acute

acute (comparative acuter or more acute, superlative acutest or most acute)

acuter (comparative)
more acute (comparative)
acutest (superlative)
most acute (superlative)

From Late Middle English acute (“of a disease or fever: starting suddenly and lasting for a short time; of a humour: irritating, sharp”), from Latin acūta, from acūtus (“sharp, sharpened”), perfect passive participle of acuō (“to make pointed, sharpen, whet”), from acus (“needle, pin”). The word is cognate to ague (“acute, intermittent fever”).
As regards the noun, which is derived from the verb, compare Middle English acūte (“severe but short-lived fever; of blood: corrosiveness, sharpness; musical note of high pitch”).

cog

He dropped dead of an acute illness.

Of particular relevance to the ICU [intensive care unit] setting is ketorolac, a NSAID [non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug] that is being increasingly used for pain control in order to avoid problems of respiratory depression, sedation, and addiction associated with narcotics. […] ICU patients, who typically are under great stress from an acute illness that is often accompanied by multiorgan dysfunction including renal insufficiency, are especially prone to develop renal complications from ketorolac[…].

1995, G. J. Kaloyanides, “Drug-induced Acute Renal Failure”, in Rinaldo Bellomo, Claudio Ronco, editors, Acute Renal Failure in the Critically Ill (Update in Intensitve Care and Emergency Medicine; 20), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, page 204:

(medicine) Of an abnormal condition of recent or sudden onset, in contrast to delayed onset; this sense does not imply severity, unlike the common usage.

شَدِيد

(medicine) of an abnormal condition of recent or sudden onset

The acute symptoms resolved promptly.

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

2013 May–June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News: Bat News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Sigma Xi, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-06-05, page 193:

(medicine) Of a short-lived condition, in contrast to a chronic condition; this sense also does not imply severity.


acute

Anne Marie had been assigned a ‘constant supervision’ status. […] Always avoiding the unrest of the television lounge, she would sometimes join some of the older ‘acutes’ who sat isolated in metal chairs at the end of the hallway and gaze out of the window with them.

1990, Gerry Fewster, “Down to Business”, in Being in Child Care: A Journey into Self, Binghamton, N.Y., London: The Haworth Press, →ISBN; republished New York, N.Y., Hove, East Sussex: Routledge, 2012, →ISBN, page 113:

(medicine, informal) A person who has the acute form of a disorder, such as schizophrenia.


pyramid

en-noun

pyramid (countable and uncountable, plural pyramids)

From French pyramide, from Old French piramide, from Latin pȳramis, pȳramidis, from Ancient Greek πῡραμίς (pūramís), possibly from πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”) + ἀμάω (amáō, “reap”) or from Egyptian pr-m-ws (“height of a pyramid”), from pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”). Schenkel and K. Lang proposed hypothetical Coptic *ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲙ (*piram) or *ⲫⲣⲁⲙ (*phram) derived from Egyptian mr via metathesis as a source of πῡραμίς (pūramís) while Schenkel also suggested it being the source of Arabic هرم although the latter is considered far-fetched by Takacs.

der

(neuroanatomy) A medullary pyramid, the medial-most bumps on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata


pyramid

en-verb

pyramid (third-person singular simple present pyramids, present participle pyramiding, simple past and past participle pyramided)

pyramids (present singular third-person)
pyramiding (participle present)
pyramided (participle past)
pyramided (past)

(transitive, genetics) To combine (a series of genes) into a single genotype.


genetic

/d͡ʒəˈnɛtɪk/

/d͡ʒɪˈnɛtɪk/

Coined from genesis, similarly to antithesis, antithetic. Reflects Ancient Greek γενετικός (genetikós), from γένεσις (génesis) + -κός (-kós). Ultimately from Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I come into being”). Superficially By surface analysis, gene + -tic or genesis + -etic.

der

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, and individual plants are highly heterozygous and do not breed true. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

(genetics) Relating to genetics or genes.


share

→ Thai: แชร์ (chɛɛ)

From Middle English schare, schere, from Old English sċearu (“a cutting, shaving, a shearing, tonsure, part, division, share”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaru, from Proto-Germanic *skarō (“a division, detachment”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian skar, sker (“a share in a communal pasture”), Dutch schare (“share in property”), German Schar (“band, troop, party, company”), Icelandic skor (“department”). Compare shard, shear. Doublet of eschel.

cog

[…] [H]ee stabbed him beneth in the very share neere unto his privie parts. [Dom.17]

1606, Suetonius, translated by Philemon Holland, De Vita Cæsarum:


brain drain

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-brain drain.wav

Coined by spokesmen for the Royal Society of London in the early 1950s to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to the United States and Canada.

(medicine, informal) A Jackson-Pratt drain.


temple

From Middle English temple, from Old French temple, from Vulgar Latin *temp(u)la, from Latin tempora (“the temples”), plural of tempus (“temple, head, face”). See temporal bone.

(anatomy) The slightly flatter region, on either side of the head of a vertebrate, including a human, behind the eye and forehead, above the zygomatic arch, and forward of the ear.

(ophthalmology) Either of the sidepieces on a set of spectacles, extending backwards from the hinge toward the ears and, usually, turning down around them.


cruciform

(genetics) A cross shape in DNA; a Holliday junction.


tap

The noun is derived from Middle English tappe (“hollow device for controlling the flow of liquid from a hole, cock, faucet, spigot; hole through which the liquid flows; the liquid which thus flows”), from Old English tæppa, from Proto-West Germanic *tappō, from Proto-Germanic *tappô (“a plug, tap; peg; tapering stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂p- (“to lose; to sacrifice”).
The verb is derived from Middle English tappen (“to obtain (liquid, chiefly liquor) from a tap; to obtain and sell (liquor)”), from Old English tæppian (“to provide (a container) with a stopper; to obtain (liquid) from a tap”), and then either:
* from Old English tæppa (see above) + -ian (suffix forming verbs); or
* from Proto-Germanic *tappōną, from *tappô (noun) (see above).
Verb sense 1.3.5 (“to turn over (a playing card or playing piece) to remind players that it has already been used in that round”) alludes to the abilities or resources of the card or piece having been drawn on to the point of temporary exhaustion: see verb sense 1.3.2.

rubinet

hollow device used to control the flow of a fluid — see also faucet

abdominal tap    pleural tap    spinal tap

A hollow device used to control the flow of a fluid, such as an alcoholic beverage from a cask, or a gas or liquid in a pipe.

(medicine, informal) A procedure that removes fluid from a body cavity; paracentesis.


tap

en-verb

tap (third-person singular simple present taps, present participle tapping, simple past and past participle tapped)

taps (present singular third-person)
tapping (participle present)
tapped (participle past)
tapped (past)
tap (infinitive)

точа

to draw off (a liquid) from a container or other source; to draw off a liquid from (a container or other source)

It is a hard thing to empty the vvater contained in the breaſt, becauſe the vvaies are not open by vvhich it ſhould be brought forth. Therefore Hippocrates doth adviſe to open the ſide, vvhich becauſe vve never ſee practiſed, and never read in any Author that it vvas done vvith good ſucceſs, vve cannot abſolutely approve; and vve may ſpeak of it as vve have of the Opening or Tapping for the Dropſie, in its proper Chapter.

1655, Lazarus Riverius [i.e., Lazare Rivière], “Of the Dropsie in the Breast”, in Nicholas Culpeper, Abdiah Cole, and William Rowland, transl., The Practice of Physick, […], London: […] Peter Cole, […], →OCLC, 7th book (Of the Diseases of the Breast), section III (Of Pestilential Feavers), pages 163–164:

[…] I have, ever since my cure, been very thirsty and dropsical; therefore, I presume, it would be much better to tap me, and drink me off, than eat me at once, and have no man in the ship fit to be drunk.

1709 September 12 (Gregorian calendar), Isaac Bickerstaff [et al., pseudonyms; Richard Steele], “Thursday, September 1, 1709”, in The Tatler, number 62; republished in [Richard Steele], editor, The Tatler, […], London stereotype edition, volume I, London: I. Walker and Co.; […], 1822, →OCLC, page 372:

To draw off (a liquid) from a container or other source; also, to draw off a liquid from (a container or other source).

(medicine, informal) To drain off fluid from (a person or a body cavity) by paracentesis.

laskea

to drain off fluid from (a person or a body cavity) by paracentesis


primary

en-adj

primary (comparative more primary, superlative most primary)

more primary (comparative)
most primary (superlative)

/ˈpɹaɪˌmɛɹi/

Borrowed from Latin prīmārius (“of the first (rank); chief, principal; excellent”), from prīmus (first; whence the English adjective prime) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French primaire, primer, and premier. Doublet of premier.

bor

(medicine) Relating to the place where a disorder or disease started to occur.

(medicine) Relating to day-to-day care provided by health professionals such as nurses, general practitioners, dentists etc.


primary

/ˈpɹaɪˌmɛɹi/

unknown primary

most common primaries

(medicine) The primary site of a disease; the original location or source of the disease.


noise

en-noun

noise (countable and uncountable, plural noises)

From Middle English noyse, noise, from Old French noise (“a dispute, wrangle, strife, noise”), of uncertain origin. According to some, from Latin nausia, nausea (“disgust, nausea”); according to others, from Latin noxia (“hurt, harm, damage, injury”); but neither explanation is satisfactory in regard to either form or sense.

der

(genetics) The measured level of variation in gene expression among cells, regardless of source, within a supposedly identical population.


fate

en-noun

fate (countable and uncountable, plural fates)

From Latin fāta (“prediction”), plural of fātum, from fātus (“spoken”), from for (“to speak”). In this sense, displaced native Old English wyrd, whence Modern English weird.

(embryology) The mature endpoint of a region, group of cells or individual cell in an embryo, including all changes leading to that mature endpoint


tau

Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony
Trần Thanh Vân

From Middle English tau, taue, from Latin tau, from Ancient Greek ταῦ (taû) and Hebrew תָּו (tav).
Sense 6 (“mathematical constant equal to 2π”) was used by Joseph M. Lindenberg in 1991, and popularized by the American educator and entrepreneur Michael Hartl in a 2010 paper which explains that τ resembles π; and that τ is the Greek equivalent of t, the first letter of turn, and 2π corresponds to one turn of a circle with a radius of one unit.
Sense 8.1 (“short for tau lepton or tau particle”) was coined by the American physicist Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) after the first letter of Ancient Greek τρίτον (tríton, “third”), since the tau lepton or tauon was the third charged lepton discovered.

sequence box

Ancient Greek Alphabet

<big>Τ τ </big>
Ancient Greek: ταῦ

croix en tau

Saint Anthony’s cross — see also Saint Anthony's cross

Quite what that job is remains obscure, but one theory is that it is to stabilise another protein called tau, which is supposed in turn to keep in shape the tubular ‘skeleton’ of a neuron.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters, London: Harper Perennial, published 2004, →ISBN, page 263:

central nervous system
central nervous system

Parkinson's diseases
Parkinson's disease

(neurology) Short for tau protein (“a protein abundant especially in the neurons of the human central nervous system that stabilizes microtubules, and when misfolded is associated with forms of dementia such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases”).

tau

short for tau protein — see also tau protein


vent

I have adjusted the vent settings.

