation of glycerol


aldotriose

(biochemistry) Any aldose having three carbon atoms; in reality, just glyceraldehyde


glycone

(biochemistry) The sugar residue of a glycoside.


gulose

(biochemistry) A sugar C₆H₁₂O₆ stereoisomeric with glucose and obtainable by synthesis from xylose.


hamamelose

(biochemistry) The monosaccharide 2-C-(hydroxymethyl)-D-ribose


heptitol

(biochemistry) Any alditol having seven carbon atoms


heptopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of a heptose


hexopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of a hexose


mannopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of mannose.


octopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of an octose


hexofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a hexose


idofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of idose


lyxofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of lyxose


pentofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of a pentose


quinovopyranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of quinovose


heptopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of a heptopyranose


hexopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of a hexopyranose


mannopyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of mannopyranose


pyranoside

(biochemistry) Any glycoside of a pyranose


hexodialdose

(biochemistry) Any dialdose having six carbon atoms


homomorphic

en-adj

homomorphic (comparative more homomorphic, superlative most homomorphic)

more homomorphic (comparative)
most homomorphic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homomorphic.wav

Coordinate term: homologous

If it is necessary or desirable to preserve input or output port structure in homomorphic images, one must insist on a special case of homomorphism.

1993, A. Wayne Wymore, Model-Based Systems Engineering, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 182:

In this chapter two types of signature schemes satisfying homomorphic properties are presented. In the first section a description of the homomorphic signature schemes suitable in the single-user scenario is provided.

2016, Giulia Traverso, Denise Demirel, Johannes Buchmann, Homomorphic Signature Schemes: A Survey, Springer, →ISBN, page 11:

(algebra, biology) Of or pertaining to homomorphism; having a homomorphism.


idose

From Latin īd(em) (“the same”) + (gul)ose.

(biochemistry) A sugar C₆H₁₂O₆ epimeric with gulose and obtainable along with gulose by synthesis from xylose.


isomaltose

en-noun

isomaltose (countable and uncountable, plural isomaltoses)

(biochemistry) An isomer of maltose (linked α1-6 rather than α1-4); brachyose


isopanose

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide that is an isomer of panose.


panose

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide consisting of three glucose residues


laevulose

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of levulose (fructose)


levulose

levuloses (plural)
lævulose (alternative)
laevulose (alternative)

Blend of laevus + l + -ose (Latin for "left" + connector "l" + sugar) (left sugar)

gloss

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(biochemistry) D-fructose, the left-rotating stereoisomer of fructose.


lyxitol

(biochemistry) A deoxy alditol derived from lyxose


lyxose

(biochemistry) An aldopentose found in some bacteria.


lyxopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of lyxose


rhamnopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of rhamnose


ribofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of ribose


ribopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of ribose


sorbopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of sorbose


ulopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of a ulose


xylopyranose

(biochemistry) The pyranose form of xylose.


ynofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of an ynose


threofuranose

(biochemistry) The furanose form of threose


threose

From thre- + -ose, formed by changing the letters from the much earlier discovered isomer erythrose.

(biochemistry) The aldotetrose (2S,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanal


maltotetraose

(biochemistry) A maltooligosaccharide consisting of four glucose units


maltotriose

(biochemistry) A maltooligosaccharide consisting of three glucose units


mangiferin

(biochemistry) The glycoside 2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthen-9-one that has some use as an antioxidant. It is a glucoside of norathyriol.


mannosamine

(biochemistry) An amino sugar derived from mannose


melibiose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose residues


mutarotation

en-noun

mutarotation (countable and uncountable, plural mutarotations)

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry) A dynamic change in the rotation of polarized light as it passes through a fresh solution of some sugars as an equilibrium mixture of anomers is formed

mutarotazione

a dynamic change in the rotation of polarized light


nystose

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide consisting of three fructose and one glucose residues


octanose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide having the configuration of an eight-membered ring.


octitol

(biochemistry) Any sugar alcohol having eight carbon atoms


oxetose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide having a configuration with a four-membered ring


oxirose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide having a configuration with a three-membered ring


paratose

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar 3,6-dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose


silique

From French silique, from Latin siliqua (“a pod or husk, a very small weight or measure”). Doublet of siliqua.

der

(botany) A long dry fruit (seed capsule), length more than twice the width, typical to cruciferous plants and consisting of two fused carpels that separate when ripe.


silicula

en-noun

silicula (plural siliculas or siliculae)

(botany) Alternative spelling of silicle


silicle

silicles (plural)
silicula (alternative)
silicule (alternative)

(botany) A short silique, such as the seed capsule (fruit) of shepherd's purse.


pentasaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide having five sugar residues


pentitol

(biochemistry) Any sugar alcohol having five carbon atoms


pentonic acid

(biochemistry) Any aldonic acid having five carbon atoms


primeverose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, consisting of xylose and glucose residues, that occurs as plant glycosides


pseudouridine

pseudouridine (countable and uncountable, plural pseudouridines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudouridine.wav

(biochemistry, genetics) An isomer of uridine, 5-ribosyluracil, associated with RNA


psicose

(biochemistry) The monosaccharide (3R,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-one that is an epimer of fructose


raffinose

raffinose (countable and uncountable, plural raffinoses)

(biochemistry) A trisaccharide, composed of galactose, glucose and fructose, that is widely distributed in many plants.


rhamnitol

(biochemistry) The deoxy sugar alcohol 1-deoxy-mannitol


ribitol

Reduction of neobiosamine C followed by hydrolysis gives ribitol.

1964, Hamao Umezawa, Recent Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Antibiotics, page 71:

(biochemistry) The sugar alcohol (2R,3s,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol formed by the reduction of ribose

リビトール

a sugar alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose


rutinose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, consisting of rhamnose and glucose, derived from rutin.

rutinozo

disaccharide consisting of rhamnose and glucose


rutin

(biochemistry) A flavonoid, found in many plants, that is a glycoside of quercetin and rutinose.


quercetin

quercetin (countable and uncountable, plural quercetins)

Quercetin has gained the attention of the supplement industry, and is now widely promoted as a natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant magic bullet.

2003, David Hoffmann, Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine, page 104:

The one daily supplement that often reduces allergic symptoms across the board is the phytonutrient quercetin, a chemical compound known as a bioflavonoid and found in plants.

2005, James Braly, Patrick Holford, Hidden Food Allergies, page 101:

In plasma, quercetin mostly exists as glucuronated, sulfated, and/or methylated quercetin conjugates.

2014, Masuko Kobori, “14: Dietary Quercetin and other Polyphenols: Attenuation of Obesity”, in Ronald Ross Watson, Victor R. Preedy, Sherma Zibadi, editors, Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease, volume 1, page 168:

One study, for example, found that eating a diet rich in quercetin, found in green tea, broccoli and red wine, might help protect against lung cancer, especially in heavy smokers.

