apoptosis

apoptosis (countable and uncountable, plural apoptoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις (apóptōsis, “a falling off”), from ἀπό (apó, “away from”) + πτῶσις (ptôsis, “falling”).

der

The term apoptosis is proposed for a hitherto little recognized mechanism of controlled cell deletion, which appears to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations.

1972, J. F. R. Kerr, A. H. Wyllie, A. R. Currie, “Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics”, in British journal of cancer, volume 26, →DOI:

Indeed, so important is apoptosis that it is gradually becoming clear that almost all therapeutic cancer treatment works only because it induces apoptosis by alerting p53 and its colleagues.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 238:

Apoptosis is routine in developmental processes such as the removal of webbing between fingers in humans, the loss of tadpole tails in amphibians, and insect metamorphosis.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 74:

(biology, cytology) A process of programmed cell death by which cells undergo an ordered sequence of events which leads to death of the cell, as occurs during growth and development of the organism, as a part of normal cell aging, or as a response to cellular injury.


LT

en-noun

LT (countable and uncountable, plural LTs)

(biochemistry, immunology) Initialism of leukotriene.


LC

LC (countable and uncountable, plural LCs)

lethal concentration
lethal concentration#English

(toxicology) Initialism of lethal concentration.


pylon

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πυλών (pulṓn, “gateway”).

стълб

a towerlike structure used to support high-voltage electricity cables

McKenzie uses a pylon for all above knee amputees, and orders a permanent leg when function merits it.

1963, Robert Mazet, The Influence of Prosthesis Wearing on the Health of the Geriatric Patient, page 5:

During the early postoperative period, before the patient has a prosthesis, they may have a rigid dressing with a pylon.

2007, Michelle H. Cameron, Linda Monroe, Physical Rehabilitation - E-Book:

(medicine) A rigid prosthesis for the lower leg.


model

desc

→ Cantonese: 模特兒 /模特儿 (mou⁴ dak⁶ ji⁴), 摩度

→ Cebuano: model

→ German: Model

→ Japanese: モデル

→ Korean: 모델 (model)

→ Mandarin: 模特兒 /模特儿, 麻豆 (neologism)

→ Swahili: modeli

→ Welsh: model

From Middle French modelle, from Old Italian modello, from Vulgar Latin *modellus, diminutive form of modulus (“measure, standard”), diminutive of modus (“measure”); see mode, and compare module, modulus, mould, mold.

عارض أزياء

ʕāriḍ ʔazyāʔ

They studied fasting and glycemia in a mouse model.

They studied Mendelian inheritance in a fruit fly model.

They studied plasmid transfer in a mycobacterial model.

en:organism or species used in studying biology including disease

(biology, medicine) An organism or species that is used to study an aspect of physiology or pathophysiology or a particular disease; often, a nonhuman one used to approximate processes in humans.


blast cell

From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “germ, sprout”).

der

(cytology) A cell that produces something, such as a fibroblast or osteoblast.


colic

en-noun

colic (countable and uncountable, plural colics)

Borrowed from French colique. Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek κωλικός (kōlikós, “suffering in the colon”, adj).

der

Diſeaſed nature oftentimes breakes forth, / In ſtrange eruptions, oft the teeming earth / Is with a kind of collicke pincht and vext, / By the impriſoning of vnruly wind / Within her vvombe, vvhich for enlargement ſtriuing / Shakes the old Beldame earth, and topples down / Steeples and moſſegrovvn towers.

c. 1597 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The History of Henrie the Fourth; […], quarto edition, London: […] P[eter] S[hort] for Andrew Wise, […], published 1598, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

(pathology) Severe pains that grip the abdomen or the disease that causes such pains (due to intestinal or bowel-related problems).


enteritis

en-noun

enteritis (countable and uncountable, plural enteritides or enteritises)

enteritides (plural)
enteritises (plural)

(pathology) Inflammation of the intestines, generally the small intestine, that may lead to diarrhea.


fibre

fibre (countable and uncountable, plural fibres)

tlb

(British, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa spellings)

From French fibre, from Old French, from Latin fibra.

It is the deeper parts of such cells which give rise to delicate muscular fibres or networks of fibres, while the superficially placed body of the cell myoblast), the part which produces the above, performs other functions, and usually bears a cilium.

1892, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus, edited by F. G. Heathcote, Elementary Text-book of Zoology:

(cytology) A long tubular cell found in bodily tissue.


primer

en-noun

primer (countable and uncountable, plural primers)

запалка

small charge used to ignite gunpowder or other explosive

(biochemistry, genetics) A molecule which initiates the synthesis of an enzyme, (especially) a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule which initiates DNA replication.

引物

biology: molecule required for replication of DNA

(medicine, zoology) A pheromone which interacts first with the endocrine system.

alustava feromoni

medicine, zoology: pheromone which interacts first


lance

From Middle English launce, from Old French lance, from Latin lancea.


nasal

en-adj

nasal (comparative more nasal, superlative most nasal)

more nasal (comparative)
most nasal (superlative)

From Middle English, from Medieval Latin nāsālis, from nāsus (“the nose”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of nasalis.

af

Reindeer are well suited to the taiga’s frigid winters. They can maintain a thermogradient between body core and the environment of up to 100 degrees, in part because of insulation provided by their fur, and in part because of counter-current vascular heat exchange systems in their legs and nasal passages.

2013 March, Nancy Langston, “Mining the Boreal North”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, page 98:

(anatomy, relational) Of or pertaining to the nose or to the nasion.


nasal

(medicine, archaic) A medicine that operates through the nose; an errhine.


fiber

en-noun

fiber (countable and uncountable, plural fibers)

From French fibre, from Old French fibre, from Latin fibra.


tributary

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-tributary.wav

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English tributarie (“paying tribute”), from Latin tribūtārius, from tribūtum (“tribute”).

inh

The great saphenous vein is a tributary of the femoral vein.

(anatomy) A vein which drains into another vein.


achondroplasia

en-noun

achondroplasia (countable and uncountable, plural achondroplasias)

From a- (“not”) + chondro- (“cartilage”) + -plasia (“growth”).

affix

(teratology) A genetic disorder, the most common form of short limb dwarfism.


necropsy

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-necropsy.wav

Anatomy theory led to morbid anatomy in necropsy studies pursued by, among others, Johann Wepfer (1620–95) and Théophile Bonet (1620–89), both Swiss.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 255:

During the necropsy, he pored carefully through the body, combing the tissues and organs for signs of an abscess or wound.

2011, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of all Maladies, Fourth Estate, page 13:

(medicine) The pathological examination of a corpse, particularly to determine cause of death.


cathexis

en-noun

cathexis (countable and uncountable, plural cathexes)

From Ancient Greek κάθεξις (káthexis, “holding, retention”). The term entered the English language as a translation for the common everyday German word Besetzung, which in the context of psychoanalysis means "occupation" in the sense of a position or something being occupied or filled, and not a military occupation of a place or the filling of job positions (although it can also mean either of these in other contexts). (In English translations, a Greek word was used to be more scientific.)

bor

How contemporary artistic performances elicit cathexis on the part of the audience and promote unifying social rituals.

2013, Isher-Paul Sahni, “More than Horseplay”, in Studies in Popular Culture, volume 35, page 76:

(psychoanalysis) The concentration of libido or emotional energy on a single object or idea.

catexi

the concentration of libido or emotional energy on a single object or idea


-on

* (Physics) From -on in electron, reinforced by Ancient Greek -ον (-on) ending neuter nouns and adjectives.
* (Chemistry) From -on in carbon, first applied to boron and then to silicon.

(biology, genetics) Forming names of things considered as basic or fundamental units, such as codon or recon.


RP

en-noun

RP (countable and uncountable, plural RPs)

retinitis pigmentosa
retinitis pigmentosa#English

(pathology) Initialism of retinitis pigmentosa.

(medicine) Initialism of rotationplasty.


malaria

malaria (countable and uncountable, plural malarias)

Borrowed from Italian malaria, formed from mal- (“bad”) and aria (“air”). Displaced native Old English unlyft (literally “bad air”).

ncog

(pathology) A disease spread by mosquito, in which a protozoan, Plasmodium, multiplies in blood every few days.


tendon

Borrowed from French tendon or Medieval Latin tendō, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn, “sinew, tendon”), modified by association with the verb tendō (“to stretch”). Compare Middle English thenoun.

der

I hear a wrenching sound of tendons stretching and testing their anchors on the bone.

2016, Ian McEwan, Nutshell, Vintage, page 78:

(anatomy) A tough band of flexible but inelastic fibrous collagen tissue that connects a muscle with its bony attachment and transmits the force which the muscle exerts.


lesion

From Middle English lesioun, from Old French lesion, from Latin laesiō (“injury”), itself from laesus, perfect passive participle of laedō (“I injure, hurt”).

benadeling

injury or loss arising from an uneven contractual exchange

(medicine) An infected or otherwise injured or diseased organ or part, especially such on a patch of skin.

lesió

an infected or otherwise injured or diseased organ or part


hormone

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὁρμῶν (hormôn), present participle of ὁρμάω (hormáō, “to set in motion, to urge on”), from ὁρμή (hormḗ, “rapid motion forwards, onrush, onset, assault, impulse to do a thing, effort”).

hormon

synthetic compound with the same activity as a hormone

Interfemale dominance may be facilitated by female sex hormones as well as adrenal testosterone...

1998, Paul Valent, Trauma and fulfillment therapy: a wholist framework:

Hormones are the bicycle couriers of the body, delivering chemical messages all around the teeming metropolis that is you.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 165:

(physiology) Any substance produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity.

هُرْمُون

substance produced by the body that effects physiological activity

Tumours of the adrenal cortex which secreted feminizing hormones […]

Gender-affirming hormone therapy may involve testosterone for trans people assigned female at birth (AFAB) and estradiol and anti-androgens for trans people AMAB.

2021, Jane Y. Xu, Michelle A. O’Connell, Lauren Notini, Ada S. Cheung, Sav Zwickl, Ken C. Pang, “Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: A Potential Option For Non-Binary Gender-Affirming Hormonal Care?”, in Front Endocrinol, →DOI:

(pharmacology) A synthetic compound with the same activity.

