scour

en-verb

scour (third-person singular simple present scours, present participle scouring, simple past and past participle scoured)

scours (present singular third-person)
scouring (participle present)
scoured (participle past)
scoured (past)

From Middle English scǒuren (“to polish, scour; to clean; to beat, whip”), from Middle Dutch scuren, schuren (“to clean; to polish”) or Middle Low German schǖren, of uncertain origin but probably from Old French escurer, from Medieval Latin scūrō, escūrō, excūrō (“to clean off”), from ex- (“thoroughly”) + cūrō (“to arrange, see to, take care of”), from cūra (“care, concern”) (from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to heed”)) + -ō.
The word is cognate with Danish skure, Middle High German schüren, schiuren (modern German scheuern (“to scour, scrub; to chafe”)), Norwegian skura (“to scrub”), Swedish skura, Catalan escurar.

cog

to scour a horse

(transitive, veterinary medicine) To clear the digestive tract (of an animal) by administering medication that induces defecation or vomiting; to purge.

If a lamb is scouring, do not delay treatment.

It has been stated by trustworthy authorities that certain waters in the lias-formation possess scouring properties. […] Mr. Clarke likewise mentions two cases. "In one instance," he says, "a large piece of pasture-land was found to scour the cows kept upon it, to the great loss of the occupier, until he hit upon the expedient of cutting off the supply of spring-water from a neighbouring brook, and confining the supply to the rain-water held in the ditches,—the result of which has been that very little of the disorder has since appeared upon the land referred to.[…]"

1862, Augustus Voelcker, “X.—On the Scouring Lands of Central Somerset. … [Report of an Investigation Made at the Request of the Council of the Bath and West of England Society.]”, in Journal of the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, volume X, part I, London: James Ridgway, […], →OCLC, section 3 (Examination of the Water Theory), page 191:

(transitive, intransitive, veterinary medicine) To (cause livestock to) suffer from diarrhoea or dysentery.


mono

Shortenings, ultimately from the prefix mono- (“one, single”).

(pathology, informal) Clipping of mononucleosis.


para

The second part of words such as primipara and multipara

(medicine) A woman who has given birth or brought pregnancies to viable gestational age a certain number of times, indicated by the number prepended to this word.


agonist

→ Polish: agonista

Borrowed from Latin agōnista, from Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “combatant, champion”). By surface analysis, agon or agony + -ist.

surf

Acetylcholine is an agonist at the cholinergic receptor.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A molecule that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction.


mummy

en-noun

mummy (countable and uncountable, plural mummies)

From Middle English mummie, from Anglo-Norman mumie, from Middle French momie, from Medieval Latin mumia, from Arabic مُومِيَاء (mūmiyāʔ), from Persian مومیا (mumyâ), from موم (mum, “wax”). Doublet of mumijo.

der

Arabic مُومِيَاء (mūmiyāʔ)

Yet another scatological medicament was obtained from mummy, the material derived from a dried or embalmed human corpse, the most valuable being that imported from Mizraim (ancient Egypt).

1978, Benjamin Walker, Encyclopedia of Metaphysical Medicine, Routledge, page 253:

Nonetheless, his book advertises many Paracelsian remedies, including laudanum, mummy, antimony and mercury.

2006, Philip Ball, The Devil's Doctor, Arrow, published 2007, page 360:

In or near this place is a precious liquor, or mummy, growing, Mumnaky-koobasa they call it, which none presumes to take, it being carefully preserved for the King's sole use.

1634, T[homas] H[erbert], A Relation of Some Yeares Trauaile, Begunne Anno 1626. into Afrique and the Greater Asia, […], London: […] William Stansby, and Jacob Bloome, →OCLC:

(uncountable, medicine, now historical) A substance used in medicine, prepared from mummified flesh.


web

From Middle English webbe, from Old English webb, from Proto-Germanic *wabją, from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave”).

what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive

(medicine, archaic) A cataract of the eye.


frank

en-adj

frank (comparative franker, superlative frankest)

franker (comparative)
frankest (superlative)

From Middle English frank, from Old French franc (“free”), in turn from the name of an early Germanic confederation, the Franks, from Proto-West Germanic *frankō (“javelin, spear”). Doublet of Frank, franc, and farang.

der

The research probes whether treating pre-diabetes with metformin can prevent progression to frank diabetes.

(medicine) Unmistakable, clinically obvious, self-evident.


gent

(medicine, colloquial) Short for gentamicin.


obliterate

en-verb

obliterate (third-person singular simple present obliterates, present participle obliterating, simple past and past participle obliterated)

obliterates (present singular third-person)
obliterating (participle present)
obliterated (participle past)
obliterated (past)
obliterate (infinitive)

PIE word
 *h₁epi
(start of 17th century) From earlier obliterat, learned borrowing from Latin obliterātus, oblitterātus (“having been blotted out, effaced, erased; having been forgotten”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix, of participial origin)). Obliterātus and oblitterātus are respectively the perfect passive participles of obliterō and oblitterō (“to blot out, efface, erase, obliterate; to cause to be forgotten”), probably either:
* from ob- (prefix meaning ‘against; towards’) + littera (“letter of the alphabet; (metonymically) handwriting”) (further etymology unknown); or
* from oblītus (“disregarded, neglected; forgotten”), influenced by littera. Oblītus is the perfect passive participle of oblinō (“to daub over, besmear”), from ob- + possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“not heavy, light; brief; swift”).
Cognates
* Catalan obliterar (“to erase; to cancel (a stamp); to close up or fill (a body cavity, vessel, etc.)”)
* Middle French oblitérer (modern French oblitérer (“to cause (memories) to fade; to block, obstruct; to cancel (a stamp, ticket, etc.) so it cannot be reused”))
* Portuguese obliterar (“to destroy completely; to erase”)
* Spanish obliterar (“to destroy completely; to erase”)

cog

/əˈblɪtəˌɹeɪt/

obliterar

to impair the function and/or structure of (a body cavity, vessel, etc.) by ablating or occluding it

In the developing embryo the foregut is surrounded by a group of vascular structures of bilateral distribution connected with the branchial arches. Portions of these arches are obliterated to form the normally described aorta and great vessels. The ultimate persistence of only one main vascular arch, the left, as the aorta, permits the trachea and oesophagus to lie freely to its right side.

1959 September, F. Ronald Edwards, “Vascular Compression of the Trachea and Oesophagus”, in N[orman] R[upert] Barrett, J[ohn] G[uyett] Scadding, editors, Thorax, volume XIV, number 3, London: British Medical Association, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMID, page 187, column 1:

The pleural sac was obliterated by firm fibrous adhesions over the right upper lobe.

1959 December, R. H. Elphinstone, R. G. Spector, “Sarcoma of the Pulmonary Artery”, in N[orman] R[upert] Barrett, J[ohn] G[uyett] Scadding, editors, Thorax, volume XIV, number 4, London: British Medical Association, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMID, page 335, column 1:

Compression of an aneurysm of the left carotid artery should obliterate only the pulses of the distribution of this artery, not those of the femoral arteries. If the mass is an aneurysm of the right common carotid artery, manual compression should obliterate the distribution of this vessel and, because of its location, may also obliterate the vessels of the right arm. However, femoral pulsations should be preserved.

1974 July, Ira W. DuBrow, Sheldon O. Burman, Decio O. Elias, Alois R. Hastreiter, Raymond J. Pietras, “Aortic Arch in the Neck”, in The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, volume 68, number 1, [St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby?], →DOI, →ISSN, →PMID, page 27, column 1:

(biology, pathology, surgery, chiefly passive voice) To impair the function and/or structure of (a body cavity, vessel, etc.) by ablating or occluding it (in the latter case, chiefly by filling it with tissue).

distal pulses obliterate until perfusion is restored

(biology, pathology) Of a body cavity, vessel, etc.: to close up or fill with tissue; of perfusion or a pulse: to cease owing to obstruction.

täyttyä

of a body cavity, vessel, etc.: to close up or fill with tissue; of perfusion or a pulse: to cease owing to obstruction


perineum

Borrowed from Late Latin perinaeum, from Ancient Greek περίναιον (perínaion, “space between the anus and scrotum”), from Ancient Greek περίνεος, περίνεοι (períneos, períneoi, “male genitals”), itself from earlier Ancient Greek περίς (perís, “penis”) through influence from Ancient Greek πηρίς (pērís, “scrotum”).

der

περίνεος, περίνεοι

He was attacked with complete retention of urine, after a debauch, and six weeks afterwards an abscess formed in the perineum, which eventually burst, leaving a fistulous opening, through which the urine continued to be discharged to the period of his admission into the Hospital.

1827, Guy's Hospital: Case of Fistula in Perineo, Successfully Treated: The Lancet, volume 12, page 61:

The prostate is surrounded by venous plexi and the perineum has a rich blood supply.

2005, Brian J. Moran, “27: Using the perineal pressure applicator device”, in Adam P. Dicker, Gregory S. Merrick, Frank M. Waterman, Richard K. Valicenti, Leonar G. Gomella, editors, Basic and Advanced Techniques in Prostate Brachytherapy, page 251:

The perineum is diamond shaped and stretches from the pubic symphysis to the coccyx.

2011, Ian Lyons, Biomedical Science: Lecture Notes, page 371:

(anatomy) The region between the genitalia and anus.


retrograde

en-adj

retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)

more retrograde (comparative)
most retrograde (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.
The adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.

cog

/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/

/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/

retrògrad

reverting to an inferior or less developed state — see also declining, regressing

(medicine) Of amnesia: relating to the period leading up to the episode which caused it.


eliminate

en-verb

eliminate (third-person singular simple present eliminates, present participle eliminating, simple past and past participle eliminated)

eliminates (present singular third-person)
eliminating (participle present)
eliminated (participle past)
eliminated (past)

From Latin ēlīminātus, past participle of ēlīmināre (“to turn out of doors, banish”), from ē (“out”) + līmen (“a threshold”), akin to līmes (“a boundary”); see English limit and limen.

In one study, 65.8% of the cat owners relinquishing a cat thought that their cat eliminated outside the litter box or destroyed furniture to spite them.

2015, Ilona Rodan, Sarah Heath, editors, Feline Behavioral Health and Welfare, Elsevier Health Sciences, →ISBN, page 7:

(transitive, intransitive, physiology) To excrete (waste products).


palpebra

en-noun

palpebra (plural palpebrae or (archaic) palpebræ)

palpebrae (plural)
palpebræ (archaic plural)

Borrowing from Latin palpebra (“an eyelid”). Compare Middle English palpebre.


deliver

en-verb

deliver (third-person singular simple present delivers, present participle delivering, simple past and past participle delivered)

delivers (present singular third-person)
delivering (participle present)
delivered (participle past)
delivered (past)

From Middle English deliveren, from Anglo-Norman and Old French delivrer, from Latin dē + līberō (“to set free”).

päästää

(obsolete in English) to admit; to allow to pass


cretin

From French crétin (“cretin, idiot”), likely from crestin, an Alpine dialectal form of chrétien, from Latin christiānus in the lost sense of “anyone in Christendom”, often with a sense of “poor fellow”. Doublet of Christian.