(medicine, colloquial) Clipping of ventilation or ventilator.


vent

en-verb

vent (third-person singular simple present vents, present participle venting, simple past and past participle vented)

vents (present singular third-person)
venting (participle present)
vented (participle past)
vented (past)

(medicine, colloquial) To ventilate; to use a ventilator; to use ventilation.


snowflake

From snow + flake. Compare Saterland Frisian Sneeflokke (“snowflake”), Dutch sneeuwvlok, Luxembourgish Schnéiflack, German Schneeflocke.

cog

Robertson and colleagues reported 10 patients in four families with lesions similar to those of stage I and stage II snowflake generation.

2007, Kenneth W. Wright, Peter H. Spiegel, Lisa Thompson, Handbook of Pediatric Retinal Disease, →ISBN, page 195:

The authors have recently analyzed a PMMA lens explanted because of snowflake degeneration in the dry and hydrated states.

2010, Roger F. Steinert, Cataract Surgery, →ISBN, page 525:

These defects may be more pronounced in the superior visual field, perhaps corresponding to the inferior predilection for the snowflake lesions.

2011, Elias I. Traboulsi, Genetic Diseases of the Eye, →ISBN, page 520:

(ophthalmology) A type of lesion that appears as scattered white-brown spots under high magnification light microscopy.


nucleic acid

en-noun

nucleic acid (countable and uncountable, plural nucleic acids)

nucleic + acid; named for the fact that in eukaryotes, some of the important actions of such acids are especially associated with the nucleus of the cell.

(biochemistry, genetics) Any acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases; they are involved in the preservation, replication and expression of hereditary information in every living cell

azido nukleiko

acidic chainlike biological macromolecule


prescribe

en-verb

prescribe (third-person singular simple present prescribes, present participle prescribing, simple past and past participle prescribed)

prescribes (present singular third-person)
prescribing (participle present)
prescribed (participle past)
prescribed (past)

Borrowed from Latin praescrībere, from prae- (“before, in front”) and scrībere (“to write”).

The doctor prescribed aspirin.

(medicine) To order (a drug or medical device) for use by a particular patient (under licensed authority).


affect

affect (third-person singular simple present affects, present participle affecting, simple past and past participle affected)

affects (present singular third-person)
affecting (participle present)
affected (participle past)
affected (past)

From Middle English affecten, from Latin affectāre, from Latin affectus, the participle stem of Latin afficere (“to act upon, influence, affect, attack with disease”), from ad- + facere (“to make, do”).

der

Hepatitis affects the liver.

(transitive, pathology) Of an illness or condition, to infect or harm (a part of the body).


lumen

Borrowed from Latin lūmen (“light, an opening”). Use as a unit was first adopted by French physicist André Blondel in 1894.

(anatomy) The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ.

(medicine) The bore of a tube such as a hollow needle or catheter.


insula

From Latin insula (“island”). Doublet of isle.

All mammals have insulas that read their body condition, Dr. Craig said.

2007 February 6, Sandra Blakeslee, “A Small Part of the Brain, and Its Profound Effects”, in New York Times:

The insula registers our physical gut feelings, including the sensation of a distended stomach and other inner states like nausea, warmth, a full bladder, and a pounding heart.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 608:

(neuroanatomy) A structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus.

aivosaari

a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus


bunion

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bunion.wav

From alteration of earlier bunny (“lump, swelling”), from Middle English bony, boni (“bunion, swelling”), perhaps Italian bubbone (augmented form of bugno (“beehive”)), or more likely from Lombard bugnon (“bunyon”), all three from Old French bugne, buigne, bune (“bump, knob, swelling”), from Old Norse bunga (“an elevation, bulge”) or Frankish *bungjō (“a swelling, lump, bump”), both from Proto-Germanic *bungô, *bunkô (“lump, clump, heap, crowd”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ- (“thick, dense, fat”). Cognate with Dutch bonk (“lump, clump”), German Bunge (“swelling, tuber”).

(pathology) A bump or bulge on the first joint of the big toe caused by the swelling of a sac of fluid under the skin.

бурси́т

большо́го па́льца стопы́

ши́шка

на нару́жной стороне́ большо́го па́льца ноги́

válʹgusnaja deformácija pérvovo pálʹca stopý

вальгусная деформа́ция первого пальца стопы


grain

From Middle English grayn, from Old Norse grein (“bough, branch”), from Proto-Germanic *grainiz (“branch, twig, ramification”), of unknown origin. Related to English grove (“thicket”).

(dialectal, anatomy) The fangs of a tooth.


radius

Borrowed from Latin radius (“ray”). Doublet of ray.

It is also obvious, and proved by experiment, that the rotatory motions observed in the hand proceed from the rotatory motions of the radius.

1808, John Barclay, The Muscular Motions of the Human Body, →OCLC, page 396:

(anatomy) The long bone in the forearm, on the side of the thumb.


nipple

→ Dutch: nippel

→ German: Nippel

→ Danish: nippel

→ Norwegian: nippel

From earlier neple, nypil, neble, believed to be a diminutive of nib, neb (“tip, point”), equivalent to nib + -le. Compare Old English nypel (“elephant trunk”), formed analogously as "a protuberance from one's neb" .

nippel

piece to connect a bicycle spoke to the rim

(anatomy) The projection of a mammary gland from which, on female therian mammals, milk is secreted.


wart

From Middle English warte, werte, from Old English wearte, from Proto-West Germanic *wartā, from Proto-Germanic *wartǭ. Cognate with Dutch wrat, German Warze, Hunsrik Waarz, Swedish vårta and Danish vorte.

A wart has appeared on my toe.

human papillomavirus
human papillomavirus

(pathology) A type of deformed growth occurring on the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).


turn

en-verb

turn (third-person singular simple present turns, present participle turning, simple past and past participle turned or (obsolete) turnt)

turns (present singular third-person)
turning (participle present)
turned (participle past)
turned (past)
turnt (obsolete participle past)
turnt (obsolete past)
turn (infinitive)

From Middle English turnen, from Old English turnian, tyrnan (“to turn, rotate, revolve”) and Old French torner (“to turn”), both from Latin tornāre (“to round off, turn in a lathe”), from tornus (“lathe”), from Ancient Greek τόρνος (tórnos, “turning-lathe: a tool used for making circles”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, rub by turning, turn, twist, bore”). Cognate with Old English þrāwan (“to turn, twist, wind”), whence English throw. Displaced native Middle English wenden from Old English wendan (see wend), and Middle English trenden from Old English trendan (see trend), among several other terms.

lyödä kierre

in cricket, make the ball move sideways when it bounces

kiertää

of a cricket ball, move sideways when it bounces

-ul

e.g. “turn yellow”: sárga → sárgul, “turn brown”: barna → barnul

(obstetrics) To bring down the feet of a child in the womb, in order to facilitate delivery.

kääntää

obstetrics: bring down the feet of a child in the womb, in order to facilitate delivery


soporific

/ˌsəʊ.pəˈɹɪf.ɪk/

From French soporifique, from Latin sopor (“deep sleep”). Unrelated to stupor (distinct in Proto-Indo-European).

The doctor prescribed a soporific to help the patient sleep.

And ancient soporifics—such as poisonous leaves and various opiate concoctions—were roughly as likely to kill you as they were to induce REM.

2022 January 27, Derek Thompson, “Can Medieval Sleeping Habits Fix America’s Insomnia?”, in The Atlantic:

(pharmacology) Something inducing sleep, especially a drug.


soporific

en-adj

soporific (comparative more soporific, superlative most soporific)

more soporific (comparative)
most soporific (superlative)

/ˌsəʊ.pəˈɹɪf.ɪk/

For we are not here to understand, as perhaps some have, that an author actually falls asleep while he is writing. It is true, that readers are too apt to be so overtaken; […]To say the truth, these soporific parts are so many scenes of serious artfully interwoven, in order to contrast and set off the rest;

1749, Henry Fielding, chapter I, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book V:

It is said that the effect of eating too much lettuce is “soporific.” I have never felt sleepy after eating lettuces; but then I am not a rabbit. They certainly had a very soporific effect upon the Flopsy Bunnies!

1909, Beatrix Potter, The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies:

I should imagine that the smooth riding and the quietness of the diesel or electric cab, coupled with the effect on the eyes of endless successions of sleepers disappearing from sight immediately under the driver's eyes, might in time have a soporific effect, so that the company of a second man, who can assist in signal observations when he is not at work in the engine cab, seems highly desirable in such conditions.

1961 July, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated, page 401:


trial

From Middle English trial, triall, from Anglo-Norman trial, triel, from trier (“to pick out, cull”) + -al. More at English try.

A randomized, controlled trial (RCT).

An occasion on which a person or thing is tested to find out how well they perform or how suitable they are.

(medicine, sciences, research) A research study to test the effectiveness and safety of a drug, medical procedure, etc.


-ism

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)der.
English -ism
Ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós), a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from stem of verbs in -ίζειν (-ízein) (whence English -ize). Doublet of -ismus.
Many English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in -ισμός (-ismós), often via Latin and French, such as Judaism, a learned English formation from Latin attested from c. 1500 and ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaïsmós). In Late Latin, the -ismus suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus chrīstiānismus (whence 16th c. Christianism) in Tertullian, a trend continued in Medieval Latin, with e.g. pāgānismus attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin (heroism, patriotism) or proper names (Calvinism, Lutheranism).
Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. blackguardism). Reflecting this productivity, use of ism as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as racism (1932) or sexism (1936) and productive since the 1970s.

etymon

aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism

(medicine) Used to form names of conditions (syndromes, diseases, disorders, defects, addictions) and therapeutical methods or doctrines.


tuberculosis

en-noun

tuberculosis (countable and uncountable, plural tuberculoses)

To international scientific vocabulary from New Latin tūberculōsis, from Latin tūberculum (diminutive of tūber (“lump”)) + Latin -ōsis (“diseased condition”); by surface analysis, tubercul(um) + -osis; named for the encapsulated colonies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the lungs in pulmonary tuberculosis, which can look like small tubers (tubercles) on gross pathology. The disease has existed throughout human experience and had other names for millennia before scientific medicine renamed it with a New Latin term in the mid-19th century (1840s); in English it was called consumption because of the wasting away that consumed health and seemed even to consume flesh in some cases (for example, causing fistulas and tissue breakdown).

surf

With smallpox gone, tuberculosis is today the deadliest infectious disease on the planet.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 380:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis#Translingual

(pathology) An infectious disease of humans and animals caused by a species of mycobacterium, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mainly infecting the lungs where it causes tubercles characterized by the expectoration of mucus and sputum, fever, weight loss, and chest pain, and transmitted through inhalation or ingestion of bacteria.

gross pathology
international scientific vocabulary
tuberculosis
tuberculosis#Names


knockout

→ Belarusian: нака́ўт (nakáŭt)

→ Portuguese: nocaute, knockout

→ Russian: нока́ут (nokáut)

→ Spanish: nocaut

→ Ukrainian: нока́ут (nokáut)

→ Vietnamese: nốc ao

(genetics) The deactivation of a particular gene.