I'm going to be going to slightly higher doses of hormones soon.

hormone replacement therapy
hormone replacement therapy

(LGBTQ, colloquial, usually in the plural) Sex hormones, as used in hormone replacement therapy for transgender or intersex people.


presentation

en-noun

presentation (countable and uncountable, plural presentations)

/ˌpɹɛzənˈteɪʃən/

From Old French presentation (French présentation), from Latin praesentātiōnem, accusative singular of praesentātiō (“representation, exhibition”).
Morphologically present + -ation

The presentation of the thirty-four-year-old male in the emergency room was slight fever, dilated pupils, and marked disorientation.

(medicine) The symptoms and other possible indications of disease, trauma, etc., that are exhibited by a patient who has sought, or has otherwise come to, the attention of a physician.

(medicine) The position of the foetus in the uterus at birth.

(immunology) The preparation of antigen fragments during the immune response.


repeat

en-verb

repeat (third-person singular simple present repeats, present participle repeating, simple past and past participle repeated)

repeats (present singular third-person)
repeating (participle present)
repeated (participle past)
repeated (past)

From Middle English repeten, from Old French repeter, from Latin repetō, repetere, from the prefix re- (“again”) + peto (“attack, beseech”).

(transitive, medicine, pharmacy) To refill (a prescription).


repeat

ҡабатлау

rerun of a television broadcast — see also rerun

(medicine, pharmacy) A refill of a prescription.

(genetics, biochemistry) A pattern of nucleic acids that occur in multiple copies throughout a genome (or of amino acids in a protein).


region

From Middle English regioun, from Anglo-Norman regiun, from Latin regiō, from regō. Doublet of regio.

the abdominal regions

(anatomy) A place in or a part of the body in any way indicated.

зона

a place in or a part of the body in any way indicated


epigenetic

/ˌɛpɪd͡ʒəˈnɛtɪk/

(genetics, mineralogy) Of or relating to epigenesis.

The old and optimistic “one gene — one character” concept has long been invalidated by phenomena such as pleiotropy and polygeny, and for a generation now we have thought of genomic activity as a system of complex epigenetic interactions — an epigenetic landscape.

1977 December, Rupert Riedl, “A Systems-Analytical Approach to Macro-Evolutionary Phenomena”, in The Quarterly Review of Biology, volume 52, number 4, →JSTOR, page 352:

Every cell in the body contains the same DNA but epigenetic settings on cells in the bone and blood, for example, mean the tissues do very different jobs. The epigenetic consequences of a huge range of environmental factors are under investigation, from exposure to drugs, chemicals and hormones, to the impact of poor maternal care in infancy, and the likelihood that they are as hereditable as DNA.

2010 November 6, “Sins of the Fathers”, in New Scientist:

It is now possible to define whole epigenomes, representing the totality of epigenetic marks in a given cell type. Epigenetic processes are essential for packaging and interpreting the genome, are fundamental to normal development and are increasingly recognized as being involved in human disease.

2008 August 7, The American Association for Cancer Research Human Epigenome Task Force, European Union, Network of Excellence, Scientific Advisory Board, “Moving AHEAD with an international human epigenome project”, in Nature, volume 454, →DOI, page 711:

As one celebrated example, if you're a baby rat growing up with an atypically inattentive mother, epigenetic changes in the regulation of one gene in your hippocampus will make it harder for you to recover from stress as an adult.

2023, Robert M. Sapolsky, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

(genetics) Of or relating to epigenetics.


delivery

en-noun

delivery (countable and uncountable, plural deliveries)

From Middle English deliveri et al., from Anglo-Norman, from Old French delivrer.

drug delivery system

(medicine) The administration of a drug.

(genetics) Process of introducing foreign DNA into host cells.


ointment

ointment (countable and uncountable, plural ointments)

A later form (as if oint + -ment) of Middle English oinement, borrowed from Old French oignement (“an anointing”), from oigner, oindre, ongier (“to anoint”), from Latin ung(u)ō (“I anoint”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ- (“to smear, anoint”). Partly displaced native Old English sealf, whence modern salve.

der

(medicine) A viscous preparation of oils and/or fats, usually containing medication, used as a treatment or as an emollient.

salf

viscous preparation, usually containing medication


solution

en-noun

solution (countable and uncountable, plural solutions)

From Middle English solucioun, from Old French solucion (French solution), from Latin solūtiōnem, accusative singular of solūtiō, from the verb solvō. Compare solve, -tion.

(medicine, archaic) The crisis of a disease.


pathology

pathology (usually uncountable, plural pathologies)

/pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/

From French pathologie, from Ancient Greek πάθος (páthos, “disease”) and -λογία (-logía, “study of”).

Those three pioneering pathologists went on to become leaders in building the pathology departments at several universities.

en:study of all diseases
en:academic biomedical specialty

The study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences; now usually and especially in the clinical and academic medicine subsenses defined below.

(academic medicine) The academic biomedical specialty that advances the aspects of the biomedical sciences that allow for those clinical applications and their advancements over time.


practice

practice (usually uncountable, plural practices)

The noun is from Middle English practice, practique, practyse, from the verb; also compare Medieval Latin prāctica.
The verb is from Middle English practice, practise, practize, practyse, from Middle French pratiser, practiser, alteration of practiquer, from Medieval Latin prācticāre, from Late Latin prācticus, from Ancient Greek πρακτικός (praktikós).
The spelling practice is attested once in Middle English for both the noun and the verb. The noun began to be assimilated in spelling to nouns in -ice; practise (noun) is now obsolete.

what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive

Which is the most demanding? I think that my practice as an artist is 'stronger' because it is the practice that best fuels and balances myself and that generates new knowledge for my other work as both arts educator and creative arts therapist.

2016, Raphael Vella, Artist-Teachers in Context: International Dialogues, Springer, →ISBN, page 53:

(uncountable, especially medicine, art) The ongoing pursuit of a craft or profession, particularly in medicine or the fine arts.


inferior

en-adj

inferior (comparative more inferior, superlative most inferior)

more inferior (comparative)
most inferior (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin īnferior (“lower in situation or place”), comparative of īnferus (“below, underneath”).

bor

(anatomy) Situated further below (another part of the body), a direction that in humans corresponds to caudad.


superior

/sʉːˈpɪə.ɹiː.ə/

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French superiour, from Latin superior (“higher, upper”).

Located above or out; higher in position.

(anatomy, medicine) Located above or higher, a direction that in humans corresponds to cephalad.


lateral

en-adj

lateral (comparative more lateral, superlative most lateral)

more lateral (comparative)
most lateral (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin laterālis (“belonging to the side”), from latus (“the side or flank”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

The medial side of the knee faces the other knee, while the outer side of the knee is lateral.

A fish senses changes in hydrodynamic pressure with its lateral line.

To the side; of or pertaining to the side.

(anatomy, zootomy) Situated on one side or other of the body or of an organ, especially in the region furthest from the median plane.

(pathology) Affecting the side or sides of the body, or confined to one side of the body.

lateral

pertaining to the left or right of the body


reverse

From Middle English revers, from Anglo-Norman revers, Middle French revers, and their source, Latin reversus, perfect passive participle of reversō, from re- + versō. Doublet of revers.

(genetics) In which cDNA synthetization is obtained from an RNA template.


reverse

(surgery) A turn or fold made in bandaging, by which the direction of the bandage is changed.


topic

From Latin topica, from Ancient Greek τοπικός (topikós, “pertaining to a place, local, pertaining to a common place, or topic, topical”), from τόπος (tópos, “a place”), of Pre-Greek origin.

der

Amongst topics or outward medicines none are more precious than baths.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

(obsolete, medicine) An external local application or remedy, such as a plaster, a blister, etc.


disk

→ Japanese: ディスク (disuku)

→ Korean: 디스크 (diseukeu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: disk

→ Thai: ดิสก์ (dìt)

→ Turkish: disk

→ Welsh: disg

From Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “a circular plate suited for hurling”), from δικέω (dikéō, “to hurl, to launch”). Doublet of dais, desk, disc, discus, dish, and diskos.


spine

From late Middle English spyne, from Old French espine (French épine) or its source, Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”). Doublet of spina.

der

If you attentively regard almost any quadruped's spine, you will be struck with the resemblance of its vertebrae to a strung necklace of dwarfed skulls.

1851, Herman Melville, chapter 80, in Moby-Dick:

The preposterous altruism too! […] Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXXIV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 266:

(anatomy, zootomy) A series of bones situated at the back from the head to the pelvis of a human, or from the head to the tail of an animal, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen.

Trademark Owners will nevertheless try to dictate how their marks are to be represented, but dictionary publishers with spine can resist such pressure.

2001, Sydney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 409:

रीढ़ की हड्डी

rīṛh kī haḍḍī

رِیڑھ کی ہَڈّی

rīṛh kī haḍḍī

Spines are distinguished by the presence of globular tips called spine heads; when spines are present, the synapses innervating dendrites are made from these heads.

2008, Dale Purves, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, Leonard E. White, Neuroscience, 4th edition, Sinauer Associates:

(neuroscience) Ellipsis of dendritic spine..


eutopy

The term appears to be a back-formation from the adjective eutopic, which came from the more common noun eutopia.

(medicine) The condition of being properly placed, as opposed to ectopy.


enzootic

(epidemiology) a disease which is consistently prevalent in a population of non-human animals in a limited region, season or climate.


pandemic

en-adj

pandemic (comparative more pandemic, superlative most pandemic)

more pandemic (comparative)
most pandemic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek πάνδημος (pándēmos, “of or belonging to all the people, public”) + English -ic (suffix forming adjectives from nouns with the sense ‘of or pertaining to’). πάνδημος is derived from παν- (pan-, prefix meaning ‘all, every’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect, shepherd”)) + δῆμος (dêmos, “the common people; free citizens, sovereign people”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to divide, share”)). Compare Late Latin pandēmus (“affecting all the people, general, public”).

cog

The chaotic breakdown of public health as World War I dragged on is widely recognized as exacerbating the disease burden of the pandemic outbreak of influenza in 1918.

Among diſeaſes, ſome do more generally haunt a Country, by reaſon of a certain property in the air, produced through a particular influence of the climat; and the fuming of malign ſtreams out of the earth; whence ſuch diſeaſes are termed Endemick or Pandemick: Others, though they are general, do only rage at a certain ſeaſon of the year, and are therefore called Epidemick; [...]

[[1672?], Gideon Harvey, “Of the Original and Contagion of Consumptions”, in Morbus Anglicus, or A Theoretick and Practical Discourse of Consumptions, and Hypochondriack Melancholy. […], London: Printed for William Thackeray, […], →OCLC, pages 1–2:

Diſeaſes are likewise endemic and pandemic. [...] The pandemic affect the People in general at one and the ſame Time, without Regard to Sex, Age, Condition, or Temperament; ſuch as peſtilential Diſeaſes.

