pharmacovigilance

/ˌfɑːməkəʊˈvɪd͡ʒɪl(ə)ns/

In our experience, a request concerning suspected drug toxicity (or an adverse effect) needs to be dealt with in greater detail than other chemical agents, to obtain information on the animals affected (species, breed, age, physiological and pathological status) and on the suspect product (conformity, dose administered, storage conditions, etc.). These led us to introduce a specific request form for drugs, called a ‘pharmacovigilance form’, used since October 1988.

1987, Veterinary Drug Registration Newsletter, Paris: Office International des Epizooties, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 23:

But it appears repurposing is possible in another crucial phase of drug development—post-marketing surveillance or pharmacovigilance, which essentially identifies adverse side effects of drugs. Experts say “repurposed” pharmacovigilance would look for and understand beneficial side effects of drugs that may surface during their development or use.

2009 August 19, Seema Singh, “NovaLead shows drug repositioning works”, in LiveMint, archived from the original on 2016-02-06:

Since it [the European Medicines Agency] began operating in 1995, the agency has become a central actor regarding various aspects of pharmaceuticals regulation and has a crucial role in providing the infrastructure for EU [European Union] pharmacovigilance.

2017, Michael Kaeding, Julia Schmälter, Christoph Klika, “The EU Pharmacovigilance System”, in Pharmacovigilance in the European Union: Practical Implementation across Member States, Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, page 22:

(medicine, pharmacology) The detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects of medicines.


dermatological

[ˌdɜːmətəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəɫ]

(medicine) Of or pertaining to dermatology


hepatoprotective

(medicine) Preventing damage to the liver.


hepatoprotective

(medicine) Any drug that prevents damage to the liver.


otolaryngologist

/ˌɑ.toʊ.lɛɚ.ɪŋˈɡɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/

(medicine) Synonym of otorhinolaryngologist.


otolaryngology

/ˌəʊtə(ʊ)ˌlæɹɪŋˈɡɒləd͡ʒi/

/ˌoʊtoʊˌlɛɹɪŋˈɡɑləd͡ʒi/

From oto- (“ear”) + laryngo- (“throat”) + -logy.

af

(medicine) The study of diseases of the ear, nose and throat.

otolaringologie

medical study of the ear, nose and throat

öron-, näs- och halssjukdomar (often shortened to "öron, näsa, hals")

ÖNH (professional lingo, acronyme of "öron, näsa, hals")


SV

en-noun

SV (countable and uncountable, plural SVs)

(physiology) Initialism of stroke volume.

Previous studies have identified tens of megabases of sequence contained within structural variants (SVs) that are polymorphic within the population⁵.

2023 May 11, Wen-Wei LiaoMobin AsriJana Ebleret al., “A draft human pangenome reference”, in Nature, volume 617, →DOI, page 313:

(genetics) Initialism of structural variant.


sildenafil citrate

erectile dysfunction
erectile dysfunction

(pharmacology) The citrate salt of sildenafil, marketed as Viagra, a treatment for erectile dysfunction


rosiglitazone

From [Term?] + -glitazone (“thiazolidinedione derivative”).

af

(pharmacology) A thiazolidinedione derivative (trademark Avandia) taken orally in the form of its maleate C₁₈H₁₉N₃O₃S·C₄H₄O₄ to treat type 2 diabetes by decreasing insulin resistance.


microRNA

(genetics) A single-stranded, non-coding form of RNA, having only about 20-30 nucleotides, that has a number of functions including the regulation of gene expression


nephelometry

From Ancient Greek νεφέλη (nephélē, “cloud”) + -metry.

(immunology) A technique used to determine the levels of antibodies or antigens in a suspension, based on its light-scattering properties.


serrefine

From French serre fine (“small clamp”), from serre (“clamp”) and fine, feminine form of fin (“thin, fine”).

(surgery) Small forceps used for clamping an artery.


incoherence

en-noun

incoherence (countable and uncountable, plural incoherences)

/ˌɪnkəʊˈhɪəɹəns/

From in- + coherence, formed on model of Italian incoerenza.

(psychiatry) Thinking or speech that is so disorganized that it is essentially inapprehensible to others.


dorsum

Borrowing from Latin dorsum (“the back”).

(anatomy) The back or dorsal region on the surface of an animal.

The back of the tongue, used for articulating dorsal consonants.

The top of the foot or the back of the hand.


flexus

A flexid or flexus is said to abut when the enamel of the flexid or flexus touches the enamel of the opposite side of the tooth. The distal end or termination of the flexid or flexus is described as flattened, rounded or narrowed.

1955, Joseph Augustine Cushman, Raymond Cecil Moore, John Bernard Reeside, Journal of Paleontology, volume 29, page 130:

(dentistry) In infolding of enamel that separates lophs on an upper tooth.


macula

From Middle English macula (“spot on the skin or in the eye”), borrowed from Latin macula (“spot, stain”). Doublet of macchia and macule.

inh

(anatomy) An oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye, histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells, responsible for detailed central vision.

màcula

anatomy: yellow spot near the center of retina

macula lutea

(anatomy, biology) A small chamber of the inner ear of certain vertebrates filled with endolymph and containing an otolith.


mons

Borrowed from Latin mōns (“mountain”). Doublet of mount.

Hesitantly, she used one finger to stroke the very top of the mons, surprised at its fatty, downy fullness — unfamiliar, despite a life of touching herself.

2021, Leone Ross, This One Sky Day, Faber & Faber Limited, page 316:


polyadenitis

(medicine) A condition in which many of the lymph nodes are inflamed.


leaf spot

(phytopathology) Any of various fungal or bacterial diseases of plants that cause blemishes on their leaves.


multileaf collimator

en-noun

multileaf collimator (plural multileaf collimators)

So called because it is made up of individual "leaves" of a chemical element, usually tungsten, that can move independently in and out of the path of a particle beam in order to block it.

(medicine) A collimator used in a linear accelerator to provide conformal shaping of beams for radiotherapy. Abbreviation: MLC.


Haversian canal

Haversian canal (plural Haversian canals)

(anatomy) A hollow channel in the center of an osteon, running parallel to the length of a bone.

canáil Havers

anatomy: a hollow channel in the center of an osteon


endocrine system

endocrine system (plural endocrine systems)

(physiology) A control system of ductless glands that secrete hormones which circulate via the bloodstream to affect cells within specific organs.


effraction

effraction (countable and uncountable, plural effractions)

(medicine) A bone fracture where the bone breaks the surface of the skin.


tendinous

Borrowed from New Latin tendinōsus, from tendō (“sinew, tendon”) + -ōsus (“-ous”).

af

(anatomy) Of, pertaining to, or resembling a tendon or sinew.


fossette

French, diminutive of fosse (“a fosse”).

(medicine) A small, deep-centred ulcer of the transparent cornea.

(dentistry) A small depression in the crown of a tooth


XDR

extremely drug resistant
extremely drug resistant#English

(pathology) Initialism of extremely drug resistant. (used to refer to strains of tuberculosis).


echogenicity

en-noun

echogenicity (countable and uncountable, plural echogenicities)

(medicine) The ability to create an echo that can be detected in an ultrasound examination.


OM

OM (countable and uncountable, plural OMs)


ad modum Donders

Vision was normal ad modum Donders.

(neurology) Of vision, by the Donders standards.


angiogram

(medicine) An X-ray image of the blood vessels gained after the injection of a radiopaque contrast medium.


trochanter

From French trochanter, from Ancient Greek τροχαντήρ (trokhantḗr).

(anatomy) In vertebrates with legs, the end of the femur near the hip joint, not including the head or neck.


omentum

(anatomy) Either of two folds of the peritoneum that support the viscera.


frequent flyer

(medicine, slang, derogatory) A patient who frequents a health facility, with minor or malingering-type presentations.


contig

Clipping of contiguous (as in contiguous sequence of DNA).

(genetics) A set of overlapping DNA segments, derived from a single source of genetic material, from which the complete sequence may be deduced.


supercontig

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercontig.wav

(genetics) An ordered and oriented set of contigs that still contains some gaps. See also scaffold.

(genetics) A set of joint contigs from the individuals of a study group or population.


ultracontig

(genetics) An ordered and oriented set of supercontigs obtained by use of supporting evidence


recombinant DNA

(genetics) DNA that has been engineered by splicing together fragments of DNA from multiple species and introduced into the cells of a host.


ecdemic

Near-synonym: introduced

(medicine) Originating from outside the area in which it occurs.


syngameon

(genetics) A grouping of genetically related organisms that may or may not be morphologically similar and are recognized by systematists as being in different species or subspecies and may even belong to different genera.


phalangeal

(anatomy) A phalange (bone of a finger or toe)


cerate

From Middle English cerate, cerote, from Latin cērātum, from cēra (“wax”).

(medicine, archaic or historical) An unctuous preparation for external application — mainly wax (or resin or spermaceti) mixed with oil, lard, and various medicinal ingredients — of a consistency between ointment and plaster, so that it can be spread upon cloth without the use of heat, but does not melt when applied to the skin.


end-of-life

end of life

especially when in substantive position, versus attributive position

end-of-life palliative care

This is but one example of the hard decisions that must be made near end of life.

Hospice provides end-of-life care for a period usually lasting a few days or a few weeks; occasionally patients recover unexpectedly.

(medicine, often attributive) The time near death; (attributively) concerning medical care options for patients who are considered critically ill with prognosis of approaching death.


maturate

en-verb

maturate (third-person singular simple present maturates, present participle maturating, simple past and past participle maturated)

maturates (present singular third-person)
maturating (participle present)
maturated (participle past)
maturated (past)

/ˈmæt͡ʃəɹeɪt/

From Latin māturātus, perfect passive participle of māturō (“to ripen”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix). Compare French maturer.

(medicine, transitive) To promote the perfect suppuration of (an abscess).

(medicine, intransitive) To undergo perfect suppuration.


Japanese encephalitis

(pathology) A viral disease prevalent in south-east Asia, caused by Japanese encephalitis virus transmitted by mosquito.


portal vein

gastrointestinal tract
gastrointestinal tract

(anatomy) A short, wide vein located in the abdominal cavity formed by the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins that channels blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.


sequenced

(genetics) Whose sequence (of bases or genes) has been determined


myocardial infarct

en-noun

myocardial infarct (plural myocardial infarcts)

myocardial infarction
myocardial infarction#English

(cardiology, pathology) Synonym of myocardial infarction


deoxyribonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of DNA.


vastus

From Latin vastus (“vast, immense, enormous, huge, monstrous”). Doublet of vast.

der

(anatomy) One of the great muscles upon the front of the thigh.


aloin

en-noun

aloin (countable and uncountable, plural aloins)

(pharmacology) A glycoside derivative of anthracene, found in aloe, that is used as a laxative.


medical report

(medicine) An official account or record of a person's health and medical history.

potilastiedot

Official account or record of a person's health and medical history


tumourigenesis

(oncology) Alternative spelling of tumorigenesis


resuscitator

(medicine) A device, usually consisting of a face mask and tank, used to restore normal breathing to a person by forcing oxygen or an oxygen-rich mixture of gases into his or her lungs.