(genetics) A creature engineered with a particular gene deactivated.


knockout

The result is a so-called knockout mouse, reared with a single gene silenced, the better to reveal that gene's true purpose.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 255:

(genetics) Designating an organism in which a particular gene has been removed or deactivated.


pneumoconiosis

en-noun

pneumoconiosis (countable and uncountable, plural pneumoconioses)

From New Latin pneumoconiōsis, from Ancient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma, “wind, breath, spirit”) + κόνις (kónis, “dust”) + -osis.

der

Zhang Haichao was twenty-eight when he got pneumoconiosis. He was fit and well before he started working at an abrasive-materials factory in Xinmi, not far from Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan, where he comes from. On the job, he inhaled a huge amount of dust every day. In the second half of 2007, he began to cough and felt short of breath.

2012, Hsiao-Hung Pai, Scattered Sand: The Story of China's Rural Migrants, Verso Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 86:

Wu Dengfan, a 40-year-old farmer from Gulang county in Gansu who worked at a gold mine close to the Mongolian border from 1996 to 2006, had a similar experience.
“We even preferred not to wear masks inside the mine, because it made breathing even more difficult,” said Wu, who has stage II pneumoconiosis. “When we finished our work and came out of the mine, each of us was completely covered in dust.”

2018 January 13, Alice Yan, “These migrant workers helped China prosper. Now they’re dying and not getting the help they need”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-01-13, People & Culture:

(pathology) A disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of particulate matter.


delirious

en-adj

delirious (comparative more delirious, superlative most delirious)

more delirious (comparative)
most delirious (superlative)

From delirium + -ous; see also Latin delirus (“silly, doting, crazy”).

Or has the shock, so harshly given,
[…] made me that delirious man
Whose fancy fuses old and new,
And flashes into false and true,
And mingles all without a plan?

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XVI, page 26:

[…]the angelic form of a creature whose very existence was a gigantic balm of Gilead to the lacerated body of our hero, and, in a half delirious state of mind, he felt like leaping mountains to raise prostrate female forms, and to become blessed with hymeneal joys of the most glorious character; but, his imagination soon forsook him, and a raging fever, accompanied by the most violent deadly delirium, ensued, which lasted a fortnight.

1872, Simon Mohler Landis, The Social War, Chapter III: Deacon Stew raves at Lucinda's Love for Victor:

(medicine) Being in the state of delirium.


occult

occult (comparative more occult, superlative most occult)

more occult (comparative)
most occult (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin occultus (“hidden, secret”).

occult blood loss; occult cancer

This counter-influence is so much more conclusive[…] because it is of an occult kind, and is so insensible in its advances as to escape observation.

1860, Isaac Taylor, “Mind in Form”, in Ultimate Civilization, page 178:

(medicine) Secret; hidden from general knowledge; undetected.

ծածուկ

secret; hidden from general knowledge; undetected


ERP

en-noun

ERP (countable and uncountable, plural ERPs)

effective refractory period
w:effective refractory period

(countable, physiology) Initialism of effective refractory period.

event-related potential
event-related potential#English

(countable, neurology) Initialism of event-related potential.


event

From Middle French event, from Latin ēventus (“an event, occurrence”), from ēveniō (“to happen, to fall out, to come out”), from ē (“out of, from”), short form of ex + veniō (“come”); related to venture, advent, convent, invent, convene, evene, etc.

(medicine) An episode of severe health conditions.

accident

medicine: an episode of severe health conditions


humour

humour (usually uncountable, plural humours)

→⇒ Chinese:

Cantonese: 幽默 (jau¹ mak⁶)

Mandarin: 幽默 (yōumò)

→ Danish: humor

→ Icelandic: húmor

→ Dutch: humor

→ Esperanto: humuro

desctree

→ French: humour
→ Romanian: humor, umor
→ Turkish: humor

→ German: Humor (semantic loan)

→ Polish: humor

→ Yiddish: הומאָר (humor) (probably)

→ Greek: χιούμορ (chioúmor)

→ Italian: humour

→ Japanese: ユーモア (yūmoa)

→ Korean: 유머 (yumeo)

→ Norwegian: (also via German)

Bokmål: humor

Nynorsk: humor

→ Russian: ю́мор (júmor), гу́мор (gúmor)
→ Azerbaijani: yumor

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ху̀мор

Latin script: hùmor

→ Swedish: humor (semantic loan)

From Middle English humour, from Old French humor, humour, from Latin hūmor, correctly ūmor (“liquid”), from hūmeō, correctly ūmeō (“to be moist”). The h in these words, which was silent in late Classical Latin, is folk etymological, due to the erroneous association with the word humus (“soil”).
The shift in meaning "liquid" > "mood" is attributed to the classical system of physiology, where human behaviour is regulated by four bodily humours (fluids). The sense "mood" gave rise to the verb sense "to give in to someone's mood or whim" and, by narrowing of meaning, the sense "wit".

(medicine) Either of the two regions of liquid within the eyeball, the aqueous humour and vitreous humour.


bodily fluid

(anatomy) Any liquid portion of the body, such as blood, urine, semen, saliva, especially when expelled.


hypergraphia

Two features of the interictal behavior syndrome are relevant: hypergraphia or the tendency to write compulsively and often repetitively, and verbosity or loquaciousness, the tendency to be overly talkative, rambling, and circumstantial in speech.

1994, Thomas J. Csordas, “12: Words from the Holy People: a case study in cultural phenomenology”, in Thomas J. Csordas, editor, Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self, page 280:

There is some suggestion that hypergraphia is associated with non-dominant hemisphere temporal lobe disturbances (Trimble, 1986c).

1996, Michael R. Trimble, Biological Psychiatry, page 279:

Two cases of mania and hypergraphia in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were reported by Sanders and Mathews (1994). In the first case, a 58-year-old right-handed man suffered a ruptured right middle cerebral artery aneurism, which required a craniotomy. During interictal periods, the patient demonstrated hypergraphia, as well as several episodes of alternating manic and mildly depressive phases.

2009, Joseph M. Tonkonogy, Antonio E. Puente, Localization of Clinical Syndromes in Neuropsychology and Neuroscience, page 559:

(psychiatry) A behavioural condition characterised by an intense desire to write, associated with changes in the temporal lobes due to epilepsy or chemical changes.


cerebral

en-adj

cerebral (comparative more cerebral, superlative most cerebral)

more cerebral (comparative)
most cerebral (superlative)

Borrowing from French cérébral, from Latin cerebrum (“a brain”); equivalent to cerebrum + -al.

(anatomy, relational) Of or relating to the brain, cerebrum, or cerebral cortex.


paralysis

en-noun

paralysis (countable and uncountable, plural paralyses)

/pəˈɹæləsəs/

Borrowed from Latin paralysis, from Ancient Greek παράλυσις (parálusis, “palsy”), from παραλύω (paralúō, “to disable on one side”). By surface analysis, para- + -lysis. Doublet of palsy.

der

(pathology) The complete loss of voluntary control of part of a person's body, such as one or more limbs.


marrow

en-noun

marrow (countable and uncountable, plural marrows)

From Middle English mary, marow, marwe, marowȝ, from Old English mearg, from Proto-West Germanic *maʀg, from Proto-Germanic *mazgą, *mazgaz, from Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰos. Compare West Frisian moarch, Dutch merg, German Mark, Swedish märg, Icelandic mergur, and also Russian мозг (mozg, “brain”), Polish mózg (“brain”), Persian مغز (mağz, “brain”). Doublet of maghaz.

This patient will have a marrow today.

(medicine, colloquial, countable) Bone marrow biopsy.


manual

manual (countable and uncountable, plural manuals)

From Middle English manuel, from Anglo-Norman manuel, Old French manual, from Latin manuālis, from manus (“hand”).

do a manual

give someone a quick manual

(countable) A procedure or operation that is done using the hands, or by a human rather than machine.

(medicine, colloquial) Manual measurement of the blood pressure, done with a manual sphygmomanometer.


axis

Borrowed from Latin axis (“axle, axis”) in the 16th century.

(anatomy) The second cervical vertebra of the spine

(anatomy) An imaginary, visualized plane separating two morphologically similar parts of an organism

(psychiatry) A form of classification and descriptions of mental disorders or disabilities used in manuals such as the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

akseli

psychiatry: form of classification and descriptions of mental disorders


penumbra

penumbra (plural penumbras or penumbrae or (obsolete) penumbræ)

penumbras (plural)
penumbrae (plural)
penumbræ (obsolete plural)

From New Latin pēnumbra, from Latin paene (“almost”) + umbra (“shadow”).

(medicine, preceded by "ischaemic", after a stroke) A region of the brain that has lost only some of its blood supply, and retains structural integrity but has lost function.


meniscus

From Ancient Greek μηνίσκος (mēnískos, “crescent”), from μήνη (mḗnē, “moon”).

uder

(anatomy) Either of two parts of the human knee that provide structural integrity to the knee when it undergoes tension and torsion.


bovine spongiform encephalopathy

en-noun

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (uncountable)

The outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) have limited some traditional uses of cattle for food, for example the eating of brains or spinal cords.

(pathology, neurology) A fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cattle, which is transmissible to humans through misshaped prion proteins, caused by eating infected tissues.

牛海綿状脳症

うしかいめんじょうのうしょう

gubčataja encefalopatija krupnovo rogatovo skota

губчатая энцефалопатия крупного рогатого скота


BSE

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

(medicine) Initialism of breast self-examination.


intractable

en-adj

intractable (comparative more intractable, superlative most intractable)

more intractable (comparative)
most intractable (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-intractable.wav

(medicine) Difficult to treat (of a medical condition).


achilous

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip”).


labia

en-noun

labia pl (normally plural, singular labium)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin labia (“lips”), plural of labium (“lip”).

ubor

(anatomy) The folds of tissue of the vulva, at either side of the vagina.


TBA

en-noun

TBA (countable and uncountable, plural TBAs)

traditional birth attendant
traditional birth attendant#English

(medicine) Initialism of traditional birth attendant.


toxic

en-adj

toxic (comparative more toxic, superlative most toxic)

more toxic (comparative)
most toxic (superlative)

Borrowed from French toxique, from Late Latin toxicus (“poisoned”), from Latin toxicum (“poison”), from Ancient Greek τοξικόν (toxikón) [φάρμακον (phármakon)] ("poison for use on arrows"), from τοξικός (toxikós, “pertaining to arrows or archery”), from τόξον (tóxon, “bow”).

Tobacco smoke contains many toxic substances.

If some types of electronic waste aren’t incinerated at a high enough temperature, dioxins, which can cause cancer and developmental problems, infiltrate the food supply. Without proper safeguarding, toxic heavy metals seep into the soil and groundwater.

2019 December 8, Hannah Beech, Ryn Jirenuwat, “The Price of Recycling Old Laptops: Toxic Fumes in Thailand’s Lungs”, in New York Times:

(toxicology, pharmacology) Having a chemical nature that is harmful to health or lethal if consumed or otherwise entering into the body in sufficient quantities.