1754, R[ichard] Brookes, “Of Pathology”, in An Introduction to Physic and Surgery: […], London: Printed for J[ohn] Newbery, […], →OCLC, page 41:

Avian–human influenza A reassortant viruses with the phenotype of restricted replication in primates would not be able to spread efficiently from human to human, and therefore viruses with these gene constellations would not be expected to give rise to pandemic human influenza viruses. This represents one possible obstacle to the emergence of new pandemic influenza A viruses in humans, namely, the presence of avian–human influenza gene constellations that restrict viral replication in primates.

1990, John Treanor, Brian Murphy, “Genes Involved in the Restriction of Replication of Avian Influenza A Viruses in Primates”, in Edouard Kerstak, R. G. Marusyk, F. A. Murphy, M[arc] H[ubert] V[ictor] van Regenmortel, editors, Virus Variability, Epidemiology, and Control (Applied Virology Research; 2), New York, N.Y., London: Plenum Medical Book Company, →ISBN, page 165:

(epidemiology) Of a disease: epidemic over a wide geographical area and affecting a large proportion of the population; also, of or pertaining to a disease of this nature.


pandemic

Those diseases which have some strong resemblance in their general characters, and attack many individuals in a large extent of country at about the same time, are commonly called epidemics. If all, or about all the inhabitants of a country be similarly attacked, at or near the same time, with a particular complaint, it is more properly called a pandemic.

1832 September 5, J. A. Allen, “Epidemics. Remarks on the Etiology and Character of Epidemics.”, in The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, volume VII, number 4, Boston, Mass.: Printed and published by Clapp & Hull, […], →OCLC, page 53:

The full and correct theory of influenza will not be reached by the great pandemics only. On the other hand some very localized epidemics may prove to be signal instances for the pathology, although they do not bear upon the source of the great historic waves of influenza.

1894, Charles Creighton, “Influenzas and Epidemic Agues”, in A History of Epidemics in Britain, volume II (From the Extinction of Plague to the Present Time), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: At the University Press, →OCLC, page 431:

The outbreak [of potato blight] in Ireland was part of a pandemic—that is, the disease suddenly became widespread and destructive almost simultaneously in several European countries and in the United States as well. [...] [T]he pathogen increased and became widely distributed, so that when the weather became generally and extremely favorable, as happened during the years of the pandemic, it could attack rapidly and in force over a wide area at once.

1953, Jessie I. Wood, “Three Billion Dollars a Year”, in Alfred Stefferud, editor, The Yearbook of Agriculture 1953: Plant Diseases (83d Congress, 1st Session, House Document; no. 122), Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 6, column 1:

The American pandemic of men's violence against women is one of the greatest tragedies of our time.

2000, Jackson Katz, “The Sounds of Silence: Notes on the Personal Politics of Men’s Leadership in Gender-based Violence Prevention Education”, in Nancy Lesko, editor, Masculinities at School (Research on Men and Masculinities; 11), Thousand Oaks, Calif., London: SAGE Publications, →ISBN, part 4 (Pedagogies, Polices, and Leadership), page 283:

In his first book since the 2008 essay collection Natural Acts: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature, David Quammen looks at the natural world from yet another angle: the search for the next human pandemic, what epidemiologists call "the next big one."

2013 January–February, Katie L. Burke, “Ecological Dependency [review of Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (2012) by David Quammen]”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 1, New Haven, Conn.: Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-11-10, page 64:

What I spend a lot of time worrying about are things like pandemics. You can’t build walls in order to prevent the next airborne lethal flu from landing on our shores.

2016 October, Scott Dadich, quoting Barack Obama, “Barack Obama Talks AI, Robo Cars, and the Future of the World”, in Wired, →ISSN:

WHO has been assessing this outbreak around the clock and we are deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction. We have therefore made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. [...] We have never before seen a pandemic sparked by a coronavirus. This is the first pandemic caused by a coronavirus. And we have never before seen a pandemic that can be controlled, at the same time.

2020 March 11, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, “WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19”, in World Health Organization, archived from the original on 2020-03-11:

When the pandemic broke out, transport as a site of transmission was therefore at the forefront of medical experts' minds. And it was something they were not afraid to address publicly.

2020 April 8, Dr David Turner, “How railway staff were conduits and victims of a pandemic”, in Rail, page 31:

We are certainly right now, in this country, out of the pandemic phase- namely, we don't have 900,000 new infections a day and tens and tens and tens of thousands of hospitalizations and thousands of deaths. We are at a low level right now. So if you're saying, 'are we out of the pandemic phase in this country?', we are.

2022 April 26, Anthony Fauci, 6:12 from the start, in Dr. Fauci on why the U.S. is ‘out of the pandemic phase’, PBS NewsHour, archived from the original on 2022-04-28:

(epidemiology) A pandemic disease; a disease that affects a wide geographical area and a large proportion of the population.


panel

From Middle English panel (“piece of cloth, saddle pad, pane of glass, piece of ice, part, division, jury list, jury members”), from Anglo-Norman panel, panelle (“piece of cloth, saddle cushion”), from Vulgar Latin *pannellus, diminutive of Latin pannus (“cloth, rag, garment”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“fabric”). Cognate with Old English fana (“a piece of cloth, patch, banner, flag, vane”). Doublet of vane.

cog

This panel of tests can also help in cases where leukemia or lymphoma suddenly takes a turn for the worse (crisis) by determining if a change in the type of cells is causing the problem.

1997, Michael Brodin, Encyclopedia of Medical Tests, page 270:

A lipid panel measures three different types: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides.

2009, Rick Daniels, Delmar's Guide to Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, page 478:

(medicine) A group of tests or assays, a battery.


titrate

en-verb

titrate (third-person singular simple present titrates, present participle titrating, simple past and past participle titrated)

titrates (present singular third-person)
titrating (participle present)
titrated (participle past)
titrated (past)

Modelled after French titrer. Equivalent to French titre (“title, quality, chemical proportion”) + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

af

A 5mg dose could not ease the pain, so he titrated to 10mg which brought him immediate relief.

(medicine, intransitive) To adjust the amount of a drug consumed until the desired effects are achieved.


virile

en-adj

virile (comparative more virile, superlative most virile)

more virile (comparative)
most virile (superlative)

From Middle French viril, from Latin virīlis, from vir (“man”, “male human”) + -īlis (suffix forming adjectives from nouns).

suffix

(physiology, of a male) Possessing high sexual drive and capacity for sexual intercourse.


arcus senilis

(ophthalmology) A faint whitish ring around the iris in elderly people; discoloration of the iris with age.

arco senil

a faint whitish ring around the iris in elderly people; discoloration of the iris with age


beriberi

en-noun

beriberi (usually uncountable, plural beriberis)

Possibly borrowed from Sinhalese phrase බැරි බැරි (bæri bæri, “I cannot, I cannot”) due to weakness.

(pathology) An ailment caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), leading to lethargy and organ complications.

բերի-բերի

pathology: ailment caused by deficiency of vitamin B


triage

triage (countable and uncountable, plural triages)

From French triage, from trier (“to sort”).

(medicine) The process of sorting patients so as to determine the order in which they will be treated (for example, by assigning precedence according to the urgency of illness or injury).

betegek vagy sérültek előzetes sürgősségi besorolása


triage

en-verb

triage (third-person singular simple present triages, present participle triaging, simple past and past participle triaged)

triages (present singular third-person)
triaging (participle present)
triaged (participle past)
triaged (past)

Then, over 2001 and '02, he laid off 150 employees at MGI Software, a company he'd first "triaged" as a consultant for NPV Associates with his partner and fellow UCC alumnus Henry Eaton, before stepping in as CEO. Firing 30 per cent of the work force was necessary to save the company, insists NPV principal partner Eaton.

2009 February 1, Linda Diebel, “Existential crises and a rage to save the Liberals”, in Toronto Star:

With the ambulance service the calls are triaged, so your response time can be anything from six minutes for a life-threatening call to an hour and a half for a broken limb.

2020 January 2, Daniel Puddicombe, “SWR paramedics keeping passengers safe”, in Rail, page 34:

I flipped from the calendar app to the email app and logged in to view Cooper's. The unreads were staggering; I'd have to triage them later.

For three months I was trained to chat with people who might be thinking of suicide. I learned how to triage them, and what words must be avoided at all costs.

2022 September 27, Barclay Bram, “My Therapist, the Robot”, in The New York Times:

(chiefly medicine) To subject to triage; to prioritize.


xerophthalmia

en-noun

xerophthalmia (countable and uncountable, plural xerophthalmias)

(ophthalmology) A condition due to a deficiency of vitamin A where the conjunctiva and cornea become dry. The condition starts with conjunctival xerosis and night blindness and progresses to corneal xerosis and, later, a severe condition called keratomalacia.


coronary

en-adj

coronary (comparative more coronary, superlative most coronary)

more coronary (comparative)
most coronary (superlative)

From Latin corōnārius, from corōna (“crown”).

(anatomy) Encircling something (like a crown), especially with regard to the arteries or veins of the heart.


coronary

(anatomy, medicine) Any of the coronary vessels; a coronary artery or coronary vein.

Manny had a coronary last week, followed by a triple bypass.

Before each crisis I mentioned, we first experienced what could be called a “mild” heart attack, alerting us that we had gone to extremes and stripped away buffers that had protected us from catastrophic failure. In each case, though, we did not take that warning seriously enough — and in each case the result was a full global coronary.

2020 May 30, Thomas L. Friedman, “How We Broke the World”, in New York Times:

coronary thrombosis
coronary thrombosis#English

(medicine) Ellipsis of coronary thrombosis.


frenuloplasty

(surgery) Plastic surgery of the frenulum.


castration

en-noun

castration (countable and uncountable, plural castrations)

Castration of bulls was a socialization process that turned a bull into an ox; in this transformation something wild became something very useful; nature became culture.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 125:

The harlots' harmony echos within our cave of castration
Accenting the weeps from the men remade as women; stripped of their appendages
Probed and beaten
A cult of deviant savages seducing bastards in the darkness

2019, “A Rape of Sirens”, performed by Infant Annihilator, Alex Terrible:

(surgery) The act of removing the testicles.