2015 August 1, Marta Zaraska, “Bitter truth”, in New Scientist, number 3032, page 27:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A flavonol found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains.


saccharose

saccharose (countable and uncountable, plural saccharoses)

(biochemistry) sugar, especially sucrose


septanose

(biochemistry) Any monosaccharide having a configuration containing a seven-membered ring


sinigrin

From the species name Sinapis nigra + -in.

When these larvae are transferred to an artificial diet lacking sinigrin, they refuse to eat and, in fact prefer to die rather than accept food lacking what has become an essential attractant.

1993, J. B. Harborne, Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry, 4th edition, page 139:

He also found that pea leaf powder treated with sinigrin gave no significantly different feeding response when compared with the effect of introducing normal leaf powder into the diet.

2012, John Feltwell, Large White Butterfly: the biology, biochemistry and physiology of Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus), page 129:

In black mustard plants, individuals producing higher levels of the phytochemical sinigrin, a compound that reduces fungal densities in the soil, are good competitors against other species that rely on soil fungi for nutrient acquisition.

2013, “III.15: Adaptation to the Biotic Environment”, in David A. Baum, Douglas J. Futuyma, Hopi E. Hoekstra, Richard E. Lenski, Allen J. Moore, Cahterine L. Peichel, Dolph Schluter, Michael C. Whitlock, editors, The Princeton Guide to Evolution, page 302:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A glycosinolate glycoside found in many brassicas and related plants which is toxic in large quantities and responsible for the pungent bite of horseradish and hot mustard.


sorbose

(biochemistry) The ketohexose (3S,4R,5S)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-one used in the production of ascorbic acid

sorbosa

ketohexose used in the production of ascorbic acid


streptose

(biochemistry) The pentose 5-deoxy-3-C-formyl-l-lyxose that is a constituent of streptomycin


tagatose

tagatose (countable and uncountable, plural tagatoses)

(biochemistry) The ketohexose (3S,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-hexan-2-one; it is very sweet.


talose

(biochemistry) The aldohexose 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol that is the 2-epimer of galactose.


tetraric acid

(biochemistry) Any aldaric acid having four carbon atoms


tetrasaccharide

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide having four sugar residues


transglycosylation

(biochemistry) The transfer of a sugar residue from one glycoside to another


uronate

From uronic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of a uronic acid.


xanthan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide, consisting of galactose and mannose residues, produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris


xylan

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide, consisting of xylose residues, found in the cell walls of some algae and plants.

ksylaani

biochemistry: a polysaccharide consisting of xylose residues


xylaric acid

(biochemistry) The aldaric acid derived from xylose


xylobiose

xylobiose (countable and uncountable, plural xylobioses)

(biochemistry) A disaccharide consisting of two xylose residues.


xylulose

xylulose (countable and uncountable, plural xyluloses)

(biochemistry) The ketopentose (3R,4S)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentan-2-one.


patavine

(biochemistry) A lignan glycoside obtained from plants of the genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae)


acetylneuraminic acid

acetylneuraminic acid (plural acetylneuraminic acids)


biose

(biochemistry) Any carbohydrate having two carbon atoms; in reality - glycolaldehyde


cellotetraose

(biochemistry) An oligosaccharide, consisting of four glucose residues, formed by hydrolysis of cellulose


pleiotropy

pleiotropy (countable and uncountable, plural pleiotropies)

Coined by Ludwig Plate in 1910, from Ancient Greek πλείων (pleíōn) + -tropy; by surface analysis, pleio- + -tropy.

This experimental design is analogous to the experiment that we performed to test whether antagonistic pleiotropy operates as a genetic mechanism in the evolution of late-life mortality rate plateaus.

2011, Laurence D. Mueller, Casandra L. Rauser, Michael R. Rose, Does Aging Stop?, Oxford University Press, page 65:

George C. Williams (1957) first developed the idea that pleiotropy might be an important determinant of senescence. Pleiotropy simply means that single genes have multiple effects. With regard to aging, Williams proposed that the same genes could have beneficial effects early in life but detrimental effects late in life. Because the effects are counteracting, the theory has been called "antagonistic pleiotropy."

2015, Lynnette L. Sievert, “Chapter 22: Human Senescence”, in Michael P. Muehlenbein, editor, Basics in Human Evolution, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 315:

Much of the recent discussion of the extent of pleiotropy has been stimulated by the work of Gunter Wagner and colleagues (Wagner et al. 2008; Wagner & Zhang 2011), taking advantage of recent methodological advances to test a hypothesis of universal pleiotropy, whereby all traits are affected by each gene.

2016, Mark W. Blows, Katrina McGuigan, “11: The distribution of genetic variance across phenotypic space and the response to selection”, in Spencer C. H. Barrett, Robert I. Colautti, Katrina M. Dlugosch, Loren H. Rieseberg, editors, Invasion Genetics, Wiley, page 192:

(genetics) The influence of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits; pleiotropism.


pleiotropism

pleiotropism (countable and uncountable, plural pleiotropisms)


catenin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that have a role in cell adhesion


dihydroxyacetone

dihydroxyacetone (countable and uncountable, plural dihydroxyacetones)


ketotriose

(biochemistry) Any ketose having three carbon atoms; in reality, only dihydroxyacetone


galabiose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide based on two galactose residues


galatriaose

(biochemistry) A disaccharide based on three galactose residues


glucosylceramide

glucosylceramides (plural)
glucoceramide (alternative)

(biochemistry) Synonym of glucocerebroside


glucocerebroside

(biochemistry) Any cerebroside containing glucose as the monosaccharide


tetraose

(biochemistry) Any oligosaccharide containing four monosaccharide moieties


estriol

estriol (countable and uncountable, plural estriols)

estriols (plural)
oestriol (alternative)

/ˈɛˌstɹaɪˌɔl/

(American spelling, biochemistry, steroids, pharmacology) A relatively weak natural estrogenic hormone that is a glycol C₁₈H₂₄O₃ found in the body chiefly as a metabolite of estradiol, is the main estrogen secreted by the placenta during pregnancy, and is the estrogen typically found in the urine of pregnant women.


acyanophilous

en-adj

acyanophilous (comparative more acyanophilous, superlative most acyanophilous)

more acyanophilous (comparative)
most acyanophilous (superlative)

(mycology) Having cell walls that do not readily absorb cotton blue stain.


cyanophilous

cyanophilous (comparative more cyanophilous, superlative most cyanophilous)

more cyanophilous (comparative)
most cyanophilous (superlative)

(mycology) Having cell walls that readily absorb cotton blue stain.


aequihymeniiferous

aequihymeniiferous (comparative more aequihymeniiferous, superlative most aequihymeniiferous)

more aequihymeniiferous (comparative)
most aequihymeniiferous (superlative)

From aequi- + hymenium + -iferous. Coined by mycologist Arthur Henry Reginald Buller in 1909.