(pathology) A person who fails to develop mentally and physically due to a congenital hypothyroidism.

cretí

person who fails to develop due to congenital hypothyroidism


prognosis

/pɹɒɡˈnəʊsɪs/

/pɹɒɡˈnəʊsiːz/

Learned borrowing from Late Latin prognōsis (“forecast, prediction; forecast of the course and outcome of a disease”), itself borrowed from Ancient Greek πρόγνωσις (prógnōsis, “forecast of the course and outcome of a disease; (Koine) foreknowledge, perceiving beforehand, prediction”), from προ- (pro-, prefix meaning ‘before; beforehand’) + γνῶσῐς (gnôsĭs, “inquiry, investigation; knowledge”). The plural prognoses is a learned borrowing from Late Latin prognōsēs.
Cognates
* Middle French prognosie (“forecast, prediction”) (modern French prognosie (obsolete), prognose (“forecast of the course and outcome of a disease”))
* Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajñā, “intelligence, wisdom; judgment; knowledge”)

cog

Hovvbeit it is to be noted (vvhich vve hinted in the prognoſis) that the ſvvelling doth often appear critically and profitably, and thereby the ſick are recovered of their diſeaſes; […]

1655, Lazarus Riverius [i.e., Lazare Rivière], “Of a Pestilential Feaver”, in Nicholas Culpeper, Abdiah Cole, and William Rowland, transl., The Practice of Physick, […], London: […] Peter Cole, […], →OCLC, 17th book (Of Feavers), section III (Of Pestilential Feavers), page 637:

The prognosis [of measles] is unfavourable when the child is very young, when the eruption appears before the third day, or when it suddenly disappears. […] The prognosis is favourable when the gastro-pulmonary symptoms are slight, the progress of the disease is regular, and when the skin is moist after the appearance of the exanthema.

1848, John Neill, Francis Gurney Smith, “Rubeola (Measles)”, in A Handbook of the Practice of Medicine: Being a Portion of an Analytical Compend of the Various Branches of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea & Blanchard, →OCLC, page 33:

Once the patient has worked through the stage of grieving at diagnosis, adjustment may be successful as therapy is begun and a prognosis is determined.

1986, Constance S. Kirkpatrick, Nurses’ Guide to Cancer Care, Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 132:

(medicine) A forecast of the future course or outcome of a disease or disorder based on current medical knowledge.


labyrinthine

en-adj

labyrinthine (comparative more labyrinthine, superlative most labyrinthine)

more labyrinthine (comparative)
most labyrinthine (superlative)

/ˌlæb.əˈɹɪn.θɪn/

/ˌlæb.əˈɹɪnˌθaɪn/

/ˌlæb.əˈɹɪnˌθin/

From labyrinth + -ine from Ancient Greek λᾰβύρῐνθος (lăbúrĭnthos, “a maze”).

der

(anatomy) Relating to the labyrinth of the inner ear.


parity

From Latin paritas, from pariō (“give birth”).

(medicine, countable) The number of delivered pregnancies reaching viable gestational age, usually between 20-28 weeks


folium

en-noun

folium (countable and uncountable, plural foliums or folia)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-folium.wav

From Latin folium (“leaf”). Doublet of foil and folio, distantly also with phyllo and phyllon.

The folia of these project considerably beyond the level of the soft cœnenchyma, and produce a very rugose appearance.

1906, John Arthur Thomson, William Dawson Henderson, James J. Simpson, An Account of the Alcyonarians Collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean, page 230:

The folium represents the second largest gross morphologic unit of the human kidney in those protolobes that are undivided and the third largest unit in subdivided protolobes in which the lobes are present.

1988, Gábor Inke, The Protolobar Structure of the Human Kidney, page 375:

The folia are short, free or fused at the tips to form a ring of imperforate umbilical piles.

2018, Marcelle K. Boudaugher-Fadel, Evolution and Geological Significance of Larger Benthic Foraminifera, page 433:

(anatomy) A lobe on a branching structure.

The vermis portion of lobule C₃ remains small, and still consists of only one folium.

1904, The Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Normal and Pathological, page 465:

These diverge so sharptly from each other that they almost form a right angle with the parent stem, and they run parallel to the long axis of the folium, threading their way between the branches of the various dendritic planes of the cells of Purkinje and entering into contact association with them.

1905, Daniel John Cunningham, Text-book of anatomy, page 514:

The cells are flattened in a direction transverse to the long axis of the folium, and thus appear broad in sections carried across the folium, and fusiform in sections parallel to the long axis of the folium.

1918, Henry Gray, Robert Howden, Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied, page 781:

A cerebellara folium is composed of a central core of white matter covered with a layer of grey matter.

1956, Wilfrid Edward Le Gros Clark, Archibald Durward, The Anatomy of the Nervous System, page 913:

A leaf-like protrusion or lobule on one of the vermes of the cerebellum.


transform

en-verb

transform (third-person singular simple present transforms, present participle transforming, simple past and past participle transformed)

transforms (present singular third-person)
transforming (participle present)
transformed (participle past)
transformed (past)

From Middle English transformen, from Old French transformer, from Latin transformo, transformare, from trans (“across”, preposition) + forma (“form”).

(transitive, genetics) To subject (a cell) to transformation.

transformieren

in genetics: subject (a cell) to transformation


transformation

en-noun

transformation (countable and uncountable, plural transformations)

Borrowed from Middle French, from Ecclesiastical Latin trānsfōrmātiō.
Morphologically transform + -ation

(genetics) The alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA from another, especially if pathogenic.

muutos

genetics: alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA


greenhouse

From green + house ("house for growing greens"), in reference to the produce grown within.

Figure 2.6 shows the diagram Charnley published of the airflow in the 'greenhouse'; it can be seen that reasonable downward unidirectional airflow was achieved close to the operating table.

2010, William Whyte, Cleanroom Technology:

The greenhouse system for providing a nearly bacteria-free operating environment consists of a 10 by 10-foot aluminum frame with plexiglass panes forming three sides and a polyvinyl curtain forming the fourth side. […] However, the greenhouse contains its own light supply, while this is an extra with the air curtain unit.

1972, Southern Hospitals, volumes 40-41, page 10:

(medicine) A structure that shields the operating table to protect against bacteria.


pulmonary embolism

pulmonary embolism (plural pulmonary embolisms)

pulmonary embolisms (plural)
PE (abbreviation)

(pathology) The embolism or obstruction of a pulmonary artery, usually by a detached blood clot from a leg or pelvic vein, which causes a stoppage of blood into the lungs; symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting, and sometimes death.


hippocampus

hippocampus (plural hippocampi or hippocampuses)

hippocampi (plural)
hippocampuses (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hippocampus.wav

From Late Latin hippocampus, from Ancient Greek ἱππόκαμπος (hippókampos, from ῐ̔́ππος (hĭ́ppos, “horse”) + κάμπος (kámpos, “sea-monster”)). The anatomy sense is so named from its resemblance to the seahorse.

der

The hippocampus is central to the laying down of memories.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 63:

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) A part of the brain located inside the temporal lobe, consisting mainly of grey matter. It is a component of the limbic system and plays a role in memory and emotion.


chronic

en-adj

chronic (comparative more chronic, superlative most chronic)

more chronic (comparative)
most chronic (superlative)

acute

antonym(s) of “prolonged or slow to heal”

From chronical, from Old French cronike, from Latin chronicus, from Ancient Greek χρονικός (khronikós, “of time”), from χρόνος (khrónos, “time”).

der

chronic cough; chronic headache; chronic illness


chronic

en-noun

chronic (countable and uncountable, plural chronics)

(medicine) A condition of extended duration, either continuous or marked by frequent recurrence. Sometimes implies a condition which worsens with each recurrence, though that is not inherent in the term.


tumor

From Middle English tumour, from Old French tumour, from Latin tumor (“swelling”), from tumeō (“bulge, swell”, verb), from Proto-Italic *tumēō, from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Related to English thumb.

der

a benign tumor

a malignant tumor

brain tumor

identify tumor

pancreatic tumor

remove a tumor

take a tumor

stomach tumor

differential diagnosis
differential diagnosis

(oncology, pathology) An abnormal growth; differential diagnosis includes abscess, metaplasia, and neoplasia.

เนื้องอก

nʉ́ʉa-ngɔ̂ɔk


breakdown

en-noun

breakdown (countable and uncountable, plural breakdowns)

sınma

failure, particularly one which is mechanical in nature

(veterinary medicine, uncountable) Injury to a horse's leg causing lameness; (countable) an instance of this.

jalkavamma

injury to a horse’s leg causing lameness; an instance of this


eccentric

en-adj

eccentric (comparative more eccentric, superlative most eccentric)

more eccentric (comparative)
most eccentric (superlative)

concentric

antonym(s) of “against the contraction of a muscle”

→ Japanese: エキセントリック (ekisentorikku)

From Middle French excentrique, from Medieval Latin eccentricus, from Ancient Greek ἔκκεντρος (ékkentros, “not having the earth as the center of an orbit”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) + κέντρον (kéntron, “point”). Equivalent to ex- + -centric.

der

(physiology, of a motion) Against or in the opposite direction of contraction of a muscle (such as results from flexion of the lower arm (bending of the elbow joint) by an external force while contracting the triceps and other elbow extensor muscles to control that movement; opening of the jaw while flexing the masseter).


eccentric

Research tells us that eccentrics, heavy partials, and static exercise may require several days or weeks of recovery time.

2021, Edward L. Wallace, Omniflex: A Unified System of Strength Training:

(physiology) An exercise that goes against or in the opposite direction of contraction of a muscle.


macrophage

From macro- + -phage, both from Ancient Greek.

innate immune system
innate immune system

(immunology, cytology) A white blood cell that phagocytizes necrotic cell debris and foreign material, including viruses, bacteria, and tattoo ink. It presents foreign antigens on MHC II to lymphocytes. Part of the innate immune system.


pseudopenis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pseudopenis.wav

(anatomy) The enlarged clitoris of the female of various species including spotted hyena, binturong, and lemur.


earwax

From Middle English erewax, a compound of ere + wax. Equivalent to ear + wax.

Her's Agamemnon, an honeſt fellow inough and one that loues quailes, but hee has not ſo much braine as eare-wax, […]

c. 1602, William Shakespeare, The Famous Historie of Troylus and Cresseid. Excellently Expressing the Beginning of their Loues, with the Conceited Wooing of Pandarus, Prince of Licia, London: Imprinted by G[eorge] Eld for R[ichard] Bonian and H[enry] Walley, and are to be sold at the spred Eagle in Paules Church-yeard, ouer against the great North doore, published 1609, →OCLC, act V, scene 1:

(medicine, pathology) A waxy substance secreted by the ear.


sheathe

en-verb

sheathe (third-person singular simple present sheathes, present participle sheathing, simple past and past participle sheathed)

sheathes (present singular third-person)
sheathing (participle present)
sheathed (participle past)
sheathed (past)
sheathe (infinitive)

From Late Middle English shethen (“to put (a sword or knife) into a sheath, sheathe; to provide with a sheath; (figuratively) to have sexual intercourse”) [and other forms], then:
* probably from Old English *scēaþian; or
* possibly from Middle English sheth, shethe (“holder for a sword, knife, etc., scabbard, sheath”) [and other forms] + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs). Sheth(e) is derived from Old English sċēaþ (“sheath”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþiju, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþiz (“sheath; covering”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to dissect, split”) (possibly from the notion of a split stick with a sword inserted).

nb...

chethe, scǽð, scaþ, schede, schete, scheth, schethe, seaþ, seeth, seth, sethe, shæþ, shede, sheethe, sheith, (Southwest) ssethe, sseþe, (early forms) scæðe, scaþe, seaþe

der

[page 540] Theſe ſmooth and oily Med'cines act by ſheathing acrimonious Salts in the Blood, and preventing Inconveniences from 'em; and by relaxing the Fibres, and hence widening 'em. [...] [page 541] [They] are convenient in Coughs, from thin and ſharp Rheums, becauſe they ſheathe the Salts that gall the Lungs.