TKO

/ˈtiː ˈkeɪ ˈəʊ/

(medicine) Initialism of to keep open: an indication for the insertion of an intravenous catheter


diaphoretic

en-adj

diaphoretic (comparative more diaphoretic, superlative most diaphoretic)

more diaphoretic (comparative)
most diaphoretic (superlative)

/daɪəfəˈɹɛtɪk/

From Latin diaphorēticus, from Ancient Greek διαφορητικός (diaphorētikós); by surface analysis, diaphor(esis) + -etic.

der

διαφορητικός

surf

(pharmacology) Generating sweat or perspiration.


diaphoretic

/daɪəfəˈɹɛtɪk/

der

διαφορητικός

(pharmacology) A product or agent which induces or promotes perspiration.


necrose

en-verb

necrose (third-person singular simple present necroses, present participle necrosing, simple past and past participle necrosed)

necroses (present singular third-person)
necrosing (participle present)
necrosed (participle past)
necrosed (past)

(intransitive, pathology) To become necrotic.


necrotomy

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-necrotomy.wav

(medicine) The surgical removal of dead tissue, especially bone.


electroretinography

en-noun

electroretinography (usually uncountable, plural electroretinographies)

(ophthalmology) A diagnostic test to used to measure the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina.


primosome

From Latin primus (“first”) + -some (“nucleic unit”).

af

(biochemistry, genetics) A complex of proteins required for the initiation of bacterial DNA synthesis


geniohyoid

/d͡ʒɪˌnʌɪ.ə(ʊ)ˈhʌɪ.ɔɪd/

/d͡ʒɪˌniː.ə(ʊ)ˈhʌɪ.ɔɪd/

Borrowed from New Latin genīohyoīdeus, clipping of musculus genīohyoīdeus; from Ancient Greek γένειον (géneion, “the chin”) + Latin hyoīdēs (“U-shaped”) + Latin -eus (adjectival suffix); equivalent to genio- (“relating to the chin”) + hyoid.

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the chin and hyoid bone.

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the geniohyoid muscle.


geniohyoid

/d͡ʒɪˌnʌɪ.ə(ʊ)ˈhʌɪ.ɔɪd/

/d͡ʒɪˌniː.ə(ʊ)ˈhʌɪ.ɔɪd/

geniohyoid muscle
geniohyoid muscle#English

(anatomy) Ellipsis of geniohyoid muscle..


cyclic nucleotide

en-noun

cyclic nucleotide (plural cyclic nucleotides)

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two hydroxyl groups on the same sugar


hematocyte

(hematology, cytology) Any blood cell produced by hematopoiesis, but especially a red blood cell


depersonalize

en-verb

depersonalize (third-person singular simple present depersonalizes, present participle depersonalizing, simple past and past participle depersonalized)

depersonalizes (present singular third-person)
depersonalizing (participle present)
depersonalized (participle past)
depersonalized (past)

He's depersonalizing right now, so he's considering checking himself into the hospital.

(psychiatry, intransitive) To suffer an episode of depersonalization.


depressor

en-noun

depressor (plural depressors or (muscle) depressores)

depressors (plural)
depressores (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-depressor.wav

(anatomy) Any of several muscles whose contraction pulls down a part of the body.

(neuroanatomy, physiology) A nerve or nerve fiber that decreases the activity or the tone of the organ or the part it innervates, such as lowering the blood pressure.


phenomenologically

The DSM may be viewed as a behavioristically, phenomenologically oriented nosology which often groups unlike disease states together into categories, and in its behaviorist approach, can ignore distinctions between pathophysiological processes within the brain and normal human response to stressors. Because of this and the modern access, via the techniques of molecular biology, to molecular processes in the human brain and other bodily systems, there is growing call in the psychiatric community to reformulate the mental health nosology, basing it rather upon the pathophysiological processes which may, or may not, underlie problematic behavioral phenomena.

(medicine) In a manner which places primary or undue reliance upon subjective criteria such as signs, symptoms and behaviors, while ignoring objective etiologies in the formulation of diagnoses and in the compilation of a formal nosologies.


circinate

From Latin circinatus, past participle of circinō (“to make round”).

(medicine) Round or ring-shaped, particularly with distinct margins forming some sort of motive; annular.


precursory

(medicine) A precursor; a sign of the onset of something.


procerus

/pɹəʊˈsɛə.ɹəs/

Borrowed from Latin prōcērus (“high, tall, long”), clipping of mūsculus prōcērus (“tall muscle”).

clipping

(anatomy) A roughly triangular facial muscle that arises from the fascia of the nasal bone and a cartilage in the side of the nose and inserts into the skin between the eyebrows, drawing down the medial part of the eyebrow and the skin of the forehead.


funis

(medicine, specifically) Umbilical cord.


accelerin

(medicine) A factor in the blood which participates in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during clotting; an activated form of factor V.


cannabinoid receptor

en-noun

cannabinoid receptor (plural cannabinoid receptors)

central nervous system
central nervous system

(neurology) Any of several receptors, found in the central nervous system and elsewhere, that bind to cannabinoids


finasteride

From [Term?] + -steride (“testosterone reductase inhibitor”). First use appears c. 1989 in the publication Pharmaceutical Business News.

af

male pattern baldness
male pattern baldness

benign prostatic hyperplasia
benign prostatic hyperplasia

(pharmacology) A medication used to treat male pattern baldness and benign prostatic hyperplasia in males.


intercrural

/ɪntəˈkɹʊəɹəl/

(anatomy) Applied to the interneural plates in the vertebral column of many cartilaginous fish.


urethral sphincter

en-noun

urethral sphincter (plural urethral sphincters)

(anatomy) The collective muscles used to control the flow of urine from the urinary bladder. These muscles surround the urethra, so that when they contract, the urethra is closed.


pharmacopoeial

(pharmacology, pharmacy) Of or pertaining to pharmacopoeia.


F1 hybrid

(genetics) The first filial generation of seeds or animal offspring, which are usually vigorous and uniform. Produced by crossing two distinctly different parents.


nelfinavir

From [Term?] + -navir (“HIV protease inhibitor”).

af

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral drug (trademark Viracept) of the protease inhibitor class that is used in the form of its mesilate C₃₂H₄₅N₃O₄S·CH₄O₃S to treat HIV infected patients.


protease inhibitor

en-noun

protease inhibitor (plural protease inhibitors)

(pharmacology) Any of a class of medications that act by interfering with proteases, used to treat or prevent viral infections including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C.


amprenavir

/æmˈpɹɛn.əˌvɪɹ/

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor class that is used to treat HIV infected patients.


atazanavir

/ˌæt.əˈzæn.əˌvɪɹ/

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor class that is administered orally in the form of its sulfate C₃₈H₅₂N₆O₇·H₂SO₄ in conjunction with other antiretroviral agents to treat HIV infected patients.


darunavir

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor class that is used in to treat HIV infected patients.


fosamprenavir

From fos- (“phosphorous derivative”) + amprenavir.

af

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. It is used to treat HIV infected patients.


fosamprenavir calcium

(pharmacology) The salt form of the protease inhibitor drug fosamprenavir used in the treatment of HIV infected patients.


nelfinavir mesylate

(pharmacology) The salt form of the protease inhibitor drug nelfinavir used in the treatment of HIV infected patients.


indinavir

/ɪnˈdɪn.əˌvɪɹ/

From indina- (“alteration of indanyl”) + -navir (“HIV protease inhibitor”).

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral drug C₃₆H₄₇N₅O₄ of the protease inhibitor class that is used in the form of its sulfate in combination with antiretroviral drugs (such as zidovudine) to treat HIV infected patients.


lopinavir

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral drug C₃₇H₄₈N₄O₅ of the protease inhibitor class that is taken orally usually in conjunction with other retroviral agents (such as ritonavir) to treat HIV infected patients.


ritonavir

/ɹɪˈtoʊ.nəˌvɪɹ/

/ɹɪˈtɑn.əˌvɪɹ/

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral drug C₃₇H₄₈N₆O₅S₂ of the protease inhibitor class that is administered orally to treat HIV-infected and AIDS patients.


saquinavir

From sa- (“probably alteration of (prote)as(e)”) + quin(oline) + -a- + -vir (“antiviral”).

(pharmacology) An antiretroviral drug C₃₈H₅₀N₆O₅ of the protease inhibitor class that is used in the form of its methylated sulfonic salt especially in combination with other antiretroviral agents to treat HIV infected patients.


tipranavir disodium

(pharmacology) The salt form of the protease inhibitor drug tipranavir used in the treatment of HIV infected patients.


HAART

(pharmacology, virology) Initialism of highly active antiretroviral therapy.


tracheal

When an allergic reaction caused Jack's throat to swell, the paramedics inserted a tracheal tube so that he could breathe.

(anatomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the trachea.


habenula

Borrowed from Latin habenula, diminutive of habena.

(neuroanatomy) A circumscript mass of cells in the caudal and dorsal aspect of the dorsal thalamus.


stenting

en-noun

stenting (countable and uncountable, plural stentings)

The chest pains were relieved by coronary stenting.

(medicine) The surgical act of placing a stent, or supporting tube, into an artery, esophagus, or other passage or conduit in the body.


biotherapy

(medicine) Any of several unrelated therapies that use natural biological processes, especially those that use parts of the immune system.

生物治療 /生物治疗

any of several unrelated therapies that use natural biological processes

(medicine) The use of living organisms (such as maggots or leeches) in the control of disease or the healing of wounds.

生物治療 /生物治疗

the use of living organisms in the control of disease


-i-

(pharmacology) A monoclonal antibody derived from a non-human primate source.

-mab is the base suffix common to all monoclonal antibodies


per orem

From per, borrowing from classical Latin per (“through”), and orem as incorrectly formed accusative of Latin ōs (“mouth”).

(US, medicine) Alternative form of per os: via the mouth; orally.


lucency

lucency (usually uncountable, plural lucencies)

(medicine) A pale area revealed in radiography, computed tomography, or similar examination technique.


tombstoning

(medicine) A tombstone pattern on an electrocardiogram.


thrombotic

en-adj

thrombotic (comparative more thrombotic, superlative most thrombotic)

more thrombotic (comparative)
most thrombotic (superlative)

(pathology) Of, pertaining to, or caused by thrombosis


thyroidal

The organification of iodide in the thyroid gland was described using a second order rate constant (KthybindC, /nmol/L*hr/kg thyroid weight) fitted to provide thyroidal iodide stores near the maximal value, which increased with age.

2016 March 2, “Dietary Iodine Sufficiency and Moderate Insufficiency in the Lactating Mother and Nursing Infant: A Computational Perspective”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(physiology) Of, pertaining to, or affecting the thyroid.


gonopodium

From gono- + -podium (“part resembling a foot”).

affix

(anatomy) A modified extremity, such as an anal fin, of certain types of livebearing fish and arthropods (most notably crustaceans and myriapods), which is used for reproduction.


tambour

en-noun

tambour (countable and uncountable, plural tambours)

Borrowed from French tambour (“drum”), from Arabic طُنْبُور (ṭunbūr), from the Middle Persian ancestor of Classical Persian تنبور (tanbūr). Doublet of tabor. Compare Armenian տաւիղ (tawiġ), and tabla.