(mycology) Having basidia maturing all over the surface of each lamella at once, not leaving patches of less matured spores.


allantoid

allantoid (comparative more allantoid, superlative most allantoid)

more allantoid (comparative)
most allantoid (superlative)

From French allantoïde, and its source, Renaissance Latin allantoides, from Koine Greek ἀλλαντοειδής (allantoeidḗs, “sausage-shaped”), from Ancient Greek ἀλλᾶς (allâs, “sausage”). By surface analysis, allant- + -oid.

der

ἀλλαντοειδής

(now chiefly mycology) Sausage-shaped; especially with reference to fungal spores that are long with rounded ends.


amanitoid

en-adj

amanitoid (comparative more amanitoid, superlative most amanitoid)

more amanitoid (comparative)
most amanitoid (superlative)

(mycology) Describing a mushroom with free or finely adnexed gills, a volva, and an annulus.


amygdaliform

amygdaliform (comparative more amygdaliform, superlative most amygdaliform)

more amygdaliform (comparative)
most amygdaliform (superlative)


anastomose

anastomose (comparative more anastomose, superlative most anastomose)

more anastomose (comparative)
most anastomose (superlative)
anastamose (alternative)

(botany, mycology) Joined or run together; interconnected.


anastomosing

(mycology) Fused together in a vein-like network; used to describe mushroom gills that are interconnected with veins.


anellarioid

(mycology) Having a brittle stem, attached gills and an annulus, but no volva.


angular-nodulose

angular-nodulose (comparative more angular-nodulose, superlative most angular-nodulose)

more angular-nodulose (comparative)
most angular-nodulose (superlative)

(mycology) Used to describe spores which are angular and have prominent bumps or growths protruding at the angles.


angular-tubercate

angular-tubercate (comparative more angular-tubercate, superlative most angular-tubercate)

more angular-tubercate (comparative)
most angular-tubercate (superlative)

(mycology) Used to describe spores which are angular and have small bumps or growths protruding at the angles.


annular zone

(mycology) A ring of fibers on the stem of a mushroom that is not well enough defined to be called an annulus.


apical annulus

(mycology) An annulus near the top of a mushroom’s stem

ânulo apical

an annulus near the top of a mushroom’s stem


attached annulus

(mycology) An annulus which is fixed to the stem of a mushroom and is not movable.


double annulus

(mycology) An annulus with two layers of tissue.


single annulus

(mycology) An annulus with just one layer of tissue.


apical germ pore

en-noun

apical germ pore (plural apical germ pores)

(mycology) A small pore in the outer wall of a fungal spore which is located at the spore apex, opposite the hilar appendage and used for germination.


apiculus

(mycology) The part of a spore which attaches to the sterigmata at the end of a basidium.


appendiculate

en-adj

appendiculate (comparative more appendiculate, superlative most appendiculate)

more appendiculate (comparative)
most appendiculate (superlative)

(biology) Having the nature of an appendage, such as the leg or antenna of an insect.

(biology) Bearing appendages, such as one of the leg-bearing segments of an insect.

(mycology) Of a mushroom: having partial veil remnants hanging along the cap margin.


appressed

appressed (comparative more appressed, superlative most appressed)

more appressed (comparative)
most appressed (superlative)

During the night the upper or smoother surfaces of the leaves are appressed together, this would seem to shew that the office of this surface of the leaf was to expose the fluids of the plant to the light as well as to the air.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 25:

(biology, mycology) Closely flattened down.


appressed-fibrillose

appressed-fibrillose (comparative more appressed-fibrillose, superlative most appressed-fibrillose)

more appressed-fibrillose (comparative)
most appressed-fibrillose (superlative)

(biology, mycology) Having fibrils that lie flat.


appressed-fibrillose-striate

(mycology, rare) Having appressed fibrils in the form of radiating lines (used to describe the surface of the stem or cap of a mushroom).


appressed-silky

appressed-silky (comparative more appressed-silky, superlative most appressed-silky)

more appressed-silky (comparative)
most appressed-silky (superlative)

(biology, mycology) Describes appressed fibrils which are silky in texture.


appressed-squamulose

appressed-squamulose (comparative more appressed-squamulose, superlative most appressed-squamulose)

more appressed-squamulose (comparative)
most appressed-squamulose (superlative)

(mycology) Having squamules that lie flat.


areolate

areolate (comparative more areolate, superlative most areolate)

more areolate (comparative)
most areolate (superlative)

(biology, mycology) Having a pattern of block-like areas similar to cracked dried mud


armillarioid

armillarioid (comparative more armillarioid, superlative most armillarioid)

more armillarioid (comparative)
most armillarioid (superlative)

(mycology) Describes a mushroom with attached gills, a fleshy stem, and an annulus.


asexual spore

(mycology) A spore that is produced asexually.


asperulate

asperulate (comparative more asperulate, superlative most asperulate)

more asperulate (comparative)
most asperulate (superlative)

From Latin asperum (“harsh place”) + -ulus, diminutive + -ate.

(mycology) Having a surface which is roughened by many small points or warts.


asterostromelloid

asterostromelloid (comparative more asterostromelloid, superlative most asterostromelloid)

more asterostromelloid (comparative)
most asterostromelloid (superlative)

/ˌæstəɹəʊˈstɹəʊməlɔɪd/

(mycology) Describes tissue which is made of branched hyphae where many branches start at right angles along the main axis, giving the ends a star like appearance.


atomate

atomate (comparative more atomate, superlative most atomate)

more atomate (comparative)
most atomate (superlative)

(biology, mycology) Having a surface covered in tiny shiny particles; powdered.


basal tomentum

(mycology) The mycelium at the base of a mushroom's stem.


basal tubercle

(mycology) A fleshy mass of tissue located at the junction of the a mushroom and its substrate.


basidiocarp

For agariclike basidiocarps not discharging spores from the sterigmata, see the secotioid Gasteromycetes.

1965, C. G. Ainsworth, Frederick K[roeber] Sparrow, Alfred S. Sussman, editors, The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise, volume IVB (A Taxonomic Review with Keys: Basidomycetes and Lower Fungi), New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 422:

The sexual stage of the fungus, the basidiocarp, arises as a pseudorhiza from a fungus comb and continues as a stipe, terminating in a cap with a prominent umbo or perforatorium.

2012, Bozzano G Luisa, Insect-Fungus Interactions, page 74:

(mycology) A mushroom which has basidia.


basidiole

(mycology) An immature or aborted basidium; similar in shape but smaller in size.


bicolorous

bicolorous (comparative more bicolorous, superlative most bicolorous)

more bicolorous (comparative)
most bicolorous (superlative)
bicolourous (alternative)

(biology, mycology) Having two different colors.


bilateral gill trama

en-noun

bilateral gill trama (plural bilateral gill tramas)

(mycology) A type of gill trama that has a central strand of hyphae, from which other strands of hyphae diverge at slanted angles.


divergent gill trama

divergent gill trama (plural divergent gill tramas)


tomentum

(botany) A mass of filamentous hairs on the leaf of a plant.

tomento

matted woolly down on the surface of a plant

(zoology) A covering of fine, soft hairs; a pubescence.


haematodocha

The elastic haematodochae are then distended hydraulically, pushing out and rotating the sclerites of the palpal organs, some of which lock it in position.