1716, John Radcliffe, “[An Appendix to Dr. Radcliffe’s Recipe’s.] Ramose, Flexile, Smooth Medicines. [Observations.]”, in Pharmacopoeia Radcliffeana: Or, Dr. Radcliff’s Prescriptions, Faithfully Gather’d from His Original Recipes. […], 2nd corrected edition, London: Printed for Charles Rivington, […], →OCLC, pages 540 and 541:

He concludes this Diſſertation, by endeavouring to explain the Manner of its [olive oil's] operating, which he attributes to its fat inviſcating Nature, whereby it ſheathes the Spicula of the Poiſon.

1738 December, C. Mortimer, “VI. An Abstract by C. Mortimer, M.D. Secr[etary of the] R[oyal] S[ociety] of an Inaugural Dissertation Published at Wittemberg 1736. by Dr. Abraham Vater, F.R.S. Concerning the Cure of the Bite of a Viper, Cured by Sallad-oil.”, in Philosophical Transactions. Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World, volume XXXIX, number 451, London: Printed for T. Woodward, […] ; and C. Davis […] ; printers to the Royal Society, →OCLC, page 443:

Comfry Root (Symphytum) is a principal Vulnerary; it is very mucilaginous and thickening, its clammy Juice ſheathes the Sharpneſs of the Humours; [...]

1747, Tho[mas] Short, Medicina Britannica: Or A Treatise on Such Physical Plants, as are Generally to be Found in the Fields and Gardens in Great-Britain: Containing a Particular Account of Their Nature, Virtues, and Uses. […], 2nd edition, London: Printed for R. Manby and H. Shute Cox, […], →OCLC, paragraph 73, page 66:

(transitive, medicine, obsolete) To relieve the harsh or painful effect of (a drug, a poison, etc.).


diaeresis

/daɪˈɛɹɪsɪs/

/daɪˈɪəɹɪsɪs/

/daɪˈɪəɹɪsɪs/

/daɪˈɛɹəsɪs/

/daɪˈɪəɹɪsiːz/

PIE word
 *dwís
Unadapted borrowing from Late Latin diaeresis (“distribution; division of a diphthong into two syllables”), from Ancient Greek δῐαίρεσῐς (dĭaíresĭs, “distribution, division; division of a poetic line when the end of a word and a metrical foot coincide; division of a diphthong into two syllables”), from δῐαιρέω (dĭairéō, “to divide; to distinguish; to resolve a diphthong or contracted form”) + -σῐς (-sĭs, suffix forming abstract nouns or nouns of action, process, or result). Δῐαιρέω (Dĭairéō) is derived from δῐᾰ- (dĭă-, prefix meaning ‘across; through; in different directions’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“doubly, twice; in two”)) + αἱρέω (hairéō, “to grasp, seize, take”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to grasp, seize, take”)).
The plural is borrowed from Latin diaeresēs.

diërese

separation of one syllable (especially a vowel which is a diphthong) into two distinct syllables

There are four^([sic]) manners of performing the Diæreſis: viz. by Cutting, Pricking, Tearing, Dravving, and Burning.

1728, E[phraim] Chambers, “Diæresis”, in Cyclopædia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; […] In Two Volumes, volumes I (A–H), London: […] James and John Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, page 211, column 1:

(surgery, archaic) An act of separating body parts or tissues which are normally together.


connective

From connect + -ive, modeled after French connectif, from New Latin connectivus, from connectō (“I connect”); compare connect, connexive, connectivum, connection.


present

en-verb

present (third-person singular simple present presents, present participle presenting, simple past and past participle presented)

presents (present singular third-person)
presenting (participle present)
presented (participle past)
presented (past)

From Middle English presenten, from Old French presenter, from Latin praesentāre (“to show”), from praesent-, praesens, present participle of praeesse (“be in front of”).

The patient presented with insomnia.

Symptoms typically present in early childhood.

(intransitive, medicine) To come to the attention of medical staff, especially with a specific symptom.

apresentar

medicine: to come to the attention of medical staff, especially with a specific symptom

(intransitive, medicine) To appear (in a specific way) for delivery (of a fetus); to appear first at the mouth of the uterus during childbirth.


conservative

en-adj

conservative (comparative more conservative, superlative most conservative)

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

From Middle French conservatif, from Latin cōnservō (“to preserve”). Equivalent to conserve + -ative.

Operative treatment should be reserved for those patients in whom conservative treatment has failed and who are motivated with regard to sports.

2000, G. Puddu et al., “Achilles Tendon Injuries”, in The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, →ISBN, page 200:

conservative treatment
conservative treatment

(medicine) Not including any operation or intervention (said of a treatment, see conservative treatment)


NP

en-noun

NP (countable and uncountable, plural NPs)

(medicine, pathology) Abbreviation of nosocomial pneumonia.


chewing

chewing (countable and uncountable, plural chewings)

From Middle English chewyng, chewynge, from Old English ċīwung, ċȳwung, ċēowung (“chewing”), equivalent to chew + -ing.

(drugs) The consumption of (the juice from) the khat plant.

(drugs) The consumption of loose leaf tobacco juice from tobacco plants by chewing leaves near the cheek.


trans

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“on the other side of”). Doublet of très.

bor+

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(cytology) Of the side of the Golgi apparatus farther from the endoplasmic reticulum.


vagina

en-noun

vagina (plural vaginas or vaginae or (obsolete) vaginæ)

vaginas (plural)
vaginae (plural)
vaginæ (obsolete plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin vāgīna (“a sheath, scabbard; a covering, sheath, holder”).

lbor

زهگیر sg (zehgir, literally “semen-gatherer”)

urogenital sinus - embryological precursors

The epithelial lining of the vagina consists of many layers of flattened cells. Changes in the condition of these cells during the menstrual cycle can be detected by swabbing the lining and looking at the cells under a microscope.

1991, Richard Evan Jones, Human Reproductive Biology, →ISBN, page 61:

(anatomy) A sex organ leading from the vulval vestibule/urogenital sinus to the cervix of the uterus for copulation and birth in female therian mammals.

(zootomy) A similar part in some invertebrates and non-mammalian amniotes.


trapezium

en-noun

trapezium (plural trapeziums or trapezia)

Recorded since 1570, learned borrowing from Late Latin trapezium, from Ancient Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion, “irregular quadrilateral”, literally “a little table”), diminutive of τράπεζα (trápeza, “table”). Doublet of trapeze.

uder

(anatomy) The trapezium bone of the wrist.


obtund

en-verb

obtund (third-person singular simple present obtunds, present participle obtunding, simple past and past participle obtunded)

obtunds (present singular third-person)
obtunding (participle present)
obtunded (participle past)
obtunded (past)

Latin obtundere (“to dull", "deaden", "deafen”), from ob- (see ob-) + tundere. More at obtuse.

uder

[…] the use of alcoholic decoctions[…] which are given as medicines to allay pain, obtund nerve sensibility, to cure the little sufferer of his vital manifestations […]

1900, Martha M. Allen, Alcohol, a Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine, page 319:

Small doses of opioids are also useful in obtunding airway reflexes […]

2008, Jerrold H. Levy, Kenichi A. Tanaka, Eric J. Okun, “Cardial Surgical Pharmacology”, in Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, →ISBN, page 103:

(transitive, chiefly medicine) To reduce the edge or effects of; to mitigate; to dull.


cachet

en-noun

cachet (countable and uncountable, plural cachets)

Borrowed from French cachet, first appearing in Scottish English, from 1630.

In order to facilitate taking by the patient, powders are often ordered to be dispensed in cachets.

1907, Pharmaceutical Journal, volume 79, page 101:

One cachet on an empty stomach first thing in the morning, a second in one and a half hours, a third in one hour afterwards, and a fourth two hours later.

1915, American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record, volume 63, page 237:

(medicine) A capsule containing a pharmaceutical preparation.


pack

From Middle English pak, pakke, from Old English *pæcca and/or Middle Dutch pak, packe; both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *pakkō, from Proto-Germanic *pakkô (“bundle, pack”). Cognate with Dutch pak (“pack”), Low German Pack (“pack”), German Pack (“pack”), Swedish packe (“pack”), Icelandic pakka, pakki (“package”).

(medicine) An envelope, or wrapping, of sheets used in hydropathic practice, called dry pack, wet pack, cold pack, etc., according to the method of treatment.


maternal

en-adj

maternal (comparative more maternal, superlative most maternal)

more maternal (comparative)
most maternal (superlative)

PIE word
 *méh₂tēr
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English maternal, maternall, from Middle French maternel (“maternal”) (modern French maternel (“maternal; native”)), or from its etymon Late Latin māternālis (“maternal”), from Latin māternus (“maternal; related to the mother or her side of the family”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship from nouns). Māternus is derived from māter (“mother”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (“mother”)) + -rnus (suffix forming adjectives). The English word is cognate with Italian maternale, materno, Portuguese maternal, materno, Spanish maternal, materno.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

der

The facts which have now been stated warrant, I think, the conclusion, that the human placenta does not consist of two parts, maternal and fœtal, that no cells exist in its substance, and that there is no communication between the uterus and the placenta by large arteries and veins.

1831 November 17, Robert Lee, “III. On the Structure of the Human Placenta, and Its Connexion with the Uterus.”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, part I, London: Printed by Richard Taylor […], published 1832, →OCLC, page 63:

Undernutrition occurs when dietary intake cannot meet nutritional requirements. The synthesis of maternal and fetal tissue or breast milk, and the associated costs of maternal maintenance increase nutrient requirements during pregnancy and lactation.

1991, Barbara Abrams, “Maternal Undernutrition and Reproductive Performance”, in Frank Falkner, editor, Infant and Child Nutrition Worldwide: Issues and Perspectives, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 33:

Chorionic villus samples typically contain a mixture of placental villi and maternally derived decidua. Although specimens are thoroughly washed and inspected under a microscope after collection, some maternal cells may remain and grow in the culture. As a result, two cell lines, one fetal and the other maternal, may be identified. In other cases, the maternal cell line may completely overgrow the culture, thereby leading to diagnostic errors, including incorrect sex determination, and potentially to false-negative diagnoses, although there are no published reports of the latter.