(medicine) A shallow metallic cup or drum, with a thin elastic membrane supporting a writing lever. Two or more of these are connected by a rubber tube and used to transmit and register the movements of the pulse or of any pulsating artery.


haptenize

en-verb

haptenize (third-person singular simple present haptenizes, present participle haptenizing, simple past and past participle haptenized)

haptenizes (present singular third-person)
haptenizing (participle present)
haptenized (participle past)
haptenized (past)

(immunology, transitive) To react an antigenic compound (a hapten) with a carrier protein in order to stimulate an immune response.


suprapubic

(anatomy) Above, or anterior to, the pubic bone.


arthrodesis

/aɹθˈɹɒdɪsɪs/

/ˌaɹθɹoʊˈdiːsɪs/

Coordinate term: ankylosis (endogenous pathogenic analogue)

(medicine, surgery) The surgical fusion of a joint between two or more bones so that the joint can no longer move; artificial ankylosis.


disbud

disbud (third-person singular simple present disbuds, present participle disbudding, simple past and past participle disbudded)

disbuds (present singular third-person)
disbudding (participle present)
disbudded (participle past)
disbudded (past)

(veterinary) To remove horn-buds from a young calf, lamb or goat kid, to prevent growth of horns.


supercoil

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercoil.wav

(genetics) A coil of the DNA helix upon itself, such as a figure eight.


supercoil

supercoil (third-person singular simple present supercoils, present participle supercoiling, simple past and past participle supercoiled)

supercoils (present singular third-person)
supercoiling (participle present)
supercoiled (participle past)
supercoiled (past)

After deproteination, the migration of the assembled form II DNA will remain unchanged, appearing not to have been supercoiled by nucleosomes.

1995, Sara J. Felts, “Assembly and Transcription of Chromatin Templates Using RNA Polymerase III”, in Martin J. Tymms, editor, In Vitro Transcription and Translation Protocols, →ISBN, page 58:

(genetics) To twist circular DNA into a supercoil.


supercoiling

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercoiling.wav

(genetics) The coiling of the DNA helix upon itself, which can disrupt transcription and lead to cell death.


ascending colon

en-noun

ascending colon (plural ascending colons)

(anatomy) A part of the colon between the cecum and the transverse colon.


transverse colon

transverse colon (plural transverse colons)

(anatomy) A part of colon joining ascending colon and descending colon.


descending colon

descending colon (plural descending colons)

(anatomy) A part of the colon adjacent to the sigmoid colon.


bile duct

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bile duct.wav

(anatomy) Any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile.


serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor

serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor (plural serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors)

serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (plural)

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

(pharmacology) A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.


Mbps

The main chromosome in E coli^([sic]) is 4.6 million base pairs (4.6 Mbps) in length, ...

2014, Alison Snape, Despo Papachristodoulou, William H. Elliott, Daphne C. Elliott, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 343:

Firstly, the set of mouse EST sequences having no homology to known mouse mRNAs was used (198323 sequences, 75.2 Million base pairs (Mbps)).

1999, Proceedings of the ... Annual International Conference on Computational Molecular Biology: RECOMB:

The total size of the C. ellipsoidea chromosomes is supposed to be about 40 mega base pairs (Mbps) (7).

1993, Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering:


maturation

maturation (countable and uncountable, plural maturations)

From Middle English maturacioun, from Middle French maturation, from Latin maturatio. By surface analysis, mature + -ation.

(medicine) The process of maturating, or suppurating fully.


brain stem

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and the rest of the forebrain.

جِذْع الدِمَاغ

part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and cerebrum


cupping

cupping (countable and uncountable, plural cuppings)

From Middle English cupping, equivalent to cup + -ing.

(medicine, archaic) The operation of drawing blood to or from the surface of the person by forming a partial vacuum over the spot.

(medicine, archaic) A similar operation for drawing pus from an abscess.

(medicine) Fire cupping, a traditional therapeutic treatment called in which heated cupping glasses are applied to the skin, supposedly to draw blood towards the surface.

myofascial decompression

a modern therapeutic sports injury treatment technique using a partial vacuum to draw blood to the area


habitus

habitus (countable and uncountable, plural habiti or habitus or habituses)

habiti (plural)
habitus (plural)
habituses (plural)

From Latin habitus (“habit”), from habeō (“have; maintain”). The plural habiti is a misconstruction, as the Latin plural is in fact habitūs. This is reflected by the English plural habitus, which is occasionally encountered. habiti may have been influenced by Latin habitī, the plural of the participle habitus; however, it is not the etymon of the English term.

(anatomy, medicine) the general shape and appearance of the body, usually with reference to weight, adipose distribution, posture, and gait; most often called by the collocation body habitus.


malleolar

(anatomy) Of or relating to the malleolus.


malleolus

malleolus (plural malleoli or malleoluses)

Borrowed from Latin malleolus (“a small hammer or mallet”); itself from malleus (“a hammer, mallet”) + -olus (“diminutive suffix”).

suffix

Meronyms: lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, posterior malleolus

(anatomy) The bony prominence with a shape likened to a hammerhead, especially each of those at the distal end of the fibula or tibia, on either side of the ankle joint.


rib cage

(anatomy) A part of the skeleton within the thoracic area consisting of ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae.


mydriasis

en-noun

mydriasis (countable and uncountable, plural mydriases)

From Latin mydriasis, from Ancient Greek μυδρίᾱσις (mudríāsis, “undue enlargement of the pupil”), from μύδρος (múdros, “mass of red hot material in a forge”), possibly because the pupil is particularly bright or sparkling when dilated, or because of the red eye effect when exposed to a flash of light.

uder

(medicine) The condition of having abnormally large and dilated pupils due to illness or narcotics, particularly stimulants such as methamphetamine, cocaine, etc.


CFS

en-noun

CFS (countable and uncountable, plural CFSs)

chronic fatigue syndrome
chronic fatigue syndrome#English

(pathology) Initialism of chronic fatigue syndrome.

cramp fasciculation syndrome
cramp fasciculation syndrome#English

(pathology) Initialism of cramp fasciculation syndrome.


erethism

erethism (countable and uncountable, plural erethisms)

From French éréthisme, from Ancient Greek ἐρεθισμός (erethismós), from ἐρεθίζειν (erethízein, “to irritate”).

(pathology) Abnormal excitement of a bodily organ or tissue.

eretismi

pathology: abnormal excitement of organ or tissue


scours

(veterinary medicine) Diarrhea in horses and cattle caused by intestinal infection.


lemniscus

lemniscus (plural lemniscuses or lemnisci)

Borrowed from Latin lēmniscus (“pendent ribbon”), from Ancient Greek λημνῐ́σκος (lēmnĭ́skos), from Λῆμνος (Lêmnos, “a Greek island Lemnos”) + -ίσκος (-ískos, “noun-forming diminutive suffix”).

af

(anatomy) A ribbon of fibers, especially of cerebral white nerve fibers.


maxillary

Borrowed from Latin māxillāris (“of or belonging to the jaw”), from māxilla (“the jawbone, jaw”) + -āris (“-ar, -ary”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to maxilla + -ary.

af

(anatomy) Of or relating to the jaw or jawbone.


maxillary

In the RODENTIA the interorbital space is still larger, by reason of the size of the intermaxillary bones throwing the maxillary backwards and to the sides, where they form the inner orbitar wall, in which the palate bones occupy only a small space. The anterior wall is formed by a process of the maxillary, which contributes to form the zygomatic arch, while the malar is suspended in the middle between the process and that of the temporal bone.

Neoplastic localisations in the maxillaries can be distinguished between primitive tumour lesions with osteomedullary origin (osteoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, myeloma, etc.) and secondary neoplasms of the maxillaries such as the hematogenous metastasis or the tumours which affect the maxillaries for their adjacency, for example, the lesions in the oral cavity and the salivary glands.

2014, Ignazio Pandolfo, Silvio Mazziotti, Orthopantomography, page 148:

A tendon extends from the inner surface of the dentary to the postero-lateral surface of the maxillary near the ball and socket joint.

1928, Edna May Keeler, A Comparative Study of the Muscles Controlling the Maxillary Tentacles of the Siluridae, page 42:

(anatomy) A tooth growing from the upper jawbone.


retroposon

The best-known retroposons are “copia” and the families similar to copia, which were discovered in Drosophila but are also found in many other animals and even in yeast and higher plants, and the similarly ubiquitous foldback (FB) element, "THE1" in humans and "VL30" in rats and mice.

1994, Klaus Urich, Comparative Animal Biochemistry, page 21:

reverse transcription
reverse transcription

(genetics) A fragment of DNA inserted into a chromosome following reverse transcription from RNA.


reverse transcription

en-noun

reverse transcription (countable and uncountable, plural reverse transcriptions)

(genetics) The process of creating double-stranded DNA from a single-stranded RNA template (the reverse of the standard process).


hydromorphone

She hadnʼt needed regular doses of hydromorphone in a month.

2021, Rivers Solomon, Sorrowland, #Merky Books, page 200:

(pharmacology) A synthetic narcotic analgesic, (4,5 alpha-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methyl morphinan-6-one), similar to morphine and heroin. It is used for moderate to severe pain under the trade name Dilaudid.


TIC

TIC (countable and uncountable, plural TICs)

(cytology) Initialism of translocon on inner chloroplast membrane.


EDC

expected date of confinement
expected date of confinement#English

(medicine) Initialism of expected date of confinement.


limbal ring

(medicine, biology) A dark ring around the outside of the iris.


fistulization

fistulization (countable and uncountable, plural fistulizations)


astragal

From Ancient Greek ἀστράγαλος (astrágalos). Doublet of astragalus.

(anatomy) Synonym of anklebone: the bone forming the ball of the ankle joint.


shoulder girdle

shoulder girdle (plural shoulder girdles)

(anatomy) The human pectoral girdle, consisting of the collarbones and shoulder blades.


pectoral girdle

pectoral girdle (plural pectoral girdles)

(anatomy) The bony or cartilaginous assembly that supports the forelimbs in vertebrates


demyelination

demyelination (countable and uncountable, plural demyelinations)

From de- + myelination or de- + myelin + -ation.

(biology, medicine) The removal of the myelin sheath from a nerve fibre, usually as a result of disease causing myelinolysis.


myelin sheath

(neuroanatomy) An envelope of myelin that surrounds nerve fibres.


proinflammatory

"The second wave of proinflammatories (or chemotactic factors) are released to activate white blood cells so they can begin attacking pathogens... "

1999, Eugene R. Zampieron, Ellen Kamhi, Alternative Medicine Definitive Guide to Arthritis, →ISBN, page 30:

(medicine, rare) An inflammatory substance.


traumatized

en-adj

traumatized (comparative more traumatized, superlative most traumatized)

more traumatized (comparative)
most traumatized (superlative)

(pathology) Injured, e.g. tissues, by force or by thermal, chemical or other agents.

(psychology, psychiatry) Having been subjected to psychological trauma.


neutrophil

From German Neutrophil, from neutro- (“neutro-”) + -phil (“-phile”), equivalent to neutro- + -phil.