The child appeared toxic on arrival at the hospital.

(medicine) Appearing grossly unwell; characterised by serious, potentially life-threatening compromise in the respiratory, circulatory or other body systems.


atlas

Borrowed from Latin Atlas, from the name of the Ancient Greek mythological figure Ἄτλας (Átlas, “Bearer (of the Heavens)”), from τλῆναι (tlênai, “to suffer”, “to endure”, “to bear”). The sense referring to books of maps comes from the Atlas of Mercator, which he named thus in honor of Atlas, who was supposed to be skillful in astronomy and the doctrine of the sphere. The sense referring to the vertebra reflects that the spine carries the globe of the cranium (the neck carries the head).

There are of these glands upon the first vertebra of the neck of the atlas; on which the head turns[…]

1734, William Stukeley, Of the Gout, part II, page 58:

Ribs and spines show through the thin layer of meat left on the carcase, and, where the head meets the body, the crucial first vertebra – the atlas – is exposed.

2020, Tim Ecott, The Land of Maybe, Short Books, published 2021, page 174:

(anatomy) The uppermost vertebra of the cervical spine in the neck in humans and some other animals.

arrëz

(anatomy) The uppermost vertebra of the neck


mad cow disease

(colloquial, veterinary, pathology) Synonym of bovine spongiform encephalopathy

جُنُون البَقَر

informal: bovine spongiform encephalopathy


type

→ Japanese: タイプ

→ Korean: 타입 (taip)

From Middle English type (“symbol, figure, emblem”), from Latin typus, from Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “mark, impression, type”), from τύπτω (túptō, “I strike, beat”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-. Related to stupid, stupefy and stop.

tyyppiyksilö

biology: individual representative of its taxonomic group


steel

en-noun

steel (countable and uncountable, plural steels)

From Middle English stele, stel, from Old English stīele, from Proto-West Germanic *stahlī (“something made of steel”), enlargement of *stahl (“steel”), from Proto-Germanic *stahlą, from *stah- or *stag- (“to be firm, rigid”), from Proto-Indo-European *stak- (“to stay, to be firm”). Compare Scots stele, Yola stehli.

der

A stronger physick is now necessary, perhaps a whole course of steel: A physick, God knowes, that this Kingdome hath been under five or six yeares.

1649, H. Hammond, Christians Obligations, X 253:

Steel is not so good as Iron for Medicinal Operation.

1704, J. Harris, Lexicon Technicum, volume L:

The Doctor tells me I must go into a Course of Steel, tho I have not the Spleen.

1712 September 18, Journal to Stella, Jonathan Swift, II 558:

I...am really only kept alive by steel.

1866, Princess Alice, Mem., section 158:

(uncountable, medicine, obsolete) Medicinal consumption of this metal; chalybeate medicine; (eventually) any iron or iron-treated water consumed as a medical treatment.


steel

To mix some Sugar of steel, or steel wine with the first glass.

1652, J. French, York-shire Spaw, X, 92:

I have found a singular Virtue in Steel drops, præpared after my Mode.

1675, G. Harvey, Dis. of London, XXIV, 264:

I...take some nasty steel drops, & may head has been bettr.

1713 February 17, Journal to Stella, Jonathan Swift, II, 622:


steel

en-verb

steel (third-person singular simple present steels, present participle steeling, simple past and past participle steeled)

steels (present singular third-person)
steeling (participle present)
steeled (participle past)
steeled (past)

She drunk her drink steeled, with which she was cured.

1657, J. Hall, translated by J. Cooke, Cures, section 117:

(literally) To treat or furnish with or transform into steel.

(obsolete, medicine) To treat a liquid with steel for medicinal purposes.


minor

en-adj

minor (comparative more minor, superlative most minor)

more minor (comparative)
most minor (superlative)

antonym(s) of

serious, grave, severe, dangerous, fatal, life-threatening, acute (informal)

From Middle English minor, menor, menour, etc., from Latin minor (“lesser; young; young person”) both directly and via Norman and Middle French menor, menour, etc. Doublet of minus but not mini-. Cognate with minister, minify, Minorca, Menshevik, and possibly minnow. Compare Latin minimum and minuō, Old High German minniro, Cornish minow.

der

She suffered a minor injury.

There was minor bruising.

He has a minor case of puppy love.

We now know on authority of Dr. Briggs that every case of vaccination is "a minor case of smallpox," and that every such case of smallpox "should be carefully watched until all danger is passed".

1899 October, Edward Pollock Anshutz, Homoepathic Envoy, Vol. 10, No. 8, p. 58

Lesser, smaller in importance, size, degree, seriousness, or significance compared to another option, particularly:

(medicine, sometimes figurative) Not serious, not involving risk of death, permanent injury, dangerous surgery, or extended hospitalization.


major

en-adj

major (comparative more major, superlative most major)

more major (comparative)
most major (superlative)

From Middle English major, from Latin maior, comparative of magnus (“great, large; noble, important”), from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂yōs (“greater”), comparative of *meǵh₂- (“great”). Compare West Frisian majoar (“major”), Dutch majoor (“major”), French majeur. Doublet of mayor.

to suffer from a major illness

(medicine) Involving great risk, serious, life-threatening.


alopecia

en-noun

alopecia (countable and uncountable, plural alopecias)

/ˌæl.əʊˈpiː.ʃə/

Borrowed from Latin alopecia, from the Ancient Greek ἀλωπεκία (alōpekía, “fox-mange”), from ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx, “fox”) + -ία (-ía, a formative ending used in Ancient Greek, especially used in naming diseases).

af

(pathology) Deficiency of the hair, which may be caused by failure to grow or loss after growth.

“Jada, can’t wait for GI Jane 2,” Rock said in an apparent reference to her shaved hair, which is a result of the hair loss condition alopecia.

2022 March 28, Nadia Khomami, “‘Violence instead of words’: Will Smith condemned for hitting Chris Rock at the Oscars”, in The Guardian:

(medicine) Loss of hair (especially on the head) or loss of wool or feathers, whether natural or caused by disease.


Alzheimer's disease

Named after Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915), a German neurologist who described the disease in 1906.

(neurology, pathology) A disorder involving loss of mental functions resulting from brain tissue changes; senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Alzheimersiekte

mental disorder from brain tissue changes


process

→ Japanese: プロセス (purosesu)

From Middle English proces, from Old French procés (“journey”), from Latin prōcessus (“course, progression”), nominalization of prōcēdō (“proceed, advance”).

(anatomy) An outgrowth of tissue arising above a surface, such as might form part of a joint or the attachment point for a muscle.


code

en-noun

code (countable and uncountable, plural codes)

desctree

→ Hindi: कूट (kūṭ)
→ Sanskrit: कूट (kūṭa)

→ Japanese: コード (kōdo)

→ Korean: 코드 (kodeu)

From Middle English code (“system of law”), from Old French code (“system of law”), from Latin cōdex, later form of caudex (“the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.”). Doublet of codex.

(medicine) An emergency requiring situation-trained members of the staff.


code

en-verb

code (third-person singular simple present codes, present participle coding, simple past and past participle coded)

codes (present singular third-person)
coding (participle present)
coded (participle past)
coded (past)

(genetics, intransitive) To encode a protein.

coding in the CT scanner

(medicine) To call a hospital emergency code.


code

(medicine) Of a patient, to suffer a sudden medical emergency (a code blue) such as cardiac arrest.


history

en-noun

history (countable and uncountable, plural histories)

Pitcairn-Norfolk: histrei

From Middle English historie, from Old French estoire, estorie (“chronicle, history, story”) (French histoire), from Latin historia, from Ancient Greek ἱστορίᾱ (historíā, “learning through research”), from ἱστορέω (historéō, “to research, inquire (and) record”), from ἵστωρ (hístōr, “the knowing, wise one”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“see, know”). Doublet of story and storey.
Attested in Middle English in 1393 by John Gower, Confessio Amantis, which was aimed at an educated audience familiar with French and Latin.

der

A personal medical history is required for the insurance policy.

He has a history of cancer in his family.

This diagnosis is usually based solely on the history and physical examination, although laboratory tests are occasionally also obtained.

(countable, medicine) A list of past and continuing medical conditions of an individual or family.

mediese geskiedenis

medicine: list of past and continuing medical conditions


AS

(cardiology) Initialism of aortic stenosis.

Asperger's syndrome
Asperger's syndrome#English

(neurology) Initialism of Asperger's syndrome.

ankylosing spondylitis
ankylosing spondylitis#English

(medicine) Initialism of ankylosing spondylitis.


juice

en-noun

juice (usually uncountable, plural juices)

Tok Pisin: jus

→ Czech: džus

→ Danish: juice

→ Faroese: djús

→ Hungarian: dzsúsz

→ Icelandic: djús

→ Indonesian: jus

→ Japanese: ジュース (jūsu)

→ Korean: 주스 (juseu), 쥬스 (juseu)

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: juice, jus

Norwegian Nynorsk: juice, jus

→ Papiamentu: djus

→ Serbo-Croatian: džus

→ Slovak: džús

→ Swahili: juisi, jusi

→ Swedish: juice, jos

→ Zulu: újúsi

From Middle English jus, juis, from Old French jus, jous, from Latin jūs (“broth, soup, sauce”), from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs, from *yewH- (“to mix (of meal preparation)”). Doublet of jus and ukha. In this sense, mostly displaced native Middle English sew (“juice”), from Old English sēaw (“juice, sap”) (> English sew (“juice, broth, gravy”)). Sense of "soft drink" most likely an ellipsis of fizzy juice, another similarly common term in Scotland.

the blacker the berry, the sweeter the juice

the darker the berry, the sweeter the juice

(uncountable) Any liquid resembling juice.

(physiology) bodily secretion, especially that secreted by the glands of the stomach and intestines.


hernia

hernia (plural hernias or herniae or (dated) herniæ)

hernias (plural)
herniae (plural)
herniæ (dated plural)

Borrowed from Latin hernia (“protruded viscus”). See also yarn and cord.

give someone a hernia

have a hernia

(pathology) A disorder in which a part of the body protrudes abnormally through a tear or opening in an adjacent part, especially of the abdomen.

breuk

part of the body protruding abnormally through a tear or opening in an adjacent part


Parkinson's disease

Named after English physician James Parkinson (1755-1824).

(neurology, pathology) A chronic neurological disorder affecting movement, characterized by tremor, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), cogwheel or lead-pipe rigidity, and postural instability.


gauze

gauze (countable and uncountable, plural gauzes)

Borrowed from French gaze, from Arabic قَزّ (qazz, “silk”).

(medicine) A similar bleached cotton fabric used as a surgical dressing.


acholia

From New Latin acholia, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + χολή (kholḗ, “bile”).

The intensely bilious color of the liver shows that the discoloration of the contents of the intestines is not due to arrested production of bile, that is to acholia.