2009, Ronald J. Wapner, Thomas M. Jenkins, Nahla Khalek, “Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Disorders”, in Robert K. Creasy, Robert Resnick, Jay D. Iams, Charles J. Lockwood, Thomas R. Moore, editors, Creasy and Resnicks Maternal–Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice, 6th edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier, →ISBN, pages 253–254:

While the animal–vegetal axis is patterned exclusively by maternal factors, the later developing dorsal–ventral axis depends on formation of the animal–vegetal axis and requires both maternal and zygotic contributions in zebrafish and frogs.

2010, Florence L. Marlow, “Dorsal–Ventral Axis Formation before Zygotic Genome Activation in Zebrafish and Frogs”, in Daniel Kessler, editor, Maternal Control of Development in Vertebrates: My Mother Made Me Do It! (Colloquium Series in Developmental Biology), [San Rafael, Calif.]: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 105:

(anatomy, medicine) Derived from the mother as opposed to the foetus during pregnancy.

anyai

derived from the mother as opposed to the foetus during pregnancy


patch

From Middle English patche, of uncertain origin. Perhaps an alteration of earlier Middle English placche (“patch, spot, piece of cloth”), from Old English *plæċċ, *pleċċ (“a spot, mark, patch”), from Proto-West Germanic *plakkju, from Proto-Germanic *plakjō (“spot, stain”). For the loss of l compare pat from Middle English platten. Germanic cognates would then include Middle English plecke, dialectal English pleck (“plot of ground, patch”), West Frisian plak (“place, spot”), Low German Plakk, Plakke (“spot, piece, patch”), Dutch plek (“spot, place, stain, patch”), Dutch plak (“piece, slab”), Swedish plagg (“garment”), Faroese plagg (“cloth, rag”).
Or, possibly a variant of Old French pieche, dialectal variant of piece (“piece”). Compare also Old Occitan petaç (“patch”).

tilkku

small piece of material used to clean a gun barrel

flejtuch

piece of greased cloth used to fit a rifle ball to the bore

(medicine) A piece of material used to cover a wound.

пластир

medicine: piece of material used to cover a wound

Many people use a nicotine patch to wean themselves off of nicotine.

(medicine) An adhesive piece of material, impregnated with a drug, which is worn on the skin, the drug being slowly absorbed over a period of time.

náplast

medicine: adhesive piece of material impregnated with a drug

kausi

a small, distinct part of something larger - period of time

He had scratched his cornea so badly that his doctor told him to wear a patch.

(medicine) A cover worn over a damaged eye, an eyepatch.


phase

From New Latin phasis, from Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis, “an appearance”), from φάω (pháō, “to shine”); compare phantasm and see face.

vaihe

rugby union: period of play between breakdowns


phase

en-verb

phase (third-person singular simple present phases, present participle phasing, simple past and past participle phased)

phases (present singular third-person)
phasing (participle present)
phased (participle past)
phased (past)

(genetics, informal, transitive) To determine haplotypes in (data) when genotypes are known.


pimp

pimp (third-person singular simple present pimps, present participle pimping, simple past and past participle pimped)

pimps (present singular third-person)
pimping (participle present)
pimped (participle past)
pimped (past)

Origin unknown. Perhaps from French pimpant (“smart, sparkish”) or German Pimpf (“boy, youth, young squirt”). The Old English near-synonym was rendered by Old English forspennend (literally “solicitor”).

unk

unknown

ncog

Only an attending physician can pimp a chief resident; the chief resident and attending can pimp a junior resident; they all three can pimp an intern.

2004, Robert A. Blume, Arthur W. Combs, The Continuing American Revolution: A Psychological Perspective, page 183:

(transitive, medicine, slang) To ask progressively harder and ultimately unanswerable questions of a resident or medical student (said of a senior member of the medical staff).

tentata

medicine:to ask progressively harder and ultimately unanswerable questions of a resident or medical student


pique

A variant of pica, or from its etymon Late Latin pica (“disorder characterized by appetite and craving for non-edible substances”), from Latin pīca (“jay; magpie”) (from the idea that magpies will eat almost anything), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“magpie; woodpecker”).

der

The World is nat'rally averse / To all the truth it sees or hears, / But swallows Non-sense and a Lie / With greediness and gluttony; / And though it have the Pique, and long, / 'Tis still for something in the wrong: […]

1677 (indicated as 1678), [Samuel Butler], “[The Third Part of Hudibras]. Canto II.”, in Hudibras. The Third and Last Part. […], London: […] Robert Horne, […], published 1679, →OCLC; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1905, →OCLC, page 260:

(pathology, obsolete, rare) Synonym of pica (“a disorder characterized by appetite and craving for non-edible substances”)


bosom

From Middle English bosom, bosum, from Old English bōsm, from Proto-West Germanic *bōsm, from Proto-Germanic *bōsmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to swell, bend, curve”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Bossem, Bousem (“bosom”), West Frisian boezem (“bosom”), Dutch boezem (“bosom”), German Busen (“bosom”). Related also to Albanian buzë (“lip”), Greek βυζί (vyzí, “breast”), Romanian buză (“lip”), Irish bus (“lip”), and Latin bucca (“cheek”).

Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes.[…]She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.

1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

(anatomy, somewhat dated) The breast or chest of a human (or sometimes of another animal).


acupuncturation

en-noun

acupuncturation (countable and uncountable, plural acupuncturations)


agenesis

agenesis (countable and uncountable, plural ageneses)

/eɪˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

(pathology) Any imperfect development of the body, or any anomaly of organization


agennesis

From a- + Ancient Greek γέννησις (génnēsis, “engendering”).


ambulatory

en-adj

ambulatory (comparative more ambulatory, superlative most ambulatory)

more ambulatory (comparative)
most ambulatory (superlative)

an ambulatory patient

(comparable, medicine) Able to walk about and not bedridden.

an ambulatory electrocardiogram

ambulatory medical care

Those who left the sanatoria received ambulatory care that included regular doctor's care, visits to specialists and dietary supplements.

2007 June 1, Leslie Feinberg, “Cuba brought science, not scapegoating, to AIDS care”, in Workers World:

(medicine) Performed on or involving an outpatient.

амбулато́рны

performed on or involving an ambulatory patient or an outpatient

ambulatory fleet


onset

General American, Midland US, Southern US

From on- + set. Compare Old English onsettan (“to impose; oppress, bear down”). For semantic parallels for the meaning to assault, compare cognate Russian насе́сть pf (naséstʹ), наседа́ть impf (nasedátʹ).

cog

the onset of schizophrenia

Widely credited as an early pioneer of the modern railway, Shooter died peacefully of his own choosing in Switzerland on December 13, having bravely lived with the onset of motor neurone disease in the final years of his life.

2022 December 28, Paul Stephen, “Network News: Adrian Shooter CBE: rail industry mourns "a great man"”, in RAIL, number 973, page 6:

(medicine) The initial phase of a disease or condition, in which symptoms first become apparent.

начална фаза

(medicine) initial phase of a disease or condition


azygos vein

(anatomy) a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava


litter

en-noun

litter (countable and uncountable, plural litters)

From Middle English litere, lytere, &c., from Anglo-Norman litere, litiere, &c., from Old French litiere (“bedding; bed of loose straw; litter”), from Late Latin lectuāria (“bedding; blankets”), from Latin lectus (“bed; couch”) + -āria (“forming related nouns”), from Proto-Italic *lektos (“[thing] lain upon”), from *leɣō (“to lie down”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-. Cognate with French lit and litière.

der

Reading and Leeds Festivals
Saint George Hare
litter
litter (disambiguation)

枯枝落叶层

layer of dead leaves and other organic matter

andor

litter used for Portuguese Catholic processions

takhtrawan

enclosed Middle Eastern & Indian animal-borne litters or open Persian & Indian human-borne mobile thrones

chowpaul

open Indian litter with arched support pole

nalki

princely Indian litter borne by many men; a groom's litter

mikoshi

ceremonial Japanese litter for Shinto idols

He ordeyned lyttyers for the wounded knyghtes.

c. 1480, Thomas Malory, chapter XIX, in Morte d'Arthur:

(countable) A mobile bed or couch transported upon or suspended from poles placed over human shoulders or animal backs.

(medicine, countable) Synonym of stretcher, such a vehicle used for transporting the sick and injured, inclusive of designs carried in the hand.


axunge

Borrowed from French axonge (“lard”), from Latin axungia, from axis (“wheel”) + ungere (“to grease, lubricate”).

(medicine) Lard prepared for medical use.


axial

en-adj

axial (comparative more axial, superlative most axial)

more axial (comparative)
most axial (superlative)

the axial skeleton

the axial bones

(anatomy) Belonging to the axis of the body, or to the axis of any appendage or organ


axial

(dentistry) A plane parallel to the surface of a tooth.


sialolith

(medicine, pathology) Technically, a calculus in the salivary ducts causing an obstruction. There are other obstructions of the salivary ducts that are sometimes also referred to (more broadly) as sialoliths, including infectious blockage, stenosis, etc. There are also other substances besides calcium that may be the cause of the obstruction.


palate

From Middle English palate, from Latin palātum (“roof of the mouth, palate”), perhaps of Etruscan origin.

bor

(anatomy) The roof of the mouth, separating the cavities of the mouth and nose in vertebrates.

(zoology) A part associated with the mouth of certain invertebrates, somewhat analogous to the palate of vertebrates.

(entomology, rare) The hypopharynx of an insect.

(botany) A projection in the throat of certain bilabiate flowers as the snapdragon.

I remember, when he was in Scotland, his praising ‘Gordon's palates’ (a dish of palates at the Honourable Alexander Gordon's) with a warmth of expression which might have done for honour to more important subjects.

1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson, Oxford, page 332:

(cooking, historical) The palate of an animal, as an item of food.


mag

She looks fine on physical exam, but I don't like these low mag levels.

(colloquial, especially medicine) Clipping of magnesium.


tia

transient ischemic attack
transient ischemic attack#English

(medicine) Initialism of transient ischemic attack.


skeleton

From New Latin sceleton, from Ancient Greek σκελετόν (skeletón), the neuter of σκελετός (skeletós, “dried up, withered, dried body, parched, mummy”), from σκέλλω (skéllō, “dry, dry up, make dry, parch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelh₁- (“to parch, wither”); compare Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”).

der

At the foot of a pretty big pine, and involved in a green creeper, which had even partly lifted some of the smaller bones, a human skeleton lay, with a few shreds of clothing, on the ground.

1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Treasure Hunt—Flint’s Pointer”, in Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC, part VI (Captain Silver), page 263:

(anatomy) The system that provides support to an organism, internal and made up of bones and cartilage in vertebrates, external in some other animals.