(biology, medicine) Of a cell: being more easily or more fully stained by neutral dyes than by acidic or alkaline (basic) ones.


neutrophil

One litre of human blood contains about five billion neutrophils (around half of all white blood cells).

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 89:

(biology, medicine) Such a cell, especially a particular type of white blood cell.


reentrant

(physiology) Of or pertaining to reentry (in the heart);


bucca

Borrowed from Latin bucca (“the cheek”).


transvestism

en-noun

transvestism (usually uncountable, plural transvestisms)

(clinical psychology, psychiatry, pathology) A paraphilia typically found in heterosexual males characterized by compulsively seeking and deriving sexual arousal from cross-dressing, especially if the urges and behavior cause the patient distress or social impairment.


internal organ

The salarians at first thought the krogan were confused about the nature of Kruban's environment; the planet is named for a krogan mythological paradise in which honorable warriors feast on the internal organs of their enemies. In fact, krogan astronomers had correctly deduced the nature of Kruban in the years before the global holocaust.

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Kruban:

(anatomy) An organ, such as the heart or colon, that is entirely within the confines of the body.

內臟 /内脏

an organ that is entirely within the confines of the body


human chorionic gonadotropin

human chorionic gonadotropin (uncountable)

as hCG (abbreviation)
HCG (abbreviation)

(medicine, biochemistry) A peptide hormone, produced during pregnancy, that prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production.


hypothalamic

Thus, in brain studies that purport to find the origins of sexual orientation, gay men are said to have hypothalamic nuclei that are smaller than a straight mans and closer in size to a womans, and thus they are attracted to men.

1999 March 20, Natalie Angiers, The Guardian:

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the hypothalamus.


hypoplasia

hypoplasia (countable and uncountable, plural hypoplasias)

1995, William M. Thurlbeck, 2. Lung Growth and Development, William M. Thurlbeck, Andrew Churg (editors), 2nd edition, Thieme Medical Publishers, Pathology of the Lung, page 56,
Since the renal system and the lung develop at the same time, there has been repeated speculation that pulmonary hypoplasia and renal anomalies may be linked by a common developmental defect.

2022, Robert A. Foster, Christopher Premanandan, Chapter 19: Male Reproductive System, James F. Zachary (editor), Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 7th edition, Elsevier, page 1320,
Hypoplasia of the testes is a common condition and DSD.

This complex etiology suggests that individual life histories should be interpreted carefully since enamel hypoplasias could reflect stressors experienced by an individual's parents and individual genetic susceptibility. Additionally, enamel hypoplasias may be more indicative of acute episodes of stress instead of long, chronic periods of stress.

2024, Anne E. Austin, Healthmaking in Ancient Egypt, Koninklijke Brill, page 64:

(medicine, pathology) Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ, especially when caused by an inadequate or below-normal number of cells.

hypoplasie

condition of under- or incomplete development of a tissue or organ


viricide

(medicine) Any substance that destroys or inactivates viruses.

viricida

any substance that destroys or inactivates viruses


brachylaimiasis

Zoonotic trematode (brachylaimiasis) and cestode (rodentoleposis) infections have been reported from semi-arid environments.

2004 December 23, David M. Spratt, “Australian ecosystems, capricious food chains and parasitic consequences for people”, in International Journal for Parasitology, volume 35, issue 7 (June 2005), Elsevier (2005), page 717

(pathology) Infection by trematode worms of genus Brachylaima.


genome transplant

genome transplant (plural genome transplants)

(genetics) A procedure in which DNA from one species is transplanted into a cell of another species, and after repeated division of hybrid cells the original cells are destroyed; only achieved in bacteria so far


plaster cast

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-plaster cast.wav

(surgery) A cast made of a stiff material (often plaster of Paris and gauze) in order to immobilize a broken bone for the period of healing.


parasympathetic

From para- (“beside, adjacent to”) + sympathetic, because some of these nerves run alongside sympathetic nerves.

prefix

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

(neuroanatomy, neurology, relational) Of or relating to the part of the autonomic nervous system that inhibits or opposes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. It consists of nerves arising from the brain and the lower end of the spinal cord and supplying the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands.

parasimpàtic

relating to part of the autonomic nervous system


parasympathetic

parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system#English

(neurology) Ellipsis of parasympathetic nervous system..


infundibular

en-adj

infundibular (comparative more infundibular, superlative most infundibular)

more infundibular (comparative)
most infundibular (superlative)

(medicine) having to do with an infundibulum


overcall

en-verb

overcall (third-person singular simple present overcalls, present participle overcalling, simple past and past participle overcalled)

overcalls (present singular third-person)
overcalling (participle present)
overcalled (participle past)
overcalled (past)

/ˌəʊvəˈkɔːl/

/ˈəʊvəˌkɔːl/

Knowledge of the ultrasound findings is important, and appreciating the fetal ultrasound may often undercall or (more often) overcall anomalies.

2010, Allen P. Burke, Fabio Tavora, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, →ISBN, page 12:

It's also possible to overcall PSC when motion artifact on the long respiratory-triggered acquisitions leads to the appearance of pseudo-strictures.

2014, Christine U.C. Lee, James Glockner, Mayo Clinic Body MRI Case Review, →ISBN:

Because these lesions often spontaneously regress, care must be taken to not overcall these lesions on FNA.

2015, Syed Z. Ali, Christopher J. VandenBussche, Cytopathology Case Review, →ISBN, page 180:

(medicine) To diagnose a condition that does not, in fact, exist.


overcall

/ˌəʊvəˈkɔːl/

/ˈəʊvəˌkɔːl/

According to published data, screening with chemiluminescence, as opposed to other light sources, imparts the lowest overcall rate.

2002, Barbara S. Apgar, Gregory L. Brotzman, Mark Spitzer, Colposcopy, Principles and Practice: An Integrated Textbook and Atlas, →ISBN:

However, the rigid cores' appearance on smears and the intact reticulin fiber network on cell block will prevent the overcall.

2008, Marluce Bibbo, David Wilbur, Comprehensive Cytopathology, →ISBN, page 884:

A complete history may be important to avoid making an overcall, although cases of coexisting SQC and pemphigus vulgaris have been reported.

2009, Edmund S. Cibas, Barbara S. Ducatman, Cytology E-Book: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, →ISBN:

(medicine) A positive diagnosis when there is, in fact, nothing wrong.


premedication

en-noun

premedication (countable and uncountable, plural premedications)

(medicine) The administration of a drug (or mixture of drugs) prior to an anesthetic, especially to induce sedation; the drug so administered.


myotube

(anatomy) A structure of elongated multinucleate cells that contains some peripherally located myofibrils


linkage disequilibrium

pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram
pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram

(genetics) A non-random association of two or more alleles at two or more loci; normally caused by an interaction between genes, and often illustrated on a pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram (HapMap)


pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram

pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagram (plural pairwise linkage disequilibrium diagrams)

linkage disequilibrium
linkage disequilibrium

(genetics) A triangular graphical representation of linkage disequilibrium in which different colours represent different magnitudes of linkage between pairs of loci


detorse

en-verb

detorse (third-person singular simple present detorses, present participle detorsing, simple past and past participle detorsed)

detorses (present singular third-person)
detorsing (participle present)
detorsed (participle past)
detorsed (past)


parthenote

(embryology) a cell or embryo generated through parthenogenesis


durotomy

(medicine) Incursion of the dura, especially during spinal surgery


orthopod

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-orthopod.wav

Both orthopod and orthoped are of jocular origin in the informal jargon of medicine; the first is a play on -pod (as in gastropod) and the second is a play on -pede (as in centipede). Each trades on the humorous portrayal of colleagues in other specialties (as opposed to one's own specialty) as strange critters (as if odd ducks).

(medicine, informal, humorous) An orthopaedic surgeon.


platelet function test

en-noun

platelet function test (plural platelet function tests)

(medicine) Any of several diagnostic procedures that test the blood clotting function of platelets


humanize

en-verb

humanize (third-person singular simple present humanizes, present participle humanizing, simple past and past participle humanized)

humanizes (present singular third-person)
humanizing (participle present)
humanized (participle past)
humanized (past)

to humanize vaccine lymph

humanized monoclonal antibodies

(transitive, medicine) To convert into something human or belonging to humans.


onychology

(medicine) the study of fingernails and toenails


mutagenetic

From muta- + genetic, by analogy with mutagenesis.


vallecular

From vallecula + -ar, derived from diminutive of Latin valles (“valley”).

(medicine) Grooved; pertaining to a vallecula.


gravida

From Latin gravida, the feminine singular adjective (and also noun) of gravidus (“pregnant”), from gravis (“heavy”).


primipara

en-noun

primipara (plural primiparas or primiparae)

/ˌpɹaɪˈmɪpəɹə/

/ˌpɹaɪˈmɪpɹə/

/pɹaɪˈmɪpəɹə/

Borrowed from Latin prīmipara (“pregnant for the first time; having given birth to only one offspring; primiparous”), from prīmus (“first”) + parere (from pariō (“to bear, give birth to; to beget, produce”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to carry forth”)). The word is cognate with French primipare.

der

(obstetrics, veterinary medicine) A woman or female animal during or after her first pregnancy.

първескиня

woman or female animal during or after her first pregnancy — see also primigravida

(obstetrics, veterinary medicine, specifically) A woman or female animal that has carried a first pregnancy to a viable gestational age.

primipara

woman or female animal that has carried a pregnancy to a viable gestational age


mind-body

(medicine) Describing the interrelationship between physical and mental health.


diarrheic

/daɪəˈɹiːɪk/

(medicine, rare) Having diarrhea; diarrheal.


malocclusion

en-noun

malocclusion (countable and uncountable, plural malocclusions)

First attested in 1888. Formed as mal- (“wrong”, “improper(ly)”: ultimately from the Classical Latin male, “badly”, “wrongly”; from malus, “bad”; compare the ben- element in benocclusion) + occlusion (“alignment of the teeth in closed jaws”).

(dentistry) A misalignment of the upper and lower sets of teeth.


morula

From diminutive of Latin morum (“mulberry”).

(embryology) A spherical mass of blastomeres that forms following the splitting of a zygote; it becomes the blastula


ACA

anterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery#English

(anatomy) Initialism of anterior cerebral artery.

anti-cardiolipin antibody
w:Anti-cardiolipin antibodies

(immunology) Initialism of anti-cardiolipin antibody.

anti-centromere antibody
w:Anti-centromere antibodies

(immunology) Initialism of anti-centromere antibody.

(immunology) Initialism of antigen-capture assay.


glenohumeral joint

glenohumeral joint (plural glenohumeral joints)

(anatomy) The shoulder joint, a joint that connects the scapula (shoulder blade) and the humerus (upper arm bone).


high-grade

en-adj

high-grade (comparative higher grade, superlative highest grade)

higher grade (comparative)
highest grade (superlative)

This chapter on high-grade pelvic prolapse by Phillip Toozs Hobson and Amallia Brair concisely reviews prevalence, risk factors, conservative and surgical management options, surgical complications and prevention. High-grade prolapse is a particularly challenging clinical scenario because it reflects a severe loss of native support and has been associated with a higher rate of recurrence over time. Pelvic prolapse is an intimate condition in which education and counselling is critical to patient’s understanding, expectations and treatment satisfaction.