ഷണ്ഡീകരണം

ṣaṇḍīkaraṇaṁ


balloon

→ Assamese: বেলুন (belun)

→ Bengali: বেলুন (belun)

→ Japanese: バルーン (barūn)

→ Maori: parūnu

→ Welsh: balŵn

→ Zulu: ibhaloni

1570, "a game played with a large, inflated leather ball" (possibly via Middle French ballon) from Italian pallone (“large ball”) from palla (“ball”), from Lombardic *palla. The Northern Italian form, balla (“ball-shaped bundle”), today a doublet, likely derived from Old French balle, from Frankish *balla (“ball”), and may have influenced the spelling of this word. Both Germanic words are from Proto-Germanic *ballô (“ball”), *balluz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoln- (“bubble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, swell, inflate”). Akin to Old High German ballo, bal (“ball”), (German Ballen (“bale”); Ball "ball"). Doublet of ballon. More at ball.

der

(medicine) A sac inserted into part of the body for therapeutic reasons; such as angioplasty.

ballon

medicine: sac inserted into part of the body


carb

She lifted her thumb off the carb and breathed in the thick smoke.

(drugs) The hole on a pipe which is covered and opened to control the inflow of air.


engorge

en-verb

engorge (third-person singular simple present engorges, present participle engorging, simple past and past participle engorged)

engorges (present singular third-person)
engorging (participle present)
engorged (participle past)
engorged (past)

From French engorger, from Old French engorgier. Archaic spellings from Webster’s dictionary 1913 include ingorge and ingorg, both now considered misspellings.

(pathology) To fill excessively with a body liquid, especially blood.


gullet

From Middle English golet, borrowed from Old French goulet, from Latin gula, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“throat”).

(cytology) The cytopharynx of a ciliate, through which food is ingested.


trachea

en-noun

trachea (plural tracheae or (obsolete) tracheæ or tracheas)

tracheae (plural)
tracheæ (obsolete plural)
tracheas (plural)

From late Middle English, from Medieval Latin trāchēa (“the windpipe”) (also borrowed as Late Latin trāchīa), from Ancient Greek τρᾱχεῖᾰ ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (trākheîă ărtērĭ́ā, “windpipe, trachea”).

der

τρᾱχεῖᾰ ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ

(anatomy) A thin-walled, cartilaginous tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.


lysis

From Latin lysis, from Ancient Greek λύσις (lúsis, “a loosening”). Compare -lysis.

The older medicine used to speak of two ways, lysis and crisis, one gradual, the other abrupt, in which one might recover from a bodily disease.

1902, William James, “Lecture VIII: The Divided Self, and the Process of Its Unification”, in The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature […] , New York, N.Y.; London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 183:

(medicine, pathology) A gradual recovery from disease.

lisi

(medicine) gradual recovery from disease


acopic

en-adj

acopic (comparative more acopic, superlative most acopic)

more acopic (comparative)
most acopic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κόπος (kópos, “weariness”).

(medicine) Relieving weariness; restorative.


acopic

a- + cope + -ic, as a pun on the other etymology.

(medicine, euphemistic) Unable to function or cope.


complexion

From Middle English complexion (“temperament”), from Old French complexion (French complexion), from Medieval Latin complexiō (“complexion, constitution”), from complector, past participle complexus (“to entwine, encompass”).

der

Ne ever is he wont on ought to feed / But todes and frogs, his pasture poysonous, / Which in his cold complexion doe breed / A filthy blood […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto X”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

“Indeed, sir,” answered the lady, with some warmth, “I cannot think there is anything easier than to cheat an old woman with a profession of love, when her complexion is amorous; and, though she is my aunt, I must say there never was a more liquorish one than her ladyship. […]

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

(obsolete, medicine) The combination of humours making up one's physiological "temperament", being either hot or cold, and moist or dry.


cheek

en-noun

cheek (countable and uncountable, plural cheeks)

From Middle English cheeke, cheke, cheoke, choke, from Old English ċēce, ċēace, ċēoce (“cheek; jaw”), from Proto-West Germanic *kākā, *keukā (“jaw, cheek”), from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ, *keukǭ (“jaw; palate; pharynx”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (“to chew”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Sooke (“cheek”), West Frisian tsjeak (“jaw”), Dutch kaak (“jaw; cheek”), Swedish käke (“jaw; jowl”), Norwegian kjake (“jaw”), Old Norse kók (“mouth; gullet”).

der

There are some shrewd contents in yon same paper, / That steals the colours from Bassanio's cheek: / Some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world / Could turn so much the constitution / Of any constant man. What, worse and worse!— […]

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

(anatomy) The soft skin on each side of the face, below the eyes; the outer surface of the sides of the oral cavity.

(anatomy, informal, usually in the plural) The lower part of the buttocks that is often exposed beneath very brief underwear, swimwear, or extremely short shorts.


canker

en-noun

canker (countable and uncountable, plural cankers)

From Middle English canker, cancre, from Old English cancer, akin to Dutch kanker, Old High German chanchar. Ultimately from Latin cancer (“a cancer”). Doublet of cancer, a later borrowing from Latin, and chancre, which came through French.

(phytopathology) A plant disease marked by gradual decay.


TWOC

(medicine) Abbreviation of trial without catheter.


leonine

en-adj

leonine (comparative more leonine, superlative most leonine)

more leonine (comparative)
most leonine (superlative)

From Late Middle English leonin, leonine (“characteristic of a lion, lionlike”), from Old French leonin, and from its etymon Latin leōnīnus (“of or pertaining to a lion”), from leō (“lion”) (from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn, “lion”); further etymology uncertain) + -īnus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’).

лъвски

of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a lion

leonine facies

The most terrible variety of this hideous evil is the leonine leprosy, so called because the head of the sufferer resembles that of a lion.

1874 September 15, “Catholic Heroism”, in The Illustrated Monitor: Organ of the Confraternity of the Sacred Christ and Agony of Our Lord, […], volume I, number 2, Dublin: Joseph Dollard, […], published 1875, →OCLC, page 22, column 1:

From syphilis, which is also a disease whose lesions are polymorphic in character, lepra can be distinguished by […] the characteristic leonine facies of its tubercular forms.

1883, James Nevins Hyde, “Neoplastic”, in A Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Skin, […], Philadelphia, Pa.: Henry C[harles] Lea’s Son & Co., →OCLC, class IX (Of the Skin with Involvement of Other Organs), page 431:

A careful examination showed that the man was suffering from leprosy in an advanced stage; his face had the leonine expression, and the husky voice doubtless indicated that the disease had invaded the larynx.

1890 November, “Leprosy in Louisiana—Necessity of Providing for Lepers”, in New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, volume XVIII (New Series), number 5, New Orleans, La.: L. Graham & Son, […], →OCLC, page 396:

However, a head of Bes on an anthropomorphic clay vessel, dating from around 1300 bc, has been found in an Egyptian temple in Canaan, and it has been claimed that its leonine facies shows signs of advanced lepromatous leprosy.

2000, Elinor Lieber, “Old Testament ‘Leprosy’, Contagion and Sin”, in Lawrence I[rvin] Conrad, Dominik Wujastyk, editors, Contagion: Perspectives from Pre-modern Societies, Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, published 2017, →ISBN, part III (Middle East and Europe), page 129:

Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a lion; lionlike.

(pathology) Of a facies (“a person's facial features”): resembling those of a lion as a result of some disease, especially a form of leprosy which causes leontiasis (“a medical condition characterized by an overgrowth of the cranial and facial bones”); also, of leprosy: causing a lionlike facies.

leijonamainen

of a facies: resembling those of a lion as a result of some disease; of leprosy: causing a lionlike facies


curl

From metathesis of Middle English crulle (“curled, curly”), from Middle Dutch crul, crulle (“curl”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kruzlǭ (“bent or crooked object, curl”), of unknown origin; possibly from Pre-Germanic *grus-, contracted from Proto-Indo-European *gurus- (“twist, curl”), same source as Persian گرس (gors, “braid of hair”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Krulle (“curl, lock”), West Frisian krul (“curl”), Dutch krul (“curl”), German Low German Krull (“curl”), dialectal German Krolle (“curl”), Danish krølle (“curl”), Norwegian krull (“curl”). Related also to Saterland Frisian Kruus (“curl”), German kraus (“frizzy, crumpled, curly”), Danish krus (“curl”), Swedish krusa (“to crimp, curl”). Compare also Gothic 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan, “to grind, crush, gnash”).

unk

unknown

cog

These potatoes, however, planted the next year, have a fair yield, untouched by the curl.

1840, "Farmers' Department", The Family Magazine, volume 1, page 227:

(agriculture, phytopathology) Any of various diseases of plants causing the leaves or shoots to curl up; often specifically the potato curl.


embarrassment

en-noun

embarrassment (countable and uncountable, plural embarrassments)

(medicine) Impairment of function due to disease: respiratory embarrassment.


dystrophic calcification

dystrophic calcification (countable and uncountable, plural dystrophic calcifications)

(pathology) The mineralization of soft tissues occurring without a systemic mineral imbalance.


sally

(slang, drugs, Canada, US) The crystalline or powdered form of MDA.


haw

haw (countable and uncountable, plural haws)

Late Middle English (denoting a discharge from the eye), of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to Etymology 2 above, describing a berry.

nictitating membrane
nictitating membrane

(countable, anatomy) The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane.


decay

decay (countable and uncountable, plural decays)

From Middle English decayen, dekeyen (“to decrease, diminish”), from Anglo-Norman decaeir (“to fall away, decay, decline”), from Vulgar Latin *dēcadere, etymologically restored form of Latin dēcidere (“to fall away, fail, sink, perish”), from de (“down”) + cadere (“to fall”). Compare decadent and decadence.

der

I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

1895, H. G. Wells, chapter X, in The Time Machine:

(ecology, medicine) The process or result of being gradually decomposed; rot, decomposition.

דעיכה

e.g. radioactive decay - דעיכה רדיואקטיבית


spaug

From Irish spág (“the paw, limb or claw of an animal”), transferred to humans as pejorative or for club-foot.

bor

Taking off his flat spaugs and the walk.


anhedonia

en-noun

anhedonia (usually uncountable, plural anhedonias)

From French anhédonie (coined by Ribot, 1896), from Ancient Greek ἀν- (an-) + ἡδονή (hēdonḗ, “pleasure”).

Prolonged seasickness will in most persons produce a temporary condition of anhedonia. Every good, terrestrial or celestial, is imagined only to be turned from with disgust.

1902, William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature […] , New York, N.Y.; London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 146:

Rather, Meehl suggests that anhedonia is a manifestation of the mixed signals to which the preschizophrenic individual is subjected because of the neurointegrative deficit.