аҧсыбаҩ

རུས་ཀྲང (rus krang, literally “standing bones”)

རུས་སྒྲོམ (rus sgrom, literally “bone-stand”)


elevator

→ Hawaiian: ʻeleweka

→ Japanese: エレベーター

→ Korean: 엘리베이터 (ellibeiteo)

one's elevator doesn't go all the way to the top

(anatomy) Any muscle that serves to raise a part of the body, such as the leg or the eye.


determinant

(genetics) Something that causes a nuclease to cut at a specified point


clammy

en-adj

clammy (comparative clammier, superlative clammiest)

clammier (comparative)
clammiest (superlative)

From Middle English clam (“viscous, sticky; slimy”) + -y, from Old English clǣman (“to smear, bedaub”). Compare German klamm (“clammy”) and klemmen (“to be stuck, stick”). See also clam.

af

(medicine) The quality of normal skin signs, epidermis that is neither diaphoretic nor dry.


bladder

From Middle English bladdre, bleddre, bladder, bledder, from Old English blæddre, a variant of blǣdre, blēdre (“blister, bladder”), from Proto-West Germanic *blādrā, from Proto-Germanic *blēdrǭ, *bladrǭ (“blister, bladder”).

urogenital sinus - embryological precursor

(anatomy) Specifically, the urinary bladder.


beak

en-noun

beak (countable and uncountable, plural beaks)

From Middle English bec, borrowed from Anglo-Norman bec, Old French bec, from Latin beccus, from Gaulish *bekkos, from Proto-Celtic *bekkos (“beak, snout”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bak-, *baḱ- (“pointed stick, peg”). Cognate with Breton beg (“beak”). Compare Saterland Frisian Bäk (“mouth; muzzle; beak”); Dutch bek (“beak; bill; neb”).

cog

A rigid structure projecting from the front of a bird's face, used for pecking, grooming, foraging, carrying items, eating food, etc.

A similar pointed structure forming the nose and mouth of various animals, such as turtles, platypuses, whales, etc.

The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera.

The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve.

The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal.

(botany) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant.


hydrophobia

en-noun

hydrophobia (countable and uncountable, plural hydrophobias)

/ˌhʌɪ.dɹə(ʊ)ˈfəʊ.bɪ.ə/

From Middle English idroforbia (“hydrophobia”), from Latin hydrophobia, from Ancient Greek ὑδροφοβία (hudrophobía), from ὑδρο- (hudro-), combining form of ῠ̔́δωρ (hŭ́dōr, “water”), + φοβία (phobía, “phobia”). The word is analysable as hydro- + -phobia.

inh

[…] Cato, who ſcorned both death and fortune, could not abide the ſight of a looking glaſſe or of water; overcome with horrour, and quelled with amazement, if by the contagion of a mad dog he had falne into that ſickneſſe which Phiſitians call Hydroforbia, or feare of waters.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, “An Apologie of Raymond Sebond”, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC, page 319:

Now that I have breathed a little, I am anxious to know your opinion of the nature of that affection in the throat, which deprives a patient of the power of ſwallowing in conſequence of hydrophobia.

1796 April, “Art. 27. Dialogues between a Pupil of the Late John Hunter and Jesse Foot, including Passages in Darwin’s Zoonomia. 8vo. pp. 102. 3s. sewed. Becket. 1795. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, volume XIX, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], →OCLC, page 451:

I myself knew a boy whose face was licked by a dog that was going mad, and who died of hydrophobia.

1851, Samuel Hahnemann, R. E. Dudgeon, compiler and transl., “The Bite of Mad Dogs”, in The Lesser Writings of Samuel Hahnemann: Collected and Translated, London: W. Headland, […], →OCLC, page 198:

Hydrophobia may, without risk, be applied to the disease in mankind, and serve to distinguish it; but it would be most injudicious to retain it as a designation for the madness or rabies of the lower animals. […] "Hydrophobia" is not even a proper designation for the malady in him [man], inasmuch as authors have described a spontaneous hydrophobia in the human species, or certain symptoms resembling those of hydrophobia, which certainly were not the same as those produced by the bite of a rabid animal, neither was the presence of a transmissible virus proved to exist.

1872, George Fleming, “Introduction”, in Rabies and Hydrophobia: Their History, Nature, Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, pages 5–6:

The Christian philosophy nominally attributes all natural evils, including sickness and death, to sin. But it has lost the connecting link between the moral disorders and the physical disorders which afflict us. […] It cannot understand […] how there are cancers and plagues and hydrophobias of the soul, the secret causes of those horrible diseases in the body.

1875, William H[enry] Holcombe, “Why Did They Die?”, in Our Children in Heaven, new edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott & Co., →OCLC, page 286:

A young man, 24 years of age, employed as a clerk in a dry goods store, was bitten on a Saturday morning bu a watchdog belonging to the proprietor. […] [H]e stated that he had been reading about rabies and the symptoms which would develop in man from the bite of a rabid dog, and insisted that he was developing hydrophobia as a result of having been bitten by the watchdog. […] Two days later the young man was in a very hysterical state and kept insisting that the dog that bit him was rabid. […] Here was a typical case of lyssophobia or pseudo-rabies, a figment of an overworked imagination, […]

1911 May 12, John R[obbins] Mohler, “Differential Diagnosis”, in Rabies or Hydrophobia (U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin; 449), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, pages 14–15:

Thus not only should be diluted and dynamised the "known" morbid agents (as for example Scabby of Sheeps,^([sic]) Tinea of animals, itch (psora) of man, the blood of the spleen of animals suffering from Anthrax, pus of syphilis, serum taken out of vesicles of Marochetti in hydrophobias, lympth^([sic]) of Anthrax and of plague even of the contagion of cholera) but also all sorts of products from secretions and excretions of men and of animals […]

1985, Marc Haffen, “History of Isopathy”, in O. A. Julian, translated by Rajkumar Mukherji, Julian’s Materia Medica of Nosodes with Repertory: […] Translated from the Original French, 2nd revised Indian edition, New Delhi: Published by Kuldeep Jain for B. Jain Publishers, published 2005, →ISBN, page 34:

(pathology) An aversion to water, as a symptom of rabies; the disease of rabies itself.


ET

en-noun

ET (countable and uncountable, plural ETs)

essential tremor
essential tremor#English

(medicine) Initialism of essential tremor.

(medicine) Abbreviation of endotracheal or endotracheal tube.


disclude

en-verb

disclude (third-person singular simple present discludes, present participle discluding, simple past and past participle discluded)

discludes (present singular third-person)
discluding (participle present)
discluded (participle past)
discluded (past)

From Middle English discluden, from Latin disclūdō, disclūdere (“separate or keep apart”).

der

During the eccentric movements, the cellophane strip readily pulls out as the anterior teeth disclude the posterior teeth.

1969, Gordon J. Christensen, Harry C. Lundeen, “Restorative Dentistry in General Practice”, in Alvin L[eonard] Morris, Harry M. Bohannan, editors, The Dental Specialities in General Practice, Philadelphia, Pa.; […]: W. B. Saunders Company, →ISBN, page 560:

Cuspid protected occlusion is that type of occlusal function in which there are even centric stops around the arch in the maximum intercuspation position but any lateral or protrusive movement of the mandible immediately discludes the posterior teeth, with the lower cuspid occluding against the lingual surface of the upper cuspid.

1978, Parker E. Mahan, “Stomatognathic physiology related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontic therapy”, in Stanley D[aniel] Tylman, William F. P. Malone, editors, Tylman’s Theory and Practice of Fixed Prosthodontics, 7th edition, St. Louis, Mo.: The C. V. Mosby Company, →ISBN, page 397, column 1:

The working guidance should immediately disclude the teeth on the non-working side and should be in harmony with the condylar guidance.

1982, Martin D. Gross with James Dewe Mathews, “Occlusal considerations in multiple restorations”, in Occlusion in Restorative Dentistry: Technique and Theory, Edinburgh; […]: Churchill Livingstone, →ISBN, page 124, column 2:

It may be difficult to see obvious fracture mobility in this situation by standard clinical examination but careful inspection of the fracture site whilst occluding and discluding the teeth may demonstrate movement.

2003, David Richardson, David Carl Jones, “Secondary Osteotomies and Bone Grafting”, in Peter Ward Booth, Barry L Eppley, Rainer Schmelzeisen, editors, Maxillofacial Trauma and Esthetic Facial Reconstruction, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, published 2004, →ISBN, section 3 (Secondary Surgery), page 476, column 2:

(dentistry) To cause (teeth) to not meet when the jaw is closed.


bacitracin

en-noun

bacitracin (countable and uncountable, plural bacitracins)

From translingual Baci(llus subtilis) + Tracy + -in. Named after American child Margaret Tracy (1936–1994), in whose leg infection the compound was first found.

named-after

Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis#Translingual

(pharmacology) A nonprescription polypeptide antibiotic isolated from a bacillus (Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis), usually provided in topical ointment form especially against gram-positive bacteria.


marsupial

en-adj

marsupial (comparative more marsupial, superlative most marsupial)

more marsupial (comparative)
most marsupial (superlative)

From Latin marsupium, marsuppium (“pouch, purse”), from Ancient Greek μαρσύπιον (marsúpion) or μαρσύππιον (marsúppion), variants of μαρσίππιον (marsíppion), diminutive of μάρσιππος (mársippos, “bag, pouch”); with English -al.

der

the marsupial bones

(anatomy) Of or relating to a marsupium.


pre-

From Middle English pre-, borrowed from Latin prae-, from the preposition prae (“before”).

d'avant

to form adjectives, for example a pre-1960 car - une voiture d'avant 1960;before a number

avant

to form adverbs, for example to go back pre-1960 - retourner avant 1960

Before; physically in front of.
(anatomy) Synonym of anterior.

Before; physically in front of.
Synonym of anterior.


founder

From Old French fondeur, from Latin fundātor, equivalent to found + -er.

etymid

establisher, from _fundo_ as pour-melt-etc

kantaisä

someone for whose parents one has no data

a founder population

the founder effect

The sickle cell mutation today can be found in five different haplotypes, leading to the conclusion that the mutation appeared independently five times in five different founders.

2006 June 1, Dennis Drayna, “Founder Mutations”, in Scientific American, New York, N.Y.: Springer Nature America, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-07:

Among the Ashkenazi Jews in the positive group, 81 percent had one of the three founder mutations, suggesting that 23andMe's test could be helpful for them.

2019 April 16, Heather Murphy, “Don’t Count on 23andMe to Detect Most Breast Cancer Risks, Study Warns”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-13:

The gene mutation is likely to have come from a founder individual who lived at least 250 years ago, the paper published in the European Journal of Human Genetics said.

2023 March 16, Nadeem Badshah, “One in a hundred people with Orkney heritage have gene increasing risk of cancer”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-05:

(genetics) A common ancestor of some population (especially one with a certain genetic mutation).


founder

From Middle French fondrer (“send to the bottom”), from Latin fundus (“bottom”).

uder

(veterinary medicine) A severe laminitis of a horse, caused by untreated internal inflammation in the hooves.


disorder

en-noun

disorder (countable and uncountable, plural disorders)

/dɪzˈɔːɹdəɹ/

From dis- + order. Middle English disordeine, from Old French desordainer, from Medieval Latin disordinare.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

body-focused repetitive behavior disorder

emotionally unstable personality disorder

confusion - disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably; "the army retreated in confusion"

Bulimia is an eating disorder.

A very rare polymorphism in the prion protein gene recently has been identified that appears to protect against prion disease; this finding, in addition to providing greater understanding of the prionlike mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, might lead to potential treatments.