2021 April 14, Una Lee, “High-Grade Prolapse”, in Female Pelvic Medicine. Challenging Cases with Expert Commentary, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 209–215:

Surgical treatment of patients affected by high-grade high-dysplastic spondylolisthesis still represents a challenge for spine surgeons.

2022 October 1, C. Faldini, F. Barile, M. Ialuna, M. Manzetti, G. Viroli, F. Vita, M. Traversari, A. Rinaldi, T. Cerasoli, A. Paolucci, G. D’Antonio, A. Ruffilli, “High-grade dysplastic spondylolisthesis: surgical technique and case series”, in MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY, volume 107, →DOI, pages 323–331:

The additional detection rate of HSIL [high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions] using indiscriminating ECC [abnormal endocervical curettage] was 5%. Patients with abnormal ECC were older (P < 0.001), predominantly menopausal (P = 0.001), had high-grade cytology (P = 0.032), a type 3 transformation zone (P = 0.046), and a higher proportion of HPV type 16/18 infection (P = 0.023).

2023 August 3, Chunyang Feng, Liying Gu, Yingting Wei, Jiaxin Niu, Haima Yang, Zubei Hong, Lihua Qiu, “Analysis of outcomes following loop electrosurgical excision and clinical features of patients with cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with abnormal preoperative endocervical curettage”, in World Journal of Surgical Oncology, volume 21, number 237, →DOI:


low-grade fever

en-noun

low-grade fever (plural low-grade fevers)

(medicine) A slight fever, typically defined as never exceeding 38.5 degrees Celsius (about 101 degrees Fahrenheit).


meningeal

From New Latin mēningeus + -al, from mēninga (“membrane covering the brain”) + -eus (adjectival suffix).

af

(anatomy, relational) Relating to the meninges.


hip bone

Holonym: pelvis

Meronyms: acetabulum, ilium, ischium, pubis

(anatomy) One of two roughly symmetrical skeleton parts, each composed of the fused iliac, ischial and pubic bones, that together form the sides of the pelvis.


arachnoid

Mid 18th century borrowing from New Latin arachnoīdēs, from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρᾰχνοειδής (ărăkhnoeidḗs, “like a cobweb”), from ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (ărắkhnē, “spider web”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-oid, -like”). By surface analysis, arachn- + -oid.

der

ᾰ̓ρᾰχνοειδής

af

/əˈɹæk.nɔɪd/

(anatomy) Relating to the arachnoid mater.


arachnoid

der

ᾰ̓ρᾰχνοειδής

/əˈɹæk.nɔɪd/

(neuroanatomy) Ellipsis of arachnoid mater..


arachnoid mater

en-noun

arachnoid mater (plural arachnoid maters)

(anatomy) The middle layer of the meninges; a membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord below the dura mater and above the subarachnoid space and the pia mater.


subarachnoid space

subarachnoid space (plural subarachnoid spaces)

(neuroanatomy) The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, through which the cerebrospinal fluid circulates and major blood vessels pass, and across which extend delicate trabeculae of connective tissue.


pia mater

From Medieval Latin pia māter (literally “tender mother”).

bor

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, archived from the original on 2013-04-24, page 200:

(anatomy) The innermost of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.


esca

(phytopathology) A fungal disease afflicting grapes.


manubrium

en-noun

manubrium (plural manubria or manubriums)

(anatomy) The broad, upper part of the sternum.


elbow bone

(anatomy) Olecranon, at the elbow end of the ulna.


calf bone

(anatomy) The smaller of the two bones in the lower leg, the fibula.


mercuricals

(medicine) Medicines made from mercury, generally used for purgative purposes from the 17th to the 19th century in European and American medicine.


immunosuppressive

en-adj

immunosuppressive (comparative more immunosuppressive, superlative most immunosuppressive)

more immunosuppressive (comparative)
most immunosuppressive (superlative)

It is predictable that some of these infections occur in individuals immunocompromised by malnutrition or underlying disease (notably cancer or AIDS) or by immunosuppressive therapy.

2013, Robert H. Rubin, Lowell S. Young, Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host, →ISBN, page 275:

(pharmacology, immunology) Having the capability to suppress the immune system, capable of immunosuppression.


immunosuppressive

(pharmacology, immunology) An agent which is capable of immunosuppression.


immunosuppressor

(immunology, pharmacology) An immunosuppressive agent.


immunosuppressant

immunosuppressant (comparative more immunosuppressant, superlative most immunosuppressant)

more immunosuppressant (comparative)
most immunosuppressant (superlative)

(pharmacology) Capable of immunosuppression, immunosuppressive.


immunosuppressant

(pharmacology) An immunosuppressive agent.


misdiagnosis

en-noun

misdiagnosis (countable and uncountable, plural misdiagnoses)

Some researchers have proposed that early social dysfunction in 22q11DS is associated with premorbidity to schizophrenia, and that these social impairments may result in a misdiagnosis of an ASD.

2015 July 23, “Transcriptome Profiling of Peripheral Blood in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Reveals Functional Pathways Related to Psychosis and Autism Spectrum Disorder”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

They have suffered from misdiagnoses, lapses in treatment, a lack of access to specialized food and physical therapy, displacement and the unrelenting stress of war.

2024 April 10, Lynsey Addario, “‘Mom, I Want to Live’: A Young Girl Battles War and Cancer”, in The New York Times:

(medicine, pathology) An incorrect diagnosis.


misdiagnose

en-verb

misdiagnose (third-person singular simple present misdiagnoses, present participle misdiagnosing, simple past and past participle misdiagnosed)

misdiagnoses (present singular third-person)
misdiagnosing (participle present)
misdiagnosed (participle past)
misdiagnosed (past)

Ulcerated BCC may mimic SCC, and Bowen's disease may be misdiagnosed for the superficial and morphoeic forms.

1993, W. E. De Launey, Harvey Rotstein, W. A. Land, De Launey and Land Principles and Practice of Dermatology:

What would it cost you and the patient if you were to misdiagnose or miss something as a result of not giving the documentation process the attention it requires? What could happen if you misdocument a patient chart?

2010, Keith Rosen, Coaching Salespeople into Sales Champions:

Big technology companies are still misdiagnosing why they have so many enemies.

2021 April 21, Shira Ovide, “Why Is Big Tech Under Assault? Power.”, in The New York Times:

I was alone when I read Ward’s piece, horizontal in bed after a long day, and it occurred to me that he might be misdiagnosing some of the reasons people appear to be spending more time alone, possibly underestimating the strength of virtual connections.

2022 March 12, Jessica Grose, “We’re Spending More Time Alone. Maybe It’s Because We’re Exhausted.”, in The New York Times:

(transitive, pathology) To incorrectly diagnose.


minoxidil

From (a)mino + oxid(e) + -dil (“vasodilator”).

af

(pharmacology) A compound used orally as a vasodilator to treat hypertension and topically to reverse baldness.


metastatic

(medicine) Relating to, or producing metastasis


postpartum depression

en-noun

postpartum depression (countable and uncountable, plural postpartum depressions)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-postpartum depression.wav

Some women with postpartum depression and thyroid imbalance may require antidepressants and psychiatric therapy.

1999, Ridha Arem, The Thyroid Solution, →ISBN, page 216:

(psychiatry) Depression experienced by a parent, usually the mother, after childbirth.


imbrication

imbrication (countable and uncountable, plural imbrications)

SMAS flaps or SMASectomies are considered imbrications in this chapter. SMAS tightening is probably a more accurate description with 'open' SMAS techniques referring to imbrication and 'closed' SMAS techniques referring to plication.

2009, Joseph Niamtu, “Face-lifts”, in Michael S. Kaminer, Kenneth A. Arndt, Jeffrey S. Dover, Thomas E. Rohrer, Christopher B. Xachary, editors, Atlas of Cosmetic Surgery, 2nd edition, Elsevier (Saunders), page 528:

(medicine) Overlapping of layers of tissue in wound closure or in correctional or reconstructive surgery.


scrubbed

en-adj

scrubbed (comparative more scrubbed, superlative most scrubbed)

more scrubbed (comparative)
most scrubbed (superlative)

(surgery, not comparable) With hands washed according to operating room protocol and wearing sterile gown and sterile gloves.


mucotomy

(medicine) A surgical procedure of excising the mucous membrane.


proliferative

proliferative (comparative more proliferative, superlative most proliferative)

more proliferative (comparative)
most proliferative (superlative)

...stem cells may thus lose some of their proliferative potential and thus 'age'...

1988, Nydia G. Testa, Robert Peter Gale, Hematopoiesis: Long-Term Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation, Informa Health Care, →ISBN, page 327:

cultures of cells may be considered to have reached the end of their proliferative lifespan when the cell number fails to double.

2000, Yvonne A., Christopher R. Barnett, Aging: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press, →ISBN, page 40:

We conclude that aneuploidy causes not only a proliferative disadvantage but also a set of phenotypes...

2007, Eduardo M. Torres et al., “Effects of Aneuploidy on Cellular Physiology and Cell Division in Haploid Yeast”, in Science 317, (5840), 904, page 916:

(not comparable, cytology) of or pertaining to proliferation, especially of cells


LCA

en-noun

LCA (countable and uncountable, plural LCAs)

Leber's congenital amaurosis
w:Leber's congenital amaurosis

(pathology, uncountable) Initialism of Leber's congenital amaurosis.

Leucocyte common antigen
w:Leucocyte common antigen

(pathology) Initialism of Leucocyte common antigen.


methaqualone

methaqualone (countable and uncountable, plural methaqualones)

(pharmacology) A sedative drug that has effects similar to barbiturates, also used recreationally.


protoplasmal

You will understand this when I tell you that I can trace my ancestry back to a protoplasmal atomic globule.

1885, W[illiam] S[chwenck] Gilbert, Arthur Sullivan, composer, […] The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu, London: Chappel & Co., […], →OCLC:

(cytology) Of or relating to protoplasm.


monopathic

(medicine) Affecting only one organ or function.


monopathy

(medicine) A disease that affects only one organ or function.


exobiotic

We have listed an example of an exobiotic which influences each identified step, but it should be remembered that this is far from an exhaustive list of the exobiotics which affect adrenal function.

1996, Philip W. Harvey, Adrenal in Toxicology: Target Organ and Modulator of Toxicity, →ISBN, page 74:

The liver is exposed to millions of antigens and exobiotics. If every contact would stimulate the immune system, the liver would be in a permanent state of inflammation.

2010, Pere Ginès, Chronic Liver Failure: Mechanisms and Management, page 43:

ADME and chemical reactivity-related toxicity is low, while biological receptor activity is of higher dimension in chemistry space, and this is partly explainable by evolutionary pressures on ADME to deal with endobiotics and exobiotics.

2006, Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Handbook of Preformulation: Chemical, Biological, and Botanical Drugs:

(medicine) An exobiotic substance, especially one that influences the functioning of an organ or biological process.


blood plasma

blood plasma (usually uncountable, plural blood plasmas)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-blood plasma.wav

(hematology) The clear fluid portion of blood in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended; forms serum upon clotting.


porta-

(biology, medicine) Alternative form of porto- (“portal vein”)


lumbrical

lumbricals of the foot
lumbricals of the hand

From New Latin lumbricalis, from lumbricus (“intestinal worm, earthworm”) + -alis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">-al</i>

(anatomy) Any of the four small muscles of the palm of the hand that arise from tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, are inserted at the base of the digit to which the tendon passes, and flex the proximal phalanx and extend the two distal phalanges of each finger.