1996, Michael J Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, published 1996, page 22:

(zoology) An elastic sac of tissue within the palp of male arachnids, which fills with blood during insemination.


trisoligonucleotide

(genetics) An assembly of three short strands of DNA (oligonucleotides) around a branching junction; they have been used to build nanoscale structures


panmixia

From New Latin panmixia, from Ancient Greek παν- (pan-, “every, all”) + μίξις (míxis, “mixing, mingling”) + Latin -ia.

(ecology) A situation in which an individual is just as likely to mate with a randomly chosen individual as any other in the population.

(biology) The cessation of natural selection, as on a useless organ.


uniaxial

(botany) Having a single stem, with no branches, that terminates in a flower


MTP

MTP (countable and uncountable, plural MTPs)

(cytology) Initialism of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein.


endothelin

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptides consisting of 21 amino acid residues that are produced in various cells and tissues, that play a role in regulating vasomotor activity, cell proliferation, and the production of hormones, and that have been implicated in the development of vascular disease.


photoresponse

(chemistry, physics, biology) Any measurable chemical or biological response to light


gentamicin

gentamicin (countable and uncountable, plural gentamicins)

gentamicins (plural)
gentamycin (alternative)

Alteration of gentamycin, as a blend of gentian violet + kanamycin, from the color of the actinomycete.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic mixture, derived from an actinomycete (Micromonospora echinospora), extensively used as the sulfate in treating severe systemic bacterial infections (as of the urinary tract); (3R,4R,5R)-2-{[(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-{[(2R,3R,6S)-3-amino-6-[(1R)-1-(methylamino)ethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)oxane-3,5-diol.


phytoaccumulation

(biology) The accumulation, by a plant, of substances from its environment


phytochelatin

(biochemistry) A metal-binding polypeptide that is formed in some plants exposed to high levels of heavy metals


phytodegradation

(biochemistry) The process by which substances taken by a plant from its environment are broken down


phytoecdysone

(biochemistry) Any ecdysone of plant origin


phytoferritin

(biochemistry) An iron-protein complex found in plant chloroplasts; it is the plant version of ferritin


phytogenesis

phytogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural phytogeneses)

(biology) The origin and evolutionary development of plants.

(biology) The development of a plant from the embryo.


phytogeny

phytogeny (usually uncountable, plural phytogenies)


heterofermentative

(biology, of a microorganism) That undergoes fermentation to produce more than one product, e.g. both alcohol and lactic acid.


allomone

(biology) Any substance emitted by a member of one species that affects the behaviour of another to the advantage of the emitter but not the receiver

alomona

substance emitted by one species that affects the behaviour of another species


amanitin

Amanita phalloides
Amanita phalloides#Translingual

Amanita virosa
Amanita virosa#Translingual

(biochemistry) A deadly amatoxin found in Amanita phalloides (the death cap), the four destroying angels (Amanita bisporigera, Amanita ocreata, Amanita verna, and Amanita virosa), and some other amanitas.


anaplasia

anaplasia (countable and uncountable, plural anaplasias)

(biology) A reversion of differentiation in cells that is characteristic of malignancy in tumours.


capitulum

capitulum (plural capitulums or capitula)

Borrowed from Latin capitulum. Doublet of chapiter and chapter.

(botany) A densely clustered inflorescence composed of a large number of individual florets arising from a platform-like base.

(arachnology) The head-like mouthpart apparatus of a tick, including the palpi, mandibles, and hypostome.

(entomology, obsolete) The enlarged end of a proboscis.


bioelectricity

(biology, physics) Any form of electricity generated within an organism, especially by a muscle or nerve.

bioelectricitat

Electricity generated within an organism


knotting

knotting (countable and uncountable, plural knottings)

(uncountable, zoology) The swelling of the bulbus glandis.


auxotrophy

auxotrophy (usually uncountable, plural auxotrophies)

There are reasons for believing that the mutation rates to auxotrophy are in general higher than the rates to prototrophy.

1951 March, K. C. Atwood, “Periodic Selection in Escherichia Coli”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 37, number 3, page 146:

(biology) The inability of a microorganism to synthesize an organic compound required for its growth, often as a result of mutation.


paucispiral

a paucispiral operculum or shell

(biology, malacology, conchology) Having few spirals or whorls.


phytomere

(botany) A segment of the shoot of a grass; it includes the internode and leaf together with parts of the upper and lower nodes.


phytoncide

(biochemistry) Any volatile antimicrobial compound given off by a plant, especially one that prevents it from being eaten.


phytoremediation

(biochemistry) bioremediation by the use of plants


phytosiderophore

(biochemistry) Any of a class of chelate compounds, common in grasses, that sequester iron.


phytosociology

(ecology) The study of the ecology, classification and distribution of plant communities

phytosociologie

the study of the ecology, classification and distribution of plant communities


phytostimulation

(biology) A form of phytoremediation in which microbial activity near the roots is increased


phytotelma

From Ancient Greek φυτόν (phutón, “plant”) + τέλμα (télma, “pond”).

(biology) A small, water-filled cavity in a tree or any similar environment such as the axil of a bromeliad


phytotoxic

en-adj

phytotoxic (comparative more phytotoxic, superlative most phytotoxic)

more phytotoxic (comparative)
most phytotoxic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Characteristic of a phytotoxin.


phytotoxin

(biochemistry) Any toxic substance produced by a plant.


phytotransformation

(biology) A form of phytoremediation in which plant's metabolism modifies its environment by inactivating, degrading or immobilizing substances


phytotron

(biology) A laboratory in the form of a greenhouse or similar building in which plants can be grown and studied under individually controlled conditions.


phytotropin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of substances that inhibits auxin transport and therefore of root growth, gravitropism and phototropism.


phytovolatilization

(biology) A form of phytoremediation in which substances from the soil are released into the air, sometimes after being broken down into volatile components


bioactivation

(biology) The metabolic activation of xenobiotic compounds into reactive, toxic compounds


bioconcentration

(biology) Any process that leads to a higher concentration of a substance in an organism than in its environment


bioconjugate

(biochemistry) Any substance formed by bioconjugation


bioconjugation

(biochemistry) Any reaction that forms a stable covalent link between two biomolecules


bioelimination

en-noun

bioelimination (countable and uncountable, plural bioeliminations)

(biochemistry) The removal of a substance, especially from aqueous solution, by biochemical activity.


bioinactivation

(biochemistry) The metabolic conversion of a xenobiotic substance to a less toxic derivative


biomagnification

(biology) The process, in an ecosystem, in which a higher concentration of a substance in an organism is obtained higher up the food chain.


sciophyte

sciophytes (plural)
skiophyte (alternative)

/ˈsʌɪə(ʊ)fʌɪt/

From scio- (“shade”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant that tolerates or thrives in a low light level (shade)

sciophyte

plant that tolerates or thrives in shade


xenophyte

From xeno- (“foreign”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant that was introduced from another geographic location.


xanthophyte

From xantho- (“golden”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any yellow-green alga (of the class Xanthophyceae).


tropophyte

From German Tropophyt. Surface reading of tropo- (“changeable”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(biology) Any plant that lives in an environment in which heavy rainfall alternates with periods of drought


therophyte

/ˈthɪəɹəʊfaɪt/

From Ancient Greek θέρος (théros, “summer”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant which survives unfavourable seasons in the form of seeds only


rhodophyte

/ˈɹəʊdə(ʊ)fʌɪt/

From rhodo- (“rose-colored”) + -phyte (“plant”), from translingual Rhodophyta.