2012, R. R. J. Lewine, “Anhedonia and the Amotivational State of Schizophrenia”, in Andreas Marneros, Nancy C. Andreasen, Ming T. Tsuang, editors, Negative Versus Positive Schizophrenia, Springer, page 82:

Secondly, the distinction between consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia [21] is not taken into account although these two anhedonias could play different role in the risk of suicide.

2014, Gwenolé Loas, 11: Anhedonia and Risk of Suicide: An Overview, Michael S. Ritsner (editor), Anhedonia: A Comprehensive Handbook, Volume II, Springer, page 251

Anhedonia is the reduced ability to experience pleasure from activities that were previously found to be enjoyable. Anhedonia can induce diminished motivation to engage in a potentially pleasurable activity (anticipatory anhedonia) and loss of the enjoyment experienced from the action itself (consummatory anhedonia).

2020, Erin Trifilio, John B. Williamson, Kenneth M. Heilman, “Chapter 9: Changes in Emotions and Mood with Aging”, in Kenneth M. Heilman, Stephen E. Nadeau, editors, Cognitive Changes of the Aging Brain, Cambridge University Press, page 133:

(medicine, psychiatry) The inability to feel pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, such as exercise, hobbies, music, sexual activities or social interactions.


pilar

Learned borrowing from Latin pilāris, from Latin pilus (“a hair”) + -ar.

pilar muscle; pilar cyst


frail

en-adj

frail (comparative frailer, superlative frailest)

frailer (comparative)
frailest (superlative)

From Middle English frele, fraill, from Old French fraile, from Latin fragilis. Cognate to fraction, fracture, and doublet of fragile.

(medicine) In an infirm state leading one to be easily subject to disease or other health problems, especially regarding the elderly.


invert

en-verb

invert (third-person singular simple present inverts, present participle inverting, simple past and past participle inverted)

inverts (present singular third-person)
inverting (participle present)
inverted (participle past)
inverted (past)


anneal

anneal (third-person singular simple present anneals, present participle annealing, simple past and past participle annealed)

anneals (present singular third-person)
annealing (participle present)
annealed (participle past)
annealed (past)

From Middle English anelen, onelen, from Old English onǣlan (“to burn, ignite, set fire to, consume, heat, enlighten, incite, inflame, inspire, kindle”), from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on”) + Proto-Germanic *ailijaną (“to burn”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”).
The word is related to Old English onāl (“that which is burnt, burning; incense”), Old English āl (“fire, burning”), Icelandic eldur (“fire”), Swedish eld (“fire, flame”), Danish ild (“fire”).

cog

National Archives and Record Administration

The 5′ junction is checked using a target gene-specific primer of ~21 nucleotides, which anneals upstream of the cassette integration site, together with a primer which anneals downstream of the first loxP site in the PCR cassette.

2007, Celine I. Maeder, Peter Maier, Michael Knop, “A Guided Tour to PCR-based Genomic Manipulations of S. Cerevisiae (PCR-targeting)”, in Ian Stansfield, Michael J. R. Stark, editors, Yeast Gene Analysis (Methods in Microbiology; 36), 2nd edition, London: Academic Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 68:

(genetics, transitive, intransitive) To make a double-stranded nucleic acid by pairing a single strand with a complementary strand.


aorta

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀορτή (aortḗ, “the arteries springing from the heart”), from ἀορτέω (aortéō), lengthened form of ἀείρω (aeírō, “I lift, raise”).

bor

(anatomy) The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system.


atrium

From Latin ātrium (“entry hall”), from Etruscan.

an atrium of the infundibula of the lungs

(anatomy) A cavity, entrance, or passage.

(anatomy) An upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle. In higher vertebrates, the right atrium receives blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, and the left atrium receives blood from the left and right pulmonary veins.

(anatomy) A microscopic air sac within a pulmonary alveolus.


axon

(cytology) A nerve fibre which is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, and which conducts nerve impulses away from the body of the cell to a synapse.


basal

en-adj

basal (comparative more basal, superlative most basal)

more basal (comparative)
most basal (superlative)

In the spring, basal leaves emerge from a stout taproot.

(anatomy) Associated with the base of an organism or structure.

基底的

associated with the base of an organism or structure

a basal diet

(medicine) Of a minimal level that is necessary for maintaining the health or life of an organism.

basaal

of a minimal level that is necessary for maintaining the health or life of an organism


cervix

Borrowed from Latin cervīx (“neck”), see below.

I put my hands on Madeleine's hot cheeks, making a prize cup of my hands and her cervix, and tilted her head to one side.

1979, Clive Sinclair, Hearts of Gold, Penguin, published 1983, page 10:

(anatomy) The necklike portion of an organ or part of the body.


chit

From chitty, from Hindi चिट्ठी (ciṭṭhī, “letter, note, written message”). Doublet of cure.

bor

(pharmacology) A small sheet of paper on which is written a prescription to be filled; a scrip.


corona

en-noun

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

kruunu

appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona

Is it probable that this depression has arisen from the distorting effect of some form of head dress, similar perhaps to that which is still applied to the heads of infants in various parts of France, as described by Drs. Foville and Lunier? This consists of a neckerchief passed twice round the head from the corona either to the back of the neck, when the resulting deformity (which is that of the Charlcombe skull) is designated annular by Dr. Gosse; or is carried under the chin and jaw, when it is termed bilobed by the same writer.

1863 September, John Thurnam, “XXII.—On Synostosis of the Cranial Bones, Especially the Parietals, Regarded as a Race-character in One Class of Ancient British and in African Skulls”, in G[eorge] Busk et al., editors, The Natural History Review: A Quarterly Journal of Biological Science, number XVIII, London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, […], published April 1865, →OCLC, page 265:

The ophthalmic division supplies sensation from the eyebrows to the coronal suture. The sensory innervation stops at the corona, not at the hairline, and this fact may help one to differentiate a true abnormality from a factitious one, since people who are “faking” sensory loss more often lose sensation at the hairline.

2013, Eric S. Hsu, Charles Argoff, Katherine E. Galluzzi, Raphael J. Leo, Andrew Dubin, “Head Pain: Trigeminal Neuralgia”, in Problem-Based Pain Management, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section 2 (Head Pain), page 27:

(anatomy) An upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body.

A region of the skull located along the coronal suture, at the junction between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones.

päälaki

The solids are derived from the fluids. In the first rudiments of the gelatinous embryo, they gradually commence in their respective situations, and differ infinitely in their degrees of cohesion, from the soft and almost pulpy medullary matter of the brain, to the vitreous substance of the corona of the teeth.

1817, J. Fred. Blumenbach [i.e., Johann Friedrich Blumenbach], “Sect. III. Of the Solids in General, and of the Mucous Web in Particular.”, in John Elliotson, transl., The Institutions of Physiology […], 2nd edition, London: […] Bensley and Son, […], for E. Cox and Son, […], →OCLC, paragraph 17, page 12:

The external (supragingival) portion of the tooth, covered by enamel; the crown.

The first line of injection with a clean 1% solution of cocain, or 2% eucain is began, posterior to the ridge caused by the corona, on the dorsum.

1907, C. H. Shutt, “A New Simple Technique for Circumcision and Some Advantages Gained in Genito-urinary Work—a Practical Demonstration of the Technique”, in Tho[ma]s A. Hopkins, editor, The Medical Fortnightly, St. Louis, Mo.: Fortnightly Press Co., →OCLC, page 233, column 1:

The circumference of the base of the glans penis in human males.

龜頭 /龟头

circumference of the base of the glans penis in human males — see also corona glandis penis

Jack had a moſt ſcandalous tongue, and perſuaded Peg that all mankind, beſides himſelf, were pox'd by that ſcarlet-faced whore, Signiora Bubonia. “As for his brother Lord Peter, the tokens were evident on him, blotches, ſcabs, and the corona.[…]”

[1750?], [John Arbuthnot], “[The History of John Bull.] Jack’s Charms, or the Method by which He Gained Peg’s Heart.”, in The History of John Bull. […], London: D[aniel] Midwinter and A. Tonson […], →OCLC, part II, page 60:

(pathology) A manifestation of secondary syphilis, consisting of papular lesions along the hairline, often bordering the scalp in the manner of a crown.


distemper

en-noun

distemper (countable and uncountable, plural distempers)

From Old French destemprer, from Latin distemperare.

(veterinary medicine, pathology) A viral disease of animals, such as dogs and cats, characterised by fever, coughing and catarrh.


cusp

From Latin cuspis (“a point, spear, pointed end”); first used in astrology. Doublet of cuspid and cuspis.

bor

(dentistry) Any of the pointed parts of a canine tooth or molar.

(anatomy) A flap of a valve of a heart or blood vessel.


distal

en-adj

distal (comparative more distal, superlative most distal)

more distal (comparative)
most distal (superlative)

the distal end of a bone or muscle

(anatomy, geology) Remote from the point of attachment or origin.

периферен

remote from the point of attachment or origin

(dentistry) Facing the wisdom tooth or temporomandibular joint on the same side of the jaw.


eros

en-noun

eros (usually uncountable, plural erotes)

From Ancient Greek ἔρως (érōs, “love, desire”).

derived

(psychiatry) collective instincts for self-preservation; life drive.


fetal

fetal circulation

fetal membranes

(embryology) Pertaining to, or connected with, a fetus.

fetal

pertaining to, or connected with, a fetus


focal

Learned borrowing from New Latin focālis. By surface analysis, focus + -al.


fovea

en-noun

fovea (plural foveas or foveae or foveæ)

foveas (plural)
foveae (plural)
foveæ (plural)

From Latin fovea (“ditch, pit”). Doublet of foiba.

(anatomy) A slight depression or pit in a bone or organ.

(anatomy) The retinal fovea, or fovea centralis, responsible for sharp central vision.


galena

galena (usually uncountable, plural galenas or galenae)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-galena.wav

From Latin galēna (“dross from smelting lead”).

der

(medicine, obsolete) A remedy or antidote for poison; theriac


gall

en-noun

gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)

From Middle English galle, from Old English ġealla, galla, from Proto-West Germanic *gallā, from Proto-Germanic *gallǭ.
The figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting linguocultural effects of humorism, which governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific medicine.
Related to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ). Also remotely related with yellow.

He shall flee from the iron weapon and the bow of steel shall strike him through. It is drawn and cometh out of the body; yea, the glittering sword cometh out of his gall.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 20:24–25:

(anatomy, dated, countable) A gallbladder.

