vaccine

en-noun

vaccine (countable and uncountable, plural vaccines)

The noun is probably partly:
* derived from vaccine (adjective) (see etymology 1); and
* borrowed from French vaccine (“cowpox (short for variole vaccine); vaccination against smallpox using material from cowpox”), vaccin (“cowpox material used for smallpox vaccination”), both noun uses of vaccin (adjective), from Latin vaccīnus (see etymology 1).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
* Italian vaccina
* Portuguese vacina
* Spanish vacuna

bor

I am much inclined to the vaccine. My friend, Mr. L—, has had all his children vaccined, and I just wait to see the effect.

1804, Maria Edgeworth, “To-morrow. Chapter VII. Moral Habits Seldom Changed by Change of Fortune.”, in Popular Tales, volume III, London: Printed for J[oseph] Johnson, […], [b]y C. Mercier and Co., […], →OCLC, page 387:

But he really ought to know the difference between a vaccine and an anti-toxin. Stimulate the phagocytes! The vaccine doesnt affect the phagocytes at all.

1906 (date written), [George] Bernard Shaw, “The Doctor’s Dilemma”, in The Doctor’s Dilemma, Getting Married, & The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet, London: Constable and Company, published 1911, →OCLC, Act I, page 28:

South Korea is willing to cooperate with the North to tackle the disease outbreak, but Pyongyang remains unresponsive to any offers for dialogue, including Seoul's earlier proposal to provide COVID vaccines, said another official at the unification ministry.
South Hwanghae Province, where Haeju is located, is North Korea's key agricultural region, raising concerns over possible impacts on the country's already dire food shortage.

2022 June 16, Soo-Hyang Choi, Hyonhee Shin, “North Korea faces infectious disease outbreak amid COVID battle”, in Lincoln Feast, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-16:

A substance given to stimulate a body's production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease without causing the disease itself in the treatment, prepared from the agent that causes the disease (or a derivative of it; or a related, also effective, but safer disease), or a synthetic substitute; also, a dose of such a substance.

vaksine

substance given to stimulate a body’s production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease

My dog has had two vaccines this year.

The process of vaccination; immunization, inoculation.

(historical) material taken from cowpox pustules used for vaccination against smallpox.

lehmänrokosta tehty isorokkorokote

(also medicine, obsolete) The disease cowpox, especially as a source of material for vaccination against smallpox.


half-life

semivida

chemistry: time required for concentration to fall to half

For nonporous surfaces such as steel, in a dark and low-humidity environment, the CCP virus has an 18-hour half-life—the time required for it to decrease by half , according to the researchers' findings.

2020, Dr. Alan Pateman, China, Covid-19, World Domination, Lulu Press, Inc, →ISBN:

(medicine) The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacological, physiologic, or radiological activity.

semivida

medicine: time for a substance to lose half of its activity


meridian

Borrowed from French méridien or German Meridian (“pathway on the body along which life force is thought to flow”), from Latin merīdiānum (“midday; position of the sun at noon; the south”) (see further at etymology 2); the French and German words are calques of Mandarin 經 /经, 经 (jīng, “pathway on the body along which life force is thought to flow; longitude; warp of woven fabric; to go or pass through”).

der

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(acupuncture, traditional Chinese medicine) Any of the pathways on the body along which chi or qi (life force) is thought to flow and, therefore, the acupoints are distributed; especially, one of twelve such pathways associated with organs of the body.

經絡 /经络

any of the pathways on the body along which life force is thought to flow


vegetation

en-noun

vegetation (countable and uncountable, plural vegetations)

/ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/

Borrowed from Middle French végétation, from Medieval Latin vegetātiōnem.

(pathology, countable) An abnormal verrucous or fibrinous growth


palsy

palsy (countable and uncountable, plural palsies)

From Middle English palesie, from Anglo-Norman paralisie, parleisie et al., from Latin paralysis, from Ancient Greek παράλυσις (parálusis, “palsy”), from παραλύω (paralúō, “to disable on one side”), from παρα- (para-, “beside”) + λύω (lúō, “loosen”). Doublet of paralysis.

der

The palsie plagues my pulses
when I prigg yoͬ: piggs or pullen
your culuers take, or matchles make
your Chanticleare or sullen

c. 1620,, anonymous, “Tom o’ Bedlam’s Song” in Giles Earle his Booke (British Museum, Additional MSS. 24, 665)

"Young lady, there is no hope; one side of the Duchesse is struck with palsy; she retains her senses, and will, most probably, to the last; but she cannot live through the night."

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter VIII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 73:

"Ah! now we come to business! Barber, who's dead?"
 "Alderman Croten, sir."
"Tut-tut. Croten gone?"
"Yes, sir; palsy took him at a ripe age. And Abel's gone, the Town Crier;"

1891, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, chapter 1, in The Blue Pavilions:

Again we were stricken of our palsy, slowed down, re-accelerated, and there, at last, were the few huts of a hamlet, with the lorry, lying at an angle in the road's camber, outside a tea-shop.

(pathology) Complete or partial muscle paralysis of a body part, often accompanied by a loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements such as shaking.

شَلَل

complete or partial muscle paralysis of a body part


farcical

(veterinary medicine, obsolete, rare) Pertaining to farcy.


acalculia

From a- (negative prefix) + Latin calculare (“to calculate”) + -ia (“pathological condition”).

affix

(pathology) The condition of lacking basic mathematical skills caused by a brain injury, or more specifically an injury to the parietal lobe.


sensation

en-noun

sensation (countable and uncountable, plural sensations)

From Old French, from Medieval Latin sensatio, from Latin sensus.

Coordinate term: perception

In the dead state all is apparently without motion. No agent within indicates design, intelligence, or foresight: there is no respiration; […] no sensation; […]

1822, John Barclay, chapter I, in An Inquiry Into the Opinions, Ancient and Modern, Concerning Life and Organization, Edinburgh, London: Bell & Bradfute; Waugh & Innes; G. & W. B. Whittaker, section I, page 2:

(psychology, physiology) Excitation of sensory organs.


sextant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sextant.wav

(dentistry) One of six groups of adjacent teeth, excluding the wisdom teeth. The front sextants go from canine to canine, and there are sextants on the right and left of these. See Periodontal examination.


alveolar

(anatomy, relational) Relating to the alveoli (small air sacs) of the lungs.

(anatomy, relational) Relating to the jaw ridge containing the tooth sockets.

(anatomy, relational) Relating to the glands with secretory cells about a central space.


Black Death

Following the Black Death in the mid-fourteenth century, and the weakening of Mongol rule, the closing of overland routes between Europe and Asia once again created a bottleneck that flowed through the Middle East, trade flows that were largely controlled by Venice and Egypt.

2013, Al Gore, “Earth Inc.”, in The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 18:

(pathology, historical) A pandemic outbreak of bubonic plague throughout Europe and most of Asia in the 14th century that killed nearly half the population of Europe and Asia.


opiate

From Middle English opiate, from Medieval Latin opiātus.

(pharmacology) Relating to, resembling, or containing opium.


opiate

(pharmacology) A drug, hormone or other substance derived from or related to opium.


morphine

morphine (countable and uncountable, plural morphines)

Borrowed from French morphine or German Morphin, from Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús, “the god and personification of dreams”).

der

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline alkaloid (7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-morphinan-3,6-diol), extracted from opium, the salts of which are soluble in water and are used as analgesics, anaesthetics and sedatives; it is one of a group of morphine alkaloids.


codeine

en-noun

codeine (countable and uncountable, plural codeines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-codeine.wav

From French codéine, from Ancient Greek κώδεια (kṓdeia, “capsule of the poppy, poppy head”) + -ine.

af

(pharmacology) An addictive alkaloid narcotic derived from opium and used as a hypnotic, analgesic and antitussive; often mixed with aspirin etc.


thebaine

From Ancient Greek Θῆβαι (Thêbai, “Thebes”)

(toxicology) A poisonous alkaloid, paramorphine, obtained from opium; not used in medicine.


papaverine

en-noun

papaverine (countable and uncountable, plural papaverines)

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A nonaddictive derivative of opium used in medicine to relieve muscle spasms, as a vasodilator and in some forms of erectile dysfunction.


vasodilator

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, pharmacology) A drug or chemical agent that causes dilation of the blood vessels thereby reducing blood pressure.


prospective

From Middle French prospectif, from Late Latin prospectivus. See more at English prospect.

(medicine, of research) A study that starts with the present situation and follows participants into the future


fissiparous

en-adj

fissiparous (comparative more fissiparous, superlative most fissiparous)

more fissiparous (comparative)
most fissiparous (superlative)

/fɪˈsɪpəɹəs/

An adaptation of New Latin fissiparus, from fissus (“split, cleft”) + pariō (“I bring forth”) by analogy with vīviparus.

Reproduction may be divided into two main classes, namely, sexual and asexual. The latter is effected in many ways—by the formation of buds of various kinds, and by fissiparous generation, that is by spontaneous or artificial division.

1868, Charles Darwin, “Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis”, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. […], volume II, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, part I, page 358:

(cytology) Of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two.

zich door celdeling voortplantend

of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two


assist

en-verb

assist (third-person singular simple present assists, present participle assisting, simple past and past participle assisted)

assists (present singular third-person)
assisting (participle present)
assisted (participle past)
assisted (past)

From Middle English assisten, from Old French assister (“to assist, to attend”), from Latin assistō (“stand at, bestand”, verb).

der

(medicine) To help compensate for what is missing with the help of a medical technique or therapy.


tracheotomy

(surgery) A surgical procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea, through the neck, and a tube inserted so as to make an artificial opening in order to assist breathing.


signature

/ˈsɪɡnət͡ʃə(ɹ)/

/ˈsɪɡnɪt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

/ˈsɪɡnət͡ʃɚ/

/ˈsɪɡnɪt͡ʃɚ/

/ˈsɪɡnɪt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

Borrowed from Middle French signature, or from Medieval Latin signātūra, future active periphrastic of verb signāre (“to sign”) from signum (“sign”), + -tūra, feminine of -tūrus, future active periphrastic suffix. Displaced native Old English handseten (literally “hand setting”).

nc

(medicine) The part of a doctor’s prescription containing directions for the patient.

দস্তখত

medicine: part of a doctor’s prescription

(medicine, obsolete) A resemblance between the external character of a disease and those of some physical agent, for instance, that existing between the red skin of scarlet fever and a red cloth; supposed to indicate this agent in the treatment of the disease.


stigma

From Latin stigma, from Ancient Greek στίγμα (stígma, “brand”), from στίζω (stízō, “I mark”). Distantly related to stick.