1875, Felix von Niemeyer, translated by Geoorge H. Humphreys and Charles E. Hackley, A Text-book of Practical Medicine, with Particular Reference to Physiology and Pathological Anatomy, page 692:

This then illustrates acholia in the literal sense of the word, and explains the absence of icterus in spite of the complete obliteration of the ductus communis choledochus.

1884, The Journal of the American Medical Association, volume 2, page 320:

A 1-month 3-week-old infant with a history of neonatal jaundice, cholestasis, and acholia is admitted to our hospital to rule out biliary atresia and further treatment.

2012, Carmen Gallego Herrera, Enrique Medina Benítez, “Case 1: Percutaneous Ultrasound-guided Liver Biopsy”, in María I. Martínez-León, Antonio Martínez-Valverde, Luisa Ceres-Ruiz, editors, Imaging for Pediatricians: 100 Key Cases, page 163:

(medicine, pathology) Deficiency or absence of bile.


purge

en-verb

purge (third-person singular simple present purges, present participle purging, simple past and past participle purged)

purges (present singular third-person)
purging (participle present)
purged (participle past)
purged (past)

From Middle English purgen, from Old French purgier, from Latin pūrgō (“I make pure, I cleanse”), from pūrus (“clean, pure”) + agō (“I make, I do”).

megtisztít

(of an organization) to forcibly remove people from

(transitive, intransitive, medicine) To evacuate (the bowels or the stomach); to defecate or vomit.

очиствам

medicine: to void or evacuate; to defecate or vomit

"What did they die of?” I asked. / "Fevers. The doctor came and bled them and purged them, but they still died." / "He bled and purged babies?" / "They were two and three. He said it would break the fever. And it did. But they … they died anyway."

(transitive, medicine) To cause someone to purge; to operate (on somebody) using a cathartic or emetic, or in a similar manner.

purgál

medicine: to cause someone to purge, operate on (somebody) as or with a cathartic or emetic, or in a similar manner


purge

(medicine) An evacuation of the bowels or the stomach; a defecation or vomiting.


gauntlet

From Middle English gauntelett, gantlett, a borrowing from Old French gantelet (“gauntlet worn by a knight in armor, a token of one's personality or person, and symbolizing a challenge”), diminutive of gant (“glove”), a borrowing from Frankish *want (“glove; mitten”) and reinforced by Medieval Latin wantus (“glove”) itself borrowed from the former, from Proto-Germanic *wantuz (“glove; mitten”). Cognate with Dutch want (“mitten; shroud”), German Low German Want (“shroud”), Danish vante (“mitten”), Swedish vante (“glove; mitten”), Faroese vøttur (“glove; mitten”).

der

(medicine) An eruption of pellagra on the hands.


BBS

en-noun

BBS (countable and uncountable, plural BBSes or BBSs)

Bardet-Biedl syndrome
Bardet-Biedl syndrome#English

(medicine) Initialism of Bardet-Biedl syndrome.


antagonist

From Latin antagonista, from Ancient Greek ἀνταγωνιστής (antagōnistḗs, “opponent”) (ἀντί (antí, “against”) + ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “a combatant, pleader, actor”)), from ἀνταγωνίζομαι (antagōnízomai, “to antagonize”).

der

ἀνταγωνιστής

A flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it.

(anatomy) A muscle that acts in opposition to another.


mange

en-noun

mange (usually uncountable, plural manges)

From Middle English manjewe, manjeue, from Old French manjue, derived from mangier (“to eat”) (modern French manger (“to eat”)), from Latin manducare.

Coordinate term: (in humans) scabies

Not yet come! [the] worrying of wolves, biting of mad dogs, the manges, and the—

1621, William Rowley, Thomas Dekker, John Ford, The Witch of Edmonton:

(veterinary medicine) A skin disease of nonhuman mammals caused by parasitic mites (Sarcoptes spp., Demodecidae spp.).


slip

From Middle English slippen, probably from Middle Low German slippen, from Old Saxon *slippian, from Proto-West Germanic *slippjan, from Proto-Germanic *slipjaną (“to glide”), an iterative form of *slīpaną (“to slip, slide”), from Proto-Indo-European *sleyb- (“slimy; to slide”). Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *slewbʰ- (“slip, slide”), or related to Proto-Germanic *slībaną (“to split”); related to Old English slipor (“slippery”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian slipje (“to slip”), Dutch slippen (“to slip”), German Low German slippen, slupen (“to slip”), German schlüpfen (“to slip”).

der

there's many a slip between the cup and the lip

there's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip

maladaptive behaviour
maladaptive behaviour

(medicine) A one-time return to previous maladaptive behaviour after cure.


explore

en-verb

explore (third-person singular simple present explores, present participle exploring, simple past and past participle explored)

explores (present singular third-person)
exploring (participle present)
explored (participle past)
explored (past)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle French explorer, from Latin explōrāre (“to investigate, search out”), itself said to be originally a hunters' term meaning "to set up a loud cry", from ex- (“out”) + plōrāre (“to cry”), but the second element is also explained as "to make to flow" (from pluere (“to flow”)).

der

(intransitive, medicine) To examine diagnostically.


deciduous

From Latin dēciduus (“falling down or off”), from dēcidō (“fall down”).

(biology, anatomy) Describing a part that falls off, or is shed, at a particular time or stage of development.

գցվող

describing a part that falls off, or is shed


evergreen

en-verb

evergreen (third-person singular simple present evergreens, present participle evergreening, simple past and past participle evergreened)

evergreens (present singular third-person)
evergreening (participle present)
evergreened (participle past)
evergreened (past)

(patent law, pharmaceuticals) To extend the term of a patent beyond the normal legal limit, usually through repeated small modifications.


compress

From Middle French compresse, from compresse (“to compress”), from Late Latin compressare (“to press hard/together”), from Latin compressus, the past participle of comprimō (“to compress”), itself from com- (“together”) + premō (“press”).

der

He held a cold compress over the sprain.

(medicine) A multiply folded piece of cloth, a pouch of ice, etc., used to apply to a patient's skin, cover the dressing of wounds, and placed with the aid of a bandage to apply pressure on an injury.

компре́с

cloth used to dress or apply pressure to wounds


lore

lure (some accents with the horse–hoarse merger)

He’s sticky and encrusted on one side below his beak and amongst the lores around his eyes by the pips and juices he has dined upon, the pith and pulp of feeding.

2022, Jim Crace, eden, Picador, page 40:

(anatomy) The region between the eyes and nostrils of birds, reptiles, and amphibians.

(anatomy) The anterior portion of the cheeks of insects.


clitoris

en-noun

clitoris (plural clitorises or clitorides)

From post-classical Latin clitoris (16th century), or its source, Koine Greek κλειτορίς (kleitorís), probably from Ancient Greek κλείω (kleíō, “I sheathe, shut”), in reference to its being covered by the labia minora.
The related noun form κλείς (kleís) has a second meaning of "a key, a latch or hook (to close a door)." Wooden pegs were the original keys; a connection also revealed in Latin clavis (“nail”) and claudere (“to shut”) (see close). Some medical sources give a supposed Greek verb κλειτοριάζω (kleitoriázō, “touch or titillate lasciviously, tickle”) literally "to be inclined (toward pleasure)" (compare German Kitzler (“clitoris”, literally “tickler”), related to Greek κλειτύς (kleitús, “shut, closed”), a variant of κλιτύς (klitús, “hillside”), related to κλίνω (klínō, “I slope”), from the same root as κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder”). But many sources take κλειτορίς (kleitorís) literally as Ancient Greek "little hill".

cog

genital tubercle - embryological precursor

stimulate the clitoris

She complains that her boyfriend can't find her clitoris.

Juſt before them, towards the upper Part of the C—t, is a Thing they call Clitoris, which, is a little like a Man's P—k, for it will ſwell, and ſtand like his […].

1740, anonymous author, A Dialogue Between a Lady and a Maid:

The average infant clitoris, when measured from the base of the shaft to the top of the glans, is about 4 or 5 millimeters, the height of a pencil eraser.

1999, Natalie Angier, Woman: An Intimate Geography, page 65:

(anatomy) A sensitive elongated erectile sex organ at the anterior part of the vulva in female humans and other mammals.


couch

en-verb

couch (third-person singular simple present couches, present participle couching, simple past and past participle couched)

couches (present singular third-person)
couching (participle present)
couched (participle past)
couched (past)

From Middle English couchen, from Old French (se) couchier, (se) colchier (“go to bed, lay down”), from Latin collocāre (“set in place”), from com- (“together, with”) + locāre. Doublet of collocate.

[…] A Man having a Cataract in both Eyes, which intirely deprived him of Sight, committed himſelf to an Oculiſt, who finding them ripe, performed the Operation, and couched the Cataracts with all the Succeſs could be deſired; but after they were couched, he could not ſee objects diſtinctly, even at an ordinary Diſtance, without the Help of a very convex Lens; which is what every body has obſerved to be neceſſary to all thoſe who have had a Cataract couched: […].

1759, William Porterfield, A Treatise on the Eye, the Manner and Phænomena of Vision. In Two Volumes, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed for A. Miller at London, and for G. Hamilton and J. Balfour at Edinburgh, →OCLC, page 433:

(ophthalmology, transitive) In the treatment of a cataract in the eye, to displace the opaque lens with a sharp object such as a needle. The technique is regarded as largely obsolete.


carburetor

/ˈkɑːb(j)əˌɹɛtə/

Attested from 1862, from carburet (“enrich an illuminating gas with carbon-rich fuel”) + -or. The motor vehicle sense is attested since 1896

affix

carburet<t:enrich an illuminating gas with carbon-rich fuel>

Variations on the bong included air-driven pipes, electric pipes, ice pipes (chillers), mask pipes, chamber pipes, and carburetor pipes.

1989, United States International Trade Commission, Importation of certain drug paraphernalia into the United States, page 8:

Some pipes feature a “carburetor,” which is a small hole in the air chamber located past the bowl. The carburetor is held shut while the bowl is being lit and the smoke drawn.

2008, Dale Gieringer, Ed Rosenthal, Gregory Carter, Marijuana Medical Handbook, page 172:

(slang, drugs) A water pipe or bong; a device or contrivance for mixing air with burning cannabis or cocaine.


mater

From Latin māter (“mother”), partly via Late Middle English matere. Doublet of mata and mother. Ancestor of matrix.

(anatomy) A meninx; the dura mater, arachnoid mater, or pia mater of the brain.


manic

en-adj

manic (comparative more manic, superlative most manic)

more manic (comparative)
most manic (superlative)

From mania + -ic; Ancient Greek μανικός (manikós). Doublet of maniac.

(psychiatry) Suffering from mania, the state of an abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/or energy levels.


appendix

en-noun

appendix (plural appendices or appendixes)

(anatomy) Any process, prolongation, or projection.


local

en-adj

local (comparative more local, superlative most local)

more local (comparative)
most local (superlative)

From Middle English local, from Late Latin locālis (“belonging to a place”), possibly also via Old French local; ultimately from Latin locus (“a place”).
The ring-theoretic senses derive from Krull, who first referred to Noetherian commutative rings with a unique maximal ideal as "Stellenring" (Stellen (“place”) + ring) in 1938. The term was inspired by algebraic geometry, where local rings encode information about the behavior of curves (surfaces, etc.) at points; hence, describe "local" behavior.

der

local lesion

The patient didn't want to be sedated, so we applied only local anesthesia.