(physiology, archaic, uncountable) Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver.


gall

From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).

inh

And remember perfectly well his revolving eyes and his awkwardness, / And remember putting plasters on the galls of his neck and ankles;

1892, Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”, in Leaves of Grass […], Philadelphia, Pa.: David McKay, publisher, […], →OCLC:

(pathology, countable) A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister.


gall

From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).

Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.

1974, Philip P. Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas:

(phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii).


glom

(medicine, colloquial) Short for glomerulus.


gout

en-noun

gout (countable and uncountable, plural gouts)

→ Thai: เกาต์ (gáo)

From Middle English goute, from Old French gote, gute, from Latin gutta (“drop”). Compare Spanish gota (“drop, droplet”). Doublet of goutte, gutta, and gutter.
The sense shift derived from humorism and "the notion of the 'dropping' of a morbid material from the blood in and around the joints".

Once gout was confined largely to Western civilization (with some outliers, like the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan); now its ravages are global.

2020 November 13, Ligaya Mishan, “Once the Disease of Gluttonous Aristocrats, Gout Is Now Tormenting the Masses”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(uncountable, pathology) An extremely painful inflammation of joints, especially of the big toe, caused by a metabolic defect resulting in the accumulation of uric acid in the blood and the deposition of urates around the joints.


grippe

grippe (countable and uncountable, plural grippes)

Borrowed from French grippe, from gripper (“to seize, snatch”), from Frankish *grīpan, from Proto-Germanic *grīpaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreyb- (“to grab, to grasp”). Borrowed from French into many languages of the world. More at gripe.

der

These other germs are the cause of colds and coughs and grippes.

1885, Public Health, Michigan, volume 2, page 39:

"Mid-Lent, and the Enemy grins," remarked Selwyn as he started for church with Nina and the children. Austin, knee-deep in a dozen Sunday supplements, refused to stir; poor little Eileen was now convalescent from grippe, but still unsteady on her legs; her maid had taken the grippe, and now moaned all day: "Mon dieu! Mon dieu! Che fais mourir!"

1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter IV, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:


hilum

Learned borrowing from Latin hīlum (“a trifle; a spot on a seed”).

lbor

[The pancreas] is a hook-shaped gland, about 15 cm long, that lies transversely across the upper abdomen, with the head in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum[…], extending to the left as the body behind the stomach and ending as the tail lying against the hilum of the spleen.

1998, R[obert] M[atthew] H[ay] McMinn, R. T. Hutchings, B. M. Logan, “Abdomen”, in The Concise Handbook of Human Anatomy, London: Manson Publishing, →ISBN, pages 144–145:

The shadows of the hila on chest X-ray are mainly formed by the pulmonary arteries (PAs) and some of their main branches and the upper pulmonary veins (PVs).

2010, Benoît Ghaye, “Imaging of Hila and Pulmonary Vessels”, in Emmanuel E. Coche, Benoît Ghaye, Johan De Mey, Philippe Duyck, editors, Comparative Interpretation of CT and Standard Radiography of the Chest, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, page 166:

In the large majority of normal patients, the hila appear equal in size on frontal radiographs; comparison of the two hila is helpful in patients with a unilateral abnormality.

2010, W. Richard Webb, Charles B. Higgins, Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Radiology, 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Pa., London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, →ISBN, page 161:

(anatomy) A depression or fissure through which ducts, nerves, or blood vessels enter and leave a gland or organ.


hymen

From Middle French hymen, from Late Latin hymēn, from Ancient Greek ὑμήν (humḗn, “skin, membrane”).

der

(anatomy) A membrane which completely or partially occludes the vaginal opening in human females.


ileum

(anatomy) The last, and usually the longest, division of the small intestine; the part between the jejunum and large intestine.


iris

irises (plural)
iris (plural)
irides (plural)

From Middle English [Term?], from Latin īris, from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris, “rainbow”). Presuming an earlier form *ϝῖρις (*wîris), possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *w(e)ih₁-ro- (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”). If so, it would be cognate to English wire.

(anatomy) The contractile membrane perforated by the pupil, which adjusts to control the amount of light reaching the retina, and which forms the colored portion of the eye (See Iris (anatomy) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia).


julep

From Middle English, from Old French julep, from Medieval Latin julapium, via Arabic جُلَاب (julāb) from Persian گلاب (golâb, “rosewater”), from گل (“rose”) + آب (“water”).

Contraction of the left ventricular orifice, with hypertrophy of the corresponding ventricle; catarrh at the superior part of the right lung. (Julep; digital; aperit. oxymel scillit.)

1833, R. J. Bertin, translated by Charles W. Chauncy, Treatise on the Diseases of the Heart, and Great Vessels, Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blnachard, page 189:

(historical, medicine) A pleasant-tasting liquid medicine in which other nauseous medicines are taken.


kudzu

en-noun

kudzu (usually uncountable, plural kudzus)

From Japanese 葛(くず) (kuzu). The spelling kudzu (instead of kuzu) is due to historical transliteration methods of Japanese into English (compare adzuki).

Kudzu is available in natural food stores and Oriental markets; it is often sold in lumps that must be crushed in a mortar before measuring.

1989 November, Drew DeSilver, Jan Gahala, “What is that stuff?”, in Vegetarian Times, →ISSN, page 43:

Kudzu, a starch extracted from the root of the kudzu plant, acts similarly to cornstarch or arrowroot but is preferable for bone health because it contains some calcium.

2009, Annemarie Colbin, Whole-food Guide to Strong Bones, New Harbinger Publications, →ISBN, page 233:

(cooking, medicine) A starch extracted from the root that is used in traditional East Asian medicine and cuisine.


labial

Borrowing from Medieval Latin labiālis (“of or pertaining to the lips”), from labium (“a lip”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to labium + -al.

af

The wound that does not kill Christ is the magical labial wound; it is the seal of the resurrection and an expression of the myth of eternal recurrence.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 109:

(anatomy, zootomy) Of or pertaining to the lips or labia.

(dentistry, of an incisor or canine) On the side facing the lips. See mesial.


lac

en-noun

lac (countable and uncountable, plural lacs)

hand lac


lappet

→ Welsh: llabed

In the tender lappet of the eare is supposed to rest the seat of remembrance, which we vse to touch when we mean to take one to beare witnesse of an arrest or other thing done,

1634, Philemon Holland, transl., The History of the World: commonly called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus, London, Book 11, Chapter 45, p. 550:

[…] he ran him in with the spit a little above the navel, towards the right flank, till he pierced the third lappet of his liver,

1653, Thomas Urquhart, transl., The First Book of the Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais, containing five books of the lives, heroick deeds and sayings of Gargantua, and his sonne Pantagruel, London: Richard Baddeley, Book 2, Chapter 14, p. 97:

(obsolete, anatomy) A lobe (division of an organ).


ligand

Borrowed from Latin ligandus, gerundive of ligo (“bind”).

ربيطة

something that binds to another chemical entity

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) A molecule or moiety (ion, functional group, or radical) that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex; as, especially:

(biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, medicine) Such an entity that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.


limbic

From French limbique, from Latin limbus (“edge, border”).

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the limbic system.


lithic

lithic diathesis

(medicine) Relating to the formation of uric acid concretions (stones) in the bladder and other parts of the body


lobe

From Middle French lobe in early 16th century, from New Latin lobus (“a lobe”), from Ancient Greek λοβός (lobós, “the lobe of the ear or of the liver, the pod of a leguminous plant”).

der

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

(anatomy) A clear division of an organ that can be determined at the gross anatomy level, especially one of the parts of the brain, liver or lung. [from 16th c.]


lobule

(anatomy) A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe.

diminutive of lobe:
A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe.


medial

en-adj

medial (comparative more medial, superlative most medial)

more medial (comparative)
most medial (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-medial.wav

Borrowed from Latin mediālis (“middle”), from medius (“that is in the middle or midst”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

среден

The medial side of the knee faces the other knee, while the outer side of the knee is lateral.

Situated in or near the middle; not at either end.

(anatomy, zootomy) Pertaining to the inside; closer to the median plane of the body or the midline of an organ.

Mönckeberg medial sclerosis

(anatomy) Pertaining to the middle layer of a blood vessel, to its tunica media.


mitral

Treatments for mitral insufficiency include antihypertensives and valvular surgery; today the latter is often minimally invasive and even totally endoscopic.

(anatomy, medicine) Pertaining to the mitral valve.


mucosa

en-noun

mucosa (countable and uncountable, plural mucosae or mucosas)

The substantial genital swelling of [female chimpanzees] during oestrus may facilitate transmission of viruses by making the mucosa more fragile.

2011, Jacques Pepin, “The Source”, in The Origins of AIDS, 1st edition, →ISBN, page 29:


myopia

myopia (countable and uncountable, plural myopias)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μυωπία (muōpía, “shortsightedness”), from μύω (múō, “to shut, close”) + ὤψ (ṓps, “eye”) + -ία (-ía).

af

Coordinate term: presbyopia

The modern rise in myopia mirrored a trend for children in many countries to spend more time engaged in reading, studying or — more recently — glued to computer and smartphone screens.

2015 March 15, Elie Dolgin, “The myopia boom”, in Nature:

(pathology) A disorder of the vision where distant objects appear blurred because the eye focuses their images in front of the retina instead of on it.


nape

From Middle English nape, naape, of uncertain origin. Possibly from Old French hanap (“goblet”), from Frankish *hnapp, from Proto-Germanic *hnappaz ( > Old English hnæpp, hnæp (“cup, bowl, goblet”)), as there is a hollow at the base of the skull. More at nap.

He was still stroking Radar, long glides of his hand from nape to tail.

2022, Stephen King, chapter 8, in Fairy Tale, page 132:


neuron

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”), doublet of nerve and sinew. By surface analysis, neuro- + -on.

(cytology) A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites. Neurons are connected by synapses.


oocyte

(cytology) A cell that develops into an egg or ovum; a female gametocyte.


opal

In Florio’s A World of Words 1598 as opale, from French opale, from Latin opalus, from Byzantine Greek ὀπάλλιος (opállios), from Sanskrit उपल (upala, “gem, stone”), from उपरि (upári, “the upper millstone”). Distantly related to over.

أُوبَال

a mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) A colloquial name used in molecular biology referring to a particular stop codon sequence, "UGA."


oxalic

Borrowed from French oxalique, from Oxalis (“the sorrel plant”).