2015 December 21, Michael D. Geschwind, “Prion Diseases”, in Continuum (Minneap Minn), →DOI:

(medicine, countable) A physical or mental malfunction.


clone

→ Italian: clone

→ Polish: klon

→ Turkish: klon

Coined (in botany) in 1903, based on Ancient Greek κλών (klṓn, “twig”). Figurative use from the 1970s.

(cytology) A group of identical cells derived from a single cell.


consultant

From French consultant, present participle of consulter, from Latin cōnsultāre (“to deliberate, consult”), frequentative of cōnsulere (“to consult, deliberate, consider, reflect upon, ask advice”), from com- (“together”) + -sulere, of uncertain origin.

der

(medicine, UK, Ireland) A senior hospital-based physician or surgeon who has completed all specialist training and has been placed on the specialist register in their chosen speciality, roughly equivalent to an attending physician in North America.


Kienbock's disease

Named after Dr. Robert Kienböck, a radiologist in Vienna who discovered it in 1910.

(pathology) A painful disease of the wrist that results from loss of circulation to the lunate bone.


eviscerate

en-verb

eviscerate (third-person singular simple present eviscerates, present participle eviscerating, simple past and past participle eviscerated)

eviscerates (present singular third-person)
eviscerating (participle present)
eviscerated (participle past)
eviscerated (past)

/ɪˈvɪsəˌɹeɪt/

From Latin ēviscerātus, past participle of ēviscerāre (“to disembowel”), from e- (“out”) + viscera (“bowels”).

(transitive, surgery) To remove a bodily organ or its contents.


protocol

en-noun

protocol (countable and uncountable, plural protocols)

/ˈpɹəʊtəˌkɒl/

Borrowed from Middle French protocolle, protocole (“document, record”), from Late Latin protocollum (“the first sheet of a volume (on which contents and errata were written)”), from Byzantine Greek πρωτόκολλον (prōtókollon, “first sheet glued onto a manuscript”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue”). Doublet of collage, collagen, and colloid.

doublet

(medicine) The set of instructions allowing a licensed medical professional to start, modify, or stop a medical or patient care order.


section

From Middle English seccioun, from Old French section, from Latin sectiō (“cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation of diseased parts of the body, etc.”), from sectus, past participle of secāre (“to cut”). More at saw.

разрэ́з

surgery: incision or the act of making an incision

(surgery) An incision or the act of making an incision.

They had planned to go into my section scar but the surgeon didnʼt think he could see well enough.

2021, Dr Philippa Kaye, Doctors Get Cancer Too, Vie Books, page 143:

Caesarean section
Caesarean section#English

(surgery, colloquial) Short for Caesarean section.


section

en-verb

section (third-person singular simple present sections, present participle sectioning, simple past and past participle sectioned)

sections (present singular third-person)
sectioning (participle present)
sectioned (participle past)
sectioned (past)

"But if she's gone into active labour she could be bleeding massively and you may have to section her there and then."

2012, Anne Fraser, St. Piran's: Daredevil, Doctor...Dad!, Harlequin, page 16:

You may hear a physician say, "I don't want to section her until the baby declares itself."

2008, Murray et al, Labor and Delivery Nursing: Guide to Evidence-Based Practice, Springer Publishing Company, page 57

(medicine) To perform a cesarean section on (someone).


foreskin

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

First use appears c. 1535, from fore- + skin, a loose calque of Latin praeputium. Compare German Vorhaut etc.

The female clitoral hood is homologous with the foreskin.

And the vncircumcised man-child, whose flesh of his foreskinne is not circumcised, that soule shall be cut off from his people: hee hath broken my couenant.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 17:14:

In primates, the foreskin is present in the genitalia of both sexes and likely has been present for millions of years of evolution.

1990, Robert D. Martin, Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

the foreskin is a primary sensory part of the penis, containing some of the most sensitive areas of the penis

2010, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Circumcision of infant males:

(anatomy) The nerve-dense, retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the head of the penis in humans and some other mammals.

voorhuid

fold of skin covering the head of the penis

ފިރިހެން ހަށީގެ ބޯ ނިވައިކޮށްދޭ ހަންކޮޅު

clitoral foreskin
clitoral foreskin#English

(anatomy) Ellipsis of clitoral foreskin.


prepuce

From Middle English prepuce, prepuse, from Old French prepuce (“foreskin”), from Latin praepūtium (“prepuce, foreskin”), a combination of prae- (“fore-”) + Old Latin pūtos (“penis”).

Jehovah, collector of prepuces, is no more.

But there are a fair number of halfway Jews – you know, those who want God without having to have their prepuces torn off to get him.

1985, Anthony Burgess, Kingdom of the Wicked:

(anatomy) The foreskin, or retractable fold of tissue covering the glans penis.


frame

→ Korean: 프레임 (peureim)

→ Swahili: fremu

From Middle English frame (“profit, benefit, advantage; a structure composed according to a plan”), from the verb (above) and also from Old Norse frami (“advantage, fame, bravery, efficiency, privilege, honor”); and frame (“a framework or structure of any kind”) which is of uncertain origin. The latter is usually regarded as a derivative of former; however, compare the rare Anglo-Norman and Old French frame, fraine (“frame, framework”), itself of uncertain origin, which might be a borrowing from the English, from the Norse, or even possibly ultimately from Frankish *hramu (“frame”) related to Dutch raam (“window frame”).

der

(genetics, "reading frame") A way of dividing nucleotide sequences into a set of consecutive triplets.


jugular

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.jʊl.ə/

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.jəl.ɚ/

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.əl.ɚ/

Late 16th century borrowing from Late Latin jugulāris, from jugulum (“the collarbone; the hollow part of the neck above the collarbone; the throat”) + -āris (“-ar, -ary”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to jugulum + -ar.

af

(anatomy, relational) Relating to, or located near, the neck or throat.

(relational) Of or pertaining to the jugular vein.


jugular

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.jʊl.ə/

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.jəl.ɚ/

/ˈd͡ʒʌɡ.əl.ɚ/


barrier

From Middle English barryer, barrere, barryȝer, from Old French barriere (compare French barrière), from Old French barre (“bar”).

(physiology) A separation between two areas of the body where specialized cells allow the entry of certain substances but prevent the entry of others.


blockade

From block + -ade, probably after Dutch blocquade (now blokkade) or German Blockade.

blockage

nearly synonymous, but not interchangeably; blockade usually denotes human agency

beta-blockade

chemical messengers
chemical messenger#English

(biology, medicine) Inhibition of the activity (function) of chemical messengers or their receptors, such as (often) receptor antagonism.


capillary

/ˈkæpɪˌlɛɹi/

/ˈkæpɪˌlɛɹi/

/käˈpɪʎä.ɹi/

/käˈpɪʎä.ɾi/

From Latin capillāris (“pertaining to the hair”), from capillus (“the hair, properly of the head”), from caput (“head”).

der

(anatomy) Any of the small blood vessels (from 5 to 10 micrometres/micrometers (μm) in diameter) that connect arteries to veins (They are the smallest blood vessels in the body: they convey blood between the arterioles and venules).

kapilar

any of small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins


costa

Unadapted borrowing from Latin costa (“a rib”). Doublet of coast.


IM

Alternative forms: im, I.M., i.m.


normal

en-noun

normal (countable and uncountable, plural normals)

From Latin normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square; later: according to a rule”), from nōrma (“carpenter's square”), of uncertain origin; doublet of normale. The earliest meaning of the word in English was "perpendicular; forming a right angle" like something normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square”), but by Late Latin normālis had also come to mean "according to a rule", from which modern English senses of the word derive: in the 1800s, as people began to quantitatively study things like height, weight and blood pressure, the usual or most common values came to be called "normal", and by extension values regarded as healthy or desirable came to be called "normal" regardless of their usuality.

der

Subjects were grouped as Group 1 and Group 2 according to VAI, and normals, overweights and obeses according to BMI.

2014, Ahmet Celik, Edibe Saricicek, Vahap Saricicek, Elif Sahin, Gokhan Ozdemir, Metin Kilinc, Ayten Oguz, Relation between the new anthropometric obesity parameters and inflammatory markers in healthy adult men, SCIRJ:

(medicine, countable) A person who is healthy, normal, as opposed to one who is morbid.


metro-

From metra, medical English, via New Latin, via Ancient Greek μήτρα (mḗtra), "uterus".


parenteral

From para- + enteral; early 20th century.

Terbinafine is available in 250 mg tablets and in a topical 1% ointment. There is no parenteral form available.

2003, Peter G. Pappas, “Terbinafine”, in William E. Dismukes, Peter G. Pappas, Jack D. Sobel, editors, Clinical Mycology, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106:

gastrointestinal tract
gastrointestinal tract

(medicine) Administered by some means that avoids the gastrointestinal tract, particularly intravenously or by injection.

parenteraal

administered by some means that avoids the gastrointestinal tract


intravenous

Get his morphine intravenous started stat!

(medicine) A dose of medicine administered from a drip, down through a hollow needle inserted into a patient's vein.

infuusio

a dose of medicine administered from a drip, down through a hollow needle inserted into a patient's vein


pocket

→ Japanese: ポケット

→ Welsh: poced

From Middle English pocket (“bag, sack”), from Anglo-Norman poket, Old Northern French poquet, poquete, diminutive of poque, poke (“bag, sack”) (compare modern Norman pouquette and modern French pochette from Old French pochete, from puche), from Frankish *pokā (“pouch”), from Proto-Germanic *pukkô, *pukô (“bag; pouch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, swell”). Doublet of pochette. Cognate with Middle Dutch poke, Alemannic German Pfoch (“purse, bag”), Old English pocca, pohha (“poke, pouch, pocket, bag”), Old Norse poki (“bag, pocket”). Compare the related poke (“sack or bag”). See also Modern French pochette and Latin bucca.

is that a gun in your pocket or are you just pleased to see me

(dentistry) A small space between a tooth and the adjoining gum, formed by an abnormal separation of the two.


fever

en-noun

fever (countable and uncountable, plural fevers)

From Middle English fever, fevere, from Old English fefer, fefor (“fever”) and Old French fievre (“fever”), from Latin febris (“a fever”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”). Replaced native Old English hriþ (“fever”). Compare also Saterland Frisian Fiewer, German Fieber, Danish feber, Swedish feber.

koors

state of excitement (of a person or people)

severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome

Foshay-Mollaret cat-scratch fever syndrome

"I have a fever. I think I've the flu."

(medicine) A higher than normal body temperature of a person (or, generally, a mammal), usually caused by disease.

hőemelkedés

moderate fever, 36.8–37.8°C or 98.2–100°F


wrist

From Middle English wrist, from Old English wrist, from Proto-West Germanic *wristu, from Proto-Germanic *wristuz (compare Old Frisian wrist, Low German Wrist, German Rist (“back of hand, instep, withers”), Swedish vrist), from Proto-Germanic *wrīþaną (“to twist, turn”). More at writhe.

der

With a flick of the wrist, he threw the frisbee to a team-mate.

(anatomy) The complex joint between forearm bones, carpus, and metacarpals where the hand is attached to the arm; the carpus in a narrow sense.