(anatomy) Any of four small muscles of the foot homologous to the lumbricals of the hand that arise from tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and are inserted into the first phalanges of the four small toes of which they flex the proximal phalanges and extend the two distal phalanges.


neuroblastoma

en-noun

neuroblastoma (plural neuroblastomas or neuroblastomata)

neuroblastomas (plural)
neuroblastomata (plural)

(oncology) A form of cancer that affects the ganglia in various parts of the body


dentary

(anatomy) Relating to, or bearing, teeth.


biopharmaceutical

(pharmacology) Any drug produced using biotechnology.


escape rhythm

(cardiology) A heart rhythm that is initiated at places other than the sinus node.


scleromalacia

scleromalacia (usually uncountable, plural scleromalacias)

Myopia has many pages devoted to it. The author regards as the primary cause of this disease an abnormal extensibility and stretching of the sclera, that there is a sort of scleromalacia, analagous to osteomalacia, which develops in some persons during the period of their growth, recovers spontaneously in many cases, leaves behind an elongation of the axis of the eye, but lasts for decades in the malignant cases, and occurs sometimes in one eye alone.

1913, Ophthalmoscope: A Monthly Review of Current Ophthalmology, volume 11, page 381:

Severe scleritis additionally involves fibrinoid necrosis with consequent tissue loss seen clinically as scleral thinning (scleromalacia).

2009, Venki Sundaram, Training in Ophthalmology:

Senile scleromalacia refers to a spontaneously occurring irregular, oval or kidney-shaped partial-thickness scleral defect found at the same location, typically with one or more scleral hyaline plaques at the opposite location in the same eye or in the fellow eye; separation of a scleral hyaline plaque to leave an area of scleromalacia has been described.

2015, Brad Bowling, Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, page 267:

(medicine) Degenerative thinning of the sclera.

rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

(medicine) A very rare ophthalmic manifestation seen in rheumatoid arthritis.


vibrissa

The vibrissae are coarse hairs whose follicles are located just within the nasal meatus. […] Vibrissae are present in most mammals, but their innervation and role in sensory function appears to be less pronounced in humans.

2012, David W. Kennedy, Peter H. Hwang, editors, Rhinology: Diseases of the Nose, Sinuses, and Skull Base, Thieme, →ISBN:

(anatomy, in the plural) The thick hairs found inside the nostrils of humans and other mammals.


mountain sickness

Mountain-sickness, with its nausea, first comes to those who are bilious, or to those who are hurrying or exerting themselves more than usual.

1915 April 7, Enos A. Mills, “Going to the Top”, in The Rocky Mountain Wonderland, Houghton Mifflin, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 10:


zymotically

Whether this mass of filth [wet house-refuse] be, zymotically, the cause of cholera, or whether it be (as cannot be questioned) a means of agricultural fertility, and therefore of national wealth, it must be removed.

1851, Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, volume 2, London: G. Newbold, page 385:

(pathology, obsolete) In a zymotic manner, infectiously.


vomeronasal

(anatomy) Of, pertaining to, or situated near the vomer bone between the nose and the mouth

vomeronasal

of, pertaining to, or situated near the vomer bone between the nose and the mouth


couching

From Middle English couchynge; equivalent to couch + -ing.

[C]ataract surgery has been employed for more than 20 centuries. The primary surgical technique for the large majority of this time was a procedure called couching. The first written description of couching is from an Indian surgeon, Susruta, circa 600 BC, involving the insertion of a needle into the eye and displacement of the lens out of the visual axis through either inferior or superior dislocation.

2006, Sanduk Ruit, Geoffrey C. Tabin, Charles C. Wykoff, “Cataract Surgery”, in Fighting Global Blindness: Improving World Vision through Cataract Elimination, Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, →ISBN, page 21:

(ophthalmology) An early, largely obsolete, method of treating a cataract by using a sharp object to displace the opaque lens in the eye.


carcinomatosis

(medicine) The widespread presence of carcinomas that have metastasized throughout the body.


clivus

Derived from Latin clīvus (“slope, hill”).

der+

(anatomy) Part of the cranium at the skull base, a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellae that slopes obliquely backward.


cleido-

From Ancient Greek κλείς (kleís, “a key; the collarbone”) + -o-.

af

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the clavicle.


puerpera

en-noun

puerpera (plural puerperas or puerperae)

Borrowed from Latin puerpera (“woman in labor or childbed”), substantive of puerperus (“parturient, bringing forth children”), from puer (“child, boy”) + pariō (“to bring forth, bear”) + -us (adjectival suffix).

af

I saw a very serious hemorrhage result from relaxation of the uterus on the eleventh day when the puerpera had been frightened by a domestic quarrel.

1918, Joseph Bolivar De Lee, Principles and practice of obstetrics, page 813:

Since one of the principal reasons for keeping the puerpera in a recumbent posture is avoidance of strain upon relaxed and weakened supporting structures by a large heavy uterus, the length of the stay in bed is not made a matter of routine

1934, Karl Mathias Beierlein, Pamphlets and Reprints, page 350:

A statistically significant circadian rhythm for urine volume was revealed in 6 of 10 pregnant women in the first trimester and in 6 of 9 puerperas on the 7th puerperal day.

1984, Erhard Haus, Hugh F. Kabat, editors, Chronobiology 1982-1983:

Abdominal ultrasound of the puerpera usually does not require a full bladder, because the enlarged uterus directly abuts the anterior abdominal wall and can be scanned without difficulty.

2011, Eberhard Merz, “Ultrasound in the Puerperium”, in Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, volume 1, page 39:

(obstetrics) A woman undergoing puerperium; a woman whose uterus is still enlarged from pregnancy.


palpebral

Borrowed from Late Latin palpebrālis (“of or on the eyelids”), from palpebra (“an eyelid”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), equivalent to palpebra + -al.

af

(anatomy) Of, pertaining to, or located on or near the eyelids.


Proteus syndrome

Named after the Greek sea-god Proteus, who could change his shape.

(pathology) A congenital disorder that causes skin overgrowth and atypical bone development, often accompanied by tumors.


Valium

en-noun

Valium (countable and uncountable, plural Valiums)

Mothers little helpers were pills—Miltown, amphetamine, barbiturates, Librium, and Valium were the most popular and widely available in the fifties and early sixties—that were used to keep women in their place, to make them comfortable in a setting that should have been uncomfortable, to encourage them to focus on tasks that did not matter.

2003, Samuel H. Barondes, quoting Peter D. Kramer, chapter 4, in Better than Prozac, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 47:

(trademark, pharmacology) The drug diazepam.


biotrauma

(medicine) A severe inflammatory response produced in the lungs of patients who breathe by means of a mechanical ventilator for a long period of time.


basal metabolic rate

basal metabolic rate (plural basal metabolic rates)

(physiology) The amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state.


metabolic pathway

metabolic pathway (plural metabolic pathways)

(physiology) A series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.


myocyte

From myo- + -cyte, thus literally "muscle cell."


head blight

(phytopathology) a blight afflicting the seed heads or inflorescences of cereal crops


optic nerve

(neuroanatomy) Each of the second pair of cranial nerves that carry visual information from the retina to the brain.


internist

(medicine) A physician who specialises in internal medicine.


submetacentric

Human chromosome 2 is submetacentric.

(cytology) (of a chromosome) having the centromere between one end and the middle, and thus having a long arm, and a short arm


bioengineer

(biotechnology) A biologist or engineer whose speciality is bioengineering.


bioengineer

en-verb

bioengineer (third-person singular simple present bioengineers, present participle bioengineering, simple past and past participle bioengineered)

bioengineers (present singular third-person)
bioengineering (participle present)
bioengineered (participle past)
bioengineered (past)

(transitive, biotechnology) To produce or alter (something) by bioengineering.


adenovirus

/əˈdɛnəʊˌvaɪɹəs/

From adeno- + virus, after the human adenoid tissue from which it was isolated.

(medicine) Any virus of the family Adenoviridae, many of which are responsible for respiratory infections in humans


red-eye

en-noun

red-eye (countable and uncountable, plural red-eyes)

The noun is derived from red + eye; sense 2.3 (“strong but poor-quality whiskey”) and sense 3 (“overnight airplane flight”) are probably so named because they may cause people to develop bloodshot eyes.
The verb is derived from the noun.

Most eye disorders tend to present as ‘red eye’. It is the single most common ophthalmic complaint encountered by general practitioners.

2014, Andrew T. Raferty, Eric Lim, Andrew J. K. Östör, “Eye Disorders”, in Churchill’s Pocketbook of Differential Diagnosis, 4th edition, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 126:

(countable, uncountable, medicine) Redness of the conjunctiva; especially when caused by conjunctivitis (pink-eye).


blood corpuscle

blood corpuscle (plural blood corpuscles)


aponeurosis

(anatomy) A flattened pearly white fibrous membrane taking the place of a tendon that binds together and forms the terminations and attachments of muscles or connects them to other body parts like skin or bone.


mineralization

mineralization (countable and uncountable, plural mineralizations)

(pathology) The deposition of calcium salts in abnormal parts of the skeleton.


bronchiolitis

These included multilobular consolidation with histiological lesions of bronchiolitis with epithelial necrosis and syncytia [14 ].

2015 November 17, “Single Pathogen Challenge with Agents of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(pathology) Inflammation of the bronchioles; especially common in young children.

bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia


dacryohemorrhea

/ˌdækɹɪəʊhɛməˈɹɪə/

(medicine) The discharge of tears mixed with blood; a hemorrhagic discharge from the lacrimal sac.


haematidrosis

From Ancient Greek αἵμᾰτ- (haímăt-, “blood”) + ἵδρωσις (hídrōsis, “sweating”).

(medicine) A very rare disorder in which the patient sweats blood and/or blood pigments, usually resulting from extreme physical and/or mental stress.


hemianesthesia

(medicine) The inability to feel sensations from touch on one side of the body.


Replogle tube

(medicine, neonatal medicine) A multi-lumen orogastric tube that functions as a sump tube with one lumen providing suction and the other providing irrigation or venting. It is safer than conventional suction because it reduces the risk of adherence to the gastric lining and subsequent damage.


crackles

(medicine, plurae tantum, lung sounds) rales


inveterated

"... herb, and extr. bellad. aa. gr. 4, 2, 3, or 4 times a day, was generally successful, even in inveterated cases."

1859, Emil Noeggerath, Contributions to midwifery, and diseases of women and children, page 361:

"One case had to undergo re-operation because of severe subscapularis deficiency after repair of a complete, inveterated tear. "

1996, C. Gerber et al., “Latissimus dorsi transfer for the treatment of irreparable tears of the rotator cuff”, in The Cuff, →ISBN, page 366:

"This is, in fact, the same principle shown by Stener (1962) in his study of inveterated ruptures of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb,..."