(medicine, rare) Of or pertaining to oxaluria.


pica

en-noun

pica (countable and uncountable, plural picas)

Borrowed from Latin pīca (“jay; magpie”). Doublet of pie (“magpie”).
* (pathology): From the idea that magpies will eat almost anything.

bor+

The three most common nonfood picas were eating of strings and rags; feces, vomit, and urine; and paper, cigarettes, and soil.

1986, George S Baroff, Mental retardation: nature, cause, and management:

(pathology, usually uncountable) A disorder characterized by appetite and craving for non-edible substances, such as chalk, clay, dirt, ice, or sand.


pleura

From Middle English, borrowed from Medieval Latin pleura.

Meronyms: cervical pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura, parietal pleura, visceral pleura

The lungs […] may be said to be inclosed in separate bags, or to have distinct pleuras.

1856, William Youatt, William Charles Linnaeus Martin, A. Stevens, The Hog (page 120)

(anatomy) Each of a pair of smooth serous membranes which line the thorax and envelop the lungs in humans and other mammals.

плевра

serous membrane that covers the lungs and thorax


reeler

(genetics) An autosomal-recessive mouse mutant in which cortical neurons are generated normally but abnormally placed, a lack of reelin causing disorganization of cortical laminar layers. It has a reeling gait.


rhesus

From New Latin rhēsus, arbitrary formation from Latin Rhēsus, from Ancient Greek Ῥῆσος (Rhêsos), mythical Thracian king.


scutum

Borrowed from Latin scūtum (“shield”). Doublet of escudo, scudo, scute, and écu.


septic

From Ancient Greek σηπτικός (sēptikós, “characterized by putridity”), from σηπτός (sēptós), from σήπω (sḗpō).

uder

Acid-base balance data revealed moderately abnormal metabolic balance for both septics and nonseptics (in either direction) with normal respiratory balance or mild alkalosis.

1983 May/June, Ivo Giovannini, Giuseppe Boldrini, Marco Castagneto, Gabriele Sganga, Giuseppe Nanni, Mauro Pittiruti, Giancarlo Castiglioni, “Respiratory Quotient and Patterns of Substrate Utilization in Human Sepsis and Trauma”, in Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, volume 7, number 3, →DOI, page 227:

(medicine, dated) A person who has sepsis.


shunt

en-verb

shunt (third-person singular simple present shunts, present participle shunting, simple past and past participle shunted)

shunts (present singular third-person)
shunting (participle present)
shunted (participle past)
shunted (past)

From Middle English shunten, schunten, schonten, schounten, shont, shonte, shount, shounten, shunte (“to move rapidly or suddenly, jerk; to swerve, turn away; to avoid, dodge, escape, evade”), either:
* possibly a back-formation from Middle English shǒnen (“to decline to do, refuse; to abandon, forsake; to disdain, dislike, hate; to avoid, escape; to be afraid, fear; to be wary of”), from Old English sċunian, sċyniġan; see shun. Or
* an alteration of Middle English shunden, *schunden, *schinden, from Old English sċyndan, sċendan (“to hasten, hurry”) (as in āsċyndan (“to remove, take away”), from Proto-West Germanic *skundijan, from Proto-Germanic *skundijaną (“to compel, drive, push; to accelerate, rush, speed up”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew(n)t- (“to rattle, shake”).
* from unrecorded Old English *sċunettan, a derivative of sċunian (“to shun, avoid”).
The English word is cognate with Danish skynde (“to hasten, hurry, speed”), Icelandic skynda, skunda (“to hasten”), Middle High German schünden (“to compel; to urge; to irritate”), Norwegian skynde (“to hurry, rush”), Swedish skynda (“to hasten, hurry; to scuttle, scurry”). Outside Germanic, compare Sanskrit स्कन्दति (skándati, “to dart, leap, spring, spurt or burst forth, ejaculate, assail, drop, split”), Albanian shkund (“to shake; to swig”).
As regards the noun sense, compare Middle English shunt (“swerve; sudden jerk”), derived from the verb.

cog

There are times when one has no alternative other than to attempt to shunt the cerebrospinal fluid into the pleural cavity, a potential space, which may occasionally be capable of absorbing the fluid.

1987, Anthony J. Raimondi, “Hydrocephalus”, in Pediatric Neurosurgery: Theoretical Principles; Art of Surgical Techniques, New York, N.Y., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, page 474, column 2:

(transitive, surgery) To divert the flow of a body fluid.


shunt

Portosystemic shunts can be congenital or acquired with congenital PSS commonly comprising a single communicating vessel between the portal venous circulation and the systemic circulation via the caudal vena cava or azygos vein. Of congenital shunts, 66–75% are extrahepatic. Intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are most commonly identified in larger breeds of dog (though we have also seen a number of terriers with intrahepatic shunts through our clinic).

2018, Jon[athan David] Wray, “Case 11 Presenting with Mentation Abnormalities”, in Canine Internal Medicine: What’s Your Diagnosis?, Hoboken, N.J., Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section C (Hepatobiliary Disease), page 127:

(medicine, veterinary medicine) An abnormal passage between body channels.

We present an extremely rare case of delayed and combined ventriculoperitoneal shunt blockage, viscus perforation and migration into the urethra manifested by a repeated urinary tract infection. This was discovered six months after the shunt was inserted.

2011 October, T. H. Chen et al., “Combined Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Blockage, Viscus Perforation and Migration into Urethra, Presenting with Repeated Urinary Tract Infection”, in Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, volume 93, number 7, →DOI, →PMID, abstract, page e151:

(surgery) A passage between body channels constructed surgically as a bypass; a tube inserted into the body to create such a passage.


soma

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

(anatomy) The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail.

(cytology) The bulbous part of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.


spavin

en-noun

spavin (countable and uncountable, plural spavins)

The noun is derived from Middle English spavein, spaveine (“swelling on horse’s leg causing lameness; disease causing lameness in horses”), from Old French espavain, a variant of esparvain, esprevain, esprevin (modern French éparvin, épervin). The further etymology is unknown; one suggestion is that it is from Frankish *sparwan (“sparrow”), though this is seen as quite tenuous.
The verb is derived from the noun.

[H]is horſe hip'd vvith an olde mothy ſaddle, and ſtirrops of no kindred: beſides poſſeſt vvith the glanders, and like to moſe in the chine, troubled vvith the Lampaſſe, infected vvith the faſhions, full of VVindegalls, ſped vvith Spauins, raied vvith the Yellovvs, […]

c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 219, column 1:

Of ſpauens, there be tvvo kindes, the bone Spauen and the blood: for the bone Spauen, you ſhall dreſſe it in all things like the ſplent, and it vvil heale it. For the bloud ſpauen you ſhall take vp the veane, and vvhen it hath bled vve pull out the bladder vvhich holdes the ſpauen, and ſtop the vvound vvith Sage and ſalt, and it vvill heale it.

1607, Gervase Markham, “Of Spauens”, in Cauelarice, or The English Horseman: […], London: […] [Edward Allde and W[illiam] Jaggard] for Edward White, […], →OCLC, 7th book, page 78:

Doubtleſſe a Spauen is an euil ſorance, and cauſeth a horſe to haule principally in the beginning of his griefe, it appeareth on the hinder Legges vvithin, and againſt the ioynt, and it vvill bee a little ſvvolne, and ſome horſes haue a thorough Spauen, vvhich appeareth both vvithin and vvithout. Of the Spauen there are tvvo kindes, the one hard the other ſoft: That is: bone-Spauen, and a blood-Spauen, […] Caſt the horſe and vvith a hot yron ſlitte the fleſh that couereth the Spauen, and then lay vpon the Spauen, Cantharides and Euforbium boyled together in oile de Bay, […]

1607, Conradus Gesnerus [i.e., Conrad Gessner], Edward Topsell, “Of the Horsse. [Of the Spauen, both Bone and Blood.]”, in The Historie of Foure-footed Beastes. […], London: […] William Iaggard, →OCLC, page 407:

Mr. Field had seen the same horses brought to his forge from day to day, and year to year, with large spavins, yet continuing perfectly sound.

1829 November 19, “Veterinary Medical Society, 21st Oct. 1829. Discussion on Mr. W. Percivall’s Paper on Soundness.”, in [William] Percivall, [William] Youatt, editors, The Veterinarian, volume II, number 24, London: […] Compton and Ritchie, […] [for] Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, […], published December 1829, →OCLC, page 509:

(countable) A bony swelling which develops in a horse's leg where the shank and splint bone meet, caused by inflammation of the cartilage connecting those bones; also, a similar swelling caused by inflammation of the hock bones.

[N]ovv the Bots, the Spauin, and the Glanders, and ſome doſen diſeaſes more, light on him, & his Moyles.

1601, Ben Jonson, Poetaster or The Arraignment: […], London: […] [R. Bradock] for M[atthew] L[ownes] […], published 1602, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii, signature B2, verso:

(uncountable) A disease of horses caused by this bony swelling (sense 1.1).


spavin

en-verb

spavin (third-person singular simple present spavins, present participle spavining, simple past and past participle spavined)

spavins (present singular third-person)
spavining (participle present)
spavined (participle past)
spavined (past)

Mr. Lythe had seen many horses which Mr. Field had passed as sound although they were spavined; and he does not recollect a single instance of lameness among them.

The witches that dance on the Brocken on Valpurgis Eve would be spoken of in a different spirit from the village hag who spavins the horse and curdles the milk.

1867, John Hill Burton, “Heathendom”, in The History of Scotland from Agricola’s Invasion to the Revolution of 1688, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 224:

And oh! Onesiphorus, the old brown mare / Is spavining for love, as also we; […]

1884 February 23, “Astray from San Rafael” [pseudonym], “Dudetic Leap Year”, in The Wasp, volume XII, number 8, San Francisco, Calif.: E[dward] C[reamor] Macfarlane & Co., →OCLC, stanza 4, page 11, column 1:

The plaintiff introduced evidence tending to prove that the horse was spavined, and that Kuntzman had warranted the soundness of the horse. The fourth exception on the part of the defendant and the plaintiff in error was to the rejection of the evidence that the horse was not spavined while in Weaver's stable, some two months after the sale.

1886, A[braham] C[lark] Freeman, “Kuntzman v. Weaver”, in The American Decisions […], volume LIX, San Francisco, Calif.: Bancroft-Whitney Co. […], →OCLC, page 740:

In order to obviate the straining, spavining, and weakness of back, to which horses are subject, caused by the effort of starting heavy cars, Mr. Henry P. Holt designed a tramcar starting gear, patented in May, 1879, […]

1894, D[aniel] Kinnear Clark, “Resistance to Traction on Tramways”, in Tramways: Their Construction and Working […], 2nd edition, London: Crosby Lockwood and Son […], →OCLC, page 402:

(farriery, veterinary medicine) To cause (a horse or its leg) to have spavin (noun sense 1.2).

aiheuttaa kinnerpatti

to cause (a horse or its leg) to have spavin


sprue

en-noun

sprue (countable and uncountable, plural sprues)

From Dutch spruw, sprouw. First described by William Hillary.