(medicine) A visible sign or characteristic of a disease.


xiphoid

From Ancient Greek ξιφοειδής (xiphoeidḗs, “sword-shaped”).

der

(anatomy) Of or relating to the xiphoid process (also called xiphisternum).


xiphoid

In Asian pangolins the xiphoids are shorter[…]

2000, Kurt Schwenk, Feeding: Form, Function and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates, page 466:


aetiology

en-noun

aetiology (countable and uncountable, plural aetiologies)

Learned borrowing from Latin aetiologia, from Ancient Greek αἰτιολογία (aitiología), from αἰτία (aitía, “cause”). By surface analysis, aetio- + -logy; Doublet of aetiologia.

(medicine, uncountable) The study or investigation of the causes of disease; a scientific explanation for the origin of a disease.

pathology § Usage notes
pathology#Usage notes

(medicine, countable) A cause of disease or of any particular case of a disease (but see pathology § Usage notes).


asthma

asthma (usually uncountable, plural asthmas or asthmata)

→ Australian Kriol: esma

→ Tok Pisin: asma

→ Tamil: ஆஸ்துமா (āstumā)

From Middle English asma, asme, from Medieval Latin asthma, asma, from Ancient Greek ἆσθμα (âsthma, “laborious breathing, asthma”). The spelling was changed to add -th- in the 16th century to match the Greek etymological roots.

der

...but rheumatism is a vulgar complaint, and would sink even a ducal coronet—the very lowest people have it. I question if there is a workhouse in Great Britain exempt from it. Neither is there one free from asthma, and yet all the world knows a royal duke suffers from it as much as a coalheaver might do;...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter LV, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 74:

"He kind of spat," said Piggy. "My auntie wouldn't let me blow on account of my asthma. He said you blew from down here." Piggy laid a hand on his jutting abdomen.

1954, William Golding, Lord of the Flies:

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:

(pathology) A long-term respiratory condition, in which the airways may unexpectedly and suddenly narrow, often in response to an allergen, cold air, exercise, or emotional stress. Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.


asphyxia

en-noun

asphyxia (countable and uncountable, plural asphyxias)

Learned borrowing from New Latin asphyxia, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀσφυξία (asphuxía, “stopping of the pulse”).

der

Hypoxaemia [...is] a deficient oxygenation of the blood; asphyxia from defective oxygenation of the blood.

1895, Robley Dunglison, Richard J. Dunglison, A Dictionary of Medical Science containing a full explanation of the various subjects and terms of anatomy, physiology, medical chemistry, pharmacy, pharmacology, therapeutics, medicine, hygiene, dietetics, pathology, bacteriology, surgery, ophthalmology, otology, laryngology, dermatology, gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics, medical jurisprudence, dentistry, etc. 21 edition:

(medicine, obsolete) A condition in which an extreme decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the body leads to loss of consciousness or death. Replaced in the mid-20th century by the more specific terms anoxia, hypoxia, hypoxemia and hypercapnia.

asfiksi

condition with extreme decrease of oxygen and increase of carbon dioxide


actinic

From Ancient Greek ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖν- (aktís, aktîn-, “ray”) + -ic.

ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖν-

In medicine, actinic keratoses usually occur in sundamaged skin and exhibit hyperkeratosis.

(medicine) Caused by extensive exposure to ultraviolet light.


acromegaly

/ˌækɹoʊˈmɛɡəli/

From French acromégalie, from New Latin acromegalia, from Ancient Greek ἄκρον (ákron, “tip, extremity”) and μέγας (mégas, “large”). By surface analysis, acro- + -megaly.

Tania is a fever, too—les voies urinaires, Café de la Liberté, Place des Vosges, bright neckties on the Boulevard Montpamasse, dark bathrooms, Porto Sec, Abdullah cigarettes, the adagio sonata Pathétique, aural amplificators, anecdotal seances, burnt sienna breasts, heavy garters, what time is it, golden pheasants stuffed with chestnuts, taffeta fingers, vaporish twilights turning to ilex, acromegaly, cancer and delirium, warm veils, poker chips, carpets of blood and soft thighs.

1934, Henry Miller, Tropic of Cancer, Grove Press, published 1961, page 5:

(pathology) A chronic disease marked by enlargement of the bones of the extremities, face, and jaw that is caused by over-activity of the pituitary gland.


lipo-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Greek combining form, from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lĭ́pos, “animal fat”).

bor

(biology, medicine, usually) lipids: oils, cholesterols, fat/lard, tallow, and so on.


isometric

en-adj

isometric (comparative more isometric, superlative most isometric)

more isometric (comparative)
most isometric (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”) + Ancient Greek μέτρον (métron, “measure”) + Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós). See also: iso- + -metric.

af

One of the most effective isometric exercises for the deskbound is to sit up quite straight and tighten the large muscles of the buttocks, holding for a count of eight, then release.

2011, David Foster Wallace, The Pale King, page 10:

Antonyms include tonic movements auxotonic and isotonic which are divided into concentric and eccentric.

(physiology) Of or involving muscular contraction against resistance in which the length of the muscle remains the same. See also: Wikipedia:isometric exercise


isthmus

Borrowing from Latin isthmus (“a strip of land between two seas”), from Ancient Greek ῐ̓σθμός (ĭsthmós, “neck, narrow passage”), possibly from εἶμῐ (eîmĭ, “to go”). Cognate to Old Norse eið (“isthmus”).

bor

(anatomy) Any such narrow part connecting two larger structures.

峽 /峡

part connecting two anatomical structures


leprosy

en-noun

leprosy (usually uncountable, plural leprosies)

From Norman leprosie, from Middle French leprosie (“leprosy & similar skin diseases”), probably from leprous (“leprous”) + -ie (“-y”) but possibly from Medieval Latin leprōsia (leprōsus + -ia) although this only historically attested in reference to leprosariums.
The shift of sense from psoriasis to Hansen's disease occurred in large part from the use of λέπρα (lépra) to translate Hebrew צרעת (“tzaraath”) in the Septuagint and its subsequent use in the New Testament and Late Latin.

der

Then is it surely a leprosy

The great London doctors knew nothing about leprosy and cared less.

1925, Frank Harris, My Life and Loves, volume III, page 183:

The new drug—diaminodiphenylsulphone... offers the first certain cure... and leprosy can be cured in six months

1954, Elspeth J. Huxley, Four Guineas, page 267:

Leprosy seems to have spread from India to the Middle East by early antiquity and from there to Europe during the time of the Roman Empire.

Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium leprae#Translingual

(pathology, medicine) An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, gradually producing nerve damage and patches of skin necrosis and historically handled by permanently quarantining its sufferers.

(medicine, now usually proscribed) Similar contagious skin diseases causing light patches of scaly skin, particularly psoriasis, syphilis, vitiligo, scabies, and (biblical) the various diseases considered "tzaraath" in the Old Testament.


lethargy

en-noun

lethargy (countable and uncountable, plural lethargies)

From Middle English litargie, from Medieval Latin litargia, from Late Latin lēthārgia, borrowed from Ancient Greek ληθᾱργῐ́ᾱ (lēthārgĭ́ā, “drowsiness”), from λήθᾱργος (lḗthārgos, “forgetful, lethargic”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā, adjectival suffix).

af

This Apoplexie is (as I take it) a kind of Lethargie, a sleeping of the blood, a horson Tingling.

c. 1599, William Shakespeare, King Henry IV, Part 2:

So in order to avoid unpleasant side effects like lethargy and sexual dysfunction, most recent trials also gave men testosterone supplements.

2003 October 20, Amanda Ripley, “At Last, the Pill for Men”, in Time:

(pathology) A condition characterized by extreme fatigue or drowsiness, deep unresponsiveness, or prolonged sleep patterns.


lymphoma

en-noun

lymphoma (countable and uncountable, plural lymphomata or lymphomas)

From lymph, from Latin lympha (“water”) + -oma (“disease, morbidity”).

af

In the one sub-class, we have the Leukaemic Lymphoma, the Typhous Lymphoma, the Hyperplastic Lymphoma (ex. the simple hypertrophied tonsil), Lympho-sarcoma, Scrofulous Glands; and in the other sub-class, Tubercle of man, and Perlsucht or Parresyge, or Morbus Gallicus, the pearl distemper of ruminating animals.

1867, Reginald Southey, The Nature and Affinities of Tubercle: Being the Gulstonian Lectures for the Year 1867:

Common immunohistochemical markers of this lymphoma include CD2, CD56, CD3, and T-cell receptors. 7 Typically, the histology of these lymphomas are characterized by monomorphic inflammatory cellular infiltrates, which may be diffuse or show angiocentricity and angiodestruction as well as tissue destruction. 7 Lymphoid markers from the nasal mucosal biopsy from this patient were negative for CD56 and EBER.

2015, Brook McConnell, M. Sherif Said, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, “Nasal septal perforation associated with pyoderma gangrenosum”, in Allergy & Rhinology, volume 6, →DOI:

(oncology, pathology) A malignant tumor that arises in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid tissue.


narcolepsy

en-noun

narcolepsy (countable and uncountable, plural narcolepsies)

From French narcolepsie. By surface analysis, narco- + -lepsy, from Ancient Greek ναρκόω (narkóō, “put to sleep”) + λῆψις (lêpsis, “seizure”).

compound

Excitement-induced narcolepsy caused him to sleep through the most important events of his life.

(pathology) A disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable attacks of deep sleep, often brief, sometimes accompanied by paralysis and hallucinations.


necrosis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-necrosis.wav

From Ancient Greek νέκρωσις (nékrōsis), equivalent to necro- + -osis.

These included multilobular consolidation with histiological lesions of bronchiolitis with epithelial necrosis and syncytia [14 ].

2015 November 17, “Single Pathogen Challenge with Agents of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

the interruption of blood supply
ischemia

(pathology) The localized death of cells or tissues through injury, disease, or the interruption of blood supply. (Usually gangrene will follow unless the dead tissue is resected).


neurology

en-noun

neurology (countable and uncountable, plural neurologies)

From New Latin neurologia. By surface analysis, neuro- + -logy.

Patient had no neurology.

(medicine, colloquial) Focal neurologic signs; focal neurologic deficits.

Neurology is normal.

(medicine, colloquial) The results of a neurological examination.


sarcoma

From Latin sarcoma , from Ancient Greek σάρκωμα (sárkōma), from σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) + -ωμα (-ōma, “process”) or from Ancient Greek σαρκόω (sarkóō), itself from σάρξ (sárx); by surface analysis, sarc- + -oma.

suffix

Only about 1 per cent of cancers are found in connective tissue; these are known as sarcomas.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 393:

(oncology) A type of malignant tumor of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.


stethoscope

→ Welsh: stethosgop

Borrowed from French stéthoscope, a word coined by its inventor, physician René Laennec, equivalent to stetho- + -scope.

(medicine) A medical instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body.


stoma

From New Latin stoma, from Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

From a large tote bag sat beside her, she takes out a Victoria Beckham makeup bag, which contains her urostomy night bag, which plugs into the bag on the stoma.