2000, W.A. Grana, “Acute Ankle Injuries”, in The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, →ISBN, page 236:

(medicine, of an injury or condition) No longer fresh or recent.


benzodiazepine

Coordinate term: barbiturate

That week we were in the desert I couldn't sleep—perhaps a couple of hours each night at the most even with a steady intake of benzodiazepine.

2023, Bret Easton Ellis, chapter 1, in The Shards:

His modus operandi was to drug them with wine or tea laced with benzodiazepines, which incapacitated them and wiped out their memories.

2023 December 21, Anna Moore, “The couch surfing predator: how a group of women were drugged and assaulted - then fought back”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) Any of a class of psychoactive drugs, structured upon diazepine, used in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia and other related disorders.


prostatic

(anatomy) Relating to the prostate gland.


heritability

heritability (countable and uncountable, plural heritabilities)

(countable, genetics) The ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance; i.e. the proportion of variability that is genetic in origin

遺傳力 /遗传力

the ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance


phenocopy

(genetics) A variation in an organism that resembles a genetic one, but has an environmental rather than a genetic cause, and is not inherited


phenocopy

en-verb

phenocopy (third-person singular simple present phenocopies, present participle phenocopying, simple past and past participle phenocopied)

phenocopies (present singular third-person)
phenocopying (participle present)
phenocopied (participle past)
phenocopied (past)

The wg- mutant can be phenocopied by injecting antisense RNA (complementary to the 3 kb wg+ transcript) into wild-type embryos.

1990, David de Pomerai, From Gene to Animal, →ISBN, page 275:

(genetics) To copy a genetic variation through environmental manipulation


coprolalia

en-noun

coprolalia (countable and uncountable, plural coprolalias)

Borrowed from French coprolalie, coined by French neurologist Georges Gilles de la Tourette in 1885. Equivalent to copro- + -lalia.

coinage

(psychiatry) The uncontrolled use of abusive, obscene or scatological language; especially such behaviour associated with Tourette syndrome.


hypomania

en-noun

hypomania (countable and uncountable, plural hypomanias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hypomania.wav

From hypo- + -mania, after German Hypomanie.

She was lovely beyond all others, this Jewish dervish, with her sense of space and history, her echo-box of racial memories, her gallant hypomania.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 197:

(medicine) A mild form of mania, especially the phase of several mood disorders characterized by euphoria or hyperactivity.


shigellosis

/ˌʃɪɡəˈloʊsɪs/

/ˌʃɪɡəˈləʊsɪs/

From translingual Shigella + -osis; the former is from the name of Kiyoshi Shiga.

(medicine) A form of dysentery caused by intestinal infection with Shigella bacteria


stereotypic

en-adj

stereotypic (comparative more stereotypic, superlative most stereotypic)

more stereotypic (comparative)
most stereotypic (superlative)

(medicine) Of, pertaining to or characteristic of a stereotypy.


celiac

From Latin coeliacus, from Ancient Greek κοιλιακός (koiliakós), from κοιλία (koilía, “belly”). Cognate with coelom.

(US, anatomy) Of, pertaining to or located within the abdomen or abdominal cavity.

celíaco

of or pertaining to the abdominal cavity

(US, medicine) Of or pertaining to c(o)eliac disease.


ritalin

From Rita + -lin. Coined by chemist Leandro Panizzon, who synthesized it. Named after Marguerite Panizzon, wife of Leandro. Ritalin, a trade name from the 1940s. Genericization of the trademark.

(pharmacology) methylphenidate, used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


minocycline

From (a)mino- + -cycline (“tetracycline derivative”).

af

(pharmacology) A semisynthetic tetracycline derivative used (as the hydrochloride C₂₃H₂₇N₃O₇·HCl) as a broad-spectrum antibiotic and anti-inflammatory agent to treat bacterial and other infections.


enterocolitis

en-noun

enterocolitis (usually uncountable, plural enterocolitides)

Idiopathic IBD also must be differentiated from infectious, ischemic, and radiation enterocolitides.

1996 July, Richard M. Gore, Emil J. Balthazar, Gary G. Ghahremani, Frank H. Miller, “CT Features of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease”, in American Journal of Roentgenology, volume 167, number 1, →DOI, page 11:

(medicine) Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the small intestine and of the colon.


macroorchidism

(medicine) The condition of having abnormally large testes


comorbid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-comorbid.wav

Research shows that depression is often comorbid with other psychiatric and physical illnesses

They found that PTSD (50,3% men, 36.5% women), alcohol dependence (60.5% men, 8.1% women) and comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD (69.6% men, 11.7% women) were common.

(medicine, of a disease or symptom) That occurs at the same time as another.


AEB

(medicine) Alternative form of aeb; Initialism of as evidenced by.


ASC

The ambulatory surgery center (ASC) differs from the general hospital (GH) in several respects. […] The ASC has many advantages over the GH facility, some of which are financial and others related to patient flow and satisfaction. Clearly, a facility that has a limited purpose and scope can eliminate many services and costs that are necessary in the GH.

2000, Michael Lavan, “Facilities for Ambulatory Surgery. Part A: The Freestanding Ambulatory Surgery Center”, in H. Randolph Bailey, Michael J. Snyder, editors, Ambulatory Anorectal Surgery, Springer, →ISBN, page 1:

ambulatory surgery center
ambulatory surgery center#English

(medicine) Initialism of ambulatory surgery center.


allobarbital

(pharmacology) An early barbiturate once used as an anticonvulsant.


infundibulum

Borrowed from Latin infundibulum (“funnel”).

(anatomy) A funnel-shaped cavity or organ.


quetiapine

Probably from que(ll) + thia- + -apine (“psychoactive tricyclic compound”).

af

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) An antipsychotic drug taken orally in the form of its fumarate (C₂₁H₂₅N₃O₂S)₂·C₄H₄O₄ especially to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is marketed under the trademark Seroquel.


olanzapine

From olan- (of unknown origin) + -zapine (“alteration of benzodiazepine”).

(pharmacology) An antipsychotic drug C₁₇H₂₀H₄S administered orally especially in the short-term treatment of schizophrenia and acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder.


risperidone

/ɹɪˈspɛ.ɹɪ.dəʊn/

/ɹɪˈspɛɹ.ɪˌdoʊn/

From (fluo)r- + (benz)is(oxazole) + (pi)perid(inyl) + -one.

(pharmacology) A drug that is a combined serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of psychotic disorders.


fluphenazine

en-noun

fluphenazine (countable and uncountable, plural fluphenazines)

(pharmacology) An antipsychotic drug of the phenothiazine class, which can be administered orally or by injection.


thioridazine

thioridazine (countable and uncountable, plural thioridazines)

/ˌθaɪ.əˈɹɪd.əˌziːn/

From thio- + (pipe)rid(ine) + (phenothi)azine.

af

(pharmacology) A synthetic compound derived from phenothiazine, used as a tranquillizer, chiefly in the treatment of mental illness.


naltrexone

Probably from naloxone + Latin tres (“three”).

(pharmacology) A synthetic drug, similar to morphine, which blocks opiate receptors in the nervous system and is used chiefly in the treatment of heroin addiction.


encopresis

en-noun

encopresis (usually uncountable, plural encopreses)

From enuresis with substitution of uro- by copro-. See also parcopresis.

Treatments for encopresis have involved two types of approaches. The first type of intervention has used positive reinforcement or punishment to alter the frequency of accidents or appropriate toiletings.

1982, Lynn Parker, William Whitehead, “Treatment of Urinary and Fecal Incontinence in Children”, in Daniel C. Russo, James W. Varni, editors, Behavioral Pediatrics: Research and Practice, New York, N.Y., London: Plenum Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 166:

(medicine) Fecal incontinence in children.


nystatin

nystatin (countable and uncountable, plural nystatins)

(pharmacology) An antifungal drug that is derived from a soil actinomycete (Streptomyces noursei) used especially against Candida.


fluconazole

From flu(oro)- + -conazole (“miconazole derivative”).

af

(pharmacology) An antifungal agent C₁₃H₁₂F₂N₆O used orally to treat cryptococcal meningitis and local or systemic candida infections.


aripiprazole

/ˌæɹ.ɪˈpɪp.ɹəˌzoʊl/

From ari- (of unknown origin) + -piprazole (“phenylpiperazine derivative”).

(pharmacology) An antipsychotic drug C₂₃H₂₇Cl₂N₃O₂ used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and irritability associated with autism.


ziprasidone

Probably from (ben)zi(sothiazole) + -pras- (“alteration of p(ipe)raz(ine)”) + i(n)d(ol)one.

(pharmacology) An antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia etc.


clozapine

en-noun

clozapine (countable and uncountable, plural clozapines)

From chlo(ro)- + -zapine (“alteration of (benzodi)azepine”).

af

(pharmacology) A sedative drug used to treat schizophrenia.


chlorpromazine

en-noun

chlorpromazine (countable and uncountable, plural chlorpromazines)

Borrowed from French chloropromazine, corresponding to chlor- + prom(eth)azine.

In the early 1950s two French physicians, J. Delay and P. Deniker, noted the remarkable calming effects of a new drug, chlorpromazine, which was initially tested as an agent to be given to patients prior to major surgery to relax them.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 59:

(pharmacology) A synthetic drug used as a tranquillizer, sedative, and antiemetic. It is a phenothiazine derivative.


scut monkey

(slang, medicine) A new medical student, beginning his/her clinical rotations (often after the first two years of a four-year medical program), or a new resident who is rotating off-service.


carbamazepine

carbamazepine (countable and uncountable, plural carbamazepines)

Since α-carbamazepine is a monotrope of γ-carbamazepine, and γ-carbamazepine is an enantiotrope of β-carbamazepine, the physical stability hierarchy depends on the transition temperature of β- and γ-carbamazepine.

2004, Peter York, Uday B. Kompella, Boris Y. Shekunov, Supercritical Fluid Technology for Drug Product Development, page 288:

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A synthetic compound of the benzodiazepine class, used as an anticonvulsant and analgesic drug.


lamotrigine

Perhaps from (ch)l(oro)- + am(in)o- + -trigine (“signal transduction modulator”).

af

(pharmacology) An anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy.


vascularization

en-noun

vascularization (countable and uncountable, plural vascularizations)

(medicine) the formation of blood vessels and capillaries in living tissue


chemogenomics

(medicine, genetics) The study of the genomic effect of chemical compounds (especially drugs)


genomic

(genetics) Of or pertaining to a genome.


druggable

en-adj

druggable (comparative more druggable, superlative most druggable)

more druggable (comparative)
most druggable (superlative)

With only 10% of the human genome representing druggable targets, and only half of those being relevant to disease, it is important to be able to predict how druggable a novel target is in early drug discovery.

2007 March 7, Joanna Owens, “Determining druggability”, in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, volume 6, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 187–187:

(genetics, medicine) Describing the ability of a biological molecule (for example, a protein) to be targeted by drugs, especially by small molecule drugs.


druggability

A target's druggability is usually estimated by classifying it with known gene families that have previously been successfully targeted with drugs.