(medicine) A tropical disease causing a sore throat and tongue, and disturbed digestion; psilosis.


stasis

stasis (usually uncountable, plural stases)

From New Latin stasis, from Ancient Greek στάσις (stásis). See the doublet stead.

(pathology) A slackening or arrest of the blood current, due not to a lessening of the heart’s beat, but to some abnormal resistance of the capillary walls.


tensor

tensor (plural tensors or (muscle) tensores)

Borrowed from New Latin tensor (“that which stretches”), equivalent to tense + -or. Anatomical sense from 1704.
Introduced in the 1840s by William Rowan Hamilton as an algebraic quantity unrelated to the modern notion of tensor.
The contemporary mathematical meaning was introduced (as German Tensor) by Woldemar Voigt (1898) and adopted in English from 1915 (in the context of general relativity), obscuring the earlier Hamiltonian sense. The mathematical object is so named because an early application of tensors was the study of materials stretching under tension. (See, for example, Cauchy stress tensor on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)

pedia

(anatomy) A muscle that tightens or stretches a part, or renders it tense.


thrum

From Middle English thrum, throm (> Anglo-French trome), from Old English *þrum (found in tungeþrum (“ligament of the tongue”)) from Proto-Germanic *þrumą. Cognate with German Trumm, Trümmer and Old Norse thrǫmr (“edge, brim”).

(anatomy) A bundle of minute blood vessels, a plexus.


thymus

From New Latin thymus, from Ancient Greek θύμος (thúmos, “warty excrescence, (also, as used by Galen) thymus gland”).

der

For a very long time the role of the thymus in the body was a complete mystery.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 234:

(anatomy, immunology) Ellipsis of thymus gland (“A ductless gland, consisting mainly of lymphatic tissue, located behind the top of the breastbone. It is most active during puberty, after which it shrinks in size. It plays an important role in the development of the immune system and produces lymphocytes.”).

غُدَّة زَعْتَرِيَّة

ductless gland located behind the breastbone


tibia

Borrowed from Latin tībia (“shin bone, leg”).

(anatomy) The inner and usually the larger of the two bones of the leg or hind limb below the knee, the shinbone


tic

Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by multiple tics. A tic is a sudden, rapid, repetitive, non-rhythmic movement (e.g. eye blinking) or vocalization (e.g. throat clearing).

2020, Andrea E. Cavanna, Pharmacological Treatment of Tics, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 9:

(neurology) A sudden, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.


tuber

From Latin tūber (“bump, hump, swelling”).

(anatomy) A rounded, protuberant structure in a human or animal body.

буца

anatomy: rounded, protuberant structure in body


uremia

en-noun

uremia (countable and uncountable, plural uremias)

From Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”) + αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).

(pathology) Blood poisoning resulting from the retention of waste products usually excreted as urine.

urèmia

blood poisoning due to retention of waste products


yaws

Uncertain. Attested since the 1670s, perhaps from an English creole (or other language) of the Caribbean.

yous (some non-rhotic accents, especially with the pour–poor merger)

Other threats came from organisms co-evolving with humans, including tapeworms and such spirochaetes as Treponema, the agent of syphilis, and the similar skin infection, yaws.

1997, Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, Folio Society, published 2016, page 16:

(pathology) A contagious tropical disease, caused by the spirochete Treponema pertenue, characterized by yellowish or reddish tumors, which often resemble berries.

puko

a contagious tropical disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pertenue


arrest

en-verb

arrest (third-person singular simple present arrests, present participle arresting, simple past and past participle arrested)

arrests (present singular third-person)
arresting (participle present)
arrested (participle past)
arrested (past)

From Middle English arest (noun) and aresten (verb), from Old French areste (noun) and arester (“to stay, stop”, verb), from Vulgar Latin *arrestō, from Latin ad- (“to”) + restō (“to stop, remain behind, stay back”), from re- (“back”) + stō (“to stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”), equivalent to ad- + rest. Compare French arrêter (“to stop”).

der

Realizing the mistake immediately from the outline of the RCA on the fluoroscope screen, he rapidly removed the catheter – just as his patient arrested.

2004, Euan A. Ashley, Josef Niebauer, Cardiology Explained, page 66:

(intransitive, medicine) To undergo cardiac arrest.


oblique muscle

(anatomy) A muscle acting in a direction oblique to the mesial plane of the body, or to the associated muscles, applied especially to two muscles of the eyeball.


mesial plane

(anatomy) the plane which divides the body of an animal into similar right and left halves


algid

en-adj

algid (comparative more algid, superlative most algid)

more algid (comparative)
most algid (superlative)

Probably borrowed from Latin algidus (“cold”).

algid malaria

1875 March 15, J. C. Morgan, More on Typho-Malarial Fever, United States Medical Investigator, New Series, Volume 1, No. 6, page 261,
[…] with cold sweat, blueness, stupidity, no heat, no sort of reaction or remission, intense venous congestion in divers organs, getting steadily worse and worse, more and more algid, wet, and stupid, with death in thirty-six hours.

The coldest, most algid moments of this savage industrialization, commanded by the Robber Barons (Josephson 1962), were featured in a recent book on the expansionary experience of the railroads, which by 1900, had already built 193,000 miles of track:

2002, Eduardo Ibarro-Caldo, “Chapter 8: Organizational paradoxes and business ethics: In search of new modes of existence”, in Stewart Clegg, editor, Management and Organization Paradoxes, page 268:

Having such a large amount of skin touching the glass (her feet and her rear) while it grew more and more algid was getting to be quite arrestive.

2013, Troy Theisen, House of Dred, page 194:

(medicine) Cold, chilly; used of low body temperature, especially in connection with certain diseases such as malaria and cholera.


biceps

en-noun

biceps (plural biceps or bicepses or bicipites)

biceps (plural)
bicepses (plural)
bicipites (plural)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Latin biceps (“double-headed, two peaked”), from bis (“double”) + caput (“head”). See there for more details.

der

The leg is bent by the action of the flexor muscles situated on the back of the thigh, the chief of these being called the biceps of the leg.

1901, Michael Foster, Lewis E. Shore, Physiology for Beginners, page 73:


bleb

Possibly onomatopoeic, similarly to blob and blubber.

2008, Lin Her-Shyuan Lin, Adam C, Reynolds, 180: Filtering Blebs and Associated Problems, Frederick Hampton Roy, Frederick W. Fraunfelder, Frederick T. Fraunfelder (editors), Roy and Fraunfelder's Current Ocular Therapy, 6th Edition, page 340,
Inflammation and scarring is a shared mechanism for chemical irritants, cryotherapy, laser thermotherapy, and autologous blood injection in the treatment of bleb dysesthesia, overfiltering blebs, and bleb leaks.

2009, Anthony Wells, Tina Wong, Jonathan G. Crowston, 79: Tenon's Cyst Formation, Wound Healing, and Bleb Evaluation: Part A: Tenon's Cyst Formation and Management, Tarek M. Shaawary, Mark B. Sherwood, Roger A. Hitchings, Jonathan G. Drowston (editors), Glaucoma, Volume 2: Surgical Management, page 236,
If the leak allows bulk flow of aqueous, the rest of the bleb can collapse, allowing apposition of the inflamed inner bleb walls, which are likely to adhere. If such adherence is over most or all of the bleb area, bleb failure is probably inevitable.

Use of intraoperative antimetabolites is a risk factor for the development of a bleb leak.
The mechanism of a bleb leak is thought to be as follows. Ischemic blebs are stretched and surrounded by heavily scarred tissue, which limits the ability of the aqueous to flow beyond the scarred tissue. The bleb expands locally, producing a tractional hole when the tissue overreaches its maximal stretch.

2012, Gabriel Chong, Francisco Fantes, Paul F. Palmberg, “28: Late Complications of Glaucoma Surgery”, in Douglas J. Rhee, editor, Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology, page 419:

(pathology) A large vesicle or bulla, usually containing a serous fluid.

Figure 4.20 reveals blebs on the surface of a bacterial cell. In many instances, these blebs are released from the cell into the surrounding media.

2005, Larry Barton, Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes, page 170:

2013, Louis Foucard, Xavier Espinet, Eduard Benet, Franck J. Vernerey, The Role of the Cortical Membrane in Cell Mechanics: Model and Simulation, Shaofan Li, Dong Qian (editors), Multiscale Simulations and Mechanics of Biological Materials, page 261,
As the bleb grows (the growth time is on order of a minute), the actin cortex starts reassembling beneath the bleb membrane.

A different approach is to use protrusions from the membrane, which are called blebs or blisters.[…]The absence of actin and tubulin from blebs formed on oocytes of Xenopus laevus clearly indicates the bleb membrane is detached from the cell cytoskeleton (Figure 3.29).

2014, Mary Luckey, Membrane Structural Biology: With Biochemical and Biophysical Foundations, page 64:

(cytology) An irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell undergoing apoptosis.


botanical

But where vodka stays neutral, gin is infused with botanicals — a witch’s pantry of roots, berries, herbs, dried fruits and spices — dominated by the piney, breezy aroma of juniper berries.

2007 May 2, Eric Asimov, “No, Really, It Was Tough: 4 People, 80 Martinis”, in New York Times:

(cosmetics, cooking, medicine) Something derived from a botanical, especially herbal, source


breech

en-noun

breech (countable and uncountable, plural breeches)

From Middle English breche, from Old English brēċ, from Proto-Germanic *brōkiz pl, from Proto-Germanic *brōks (“clothing for loins and thighs”). Cognate with Dutch broek, Alemannic German Bruech, Swedish brok. Doublet of vraka.


breech

(obstetrics, of birth) With the hips coming out before the head.


breech

(obstetrics) Born, or having been born, breech.


cancellation

en-noun

cancellation (countable and uncountable, plural cancellations)

From Latin cancellātiō, from cancellō + -tiō.

194?, Columbia University. School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Principles of Radiodontia
Spongy bone is composed of cancellated areas appearing as a fine, interlacing network. These cancellated spaces are irregular both in size and shape. The normal cancellation is rather large […]

(anatomy) The property of being cancellate.