2024 May 29, Simon Hattenstone, “The radical, ravishing rebirth of Tracey Emin: ‘I didn’t want to die as some mediocre YBA’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(medicine) A small opening in a membrane; a surgically constructed opening, especially one in the abdominal wall that permits the passage of waste after a colostomy or ileostomy.


dysentery

en-noun

dysentery (countable and uncountable, plural dysenteries)

From Middle English dissenterie, from Old French dissenterie, from Latin dysenteria, from Ancient Greek δυσεντερία (dusentería), from δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) + ἔντερα (éntera, “bowels”).

We ate, we drank, and we were merry / and we got typhoid and dysentery.

1959, “In Old Mexico”, Tom Lehrer (music):

(pathology) A disease characterised by inflammation of the intestines, especially the colon (large intestine), accompanied by pus (white blood cells) in the feces, fever, pain in the abdomen, high-volume diarrhea, and possible blood in the feces.


ecstasy

ecstasy (countable and uncountable, plural ecstasies)

From Old French estaise (“ecstasy, rapture”), from Latin ecstasis, from Ancient Greek ἔκστασις (ékstasis), from ἐξίστημι (exístēmi, “I displace”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) and ἵστημι (hístēmi, “I stand”).

The instant I drew out my case of instruments, the lady roused herself from her ecstasy, and has never had a similar attack.

1822 April, John Ware, “Dr. Reid's Essays on Hypochondriasis”, in The New-England Journal of Medicine and Surgery, volume 11, number 2, page 185:

Ecstasy bears a strong resemblance to catalepsy: in both cases the patients, during the paroxysm, lose all connexion with the physical world, being deprived of sense and voluntary motion; but in ecstasy, associations of the most pleasing and enchanting nature are established with an ideal existence in an unknown region, which might perhaps be poetically designated the fairy land of an undescried Elysium.

1835 May 2, Andrew Ellis, “Clinical Lecture on a case of Catalepsy, Occurring in the Jervis-Street Hospital, Dublin”, in The Lancet, volume 2, page 130:

In ecstasy the mind is absorbed with some fixed idea, generally of a religious character, and the patient becomes oblivious of surrounding events and objects.

1885, James Ross, Handbook of the Diseases of the Nervous System, page 344:

(medicine, dated) A state in which sensibility, voluntary motion, and (largely) mental power are suspended, and the body is erect and inflexible.


edema

From New Latin edema, from Ancient Greek οἴδημα (oídēma, “swelling”), from οἰδέω (oidéō, “I swell”).

der

dependent edema

lower extremity edema

In the patients with myocardial edemas [247, 471] it was shown that, despite a considerable loss of fluid via the kidneys after the intravenous administration of a short-acting and very effective diuretic (furosemide), there was no increase in the blood and plasma viscosities.

1991, Albrecht M. Ehrly, Therapeutic Hemorheology, page 115:

In particular, changes in color and temperature, edemas, and ulcerations are noted. Palpation is applied as needed. In this chapter, only two skin and body surface changes will be discussed: peripheral edemas and ulcerations.

2002, Peter Lanzer, “26: Peripheral Vascular Disease”, in Peter Lanzer, Eric J. Topol, editors, Pan Vascular Medicine: Integrated Clinical Management, page 389:

Local lymph edemas can often be found on the inside of a looped graft.

2015, Hans Scholz, Arteriovenous Access Surgery: Ensuring Adequate Vascular Access for Hemodialysis, page 185:

(American spelling, medicine) An excessive accumulation of serum in tissue spaces or a body cavity.


halitosis

en-noun

halitosis (countable and uncountable, plural halitoses)

Coined by doctor Joseph William Howe in 1874 and described as being derived from the Latin hālitus (literally “whiff, breath”) and the Ancient Greek νόσος (nósos, literally “disease”). It can be also understood as combination of the Latin hālitus and the English suffix -osis.

der

Bad breath or halitosis is an indication of a disturbed digestive system. It is indicative of a bowel toxemia in either the small or large intestine with an overgrowth of bacteria or yeast.

2004, Dicken Weatherby, Signs and Symptoms Analysis from a Functional Perspective, Weatherby & Associates, LLC, →ISBN, page 115:

For example, the word halitosis was almost completely unknown among the general public until the early 20th century when a business owner named Gerard Lambert started using it to sell a new product called Listerine. By giving a mundane fact of life (bad breath) a scientific sounding label, Lambert elevated the authority and desirability of his product many times over.

[2018 June 13, Michael Schein, “Author Simon Sinek Is Full Of Hot Air (And Other Reasons You Should Follow His Lead)”, in Forbes:

(pathology) The condition of having stale or foul-smelling breath.

بَخَر

condition of having foul-smelling breath


hypnotic

en-adj

hypnotic (comparative more hypnotic, superlative most hypnotic)

more hypnotic (comparative)
most hypnotic (superlative)

[hɪp̚ˈnɑ.ɾɪk̚]

From French hypnotique (“inclined to sleep, soporific”), from Late Latin hypnoticus, from Ancient Greek ὑπνωτικός (hupnōtikós, “inclined to sleep, putting to sleep, sleepy”), from ὑπνῶ (hupnô, “I put to sleep”), from ὕπνος (húpnos, “sleep”).

der

(pharmacology) Inducing sleep; soporific.


hypnotic

[hɪp̚ˈnɑ.ɾɪk̚]


hysterectomy

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hysterectomy.wav

she even contemplated having her womb taken out to eliminate periods altogether, which would surely be her greatest possible career move, a tactical hysterectomy for ambitious women with menstruation problems

2019, Bernardine Evaristo, Girl, Woman, Other, Penguin Books (2020), page 140:

(surgery) The surgical procedure to remove all of or part of the uterus.

histerectomia

surgical removal of the uterus or part thereof


hysteria

en-noun

hysteria (usually uncountable, plural hysterias or hysteriae or hysteriæ)

hysterias (plural)
hysteriae (plural)
hysteriæ (plural)

From New Latin hysteria, a back-formation from Latin hystericus, from Ancient Greek ὑστερικός (husterikós, “suffering in the uterus, hysterical”), from ὑστέρα (hustéra, “womb”). Compare French hystérie.

der

The typical cases of hysteria cited by Freud thus involved a moral conflict—a conflict about what the young women in question wanted to do with themselves. Did they want to prove that they were good daughters by taking care of their sick fathers? Or did they want to become independent of their parents, by having a family of their own, or in some other way? I believe it was the tension between these conflicting aspirations that was the crucial issue in these cases. The sexual problem—say, of the daughter's incestuous cravings for her father—was secondary (if that important); it was stimulated, perhaps, by the interpersonal situation in which the one had to attend to the other's body. Moreover, it was probably easier to admit the sexual problem to consciousness and to worry about it than to raise the ethical problem indicated. In the final analysis, the latter is a vastly difficult problem in living. It cannot be "solved" by any particular maneuver but requires rather decision making about basic goals, and, having made the decisions, dedicated efforts to attain them.

1974, Thomas S. Szasz, M.D., chapter 13, in The Myth of Mental Illness, →ISBN, page 218:

(medicine, nosologically dated) A mental disorder characterized by emotional excitability etc. without an organic cause.

conversion disorder
conversion disorder#English

(informal, psychopathology) Synonym of conversion disorder

(psychiatry, until early 20th century, now historical) Any disorder of women with some psychiatric symptoms without other diagnosis, ascribed to uterine influences on the female body, lack of pregnancy, or lack of sex.


calyx

From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch.

(zoology, anatomy) Any of various cup-like structures.

A chamber in the mammalian kidney through which urine passes.

The crown containing the viscera of crinoids and similar echinoderms, entoprocts, and the polyps of some cnidarians.

A funnel-shaped expansion of the vas deferens or oviduct of insects.

A flattened cap of neuropil in the brain of insects.


carcinoma

en-noun

carcinoma (countable and uncountable, plural carcinomas or carcinomata)

carcinomas (plural)
carcinomata (plural)

/ˌkɑːsɪˈnəʊmə/

/ˌkɑːsnˈəʊmə/

/ˌkɑɹsɪˈnoʊmə/

/ˌkɑːsɪˈnəʊmətə/

/ˌkɑːsnˈəʊmətə/

/ˌkɑɹsɪˈnoʊmətə/

/ˌkɑːsɪnəʊˈmɑːtə/

/ˌkɑːsnəʊˈmɑːtə/

/ˌkɑɹsɪnoʊˈmɑtə/

Medical Compendium in Seven Books
Paul of Aegina

Learned borrowing from Latin carcinōma (“tumour; ulcer; carcinoma”), from Ancient Greek κᾰρκῐ́νωμᾰ (kărkĭ́nōmă, “sore, ulcer; cancer”), from καρκινόω (karkinóō, “to make (something) resemble a crab”, in the mediopassive "to become cancerous; to suffer from cancer") + -μᾰ (-mă, action noun suffix). Καρκινόω is derived from καρκῐ́νος (karkĭ́nos, “crab; the zodiac sign Cancer; sore, ulcer; cancer”) (according to Paul of Aegina (c. 625 – c. 690) in his Medical Compendium in Seven Books, because the veins surrounding a cancerous tumour resemble a crab’s legs). The English word is a doublet of cancer, and may be analysed as carcino- + -oma.
The plural form carcinomata is a learned borrowing from Latin carcinōmata, from Ancient Greek κᾰρκῐνώμᾰτᾰ (kărkĭnṓmătă).

lbor

(countable) An invasive malignant tumour derived from epithelial tissue that tends to metastasize to other areas of the body.

سرطانة

invasive malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue

Take the fatteſt and fulleſt Figs you can get, lay them upon the ugly and ill favored tumor called Carcinoma, i. the Canker, ſo it be not yet exulcerat, I aſſure you it is a ſoveraine remedie, and hardly can be matched againe: […]

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XXIII.] Of Peares, and the Properties Observed in Them. Of Tame Figge Trees, and Their Figges. Of the Wild Figge Tree. Of Erineus, and Other Plants, with the Medicines which They Affourd..”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 2nd tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 167:

(obsolete, countable) A form of cancer; (uncountable) cancer in general as a disease.


cardiology

en-noun

cardiology (countable and uncountable, plural cardiologies)

(medicine) The study of the structure, function, and disorders of the heart.


catharsis

catharsis (countable and uncountable, plural catharses)

/kəˈθɑɹˌsɪs/

From Ancient Greek κάθαρσις (kátharsis, “cleansing, purging”), from καθαίρω (kathaírō, “I cleanse”). Coined in the dramatic-emotional sense by Aristotle.

uder

(medicine) Purging of the digestive system.

suoliston puhdistaminen

medicine: purging of the digestive system


cranium

From Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”), from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”).

The Skull is divided into two parts, the Cranium and the Face. The Cranium is composed of eight bones; […]

1858, Henry Gray, “The Skull”, in Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical, page 19:

‘I always ask leave, in the interests of science, to measure the crania of those going out there,’ he said.