(biology) Any red alga (of phylum Rhodophyta).


pterophyte

From ptero- (“wing, feather”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any fern (of division Pteridophyta).


psychrophyte

From psychro- (“cold”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant that tolerates, or thrives in a cold climate, especially in Arctic or alpine conditions


psilotophyte

(botany) Any of the whisk ferns, of order Psilotales.


pseudometallophyte

From pseudo- + metallophyte, from metallo- (“metal”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant that can tolerate a high metal content in its environment, but also thrives under normal conditions


metallophyte

From metallo- (“metal”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant that can tolerate a high metal content in its environment


protophyte

/ˈpɹəʊtəfʌɪt/

From proto- (“first”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any of various primitive organisms such as the slime molds

protophyte

(biology) any of various primitive organisms


pinophyte

(botany) Any gymnosperm (of the division Pinophyta)


phycophyte

From phyco- (“seaweed, algae”) + -phyte (“plant”).


phreatophyte

(biology) Any plant, typically living in deserts, that obtains its water from long taproots that reach the water table

freatofyt

plant that obtains water from water table


photophyte

From photo- (“light”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology, rare) Any epiphyte growing in a well-lit environment


skiophyte

skiophytes (plural)
sciophyte (alternative)

/ˈsʌɪə(ʊ)fʌɪt/

Ancient Greek σκῐά (skĭá, “shade”) + -phyte (“plant”)

(biology, rare) Alternative form of sciophyte


phorophyte

Ancient Greek φορέω (phoréō, “bear along”) + -phyte (“plant”)

uder

Samples were too small, however, to determine whether phorophyte frequency or biological compatibility was responsible for the observed plant combinations.

2008, David H. Benzing, Vascular Epiphytes: General Biology and Related Biota, page 211:

(biology) Any plant on which an epiphyte grows


phanerophyte

Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós, “visible”) + -phyte (“plant”)

(biology) Any woody plant that carries its dormant buds openly on branches above the ground.

faneròfit

any woody plant that carries its dormant buds openly on branches above the ground


phaeophyte

(biology) Any brown alga (of the class Phaeophyceae)


paleophyte

From paleo- (“old, ancient”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(biology) Any prehistoric plant, especially one known only from fossils


oxylophyte

(biology) Any plant that tolerates, or thrives in, an acidic soil.


orophyte

From oro- (“mountains”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant that grows in a subalpine habitat.


nitrophyte

From nitro- (“nitrogen”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant that tolerates or thrives in a nitrogen-rich soil.


nanophanerophyte

/ˌnænoʊˈfænəɹəˌfaɪt/

From nano- (“tiny”) + phanerophyte, from Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós, “visible”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any phanerophyte between about 10 and 80 inches in height

nanophanérophyte

any phanerophyte between about 10 and 80 inches in height


monophyte

en-adj

monophyte (comparative more monophyte, superlative most monophyte)

more monophyte (comparative)
most monophyte (superlative)

From mono- (“single”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Composed of, or derived from, a single species of plant


microphanerophyte

From micro- (“small”) + phanerophyte, from Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós, “visible”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any phanerophyte between 2 and 8 metres in height

microphanérophyte

any phanerophyte between about 2 and 8 metres in height


microphyte

/ˈmʌɪkɹə(ʊ)fʌɪt/

From micro- (“small”) + -phyte (“plant”).


microgametophyte

From micro- (“small”) + gametophyte, from gamete + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any gametophyte that develops from a microspore.


metaphyte

en-noun

metaphyte (plural metaphytes or metaphyta)


mesohydrophyte

From meso- (“middle”) + hydro- (“water”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(biology) Any plant whose tolerance to moisture is intermediate between that of a mesophyte and a hydrophyte


mesophanerophyte

From meso- (“middle, intermediate”) + phanerophyte, from Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós, “visible”) + -phyte (“plant”).

prefix

(biology) Any phanerophyte between 8 and 30 metres in height

mésophanérophyte

any phanerophyte between about 8 and 30 metres in height


megaphyte

From mega- (“large”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant having an unbranched stem or trunk and a crown of large leaves


megagametophyte

/ˌmɛɡəɡəˈmiːtə(ʊ)faɪt/

/ˌmɛɡəˈɡæmɪtəfaɪt/

/ˌmɛɡəɡəˈmitəˌfaɪt/

From mega- (“large”) + gametophyte, from gamete + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any gametophyte that develops from a megaspore.


macrophanerophyte

From macro- (“large”) + phanerophyte, from Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós, “visible”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any phanerophyte between 30 and 50 metres in height

macrophanérophyte

any phanerophyte between about 30 and 50 metres in height


webcap

(mycology) A mushroom of the agaric genus Cortinarius, many of which are highly poisonous.

goatcheese webcap (Cortinarius camphoratus


lycopodiophyte

(botany) Any plant (such as the club mosses) that is a member of the division Lycopodiophyta


lithophyte

From litho- (“stone, rock”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(biology) Any plant that lives grows on rocks, obtaining nourishment from rain and the atmosphere.

(zoology) Any organism, such as a coral, resembling a stony plant.


limnophyte

From limno- (“lake, pond”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant that grows in marshy conditions, or in shallow water


limnodophyte

Ancient Greek λιμνώδης (limnṓdēs, “marshy”) + -phyte (“plant”)


helophyte

Ancient Greek ἕλος (hélos, “marsh”) + -phyte (“plant”)

(botany) Any plant (typically found in marshy ground) whose buds overwinter under water; helophytes grow partially submerged, and regrow from beds below the water.


hygrophyte

/ˈhaɪɡɹəʊfaɪt/

From hygro- (“moist”) + -phyte (“plant”).

Between xerophytes and hygrophytes we find a great many intermediate forms (Mesophytes), comprising, in fact, the majority of British plants, which grow in meadows, pastures, cultivated fields, and in woods and plantations of deciduous trees (Beech, Oak, Birch, etc.).