махъвшӏа́

joint where the hand is attached to the arm

carpus

New Latin; see entry for Classical Latin


skullcap

(anatomy) The calvaria, the top part of the skull, covering the cranial cavity containing the brain.


affinity

en-noun

affinity (countable and uncountable, plural affinities)

From Middle English affinite, from Old French affinité. Ostensibly equivalent to affine + -ity.

(medicine) The attraction between an antibody and an antigen

афините́т

medicine: attraction between an antibody and an antigen


palatal

en-adj

palatal (comparative more palatal, superlative most palatal)

more palatal (comparative)
most palatal (superlative)

(dentistry, not comparable) Of an upper tooth, on the side facing the palate.

palataalinen

(dentistry) on the side facing the palate


pharyngeal

→ New Latin: pharyngeālis

/fəˈɹɪn.d͡ʒəl/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pharyngeal.wav

From Late Latin pharyngeus + -al, from pharynx (“the pharynx”) + -eus (adjectival suffix).

af

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the pharynx.


sign

en-noun

sign (countable and uncountable, plural signs)

From Middle English signe, sygne, syng, seine, sine, syne, from Old English seġn (“sign; mark; token”) and Old French signe, seing (“sign; mark; signature”); both from Latin signum (“a mark; sign; token”); root uncertain. Doublet of signum. Partially displaced native token.

teken

a fact that shows that something exists or may happen

նշան

any of several specialized non-alphabetic symbols

Signs of disease are objective, whereas symptoms are subjective.

(sometimes also used uncountably) A visible fact that shows that something exists or may happen.

(medicine) A property of the body that indicates a disease and, unlike a symptom, can be detected objectively by someone other than the patient.

симпто́м

medicine: property of the body that indicates a disease


hiatus

hiatus (countable and uncountable, plural hiatus or hiatuses)

Learned borrowing from Latin hiātus (“opening”) (mid-16th century), from hiō (“stand open, yawn”).

lbor

Hiatus aorticus is an opening in the diaphragm through which aorta and thoracic duct pass.


-ium

Reanalysis of ammonium or from -onium of the same source.

Alternative form: -onium

quaternary ammonium compound
quaternary ammonium compound#English

neuromuscular blocking agent
w:neuromuscular-blocking drug

(pharmacology) Used to form names of quaternary ammonium compounds used as neuromuscular blocking agents, cholinergic agents, anticholinergic agents, antibacterials/antiseptics, or other agents.


cocaine

en-noun

cocaine (countable and uncountable, plural cocaines)

From coca + -ine, from Quechua kuka. First use appears c. 1874.

Holmes, who loathed every form of society with his whole Bohemian soul, remained in our lodgings in Baker-street, buried among his old books, and alternating from week to week between cocaine and ambition, the drowsiness of the drug, and the fierce energy of his own keen nature.

1891 June 25, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Adventure I.—A Scandal in Bohemia.”, in Geo[rge] Newnes, editor, The Strand Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly, volume II, London: George Newnes, Limited, […], published July 1891, →OCLC:

All I get, uh, is this cup of cold coffee and cocaine / And your ugly face, look out

1983, “Cold Coffee & Cocaine”, performed by Prince:

Cocaine’s awfully expensive stuff, isn't it? Is it worth it?

1990, Andrew Davies, Michael Dobbs, House of Cards, season 1, episode 1, spoken by Frank Urquhart (Ian Richardson):

(uncountable, organic chemistry, pharmacology) An addictive drug derived from coca (Erythroxylum) or prepared synthetically, used sometimes medicinally as a local anesthetic and, often illegally, as a stimulant.


hip

From Middle English hipe, hupe, from Old English hype, from Proto-Germanic *hupiz (compare Dutch heup, Low German Huop, German Hüfte), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb- (compare Welsh cysgu (“to sleep”), Latin cubāre (“to lie”), Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, “hollow in the hips”), Albanian sup (“shoulder”), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpti, “shoulder”)), from *ḱew- (“to bend”). More at high. The sense "drug addict" derives from addicts lying on their hips while using certain drugs such as opium.

cog

(anatomy) The outward-projecting parts of the pelvis and top of the femur and the overlying tissue.


diaphragm

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/

From Ancient Greek διάφραγμα (diáphragma, “partition”), from διά (diá, “across”) and φράγμα (phrágma, “barrier”), from the verb φράσσω (phrássō).

мембра́на

anatomy: separating membrane or sheet of muscle

(anatomy) In mammals, a sheet of muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen, contracted and relaxed in respiration to draw air into and expel air from the lungs; also called thoracic diaphragm.

diafragmë

anatomy: sheet of muscle separating thorax from abdomen

(anatomy) Any of various membranes or sheets of muscle or ligament which separate one cavity from another.


resolve

en-verb

resolve (third-person singular simple present resolves, present participle resolving, simple past and past participle resolved)

resolves (present singular third-person)
resolving (participle present)
resolved (participle past)
resolved (past)

From Middle English resolven, from Old French resolver, a learned borrowing of Latin resolvō (“loosen, thaw, melt, resolve”), equivalent to re- + solve. Piecewise doublet of re-solve.

sulattaa

to melt; to dissolve; to liquefy or soften

(medicine, dated) To disperse or scatter; to discuss, as an inflammation or a tumour.


cicatrice

Fanny's scissors moved steadily round the armhole and slit down the sleeve, revealing a surprisingly soft white arm and shoulder. Across the shoulder was an ancient cicatrice.

1929, M. Barnard Eldershaw, A House Is Built, Chapter VII, Section viii:


malignant

en-adj

malignant (comparative more malignant, superlative most malignant)

more malignant (comparative)
most malignant (superlative)

From Middle French malignant, from Late Latin malignans. See malign.

malignant diphtheria

a malignant tumor

“[…] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. The kind that have mottoes[…]. And then, when you see [the senders], you probably find that they are the most melancholy old folk with malignant diseases. […]”

1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

(medicine) Tending to produce death; threatening a fatal issue.


blast

From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “germ or sprout”).

der

(cytology) An immature or undifferentiated cell (e.g., lymphoblast, myeloblast).


photophobia

en-noun

photophobia (usually uncountable, plural photophobias)

(medicine) Excessive sensitivity to light and the aversion to bright light; abnormal fear of light.


temporal

From Middle English, from Middle French timporal, temporal, from Late Latin temporālis, from tempora (“the temples of the head”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of temporalis.

af

(anatomy, relational) Of or situated in the temples of the head or the sides of the skull behind the orbits.


station

→ Hindi: स्टेशन (sṭeśan)

→ Irish: stáisiún

→ Malay: stesen

desc

ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨ (sṭeśan)

→ Punjabi: سٹیشن/ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨ (sṭeśan)

→ Scottish Gaelic: stèisean

→ Swahili: stesheni

→ Urdu: سْٹیشَن (sṭeśan), اِسْٹیشَن (isṭeśan)

From Middle English stacioun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman estation, from Latin statiōnem, accusative of statiō (“standing, post, job, position”), whence also Italian stazione. Doublet of stagione. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi), στάσις (stásis), Old English standan (whence English stand).

(medicine) The position of the foetal head in relation to the distance from the ischial spines, measured in centimetres.


terror

en-noun

terror (countable and uncountable, plural terrors)

From late Middle English terrour, from Old French terreur f (“terror, fear, dread”), from Latin terror m (“fright, fear, terror”), from terrēre (“to frighten, terrify”), from Old Latin tr̥reō, from Proto-Italic *trozeō, from Proto-Indo-European *tre- (“to shake”), *tres- (“to tremble”).


pustule

From Middle English pustule, from Old French pustule, from Latin pustula (“inflamed sore, blister”).

(dermatology) A small accumulation of pus in the epidermis or dermis.

пъ́пка

a small accumulation of pus in the epidermis or dermis


pus

Pus was seeping out of the wound.

(medicine, pathology) A whitish-yellow or yellow substance composed primarily of dead white blood cells and dead pyogenic bacteria, normally found in regions of bacterial infection.


alar

From Latin ala (“wing”) + -ar (adjectival suffix).

(anatomy) of or relating to the armpit; axillary.


patella

From Latin patella (“a small pan or dish, a plate; the kneepan, patella”), diminutive of patina (“a broad shallow dish, pan”). Doublet of paella.

uder

Subluxed patellas, more commonly referred to as slipped stifles, like all inherited factors will continue to cripple a breed as long as breeders continue to mate affected animals.

2004, Ann Seranne, The Joy of Breeding Your Own Show Dog, page 188:

2005, Roger E. Stevenson, 20: Limbs, Roger E. Stevenson, Judith G. Hall, Human Malformations and Related Anomalies, page 920,
Since patella diameter is a feature of continuous variation, the majority of small patellas represent simply the lower extreme of normal anatomic variation.

Both patellae are well preserved for Dolni Věstonice 3 and 13-15, and the left patella remains for Dolni Věstonice 16 (Figures 18.22 to 18.26).

2006, Erik Trinkaus, “18: The Lower Limb Remains”, in Erik Trinkaus, Jiří Svoboda, editors, Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe, page 395:

The patellae may be up to 30° externally rotated at birth. In young children it is considered normal for the patellae to be externally rotated, but by 5 years of age the patellae should face forwards.

2009, P. Tohomson, “14: Assessment of the paediatric patient”, in Ben Yates, editor, Merriman's Assessment of the Lower Limb, page 401:

(anatomy) The sesamoid bone of the knee; the kneecap.


scab

en-noun

scab (countable and uncountable, plural scabs)

From Middle English scabb, scabbe (also as shabbe, schabbe > English shab), from Old English sċeabb and Old Norse skabb, both from Proto-Germanic *skabbaz (“scab, scabies”), from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to cut, split, carve, shape”). Doublet of shab. Cognate with German Schabe (“scabies”), Danish skab (“scab, scabies”), Swedish skabb (“scab, scabies”), Latin scabies (“scab, itch, mange”). Related also to Old English scafan (“to scrape, shave”), Latin scabere (“to scratch”), English shabby.

der

(phytopathology) Any one of various more or less destructive fungal diseases that attack cultivated plants, forming dark-colored crustlike spots.


kneecap

(anatomy) The flat, roundish bone in the knee.


id

From New Latin id (“it”), chosen by Freud’s translator as a translation of his use of German Es (“it”) as a noun for this concept from the pronoun es (“it”).

"There is one sentence in it, however - namely: 'I protest strongly against the insufferable and entirely dogmatic assertion that each separate id is a microcosm possessed of an historical architecture elaborated slowly through the series of generations.' Have you no desire, in view of later research, to modify this statement?"

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

Almost as an afterthought, we’re given an origin story for Barney’s alcoholism: he was once a sober, studious, Ivy League-bound high school scholar before Homer forced a beer on him that transformed him into a drooling, slurring, out of control rampaging id.

2012 June 3, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Mr. Plow” (season 4, episode 9; originally aired 11/19/1992)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

The phenomenon may seem like a random burble of the internet’s id, but Alvarez has been making similarly entrancing—if mostly nonmusical—work for the past few years.

2023 September 27, Spencer Kornhaber, “The Weirdos Living Inside Our Phones”, in The Atlantic:

(psychoanalysis) The unconscious impulsive component of the personality in the Freudian psychoanalytic model.