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 201:

The cranium of the fowl is composed of the same elements as are present in the mammalian cranium, save that there is no interparietal.

1908, J. McFadyean, “Part I: Osteology and Arthrology”, in The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, page 165:

The cranial bones, or cranium (kra′ne-um), enclose and protect the fragile brain and furnish attachment sites for head and neck muscles.

2010, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn, “Chapter 7 "The Skeleton"”, in Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th edition, page 200:

(anatomy) That part of the skull consisting of the bones enclosing the brain, but not including the bones of the face or jaw.


crypt

From Latin crypta (“vault”), from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”). Doublet of grotto.

der

Sometimes, too much foreign material can get caught in the crypts, leading to frequent infections.

2015, Giulia Enders, translated by David Shaw, Gut, Scribe, published 2016, page 25:

(anatomy) A small pit or cavity in the surface of an organ or other structure.


melanoma

en-noun

melanoma (plural melanomas or melanomata)

(oncology, pathology) A dark-pigmented, usually malignant tumor arising from a melanocyte and occurring most commonly in the skin.

black cancer

see A Comprehensive Medical Dictionary citation from 1880

Melanome

see The Washington Post citation from 1904


mimesis

mimesis (countable and uncountable, plural mimeses)

From Ancient Greek μῑ́μησις (mī́mēsis), from μιμεῖσθαι (mimeîsthai, “to imitate”), from μῖμος (mîmos, “a mime”).

(medicine) The appearance of symptoms of a disease not actually present.


ophthalmology

ophthalmology (countable and uncountable, plural ophthalmologies)

/ˌɒfθælˈmɒləd͡ʒi/

/ˌɒpθælˈmɒləd͡ʒi/

He will reproach himself for having been the victim of some of these liabilities, but for others, like his cataract or the bad illumination, he will express regret but not remorse. That is, some of the explanations that he will give for some of his mistakes and failures will be of the same sort as the explanations he would give for his mistakes and failures in counting or multiplying, but some will be of quite different sorts, like the explanations that he couches in the terms of elementary ophthalmology or optics.

1954, Gilbert Ryle, “dilemma vii: Perception”, in Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953, The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, page 97:

(medicine) The anatomy, functions, pathology, and treatment of the eye.


osteoporosis

osteoporosis (countable and uncountable, plural osteoporoses)

/ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/

From Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”) + Ancient Greek πώρωσις (pṓrōsis, “petrification, callousness”), from Ancient Greek πῶρος (pôros, “tuff, a porous type of rock”). By surface analysis, osteo- + pore + -osis.

surf

(pathology) A disease, occurring especially in women following menopause, in which the bones become extremely porous and are subject to fracture.


pharynx

Borrowing from New Latin pharynx, from Ancient Greek φᾰ́ρῠγξ (phắrŭnx, “throat”).

der

Meronyms: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, velopharynx, glossopharynx

(anatomy) The part of the alimentary canal and respiratory tract that extends from the back of the mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus.


presbyopia

en-noun

presbyopia (usually uncountable, plural presbyopias)

From New Latin presbyōpia, from Ancient Greek πρέσβυς (présbus, “old man”), and New Latin -ōpia (“vision problem”), from Ancient Greek ὤψ (ṓps, “eye”). By surface analysis, presby- + -opia.

der

(pathology) Inability of the eye, due to ageing, to focus on nearby objects.

قُصُوُّ البَصَرِ الشَيْخُوخِيّ

inability of the eye, due to ageing, to focus on nearby objects


prophylaxis

en-noun

prophylaxis (countable and uncountable, plural prophylaxes)

From Latin, from Ancient Greek πρό (pró, “before”) + φύλαξις (phúlaxis, “a watching, guarding”).

(medicine) Prevention of, or protective treatment for, disease.

وِقَايَة

prevention of, or protective treatment for disease


chakra

/ˈt͡ʃɑː.kɹə/

From Hindi चक्र (cakra) and directly from Sanskrit चक्र (cakra, “wheel, disc, cycle”). As a synonym for hackery, either a correction or hypercorrection of that term based on one of its proposed etymologies. Doublet of chakram, charkha, chukker, cycle, cyclus, and wheel.

dbt

In the etheric body of a yogini in meditation, the polarity is, therefore, not between the brain and the genitals, the second and sixth chakras, but between the inner sexuality of the womb and the heart.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 19:

(Hinduism, Ayurveda) Any of (at least) seven centres of spiritual energy in or near the body, according to Ayurveda philosophy.


sentinel

1570s, from Middle French sentinelle, from Old Italian sentinella (perhaps via a notion of "perceive, watch", compare Italian sentire (“to feel, hear, smell”)), from Latin sentiō (“feel, perceive by the senses”). See sense, sentient.

uder

sentinel animals can be used to explore endemic diseases.

(attributive, medicine, epidemiology) A sign of a health risk (e.g. a disease, an adverse effect).


cubit

From Middle English cubite, from Latin cubitum (“elbow, cubit”). Doublet of cubitus.

(anatomy, archaic) Synonym of ulna, the bone of the human forearm.


measles

en-noun

measles pl (normally plural, singular measle)

Either from Middle Dutch masels (“blood blisters, measels”) or Middle Low German maselen (“red blemishes, measels”), both from Old High German masala (“blood blister, phlegmon”). Doublet of measlings. Cognate with mazer & mase and Middle Low German masele & māsel. Influenced in pronunciation and some senses by mesel (“leprous, leper”).

der

Maybe it's the 'measles. They say they're going around the neighborhood.

1970, Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, page 78:

In the camps a case of measles is defined as a generalized rash of three or more days duration, with a fever of at least 38.8°C.., and any one of the following: cough, coryza or conjunctivitis.

1990, International Journal of Epidemiology, volume 19, page 1073:

(pathology) An acute and highly contagious disease which often afflicts children caused by the virus Measles morbillivirus and causing red rashes, fever, runny nose, coughing, and red eyes.

(pathology, obsolete) Any disease causing red rashes.

The Swyne dyed of the Measils.

Porcine measles, thought by classical writers to be leprosy, is actually the result of tapeworm cysts which cause ulcerations of the pig's tongue.

1992, Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, translated by Anthea Bell, The History of Food, page 416:

(veterinary medicine) Synonym of cysticercosis: A disease of livestock or meat caused by the presence of tapeworm larvae.


spook

Borrowed from Dutch spook (“ghost”), from Middle Dutch spooc (“spook, ghost”). Cognate with Middle Low German spôk, spûk (“apparition, ghost”), Middle High German gespük (“a haunting”), German Spuk, Danish spøge (“to haunt”), Swedish spöke (“ghost”). Doublet of puck.

cog

Commonly, the surgeons view nonsurgeons with disdain. The most disdain is directed toward the “shrinks” or the “spooks,” as the psychiatrists are called.

1975, Robert O. Pasnau, Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, page 124:


colostomy

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-colostomy.wav

(surgery) An incision into the colon to allow for drainage; the opening produced in such incision.


slipper

Malay: selipar

(medicine) A kind of bedpan urinal shaped somewhat like a slipper.


virulent

en-adj

virulent (comparative more virulent, superlative most virulent)

more virulent (comparative)
most virulent (superlative)

PIE word
 *wisós
From Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).
Sense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.

nb...

éditeurs, Libraris de l’Académie de Médecine, 120, Boulevard Saint-Germain

(medicine) Of a disease or disease-causing agent: malignant, able to cause damage to the host.


surgery

en-noun

surgery (countable and uncountable, plural surgeries)

/ˈsɜːd͡ʒəɹi/

From Middle English surgerie, from Old French surgerie, from Latin chirurgia, from Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía), from χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”). Doublet of chirurgy.

Surgery is often necessary to prevent cancer from spreading.

When performed poorly, a labiaplasty — a procedure to reduce the size of the labia minora, and one of the fastest-growing cosmetic surgeries worldwide — can also damage nerves, leading to genital pain and loss of sexual sensation.

2022 October 17, Rachel E. Gross, “Half the World Has a Clitoris. Why Don’t Doctors Study It?”, in The New York Times:

(medicine, usually uncountable) A procedure involving major incisions to remove, repair, or replace a part of a body.

(medicine) The medical specialty related to the performance of surgical procedures.


bubo

Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin būbō, from Ancient Greek βουβών (boubṓn, “groin, swelling”).

der

If a Bubo or Carbuncle appear, set on Leeches not far from it, if it be in an ignoble part; ...

1661, Johann Jacob Wecker, Eighteen books of the secrets of art and nature: being the summe and substance of naturall philisophy ..., page 42:

(pathology) An inflamed swelling of a lymph node, especially in the armpit or groin, due to an infection such as bubonic plague, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, or syphilis.


scope

en-noun

scope (countable and uncountable, plural scopes)

→ Irish: scóp

From Italian scopo (“purpose”), from Latin scopus (“target”), from Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-. Etymologically related to skeptic and spectrum.

(medicine, colloquial) Any medical procedure that ends in the suffix -scopy, such as endoscopy, colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc.


scope

en-verb

scope (third-person singular simple present scopes, present participle scoping, simple past and past participle scoped)

scopes (present singular third-person)
scoping (participle present)
scoped (participle past)
scoped (past)

The surgeon will scope the football player's knee to repair damage to a ligament.

(medicine, colloquial) To perform any medical procedure that ends in the suffix -scopy, such as endoscopy, colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc.


MV

(anatomy, medicine) Initialism of mitral valve.


compliance

en-noun

compliance (countable and uncountable, plural compliances)

(medicine) The accuracy with which a patient follows an agreed treatment plan

(ohjeiden) noudattaminen

medical: accuracy with which a patient follows an agreed treatment plan


glutamate

[ˈɡlʉː.ɾə.mæɪt]

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-glutamate.wav

At a synaptic level, the axon terminal having to repeatedly release glutamate is the lecturer droning on repetitively; the moment when the postsynaptic threshold is passed and the NMDA receptors first activate is the dendritic spine finally getting it.

2017, Robert Sapolsky, chapter 5, in Behave, Penguin, →ISBN:

(neuroscience) The anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter.


emmenagogue

From Ancient Greek ἔμμηνα (émmēna, “menses”) + ἀγωγός (agōgós, “leading”).

Take of the emmenagogue decoction, six ounces; borax, fifteen grains; troches of myrrh, two scruples; dittany of Crete, finely powdered, ten grains; […]

1775, The practice of the British and French hospitals:

The term emmenagogue is applied to any remedy or indeed any resource whatever which normalizes the menses.

1914, Albert Henry Buck, A Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences:

Because of its phenolic ether content (methyl chavicol), which varies within wide limits, depending on the species, the origin and the time of harvesting, basil is often cited as an emmenagogue.