(genetics, medicine) The ability of a portion of a genome to be targeted by a drug, especially by a small molecule drug


antiretroviral

antiretroviral (comparative more antiretroviral, superlative most antiretroviral)

more antiretroviral (comparative)
most antiretroviral (superlative)

Begun in 2003 and covering some 50 countries, Pepfar has saved the lives of an estimated 13m people living with HIV-Aids, mostly in Africa, by providing them with antiretroviral drugs.

2019 July 17, David Pilling, “Why George W Bush is Africa’s favourite US president”, in Financial Times:

(pharmacology) That combats infection by retroviruses.


antiretroviral

Inequality, research shows, [is why] we still see Aids-related deaths in an era when we have all the antiretrovirals, HIV prevention pills, vaginal rings, injections and harm-reduction plans needed to end the pandemic.

2023 August 7, Mia Malan, “A pandemic is not just a disease – it’s a political, social and economic crisis fuelled by inequality”, in The Guardian:

(medicine, pharmacology) An agent that combats retroviruses.


hirsutism

en-noun

hirsutism (usually uncountable, plural hirsutisms)

(dermatology) Excessive and increased hair growth in locations where terminal hair is normally minimal or absent.


pental

(medicine) sodium thiopental, a common anesthetic


transmembrane

(cytology) a transmembrane protein, or the transmembrane portion of a protein


orbita

Borrowed from Latin orbita (“a circuit, orbit”).


orthologous

(genetics, of genes or sequences) Exhibiting orthology; having been separated by a speciation event. Usually while retaining the same function.


asphyxy

(medicine, obsolete) asphyxiation, typically resulting in death; asphyxia


honeycombing

(medicine, radiology) An appearance of the presence of small cystic spaces with irregularly thickened walls composed of fibrous tissue, observed in widespread pulmonary fibrosis.


stunting

stunting (countable and uncountable, plural stuntings)

Hence happens the frequent stuntings, blighting, and destruction of young trees […]

1759, James Justice, The British Gardener's Calendar:

(medicine) Stunted growth, often caused by chronic malnutrition.


metapodial

(anatomy, zoology) Of or pertaining to the human metacarpal bones (between the wrist and fingers) or the metatarsal bones (between the ankle and toes); of or pertaining to the equivalent bones in animals.


plasmacytoid

(cytology) Of or pertaining to plasma cells


endometrial

From endometrium + -al or endo- + metrial.

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the endometrium, the lining of the uterus


epistatic

Adjective form of epistasis; compare static and stasis. The adjectival use in genetics was coined by English biologist William Bateson in 1909 in his book Mendel's Principles of Heredity.

coin

(genetics) Of or pertaining to epistasis.


epistatic

(genetics) Any material that causes epistasis.


craniopagus

From German Kraniopagus, equivalent to cranio- + -pagus.

(medicine) A pair of conjoined twins joined at the head.


cybrid

(genetics) An artificial hybrid cell produced by introducing nuclear material from one organism into a cell (of the same or different species) from which the nucleus has been removed


CPT

en-noun

CPT (countable and uncountable, plural CPTs)

(medicine) Initialism of current procedure terminology.


dyskaryosis

dyskaryosis (countable and uncountable, plural dyskaryoses)

(cytology) Any abnormality in the nucleus of a cell


foregut

(biology, anatomy, embryology) The anterior part of the alimentary canal of an embryo, from the mouth to the duodenum, in humans and some other animals.

(biology, anatomy, medicine) The developed counterpart in the adult: the proximal part of the alimentary canal, which in humans runs from the mouth to the first half of the duodenum, up to the ampulla of Vater.


midgut

(biology, anatomy, embryology) The central loop of the alimentary canal of an embryo between the foregut and the hindgut, in humans and some other animals.

(biology, anatomy, medicine) The developed counterpart in the adult: the intermediate part of the alimentary canal, which in humans runs from the second half of the duodenum through the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon.


hindgut

putóg chúil

anatomy: the caudal part of the alimentary canal of an embryo

(biology, anatomy, embryology) The caudal part of the alimentary canal of an embryo, including the colon and the rectum, in humans and some other animals.

(biology, anatomy, medicine) The developed counterpart in the adult: the most distal part of the alimentary canal, which in humans is generally defined as comprising the distal third of the transverse colon, the splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and anorectal junction.


cheek pouch

(anatomy, zoology) A pouch in the cheek of some animals, usually used to carry food.


protocone

(anatomy) A cusp in the corner of an upper molar tooth in mammals.


protropin

(medicine) A polypeptide growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland; a synthetic version used medicinally


psammoma

psammoma (plural psammomas or psammomata)

(medicine) A brain tumour containing concretions resembling grains of sand


pseudoautosomal

(genetics) Describing genes in the X- and Y- chromosomes that behave like autosomes during meiosis


pseudodementia

pseudodementia (countable and uncountable, plural pseudodementias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudodementia.wav

(medicine) A mild form of dementia from which the patient (often an elderly woman) may recover.


partialism

partialism (countable and uncountable, plural partialisms)

(psychiatry) The sexual attraction to specific parts of the body.


psorophthalmia

From Ancient Greek ψώρα (psṓra, “itch”) + ophthalmia.

(medicine) An itchy inflammation of the eyelids.


psychogenetics

(medicine) The branch of psychiatry or genetics that studies the effect of genetic inheritance on mental illness.


psychoimmunology

(medicine) A branch of medicine that studies psychological effects upon the immune system


pterygium

pterygium (plural pterygiums or pterygia)

From Ancient Greek πτερύγιον (pterúgion), diminutive of πτέρυξ (ptérux, “wing”).

(pathology) An abnormal mass of tissue in the corner of the eye that obstructs vision


haplogroup

A haplogroup comprises the genes present on one chromosome.

1984, Alfred Nisonoff, Introduction to Molecular Immunology, page 128:

The earlier Amerind migration carried with it only four Asian haplotypes, which subsequently evolved into Amerind-specific haplogroups A, B, C, and D.

1993, “mtDNA Variation of Aboriginal Siberians Reveals Distinct Genetic Affinities with Native Americans”, in American Journal of Human Genetics, volume 53, page 591:

(genetics) A group of closely related haplotypes.


haplotype

(genetics) A haploid genotype: a group of alleles that are transmitted together.


haplotype

en-verb

haplotype (third-person singular simple present haplotypes, present participle haplotyping, simple past and past participle haplotyped)

haplotypes (present singular third-person)
haplotyping (participle present)
haplotyped (participle past)
haplotyped (past)

(genetics) To characterize with respect to haplotype


haplo-

Combining form from Ancient Greek ἁπλόος (haplóos, “single, simple”).

der

haplodepletion, haplodiploid, haplosis

(genetics) Haploid: having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.


repressor

(genetics) Any protein that binds to DNA and thus regulates the expression of genes by decreasing the rate of transcription.


pubococcygeal

(anatomy) Of, pertaining to, or connecting the pubis and the coccyx


diencephalon

en-noun

diencephalon (plural diencephalons or diencephala)

diencephalons (plural)
diencephala (plural)

From New Latin diencephalon, from di-, prevocalic form of dia- + encephalon.

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The region of the human brain, specifically the human forebrain, that includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus, the prethalamus or subthalamus, and the pretectum.


serotype

An isolate from raw fish, serotype 0:6, unable to invade HeLa cells and negative for heat-stable enterotoxin, was clinically avirulent in this model and caused no lesions by histological examination.

2012, Gerald T. Keusch, “Invasive Bacterial Diarrheas”, in Lincoln Chen, editor, Diarrhea and Malnutrition, page 54:

(immunology) A group of microorganisms characterised by a specific set of antigens.


declaw

en-verb

declaw (third-person singular simple present declaws, present participle declawing, simple past and past participle declawed)

declaws (present singular third-person)
declawing (participle present)
declawed (participle past)
declawed (past)

(transitive, veterinary medicine) To surgically remove the claws of (an animal); to perform onychectomy on.


declawing

en-noun

declawing (usually uncountable, plural declawings)

(veterinary medicine) The surgical removal of claws.


tamponade

If a large fibrohemorrhagic complex had to be removed via a large retinectomy, a silicon oil tamponade is preferable.

2014 October 1, J. Sebag, editor, Vitreous: in Health and Disease, Springer, page 555:

(medicine) A stoppage in the flow of blood in a vessel, caused either by the insertion of a tampon or by outside constriction.


tamponade

en-verb

tamponade (third-person singular simple present tamponades, present participle tamponading, simple past and past participle tamponaded)

tamponades (present singular third-person)
tamponading (participle present)
tamponaded (participle past)
tamponaded (past)

(medicine) To plug or stop with a tampon.


forebrain

(neuroanatomy) The anterior part of the brain, including the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.


peptic ulcer

gastrointestinal tract
gastrointestinal tract

(pathology) An ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract.

ви́разка шлу́нка f (výrazka šlúnka, literally “stomach ulcer”)


pressure ulcer

(medicine, nursing) An ulcer caused by prolonged pressure on the skin as a person lies in a bed or sits in a chair or wheelchair; preventable with sufficient nursing care.


zolpidem

Probably from (imida)zol(e) + p(yr)id(ine) + (ac)e(ta)m(ide).

af

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A sedative and hypnotic drug administered orally in the form of its tartrate (C₁₉H₂₁N₃O)₂·C₄H₆O₆ in the short-term treatment of insomnia. It is marketed under the trademark Ambien, Stilnox.


peds

(medicine, informal, often attributive) Pediatrics.


micropolygyria

(pathology) A neuronal migration disorder, a developmental anomaly of the brain characterized by development of numerous small convolutions (microgyri), causing mental retardation.


postcranial

postcranial skeleton

postcranial anatomy

(anatomy) Relating to the postcranium: the portion of a vertebrate skeleton located caudal to the cranium (that is, in bipeds, inferior to it).


collie eye anomaly

(veterinary medicine) A congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs characterized by an underdeveloped choroid.


genomewide

From genome + -wide. Coined in the 1990s with the rise of genomics.

[…] these figures are only valid as a genomewide average.

1995, Somlo & Germino, "Polycystic Kidney Disease" in Molecular Nephrology: Kidney Function in Health and Disease http://books.google.com/books?id=8UHKog3qMIAC, page 830


genomewide

Studying, genome-wide, the increasing number of interacting epigenetic mechanisms in a spectrum of cell types will involve data generation on a massive scale.

2008 August 7, The American Association for Cancer Research Human Epigenome Task Force, European Union, Network of Excellence, Scientific Advisory Board, “Moving AHEAD with an international human epigenome project”, in Nature, volume 454, →DOI, page 712:


thrombocytopenia

en-noun

thrombocytopenia (countable and uncountable, plural thrombocytopenias)

thrombocytopaenia is an incorrect spelling of this word

and is based on the false assumption that the -penia was converted into American English from British English from -paenia

(hematology) An abnormally low number of platelets in the blood.

severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome

thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome

vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia


proplatelet

From pro- + platelet. Entered widespread use in early 1990s.

(hematology) A portion of a megakaryocyte which is broken off to form a platelet.


pharmacogenetic

Examining new drugs for pharmacogenetic impacts will help identify people whose DNA reveals that they should not take a particular drug.

(pharmacology) Of or pertaining to pharmacogenetics.


anogenital

(anatomy) Of, or relating to, the anus and genitals.