(medicine) Of or pertaining to a restricted part of an organism.

local

medicine: of or pertaining to a restricted part of an organism


local

Well, Mr. Dalton, you may add nine staples to your dossier of thirty‐one broken bones, two bullet wounds, nine puncture wounds and four steel screws. That’s an estimate, of course. I’ll give you a local.

local anesthetic
local anesthetic#English

(colloquial, medicine) Clipping of local anesthetic.


system

en-noun

system (countable and uncountable, plural systems)

→ Japanese: システム (shisutemu)

Partly borrowed from Middle French sisteme, systeme, partly directly from its etymon Late Latin systēma (“harmony; musical scale; set of celestial objects; set of troops; system”), from Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠνίστημῐ (sŭnístēmĭ, “to combine, organize”) + -μᾰ (-mă, resultative suffix). σῠνίστημῐ is from σῠν- (sŭn-, “with, together”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).
Cognate with Dutch systeem, modern French système, German System, Italian sistema, Portuguese sistema, Spanish sistema. Doublet of systema.

sisteem

the digestive system  the nervous system

Animals have evolved a variety of digestive systems to utilise fibre. The kangaroos have evolved a digestive system that has much in common with those found in ruminant mammals from other continents, but there are also unique features.

1995, Terence J. Dawson, “Living in the Environment – Feeding”, in Kangaroos: Biology of the Largest Marsupials, Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, published 1998, →ISBN, page 102:

A group or set of related things that operate together as a complex whole.

(physiology) A set of body organs having a particular function.

系統 /系统

(physiology) set of body organs having a particular function


nebula

en-noun

nebula (plural nebulae or nebulas or (obsolete) nebulæ)

nebulae (plural)
nebulas (plural)
nebulæ (obsolete plural)

Borrowed from Latin nebula (“little cloud, mist”). Akin to Ancient Greek νεφέλη (nephélē, “cloud”), German Nebel (“mist, nebula”), Old Norse nifl, Polish niebo (“sky, heaven”), Russian не́бо (nébo, “sky”).

(archaic, medicine) A white spot or slight opacity of the cornea.

(obsolete, medicine) A cloudy appearance in the urine.


diagnosis

diagnosis (countable and uncountable, plural diagnoses)

/daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/

From Latin diagnōsis, from Ancient Greek διάγνωσις (diágnōsis), from διαγιγνώσκω (diagignṓskō, “to discern”), from διά (diá, “through”) + γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō, “to know”).

Diagnose

identification of the nature and cause of something

Diagnosis is a challenging art informed by wide-ranging science.

He was given the wrong treatment due to an erroneous diagnosis.

Her diagnoses include type 2 diabetes mellitus, primary hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, and generalized anxiety disorder.

In an era when political leaders promise deliverance from decline through America’s purported preeminence in scientific research, the news that science is in deep trouble in the United States has been as unwelcome as a diagnosis of leukemia following the loss of health insurance.

2012 January 7, Philip E. Mirowski, “Harms to Health from the Pursuit of Profits”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-04-04, page 87:

(medicine, countable, uncountable) The process of, or an instance of, identification of the nature and cause of an illness.


fungus

fungus (countable and uncountable, plural fungi or (nonstandard, rare) funguses or (nonstandard, rare) fungusses)

fungi (plural)
funguses (nonstandard plural rare)
fungusses (nonstandard plural rare)

→ Irish: fungas

Borrowed from Latin fungus (“mushroom”).

(now rare, pathology) A spongy, abnormal excrescence, such as excessive granulation tissue formed in a wound.


stimulus

Borrowed from Latin stimulus (“goad, prick”).

bor+

Even light nonpainful stimuli can provoke or exacerbate spontaneous pain; this is not limited to tactile, thermal, or vibratory stimuli, because auditory, visual, olfactory, and visceral stimuli also may be problematic.

2002, Kim Burchiel, Surgical Management of Pain, Thieme, →ISBN, page 44:

(physiology, psychology, medicine) Something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response, or that affects any of the sensory apparatuses.

ազդակ

something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response


synthesis

en-noun

synthesis (countable and uncountable, plural syntheses)

From Latin synthesis, from Ancient Greek σύνθεσις (súnthesis, “a putting together; composition”), from συντίθημι (suntíthēmi, “put together, combine”), from συν- (sun-, “together”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “set, place”). Doublet of sandhi.

der

(medicine) The reunion of parts that have been divided.


pons

Borrowed from Latin pōns (“bridge”). Doublet of Pontus.

(anatomy) A bridge-like tissue connecting two parts of an organ.

(neuroanatomy) A band of nerve fibres, from the Latin term pōns Varoliī, within the brain stem.


vulnus

I was once, I remember, called to a patient who had received a violent contusion in his tibia, by which the exterior cutis was lacerated, so that there was a profuse sanguinary discharge; and the interior membranes were so divellicated, that the os or bone very plainly appeared through the aperture of the vulnus or wound.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

But for the veterans in the Pannonian legions, their vulnera were no longer their tokens of honour, but an indication of the severity of service in the army.

1999, Acta classica, volumes 42-43, page 89:


lyra

So called from the arrangement of the lines with which it is marked in the human brain.

The vessels of the brain generally are often distended and gorged with blood, the lyra especially being fully injected.

1840, Alexander Tweedie, William Wood Gerhard, A system of practical medicine: Volume 1, page 295:

(anatomy, dated) The middle portion of the ventral surface of the fornix of the brain.


vermis

From Latin vermis (“worm”). Doublet of worm.

(anatomy) A narrow, worm-like structure found in animal brains between the hemispheres of the cerebellum; it is the site of termination of the spinocerebellar pathways that carry subconscious proprioception.


latus

From Latin latus (“side”) of uncertain etymology.


anal

en-adj

anal (comparative more anal, superlative most anal)

more anal (comparative)
most anal (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin ānālis.
Psychological sense shortened from anal-retentive.

(psychoanalysis) Of the stage in psychosexual development when the child's interest is alleged to be concentrated on the anal region. [from 20th c.]

anal

of the stage in psychosexual development


zona

zonas (plural)
zonae (plural)
zonæ (plural)


placebo

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-placebo.wav

From Middle English placebo, from Latin placēbō (“I will please”), the first-person singular future active indicative of placeō (“I please”).

The acid test, I thought, was whether homeopathic remedies behave differently from placebos when submitted to clinical trials.

2010 February 22, Edzard Ernst, The Guardian:

The trials overall showed some but limited effectiveness, and in one of the largest and longest trials, the placebo performed better in treating spasticity, pain and bladder dysfunction, Dr. Bowling wrote.

2021 March 8, Jane E. Brody, “Medical Marijuana Is Not Regulated as Most Medicines Are”, in The New York Times:

(medicine) A dummy medicine containing no active ingredients; an inert treatment.

плацебо

a dummy medicine containing no active ingredients; an inert treatment


neu

The name of this oncogene is abbreviated from a neuroglioblastoma cell line, from which it was originally isolated in rats.


vehicle

Borrowed from French véhicule, from Latin vehiculum (“a carriage, conveyance”), from vehere (“to carry”).

uder

an ointment with a petrolatum vehicle

(pharmaceuticals) The main excipient (such as an oil or gel) that conveys the active ingredient of a drug.


felon

From Middle English feloun, felone (“type of carbuncle or sore with pus; swelling on a hawk’s body”), possibly from Old French *felon, from Latin fel (“bile, gall; bitterness; poison; venom”): see etymology 1.

der

He hev been away from home for a few days, since he's had that felon upon his finger; for a' said, since I can't work I'll have a hollerday.

1874, Thomas Hardy, “In the Sun—a Harbinger”, in Far from the Madding Crowd. […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder & Co., […], →OCLC, page 31:

(pathology, veterinary medicine) A small infected sore; an abscess, a boil; specifically, a whitlow (“infection near or under the cuticle of a fingernail or toenail”).


moment

en-noun

moment (countable and uncountable, plural moments)

From Middle English moment, from Old French moment, from Latin mōmentum. Doublet of momentum and movement.

(neurology, informal) A petit mal episode; such a spell.


vinculum

From Latin vinculum (“bond, link”), from vinciō (“bind, fetter, tie”) + -ulum.

(anatomy) A ligament that limits the movement of an organ or part.


draught

draught (countable and uncountable, plural draughts)

From Middle English draught, draght, draȝt, from Old English *dreaht, *dræht (related to dragan (“to draw, drag”)), from Proto-Germanic *drahtuz, noun form of *draganą; equivalent to draw + -t.

(UK, medicine, obsolete) A mild vesicatory.


per

From Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per. Doublet of par.

Introduce the endoscope per nasum.

The medication is to be administered per os.

(medicine) By the, by means of the, via the, through the.


idiot

From Middle English idiote, ydiote, from Old French idiote (later idiot), from Latin idiota, from Ancient Greek ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “a private citizen, one who has no professional knowledge, layman”), from ἴδιος (ídios, “one's own, pertaining to oneself, private”). Doublet of idiota.

der

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 450a. Absence of intellect

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 499. Imbecility

Idiots were thought to be peculiarly under the care of the Deity, and it was believed that those who treated them kindly would be blessed.

1896, Clifton Johnson, “Folks”, in What They Say in New England (non-fiction), Boston, Massachusetts, United States: Lee and Shepard Publishers, page 105:

It is an offence for a man to have unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman whom he knows to be an idiot or imbecile.

1956, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Part I, section 7”, in Sexual Offences Act 1956, page 2:

(obsolete, medicine, psychology) A person of the lowest intellectual standing, a person who lacks the capacity to develop beyond the mental age of a normal four-year-old; a person with an IQ below 30.


similar

From French similaire, from Medieval Latin similaris, extended from Latin similis (“like”); akin to simul (“together”).

(homeopathy) A material that produces an effect that resembles the symptoms of a particular disease.


syphilis

From New Latin syphilis, originally the title of a poem by Girolamo Fracastoro concerning “Syphilus”, a shepherd boy who insulted the Greek god Apollo and was punished by that god with a horrible disease.

Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum#Translingual

(pathology) A disease spread via sexual activity, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

زُهَرِيّ

sexual disease caused by Treponema pallidum


vallum

From Latin vallum. Doublet of wall comes from this word via a Proto-Germanic borrowing from Latin.


fenestra

en-noun

fenestra (plural fenestras or fenestrae or (obsolete) fenestræ)

fenestras (plural)
fenestrae (plural)
fenestræ (obsolete plural)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin fenestra. Existed in Middle English as fenestre, fenester, from Old English fenester (“window”).

The platinum shaft connecting the ribbon to the piston base is a rounded wire and can be easily angulated after placement of the prosthesis for optimal incus to fenestra reach.