2007, Shirley Price, Aromatherapy for Health Professionals, page 71:

(medicine) An herb that stimulates blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus, causing menstruation.


peacemaker

Indeed, although the activity of the heart depends on the intrinsic rhythm of its peacemaker […]

2010, M. Valderrama, V. Navarro, M. Le Van Quyen, “Heart rate variability as measurement of heart-brain interactions”, in Epilepsies:

The “heart’s peacemaker” is the node from which the electrical signal for heart beat are […]

2014, S. Samad, SA. Khan, A. Haq, A. Riaz, “Classification of arrhythmia”, in International Journal of Electrical Energy:

(non-native speakers' English, medicine) Catachresis for pacemaker.


apoplectic

en-adj

apoplectic (comparative more apoplectic, superlative most apoplectic)

more apoplectic (comparative)
most apoplectic (superlative)

From French apoplectique, from Late Latin apoplēcticus, from Ancient Greek ἀποπληκτικός (apoplēktikós), from ἀπόπληκτος (apóplēktos), from ἀποπλήσσω (apoplḗssō), from ἀπό (apó, “of, from”) + πλήσσω (plḗssō, “I strike”).

der

ἀποπληκτικός


neurotoxin

There were stretches of days when the lakes were closed because of the algae. It sometimes secreted neurotoxins that could be fatal.

2020, Brandon Taylor, Real Life, Daunt Books Originals, page 31:

(neuroscience, toxicology, pharmacology) A toxin that specifically acts upon neurons, their synapses, or the nervous system in its entirety.


irritable

en-adj

irritable (comparative more irritable, superlative most irritable)

more irritable (comparative)
most irritable (superlative)

Borrowed from French irritable, from Latin irritabilis.


distress

en-noun

distress (countable and uncountable, plural distresses)

The verb is from Middle English distressen, from Old French destrecier (“to restrain, constrain, put in straits, afflict, distress”); compare French détresse. Ultimately from Medieval Latin as if *districtiō, an assumed frequentative form of Latin distringō (“to pull asunder, stretch out”), from dis- (“apart”) + stringō (“to draw tight, strain”).
The noun is from Middle English distresse, from Old French destrece, ultimately also from Latin distringō.

der

(medicine, psychology) An aversive state of stress to which a person cannot fully adapt.

distressi

medicine, psychology: state of maladaptive stress


migraine

en-noun

migraine (countable and uncountable, plural migraines)

1777 re-spelling (following French) of late 14th century Middle English megrim, from 13th century Old French migraigne, from Vulgar Latin pronunciation of Latin hemicrania (“pain in one half of the head”), from Ancient Greek ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “hemi-, half”) + κρανίον (kraníon, “skull”) (whence also cranium), a calque of Egyptian gs-tp (“headache”), from gs (“half”) + tp (“head”), although the link between the Egyptian magical papyri and the Greek ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía) could be purely incidental.
Cognate to megrim, hemicrania.

der

He had a headache so bad that he wished he was dead, but it was the sort of migraine that promised him he would continue to suffer but not die.

After consuming too much coffee every day for six weeks, she got severe migraines that would last up until 47 minutes after her first cup of coffee.

It was in 1976, during our first family holiday to Disneyland, California, that my family learned the difference between a headache and a migraine.

2006, Dian Caouette, Migraine Rewritten: A Journey from Debilitating Headache Pain to Regained Health, page 6:

A team of international researchers has recently identified the first—ever genetic link to common migraine (common migraine refers to migraine without aura, and it is the most common type of migraine that occurs).

2013, Susan Hutchinson, The Woman's Guide to Managing Migraine, page 18:

2013, Health Press Publishing, Natural Therapies and Prevention for Headaches and Migraines, unnumbered page,
Migraine headaches are fortunately suffered by a relatively small percentage of people, but for those who do suffer, migraines can literally take over their life.

(pathology) A severe, disabling headache, usually affecting only one side of the head, and often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia and visual disturbances.

skeelhoofpyn

headache usually affecting only one side of the head

Syncope is estimated to occur in bouts of headache in approximately 5% of adult patients with migraine.

1995, Robert A. Davidoff, Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management, page 60:

Migraine is characterized by recurrent unilateral, often pulsating, headaches, worsened by physical activity and associated with nausea, photophobia and phonophobia.

2005, Michael H. Silber, “Chapter 28: Headaches and sleep disorders”, in Christian Guilleminault, editor, Clinical Neurophysiology of Sleep Disorders, page 337:

2006, Joshua W. Devine, Daily Migraine Prevention and Its Influence on Resource Utilization in the Military Health System, PhD Thesis, page 1,
Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder with substantial variation in the frequency, severity, and duration of headaches (Goadsby, Lipton, & Ferrari, 2002).

(pathology) A neurological condition characterised by such headaches.


psychoactive

en-adj

psychoactive (comparative more psychoactive, superlative most psychoactive)

more psychoactive (comparative)
most psychoactive (superlative)

LSD and DMT are psychoactive drugs.

(pharmacology) Affecting the mind or mental processes.

въздействащ на психиката

pharmacology: affecting the mind or mental processes


psychoactive

LSD and DMT are psychoactives.

(pharmacology) Any drug that affects the mind or mental processes.


osteocyte

(cytology) A mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone.


perimysium

en-noun

perimysium (plural perimysiums or perimysia)

(anatomy) A layer of connective tissue which surrounds several muscle fibers into bundles


cartilage

cartilage (countable and uncountable, plural cartilages)

Borrowed from French cartilage, from Latin cartilāgō. Partially displaced native gristle, from Old English gristel.

(anatomy, uncountable) A usually translucent and somewhat elastic, dense, nonvascular connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints. It composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos, being replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

(anatomy, countable) A particular structure made of cartilage.


cephalo-

Meronym: encephalo-

(biology, medicine) Relating to the head; sometimes, particularly, the brain.


arterio-

(anatomy, medicine) Alternative form of arteri-


arthro-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “a joint”).

der

(biology, medicine) articulation = joint (as for example in arthroplasty).

artro-

biology: referring to a joint or meaning articulation

(biology, medicine) articulation = speech (as for example in dysarthrophonia).


organelle

/ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/

Like organelles within a single cell, whole new specializations began to develop.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 161:

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

(cytology) A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles).

orgànul

a membrane bound compartment found within cells


monocyte

(immunology, cytology) A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that differentiates into a macrophage.


lymphocyte

(cytology, immunology) Any of several types of white blood cell with a spherical nucleus occurring in the lymphatic system, including B cells, T cells and natural killer cells.

leucocyte = leukocyte = white blood cell = WBC > agranulocyte


antibody

From anti- + body, a calque of German Antikörper.

(immunology) A protein produced by B-lymphocytes that binds to a specific antigen.

جِسْم مُضَادّ

protein that binds to a specific antigen


antigen

From French antigène, from anti- + gène.

(immunology) A substance that induces an immune response, usually foreign.


anodyne

en-adj

anodyne (comparative more anodyne, superlative most anodyne)

more anodyne (comparative)
most anodyne (superlative)

From Middle English anodine, from Medieval Latin anōdynos (“stilling or relieving pain”), from Ancient Greek ἀνώδυνος (anṓdunos, “free from pain”), from ἀν- (an-, “without”) + ὀδύνη (odúnē, “pain”).
Adjective sense “noncontentious” probably through French anodin (“harmless, trivial”), of same origin.

der

Many a time has the vapor of ether been inhaled for the relief of oppressed lungs; many a time has the sought relief been thus obtained; and just so many times has the discovery of the wonderful anodyne properties of this gas, as affecting all bodily suffering, been brushed past and overlooked.

1847 June 12, Littell's Living Age, volume 13, number 161, page 483:

The citrate is the most efficient as an alkali, but irritates some stomachs, the liquor the most anodyne, the acetate the most diuretic.

1910, Edward L. Keyes, Diseases of the Genito-Urinary Organs, page 211:

(pharmacology) Capable of soothing or eliminating pain.


anodyne

(pharmacology) Any medicine or other agent that relieves pain.

болкоуспокояващо

any medicine or other agent that relieves pain


paracetamol

en-noun

paracetamol (countable and uncountable, plural paracetamols)

(pharmacology) A synthetic compound used as a drug to relieve and reduce fever, usually taken in tablet form.


stifle

The noun is derived from Middle English stifle (“joint between the femur and tibia of a quadruped”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, probably derived from Anglo-Norman estive (“leg”), and Old French estive (“leg”) (compare Old French estival (“boot, shoe”)).
The verb is derived from the noun.

ref

From C[harles] J[ames] Korinek, A[lbie] W[illiam] Korinek (1915) “Diseases of the Horse: Cause, Symptoms and Treatment”, in Diseases of Domestic Animals and Poultry: Their Cause, Symptoms and Treatment, Portland, Or.: Korinek Remedy Company, →OCLC, page 10.

inh

(veterinary medicine) A bone disease of this region.


mitochondrion

en-noun

mitochondrion (plural mitochondria or mitochondrions)

mitochondria (plural)
mitochondrions (plural)

Coined in German by Carl Benda in 1898, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + χονδρίον (khondríon), diminutive of χόνδρος (khóndros, “grain, morsel”)

The consideration of the mitochondrion in the spermatocytes I shall pass over, as it is not within the bounds of this paper; yet I hope to study the earlier generations of my material, and shall then compare the results.

1902 February 7, W. J. Baumgartner, “Spermatid Transformations in Gryllus assimilis, with Special Reference to the Nebenkern”, in Kansas University Science Bulletin, volume 1, number 2:

(cytology) A spherical or ovoid organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and containing genetic material separate from that of the host; it is responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy in the form of ATP.


phagocytosis

phagocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural phagocytoses)

From German Phagocytosis; equivalent to phagocyte + -osis; compare French phagocytose.

On account of the possession of this property, Metschnikoff has suggested for these groups of cells the term phagocytes, as expressive of their most distinctive feature, and for the process in general the term phagocytosis.

1889 April 13, William Osler, “Original Lectures: On Phagocytes”, in Medical Record, volume 35, number 15, page 393:

(immunology, cytology) A form of endocytosis in which a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm.


vacuole

/ˈvækjʊˌəʊl/

From French vacuole, from Medieval Latin vacuola, formed as a diminutive of Latin vacuus (“empty”).

(cytology) A large membrane-bound vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm.


cytoplasm

cytoplasm (usually uncountable, plural cytoplasms)

Borrowed from German Zytoplasma, Cytoplasma. Equivalent to cyto- + -plasm.

(cytology) The contents of a cell except for the nucleus. It includes cytosol, organelles, vesicles, and the cytoskeleton.

citoplasma

contents of a cell excluding the nucleus


vesicle

From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula.

(cytology) A membrane-bound compartment found in a cell.

A small bladder-like cell or cavity, as:

(biology, medicine) A small sac or cyst or vacuole, especially one containing fluid. A blister formed in or beneath the skin, containing serum. A bleb.