1907, Francis Cavers, Plant Biology: A Text-book of Elementary Botany Arranged for Modern Methods of Teaching:

(biology) Any plant that thrives on very wet but not submerged ground.


hydrotherophyte

From hydro- (“water”) + therophyte, from Ancient Greek θέρος (théros, “summer”) + -phyte (“plant”).


hydrogeophyte

From hydro- (“water”) + geophyte, from geo- (“earth”) + -phyte (“plant”).


hydrohemicryptophyte

From hydro- (“water”) + hemicryptophyte, from hemi- (“half”) + cryptophyte, from crypto- (“hidden”) + -phyte (“plant”).


hemicryptophyte

From Danish hemikryptofyt, equivalent to hemi- (“half”) + cryptophyte, from crypto- (“hidden”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant whose buds rest on the surface, being protected in various ways.


heterophyte

From hetero- (“other, different”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(biology) Any plant that obtains its nourishment from other (living or dead) plants; includes parasites and saprophytes


heterokont

From hetero- (“different”) + -kont (“flagellate”) from Ancient Greek κοντός (kontós, “pole”).

(biology) Having flagella of unequal length.


heterokont

(biology) Any member of the superphylum Heterokonta, most of which are algae.


hemerophyte

Ancient Greek ἡμέρᾱ (hēmérā, “day”) + -phyte (“plant”)

(biology) Any cultivated plant, especially one introduced from elsewhere


haplophyte

From haplo- (“single; simple”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(genetics) Having the normal number of chromosomes characteristic of the organism's gametes


gypsophyte

(biology) Any plant that tolerates or thrives in soil rich in chalk or limestone


glycophyte

From glyco- (“sugar”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant that cannot tolerate relatively high concentrations of salt


genophyte

(biology) Any plant that loses all of its above-ground parts during winter.


eustigmatophyte

(biology) Any alga of the class Eustigmatophyceae


euglenophyte

Euglena + -phyte (“plant”), from Ancient Greek εὐ- (eu-, “good”) + γλήνη (glḗnē, “eye”).

prefix

(biology) Any aquatic flagellate alga of the phylum Euglenozoa.


ergasiophyte

Ancient Greek ἐργᾰσίᾱ (ergăsíā, “work, production”) + -phyte (“plant”)

uder

(ecology) Any plant deliberately introduced to a region for cultivation.


eophyte

From Ancient Greek ἠώς (ēṓs, “early in the day”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany, paleontology) A fossil plant from the Silurian age


entophyte

From ento- (“inside”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(ecology) Any plant or fungus growing as a parasite within another organism


entomophyte

From entomo- (“insect”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(ecology) Any plant growing as a parasite within an insect or its larva


emophyte

(ecology) Any plant that grows completely submerged.


embryophyte

From embryo- (“embryo”) + -phyte (“plant”), a calque of translingual Embryophyta.

(botany) Any member of the subkingdom Embryophyta, which includes most land plants


edaphophyte

From Ancient Greek ἔδαφος (édaphos, “ground”) + -phyte.

(botany) any plant that grows with its roots in the soil and shoots in the air


ectophyte

From ecto- (“outside”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant that lives as a parasite on the surface of another organism


dinophyte

From dino- (“whirling”) + -phyte (“plant”).


axodine

The chrysophytes, bacillariophytes, and dictyochophytes (axodines; a group of heterokonts) date from about 100 million years ago, and despite the mass extinctions 65.5 million years ago, many species still flourish.

2017, Louise Eaton, Examining Fungi and Protists:

(biology) Any unicellular heterokont alga of the class Actinochrysophyceae.


cycadophyte

(botany) Any plant of the division Cycadophyta; a cycad.


cyanophyte

From cyano- (“dark blue-green”) + -phyte (“plant”).


cyanobacterium

At some point in the first billion years of life, cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, learned to tap into a freely available resource – the hydrogen that exists in spectacular abundance in water.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 262:

Photosynthesis was established some billion years ago by ancient bacterial precursors of modern cyanobacteria.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 91:

(biology) Any of very many photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms, of phylum Cyanobacteria, once known as blue-green algae.

cianobacteri

prokaryotic microorganism of phylum Cyanobacteria


cuprophyte

From cupro- (“copper”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant that tolerates or thrives in soil with a high level of copper


cryptophyte

From crypto- (“hidden”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(biology) Any plant whose buds overwinter either below ground, or under water

cryptofyt

plant with buds overwintering below the surface


cryophyte

From cryo- (“cold, freezing”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any plant whose buds overwinter below ground

(botany) Any plant that grows on ice or snow


cormophyte

From Ancient Greek κορμός (kormós, “trunk stripped of its boughs”) -phyte (“plant”); see also corm (“swollen underground stem”), Latin cormus.

der

Very careful developmental or anatomical investigation may be required to show that the variously-constructed organs of many cormophytes are derived by the metamorphosis of the three primary organs, root, stem, and leaf, and to ascertain with which of these any particular structure is really homologous.

1940, Edgar Nelson Transeau, Homer Cleveland Sampson, Lewis Hanford Tiffany, Textbook of botany, Part 1, page 156:

Botany used to recognize, if vaguely, these two kinds of plant, namely the thallophyte which grew and absorbed superficially, and the cormophyte, which is the root-shoot system with internal accommodation.

2002, E. J. H. Corner, The Life of Plants, page 108:

The morphology of cormophytes exhibits considerable variations in size, appearance of the various parts, and duration of the life cycle.

2008, Giulia Caneva, Maria Pia Nugari, M. P. Nugari, O. Salvadori, editors, Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage: Biodeterioration and Conservation, page 91:

(now informal, botany) Any plant having a proper stem or axis of growth, which is distinct from its leaves, phyllophyte


coprophyte

From copro- (“dung”) + -phyte (“plant”).


chromophyte

(biology) Any alga of the taxon Chromista.


chomophyte

Ancient Greek χῶμα (khôma, “heaped earth”) + -phyte (“plant”)

uder

(botany) Any plant that grows in rock fissures or crevices.


chamerophyte

From Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “ground”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(botany) Any herbaceous or woody plant whose buds overwinter just above soil level


chamaephyte

From Danish kamæfyt, chamæfyt, equivalent to chamae- (“ground”) + -phyte (“plant”) (first element from Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “on the ground”)).

der

(botany) Any low perennial plant whose buds overwinter just above soil level


calciphyte

From calci- (“calcium”) + -phyte (“plant”).


benthophyte

From bentho- (“related to the benthos (flora and fauna of the deep)”) + -phyte (“plant”).

confix

(ecology) Any plant that grows on the bed of a river or other body of water


bacillariophyte

(biology) Any alga of the class Bacillariophyceae; a diatom


antophyte

From anto- (“flower”) + -phyte (“plant”).


anecophyte

From an- (“not”) + eco- (“environment”) + -phyte (“plant”).