2010, Aina J. Gulya, Lloyd B. Minor, Michael E. Glasscock, Glasscock-Shambaugh Surgery of the Ear, page 536:

(anatomy) An opening in a body, sometimes with a membrane.


grasshopper

/ˈɡɹɑːsˌhɒpə(ɹ)/

/ɡɹæsˌhɒpə(ɹ)/

/ˈɡɹæsˌhɑpəɹ/

From Middle English grashoppere, alteration of earlier grashoppe, from Old English græshoppa (“grasshopper”). Equivalent to grass + hopper. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Gäärshupper, Dutch grashupper, grashipper, German Low German Grashüpper, Gresshüpper, German Grashüpfer, Danish græshoppe, Swedish gräshoppa, Norwegian gresshoppe.

(slang, drugs) A frequent user of marijuana.


tube

en-verb

tube (third-person singular simple present tubes, present participle tubing, simple past and past participle tubed)

tubes (present singular third-person)
tubing (participle present)
tubed (participle past)
tubed (past)

From Middle French tube, from Latin tubus (“tube, pipe”), related to tuba (“long trumpet; war-trumpet”), of obscure ultimate origin, but possibly connected to tībia (“shinbone, reed-pipe”), see there.

The patient was tubed.

(medicine, transitive, colloquial) To intubate.


carrier

но́сьбіт

person or object that carries someone or something else

(genetics, pathology) A person or other organism that has a genetic trait, mutation or infection liable to cause a disease, but displays no symptoms.

حَامِل

person or organism that has inherited a trait or disease but displays no symptoms


arch

From Middle English arch, arche, from Old French arche (“an arch”), a feminine form of arc, from Latin arcus (“a bow, arc, arch”). Doublet of arc and arco. Displaced native Old English bīeġels.

(anatomy) The curved part of the bottom of a foot.


IP

(medicine) Initialism of intraperitoneal.


IP

en-noun

IP (countable and uncountable, plural IPs)

incontinentia pigmenti
incontinentia pigmenti#English

(medicine) Initialism of incontinentia pigmenti.


buck

From Middle English bouk (“belly, trunk, body, hull of a ship, fishtrap, container”), from Old English būc (“belly, bottle, jug, pitcher”), from Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz. Doublet of bucket.

inh

(UK, dialectal, anatomy) Belly, breast, chest.


worm

From Middle English worm, werm, wurm, wirm, from Old English wyrm (“worm, snake”), from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis, possibly from *wer- (“to turn”). Doublet of vermin and wyrm, the latter of which is a fairly recent borrowing directly from the Old English.
(computing): First computer usage by John Brunner in his 1975 book The Shockwave Rider.
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Dutch worm, West Frisian wjirm, German Wurm, Swedish orm (“snake”), Norwegian Nynorsk orm (“earthworm or snake”), Danish orm and Yiddish וואָרעם (vorem).
Indo-European cognates include Latin vermis (“worm”), Lithuanian var̃mas (“insect, midge”), Albanian rrime (“rainworm”), Ancient Greek ῥόμος (rhómos, “woodworm”).

шнек

something helical, especially the thread of a screw

Anything helical, especially the thread of a screw.

(anatomy) A muscular band in the tongue of some animals, such as dogs; the lytta.


cancer

en-noun

cancer (countable and uncountable, plural cancers)

→ Hindi: कैंसर (kainsar)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕੈਂਸਰ (kainsar)

Shahmukhi script: کینسر (kainsar)

→ Swahili: kansa

→ Urdu: کینسر (kainsar)

→ Welsh: canser

Borrowed from Latin cancer (“crab”), a calque of Ancient Greek καρκίνος (karkínos, “crab; ulcer; cancer”) (possibly cognate), applied to cancerous tumors because the enlarged veins resembled the legs of a crab. Doublet of canker and chancre.

calque

If successful, Edison and Ford—in 1914—would move society away from the[…]hazards of gasoline cars: air and water pollution, noise and noxiousness, constant coughing and the undeniable rise in cancers caused by smoke exhaust particulates.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 1, in Internal Combustion:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013 June 22, “Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 76:

Cancers are common diseases; in the aggregate, they are among the leading causes of death nationally and worldwide, and their incidence is increasing as the population ages.

2015 February 26, Francis S. Collins, Harold Varmus, “A New Initiative on Precision Medicine”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 372, number 9, →DOI, pages 793–794:

(medicine, oncology, pathology) A disease in which the cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation.

kanker

disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation


bark

en-noun

bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)

From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkur, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

(medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.


bulb

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós)bor.
Latin bulbusder.
English bulb
Inherited from Middle English bulb, bolbe, from Latin bulbus (“bulb, onion”), from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

der

not the brightest bulb in the chandelier

medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata#English

(dated, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.


chest

From Middle English cheste, chiste, from Old English ċest, ċist (“chest, casket; coffin; rush basket; box”), from Proto-West Germanic *kistu (“chest, box”), from Latin cista (“chest, box”), from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē, “chest, box, basket, hamper”).

der

Holonyms: torso, trunk; body

Comeronyms: head, neck, abdomen, limbs

She had a sudden pain in her chest.

An anteroposterior radiograph found opacities throughout her chest.

(anatomy) The portion of the human body from the base of the neck to the top of the abdomen; the homologous area in other animals.


cup

→ Farefare: kɔpɩ

→ Hebrew: קאפ (kap)

→ Japanese: カップ (kappu)

desc

→ Kashubian: kopsa (Canada, United States)

→ Korean: 컵 (keop)

→ Maori: kapu

Inherited from Middle English cuppe, coppe, from the merger of Old English cuppe (“cup”) and Old English copp (“cup, vessel”).
Old English cuppe is a borrowing from Late Latin cuppa, itself of obscure origin, but probably from earlier Latin cūpa (“tub, cask”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“a hollow”). Old English copp, however, is from Proto-West Germanic *kopp (“round object, bowl, vessel, knoll, summit, crown of the head”), from Proto-Germanic *kuppaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve, arch”) (whence also obsolete English cop (“top, summit, crown of the head”), German Kopf (“top, head”)).
The Middle English word was further reinforced by Anglo-Norman cupe and Old French cope, coupe, from Latin cuppa. Compare also Saterland Frisian Kop (“cup”), West Frisian kop (“cup”), Dutch kop (“cup”), German Low German Koppke, Köppke (“cup”), Danish kop (“cup”), Swedish kopp (“cup”). Doublet of coupe, hive, and keeve.

unk

obscure

cog

that and a dollar will get you a cup of coffee

that and a nickel will buy you a cup of coffee

that and twenty-five cents will get you a cup of coffee

(medicine, historical) A cupping glass or other vessel or instrument used to produce the vacuum in cupping.

kuppaussarvi

medicine: cupping glass or similar vessel


cup

en-verb

cup (third-person singular simple present cups, present participle cupping, simple past and past participle cupped)

cups (present singular third-person)
cupping (participle present)
cupped (participle past)
cupped (past)

unk

obscure

(transitive, surgery, archaic) To apply a cup or cupping apparatus to; to subject to the operation of cupping.


copy

Etymology tree
Middle English copy
English copy
From Middle English copy, copie, from Old French copie (“abundance, plenty; transcript, copy”), from Medieval Latin copia (“reproduction, transcript”), from Latin cōpia (“plenty, abundance”), from *coopia, from co- (“together”) + ops (“wealth, riches”). More at opulent.

ру́копись

для сда́чи в печа́ть

материа́л

для статьи́, заме́тки, книги, публика́ции

Every cell in this organism contains a copy of each gene, but whether that copy will be expressed depends on complex factors of cell differentiation and epigenetics.

en:result of gene or chromosomal duplication

The result of copying; an identical or nearly identical duplicate of an original.

(genetics) The result of gene or chromosomal duplication.

kopio

genetics: result of gene or chromosomal duplication


clade

From Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos, “shoot, branch”). Coined by British evolutionary biologist, philosopher, author Julian Huxley in 1957 in a paper titled "The three types of evolutionary process" in Nature. Doublet of cladus.

coin

(genetics) A higher level grouping of a genetic haplogroup.


sneeze

en-verb

sneeze (third-person singular simple present sneezes, present participle sneezing, simple past sneezed or (obsolete or humorous) snoze, past participle sneezed or (obsolete or humorous) snozen)

sneezes (present singular third-person)
sneezing (participle present)
sneezed (past)
snoze (humorous obsolete past)
sneezed (participle past)
snozen (humorous obsolete participle past)

From Middle English snesen (“to sneeze”), alteration of earlier fnesen (“to sneeze”), from Old English fnēosan (“to sneeze, snort”), from Proto-West Germanic *fneusan, from Proto-Germanic *fneusaną, from Proto-Indo-European *pnew- (“to breathe, pant, snort, sneeze”). Cognate with dialectal Dutch fniezen (“to sneeze”), Old Norse fnýsa (“to snort”).
Compare neeze, from Middle English nesen, from Old English *hnēosan (“to sneeze”), cognate with Old High German niosan (“to sneeze”), Old Norse hnjósa (“to sneeze”). See neeze.
It has been suggested that the change could be due to a misinterpretation of the uncommon initial sequence fn- as ſn- (sn- written with a long s), although the change is regular, seen also in snore and snort from Middle English fnoren and fnorten, and in late Middle English snatted from earlier Middle English fnatted (“snub-nosed”). The fn- forms of all these words fell out of use in the 1400s.

der

To avoid passing on your illness, you should sneeze into your sleeve.

(intransitive, medicine) To expel air as a reflex induced by an irritation in the nose.


belch

en-verb

belch (third-person singular simple present belches, present participle belching, simple past and past participle belched)

belches (present singular third-person)
belching (participle present)
belched (participle past)
belched (past)

From Middle English belchen, from Old English bielċan, from Proto-Germanic *balkijaną, *belkaną, probably ultimately of imitative origin.
Related to Dutch balken (“to bray”), Middle Low German belken (“to shout”), Low German bölken (“to shout, bark”), Old English bealċettan (“to utter, send forth”). See also English bolk, boak.

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

'Tis not a year or two shows us a man:
They are all but stomachs, and we all but food;
To eat us hungerly, and when they are full,
They belch us.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

1746, attributed to Jonathan Swift, "A Love Poem form a Physician to his Mistress," http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14353/pg14353-images.html
When I an amorous kiss design'd,
I belch'd a hurricane of wind.

She eats too fast, belches behind a cupped hand, smiles.

1980, J. M. Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians, Penguin, 19982, Chapter 2, p. 41:

(transitive, intransitive, immunology) To expel (gas) from the stomach through the mouth; especially, to do so loudly.

تَجَشَّأَ

expel gas from the stomach through the mouth


ping pong

en-verb

ping pong (third-person singular simple present ping pongs, present participle ping ponging, simple past and past participle ping ponged)

ping pongs (present singular third-person)
ping ponging (participle present)
ping ponged (participle past)
ping ponged (past)

Onomatopoeic. The name “ping-pong” was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. Jaques sold the rights to the “ping-pong” name in the United States to Parker Brothers. Registered in the United States in 1930, Ping-Pong (with dash) is still a registered wordmark of Parker Brothers, Inc. Contrary to a common misconception, the word does not originate from Chinese 乒乓 (pīngpāng), though there are possibilities that the coiners encountered Chinese themselves.