Coordinate term: bulla

en:small bladder-like structure
en:small blister
en:small blister less than 5 mm

(biology, medicine) (usually and especially) Such a blister that is less than 5 mm in diameter.

Coordinate term: germ

(anatomy) A pocket of embryonic tissue that is the beginning of an organ.


cytosol

(cytology) The aqueous solution of a cell's cytoplasm, consisting of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.


white blood cell

white blood cell (plural white blood cells)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-white blood cell.wav

(hematology, cytology, immunology) A type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response, or part of the immune system.

witbloedselle

cytology: a type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response


ribosome

/ˈɹaɪbəˌsəʊm/

/ˈɹaɪbəˌzəʊm/

(biology, cytology) A small organelle found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA.


univalent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-univalent.wav

(medicine) Having a vaccine valence of 1.

(genetics) Of, or relating to, a chromosome that is not paired with its homologous chromosome during synapsis.


smallpox

smallpox (usually uncountable, plural smallpoxes)

From small + pox, in contrast to greatpox (“syphilis”).

The Europeans brought new diseases such as smallpox, measles, dysentery, influenza, syphilis and leprosy.

We know that the most deadly of the early epidemics in America were those of the eruptive fevers—smallpox, measles, typhus, and so on. The first to arrive and the deadliest, said contemporaries, was smallpox.

1973, Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, →ISBN, page 42:

Can't make it in today, Mr. Smithers; I have smallpox. Well it wasn't wiped out in my house!

1998 February 15, David X. Cohen, “Das Bus”, in The Simpsons, season 9, episode 14, spoken by Homer:

(pathology) An acute, highly infectious often fatal disease caused by Variola virus of the family Poxviridae. It was completely eradicated in the 1970s, but still exists in laboratories. Those who survived were left with pockmarks.


bivalent

en-adj

bivalent (comparative more bivalent, superlative most bivalent)

more bivalent (comparative)
most bivalent (superlative)

(genetics) Of, or relating to a pair of homologous synapsed chromosomes that occur during meiosis.


therapeutic

[ˌθɛɹ.əˈpju.ɾɪk]

[ˌθeɹ.əˈpjʉː.ɾɪk]

From New Latin therapeuticus (“curing, healing”), from Ancient Greek θεραπευτικός (therapeutikós, “attentive, helpful, obliging, curative”), from θεραπευτής (therapeutḗs, “one who waits on another, an attendant”), from θεραπεύω (therapeúō, “I wait on, attend, serve, cure”).

der

θεραπευτικός


trisomic

(genetics) Having three copies of a given chromosome in each somatic cell instead of the usual number of two


suture

From Middle English suture, from Latin sūtūra (“suture”), from suere (“sew, join or tack together”) + -tūra (forms action nouns).

af

(anatomy) A type of fibrous joint bound together by Sharpey's fibres which only occurs in the skull.

lebeční šev

type of fibrous joint which only occurs in the skull

(anatomy) A seam or line, such as that between the segments of a crustacean, between the whorls of a univalve shell, or where the elytra of a beetle meet.


hypertension

en-noun

hypertension (countable and uncountable, plural hypertensions)

Once stroke was classified by a risk factor-free method, the stronger relationship between hypertension and lacunar versus nonlacunar infarction patients disappeared.

2016 March 3, “Comparison of Risk Factor between Lacunar Stroke and Large Artery Atherosclerosis Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Study in China”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(medicine, cardiology) The disease or disorder of abnormally high blood pressure.


hypotension

hypotension (countable and uncountable, plural hypotensions)

(medicine, cardiology) The disease or disorder of abnormally low blood pressure.

ниско кръвно налягане

disease of abnormally low blood pressure


arteriosclerosis

arteriosclerosis (countable and uncountable, plural arterioscleroses)

/ɑːˌtɪəɹɪəʊskləˈrəʊsɪs/

(pathology) Hardening, narrowing or loss of elasticity in arteries or blood vessels.

arteriosklerozë

hardening, narrowing or loss of elasticity in arteries or blood vessel


glaucoma

glaucoma (countable and uncountable, plural glaucomas or glaucomata)

/ɡlɔːˈkəʊmə/

/ɡlɔːˈkoʊmə/

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γλαύκωμα (glaúkōma, “an opacity of the crystalline lens”), derived from γλαυκός (glaukós, “blue-green”).

bor

Professor Rosas, in his last work on Diseases of the Eye (Lehre von den Augenkrankheiten, Wien, 1834, p. 326), distinguishes three kinds of glaucoma, viz. glaucoma of the hyaloid, glaucoma of the retina, and glaucoma of the choroid. He makes no mention of lenticular glaucoma, which is much more common than any of the three which he particularizes. Indeed, vitreous, retinal, and choroidal glaucomata, are, to say the least of them, rare diseases.

1838, William Mackenzie, “Remarks on Lenticular Glaucoma”, in The London Medical Gazette; Being a Weekly Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences, volume II, London: […] Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, […], page 105, column 2:

Nearly all of the so-called noncongestive glaucomata are of Types 1, 2, and 3.

1948 June, Edward J. Curran, “Advances in the Treatment of Glaucoma: The Joseph Schneider Foundation Eye Presentation”, in Postgraduate Medicine, volume III, number VI, page 409, column 2:

The term primary glaucoma designates that group of glaucomata, the cause of which is not yet known, in contrast to secondary glaucoma, which is due to some obvious cause.

1952, The West Indian Medical Journal, page 180:

The development of latent glaucomata is usually slow and chronic, following the rhythm of primary glaucomata.

1960, Premier Congrès de la Société Européenne d’Ophtalmologie, page 28:

Unfortunately, most of the older data are of limited value because the distinction between the various forms of glaucoma was often difficult and thus unreliable and because glaucomata are diseases of advanced age.

1962, Werner Kalow, “[Human Hereditary Defects With Altered Drug Response] Angle-Closure Glaucoma”, in Pharmacogenetics: Heredity and the Response to Drugs, Philadelphia, Pa., London: W. B. Saunders Company, →LCCN, page 193, column 2:

Oh, I got the glaucoma, real bad.

2013 January 15, Dave Andron, “Where's Waldo?”, in Justified, season 4, episode 2:

(pathology) An eye disease or disorder that is defined as a characteristic optic neuropathy, or disease of the optic nerve, possibly, if untreated, leading to damage of the optic disc of the eye and resultant visual field loss due to lack of communication between the retina and the brain, which can lead to blindness.


atherosclerosis

/ˌæθɚoʊskləˈɹoʊsəs/

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:

(pathology) The clogging or hardening of arteries or blood vessels caused by plaques (accumulations of fatty deposits, usually cholesterol).

атеросклеро́за

clogging or hardening of blood vessels caused by plaques


blood vessel

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

2013 July-August, Stephen P. Lownie, David M. Pelz, “Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist:

(anatomy) A component of the circulatory system, such as an artery, capillary, or vein, that carries blood.

ケモリッ

component of the circulatory system that carries blood

หลอดเลือด

lɔ̀ɔt-lʉ̂ʉat


deletion

en-noun

deletion (countable and uncountable, plural deletions)

From Latin dēlētiōnem (“destruction, effacement”), from the past-participle stem of dēlēre (“to blot out, destroy, efface”).

uder

(genetics) A mutation in which a gene, or other section of DNA, is removed from a chromosome.


connective tissue

en-noun

connective tissue (countable and uncountable, plural connective tissues)

extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix#English

(anatomy) A type of tissue found in animals whose main function is binding other tissue systems (such as muscle to skin) or organs and consists of the following three elements: cells, fibers and a ground substance (or extracellular matrix).

bindweefsel

type of tissue that binds other tissue systems


EEC

(medicine) Initialism of ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft, a rare form of ectodermal dysplasia.


smurf

Peyo
The Smurfs
fr:Les Schtroumpfs
nl:De Smurfen

Borrowed from Dutch smurf (via the Belgian comic De Smurfen, a translation of French Les Schtroumpfs), from French schtroumpf, a word that was created by Peyo based on German Strumpf (literally “stocking, sock”), either simply because it sounds funny to the French ear or based on a regional German use for “idiot”. Armand van Raalte was an employee for the Belgian publisher of Peyo's stories who felt that schtroumpf would not have the same effect in Dutch, so he tried to find a simple word that could be used both as a noun and a verb. The result was smurf. In other languages, the term was similarly altered; compare the translations below.

der

Each smurf goes to different banks and purchases cashier's checks in denominations of less than $ 10,000, thus bypassing the reporting requirement.

1998, Michael D. Lyman, Gary W. Potter, Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts, and Control, page 202:

Once the checks and money orders were purchased, the smurfs delivered them to Barrera, who arranged deposits of multiple checks and money orders into bank accounts that he controlled for further transfer to accounts in Panama, Colombia, and elsewhere.

2001, Robert E. Grosse, Drugs and Money: Laundering Latin America's Cocaine Dollars, page 73:

The local cooks would get some smurfs to buy boxes of Sudafed at all the drugstores in a hundred-mile radius, then pay them off in product.

2020, David Heska Wanbli Weiden, Winter Counts, page 22:

(law enforcement, drugs, slang) One member of a team, each of whom acquires a small amount of money or ingredients for manufacturing drugs, keeping the transactions too small in order to not raise suspicion.


mature

en-adj

mature (comparative more mature, superlative most mature)

more mature (comparative)
most mature (superlative)

From late Middle English mature, from Middle French mature, from Latin mātūrus. Doublet of maduro. Partially displaced ripe, from Old English rīpe (“ripe, mature”).

/məˈt͡ʃʊ(ə)ɹ/

(medicine, obsolete) Come to, or in a state of, completed suppuration.


dislocate

en-verb

dislocate (third-person singular simple present dislocates, present participle dislocating, simple past and past participle dislocated)

dislocates (present singular third-person)
dislocating (participle present)
dislocated (participle past)
dislocated (past)

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:

(medicine) To (accidentally) dislodge a skeletal bone from its joint.


galactic

en-adj

galactic (comparative more galactic, superlative most galactic)

more galactic (comparative)
most galactic (superlative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γαλακτικός (galaktikós, “milky”), from γάλα (gála, “milk”). Doublet of galactico.

bor

galactic acid

(medicine) Of or pertaining to milk, or the secretion of milk.

млечен

(medicine) pertaining to milk or the secretion of milk


PMS

en-noun

PMS (countable and uncountable, plural PMSs)

Coordinate term: PMDD

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) takes a lot of bashing in the media. It is true that many women become more aggressive during this period, though they are rarely out of control...Therefore, any PMS symptoms that are perceived as unstable are due to the fact that women act more like men during this phase than at any other time in their cycles.

1951, Edain McCoy, Celtic Women's Spirituality:

By recognising PMS as a clinical entity women are allowed to Indulge In socially disapproved behaviours, and thus have a safety valve for their resentment.