(ecology) Any plant found only in human-created habitats


tumor necrosis factor

en-noun

tumor necrosis factor (plural tumor necrosis factors)

tumor necrosis factors (plural)
tumour necrosis factor (alternative)

(medicine, biochemistry) Any of several polypeptide hormones, produced by macrophages, that can destroy some cancer cells.


carboxyhemoglobin

carboxyhemoglobin (usually uncountable, plural carboxyhemoglobins)

carboxyhemoglobins (plural)
carboxyhaemoglobin (alternative)

(biochemistry) The stable complex of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin; it prevents the normal complexing with oxygen and thus leads to anoxia


hemeprotein

hemeproteins (plural)
haemoprotein (alternative)
hemoprotein (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any conjugated protein containing heme as the prosthetic group.


metalloporphyrin

(biochemistry) Any compound, such as heme, formed by a combination of a porphyrin and a metal, often iron, copper, silver, zinc, or magnesium


multipotent

en-adj

multipotent (comparative more multipotent, superlative most multipotent)

more multipotent (comparative)
most multipotent (superlative)

(biology) Describing a cell that can give rise to a limited number of several different types of cell.


pericyte

Since 1873, when Rouget regarded pericytes as contractile elements (Rouget 1874), the discussion concerning this ability has never ceased. Pericytes are likely to respond to vasoactive molecules such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, angiotensin II, and endothelin-1, because they express respective receptors (Dehouck et al., 1997, Chakravarthy and Gardiner, 1999, Healy and Wilk, 1993).

2007, Martin Krũger, Ingo Bechmann, “Pericytes”, in Thomas E. Lane, Monica Carson, Conni Bergmann, Tony Wyss-Coray, editors, Central Nervous System Diseases and Inflammation, page 39:

2008, Frederick Pfister, Yuxi Feng, Hans-Peter Hammes, Pericyte Loss in the Diabetic Retina, Elia Duh, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humana Press, page 249,
However, due to the morphological similarities of rodent retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes, markers allowing for the distinction of retinal capillary cells were crucial for quantitative analysis.

This vessel is assembled by mesonephros-derived endothelial stem cells and subsequently becomes stabilized by pericytes. The pericytes are either produced by the endothelial stem cells or acquired from pericyte progenitors located close by, presumably representing reticular stroma components of the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region known to contain a large number of different stem cell types.

2009, Michail S. Davidoff, Ralf Middendorff, Dieter Müller, Adolf F. Holstein, The Neuroendocrine Leydig Cells and their Stem Cell Progenitors, the Pericytes, Springer, page 106:

(biology, physiology) A type of mesenchymal cell which in aggregation forms a contractile wrapping around a capillary.


clastogen

From Ancient Greek κλαστός (klastós) + -gen.

Chromosomal mutations are recognised as morphological alterations in the gross structure of chromosomes (i.e. they are structural aberrations which can be detected microscopically). Compounds that cause chromosome damage are called clastogens.

2009, Lutz Müller, Anke Lühe, “Preclinical safety testing”, in John P. Griffin, editor, The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 6th edition, Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 120:

(genetics) Any agent that causes breaks in chromosomes.


coagonist

(biochemistry) Any of a number of agents that work together as an agonist.


cometabolism

en-noun

cometabolism (countable and uncountable, plural cometabolisms)

(biochemistry) A process in which a substance may be biodegraded only in the presence of a secondary source of carbon


evolvability

evolvability (countable and uncountable, plural evolvabilities)

Systems must be constantly poised for change: a potential for evolvability is essential if they are to respond to the vagaries of an uncertain future.

2003, Adrian Woolfson, ‘Genetic Mountaineering’, London Review of Books, volume 25, number 3:

(chiefly biology) The ability to evolve.


cytogenetics

(biology, genetics) The branch of genetics that studies the relationships between the structure and number of chromosomes as seen in isolated cells and variation in genotype and phenotype.

cytogénétique

the branch of genetics that studies the relationships between the structure and number of chromosomes


detoxication

(biochemistry) Any metabolic process by which the toxicity of a material is reduced


dizygotic

I was not alone, moreover. I had a dizygotic twin, a female.

1976, Kurt Vonnegut, chapter 2, in Slapstick, Delacorte Press, page 27:

(biology) Derived from two eggs that have been separately fertilized; dizygous.

異卵 /异卵

derived from two eggs that have been separately fertilized


ecogenetics

(genetics) The branch of genetics that studies the influence of hereditary factors on the response of organisms to their environment


ectohormone

(biology) Any hormone that is secreted into an individual's environment and affects the behaviour or activity of another individual (of the same or different species) in the manner of a pheromone.


endocon

(biochemistry) The part of a conjugated metabolite which is derived from a natural product of the metabolizing organism.


exocon

(biochemistry) The part of a conjugated metabolite which is derived from the parent compound.


columellar

(biology, anatomy) Of or pertaining to a columella.


olearia

(botany) Any of the genus Olearia of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.


glucuronic

From glucose and Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”), because it is similar to glucose and was first found in urine.

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to glucuronic acid or its derivatives.


glucuronidation

(biochemistry) The reaction of a biological substance with glucuronic acid


gnotobiont

From Ancient Greek γνωτός (gnōtós, “known”) + -biont.

af

(biology) Any laboratory animal having a specified and completely known microflora and microfauna.


gnotobiota

/ˌnəʊtəbaɪˈoʊtə/

From Ancient Greek γνωτός (gnōtós, “known”) + biota.

(biology) The specified and completely known microfauna and microflora of a gnotobiont.


Red Baron

From Red Baron, nickname of Baron Manfred von Richthofen, who flew a red fighter.

(entomology) A red-coloured dragonfly, Urothemis aliena, family Libellulidae, of New Guinea and north and eastern Australia.


hemotoxin

hemotoxins (plural)
haemotoxin (alternative)

(chiefly cytology) Any toxin that destroys red blood cells


hemosiderin

en-noun

hemosiderin (countable and uncountable, plural hemosiderins)

hemosiderins (plural)
haemosiderin (alternative)

(biochemistry) An abnormal microscopic pigment, formed of granules of a complex of iron hydroxides, protein and polysaccharides, that forms in tissues of patients having an excess of iron


histochemistry

(biology, chemistry) The branch of histology dealing with the chemistry of cells and tissues.

histokemia

the branch of histology dealing with the chemistry of cells and tissues


bile pigment

(biochemistry) Any of several bilins derived from porphyrin that are found in bile; principally bilirubin and biliverdin.


kairomone

Blend of Ancient Greek καιρός (kairós, “advantage; profit”, noun) + English pheromone, coined in the 1970 article “Allomones and Kairomones: Transspecific Chemical Messengers” by the American geneticist William Lacy Brown, Jr. (1913–1991), the German-American ecologist and entomologist Thomas Eisner (1929–2011), and the American ecologist Robert Harding Whittaker (1920–1980) which was published in BioScience: see the quotation.

lbor

Among these substances, we propose to designate two major functional groupings by the terms allomone and kairomone, chosen as intentional parallels to the term pheromone.

[1970 January, William L[acy] Brown, Jr., Thomas Eisner, Robert H[arding] Whittaker, “Allomones and Kairomones: Transspecific Chemical Messengers”, in BioScience, volume 20, number 1, Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, →DOI, →ISSN, page 21:

Host‐finding by the parasitic wasp Orgilus lepidus, a braconid parasite, is mediated by two kairomones present in the frass of the host insect, the potato tuberworm.