(transitive, intransitive) To figuratively bounce or be bounced back and forth.

(transitive, medicine) To refer (a patient) unnecessarily to a number of clinics or practitioners as a form of fraud.


library

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: लाइब्रेरी f (lāibrerī)

Urdu: لائبریری f (lāibrerī)

→ Iban: librari

→ Japanese: ライブラリー (raiburarī)

→ Korean: 라이브러리 (raibeureori)

→ Yoruba: láíbìrì

/ˈlaɪˌbɹɛɹi/

From Middle English librarie, from Anglo-Norman librarie, from Old French librairie, from Latin librarium (“bookcase, chest for books”), from librarius (“concerning books”), from liber (“the inner bark of trees; paper, parchment, book”), probably derived from a Proto-Indo-European base *leub(ʰ)- (“to strip, to peel”). Displaced native Middle English bochous, bokhus (literally “book house”), from Old English bōchūs (compare bookhouse).
Romance cognates often mean “bookshop” instead: French librairie, Italian libreria, Spanish librería, Romanian librărie and Portuguese livraria. This is a relatively recent innovation (16th century in French), which ended up displacing the earlier sense.

ncog

why buy a book when you can join a library

why buy a book when you can join the library

(genetics) A collection of DNA material from a single organism or relative to a single disease.


dependent

en-adj

dependent (comparative more dependent, superlative most dependent)

more dependent (comparative)
most dependent (superlative)

From Middle English dependaunt, dependent, from Middle French dependant (present participle of dependre (“to depend”)) and Latin dēpendēns (present participle of dēpendeō (“to depend”)). By surface analysis, depend + -ent.

Several groups have shown that the gravitational distribution of pleural pressure is much more uniform when animals are in a prone rather than in a supine position, […] After volume-infusion-induced pulmonary oedema, Ppl was positive in the dependent lung regions in supine animals but much less positive in those in the prone position.

2008 February 17, Umberto Lucangelo, Paolo Pelosi, Walter A. Zin, Andrea Aliverti, Respiratory System and Artificial Ventilation, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 198:

The limbs should not assume a dependent position and may be supported; for example, the upper arm and leg may be flexed and supported on pillows[…]

2009, Gabby Koutoukidis, Rita Funnell, Karen Lawrence, Jodie Hughson, Kate Stainton, Tabbner's Nursing Care: Theory and Practice, Elsevier Australia, →ISBN, page 406:

(medicine) Of part of the body: positioned lower than the heart, like the legs while standing up, or the back while supine.


bowel

Borrowed from Middle French bouel, from Old French boïel, from Latin botellus, diminutive of botulus (“sausage”). Doublet of boyau.

(chiefly medicine) A part or division of the intestines, usually the large intestine.

أَمْعَاء غَلِيظَة

ʔamʕāʔ ḡalīẓa


IBS

While I don’t have a definitive answer for that, studies suggest that IBS is more common in women than men.

2023 September 12, Arwa Mahdawi, “The US has such a love affair with laxatives that there is now a national shortage. This is not normal”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

irritable bowel syndrome
irritable bowel syndrome#English

(medicine) Initialism of irritable bowel syndrome.

ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens#English

(dermatology) Initialism of ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens.


token

From Middle English token, taken, from Old English tācn (“sign”), from Proto-West Germanic *taikn, from Proto-Germanic *taikną, from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, instruct, teach”) with Germanic *k rather than *h by Kluge's law. The verb is from Middle English toknen, from Old English tācnian. Cognate with German Zeichen, Dutch teken and Danish tegn.

der

that and a token will get you on the subway

(medicine) A characteristic sign of a disease or of a bodily disorder, a symptom; a sign of a bodily condition, recovery, or health.

Like the fearful tokens of the plague, Are mere fore-runners of their ends.

1610–1614, John Fletcher, “The Tragedie of Valentinian”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, →OCLC, Act V, scene iv:

(medicine, obsolete) A livid spot upon the body, indicating, or supposed to indicate, the approach of death.


intestine

From Latin intestīnum, neuter of intestīnus (“internal”), as Etymology 2, below.

/ˈɪnʈəsʈaɪn/

boyau

intestine of an animal, or, informally, of a human

(anatomy, often pluralized) The alimentary canal of an animal through which food passes after having passed all stomachs.


membrane

Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin membrāna (“skin or membrane that covers parts of the body”), from membrum (“a limb or member of the body”) + -āna. Doublet of membrana.

af

(anatomy, zootomy) A flexible enclosing or separating tissue forming a plane or film and separating two environments.

A mechanical, thin, flat flexible part that can deform or vibrate when excited by an external force.

A flexible or semiflexible covering or waterproofing whose primary function is to exclude water.

(biology) A microscopic double layer of lipids and proteins forming the boundary of cells or organelles.


portal

From Middle English portal, porttol, from Old French portal and Medieval Latin portāle, from porta.

jet bridge

elevated corridor permitting access to a plane from an airport

(anatomy) A short vein that carries blood into the liver.


portal

the portal vein

(anatomy) Of or relating to a porta, especially the porta of the liver.


rescue

en-verb

rescue (third-person singular simple present rescues, present participle rescuing, simple past and past participle rescued)

rescues (present singular third-person)
rescuing (participle present)
rescued (participle past)
rescued (past)

From Middle English rescouen, from Old French rescoure, rescurre, rescorre; from Latin prefix re- (“re-”) + excutere (“to shake or drive out”), from ex (“out”) + quatiō (“I shake”).

Mecp2^(R255X/+) [mice] developed an overweight body weight phenotype by 10 weeks age and increased liver and heart weight by 8 months age. Abnormal body, liver and heart weight in Mecp2^(R255X/+) was rescued by MECP2ᵀᵍ¹ allele.

2015, Meagan R. Pitcher et al., “Rett syndrome like phenotypes in the R255X Mecp2 mutant mouse are rescued by MECP2 transgene”, in Human Molecular Genetics, volume 24, number 9, →DOI, page 2664:

(biology, genetics) To restore a particular trait in an organism that was lost or altered, especially where this loss was as the consequence of some experimental manipulation.


headache

From Middle English hevedeche, from Old English hēafodeċe, equivalent to head + ache.

I have a splitting headache after that party last night.

I advise you to take some painkillers for the headache, it's probably nothing serious.

Sometimes on television they tell you a product is "good for headaches." I don't want something that's good for headaches. I want something that's bad for headaches. And good for me.

1997, George Carlin, “SPORTS ROUNDUP”, in Brain Droppings, New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 68:


lung

From Middle English lunge, longe, from Old English lungen, from Proto-Germanic *lunganjō, an enlargement of *lungô (“the light organ, lung”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ-, whence ultimately also light. Cognate with West Frisian long, Dutch long, German Lunge, Danish lunge, Norwegian lunge, Swedish lunga, Icelandic lunga, and also Russian лёгкое (ljóxkoje) (lung), Ancient Greek ἐλαφρός (elaphrós, “light in weight”) and perhaps Albanian lungë (“blister, bulge”). Compare Latin levis and Old English lēoht (Modern English light). See also lights (“lungs”). Superseded non-native Middle English pomoun (“lung”), borrowed from Old French poumon, pomon (“lung”).

I made a speaking trumpet of my hands and commenced to whoop “Ahoy!” and “Hello!” at the top of my lungs. […] The Colonel woke up, and, after asking what in brimstone was the matter, opened his mouth and roared “Hi!” and “Hello!” like the bull of Bashan.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter VII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

(anatomy) A biological organ of vertebrates that controls breathing and oxygenates the blood.


trap

(slang, bodybuilding, anatomy) The trapezius muscle.


ren

Learned borrowing from Latin rēn. Doublet of rein (“kidney”).

Having treated laſt of the expulſion of the inteſtinal fæces, we come next to conſider thoſe organs, which ſeparate and throw off another principal excrementitious matter, to wit, urine. The firſt of which is the renes or kidneys.

1759, Malcolm Flemyng, “Lecture XIX. On the kidneys and urinary bladder. Gravel; calculus.”, in An Introduction to Physiology, Being a Courſe of Lectures Upon the moſt important Parts of the Animal Œconomy: […], London: J. Nourse, →OCLC, page 259:

We find, however, that the detrita, consisting principally of effete hydrogen and carbon, brought into the circulation by the absorbents, are constantly making their escape from the system by way of the renes, skin, and lungs, in the forms of water, and carbonic-acid.

1810, William Tully, “On Aliment”, in Proceedings of the Presidents and Fellows of the Connecticut Medical Society, published 1884, page 326:

It would probably have been considered an important omission if I had not mentioned Water as a substance excreted freely by the renes or kidneys.

1858, William Tully, Materia Medica; Or, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, page 1195:

Renal. Belonging to the ren or kidney.

1893, Henry Power, Leonard William Sedgwick, The New Sydenham Society's Lexicon of Medicine and the Allied Sciences:


lingua

Unadapted borrowing from Latin lingua (“the tongue”). Doublet of langue and tongue.

ubor

Let your lingua loiter on its salty, hard surface. When you finally crack the nut, don’t swallow it right away.

2009, Alex J. Packer, Wise Highs: How to Thrill, Chill, & Get Away from It All Without Alcohol Or Other Drugs, Read How You Want, →ISBN, page 24:

“I believe it’s from the condition he’s acquired,” she answered while moving closer to examine the elongated lingua. “You can put it back in your mouth now.”

2016, E.B. Mendel, If Frogs Could Fly, Sunbridge Books, →ISBN:


labium

Learned borrowing from Latin labium (“a lip”). Doublet of lip.

lbor

(anatomy, usually in the plural) A liplike structure; especially one of the vulva's two pairs of folds of skin on either side.


backboard

en-verb

backboard (third-person singular simple present backboards, present participle backboarding, simple past and past participle backboarded)

backboards (present singular third-person)
backboarding (participle present)
backboarded (participle past)
backboarded (past)

(medicine, transitive) To place (a patient) on a spine board.


prox.

en-adj

prox. (comparative more prox., superlative most prox.)

more prox. (comparative)
most prox. (superlative)


nympha

From Latin nympha, from Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē, “bride, nymph”). Doublet of nymph.

uder

(anatomy, now rare) Each of the labia minora.


snare

From Middle English snare, from Old English snearu, sneare (“a string; cord”), from Proto-Germanic *snarhǭ (“a sling; loop; noose”). Cognate with Old Norse snara. Also related to German Schnur and Dutch snaar, snoer.

inh

(veterinary) A loop of cord used in obstetric cases, to hold or to pull a fetus from the mother animal.

(surgery) A similar looped instrument formerly used to remove tumours etc.


acquire

en-verb

acquire (third-person singular simple present acquires, present participle acquiring, simple past and past participle acquired)

acquires (present singular third-person)
acquiring (participle present)
acquired (participle past)
acquired (past)
acquire (infinitive)

From Middle English acqueren, from Old French aquerre, from Latin acquirō; ad- + quaerō (“to seek for”). See quest.

(medicine) To become affected by an illness.