1980, British Social Biology Council, Social Biology and Human Affairs:

Holden, Banky, this pile of PMS is Alyssa Jones.

1997, Kevin Smith, Chasing Amy, spoken by Hooper:

By internalizing ideational valuations of PMS, men and women reinforce the appearance of a psychosomatic constitution of PMS.

2006, Kristen Brown, Nietzsche And Embodiment: Discerning Bodies and Non-Dualism:

This is called premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. It is not well defined, and more than 100 different symptoms have been attributed to PMS

2006, Phyllis Greenberger, Jennifer Wider, editors, The Savvy Woman Patient: How and Why Sex Difference Affect Your Health:

premenstrual syndrome
premenstrual syndrome#English

(medicine, uncountable) Initialism of premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual stress.


SAR

SAR (countable and uncountable, plural SARs)

structure-activity relationship
structure-activity relationship#English

(pharmacology) Initialism of structure-activity relationship.


scorch

scorch (countable and uncountable, plural scorches)

From Middle English scorchen, scorcnen (“to make dry; parch”), perhaps an alteration of earlier *scorpnen, from Old Norse skorpna (“to shrivel up”).

(phytopathology) Brown discoloration on the leaves of plants caused by heat, lack of water or by fungi.


aortal

Constance leans over him [...] and he has that drop kick in the aortal region as blood rushes to a hard-on.

2016, Jenni Fagan, The Sunlight Pilgrims, William Heinemann, page 180:


cannula

cannula (plural cannulas or cannulae or cannulæ)

cannulas (plural)
cannulae (plural)
cannulæ (plural)

Borrowed from Latin cannula (“small or low reed”), diminutive of canna (“cane, reed”), from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna, “reed”).

The cannula had come askew in his nose and he pushed it straight, his hand moving slowly, like the hand of a man who is dreaming with his eyes open.

(medicine) A tube inserted in the body to drain or inject fluid.


auricle

/ˈɔː.ɹɪk.əl/

From Latin auricula (“the external ear”), diminutive of auris (“the ear”). Doublet of auricula.

(biology) Any appendage in the shape of an ear or earlobe.

(anatomy) An anterior ear-shaped appendage of the left or right atrium of the human heart.

сърдечно ухо

an ear-shaped appendage of the left or right atrium of the heart


cloaca

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Borrowed from Latin cloāca (“sewer”), from cluō (“cleanse; purge”).

In birds the rectum, at the termination of its canal, forms an oval or elongated pouch […] and then expands into a cavity, which has been named cloaca.

1822, John Mason Good, The Study of Medicine, volume I, page 7:

(anatomy, zoology) The opening in reptiles, amphibians and birds, as well as elasmobranchians, lobe-finned fishes, marsupials and monotreme mammals, which serves as the common outlet for the urogenital ducts and rectum.

клоа́ка

anatomical feature of birds, reptiles, etc.

総排出腔

そうはいしゅつこう, sōhaishutsukō, そうはいしゅつくう, sōhaishutsukū

排出腔

はいしゅつこう, haishutsukō, はいしゅつくう, haishutsukū

Across this shell [sc. of bone] small holes are eaten, by which the matter escapes, and which are called cloacae (Weidmann).

1846, Joseph François Malgaigne, translated by Frederick Brittan, Manual of Operative Surgery, page 172:

(anatomy) A duct through which gangrenous material escapes a body.

(embryology) Structure in the embryo during the development of the reproductive and urinary systems.


floating

(veterinary medicine) A veterinary dental procedure involving the filing down of sharp surfaces on a horse's teeth.


synthetic

en-adj

synthetic (comparative more synthetic, superlative most synthetic)

more synthetic (comparative)
most synthetic (superlative)

From French synthétique, from Ancient Greek συνθετικός (sunthetikós); Equivalent to synthesis + -ic (suffix formation of -tic).

(medicine) Produced by synthesis, thought to have the same effect as its natural counterpart, but chemically different from it.


MLS

en-noun

MLS (countable and uncountable, plural MLSs)

Coordinate term: MLSB

(pharmacology) Initialism of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin.


intention

intention (countable and uncountable, plural intentions)

From Middle English entencioun, intention, from Old French entencion, from Latin intentiō, intentiōnem. Compare intent.

the road to hell is paved with good intentions

When healing occurs by primary intention, the wound is basically closed with all areas of the wound connecting and healing simultaneously.

2007, Carie Ann Braun, Cindy Miller Anderson, Pathophysiology: Functional Alterations in Human Health, page 49:

(medicine) The process of the healing of a wound.


erectile dysfunction

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The observation that topical application of nitroglycerin to the penis may lead to erection adequate for sexual intercourse (Talley and Crawley 1985) has stimulated several investigations on the efficacy of this potential mode of treatment of erectile dysfunction.

1998, Alvaro Morales, editor, Erectile Dysfunction: Issues in Current Pharmacotherapy, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 107:

(medicine, pathology) The inability of a male to achieve or sustain an erection.


reduction

reduction (countable and uncountable, plural reductions)

From Middle English reduccion, a borrowing from Old French reducion, from Latin reductiō, reductiōnem.

closed reduction

open reduction and internal fixation

(medicine) A medical procedure to restore a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment, usually with a closed approach but sometimes with an open approach (surgery).


exoskeleton

exoskeleton (plural exoskeletons or exoskeleta)

exoskeletons (plural)
exoskeleta (plural)

This is the case not only with all forms provided with exoskeleta and endoskeleta, into the composition of which lime largely enters, but also with those which exercise the precipitating effect on the calcium salts they absorb from sea water, the precipitation rarely going so far as to form a distinct deposit in the cells or tissues of the organism.

1903 January 17, A[rchibald] B[yron] Macallum, “The Palæochemistry of the Ocean in Relation to Animal and Vegetable Protoplasm”, in Transactions of the Canadian Institute, volume VII, Toronto, Ont.: […] for the Canadian Institute by Murray Printing Company, published 1904, section IV (The Composition of the Primeval Ocean), page 551:

Ordinarily, allergy to animals is due to either their fine dander which becomes aerosolized or to the exoskeleta, pupae, or feces of their ectoparasites.

1982, R. V. Lynch, Jr., R. Burrell, “Primate Dander Allergy of Lesser Bushbaby (Galago): A Case Report”, in D[uane] E. Haines, editor, The Lesser Bushbaby (Galago) as an Animal Model: Selected Topics, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, Inc., →ISBN, page 304:

After separation, the next generation of daughters resumes the photosynthetic fixation (reduction) of carbon, the sequestration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and mineral nutrients (up to a score), and the synthesis of the proteins that will contribute to the generational doubling of biomass. Structures such as flagella, scales, and exoskeleta also have to be reallocated or copied.

2009, Klement Tockner, Gene E[lden] Likens, editors, Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Academic Press, →ISBN:

Drawings supplied with NR's council application show a bridge with an exoskeleton that repeats some of the angles of Hitachi's '800' series trains which LNER and TransPennine Express run through the station.

2024 February 21, Philip Haigh, “Network News: New platforms and bridge to transform Darlington”, in RAIL, number 1003, page 12:

(anatomy) A hard outer structure that provides both structure and protection to creatures such as insects and Crustacea.


facial

Early 17th century, borrowed from Medieval Latin faciālis (“face-to-face, direct, open”), from faciēs (“form, configuration, figure; face, visage, countenance”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

(medicine, relational) Concerned with or used in improving the appearance of the face.


facial

(medicine) A personal care beauty treatment which involves cleansing and moisturizing of the human face.


gross

en-adj

gross (comparative grosser or more gross, superlative grossest or most gross)

grosser (comparative)
more gross (comparative)
grossest (superlative)
most gross (superlative)

From Middle English gross (“whole, entire; flagrant, monstrous”), from Old French gros (“big, thick, large, stout”), from Late Latin grossus (“thick in diameter, coarse”), and Medieval Latin grossus (“great, big”), influenced by Old High German grōz (“big, thick, coarse”), from Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“large, great, thick, coarse grained, unrefined”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to rub, to stroke, to grind”).
Cognate with French grossier (“gross”). See also French dialectal grôt, groût (“large”) (Berry) and grô (“large”) (Burgundy), Catalan gros (“big”), Dutch groot (“big, large”), German groß (“large”), English great.

der

gross anatomy

We are accustomed to look for the gross and immediate effect and to ignore all else. Unless this appears promptly and in such obvious form that it cannot be ignored, we deny the existence of hazard.

1962, Rachel Carson, chapter 12, in Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 190:

(sciences, pathology) Seen without a microscope (usually for a tissue or an organ); at a large scale; not detailed.


cynical

en-adj

cynical (comparative more cynical, superlative most cynical)

more cynical (comparative)
most cynical (superlative)

Towards noon, he experienced convulsive movements; the extremities became stiff, the pulse extremely small, and he died during an attack of cynical spasm.

1818, Matthieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila, A Treatise on Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Poisons, Considered as to their Relations with Physiology, Pathology, and Medical Jurisprudence:

On the contrary, in woman, the cynical spasm, though felt with as much, or even more violence than the other sex, is not followed with the same deleterious effects, and may be repeated much oftener without any unfavorable consequences.

1857, New Orleans Medical News and Hospital Gazette - Volume 3, page 278:

Demetrius Attalicus studied the symptomatologies due to strictura cerebri, characterized by a cynical spasm of the facial nerve.

1986, Giuseppe Roccatagliata, A History of Ancient Psychiatry, page 125:

Something of the same sort happened at Hensberg, Germany, where the nuns were afflicted and committed the sin they called “the silent sin.” In their ecstasies, their convulsions were very violent and interspersed with “cynical movements of the pelvis.”

2009, Hilary Evans, Robert E. Bartholomew, Outbreak!: The Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Social Behavior, →ISBN:

(medicine, rare) Like the actions of a snarling dog, especially in reference to facial nerve paralysis.


fusion

en-noun

fusion (countable and uncountable, plural fusions)

fission

antonym(s) of “nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine”

First appears c. 1555, in a translation by Richard Eden. From Middle French fusion, from Latin fūsiōnem (the accusative of fūsiō), from fusus, past participle of fundō (“I pour, I melt”) (see also found). Doublet of foison.

The act of merging separate things, or the result thereof.

(genetics) The result of the hybridation of two genes which originally coded for separate proteins.