1973 December, L. B. Hendry, P. D. Greany, R. J. Gill, “Kairomone Mediated Host‐finding Behavior in the Parasitic Wasp Orgilus lepidus”, in Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, volume 16, number 4, Amsterdam: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging [Netherlands Entomological Society], →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, abstract, page 471:

Mutillids apparently use odour signals (kairomones) while actively running in suitable locations for finding such hosts, and must spend much time searching, with little prospect of finding numerous hosts.

2000 August, D. J. Brothers, G[unther] Tschuch, F. Burger, “Associations of Mutillid Wasps (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) with Eusocial Insects”, in Insectes Sociaux, volume 47, Heidelberg: Birkhäuser Verlag for the International Union for the Study of Social Insects, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 201–211:

(biochemistry, ecology) Any substance produced by an individual of one species (often an insect) that benefits the recipient which is of a different species but is harmful to the producer.

kairomona

any substance produced by an individual of one species that benefits the recipient which is of a different species but is harmful to the producer


laminin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of glycoproteins found in the basement membranes of most animal tissue


mesothelium

(biology) A membrane of flat epithelial cells that lines the body cavity of embryos and forms the squamous cells of the peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura


metabolizable

en-adj

metabolizable (comparative more metabolizable, superlative most metabolizable)

more metabolizable (comparative)
most metabolizable (superlative)


methemoglobin

en-noun

methemoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural methemoglobins)

methemoglobins (plural)
methæmoglobin (alternative)
methaemoglobin (alternative)

(biochemistry) An oxidized form of hemoglobin, containing ferric rather than ferrous iron, that cannot transport oxygen.


microcystin

microcystin (countable and uncountable, plural microcystins)

From Microcystis, from which the toxin was first isolated, + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of cyclic oligopeptide hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria


micronucleated

(genetics, medicine) Describing a cell that has been damaged by a genotoxin, in which a micronucleus forms during mitosis.


micronucleus

These binucleated forms have one macronucleus functional and another sexual micronucleus which is not functional in the ordinary life processes of the species.

1890, American Philosophical Society, Proceedings:

(biology) The smaller of the nuclei of a ciliate protozoan (that contains genetic material).


monooxygenase

(biochemistry) Any oxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of a single atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate, the other atom being reduced to water; active in the metabolism of many foreign compounds


monooxygenation

(biochemistry) The incorporation of a single atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate, the other atom being reduced to water


multifactorial

(genetics, of a trait) Involving multiple genetic or environmental factors.


mycobacterium

(bacteriology) Any of many rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria, of the genus Mycobacterium, that cause diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy.


myoglobin

myoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural myoglobins)

(biochemistry) A small globular protein, containing a heme group, that carries oxygen to muscles.


noncoding

We have identified an miR-1246 target site in the noncoding region of F8 mRNA and were able to confirm the suppressory role of hsa-miR-1246 on F8 expression in a stable lymphoblastoid cell line expressing FVIII. These findings suggest several testable hypotheses vis-à-vis the role of nc-RNAs in the regulation of F8 expression.

2015 July 16, “Small ncRNA Expression-Profiling of Blood from Hemophilia A Patients Identifies miR-1246 as a Potential Regulator of Factor 8 Gene”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics, of a portion of DNA) That does not code for protein.


pinocytosis

From New Latin pīnocytōsis, from Ancient Greek πῑ́νω (pī́nō, “to drink”) + cyt- + -osis.

(biology) A form of endocytosis in which material enters a cell through its membrane and is incorporated in vesicles for digestion.


prophage

(biology) The latent form of a bacteriophage in which the viral genome is inserted into the host chromosome.


pseudoadaptation

pseudoadaptation (countable and uncountable, plural pseudoadaptations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudoadaptation.wav

(biology) The apparent adaptation of an organism to a changed environment that is however accompanied by excessive stress that causes later pathological change.


respirable

en-adj

respirable (comparative more respirable, superlative most respirable)

more respirable (comparative)
most respirable (superlative)

(biology) Of an organism: capable of respiration.


callose

en-noun

callose (countable and uncountable, plural calloses)

(biochemistry) A plant polysaccharide comprising glucose residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, produced chiefly in response to wounding and infection.


semiochemical

(biochemistry) Any substance, produced by an organism, that provokes a response in individuals of the same or different species


subacute

en-adj

subacute (comparative more subacute, superlative most subacute)

more subacute (comparative)
most subacute (superlative)

(biology) Having a pointed tip, but with a broad (obtuse) or slightly rounded angle


synomone

(biology) Any substance produced by an individual of one species that benefits both the producer and the recipient which is of a different species.


transcriptomics

(genetics) The study of the transcriptome of a species or individual


adenosyl

(biochemistry, especially in combination) The univalent radical derived from adenosine


coproporphyrin

(biochemistry) Any of several related porphyrin compounds found normally in feces as an oxidation product of coproporphyrinogens


creatinine

en-noun

creatinine (countable and uncountable, plural creatinines)

(biochemistry) A heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-one, formed by the metabolism of creatine.


creatine

creatine (countable and uncountable, plural creatines)

From Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas, “meat”) (genitive κρέατος (kréatos)) + -ine. Not related to create.

(biochemistry) An amino acid, 2-(carbamimidoyl-methyl- amino)acetic acid, which naturally occurs in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to muscle and nerve cells.


dedifferentiation

/diːˌdɪfəɹɛnʃɪˈeɪʃən/

(biology) The biological process whereby cells revert from a specialized function to a simpler or less specialized form.


dehydratase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the removal of the elements of water from a compound, often leaving a double bond.


dephosphorylation

dephosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural dephosphorylations)

(biochemistry) The removal of phosphate groups from a compound, especially from a biological compound


electrogenesis

electrogenesis (usually uncountable, plural electrogeneses)

(biochemistry, physics) The production of electricity (or the transfer of electrons) (typically in the tissues of a living organism)


esterase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ester


hydratase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the addition or removal of the elements of water; a hydrase


peptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptides into amino acids; a protease.


protoporphyrin

(biochemistry) Any porphyrin that lacks a central metal ion


transpeptidase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino or peptide group from one molecule to another


fossorial

en-adj

fossorial (comparative more fossorial, superlative most fossorial)

more fossorial (comparative)
most fossorial (superlative)

From Latin fossōrius (“adapted for digging or delving”), from fodiō (“dig”).

uder

The most specialized fossorial mammals (moles, marsupial mole) are subterranean, seeking food and shelter underground and rarely coming to the surface.

2006, Kenneth D. Rose, The Beginning of the Age of Mammals, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN:

(zoology) Of, pertaining to, or adapted for digging or burrowing.

риещ

of, pertaining to, or adapted for digging or burrowing


fossorial

(zoology) Any digging animal (such as a mole)


fasciate

From Latin fasciātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

The stems of the garden cockscomb are often fasciate.

(botany) Flattened and laterally widened.