-id

From Middle French -ide (like also English -ide), French -ide, and their sources, Latin -id-, -is and Ancient Greek -ῐδ- (-ĭd-), -ῐς (-ĭs).

protocone (“cusp of an upper molar”) + -id → protoconid (“equivalent for lower molars”)

(dentistry, paleontology) Forming names of dental features found in lower (mandibular) teeth.


acinus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin acinus (“grape, grape-stone”); the histopathologic sense comes figuratively from the fancied resemblance (on microscopy) of acinic cells (acinar cells) to bunches of drupelets, berries, or grapes.

ubor

Their smallest lobules were called acini, a term which has also been used to denote the saccular recesses in the lobules […]

1828, Jones Quain, Quain's elements of anatomy:

(anatomy) One of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland, as the pancreas; also, one of the saccular recesses in the lobules of a racemose gland.

lalůček

one of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland (anatomy)


acme

Directly borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀκμή (akmḗ, “point, high point”).

bor

(medicine) Synonym of crisis, the decisive moment in the course of an illness.


acne

en-noun

acne (usually uncountable, plural acnes)

From New Latin acnē, probably a corruption of Ancient Greek ἀκμή (akmḗ, “point, top”).

(pathology) A skin condition, usually of the face, that is common in adolescents. It is characterised by red pimples, and is caused by the inflammation of sebaceous glands through bacterial infection.


strand

Origin uncertain. Cognate with Scots stran, strawn, strand (“strand”). Perhaps the same as strand ("rivulet, stream, gutter"; see Etymology 1 above); or from Middle English *stran, from Old French estran (“a rope, cord”), from Middle High German stren, strene (“skein, strand”), from Old High German streno, from Proto-West Germanic *strenō, from Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”), from Proto-Indo-European *strēy-, *ster- (“strip, line, streak, ray, stripe, row”); related to Dutch streen (“skein, hank of thread, strand, string”), German Strähne (“skein, hank of thread, strand of hair”). Compare also Old High German stranga (“strand of hair”), modern German Strang (“strand, thread, cord”).


plumber

→ Irish: pluiméir

→ Welsh: plymer

From Middle English plumber, from Old French plummier (French plombier); from Latin plumbārius, from plumbum (“lead or lead shot”).

loodgieter

one who fits, etc, pipes for water, gas or drainage

[…] began the month with an operation at St. Joseph Hospital in Aurora, Ill. His surgeon, by the way, was a "plumber” – urologist.

1958, Father Provincial Assumption B.V.M. Monastery, The Chronicle, volumes 12-13, page 39:

Within surgery, the "cleaner" specialties, such as cardiac and neurosurgery, outrank the plumbers (urologists) and proctologists.

1983, Toni Martin, How to Survive Medical School, page 127:


style

en-noun

style (countable and uncountable, plural styles)

→ Finnish: staili

→ Scottish Gaelic: stoidhle

→ Iban: stail

→ Japanese: スタイル (sutairu)

→ Korean: 스타일 (seutail)

→ Malay: stail

→ Portuguese: style

→ Swahili: staili

The noun is derived from Middle English stile, stel, stele, stiel, stiele, stil, still, stille, styele, style, styill, styll, styyl (“writing tool, stylus; piece of written work; characteristic mode of expression, particularly one regarded as high quality; demeanour, manner, way of life; person's designation or title; stem of a plant; period of time”), from Old French style, estile, stil, stile (modern French style), or from Medieval Latin stylus, both from Latin stilus (“pointed instrument, pale, spike, stake; writing tool, stylus; act of setting down in writing, composition; characteristic mode of expression, style; stem of a plant”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp; to pierce, prick, puncture, stab; to goad”). Doublet of stylus.
The English word is cognate with Catalan estil (“engraving tool, stylus; gnomon; manner of doing something, style; fashionable skill, grace”), German Stiel (“handle; stalk”), Italian stilo (“needle, stylus; fountain pen; beam; gnomon; part of pistil, style”), Occitan estil, Portuguese estilo (“writing tool, stylus; manner of doing something, style”), Spanish estilo (“writing tool, stylus; manner of doing something, style; fashionable skill, grace; part of pistil, style”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

styl

manner of expression in writing or speech

styl

manner of creating, doing, or presenting something, especially a work of architecture or art

Senses relating to a thin, pointed object.

(surgery) A kind of surgical instrument with a blunt point, used for exploration.


dyslexia

en-noun

dyslexia (countable and uncountable, plural dyslexias)

From dys- + lexis + -ia. Via learned borrowing from New Latin dyslexia, produced from Latin dys- + lexis, -ia, a calque of German Dyslexie, coined by German ophthalmologist Rudolf Berlin in 1887, from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-) expressing the idea of difficulty, and λέξις (léxis, “diction”, “word”), the root chosen due to apparent semantic conflation of Greek λέγω (légō, “to speak”) and Latin legō (“to read”). Cf. the root of lexicon, Medieval Latin lexicon, Byzantine Greek λεξικόν (lexikón, “dictionary”, literally “[book of] words”).

cog

(neurology, pathology) A learning disability characterized by reading and writing difficulties.


joint

The noun is from Middle English joynt (attested since the late 13th century), from Old French joint (“joint of the body”) (attested since the 12th century). The adjective (attested since the 15th century) is from Old French jointiz. Both Old French words are from Latin iūnctus, the past participle of iungō. See also join, jugular.
The meaning of "building, establishment", especially in connection with shady activities, appeared in Anglo-Irish by 1821 and entered general American English slang by 1877, especially in the sense of "opium den". The sense "marijuana cigarette" is attested since 1935. The development to meaning "any thing" also happened to the Scots and Memphian form junt and the Mid-Atlantic/Philadelphian form jawn.

verbinding

point of a rigid joint, means of joining in carpentry

(anatomy) Any part of the body where two bones join, in most cases allowing that part of the body to be bent or straightened.


teat

From Middle English tete, from Old French tete (“teat”) (compare French tette), from Frankish *tittā, *tittō, from Proto-Germanic *tittaz (“teat; nipple; breast”), ultimately of expressive origin. Compare Old High German zizza ("teat"; modern German Zitze), whence also Italian zizza (“teat”).
It heavily displaced Old English titt, a cognate of the same origin, which survives as tit, but in more vulgar use. Compare Dutch tiet and German Zitze (“teat”).

onomatopoeic

expressive

gl

"teat"; modern German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Zitze</i>

Milk formed their chief diet, and this they were supposed to imbibe from the witch herself, from a third "teat" which had been made beneath the arm by a nip from the Devil's pincers.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 107:

(anatomy) The projection of a mammary gland from which, on female therian mammals, milk is secreted.


oesophagus

en-noun

oesophagus (plural oesophagi or oesophaguses)

oesophagi (plural)
oesophaguses (plural)

/iːˈsɒfəɡəs/

From Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, “I carry”) + ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate”).

Graham, who lived in Somersham, Cambridgeshire, donated his oesophagus to the MRC cancer unit at Cambridge University, for research.

2013 November 26, John Plunkett, “Rev John Graham, aka crossword setter Araucaria, dies aged 92”, in The Guardian:

(anatomy) The tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.

slukderm

the tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach


lingual

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin linguālis, from lingua (“the tongue; a language, speech”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to lingua + -al. Doublet of lingualis.

af

(anatomy, dentistry, relational) Related to, near, or on the side toward the tongue.

(phonetics) Articulated with the tongue.


epiglottis

en-noun

epiglottis (plural epiglottises or epiglottides)

epiglottises (plural)
epiglottides (plural)

[ˌɛp.ɪˈɡlɑ.ɾɪs]

Borrowed from New Latin epiglōttis, from Ancient Greek ἐπῐγλωττῐ́ς (epĭglōttĭ́s, “valve covering the larynx”), from ἐπῐ- (epĭ-, “upon, over”) + γλωττῐ́ς (glōttĭ́s, “glottis, mouth of the windpipe”); equivalent to epi- (“upon; above”) + glottis.

af

My epiglottis is full of bees!

2004, Top Gear, season 5, episode 9, Jeremy Clarkson (actor):

(anatomy) A cartilaginous organ in the throat of terrestrial vertebrates covering the glottis when swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea, and in Homo sapiens also a speech organ.


glottis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Usmaan (Middle river exports)-glottis.wav

Late 16th century borrowing from New Latin glōttis, from Ancient Greek γλωττῐ́ς (glōttĭ́s, “mouth of the windpipe”), from γλῶττᾰ (glôttă, “tongue”) + -ῐς (-ĭs, feminine noun suffix). Cognates include Latin gula.

af

(anatomy) The opening between the true vocal cords which is located in the larynx and affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.


barb

Coordinate term: benzo

The benzos, it turns out, are just as highly addicting as the barbs, but they do have a much lower potential to cause death by overdose. […] The barbs became one of the most widely abused classes of drugs in the 1960s and 1970s.

1998, Jerry Dorsman, How to Quit Drugs for Good: A Complete Self-Help Guide, New York, NY: Three Rivers Press, →ISBN, page 50:


transfer

en-noun

transfer (countable and uncountable, plural transfers)

/tɹɑːnsˈfɜː/

(medicine) A pathological process by which a unilateral morbid condition on being abolished on one side of the body makes its appearance in the corresponding region upon the other side.

(genetics) The conveying of genetic material from one cell to another.


transference

transference (countable and uncountable, plural transferences)

Furthermore, although probably few analysts still believe that transference occurs only in the context of the psychoanalytic situation, many hold that this phenomenon pertains only to object relationships. I submit, however, that the characteristic features of transference can be observed in other situations as well, especially in the area of learned skills.⁶ Thus, speaking a language with a foreign accent is one of the most striking everyday examples of transference. In the traditional concept of transference, one person (the analysand) behaves toward another (the analyst) as if the latter were someone else, previously familiar to him; and the subject is usually unaware of the actual manifestations of his own transferred behavior. In exactly the same way, persons who speak English (or any other language) with a foreign accent treat English as if it were their mother tongue; and they are usually unaware of the actual manifestations of their transferred behavior. […]

1974, Thomas S. Szasz, chapter 15, in The Myth of Mental Illness, →ISBN, page 253:

Those who argue for laws against sex between therapists and clients say that consent is not a simple matter for the person who goes to another for help. They point in particular to the dynamic of "transference," during which a client may re-enact a parental relationship with the therapist.

1990 August 31, Laura Briggs, “Should Sex Between Therapists/Clients Be Legal”, in Gay Community News, volume 18, number 7, page 3:

(psychology, psychiatry) The process by which emotions and desires, originally associated with one person, such as a parent, are unconsciously shifted to another.


TIM

TIM (countable and uncountable, plural TIMs)

Abbreviation.
* (trans-identified male): when applied to trans women by transphobes, perhaps influenced by the name Tim.

(cytology) Translocon on Inner cellular Membrane


umbo

umbo (plural umbones or umbos or umboes)

umbones (plural)
umbos (plural)
umboes (plural)

Borrowed from Latin umbō (“a shield boss”).

(biology) A boss, or rounded elevation, or a corresponding depression, in a palate, disk, or membrane.

(anatomy) An inward projection of the tympanic membrane of the ear.