(cytology) The process by which two distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic core, resulting in one interconnected structure.

fusion

lipid bilayers merging their hydrophobic core


intrinsic

en-adj

intrinsic (comparative more intrinsic, superlative most intrinsic)

more intrinsic (comparative)
most intrinsic (superlative)

From Middle French intrinsèque, from Latin intrīnsecus (“on the inside, inwardly”), from *intrim, an assumed adverbial form of inter (“within”) + secus (“by, on the side”).

der

(anatomy, of a body part) Situated, produced, secreted in, or coming from inside an organ, tissue, muscle or member.


wobble

From earlier wabble (“wobble”), probably from Low German wabbeln (“to wobble”). Compare Dutch wiebelen and wobbelen (“to wobble”), German wabbeln (“to wobble”), Old Norse vafla (“to hover about, totter”).

cog

(genetics) A variation in the third nucleotide of a codon that codes for a specific aminoacid.


cytotoxin

(cytology) Any substance having a specific toxic effect on certain cells.

solumyrkky

substance having a toxic effect on cells


foramen ovale

The second point, as urged by Dr. Norman Chevere, "That a closed foramen ovale is not a proof in jurisprudence that a child has lived;" for in this case the occlusion must have existed long before birth.

1846, London Medical Gazette: Or, Journal of Practical Medicine, volume 38, page 1077:

If the blood entering the right atrium from the great veins contains more emboli, some of these may pass into the left atrium by way of the incompletely closed channel at the foramen ovale.

1953, Sylvester Emanuel Gould, Pathology of the Heart, page 267:

Thus in those conditions associated with obstruction to the right side of the heart, such as tricuspid atresia or pulmonary atresia with intactventricular^([sic]) septum, the foramen ovale is necessary to provide systemic blood flow.

2009, Abraham Rudolph, Congenital Diseases of the Heart: Clinical-Physiological Considerations, Third Edition, 2013, page 282:

(medicine, anatomy, embryology) An opening in the septum between the right and left atria of the fetal heart that normally closes after birth.


hamartia

en-noun

hamartia (usually uncountable, plural hamartias)

/ˌhæˌmɑɹˈtiː.ə/

/ˌhɑːˌmɑɹˈtiː.ə/

From Ancient Greek ἁμαρτία (hamartía, “tragic failure, sinful nature”), from the verb ἁμαρτάνω (hamartánō, “to miss the mark”).

der

Coordinate term: hamartoma

(pathology) A focal malformation consisting of disorganized arrangement of tissue types.


bucktooth

(dentistry, somewhat derogatory) An upper tooth that protrudes further than the bottom teeth.


diastema

en-noun

diastema (plural diastemas or diastemata)

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma, “interval, space between”). Compare diastasis.

der

A gormless-looking boy, thin and exhibiting diastemata in the shop-front lights, offered him English newspapers.

(pathology) A gap or space between two adjacent teeth, especially the upper front incisors (in humans).

(zoology, anatomy) A gap between teeth of different types, e.g. incisors and molars, which is a feature of some rodents and ungulates.

(pathology) Any abnormal space, fissure, or cleft in an organ or other part of the body.

(cytology) The modified protoplasm at the equator of a cell, existing before mitotic division.


narc

Clipping of narcotics (control) officer.

(informal, colloquial, drugs) A police officer or federal agent assigned to or engaging in illegal narcotics control.


narc

Alternative spelling of nark, influenced by narc (“narcotics officer”).

(informal, colloquial, drugs) Alternative spelling of nark (“spy”)


narc

en-verb

narc (third-person singular simple present narcs, present participle narcing, simple past and past participle narced)

narcs (present singular third-person)
narcing (participle present)
narced (participle past)
narced (past)

(informal, colloquial, drugs) Alternative spelling of nark


heterochromatin

en-noun

heterochromatin (countable and uncountable, plural heterochromatins)

(cytology) Heterochromatic tightly coiled chromosome material; believed to be genetically inactive


heterogenetic

(medicine) Of a disease: produced by infection from outside the body.


comedogenic

en-adj

comedogenic (comparative more comedogenic, superlative most comedogenic)

more comedogenic (comparative)
most comedogenic (superlative)

(medicine, dermatology) Tending to produce acne, i.e. comedones


comedogenic

(medicine, dermatology) A substance that tends to produce acne, such as by clogging pores on the skin


comedolytic

comedolytic (comparative more comedolytic, superlative most comedolytic)

more comedolytic (comparative)
most comedolytic (superlative)

(medicine, dermatology) Preventing acne.


comedolytic

(medicine, dermatology) An agent capable of resolving comedones or preventing the formation of new comedones.


heteronymous

heteronymous (comparative more heteronymous, superlative most heteronymous)

more heteronymous (comparative)
most heteronymous (superlative)

(ophthalmology) Heteronymous hemianopsia (blindness in the left side of one eye and the right side of the other eye)


enhance

en-verb

enhance (third-person singular simple present enhances, present participle enhancing, simple past and past participle enhanced)

enhances (present singular third-person)
enhancing (participle present)
enhanced (participle past)
enhanced (past)

From Middle English enhauncen, anhaunsen, from Anglo-Norman anhauncer (“enhance, raise”), from Vulgar Latin *inaltiāre (“raise”), derived from Latin in + altus (“high”). The /h/ in Old French was taken from haut (“high”), where it resulted from Frankish influence.

der

(radiology) To take up contrast agent (for an organ, tissue, or lesion).


heteroplasm

(pathology) Tissue growing in a part of the body where it does not normally occur.


heteroplastic

en-adj

heteroplastic (comparative more heteroplastic, superlative most heteroplastic)

more heteroplastic (comparative)
most heteroplastic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-heteroplastic.wav

(pathology) Of, or relating to heteroplasm

(surgery) Of a graft between individuals of different species


heterosis

en-noun

heterosis (countable and uncountable, plural heteroses)

Hybridisation can also result in heterosis - the scientific term for the production of ʽsuper fit’ hybrid individuals - many examples of which come from agriculture. Heterosis can be thought of as the opposite of inbreeding depression, the phenomenon whereby the offspring of individuals that are genetically too similar - for example, brother and sister - can suffer from debilitating maladies.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 159:

(genetics) The tendency of cross-breeding to produce an animal or plant with a greater hardiness than its parents; hybrid vigour.


heterotopic

en-adj

heterotopic (comparative more heterotopic, superlative most heterotopic)

more heterotopic (comparative)
most heterotopic (superlative)

(medicine) Occurring in an abnormal anatomical location.

ετεροτοπικός

occurring in an abnormal anatomical location


heterozygote

From hetero- + zygote. Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

(genetics) A diploid individual that has different alleles at one or more genetic loci.

heterotsygootti

a diploid individual that has different alleles at one or more genetic loci


heterozygosis

(genetics) The fusion of two genetically different gametes


baleen

en-noun

baleen (countable and uncountable, plural baleens)

From Middle English baleyne, from Old French baleine (“whale, whalebone”), from Latin balaena (“whale”), from Ancient Greek φάλαινα (phálaina, “whale”).

uder

“You have probably never seen anything like this before, Mr. Toler. It is baleen, or if you prefer it, whalebone, taken from the mouth of the bowhead whale. It is used by the whale to filter its food.”

1954, Alexander Alderson, chapter 5, in The Subtle Minotaur:

(physiology, uncountable) The keratinous material that makes up the plates in the mouth of the baleen whale, Mysticeti, which it uses to trap its food; formerly used in corsetry.


quinine

en-noun

quinine (countable and uncountable, plural quinines)

Audio (US)

The noun is either:
* derived from Spanish quina (“quinine”) (a clipping of quinaquina (“Cinchona bark”)) + English -ine (suffix forming names of chemical substances, especially (among others) alkaloidal substances); or
* borrowed from French quinine, from quin(quina) (“Cinchona bark”) + -ine (feminine form of -in (suffix forming nouns)).
Spanish quinaquina and French quinquina are both derived from Quechua kina-kina, a reduplication of kina (“bark; (specifically) Cinchona bark”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

clipping

The alkali of yellow bark may be distinguished from cinchonine by the name of quinine.

1821, The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts, volume 10:

The quinine, being more potent than cinchonine, is generally preferred.

1828, The Medical Guide, Quinine, cinchonine, and sulphate of quinine:

In spite of quinine, the men sickened day by day. Many of them, fine, strong, active fellows, who had never known what a day's sickness meant, went down before the malarious mist that gathered in the jungles.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 102:

He hadn't the faintest idea what to do with a cold in the head, he just took quinine and continued to blow his nose.

1922, Michael Arlen, “2/9/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days, London: W[illiam] Collins Sons & Co., →OCLC:

“Die? Yes, they’ll all die—all these men. No bandages, no salves, no quinine, no chloroform. Oh, God, for some morphia! Just a little morphia for the worst ones. Just a little chloroform. God damn the Yankees! God damn the Yankees!”

1936 June 30, Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, 1944, →OCLC, part IV, page 363:

I propose that the availability of increased stores of quinine under British control had a similar facilitating effect on the British colonial expansion into Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

1979, Lucile H. Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion, New Haven, Conn., London: Yale University Press, published 2002, →ISBN, page 127:

So far, the daily dose of quinine had been bitter and very unpalatable. […] To make the medicine go down more easily, colonialists occasionally mixed the powder with sugar, water and gin.

2014, Olivia Williams, “Gin is the Tonic”, in Gin Glorious Gin: How Mother’s Ruin Became the Spirit of London, London: Headline Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 163:

(pharmacology) An alkaloid with the chemical formula C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂, originally derived from cinchona bark (from plants of the genus Cinchona), used to treat malaria and as an ingredient of tonic water, which presents as a bitter colourless powder; also, a drug containing quinine or a chemical compound derived from it.


synophrys

From Ancient Greek σύνοφρυς (súnophrus, “with meeting eyebrows”).

uder

(medicine) The condition in which the eyebrows grow together.


critical

en-adj

critical (comparative more critical, superlative most critical)

more critical (comparative)
most critical (superlative)

From Latin criticus + -al, from Ancient Greek κριτικός (kritikós, “of or for judging, able to discern”), from
κρίνω (krínō, “I separate, judge”); also the root of crisis.

der

The patient's condition is critical.

(medicine) Of a patient condition involving unstable vital signs and a prognosis that predicts the condition could worsen; or, a patient condition that requires urgent treatment in an intensive care or critical care medical facility.

kriittinen

medicine: involving unstable vital signs

The patient is critical.

Two critical after fatal Wimbledon school crash

(medicine, by extension) In such a condition.


alimentary canal

en-noun

alimentary canal (plural alimentary canals)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-alimentary canal.wav

The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, and intestines are part of the human alimentary canal.

(anatomy) The organs of a human or other animal through which food passes; the digestive tract.


operate

en-verb

operate (third-person singular simple present operates, present participle operating, simple past and past participle operated)

operates (present singular third-person)
operating (participle present)
operated (participle past)
operated (past)

From Latin operātus, perfect passive participle of operor (“to work, labor, toil, have effect”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).

The surgeon had to operate on her heart.

I'm being operated tomorrow.

(medicine, transitive or intransitive) To perform some manual act upon a human body in a methodical manner, and usually with instruments, with a view to restore soundness or health, as in amputation, lithotomy, etc.

оперирам

medicine: to perform some manual act upon a human body in a methodical manner